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To where in France do the sick make pilgrimages?	Coming as a sick or disabled pilgrim \| Lourdes Coming as a sick or disabled pilgrim I would like to stay in the Accueil Notre-Dame... Click here for more informations Individual pilgrims Designed in the form of open arms like the Rosary Basilica the Accueil Notre-Dame reminds us that, in Lourdes, everyone is made welcome and cared for. The Accueil Notre-Dame is neither a hotel nor a hospital. It is exclusively reserved for the sick and disabled pilgrims as well as those who accompany them.Situated in the within the Sanctuary, the Accueil Notre-Dame has an atmosphere of peace and calm. All around is greenery, fountain and flowerbeds border the bank of the Gave In the Accueil Notre-Dame the meeting areas guarantee a peaceful and friendly stay. Many of the open areas are furnished. Two panoramic terraced- roof areas allow pilgrims to meet and to converse in a friendly atmosphere. The two chapels allow people to pray or hold liturgies. The spacious rooms that contain from one to six beds (with specially adapted toilets and showers) allow the sick or disabled every possible comfort. Each room has an oxygen supply and each bed is fitted with an alarm bell. There is a bedroom reserved for the doctor on call in each unit as well as basic treatment rooms. Meals are varied and adapted to national tastes as well as special diets. They are served in the eight dining rooms of the Accueil or in the bedrooms for those who are unable to move. Accueil Notre-Dame Tél : +33 (0)5 62 42 80 61 Fax : +33 (0)5 62 42 79 48 Send an e-mail If you are a pilgrim ill or disabled You come alone or with family? The Disability Service welcomes you. This service is a space in the Sanctuary led by the OCH (Christian Board of disabled people), which provides: - A café, a moment of friendship - Listening, personalized support - Advice for your pilgrimage to Lourdes, taking into account the different disabilities (mental, physical, sensory or psychological) - Loans of wheelchairs - A weekly attendance of a person engaging in Sign Language (LSF). - A tactile model of the Sanctuary ... Some examples of questions you can ask yourself ... * My 44 years old husband is invalid. We want to come to Lourdes. How are things? * We live in Canada. We have three days in Lourdes with family, my wife suffering from Lou Gehrig's disease. We want a personalized warm, and with a priest. * Our son goes to Lourdes schizophrenic. What can you offer him? * I accompanied a group of deaf people to Lourdes. What can we live? * I come to Lourdes with a young Down syndrome. How to teach him the message Bernadette? Reception Centre for people with disabilities and their families - OCH Porte Saint-Michel 65100 Lourdes Tél : + 33 (0)05 62 42 79 92 Open : 9h30- 12h et 14h-18h (except Sunday and Monday morning)	Lourdes
Ray Bolger played who in The Wizard of Oz?	Pilgrimage to Lourdes Traveler's Aid \| Library \| Host's View Every Easter sees the start of the annual pilgrimage season in the little town of Lourdes in the French Pyranees. Over the next seven months, five million visitors will flock to the town to drink or bathe in the spring water there. It's famous for its miracle cures. Most of the pilgrims are Catholics, many are ill and disabled. The Savvy Traveler's Martin Stott joined a group heading out from London with Tangney Tours. Pilgrimage to Lourdes Need audio help? I'm sitting in the airport lounge surrounded by wheelchairs. Some of my fellow passengers look so ill you wonder if they'll survive the effort of getting to Lourdes. It's amazing that so many people can still be taken in by the idea of miracle water. The Lourdes story begins in 1858, when a poor 14-year-old French girl saw a ghostly woman in white, in a shallow cave near the town. Over a month, Bernadette Soubirous saw the woman eight times. The vision said she was the Virgin Mary, she said she wanted a chapel built on the site and for people to come in procession, and she revealed that spring. From the very early days, the spring water showed miraculous qualities. First, a woman with a paralyzed hand was healed. More cures followed and the crowds haven't stopped since. Today they come by train, as well as plane and coach, on pilgrimage to Bernadette's grotto. So many are ill they've had to build several hospitals to help care for them while they're here. Lourdes is a strange place. The narrow, windy streets leading to the grotto area are packed with gift shops full of religious rubbish: plastic water bottles in the shape of Mary, pictures of Christ being crucified with eyes that blink, and religious alarm clocks. Even descendants of Bernadette's family own a gift shop here. It seems obscene, but Phillipe Nierdoll, president of the Religious Retailers Association in Lourdes, denies the shops are in bad taste. Nierdoll: We would not have these shops, and so many, if there were not a need, as we say, un besoin de consumateur. The only explanation is the size of the crowds becoming to Lourdes four and a half to five million visitors this represents so many persons, which is why we see so many shops. And he's right, there is a need. Pilgrims crowd 'round the shelves buying the stuff. Maybe the miracle of Lourdes is that it sells. But once you get near the grotto, the shops end. The area feels and is sacred. There are now three chapels here and a huge underground basilica where up to 25,000 people can take mass. Afterwards, processions are led from the basilica to the grotto at night by candlelight. It's an impressive sight. The spring water has been put on tap so people can drink and bottle it. They also queue to bathe in it. Seventeen special baths have been built near the grotto. Volunteers lead you in, help you undress, throw a cold wet towel over you to hide your modesty, and then it's a quick chilly dunk. You freeze to death. You wish to God, Our Lady took you there and then. But then, when you come out and you're dry, you don't look for a towel. You just get dressed after being in the bath of ice water and you say to yourself, definitely there's something here. It's brilliant. I'm afraid I wasn't persuaded! Officially, the Catholic Church says there have been only 65 miracles at Lourdes. Hundreds of unrecognized, unexplained cures have happened here too, but that must still mean millions go away disappointed. How do they cope? I asked Stephen Fethney. He has muscular dystrophy. It killed his brother and sister and now confines him to a wheelchair. This is his fourteenth visit and over time, he's come to genuinely appreciate the meaning of the place. Fethney: I got to understand it isn't necessarily the physical thing that's being healed, it's actually coming to terms with your disability. Stott: So that's what's happened to you that has been your miracle? Fethney: That's what's happened to me. And when I come to Lourdes now I actually see the joy in other pilgrims' eyes who have come for the first time and go away not being physically cured or throwing away crutches or anything like that, but they have more of an understanding of their disability and can cope with their disability. It's nearly one o'clock in the morning in the Carrefour Café in Lourdes and these volunteers are relaxing and they deserve to. They give up six days each year to come and help disabled and chronically ill pilgrims and they come back each year. The café's run by the Guinguene family, who also own one of the best hotels in Lourdes, the Grand Hotel de la Grotte. Olivia Guingeune says she feels privileged to witness the mini-miracles that happen here. Guingeune: I think when they've left Lourdes even if they are dying people, they know they won't be cured but I think they're very happy to have been in Lourdes and they go back happy that they have been here, they go back satisfied, that's absolutely certain. You can't help but be moved by the courage, by the caring, sharing and joy you witness here. I'm not dying, I'm not disabled but I had a miracle experience too somewhere near that grotto I lost a great big chunk of cynicism. From Lourdes in France, this is Martin Stott for The Savvy Traveler. Lourdes Web Sites	i don't know
La Giaconda is better known as what?	La Gioconda: mystery, regret and controversy behind the painting \| Italy La Gioconda: mystery, regret and controversy behind the painting Submitted by annadefilippo on Tue, 12/22/2015 - 12:04 La Gioconda: mystery, regret and controversy behind the painting One of the greatest paintings of Italian art is certainly La Gioconda, Leonardo da Vinci's masterpiece. The painting, better known abroad as "Monna Lisa" ("Monna" is the abbreviation for Madonna and corresponds to the current term "woman") is kept in the museum of the Louvre in Paris. This 77 x 53 cm painting is unsigned, but it is sure the work was painted by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci in 1500. However, the artist never considered the work completed and he never gave it to his commissioner. This has often raised questions which, together with many others, haven't found any answer, yet. La Gioconda Many years have passed since its creation, but the secrets surrounding La Gioconda are far from being revealed: mystery dominates all that relates to this amazing work of art. Mistery created by the penetrating, yet ambiguous gaze of Monna Lisa herself, the identity of whom we do not know. La Gioconda is a typical Renaissance painting characterized by harmony of colors and nuances. The portrait divides the canvas into two main sectors: one where the protagonist predominates the scene, and the second where we can see a landscape with rocks, streets, rivers and vegetation, considered an imaginative place. The painting and its elements have been given several different interpretations. The identity of the subject remains still uncertain, but its image well known: an enigmatic woman, smiling. According to research conducted by Florentine scholars, La Gioconda really existed in the past and she corresponds to Lisa Gherardini, the second wife of the Florentine silk trader Francesco Del Giocondo. The Del Giocondos knew Leonardo's family: it was the artist's father, it seems, who put them in touch with one another. Other women have been linked to the identity of the painting and it has also been hypothesized she may have been pregnant due to the way she rested her hands on her belly. Another interesting position on the matter, often considered hazardous, is the theory according to which the subject of the painting is Leonardo himself. This thesis was elaborated not only for the similarity between the painting and Leonardo's face, but also because the reason Leonardo never returned the painting to its commissioner has never been clarified. The attachment of Leonardo to the painting is still unexplained, but that's the same for the identity of the person portrayed, which may remain a mystery. La Gioconda, in spite of its popularity, is fundamentally a work of mystery: the smile, the eyes, the subject, all contributed to create an aura of mystery and enigma around it. The eyes and the smile of La Gioconda have been considered the key to reveal its secrets by many. Proof of it is the number of studies carried out on their analysis in the hope to solve, once and for all, the mystery of the Monna Lisa.	Mona Lisa
In the Chinese New Year what year follows Rat?	13. Renaissance and Reformation - Hanson History Hanson History History 111 David C. Hanson, Virginia Western Com. College Europe underwent a remarkable flowering of culture in the 15th century, known as the Renaissance, followed by profound theological, political and economic changes in the 16th century. The Protestant Reformation split Christianity, centralizing monarchies ruled autonomous and competitive nation-states, and enterprising merchants expanded their power. Recovery in France and Spain________________ Le Victorieux During the later middle ages, Europe was weakened by internal political and social problems as well as the bubonic plague epidemic; but by the fifteenth century regional states such as England, France, Germany and Italy grew stronger. The Holy Roman Empire survived in name only as effective authority lay with powerful kings. The state-building process began in Italy, where profitable trade and tax revenue enriched the major cities of Milan, Venice and Florence, the papal state in Rome, and the kingdom of Naples. The year 1453 marked the end of the Hundred Years War, a struggle for the French throne fought between the English House of Valois and the French House of Anjou. A notable figure in this war was Joan of Arc, an inspired peasant later called the Maid of Orléans and canonized as a saint, who led the French army in a campaign to drive out the English in 1429. Joan was captured and burned at the stake in 1431. After the French victory in the Battle of Patay, the English were forced to withdraw and Charles VII was crowned King of France. His legacy was overshadowed by the achievements and martyrdom of Saint Joan, but Charles the Victorious brought independence, unity, and economic prosperity to France. Charles VII was succeeded by his heir Louis XI, called Louis the Prudent, or the Spider King (l'universelle araignée) because his 22-year reign was marked by a spider's web of political and diplomatic plots worthy of a Roman emperor. Louis XI established a central governing authority with a standing army of 15,000 well-armed troops. He cultivated the support of the upper bourgeois aristocracy, who served as his political allies against the classes of landed nobility and artisans. By undercutting France's feudal lords, he united France and established the foundation of a strong monarchy. The Reconquista In Spain, the marriage of Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile united the wealthiest Iberian realms, financing a war for "reconquista" (vanquishing the Muslims) and absorbing the kingdom of Granada into Spain. The conquest of Granada allowed the Spanish monarchy to divert attention to foreign exploration, beginning with the voyages of Christopher Columbus. In the exploration and conquest of the New World, Spain found an outlet for the crusading energies that the war against the Muslims had stimulated. In 1493 Pope Alexander VI formally approved the division of the New World between Spain and Portugal. Competition between European states intensified as they tightened their authority and expanded their territory. Frequent small-scale wars stimulated the development of military and naval technology. Rebirth in Italy___________________________ Classical Art Population growth and state-building efforts coincided with a rebirth of artistic and intellectual creativity--known as the Renaissance--that lasted into the sixteenth century. Painters, sculptors and architects of the Renaissance era, such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarotti, drew much of their inspiration from Greek and Roman concepts in an effort to revive classical aesthetic standards. The center of the Italian Renaissance was Florence, ruled by the powerful Medici family who were patrons to Michelangelo. The statue of David, completed by Michelangelo in 1504, is one of the most famous works of the Renaissance. He also created the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling and "The Last Judgment" in the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. Italian Renaissance artists were among the first to paint secular scenes, breaking away from the purely religious art of medieval painters. Other notable examples besides Michelangelo are Raphael and Donatello. Humanist Literature Meanwhile, Renaissance scholars, known as humanists, worked on translations of the New Testament and engaging works of philosophy. Although often exhibiting Christian themes, their literary work represented a break from the medieval church and focused on secular work. They studied ancient non-Christian models for geography, poetry, rhetoric, philosophy, medicine, and natural history. The humanists scorned the dense and convoluted writing style of medieval theologians, preferring a more elegant and engaging language of classical Greek and Roman authors such as Cicero. Scholars like Francesco Petrarch of Florence traveled throughout Europe searching through monastery libraries, discovering hundreds of Latin writings that medieval scholars had overlooked. The work of Dante Alighieri, especially The Divine Comedy--a long poem about the journey of the soul through Hell, Purgatory and Heaven which he wrote while living in exile from Florence--attacked the pope and promoted vernacular language rather than Latin. (This later became a theme of Martin Luther, considered the father of the Protestant Reformation.) In the first chapter of The Divine Comedy, titled The Inferno, Dante writes of the Gate of Hell: "Through me you go to the grief wracked city; Through me you go to everlasting pain; Through me you go a pass among lost souls. Justice inspired my exalted Creator: I am a creature of the Holiest Power, of Wisdom in the Highest and of Primal Love. Nothing till I was made was made, only eternal beings. And I endure eternally. Abandon all hope-- Ye Who Enter Here." The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in 1440 meant that Renaissance literature was widely circulated at the time and preserved for future generations. Humanist philosophy provided an intellectual bridge from ancient Greece to the Age of Enlightenment, a period of great scientific and political discovery. Though historically powerful, as a cultural movement the Italian Renaissance affected only a small portion of the population at the time. Its was largely confined to elites and the wealthy merchant class in urban centers, while most of the population of Europe consisted of rural peasants whose lives were not effected. The Renaissance Man Perhaps the most celebrated Renaissance man was Leonardo da Vinci. Born in Florence in 1452, he worked as an artist, engineer and designer. His interest in science extended to anatomy, and in 1490 he produced his famous drawing of Vitruvian man, outlining the mathematical proportions and symmetry of the human body. He is also remembered for his paintings of The Last Supper and La Giaconda (better known as the Mona Lisa). Leonardo's artistic innovations and scientific theories were based on careful observation and documentation. Most of his work was not widely understood and disseminated in his lifetime. Modern scientists are amazed at his discoveries. For example, in anatomy he studied the circulation of the blood and the action of the eye; in earth science he noted the effect of the moon on the tides and discovered modern conceptions of continent formation (plate tectonics); and he was a pioneer in the science of hydraulics. He designed many inventions (on paper) including an underwater diving suit and a flying machine (see Research exhibit 4.2). He died in 1519 at age sixty-seven. Martin Luther In 1517 a monk and professor at the University of Wittenberg in German had an epiphany. His name was Martin Luther (1483-1546), and he had grown distressed by a central tenet of Catholic doctrine: that faith and good works were necessary for salvation. The source of Luther's discontent was the sale of indulgences by the Roman Catholic church. An indulgence was a spiritual pardon by clergy that excused individuals from doing penance for their sins. Since the eleventh century, church authorities had been aggressively promoting indulgences to raise funds. To Luther, the sale of indulgences was an indication of greed, hypocrisy, and immorality. He insisted that no person, regardless of church status, had the power to absolve individuals of their sins and thereby grant them admission to heaven. Luther denounced the "corrupt" practice of selling indulgences in a document called the Ninety-five Theses. (Contrary to popular legend he did not nail his indictment on the church door in Wittenberg.) Printed copies were quickly distributed throughout Germany and eventually all across Europe (see Research Document 4.3). Religious and political leaders rejected Luther's challenge to the church, and in 1520 he was excommunicated by Pope Leo X. The following year, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V summoned Luther and demanded that he recant. Luther's response was defiant: "I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to act against one's conscience." Though expelled from the church, Luther continued to hold religious services for a growing community of devoted followers. He attacked the Roman Catholic church for a wide range of abuses and called for comprehensive reform. He advocated closure of monasteries, translation of the Bible from Latin into vernacular languages, and an end to the power of priests. In short, Luther proclaimed that the Bible was the sole source of Christian theology and authority and that faith alone was the path to salvation. Dissidents supporting Luther's views became known as Protestants because of their protest against established church doctrine. People flocked to hear Luther preach in Wittenberg. Protestants organized reform movements throughout Germany, Switzerland, France, England, the Low Countries, Italy, and Spain. Luther's growing popularity led several princes of the Holy Roman Empire to endorse his views for both spiritual and political reasons. Gradually laws requiring Protestant doctrine appeared. In 1524 a peasant revolt against lords and church leaders split the reform movement. Luther tried in vain to mediate the conflict and then sided with the nobles. The uprising was crushed, causing over 100,000 deaths, linking the Lutheran Church to German princes. Like many other Protestant and Catholic leaders, Luther had no tolerance for Jews, who he described as "enemies of Christ." He advocated burning synagogues, arresting rabbis, and confiscating Jewish property: Therefore be on your guard against the Jews, knowing that wherever they have their synagogues, nothing is found but a den of devils in which sheer self-glory, conceit, lies, blasphemy, and defaming of God and men are practiced most maliciously and veheming his eyes on them.... Burn down their synagogues, forbid all that I enumerated earlier, force them to work, and deal harshly with them, as Moses did... If this does not help we must drive them out like mad dogs. John Calvin At the same time, a contemporary of Martin Luther named John Calvin (1509-1564) initiated an even more influential reformation of church doctrine. A French lawyer and theologian, Calvin converted to Protestant Christianity in 1530 and moved to Switzerland to escape religious persecution by the French monarchy. In 1536 Calvin composed an influential treatise, "Institutes of the Christian Religion," that refined Lutheran doctrine. Calvin dismissed free will and proclaimed that God predetermined which individuals would be saved from damnation before they were even born. "The elect" were predestined to salvation regardless of their good deeds on earth. Nonetheless, Calvinism stressed a strict code of morality and discipline. Calvinists were expected to dress plainly, to study the Bible regularly, and to refrain from "immoral" activities such as playing cards and dancing. Since faith and good behavior could not guarantee salvation, Calvin demanded that government must proscribe and punish immoral behavior. Under Calvinism, Geneva became a theocratic society ruled by intolerant church leaders. Some dissenters were burned at the stake while others were imprisoned and tortured or banished. Calvinism spread through Switzerland and Holland to England. In 1561 Calvinist John Knox founded the Presbyterian Church in Scotland, where it became the dominant church. Counter-Reformation The Protestant Reformation did not go unchallenged by the Catholic Church. The Holy Inquisition, the church court formed in medieval times to combat heresy, was revived, along with the Index, an order from the pope to censor and ban books. Several thousand dissidents were burned at the stake in Spain for heresy. A nonviolent defense against the spread of Protestant reform was led by Ignatius Loyola, a Spanish knight. In 1534 he founded a disciplined missionary order, the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). Father Ignatius was chosen as the first Superior General of his religious order. He sent his companions as missionaries around Europe to create Catholic schools. Eventually Jesuit priests established missions and schools throughout the world. Today, in the United States alone there are 28 Jesuit colleges and universities (e.g., Boston College, Georgetown, Gonzaga, Loyola, Marquette, and Xavier.) Ignatius died of malaria in 1556. Revolution in England_____________________ Henry the VIII In many places where Protestants tried to build a following they ran into strong opposition from political authorities. In England a major turning point occurred during the reign of King Henry VIII. Henry sought a divorce because his wife Catherine of Aragon failed to bear a living male heir, but the pope refused. Henry's response was to sever relations with the Roman Catholic church in 1533 and to establish the independent Church of England, later known as the Anglican church, with himself as the head. Henry then married his mistress, Anne Boleyn, his second of six wives. (Anne failed to bear him a son and she was beheaded for treason in 1536.) King Henry quickly moved to suppress both Catholicism and Calvinism. He closed the English monasteries and distributed church lands to his political and business allies. The dogma and rituals of the Church of England during the reign of Henry did not differ much from traditional Catholicism, but his daughter Mary briefly restored Catholicism. Later successors replaced Catholicism with Protestant doctrine and rituals. Bloody Mary One notable exception was Henry's daughter Mary, who succeeded Henry's son Edward VI in 1553. Edward feared that Mary would restore Catholicism and undo his reforms, so he arranged for her sixteen-year-old cousin Lady Jane Grey to have the throne. Mary had the support of the people, she deposed Lady Jane, had her young cousin imprisoned in the Tower of London. Mary was crowned queen, and Lady Jane was executed. Known as "Bloody Mary," she tried to restore Catholicism in England and had over 300 Protestants burned at the stake for heresy. Mary I became Queen of England, Naples and Jerusalem. In 1554 she married King Philip II of Spain, triggering insurrections across England. Childless and suffering from ill health, she died at age 42 in 1558. Mary was succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth, daughter of Henry and Anne Boleyn, a staunch Protestant. Philip became Queen Elizabeth's nemesis when he vowed to liberate England from the scourge of Protestantism. The Virgin Queen Elizabeth was crowned Queen of England and Ireland at age 25 in November 1558. Few women have enjoyed the power and respect of England's Renaissance Queen. Her 45-year reign marked a brilliant period for English literature and theater. The best example of the spirit of the English Renaissance can be found in the person of William Shakespeare. A prolific playwright, he produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613, including Hamlet, King Lear, and Macbeth. In addition to Shakespeare, playwright Christopher Marlowe and poets such as Edmund Spenser and John Milton produced important literary works. Milton's "Paradise Lost" is a poem about the Christian story of the fall of man following the temptation of Adam and Eve by Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Philosophers Thomas More and Sir Francis Bacon published influential works about humanity and natural science. Philip the Prudent Elizabeth's greatest challenge occurred in 1588 when King Philip II, known as Philip the Prudent, sent the powerful Spanish Armada to the English coast. At this time the Habsburgs ruled not only Spain but also Portugal, the Low Countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg), and a vast empire in America and Southeast Asia. Philip's suppression of Calvinists in the Low Countries sparked a revolt in 1566 that lasted for over ten years. English support for the Low Country rebellion, along with attacks by Sir Francis Drake and English privateers on Spanish ships in the Atlantic, led to the attempted invasion and conquest of England by the armada. Elizabeth rallied her people (below); English ships outmaneuvered the larger Spanish vessels and then triumphed when a fierce storm in the English Channel devastated Philip's fleet. "I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a king of England; and I think foul scorn that Philip of Spain, or any prince of Europe, should dare to invade the borders of my realm.... I myself will take up arms, I myself will be your general, judge, and rewarder of every one of your virtues in the field." The northern provinces of the Low Countries broke away from Spain that same year, forming the Netherlands, better known as Holland, in 1609. Meanwhile, religious conflicts rages across France, where French Calvinists, called Huguenots, sparked riots in Paris. Catholic forces slaughtered 30,000 Huguenots in 1572. Henry of Bourbon embraced Catholicism and became King Henry IV of France in 1593. The Thirty Years War By 1560 England had permanently abandoned the Roman Catholic church; and by 1600 there were strong communities of Lutherans, Calvinists and Anglicans. Religious conflict led to outright civil war between Protestant and Roman Catholic communities in France, Spain, and England. The culmination was a great continental conflict known as the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). It erupted when the Holy Roman emperor attempted to force Bohemian Protestants back into the Roman Catholic church. The conflict spread from Bohemia to Germany, France, Spain, Holland, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, and Russia. The destruction and economic costs of the Thirty Years' War led to the deaths of a fourth of the German population. Much of the destruction of civilian lives and property was caused by the cruelty and greed of mercenary soldiers, many of whom were rich commanders and poor soldiers. Villages were especially easy prey to the marauding armies. Those that survived would take almost a hundred years to recover. Much of the power of the Holy Roman Empire was dissipated, and the most powerful European states were the kingdoms of England, France, and Spain. The new monarchs raised funds by taxing property and commerce, enabling them to enlarge their administrative bureaucracies, raise powerful armies, and strengthen control over the nobility and clergy. War of Spanish Succession The culmination of this conflict was the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714), which brought together England, Holland, Austria, Denmark, Portugal, and some German states to battle France and Spain over who would inherit the Spanish throne from the last Habsburg king and the Spanish empire. France and Spain were forced to give up significant territory in the Treaty of Utrecht. England was the biggest winner, acquiring the Gibraltar peninsula, which commanded the western entrance to the Mediterranean Sea, as well as some French territory in eastern Canada. This marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish empire and the rise of England as the dominant world power for the next two centuries. Constitutional Monarchy Political and religious tensions led to conflict from which constitutional monarchies emerged in England and the Netherlands. The monarchy shared political power with a representative assembly (parliament). At the same time, absolute monarchies emerged in France, Spain, Austria, Germany, and Russia. In either case it was understood that hereditary rulers derived their authority from God. Constitutional states in seventeenth century Europe did not accept the principle of popular sovereignty or the practice of democratic government. Aristocratic nobles and wealthy merchants allied with monarchs to ensure political stability, national security, and protection of property rights. In England, the Magna Carta ("Great Paper") issued back in 1215 required King John to accept constitutional law and common law as well as certain rights and privileges, limiting the ruling authority of the monarchy (see Research Doc. 4.1). It was not until the English Civil War (1642-51), however, that the precedent was established that the English monarch could not govern without the consent of parliament. The tide of the Civil War ebbed and flowed for the several years, culminating in the defeat of Charles' army at the Battle of Preston in August 1648 by Parliamentary forces under the command of Oliver Cromwell. The King was charged with high treason against the realm of England. At his trial, Charles I refuted the legitimacy of the court and refused to enter a plea. Not withstanding the absence of a plea, the court rendered a verdict of guilty and a sentence of death. The king was beheaded on January 30, 1649. The war resumed under Charles II and Cromwell was victorious at the Battle of Worcester in September 1651. Charles II escaped to France and spent the next nine years in exile. Cromwell ruled as 1st Lord Protector of the British Commonwealth. He is considered a champion of liberty by some people and a genocidal dictator by others, the latter because of his brutal repression of Catholics in Ireland and Scotland. Following Cromwell's death in 1658, Charles was welcomed back to England for restoration of the monarchy in 1660. Finally, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 resulted in the overthrow of King James II by armed forces backed by Parliament and led by William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). James' Catholicism and close ties with France had stirred up strong opposition among England's Protestant population. The successful invasion of England by William's Dutch fleet and army led to his ascension to the English throne as William III of England, a joint monarchy shared with his wife Mary, James's daughter. The Glorious Revolution concluded with the signing of the English Bill of Rights by William and Mary in December 1689 (Research doc. 4.4). Conclusion Catholic v. Protestant wars redrew much of the world map as geopolitical and economic power shifted. While the Protestant Reformation and the emergence of sovereign states brought religious and political reforms, a rapidly expanding population and economy encouraged the development of capitalism throughout western Europe. New methods of finance, communication and transportation enabled businesses to profit from distant markets. Combined with scientific discoveries and Enlightenment philosophy, leading Europeans began to look toward internal restructuring and overseas expansion.	i don't know
Genuphobia is the fear of what?	Genuphobia, the Fear of Knees By Lisa Fritscher - Reviewed by a board-certified physician. Updated June 20, 2016 The fear of knees , or genuphobia, is relatively rare. Like most phobias, genuphobia varies widely in severity. Some people are afraid only of seeing uncovered knees in person, while others are afraid of bare knees even on film. People with this phobia may be afraid of all knees or only their own. Some people are actually scared of kneeling. Causes of Genuphobia Genuphobia is often, but not always, triggered by a negative experience. If you have experienced a traumatic knee injury , you may be more likely to develop this fear. However, the traumatic experience need not have happened to you personally. Seeing a major knee injury happen to a friend or relative may be enough to trigger the fear. In some cases, genuphobia develops after watching a character's kneecaps get broken in a gangster film. Childhood experiences may also influence the development of phobias . Some cases of genuphobia can be traced to a highly religious or culturally conservative upbringing. Many religions and some cultures require extremely conservative dress. Choosing not to reveal your knees or look at someone else's for religious or cultural reasons is not diagnosable as a phobia. However, an issue can arise in those who no longer practice a conservative religion or live in a conservative culture. Many people transition into a mainstream secular life without significant difficulties. But some people find themselves stuck, unable to overcome years of religious or cultural training. If you are unable to overcome your fear of knees, consultation with a mental health professional or a spiritual adviser in your new religion of choice may be in order. Some cases of genuphobia have no apparent cause at all. Fortunately, it is rarely necessary to understand the cause of a phobia in order to successfully treat it. Complications of the Fear of Knees Mainstream society today is exceptionally body-conscious. From formal wear to sports attire, virtually all forms of clothing offer short options that show off the legs. It would be nearly impossible to venture out of the house without seeing someone else's knees. Even if your fear is strictly of your own knees, it may be extremely difficult to keep them covered at all times. Restricting your clothing to only those items that fully cover your knees could make it impossible to swim, participate in some sports, or wear certain items of clothing. It might even be difficult or impossible for you to take certain jobs, as some uniforms consist of shorts or skirts that are above the knee. Intimacy could also pose a problem. Some people with genuphobia are extremely sensitive about having their knees touched or touching someone else's. It is difficult to share a bed with someone else without ever brushing against each other's knees. Fear of Kneeling The fear of kneeling technically falls under the term "genuphobia," although it may be an entirely separate fear. Some people with a fear of kneeling are also uncomfortable with knees in general, but many are not. Instead, the fear of kneeling is often rooted in self-consciousness or fears of submission and vulnerability. This phobia may cause difficulty in religious practice, some sports, and the performance of certain job duties. Some people are unable to kneel due to medical conditions. Although there may be some affiliated fear of pain or of being unable to get back up, this is not actually considered a phobia. However, it is possible to develop a fear of kneeling during a temporary injury that does not subside when the injury heals. Coping With the Fear of Knees Like most phobias, the fear of knees varies widely in severity and the level at which it affects sufferers' lives. Many people have a relatively mild fear that can be kept under control by simply averting their eyes from other people's knees. If your phobia is more severe, however, you may need professional assistance. Your therapist will work with you to develop a treatment plan to overcome your fear. Cognitive-behavioral techniques , hypnotherapy , and other measures may be used. If your fear is affecting your life, ask your therapist for some techniques to keep your fear under control while you are undergoing treatment. Source:	Knee
Percy LeBaron Spencer invented what in 1945 in USA?	Pedophobia - 16 Weirdest Phobias - Pictures - CBS News 16 Weirdest Phobias Next Venustraphobia One could argue that there are many reasons to fear reality star Kim Kardashian (the self-absorbed conspicuous consumption some think her show represents, for example.) But those who suffer from Venustraphobia, also known as Caligynephobia, are afraid of beautiful women in general, not just reality stars. Credit: Personal Photo Pedophobia The evil little kid from "The Omen" would give anyone the creeps, but people with pedophobia have a fear of children in general. Credit: Twentieth Century Fox Ancraophobia Dorothy and Toto were about to get whisked up into the air by a tornado, so if they developed a little ancraophobia, who could blame them. If you fear the wind, you may be ancraophobic too. Credit: AP/Warner Brothers Heliophobia You won't catch this vampire bat in the daylight hours. You could say the little guy is heliophobic - afraid of the sun. Credit: AP Ephebiphobia Attention frazzled parents: Those frightened by teens have a name - ephebiphobiac. Now you have a fancy reason to keep your kids away from Miley Cyrus. Credit: AP Photo/The Canadian Press, Adrien Veczan Automatonophobia Since the lady in pink is posing with a wax figure of the rapper Tupac in one of Madame Tussauds wax museums, we can safely assume that she doesn't suffer from automatonophobia - the fear of dummies, mannequins, wax figures and the like. Photo courtesy of MyRealVegas.com Credit: myrealvegas.com Chorophobia So not everyone watches "Dancing with the Stars" and thinks, "I should be up there!" Maybe you just don't like dancing. But some people take it to the extreme - the very idea of moving to the beat fills them with horror. They are very possibly chorophobic. Credit: FOX/Joe Viles Anthrophobia Remember the movie "Little Shop of Horrors?" It was the one about the flower shop employee who ends up raising a plant that feeds on human blood. He had a darn good reason for having anthrophobia - a fear of flowers. Credit: CBS Ecclesiophobia In Hollywood, those possessed by the devil are typically afraid of churches. If you're not possessed, but nevertheless have an aversion to churches, you just might be ecclesiophobic. Credit: istockphoto Spectrophobia Does your dog bark at his own reflection in the mirror. Maybe he is spectrophobic. Spectrophobes are afraid of their own reflections. Credit: istockphoto Chemophobia Some people want their food straight up - no chemical fertilizers, no pesticides. Clothes too - organic cotton, only please. But when does being a purist become pathology? Chemophobics have an extreme fear of chemicals, not just a healthy aversion. Credit: istockphoto Genuphobia Genuphobia - a deep fear of knees. Some people find them extraordinarily ugly, others may have been traumatized by kneeling in childhood. There are many possible reasons for this highly individualized phobia. Credit: istockphoto Asymmetriphobia The detective "Monk" is probably an asymmetriphobe. If you are afraid of asymmetrical objects, mismatched socks, mismatched earrings and the like, you could be too. Credit: istockphoto Ablutophobia Just because you do a dirty job for a living doesn't mean you have ablutophobia. True ablutophobes are afraid to wash themselves. Luckily, "Dirty Jobs" host Mike Rowe isn't one of them. Credit: Discovery Networks Gelotophobia Neither Tina Fey nor her old alter ego Sarah Palin could be called gelotophobes - they're both good sports and appreciate a good laugh, even when the joke is on them. Gelotophobes, on the other hand, have a pathological fear of being laughed at or made fun of. Domatophobia The unfortunate family that moved into the "The Amityville Horror" home had every reason to be domatophobic. So did the Wicked Witch of the East, who Dorothy dropped in on! Still, domatophobes, those afraid of being in houses, are a rare breed. Credit: AIP	i don't know
St Peter was the first Pope - Who was second?	The First 10 Popes of the Catholic Church Contact The First 10 Popes of the Catholic Church Listers, we’ve catalogued the first ten Vicars of Christ for the one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church. Save the information on our first pope – St. Peter – all the information presented is taken from the Catholic Encyclopedia and links for further reading are provided. Painting of Saint Peter by Peter Paul Rubens depicting the saint as Pope (1611-1612) – Wikipedia 1. Pope St. Peter (32-67) St. Peter held a primacy amongst the twelve disciples that earned him the title “Prince of the Apostles.” This primacy of St. Peter was solidified when he was appointed by Jesus to the Office of the Vicar – demonstrated by Christ giving St. Peter the Keys to the Kingdom. To understand St. Peter, one must first understand Christ and the Church Christ came to establish. Jesus is the “Son of David” and his life and ministry fulfilled the Old Testament prophecies of the New Davidic Kingdom and New Jerusalem; hence, we look to the historic kingdom of King David as a guide to the New Davidic Kingdom. King David had a vicar that ruled his kingdom when David was absent and the sign of authority for this vicar was the keys of the kingdom. In the New Davidic Kingdom, Christ the Son of David gave the keys to his Vicar to guide the Kingdom until the return of Christ – we now refer to this vicar as “the pope.” SPL has written extensively on these issue in 10 Biblical Reasons Christ Founded the Papacy and 13 Reasons St. Peter Was the Prince of the Apostles . 2. Pope St. Linus (67-76) All the ancient records of the Roman bishops which have been handed down to us by St. Irenaeus, Julius Africanus, St. Hippolytus, Eusebius, also the Liberian catalogue of 354, place the name of Linus directly after that of the Prince of the Apostles, St. Peter. These records are traced back to a list of the Roman bishops which existed in the time of Pope Eleutherus (about 174-189), when Irenaeus wrote his book “Adversus haereses”. As opposed to this testimony, we cannot accept as more reliable Tertullian’s assertion, which unquestionably places St. Clement (De praescriptione, xxii) after the Apostle Peter, as was also done later by other Latin scholars (Jerome, Illustrious Men 15). The Roman list in Irenaeus has undoubtedly greater claims to historical authority. This author claims that Pope Linus is the Linus mentioned by St. Paul in his 2 Timothy 4:21. The passage by Irenaeus (Against Heresies III.3.3) reads: After the Holy Apostles (Peter and Paul) had founded and set the Church in order (in Rome) they gave over the exercise of the episcopal office to Linus. The same Linus is mentioned by St. Paul in his Epistle to Timothy. His successor was Anacletus. We cannot be positive whether this identification of the pope as being the Linus mentioned in 2 Timothy 4:21 goes back to an ancient and reliable source, or originated later on account of the similarity of the name. [ Read More ] 3. Pope St. Anacletus (Cletus) (76-88) The second successor of St. Peter. Whether he was the same as Cletus, who is also called Anencletus as well as Anacletus, has been the subject of endless discussion. Irenaeus, Eusebius, Augustine, Optatus, use both names indifferently as of one person. Tertullian omits him altogether. To add to the confusion, the order is different. Thus Irenaeus has Linus, Anacletus, Clement; whereas Augustine and Optatus put Clement before Anacletus. On the other hand, the “Catalogus Liberianus”, the “Carmen contra Marcionem” and the “Liber Pontificalis”, all most respectable for their antiquity, make Cletus and Anacletus distinct from each other; while the “Catalogus Felicianus” even sets the latter down as a Greek, the former as a Roman. [ Read More ] 4. Pope St. Clement I (88-97) Pope Clement I (called CLEMENS ROMANUS to distinguish him from the Alexandrian), is the first of the successors of St. Peter of whom anything definite is known, and he is the first of the “Apostolic Fathers”. His feast is celebrated 23 November. He has left one genuine writing, a letter to the Church of Corinth, and many others have been attributed to him. According to Tertullian, writing c. 199, the Roman Church claimed that Clement was ordained by St. Peter (De Praescript., xxxii), and St. Jerome tells us that in his time “most of the Latins” held that Clement was the immediate successor of the Apostle (Illustrious Men 15). St. Jerome himself in several other places follows this opinion, but here he correctly states that Clement was the fourth pope. [ Read More ] In defense of the historical fact that the “Early Church” was also the Catholic Church, SPL composed a list entitled The Apostles Appointed Bishops: 9 Teachings from St. Clement AD 97 . The list shows a very early snapshot of the Early Church and its Catholicity. 5. Pope St. Evaristus (97-105) Date of birth unknown; died about 107. In the Liberian Catalogue his name is given as Aristus. In papal catalogues of the second century used by Irenaeus and Hippolytus, he appears as the fourth successor of St. Peter, immediately after St Clement. The same lists allow him eight years of reign, covering the end of the first and the beginning of the second century (from about 98 or 99 to about 106 or 107). The earliest historical sources offer no authentic data about him. In his “Ecclesiastical History” Eusebius says merely that he succeeded Clement in the episcopate of the Roman Church which fact was already known from St. Irenæus. This order of succession is undoubtedly correct. [ Read More ] 6. Pope St. Alexander I (105-115) St. Irenaeus of Lyons, writing in the latter quarter of the second century, reckons him as the fifth pope in succession from the Apostles, though he says nothing of his martyrdom. His pontificate is variously dated by critics, e.g. 106-115 (Duchesne) or 109-116 (Lightfoot). In Christian antiquity he was credited with a pontificate of about ten years (Eusebius, Church History IV.1) and there is no reason to doubt that he was on the “catalogue of bishops” drawn up at Rome by Hegesippus (Eusebius, IV, xxii, 3) before the death of Pope Eleutherius (c. 189). According to a tradition extant in the Roman Church at the end of the fifth century, and recorded in the Liber Pontificalis he suffered a martyr’s death by decapitation on the Via Nomentana in Rome, 3 May. [ Read More ] Detail of Saint Sixtus from Sistine Madonna, painting by Raphael c.1513. 7. Pope St. Sixtus I (115-125) Pope St. Sixtus I (in the oldest documents, Xystus is the spelling used for the first three popes of that name), succeeded St. Alexander and was followed by St. Telesphorus. According to the “Liberian Catalogue” of popes, he ruled the Church during the reign of Adrian “a conulatu Nigri et Aproniani usque Vero III et Ambibulo”, that is, from 117 to 126. Eusebius, who in his “Chronicon” made use of a catalogue of popes different from the one he used in his “Historia ecclesiastica”, states in his “Chronicon” that Sixtus I was pope from 114 to 124, while in his “History” he makes him rule from 114 to 128. All authorities agree that he reigned about ten years. He was a Roman by birth, and his father’s name was Pastor. [ Read More ] 8. Pope St. Telesphorus (125-136) St. Telesphorus was the seventh Roman bishop in succession from the Apostles, and, according to the testimony of St. Irenæus (Against Heresies III.3.3), suffered a glorious martyrdom. Eusebius (Church History IV.7, IV.14) places the beginning of his pontificate in the twelfth of Hadrian’s reign (128-129), his death in the first year of the reign of Antoninus Pius (138-139). [ Read More ] 9. Pope St. Hyginus (136-140) Reigned about 138-142; succeeded Pope Telesphorus, who, according to Eusebius (Church History IV.15), died during the first year of the reign of the Emperor Antonius Pius — in 138 or 139, therefore. But the chronology of these bishops of Rome cannot be determined with any degree of exactitude by the help of the authorities at our disposal today. According to the “Liber Pontificalis”, Hyginus was a Greek by birth. The further statement that he was previously a philosopher is probably founded on the similarity of his name with that of two Latin authors. [ Read More ] 10. Pope St. Pius I (140-155) Date of birth unknown; pope from about 140 to about 154. According to the earliest list of the popes, given by Irenaeus (Against Heresies II.31; cf. Eusebius, Church History V.6), Pius was the ninth successor of St. Peter. The dates given in the Liberian Catalogue for his pontificate (146-61) rest on a false calculation of earlier chroniclers, and cannot be accepted. The only chronological datum we possess is supplied by the year of St. Polycarp of Smyrna’s death, which may be referred with great certainty to 155-6. During the pontificate of Pius the Roman Church was visited by various heretics, who sought to propagate their false doctrine among the faithful of the capital. The Gnostic Valentinus, who had made his appearance under Pope Hyginus, continued to sow his heresy, apparently not without success. The Gnostic Cerdon was also active in Rome at this period, during which Marcion arrived in the capital (see MARCIONITES). Excluded from communion by Pius, the latter founded his heretical body (Irenaeus, Against Heresies III.3). But Catholic teachers also visited the Roman Church, the most important being St. Justin, who expounded the Christian teachings during the pontificate of Pius and that of his successor. A great activity thus marks the Christian community in Rome, which stands clearly conspicuous as the centre of the Church. [ Read More ]	Pope Linus
What was the name of the bear in the Muppet Show?	Is there proof that Peter was the first Pope? - Quora Quora Written Feb 20, 2015 Technically, the office of bishop of Rome is held by successors of Peter, which would make St. Linus the first Pope, according to ecclesiastical records. In reality, it is unlikely that the monarchical episcopate emerged in Rome until the second century. What is more likely is that there were several bishops/elders at once until some point in the early to mid second century, as the emerging popularity of heretic teachers in Rome (e.g., Marcion and Valentinus) required a new model of leadership. That said, there is remarkably good evidence that Peter died in Rome (as did Paul), and that Peter was the leader of his congregation in Rome, and that he was considered so by his successors. A reference exists in 1 Clement, a letter written by the (a) third bishop of Rome, Clement, around 95 or 96. Similar references exist in Justin Martyr, Tertullian, and Irenaeus. (It is demonstrably false that no one suggested Petrine primacy in Rome before Eusebius, as another commenter indicated). Moreover, Peter's remains have been discovered in Rome, buried under the altar of the original St. Peter's basillica. Their discovery was accidental. The stone by his remains simply said "Here lies Peter" in Greek. Recent testing of the remains shows that they belong to a man of Palestinian descent who was in his 50s or 60s and who lived in the first century. Given the remarkable correspondence with ecclesiastical tradition, most scholars accept the claim that Peter was the leader of the earliest church in Rome, where he died (according to tradition, his death was by upside-down crucifixion, as he did not feel worthy of being crucified right side up in the same manner as Jesus). So, there is no 'proof' that Peter was the 'first Pope,' but there are very good reasons to believe that Peter was a key leader of the earliest Christian community in Rome and that a line of succession stemming from leaders appointed by Peter eventually morphed into the monarchical episcopate sometime in the first half of the second century. My suspicion is that some of the 'early popes' were part of the Pauline circle (e.g., Linus), while others were part of the Petrine circle (e.g., Anacletus & Clement), and that the reality of persecution hampered the development of the monarchical episcopate in Rome, when the institution clearly existed in other ancient sees at an earlier date, like Antioch and Smyrna. Either way, though, I don't think it is controversial to say that the earliest bishops of Rome were appointed by apostles. Written Jun 19, 2012 Catholics the world over venerate Peter as the first pope, the founder of the church at Rome. But is that true? Can it be historically proven that Peter founded the Roman church? Some evangelical Christians lean more toward Paul as the man used by God to plant this church. But can that be proven? Actually, it is impossible to determine with great certainty who founded the church in this great metropolis. We can, however, with some degree of certainty, rule out both Peter and Paul. Here's why. It is evident that Paul did not establish the Roman church, because in his letter to the Romans (1:10-11, 13, 15) he makes frequent reference to the fact that at the time of writing he had never been to Rome. If the apostle had not yet set foot in the great city, we can dismiss quickly any thought that he founded the church. He would have had to visit Rome, preach the gospel, lead some people to Christ, and begin a fledgling church if he was indeed the founder. But that never happened. So what about Peter? The Catholic view, which adamantly holds to Petrine founding of the church at Rome, is based on a statement of Eusebius in his Ecclesiastical History, book 11, chapter 14. Today, however, it is believed that Eusebius's statement is inaccurate. This church historian recorded that Peter went to Rome during the second year of the reign of the Roman Emperor Claudius to encounter the impostor Simon Magus, the sorcerer who tried to buy the power of the Holy Spirit (see Acts 8:18-19). The second year of the reign of Claudius was a.d. 42. We know what Eusebius said, but what does the Bible say? In a.d. 42 Peter was still in Jerusalem, not Rome. The Bible calls him a pillar in the church of Jerusalem but never in the church in Rome (Gal. 2:9). The Bible frequently mentions him as being active in Jerusalem (see Acts 9) but never in Rome. The Bible records that he was certainly in Jerusalem up until and during the Council of Jerusalem (Acts 15). Since the Council of Jerusalem can be dated a.d. 49, the Bible places Peter squarely in the thick of things at Jerusalem, and thus it would have been highly unlikely for Peter to have been in residence in Rome earlier than that. But there's more. In the salutation of the last chapter of Romans, Paul greets twenty-seven individuals living in Rome by name. But where is Peter's name? If Peter was bishop of the church by that time, why did Paul not greet him as well? It would have been an apostolic faux pas to greet so many people individually by name and forget to mention Peter, especially if he was the head of the church. It doesn't seem likely Paul would make such a mistake. It is more likely that Peter was not in Rome even when Paul penned his epistle to the Romans. Still, the Bible says more. Luke has been demonstrated to be the most accurate historian of the first century a.d. If Peter, as prominent as he was, had founded the church at Rome, how could Luke have overlooked such an important fact in recording the history of the early church in Acts? Would such an oversight be possible? Or is it more likely that Luke didn't record it because it didn't happen? In addition, there's that pesky statement of Paul recorded in Romans 15:20: "I aspired to preach the gospel, not where Christ was already named, that I might not build upon another man's foundation." Set aside any biases or preconceived notions. If Peter had founded the church at Rome, why was Paul so eager to preach there (Rom. 1:15)? Why would he want to go to a city where the gospel had already taken root? That was clearly contrary to his stated objectives. The only answer is to accept what the Bible implies: Neither Peter nor Paul established the Roman church. Twenty-First Century Biblical Commentary Series – The Book of Romans: Righteousness in Christ, Woodrow Kroll. See also: Written Dec 2, 2013 Catholics point to the choice of Jesus that made Peter head of the communion of disciples after his death: "And so I say to you, you are Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church, and the gates of the netherworld shall not prevail against it. I will give you the keys to the kingdom of heaven. Whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven; and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.” (Matt 16: 18-19) This is what established him as leader, a leadership we see hinted at in the Book of Acts (Peter is the first to baptize a Gentile, the centurion Cornelius, and at the Council at Jerusalem over what Gentile Christians need to do, it is Peter's speech that sets the tone of the response). It is because Peter later was martyred at Rome that Rome became the "Chair of Peter" and the place where the successors of Peter, the Popes, have their diocese. Is there proof? Only that supplied by the Bible, and by subsequent history.	i don't know
The Devil is usually associated with which piece of garden equipment?	The Devil Cart THE DEVIL Can the Devil be a bringer of good luck? Yes, indeed, according to old European traditions. This devil -- known variously as Old Nick, Old Scratch, Old Split-Foot, and Der Teufel -- did not begin his career as the "Satan" (adversary) of Christianity and Judaism or the "Prince of Darkness" and "fallen angel" popularized by John Milton in his epic poem "Paradise Lost" (1667 - 1674). The old Devil is a Teutonic woods-spirit, an ogre-like trickster who may desire to eat human flesh, but is often friendly to wood-cutters and footloose soldiers. In Germanic folk-tales like those collected by the Grimm brothers, he is usually described as living out in the woods with his aged grandmother who combs his hair to put him to sleep at night. Among Americans of Anglo-Saxon heritage, he is sometimes said to have a wife who quarrels with him. In the area of Central and Eastern Europe comprising Germany, Austria, Hungary, and the Czech Republic, the Devil was never fully absorbed into the Christian mythos as Satan but remained as he had always been, a slender, horned, bearded, fur-covered half-man of the woods. Under the regional names Krampus, Schwarze Peter (Black Peter), and Knecht Ruprecht (Ruprecht the Servant), he accompanies Saint Nicholas on his rounds of gift-giving, originally on December 6th, but eventually on Christmas Day, December 25th. In the early part of the 20th century it was the custom during December to send humourous Krampus postcards to friends. The example shown here, dated 1932, contains a bit of verse in German: Gruss von Krampus! Wenn im Herzen brennt das Feuer freut sich das schwarze Ungeheuer The English translation, supplied by Liselotte Erlanger , is Greetings from Krampus! When the fire burns in the heart the black monster rejoices This old Devil was a spirit of untamed nature who loved music and in many ways resembled the half-human Greek god Pan. Like the West African deities Ellegua and Legba , he could be met with at a crossroads , where he would make pacts -- but unlike these deities, he was described in folktales an unpredictable ally, and a rather dim-witted foe who was easily and humourously outwitted. Coincidentally, he also resembled the Guatemalan crossroads deity Maximon , known as San Simon, for he took a special interest in the affairs of drunkards and gamblers. Nowhere is the devil seen more clearly as a helpful ally than in hoodoo practices that employ the image of the Red Devil to guard one's property. It so happens that there is a popular American brand of lye (a powerful caustic chemical used in soap-making and to clear out drain pipes) that bears the trade-name "Red Devil." In past times, this product was sold in boxes bearing a very nice drawing of the devil; these days it is packaged in plastic jars and the devil image is quite simplified and reduced in size. However, the use of the product has not changed: to protect your property from intruders or from people who may want to lay a trick or put down powders for you to step in or step over , simply bury four unopened containers of Red Devil lye at the four corners of the property with the Devil images facing outward to guard the premises. Wild animality, shown by the lustfully burning hearts lapped by the long tongue of dancing Krampus, was acknowledged as the Devil's domain. It was Krampus' job to punish children who had behaved badly during the year. Unlike the conventional Christian Devil, Krampus is usually depicted with only one cloven hoof, not two. Not having been a "fallen angel" he is never shown with wings. His tools are a short switch, with which to beat wrong-doers, and a length of chain. The latter emblem is ambiguous in depiction: Sometimes Krampus, as Saint Nicholas' servant, is chained; other times he chains those whom he intends to punish. When Christianity overtook the native Teutonic religions, the Devil acquired some new attributes. In one of the Grimm's tales, "The Devil's Sooty Brother," he actually lives in Hell, where, for a term of work stoking the hellfires, he grants a veteran soldier a comfortable life in the here-and-now. The handmade 1" x 1" painted clay Red Devil head shown above is typical of the Devil under European influence; although made in Peru, he has the short cow horns, red skin, and black goatee beard seen on many Devils from France, Spain, and Portugal. This Devil head is actually a tiny but detailed bead (pierced side-to-side, right below the horns) and is designed to be hung on a necklace. The Red Devil plaster ornament at left was made in Peru and is one of a series, all different, that depicts a multitude of little Devils playing musical instruments. It is suitable for hanging on a Christmas -- or Halloween -- tree. The 8" tall green devil figural candle shown at right depicts the transitional, half-Teutonic, half-Christian devil. He has short horns and carries the old pagan tool of a gig or trident (wrongly called a pitchfork by those who don't know the difference) -- but although he is wingless (hence, not of angelic origin), he is surrounded by the flames of Hell. Figural candles like these are used by practitioners of occultism and hoodoo to obtain certain desires. Red devil figural candles are said to cause someone to burn with lust and are used in spells of sexual domination. Black devil figural candles are believed to drive unwanted associates away or cause harm to an enemy. Green devil figural candles are alleged to have the power to compel a debtor to repay money that is owed; they are also burned by folks who wish to have easy money without much labour. Order a Musical Devil Ornament from the Lucky Mojo Curio Co. GREEN DEVIL MONEY-BACK SPELL Start on a Saturday. Get a green devil candle and carve the borrower's name on it along with the words "GIVE ME MY MONEY!" On a piece of unlined paper write his name 9 times and cross his name 9 times with the words "GIVE ME MY MONEY!". Place the paper beneath an overturned saucer, and put the candle, which you have dressed with Pay Me Oil and Compelling Oil on top of that. As the candle burns, speak out loud your demand for the return of your money or for the money that rightfully yours, in your own words, and close with the phrase: Green Devil, I SEEK WHAT IS RIGHTFULLY MINE! Now take up the burning candle and saucer and retrieve the borrower's name paper from underneath. Hold the paper near the flame and say, Green Devil, this is my command: Until [Name] repays the debt he owes Compel him to feel the sting of his conscience Compel him to burn with the fire of remorse Compel him to taste in his mouth only ashes Compel him to dream of the evil he's done Compel him to remember his debt to me Whenever he thinks of money Whenever he hears the word "money" Whenever he sees money Whenever he touches money NOW, GIVE ME THE MONEY YOU OWE ME, [Name], or it will be hot for you! Singe the paper a little, then put it back under the saucer and pinch the candle out (do not blow it out). For seven days, light the candle and speak aloud the commands as above. Then singe the paper, using the same warning words given above each time. During this week, while the spell is working, you MUST also contact him somehow and ask for your money, firmly and confidently. If you will see him in person, wear Pay Me Oil and Compelling Oil on your clothes when you meet. If you write to him by mail, sprinkle Pay Me Sachet Powder and Compelling Sachet Powder and on the letter, drag your fingernails down through the powder in wavy "snake lines" and then blow the powder off the paper. If you write to him by email or speak to him by phone, your opportunity for contact will be less, but at least wear Pay Me Oil and Compelling Oil as you communicate electronically and be sure to state your command clearly and firmly. If at any time during this period he makes a payment or repays the debt in full, thank the Green Devil for his aid and assistance, and consider the spell complete. However, if despite your verbal contact with him and despite the magical warnings he has received with every singe of his name-paper, he still has not made any movement to repay you, you can add to the words and action of the magical command. On the 7th day of the spell, which should be a Friday, light the candle and speak your demands aloud, as before. As the candle burns, speak out loud your demand for the return of your money in your own words and close with the phrase: Green Devil, I SEEK WHAT IS RIGHTFULLY MINE! Pick up the burning candle and saucer and retrieve the borrower's name paper from underneath one last time. Hold the paper near the flame and say, Green Devil, this is my command: Until [Name] repays the debt he owes Compel him to feel the sting of his conscience Compel him to burn with the fire of remorse Compel him to taste in his mouth only ashes Compel him to dream of the evil he's done Compel him to remember his debt to me Whenever he thinks of money Whenever he hears the word "money" Whenever he sees money Whenever he touches money Green Devil, Compel [Name] to run through the flames of Hell Until he falls to the ground at my feet With his arm outstretched And the money in his hand, Begging me to take it! NOW, GIVE ME THE MONEY YOU OWE ME,[Name], GIVE ME MY MONEY -- or *BURN*!!! And let his name-paper burn up. For more information on devil-related folk-magic, see these illustrated pages:	Pitchfork
Which story begins all children except one grow up?	The Devil Cart THE DEVIL Can the Devil be a bringer of good luck? Yes, indeed, according to old European traditions. This devil -- known variously as Old Nick, Old Scratch, Old Split-Foot, and Der Teufel -- did not begin his career as the "Satan" (adversary) of Christianity and Judaism or the "Prince of Darkness" and "fallen angel" popularized by John Milton in his epic poem "Paradise Lost" (1667 - 1674). The old Devil is a Teutonic woods-spirit, an ogre-like trickster who may desire to eat human flesh, but is often friendly to wood-cutters and footloose soldiers. In Germanic folk-tales like those collected by the Grimm brothers, he is usually described as living out in the woods with his aged grandmother who combs his hair to put him to sleep at night. Among Americans of Anglo-Saxon heritage, he is sometimes said to have a wife who quarrels with him. In the area of Central and Eastern Europe comprising Germany, Austria, Hungary, and the Czech Republic, the Devil was never fully absorbed into the Christian mythos as Satan but remained as he had always been, a slender, horned, bearded, fur-covered half-man of the woods. Under the regional names Krampus, Schwarze Peter (Black Peter), and Knecht Ruprecht (Ruprecht the Servant), he accompanies Saint Nicholas on his rounds of gift-giving, originally on December 6th, but eventually on Christmas Day, December 25th. In the early part of the 20th century it was the custom during December to send humourous Krampus postcards to friends. The example shown here, dated 1932, contains a bit of verse in German: Gruss von Krampus! Wenn im Herzen brennt das Feuer freut sich das schwarze Ungeheuer The English translation, supplied by Liselotte Erlanger , is Greetings from Krampus! When the fire burns in the heart the black monster rejoices This old Devil was a spirit of untamed nature who loved music and in many ways resembled the half-human Greek god Pan. Like the West African deities Ellegua and Legba , he could be met with at a crossroads , where he would make pacts -- but unlike these deities, he was described in folktales an unpredictable ally, and a rather dim-witted foe who was easily and humourously outwitted. Coincidentally, he also resembled the Guatemalan crossroads deity Maximon , known as San Simon, for he took a special interest in the affairs of drunkards and gamblers. Nowhere is the devil seen more clearly as a helpful ally than in hoodoo practices that employ the image of the Red Devil to guard one's property. It so happens that there is a popular American brand of lye (a powerful caustic chemical used in soap-making and to clear out drain pipes) that bears the trade-name "Red Devil." In past times, this product was sold in boxes bearing a very nice drawing of the devil; these days it is packaged in plastic jars and the devil image is quite simplified and reduced in size. However, the use of the product has not changed: to protect your property from intruders or from people who may want to lay a trick or put down powders for you to step in or step over , simply bury four unopened containers of Red Devil lye at the four corners of the property with the Devil images facing outward to guard the premises. Wild animality, shown by the lustfully burning hearts lapped by the long tongue of dancing Krampus, was acknowledged as the Devil's domain. It was Krampus' job to punish children who had behaved badly during the year. Unlike the conventional Christian Devil, Krampus is usually depicted with only one cloven hoof, not two. Not having been a "fallen angel" he is never shown with wings. His tools are a short switch, with which to beat wrong-doers, and a length of chain. The latter emblem is ambiguous in depiction: Sometimes Krampus, as Saint Nicholas' servant, is chained; other times he chains those whom he intends to punish. When Christianity overtook the native Teutonic religions, the Devil acquired some new attributes. In one of the Grimm's tales, "The Devil's Sooty Brother," he actually lives in Hell, where, for a term of work stoking the hellfires, he grants a veteran soldier a comfortable life in the here-and-now. The handmade 1" x 1" painted clay Red Devil head shown above is typical of the Devil under European influence; although made in Peru, he has the short cow horns, red skin, and black goatee beard seen on many Devils from France, Spain, and Portugal. This Devil head is actually a tiny but detailed bead (pierced side-to-side, right below the horns) and is designed to be hung on a necklace. The Red Devil plaster ornament at left was made in Peru and is one of a series, all different, that depicts a multitude of little Devils playing musical instruments. It is suitable for hanging on a Christmas -- or Halloween -- tree. The 8" tall green devil figural candle shown at right depicts the transitional, half-Teutonic, half-Christian devil. He has short horns and carries the old pagan tool of a gig or trident (wrongly called a pitchfork by those who don't know the difference) -- but although he is wingless (hence, not of angelic origin), he is surrounded by the flames of Hell. Figural candles like these are used by practitioners of occultism and hoodoo to obtain certain desires. Red devil figural candles are said to cause someone to burn with lust and are used in spells of sexual domination. Black devil figural candles are believed to drive unwanted associates away or cause harm to an enemy. Green devil figural candles are alleged to have the power to compel a debtor to repay money that is owed; they are also burned by folks who wish to have easy money without much labour. Order a Musical Devil Ornament from the Lucky Mojo Curio Co. GREEN DEVIL MONEY-BACK SPELL Start on a Saturday. Get a green devil candle and carve the borrower's name on it along with the words "GIVE ME MY MONEY!" On a piece of unlined paper write his name 9 times and cross his name 9 times with the words "GIVE ME MY MONEY!". Place the paper beneath an overturned saucer, and put the candle, which you have dressed with Pay Me Oil and Compelling Oil on top of that. As the candle burns, speak out loud your demand for the return of your money or for the money that rightfully yours, in your own words, and close with the phrase: Green Devil, I SEEK WHAT IS RIGHTFULLY MINE! Now take up the burning candle and saucer and retrieve the borrower's name paper from underneath. Hold the paper near the flame and say, Green Devil, this is my command: Until [Name] repays the debt he owes Compel him to feel the sting of his conscience Compel him to burn with the fire of remorse Compel him to taste in his mouth only ashes Compel him to dream of the evil he's done Compel him to remember his debt to me Whenever he thinks of money Whenever he hears the word "money" Whenever he sees money Whenever he touches money NOW, GIVE ME THE MONEY YOU OWE ME, [Name], or it will be hot for you! Singe the paper a little, then put it back under the saucer and pinch the candle out (do not blow it out). For seven days, light the candle and speak aloud the commands as above. Then singe the paper, using the same warning words given above each time. During this week, while the spell is working, you MUST also contact him somehow and ask for your money, firmly and confidently. If you will see him in person, wear Pay Me Oil and Compelling Oil on your clothes when you meet. If you write to him by mail, sprinkle Pay Me Sachet Powder and Compelling Sachet Powder and on the letter, drag your fingernails down through the powder in wavy "snake lines" and then blow the powder off the paper. If you write to him by email or speak to him by phone, your opportunity for contact will be less, but at least wear Pay Me Oil and Compelling Oil as you communicate electronically and be sure to state your command clearly and firmly. If at any time during this period he makes a payment or repays the debt in full, thank the Green Devil for his aid and assistance, and consider the spell complete. However, if despite your verbal contact with him and despite the magical warnings he has received with every singe of his name-paper, he still has not made any movement to repay you, you can add to the words and action of the magical command. On the 7th day of the spell, which should be a Friday, light the candle and speak your demands aloud, as before. As the candle burns, speak out loud your demand for the return of your money in your own words and close with the phrase: Green Devil, I SEEK WHAT IS RIGHTFULLY MINE! Pick up the burning candle and saucer and retrieve the borrower's name paper from underneath one last time. Hold the paper near the flame and say, Green Devil, this is my command: Until [Name] repays the debt he owes Compel him to feel the sting of his conscience Compel him to burn with the fire of remorse Compel him to taste in his mouth only ashes Compel him to dream of the evil he's done Compel him to remember his debt to me Whenever he thinks of money Whenever he hears the word "money" Whenever he sees money Whenever he touches money Green Devil, Compel [Name] to run through the flames of Hell Until he falls to the ground at my feet With his arm outstretched And the money in his hand, Begging me to take it! NOW, GIVE ME THE MONEY YOU OWE ME,[Name], GIVE ME MY MONEY -- or *BURN*!!! And let his name-paper burn up. For more information on devil-related folk-magic, see these illustrated pages:	i don't know
What was the name of the taxi company, shown on TV's TAXI?	Taxi - Show News, Reviews, Recaps and Photos - TV.com EDIT Taxi's television history is filled with contradictions. Produced by some of television comedy's most well-regarded talent, the show was canceled by two different networks. Despite winning fourteen Emmy Awards in only five seasons, the program's ratings were rock-bottom for its final seasons. Although it thrives in syndication and is still well-loved by many viewers, Taxi will be best remembered as the ancestral bridge between two of the most successful sit-coms of all time: The Mary Tyler Moore Show and Cheers. In the mid-1970s, MTM Productions had achieved huge success with both popularity and critical appraisal. So it was an unexpected move when four of the company's finest writers and producers, James L. Brooks, Stan Daniels, David Davis, and Ed. Weinberger, jumped off the stable ship of MTM in 1978 to form their own production company, John Charles Walters Company. To launch their new venture, they looked back to an idea that Brooks and Davis had previously considered with MTM: the daily life of a New York City taxi company. From MTM head Grant Tinker they purchased the rights to the newspaper article that had initiated the concept and began producing this new show at Paramount for ABC. They brought a few other MTM veterans along for the ride, including director James Burrows and writer/producers Glen and Les Charles. Although Taxi certainly bore many of the trademark signs of "quality television" as exemplified by MTM, other changes in style and focus distinguished this from an MTM product. After working on the middle-class female-centered worlds of The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Rhoda, and Phyllis for years, the group at John Charles Walters wanted to create a program focusing on blue-collar male experience. MTM programs all had clearly defined settings, but Taxi's creators wanted a show that was firmly rooted in a city's identity--Taxi's situations and mood were distinctly New York. Despite MTM Productions innovations in creating ensemble character comedy, there was always one central star around which the ensemble revolved. In Taxi Judd Hirsch's Alex Reiger was a main character, but his importance seemed secondary to the centrality of the ensemble and the Sunshine Cab Company itself. While The Mary Tyler Moore Show proudly proclaimed that "you're going to make it on your own," the destitute drivers of Taxi were doomed to perpetual failure; the closest any of them came to happiness was Reiger's content acceptance of his lot in life--to be a cabby. Taxi debuted on 12 September 1978, amidst a strong ABC Tuesday night line-up. It followed Three's Company, a wildly-successful example of the type of show MTM "quality" sit-coms reacted against. Taxi used this strong position to end the season ninth in the ratings and garner its first of three straight Emmys for Outstanding Comedy Series. The show's success was due to its excellent writing, Burrows's award-winning directing using his innovative four-camera technique, and its largely unknown but talented cast. Danny DeVito's Louie DePalma soon became one of the most despised men on television--possibly the most unredeemable and worthless louse of a character ever to reside on the small screen. Andy Kaufman's foreign mechanic Latka Gravas provided over-the-top comedy within an ensemble emphasizing subtle character humor. But Kaufman sometimes also brought a demonic edge to the character, an echo of his infamous appearances on Saturday Night Live as a macho wrestler of women and Mighty Mouse lip-syncher. In the second season Christopher Lloyd's Reverend Jim Ignatowski was added to the group as television's first drugged-out '60s burn-out character. But Lloyd's Emmy-winning performance created in Jim more than just a storehouse of fried brain cells; he established a deep, complex humanity that moved far beyond mere caricature. The program launched successful movie careers for DeVito and Lloyd, as well as the fairly-notable television careers of Tony Danza and Marilu Henner; Kaufman's controversial career would certainly have continued had he not died of cancer in 1984. In its third season ABC moved Taxi from beneath Three's Company's protective wing to a more competitive Wednesday night slot; the ratings plummeted and Taxi finished the next two years in 53rd place. ABC canceled the show in early 1982 as part of a larger network push away from "quality" and toward the Aaron Spelling-produced popular fare of Dynasty and The Love Boat. HBO bid for the show, looking for it to become the first ongoing sitcom for the pay channel, but lost out to NBC, which scheduled the series for the 1982-83 season. Ironically, this reunited the show's executive producers with their former boss Tinker, who had taken over NBC. Tinker's reign at NBC was focused, not surprisingly, on "quality" programming which he hoped would attract viewers to the perennially last-place network. Taxi was partnered with a very compatible show on Thursday night--Cheers, created by Taxi veterans Charles, Burrows, and Charles. Although this line-up featured some of the great programs in television history--the comedies were sandwiched by dramas Fame and Hill St. Blues--the ratings were dreadful and Taxi finished the season in 73rd place. NBC was willing to stick by Cheers for another chance, but felt Taxi had run its course and canceled it at the end of the season. Had Taxi been given another year or two, it would have been part of one of the most successful nights on television, featuring The Cosby Show (co-created by Taxi creator Weinberger), Family Ties, Hill St. Blues, L.A. Law, and eventual powerhouse Cheers. Taxi lives on in syndication, but its most significant place in television history is as the middle generation between The Mary Tyler Moore Show and Cheers. It served as a transition between the star-driven middle-class character comedy of MTM programs and the location-centered ensemble comedy inhabited by the losers of Cheers and Taxi. Considered one of the great sit-coms of its era, Taxi stands as a prime example of the constant tension in television programming between standards of "quality" and reliance on high ratings to determine success. --Jason Mittel The Museum of Broadcast Communicationsmoreless	sunshine cab company
The oil of which spice is traditionally used for the cure of toothache?	Taxi - Show News, Reviews, Recaps and Photos - TV.com EDIT Taxi's television history is filled with contradictions. Produced by some of television comedy's most well-regarded talent, the show was canceled by two different networks. Despite winning fourteen Emmy Awards in only five seasons, the program's ratings were rock-bottom for its final seasons. Although it thrives in syndication and is still well-loved by many viewers, Taxi will be best remembered as the ancestral bridge between two of the most successful sit-coms of all time: The Mary Tyler Moore Show and Cheers. In the mid-1970s, MTM Productions had achieved huge success with both popularity and critical appraisal. So it was an unexpected move when four of the company's finest writers and producers, James L. Brooks, Stan Daniels, David Davis, and Ed. Weinberger, jumped off the stable ship of MTM in 1978 to form their own production company, John Charles Walters Company. To launch their new venture, they looked back to an idea that Brooks and Davis had previously considered with MTM: the daily life of a New York City taxi company. From MTM head Grant Tinker they purchased the rights to the newspaper article that had initiated the concept and began producing this new show at Paramount for ABC. They brought a few other MTM veterans along for the ride, including director James Burrows and writer/producers Glen and Les Charles. Although Taxi certainly bore many of the trademark signs of "quality television" as exemplified by MTM, other changes in style and focus distinguished this from an MTM product. After working on the middle-class female-centered worlds of The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Rhoda, and Phyllis for years, the group at John Charles Walters wanted to create a program focusing on blue-collar male experience. MTM programs all had clearly defined settings, but Taxi's creators wanted a show that was firmly rooted in a city's identity--Taxi's situations and mood were distinctly New York. Despite MTM Productions innovations in creating ensemble character comedy, there was always one central star around which the ensemble revolved. In Taxi Judd Hirsch's Alex Reiger was a main character, but his importance seemed secondary to the centrality of the ensemble and the Sunshine Cab Company itself. While The Mary Tyler Moore Show proudly proclaimed that "you're going to make it on your own," the destitute drivers of Taxi were doomed to perpetual failure; the closest any of them came to happiness was Reiger's content acceptance of his lot in life--to be a cabby. Taxi debuted on 12 September 1978, amidst a strong ABC Tuesday night line-up. It followed Three's Company, a wildly-successful example of the type of show MTM "quality" sit-coms reacted against. Taxi used this strong position to end the season ninth in the ratings and garner its first of three straight Emmys for Outstanding Comedy Series. The show's success was due to its excellent writing, Burrows's award-winning directing using his innovative four-camera technique, and its largely unknown but talented cast. Danny DeVito's Louie DePalma soon became one of the most despised men on television--possibly the most unredeemable and worthless louse of a character ever to reside on the small screen. Andy Kaufman's foreign mechanic Latka Gravas provided over-the-top comedy within an ensemble emphasizing subtle character humor. But Kaufman sometimes also brought a demonic edge to the character, an echo of his infamous appearances on Saturday Night Live as a macho wrestler of women and Mighty Mouse lip-syncher. In the second season Christopher Lloyd's Reverend Jim Ignatowski was added to the group as television's first drugged-out '60s burn-out character. But Lloyd's Emmy-winning performance created in Jim more than just a storehouse of fried brain cells; he established a deep, complex humanity that moved far beyond mere caricature. The program launched successful movie careers for DeVito and Lloyd, as well as the fairly-notable television careers of Tony Danza and Marilu Henner; Kaufman's controversial career would certainly have continued had he not died of cancer in 1984. In its third season ABC moved Taxi from beneath Three's Company's protective wing to a more competitive Wednesday night slot; the ratings plummeted and Taxi finished the next two years in 53rd place. ABC canceled the show in early 1982 as part of a larger network push away from "quality" and toward the Aaron Spelling-produced popular fare of Dynasty and The Love Boat. HBO bid for the show, looking for it to become the first ongoing sitcom for the pay channel, but lost out to NBC, which scheduled the series for the 1982-83 season. Ironically, this reunited the show's executive producers with their former boss Tinker, who had taken over NBC. Tinker's reign at NBC was focused, not surprisingly, on "quality" programming which he hoped would attract viewers to the perennially last-place network. Taxi was partnered with a very compatible show on Thursday night--Cheers, created by Taxi veterans Charles, Burrows, and Charles. Although this line-up featured some of the great programs in television history--the comedies were sandwiched by dramas Fame and Hill St. Blues--the ratings were dreadful and Taxi finished the season in 73rd place. NBC was willing to stick by Cheers for another chance, but felt Taxi had run its course and canceled it at the end of the season. Had Taxi been given another year or two, it would have been part of one of the most successful nights on television, featuring The Cosby Show (co-created by Taxi creator Weinberger), Family Ties, Hill St. Blues, L.A. Law, and eventual powerhouse Cheers. Taxi lives on in syndication, but its most significant place in television history is as the middle generation between The Mary Tyler Moore Show and Cheers. It served as a transition between the star-driven middle-class character comedy of MTM programs and the location-centered ensemble comedy inhabited by the losers of Cheers and Taxi. Considered one of the great sit-coms of its era, Taxi stands as a prime example of the constant tension in television programming between standards of "quality" and reliance on high ratings to determine success. --Jason Mittel The Museum of Broadcast Communicationsmoreless	i don't know
Tiger Bay is an area of which British city?	‎Tiger Bay (1959) directed by J. Lee Thompson • Reviews, film + cast • Letterboxd Review by Kerry Maxwell ★★★½ A cracking Boy's Adventure Brit-noir with a 12 year-old Hayley Mills in the boy's role for her screen debut, acting alongside her father John Mills. The younger Mills plays orphaned tomboy Gillie, who witnesses a crime committed by Korchinsky, a young Polish sailor (Horst Bucholtz), and lies to the police inspector (Mills the Elder), partly in an attempt to protect the sailor, and partly out of habit. As the investigation unfolds, she develops a bond of loyalty and friendship with the fugitive Korchinsky. The film threads the needle tonally, balancing lighthearted childhood innocence with the dark adult reality of crime and punishment. Directed by J Lee Thompson. Photographed in STARK BLACK AND WHITE. Situated in and around Cardiff. Concerning childhood's end, Film Noir and early kitchen sink cinema. Featuring John Mills, Horst Buchholz, Anthony Dawson, Megs Jenkins. The feature debut of Hayley Mills. She might be groomed, but the result is remarkable. Shari, Yvonne Mitchell and Kenneth Griffith is visible in minor roles. This film is available in the JOHN MILLS - CENTENARY COLLECTION Vol.2 (2007) 7DVD-box from ITV. Along with six others. Review by anne_f_ ★★★★½ The star of this film is a young Hayley Mills in her first speaking role, playing Gillie, a young girl who likes to play games involving guns with the boys, much to her aunt's disquiet, Gillie witnesses the murder of a woman by her Polish seaman ex-boyfriend but, after stealing the gun lies and tries to stop his arrest. Mills was excellent as the lying child and the reasons for her continued lies (about all sorts of things) made sense within the film. It was a pity that there was a lack of Welsh accents seeing as the film was set in Cardiff, but I liked the use of black actors as extras in street scenes. This was a surprisingly good film. Review by eugeugeug ★★★ Something like Odd Man Out and the Fallen Idol mixed Good set up for that type of film and a meandering plot that kept going to and fro - I didn't mind - loved it when she sneaks into church late and when they introduce that the cheating married guy is a sports announcer by showing the POV of a boxer down for the count looking up at the ref The way they ended up in the water together was quite good Still the pacing was a bit of a slog and had me nodding off after a long ass day Watched at New Beverly Review by Irvin Malcolm ★★★½ A tomboy with a reputation for lying witnesses a Polish immigrant murder his lover in a fit of passionate rage. The two eventually become friends as the police closes in. In many ways, this is a fairly typical buddy movie where two oddballs bond. It could have gone wrong in so many ways but somehow it works. Their friendship comes off as sweet and moving without ever crossing all sorts of wrong lines. Hayley Mills plays the tomboy in one of her first roles and she acts with her real life father John Mills who plays the detective. The two work well together. Horst Buchholz is great as the Polish immigrant. Review by eugeugeug ★★★ Something like Odd Man Out and the Fallen Idol mixed Good set up for that type of film and a meandering plot that kept going to and fro - I didn't mind - loved it when she sneaks into church late and when they introduce that the cheating married guy is a sports announcer by showing the POV of a boxer down for the count looking up at the ref The way they ended up in the water together was quite good Still the pacing was a bit of a slog and had me nodding off after a long ass day Watched at New Beverly Review by anne_f_ ★★★★½ The star of this film is a young Hayley Mills in her first speaking role, playing Gillie, a young girl who likes to play games involving guns with the boys, much to her aunt's disquiet, Gillie witnesses the murder of a woman by her Polish seaman ex-boyfriend but, after stealing the gun lies and tries to stop his arrest. Mills was excellent as the lying child and the reasons for her continued lies (about all sorts of things) made sense within the film. It was a pity that there was a lack of Welsh accents seeing as the film was set in Cardiff, but I liked the use of black actors as extras in street scenes. This was a surprisingly good film. Directed by J Lee Thompson. Photographed in STARK BLACK AND WHITE. Situated in and around Cardiff. Concerning childhood's end, Film Noir and early kitchen sink cinema. Featuring John Mills, Horst Buchholz, Anthony Dawson, Megs Jenkins. The feature debut of Hayley Mills. She might be groomed, but the result is remarkable. Shari, Yvonne Mitchell and Kenneth Griffith is visible in minor roles. This film is available in the JOHN MILLS - CENTENARY COLLECTION Vol.2 (2007) 7DVD-box from ITV. Along with six others. Review by Jane_Scadding ★★★★½ Hayley Mills makes a fine screen debut alongside her father, the great John Mills as a mackintoshed detective trying to solve a murder case in the seedy dockland slums of Cardiff's Tiger Bay. The acting is always genuine and a touching rapport develops between the young actress (to the manor born!) and her co-star, Horst Bucholz, as the hapless murderer, whose crime she witnessed. A fairly conventional and run of the mill thriller, but with superior and sincere performances.	Cardiff
In which country was Mel Gibson born?	Review: Tiger Bay Renaissance \| Cardiff \| The Guardian Review: Tiger Bay Renaissance 'Both a tribute to one of Cardiff's most tight-knit neighbourhoods and a response from a neglected community' Fire and Water by Kyle Legall at Tiger Bay Renaissance, The Old Library, Cardiff Photograph: Nathan Williams Nathan Williams Share on Messenger Close Sandwiched between the newly revamped St David's 2 Centre and the spick-and-span waterfront of Cardiff Bay, Butetown has little in common with its surrounding high profile developments. This uncomfortable contrast forms the basis of curator Leon Charles's exhibition, Tiger Bay Renaissance, currently on display in The Old Library, Trinity Street. Leon, 55, is a long-term on-off resident of Butetown, and he is angry about the lack of investment in the community that he calls home. He says: "Have a look at the redevelopment in town that's been seen through from planning to completion before a few little shops in the Bay could have been refurbished. "The youngsters in that area must feel a bit neglected, because everywhere else is getting spruced up bar their area." Photos at the Tiger Bay Renaissance exhibition at The Old Library Photograph: Nathan Williams Tiger Bay Renaissance is both a tribute to one of Cardiff's most tight-knit neighbourhoods and a response from a community who feel increasingly marginalised. Including work by John Briggs and Ben Hussein, the exhibition displays photographs of the St David's development directly opposite the Butetown community a few hundred metres away. It also includes artwork and videos chronicling the rich history of the area. Leon's intention, he says, is "to show the difference bestowed on the urgency of developing one area of Cardiff as opposed to another area." The area once known as Tiger Bay has had a colourful and well-documented history. Always a multicultural community, it thrived in the 19th century as Cardiff's coal exports grew, but went into decline as the coal industry contracted. Its lasting legacy is a community that has remained relatively strong despite several displacements beginning with redevelopments in the 1960s. But Leon believes the community is still treated with complacency and its future hangs in the balance. He says: "When I look all around the city and I see how certain areas around the city have got grants to refurbish properties of a similar age to Butetown and the docks, it does make me feel that there's a possibility that – well, the Butetown community was always a maligned community." This exhibition is Leon's attempt to illustrate these issues to a wider audience. "The shops have been in this condition for ten years," he continues, "and people have been waiting for them to be done up for ten years, and you've got to ask yourself: why?"	i don't know
Which doctor discovered Penicillin by accident?	The real story behind penicillin \| PBS NewsHour The real story behind penicillin EMAIL BY Dr. Howard Markel September 27, 2013 at 2:06 PM EST In a monthly column for PBS NewsHour, Dr. Howard Markel revisits moments that changed the course of modern medicine on their anniversaries, like the development of penicillin on Sept. 28, 1928. Above: Jean-Claude Fide is treated with penicillin by his mother in 1948. Photo by Bert Hardy/Picture Post The discovery of penicillin, one of the world’s first antibiotics, marks a true turning point in human history — when doctors finally had a tool that could completely cure their patients of deadly infectious diseases. Many school children can recite the basics. Penicillin was discovered in London in September of 1928. As the story goes, Dr. Alexander Fleming, the bacteriologist on duty at St. Mary’s Hospital, returned from a summer vacation in Scotland to find a messy lab bench and a good deal more. Upon examining some colonies of Staphylococcus aureus, Dr. Fleming noted that a mold called Penicillium notatum had contaminated his Petri dishes. After carefully placing the dishes under his microscope, he was amazed to find that the mold prevented the normal growth of the staphylococci. Sir Alexander Fleming (1881 – 1955), studying a test tube culture with a hand lens. Photo by Chris Ware/Getty Images. It took Fleming a few more weeks to grow enough of the persnickety mold so that he was able to confirm his findings. His conclusions turned out to be phenomenal: there was some factor in the Penicillium mold that not only inhibited the growth of the bacteria but, more important, might be harnessed to combat infectious diseases. As Dr. Fleming famously wrote about that red-letter date: “When I woke up just after dawn on September 28, 1928, I certainly didn’t plan to revolutionize all medicine by discovering the world’s first antibiotic, or bacteria killer. But I guess that was exactly what I did.” Fourteen years later, in March 1942, Anne Miller became the first civilian patient to be successfully treated with penicillin, lying near death at New Haven Hospital in Connecticut, after miscarrying and developing an infection that led to blood poisoning. But there is much more to this historic sequence of events. Actually, Fleming had neither the laboratory resources at St. Mary’s nor the chemistry background to take the next giant steps of isolating the active ingredient of the penicillium mold juice, purifying it, figuring out which germs it was effective against, and how to use it. That task fell to Dr. Howard Florey, a professor of pathology who was director of the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology at Oxford University. He was a master at extracting research grants from tight-fisted bureaucrats and an absolute wizard at administering a large laboratory filled with talented but quirky scientists. This landmark work began in 1938 when Florey, who had long been interested in the ways that bacteria and mold naturally kill each other, came across Fleming’s paper on the penicillium mold while leafing through some back issues of The British Journal of Experimental Pathology. Soon after, Florey and his colleagues assembled in his well-stocked laboratory. They decided to unravel the science beneath what Fleming called penicillium’s ”antibacterial action.” A petri-dish of penicillin showing its inhibitory effect on some bacteria but not on others. Photo by Keystone Features/Getty Images. One of Florey’s brightest employees was a biochemist, Dr. Ernst Chain, a Jewish German émigré. Chain was an abrupt, abrasive and acutely sensitive man who fought constantly with Florey over who deserved credit for developing penicillin. Despite their battles, they produced a series of crude penicillium-mold culture fluid extracts. During the summer of 1940, their experiments centered on a group of 50 mice that they had infected with deadly streptococcus. Half the mice died miserable deaths from overwhelming sepsis. The others, which received penicillin injections, survived. It was at that point that Florey realized that he had enough promising information to test the drug on people. But the problem remained: how to produce enough pure penicillin to treat people. In spite of efforts to increase the yield from the mold cultures, it took 2,000 liters of mold culture fluid to obtain enough pure penicillin to treat a single case of sepsis in a person. In September 1940, an Oxford police constable, Albert Alexander, 48, provided the first test case. Alexander nicked his face working in his rose garden. The scratch, infected with streptococci and staphylococci, spread to his eyes and scalp. Although Alexander was admitted to the Radcliffe Infirmary and treated with doses of sulfa drugs, the infection worsened and resulted in smoldering abscesses in the eye, lungs and shoulder. Florey and Chain heard about the horrible case at high table one evening and, immediately, asked the Radcliffe physicians if they could try their ”purified” penicillin. After five days of injections, Alexander began to recover. But Chain and Florey did not have enough pure penicillin to eradicate the infection, and Alexander ultimately died. A laboratory technician examining flasks of penicillin culture, taken by James Jarche for Illustrated magazine in 1943. Another vital figure in the lab was a biochemist, Dr. Norman Heatley, who used every available container, bottle and bedpan to grow vats of the penicillin mold, suction off the fluid and develop ways to purify the antibiotic. The makeshift mold factory he put together was about as far removed as one could get from the enormous fermentation tanks and sophisticated chemical engineering that characterize modern antibiotic production today. In the summer of 1941, shortly before the United States entered World War II, Florey and Heatley flew to the United States, where they worked with American scientists in Peoria, Ill., to develop a means of mass producing what became known as the wonder drug. Aware that the fungus Penicillium notatum would never yield enough penicillin to treat people reliably, Florey and Heatley searched for a more productive species. One hot summer day, a laboratory assistant, Mary Hunt, arrived with a cantaloupe that she had picked up at the market and that was covered with a ”pretty, golden mold.” Serendipitously, the mold turned out to be the fungus Penicillium chrysogeum, and it yielded 200 times the amount of penicillin as the species that Fleming had described. Yet even that species required enhancing with mutation-causing X-rays and filtration, ultimately producing 1,000 times as much penicillin as the first batches from Penicillium notatum. In the war, penicillin proved its mettle. Throughout history, the major killer in wars had been infection rather than battle injuries. In World War I, the death rate from bacterial pneumonia was 18 percent; in World War II, it fell, to less than 1 percent. This is the penicillin table in a U.S. evacuation hospital in Luxembourg in 1945. Photo by Photo12/UIG. From January to May in 1942, 400 million units of pure penicillin were manufactured. By the end of the war, American pharmaceutical companies were producing 650 billion units a month. Ironically, Fleming did little work on penicillin after his initial observations in 1928. Beginning in 1941, after news reporters began to cover the early trials of the antibiotic on people, the unprepossessing and gentle Fleming was lionized as the discoverer of penicillin. And much to the quiet consternation of Florey, the Oxford group’s contributions were virtually ignored. That problem was partially corrected in 1945, when Fleming, Florey, and Chain — but not Heatley — were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. In his acceptance speech, Fleming presciently warned that the overuse of penicillin might lead to bacterial resistance. In 1990, Oxford made up for the Nobel committee’s oversight by awarding Heatley the first honorary doctorate of medicine in its 800-year history. Maybe this September 28, as we celebrate Alexander Fleming’s great accomplishment, we will recall that penicillin also required the midwifery of Florey, Chain and Heatley, as well as an army of laboratory workers. Dr. Howard Markel writes a monthly column for the PBS NewsHour website, highlighting the anniversary of a momentous event that continues to shape modern medicine. He is the director of the Center for the History of Medicine and the George E. Wantz Distinguished Professor of the History of Medicine at the University of Michigan. He is the author or editor of 10 books, including “Quarantine! East European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892,” “When Germs Travel: Six Major Epidemics That Have Invaded America Since 1900 and the Fears They Have Unleashed” and “An Anatomy of Addiction: Sigmund Freud, William Halsted, and the Miracle Drug Cocaine.” Related Content	dr alexander fleming
What kind of monkey gives it's name to a type of blood group?	The real story behind penicillin \| PBS NewsHour The real story behind penicillin EMAIL BY Dr. Howard Markel September 27, 2013 at 2:06 PM EST In a monthly column for PBS NewsHour, Dr. Howard Markel revisits moments that changed the course of modern medicine on their anniversaries, like the development of penicillin on Sept. 28, 1928. Above: Jean-Claude Fide is treated with penicillin by his mother in 1948. Photo by Bert Hardy/Picture Post The discovery of penicillin, one of the world’s first antibiotics, marks a true turning point in human history — when doctors finally had a tool that could completely cure their patients of deadly infectious diseases. Many school children can recite the basics. Penicillin was discovered in London in September of 1928. As the story goes, Dr. Alexander Fleming, the bacteriologist on duty at St. Mary’s Hospital, returned from a summer vacation in Scotland to find a messy lab bench and a good deal more. Upon examining some colonies of Staphylococcus aureus, Dr. Fleming noted that a mold called Penicillium notatum had contaminated his Petri dishes. After carefully placing the dishes under his microscope, he was amazed to find that the mold prevented the normal growth of the staphylococci. Sir Alexander Fleming (1881 – 1955), studying a test tube culture with a hand lens. Photo by Chris Ware/Getty Images. It took Fleming a few more weeks to grow enough of the persnickety mold so that he was able to confirm his findings. His conclusions turned out to be phenomenal: there was some factor in the Penicillium mold that not only inhibited the growth of the bacteria but, more important, might be harnessed to combat infectious diseases. As Dr. Fleming famously wrote about that red-letter date: “When I woke up just after dawn on September 28, 1928, I certainly didn’t plan to revolutionize all medicine by discovering the world’s first antibiotic, or bacteria killer. But I guess that was exactly what I did.” Fourteen years later, in March 1942, Anne Miller became the first civilian patient to be successfully treated with penicillin, lying near death at New Haven Hospital in Connecticut, after miscarrying and developing an infection that led to blood poisoning. But there is much more to this historic sequence of events. Actually, Fleming had neither the laboratory resources at St. Mary’s nor the chemistry background to take the next giant steps of isolating the active ingredient of the penicillium mold juice, purifying it, figuring out which germs it was effective against, and how to use it. That task fell to Dr. Howard Florey, a professor of pathology who was director of the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology at Oxford University. He was a master at extracting research grants from tight-fisted bureaucrats and an absolute wizard at administering a large laboratory filled with talented but quirky scientists. This landmark work began in 1938 when Florey, who had long been interested in the ways that bacteria and mold naturally kill each other, came across Fleming’s paper on the penicillium mold while leafing through some back issues of The British Journal of Experimental Pathology. Soon after, Florey and his colleagues assembled in his well-stocked laboratory. They decided to unravel the science beneath what Fleming called penicillium’s ”antibacterial action.” A petri-dish of penicillin showing its inhibitory effect on some bacteria but not on others. Photo by Keystone Features/Getty Images. One of Florey’s brightest employees was a biochemist, Dr. Ernst Chain, a Jewish German émigré. Chain was an abrupt, abrasive and acutely sensitive man who fought constantly with Florey over who deserved credit for developing penicillin. Despite their battles, they produced a series of crude penicillium-mold culture fluid extracts. During the summer of 1940, their experiments centered on a group of 50 mice that they had infected with deadly streptococcus. Half the mice died miserable deaths from overwhelming sepsis. The others, which received penicillin injections, survived. It was at that point that Florey realized that he had enough promising information to test the drug on people. But the problem remained: how to produce enough pure penicillin to treat people. In spite of efforts to increase the yield from the mold cultures, it took 2,000 liters of mold culture fluid to obtain enough pure penicillin to treat a single case of sepsis in a person. In September 1940, an Oxford police constable, Albert Alexander, 48, provided the first test case. Alexander nicked his face working in his rose garden. The scratch, infected with streptococci and staphylococci, spread to his eyes and scalp. Although Alexander was admitted to the Radcliffe Infirmary and treated with doses of sulfa drugs, the infection worsened and resulted in smoldering abscesses in the eye, lungs and shoulder. Florey and Chain heard about the horrible case at high table one evening and, immediately, asked the Radcliffe physicians if they could try their ”purified” penicillin. After five days of injections, Alexander began to recover. But Chain and Florey did not have enough pure penicillin to eradicate the infection, and Alexander ultimately died. A laboratory technician examining flasks of penicillin culture, taken by James Jarche for Illustrated magazine in 1943. Another vital figure in the lab was a biochemist, Dr. Norman Heatley, who used every available container, bottle and bedpan to grow vats of the penicillin mold, suction off the fluid and develop ways to purify the antibiotic. The makeshift mold factory he put together was about as far removed as one could get from the enormous fermentation tanks and sophisticated chemical engineering that characterize modern antibiotic production today. In the summer of 1941, shortly before the United States entered World War II, Florey and Heatley flew to the United States, where they worked with American scientists in Peoria, Ill., to develop a means of mass producing what became known as the wonder drug. Aware that the fungus Penicillium notatum would never yield enough penicillin to treat people reliably, Florey and Heatley searched for a more productive species. One hot summer day, a laboratory assistant, Mary Hunt, arrived with a cantaloupe that she had picked up at the market and that was covered with a ”pretty, golden mold.” Serendipitously, the mold turned out to be the fungus Penicillium chrysogeum, and it yielded 200 times the amount of penicillin as the species that Fleming had described. Yet even that species required enhancing with mutation-causing X-rays and filtration, ultimately producing 1,000 times as much penicillin as the first batches from Penicillium notatum. In the war, penicillin proved its mettle. Throughout history, the major killer in wars had been infection rather than battle injuries. In World War I, the death rate from bacterial pneumonia was 18 percent; in World War II, it fell, to less than 1 percent. This is the penicillin table in a U.S. evacuation hospital in Luxembourg in 1945. Photo by Photo12/UIG. From January to May in 1942, 400 million units of pure penicillin were manufactured. By the end of the war, American pharmaceutical companies were producing 650 billion units a month. Ironically, Fleming did little work on penicillin after his initial observations in 1928. Beginning in 1941, after news reporters began to cover the early trials of the antibiotic on people, the unprepossessing and gentle Fleming was lionized as the discoverer of penicillin. And much to the quiet consternation of Florey, the Oxford group’s contributions were virtually ignored. That problem was partially corrected in 1945, when Fleming, Florey, and Chain — but not Heatley — were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. In his acceptance speech, Fleming presciently warned that the overuse of penicillin might lead to bacterial resistance. In 1990, Oxford made up for the Nobel committee’s oversight by awarding Heatley the first honorary doctorate of medicine in its 800-year history. Maybe this September 28, as we celebrate Alexander Fleming’s great accomplishment, we will recall that penicillin also required the midwifery of Florey, Chain and Heatley, as well as an army of laboratory workers. Dr. Howard Markel writes a monthly column for the PBS NewsHour website, highlighting the anniversary of a momentous event that continues to shape modern medicine. He is the director of the Center for the History of Medicine and the George E. Wantz Distinguished Professor of the History of Medicine at the University of Michigan. He is the author or editor of 10 books, including “Quarantine! East European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892,” “When Germs Travel: Six Major Epidemics That Have Invaded America Since 1900 and the Fears They Have Unleashed” and “An Anatomy of Addiction: Sigmund Freud, William Halsted, and the Miracle Drug Cocaine.” Related Content	i don't know
The picture of which American President appears on the one dollar bill?	Presidents On All US Dollar Bills, Presidents On Money Tweet Presidents on Money Presidents on dollar bills: below is a breakdown of all the presidents, and some who were not, on money in US. Which president is on the one dollar bill? Of course, it's George Washington. Money's real worth over time: it's no secret paper money you have now is constantly losing value. What you could buy with $1 about 50 years ago you will need $8 to buy now. Use our online calculator to find percent increase of money needed to make the same purchase, you'll see the answer is 700%! How are Presidents chosen to be on money? Act of Congress, Secretary of Treasury on the advice of BEP [Engraving Office]. After the design is chosen, it's reviewed by Fine Arts Commission. Can living people appear on money? No. Only history's top leaders get their portraits on currency. President on one dollar bill is George Washington On one dollar bill, the first U.S. President George Washington was painted by Gilbert Stuart. It's interesting to know that generally the life of a $1 bill is 22 months. Also, 45% of all currency produced is the one dollar. Also check out Presidents on Coins - what presidents are on coin money and see pictures of both head and tail sides. For more information on paper money, check out US Department of Treasury Website . And for Canadian Money and Coins, check out Prime Ministers on Canadian dollar bills and coins. Harriet Tubman on $20 Dollar Bill: Latest update as of April 2016. US Treasury announced plan for Harriet Tubman's portrait to replace Andrew Jackson on the front of the $20 Dollar Bill. Harriet Tubman is an American activist, born in 1822. Tubman escaped slavery and in 1850's helped other slaves escape through Underground Railroad. $1,000,000 one million dollar bill rumors regarding being printed by US Mint, are not true. You can, however, get your hands on a promotional one million dollar bill - something interesting to have for those who collect currency or just unusual items. Of course, the U.S. dollar is the world's most popular currency, primarily held in $100 dollar bill denominations. It's interesting to know that most of U.S. paper money is held outside the United States. Most expensive Money Bill: $1,000 Grand Watermelon note - sold at over $2.2 million at auction. Dollar Bill $1 to $1M pictures are below.	George Washington
In which Shakespeare play will you find the line 'Beware the Ides of March'?	What the Original $1 Bill Looked Like \| Mental Floss What the Original $1 Bill Looked Like filed under: economics , History Like us on Facebook I've been reading The End of Money , a book packed with tidbits about the history of money, with a special focus on the greenback. The book mentions former Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase , who was in the enviable position of designing the original US $1 bill in 1862. So who do you think he put on that bill? Himself, of course. Chase wanted to be President, and he figured that having his face on popular currency would be killer buzz-marketing -- obviously, that didn't pan out. Above is a (suitably low-fi and non-counterfeity) image of that first dollar bill, courtesy of Wikimedia Commons . Chase's visage also graces the obverse of the 1929 $10,000 bill , as a kind of consolation prize for his demotion from $1 fame. Other relevant fun facts: the "P" in Salmon P. Chase stands for "Portland"; Chase National Bank was named after him (though he wasn't actually involved in its operation); and in 1869 George Washington replaced Chase on our $1 notes -- by that time, Chase was a member of the Supreme Court, busily declaring his own creation of the greenback to be unconstitutional . You had a good (seven-year) run, Salmon.	i don't know
In which 1969 film did Michael Caine play Charlie Croker?	The Italian Job (1969) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Comic caper movie about a plan to steal a gold shipment from the streets of Turin by creating a traffic jam. Director: Troy Kennedy-Martin (as Troy Kennedy Martin) Stars: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 31 titles created 19 May 2013 a list of 47 titles created 27 May 2013 a list of 47 titles created 22 Nov 2013 a list of 49 titles created 30 Aug 2015 a list of 24 titles created 5 months ago Title: The Italian Job (1969) 7.4/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 1 Golden Globe. See more awards » Photos When his brother dies under mysterious circumstances in a car accident, London gangster Jack Carter travels to Newcastle to investigate. Director: Mike Hodges Outnumbered British soldiers do battle with Zulu warriors at Rorke's Drift. Director: Cy Endfield After being betrayed and left for dead in Italy, Charlie Croker and his team plan an elaborate gold heist against their former ally. Director: F. Gary Gray An unrepentant ladies' man gradually begins to understand the consequences of his lifestyle. Director: Lewis Gilbert In London, a counter espionage agent deals with his own bureaucracy while investigating the kidnapping and brainwashing of British scientists. Director: Sidney J. Furie An elderly ex-serviceman and widower looks to avenge his best friend's murder by doling out his own form of justice. Director: Daniel Barber Edit Storyline Charlie's got a 'Job' to do. Having just left prison, he finds one of his friends has attempted a high risk job in Italy right under the nose of the Mafia. Charlie's friend doesn't get very far so Charlie takes over the 'Job'. Using three Mini Coopers, a couple of Jaguars and a bus, he hopes to bring Torino to a standstill, steal the Gold and escape. Written by Andy Topham <[email protected]> Introducing the plans for a new business venture: "The Italian Job." See more » Genres: 3 September 1969 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Faena a la italiana See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia The coach used in the film was a Bedford VAL with Harrington Legionaire bodywork. See more » Goofs During the opening sequence, most of the shots from inside the car show a cloudy day with no shadows, yet most of the exterior views show a sunny day. See more » Quotes Garage Manager : You must have shot an awful lot of tigers, sir. Charlie Croker : Yes, I used a machine gun. A rollicking heist flick with the best car chase ever put on film 6 September 2008 \| by sme_no_densetsu (Canada) – See all my reviews "The Italian Job" is a comedic heist film that is mostly renowned for the extended car chase getaway. In it, a thief recently released from prison (Michael Caine) organizes a scheme to steal a shipment of gold bars by creating a massive traffic jam and using a trio of Mini Coopers to escape with the loot. The cast is pretty decent with the always dependable Caine perfectly cast as charismatic thief Charlie Croker, Noel Coward as the incarcerated backer of the titular job and Benny Hill in a small role as a computer expert obsessed with plump women. Besides that there's no-one worth remarking on and not much acting that isn't up to snuff. The script is bold and inventive with much of the humour being understated and unpredictable. The heist itself is clever but the staging of the getaway is a real work of art. Again, there is an inventiveness that is quite refreshing. Nevertheless, I was starting to get a little tired of waiting for the heist to be set in motion. Finally, the ending caps the proceedings in memorable fashion. The direction by Peter Collinson is solid and above average for an action-comedy. The music, handled by Quincy Jones, is memorable but also characteristic of the era, meaning that it is unlikely to appeal to all tastes. If you're looking for a lighthearted crime caper this is just the ticket. I particularly recommend the film since it includes what is, in my opinion, the best car chase ever filmed. 13 of 15 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	The Italian Job
Who is the central character in the film series 'The Hunger Games?	The Italian Job - re-release-Trailer - YouTube The Italian Job - re-release-Trailer Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Dec 6, 2009 re-release-Trailer of the movie The Italian Job starring Michael Caine as Charlie Croker copyright 1969 by paramount pictures corporation. Al rights reserved. Category	i don't know
In what year did Sunderland become a city?	Sunderland city status: Did it work? - BBC News BBC News Sunderland city status: Did it work? By Chris Stewart Chief Reporter, BBC Look North 14 February 2012 Close share panel Image caption Sunderland's local paper announced the news on its front page in 1992 To mark her 60 years on the throne, the Queen will confer city status upon a town. So Bolton and Bournemouth and Colchester and Coleraine and Middlesbrough and Milton Keynes and all the other contenders are scrapping it out for the title. Every one of them is desperate to become the UK's newest city. Every one of them thinks it will lead to happier times. The Queen has done it before - and in 1992, after 40 years on the throne, it was Sunderland which got the regal nod. Business leaders, councillors, MPs - the whole of Wearside - agreed that their new prestige would mean greater prosperity. But did that happen? In fact, nobody knows. The uncomfortable truth is that nobody has tried to find out. At Sunderland University, Professor Bernie Callaghan, the dean of the Faculty of Business and Law, said: "The city has changed immeasurably over the last 20 years, but can you put that down to city status? Or is it the general economy? You don't really know because nobody's actually done the research. We are where we are and I think that comes down to the people of Sunderland saying, 'come on, let's get on with it' Prof Bernie Callaghan, Sunderland University "There was a lot of euphoria that year. We had city status, our polytechnic became a university, Sunderland even got to the final of the FA Cup that year. Perhaps it was a case of, 'hmmmm, what next?' "But I do think city status gives a lot of civic pride to the people of Sunderland and we've had a hard time over the last 20 years." That cannot be disputed. Sunderland was still trying to recover from the closure of the last of its shipyards when, in 1993, came the closure of the last of its collieries. Where once stood the winding gear for Wearmouth Colliery, now stands the Stadium of Light, home to Sunderland Football Club. 'Long-held suspicion' In 1999 came the announcement that another major employer, Vaux Brewery, was to close. The brewery was profitable, but its parent company, the Swallow Group, decided it wanted to concentrate on its hotel business. Especially hard to stomach was a decision to turn down a proposed management buy-out. Instead, the brewery was simply demolished. Wearsiders were furious, feeling a brewery that had stood for nearly 170 years had been sacrificed to satisfy the financiers of London. It all helped reinforce a long-held suspicion of some Wearsiders that the movers and shakers in London, including central government, could not care less about them. Image caption Prof Bernie Callaghan said Sunderland had changed "immeasurably" over the past 20 years "I'll probably pass on that one in terms of political comment," added Professor Callaghan. "But we are where we are and I think that comes down to the people of Sunderland saying, 'come on, let's get on with it, let's pull our socks up and change our city'." That there has been a remarkable transformation is also indisputable. Foreign companies seem to have been queuing up to invest in Sunderland. More than 60 major businesses are from countries outside the UK and together they employ more than 17,500 people. France, Germany, Switzerland, the US, China, even Luxembourg. And, of course, Japan. Nissan arrived when Sunderland was still a town, however. Frank Nicholson was managing director of Vaux Brewery and is a man who lives and breathes Sunderland. He refers to the car plant, in all sincerity, as "the great Nissan". He said: "City status is a matter of civic pride and civic prosperity. Nissan is commercial pride and commercial prosperity. "It's the latter that matters more."	1992
From which continent did Paddington Bear come?	A History of Sunderland A BRIEF HISTORY OF SUNDERLAND, ENGLAND By Tim Lambert SUNDERLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES Sunderland was once asunder-land that is land cut asunder, separated or put to one side. Sunderland is not mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086. Nevertheless by 1100 there was a fishing village at Sunderland. Sunderland was made a town in 1154 when it was granted a charter. (A document granting the townspeople certain rights such as the right to hold a weekly market). Sunderland slowly grew. However it only had a population of a few hundred in the Middle Ages. It would seem tiny to us but settlements were very small in those days. Sunderland, like all other towns in Medieval England suffered severely from the Black Death in 1348-49 when perhaps half the population died but it soon recovered. By the 14th century salt was being made in Sunderland. Seawater was heated in iron vats until it evaporated leaving behind the salt. Shipbuilding also began in Sunderland in the 14th century. SUNDERLAND 1500-1800 However Sunderland was small and unimportant until the 17th century. In 1565 a writer described Sunderland as: 'a fishing town and landing place which has 30 householders and is governed by Robert Bowes and the Bishop of Durham and ships and boats are loaded and unloaded but there are neither ships nor boats (belonging to the town) and only 7 fish cobbles that belong to the town occupying 20 fishermen. This town is in great decay of building and inhabitants'. Sunderland changed after 1589 when Robert Bowes and John Smith started making salt at Sunderland. The salt was made in iron pans at the place later called Panns Bank. They owned their own coal pit at Offerton. They used the poor quality coal for evaporating seawater. The better quality coal was exported to London and East Anglia. Bowes Quay was built for this purpose. Soon Sunderland became famous for exporting coal. It was second to Newcastle, of course, but exports of coal and salt grew rapidly. There was also an industry making lime for fertilizer and building in Sunderland in the 17th century. Alum and copperas were made in Sunderland and exported to be used in dyeing. By the end of the 17th century there was also a glass making industry in Sunderland. The town grew rapidly. By the mid 17th century Sunderland had a population of around 1,500. By 1700 the population of Sunderland, Monkwearmouth and Bishopwearmouth was about 5,000. In 1717 a body of men called the Wear Commissioners was formed. In 1723 they built a pier on the south bank of the Wear. In 1797 another pier was built on the north bank. Wearmouth Bridge was built in 1796. In the 18th century the shipbuilding industry in Sunderland boomed. Georgian Sunderland also had a flourishing rope making industry. In 1798 for the first time a steam engine was used to power rope making equipment in Sunderland. SUNDERLAND IN THE 19th CENTURY In 1801, at the time of the first census, Sunderland had a population of 12,412. By the standards of the time it was a fairly large town. Furthermore the population of Sunderland soared in the 19th century. By 1901 it had risen to 146,000. The building of a bridge over the Wear in 1796 led to the growth of a middle class suburb north of the river in the early 19th century but in Sunderland itself horrid working class slums were created. Like all towns in the 19th century Sunderland was dirty, overcrowded and unsanitary. There were Cholera epidemics in Sunderland in 1832 and in 1849. However there were some improvements in Sunderland during the 19th century. Gas was first used to light the streets in 1824. The first modern police force in Sunderland was created in 1837. The Penshaw Monument was erected in 1844. Sunderland Water Company was formed in 1846. A network of sewers was built in the 1850s and 1860s. The Theatre Royal was built in 1855. Mowbray Park opened in 1857. Sunderland Museum, Library, and Art Gallery opened in 1879. Also in 1879 horse drawn trams began to run in the streets of Sunderland. Roker Park opened in 1880. A Town Hall was built in 1890. In 1895 Sunderland gained an electricity supply. During the 19th century ship making boomed in Sunderland and the town became world famous for this industry. Other important industries were glass, pottery and rope making. Exports of coal also boomed. In the 19th century large amounts of coal were mined in Wearmouth. The first colliery at Monkwearmouth opened in 1835. It was followed by Ryhope Colliery in 1859, Silksworth Colliery in 1873 and Hylton Colliery in 1900. The port continued to flourish and Hudson North Dock opened in 1837. The South Dock was added in 1850. Hendon Dock followed in 1868. SUNDERLAND IN THE 20th CENTURY By 1901 the population of Sunderland was 146,000. In 1900 the first electric trams ran in Sunderland. However in the 1940s and 1950s they were replaced by buses. The last trams ran in 1954. Sunderland Technical College opened in 1901. The Bede Memorial was erected in 1904. The Wear Commissioners Offices were built in 1907. The Empire Theatre also opened in 1907. Barnes Park opened in 1909. Backhouse Park followed in 1923. Thompson Park opened in 1933. Roker breakwater was built in 1902. South breakwater was built in 1914. In 1928 the boundaries of the borough were extended to include Fulwell and Southwick. A new Wear bridge was built in 1929. Also that year a General Hospital opened. Deep Water Quay was built in 1934. In the 1930s the council set about slum clearance in Sunderland. New council houses were built to replace the slums in Ford Hall, Leechmere and Marley Pots. Then during World War II 267 people were killed in Sunderland by German bombing. About 1,000 houses were destroyed and about 3,000 were damaged. Many more council houses were built in the 1950s and the early 1960s. (This was partly to replace slums that were demolished at that time). In 1967 the boundaries of Sunderland were extended to include Ryhope, Silksworth, Herrington, South Hylton and Castletown. Sunderland Polytechnic was founded in 1969. It was made a university in 1992. A new town hall and civic centre was built in 1970. A new police station was built in 1973. Monkwearmouth Station Museum opened in 1973. The North East Aircraft Museum was founded in 1974. A new General Hospital opened in Sunderland in 1978. The Bridges Shopping Centre was opened in 1988 and at the end of the century it doubled in size. Silksworth Leisure Centre was built in 1976. Crowtree Leisure Centre opened in 1978. Northumbria Sports Centre opened in 1987. The Seaburn Sports Centre opened in 1989. Sunderland suffered severely in the depression of the 1930s when up to a third of the men were unemployed. Joblessness was much lower during the 1950s and 1960s but it was always considerably higher than the national average. Mass unemployment returned in the 1980s. Shipbuilding came to an end in Sunderland in 1988 after a long decline. Coal mining declined rapidly in the late 20th century and Sunderland's exports of coal plummeted. No more coal was exported after 1986. The last colliery in the area, Wearmouth colliery closed in 1993. However new industries came to replace the old ones. Sunderland is now noted for its car making industry. (Nissan began making cars there in 1986). Other industries include electronic engineering, mechanical engineering, textiles and paper making. Sunderland was made a city in 1992. Sunderland City Library and Arts Centre opened in 1995. The Stadium of Light was opened in 1997. The National Glass Centre opened in 1998. SUNDERLAND IN THE 21st CENTURY In 2002 the Tyne and Wear Metro was extended to Sunderland. Then in the early years of the 21st century the Sunniside area was regenerated and in 2008 Sunderland Aquatic Centre opened. Today the population of Sunderland is 275,000.	i don't know
Which was the first Harry Potter book to be published?	New Harry Potter Book to be Published - Kiwi Kids News New Harry Potter Book to be Published February 14, 2016 Harry Potter fans around the world are excited at the announcement of a new book about the boy wizard. But …. we still have five months to wait until we can get our hands on one, due out in New Zealand at 11:01am on 31 July 2016. This day just so happens to be Harry Potters birthday! A special hardback edition of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Parts I & II, isn’t just a normal book – it’s actually the script for a play opening in London’s West End the day before the book’s release. In the new book, Harry Potter is all grown up and is a stressed father of three. Next year marks the 20th anniversary of the UK publication of the first Harry Potter book, Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. Four special editions will be published, one for each of the Hogwarts houses.	Philosopher's stone
What was the name of the female police officer, shot outside the Libyan Embassy?	Harry Potter Timeline Harry Potter Timeline The life and times of Harry Potter and his creator by Shmuel Ross 1965 July 31: Joanne Rowling is born to Peter and Ann Rowling in the British town of Chipping Sodbury. She has no middle initial. (Much later, Rowling decides that July 31st is also Harry Potter's birthday .) 1990 While stuck on a delayed train between Manchester and London, Rowling gets the idea for Harry Potter. She begins writing his story that night. Top December 30: After a 10-year battle with multiple sclerosis, Rowling's mother dies. This later affects the tone of the Potter books: "Harry's feelings about his dead parents had become much deeper, much more real." 1992 Rowling—now teaching English as a second language in Portugal —marries TV journalist Jorge Arantes. 1993 1994 Late November: Now separated from her husband (they divorce in 1995), Rowling moves near her younger sister, Di, in Edinburgh, Scotland. She takes along her daughter and her ever-growing book manuscript. 1995 Writing whenever she can, often in cafés, Rowling finishes her first book: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. Her literary agent warns her "You do realize, you will never make a fortune out of writing children's books?" 1996 Several publishers reject the book, finding it to be too long and slow for children. October: British publisher Bloomsbury Press accepts the book, giving Rowling a $4,000 advance. 1997 Spring: Scholastic Books wins an auction for the U.S. rights to the series, giving Rowling an advance over $100,000, a record for a foreign children's book. She is able to quit her teaching job and devote her time to writing. June 26: The first book in the series—Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone—is published in the United Kingdom. The first print run is 500 copies. Because Bloomsbury is afraid that young boys won't want to read a book by a woman, they suggest she use her initials. Joanne adds her grandmother's name, Kathleen, to her own, producing "J.K. Rowling." The book is an instant success, selling well and winning several awards. 1998 July 2: The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, is published in the United Kingdom, with a first print run of over 10,000 copies. September 1: Scholastic publishes the first book, renamed Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, in the United States. The changes go beyond the title: illustrations are added to the start of each chapter, and British spelling, punctuation, grammar, and vocabulary are translated into American English. The first print run is 50,000 copies. 1999 June 2: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets is published in the United States, with an initial printing of 250,000 copies. The U.S. release had been scheduled for September, but Scholastic discovered that impatient fans of the first book were ordering copies of the sequel from the U.K. At 341 pages, this is only slightly longer than the 309-page first book. It shoots to the top of bestseller lists. July 8: The third book, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, is published in the United Kingdom. It sells more than 68,000 copies in the first two days. September 8: The third book is published in the United States, again ahead of schedule, with a first printing of 500,000 copies. This one is 448 pages. The Harry Potter books hold the top three positions on the New York Times bestseller list. November: Nancy Stouffer, author of the 1984 book The Legend of Rah and the Muggles, has been publicly claiming that Rowling stole ideas from her. In Stouffer's book, muggles are little people who care for orphans; the book also includes a character named Larry Potter. Scholastic and Warner Bros. (who have the film rights to the series) sue her, wanting a judge to rule that there was no violation of Stouffer's copyright or trademark.	i don't know
What was David Jason's character called in 'Porridge'?	BBC - Comedy - Porridge Porridge Porridge The character of jailbird Norman Stanley Fletcher was originally conceived for a one-off comedy, Prisoner and Escort, forming one of Ronnie Barker's 1973 season of TV pilots, Seven of One. The BBC picked it up the next year for a full series, but neither they nor writers Dick Clement and Ian Le Frenais can have known quite what a phenomenon they'd created with the show they thought of calling Bird or Stir, before settling on another euphemism for life behind bars, Porridge. When the new show first aired in 1974 it was greeted with outrage in sections of the tabloid press, shocked at the notion of a comedy programme glorifying prison. Little time was needed, though, before any complaints were drowned out underneath a chorus of critical acclaim and public adoration for what remains one of the most classic British sitcoms ever produced. Fletcher himself is an old hand at 'doing time', and we meet him serving a five-year stretch at HMP Prison Slade for breaking and entering - each episode would begin with the booming voice of the judge (recorded by Barker) passing sentence and the stark slamming of prison doors. Fletcher expects to enjoy a single cell but he's forced to share with a first-time offender, a naïve, young Brummie called Lennie Godber (played by Richard Beckinsale). Fletcher reluctantly takes Godber under his wing and helps him to 'keep his nose clean' but together they always end up getting into trouble (often for reasons beyond their control), either with other inmates or the prison officers at Slade. While the richly comic dialogue between the two cell-mates was a joy to watch, Clement and Le Frenais' wonderful writing didn't stop there, and they populated HMP Slade with a host of memorably eccentric characters, from kindly but senile Blanco (played ingeniously by a young David Jason), disgraced dentist Harris and dim-witted Warren to the irascible Scot MacLaren, conman Ives and the prison Mr Big, Harry Grout. While Fletcher's knowledge and experience saw him regarded highly by most fellow inmates, it didn't stop him being used and blackmailed from time to time by Grout, who'd often force Fletch into tasks against his will. It was Fletcher's day-to-day job to juggle life on the landings with not getting caught by the wardens, which meant taking advantage of the kind-hearted and soft-natured Mr Barrowclough, and sidestepping the eagle eye of the harsh, suspicious Mr MacKay (portrayed with delicious menace by Fulton McKay). Episodes would usually involve Fletcher and Godber getting into trouble but somehow scoring a minor victory, usually against MacKay. The glee Barker injected into Fletcher's little triumphs was magical to watch. Porridge is probably the classic realisation of the sitcom method of putting characters in a situation where they're trapped with each other. In Fletcher's case it was with his cell-mate Godber, and the wonderful relationship between the pair in the scripts was elevated to pure gold by the sparkling chemistry between he two leads, Barker and Beckinsale. Writers Clement and Le Frenais were so successful that the show became essential viewing inside Britain's real jails, and prisoners claimed it was the most accurate portrayal of real prison life on TV. Its massive success spawned a superior spin-off movie and a Bafta-winning sitcom sequel Going Straight, set around Fletcher's life on release from Slade, before more episodes were curtailed by the untimely death of Richard Beckinsale in 1979. Porridge was a show never afraid to throw into the mix scenes of true drama, as Godber and sometimes even Fletcher occasionally struggled to cope with the grind of being stuck behind bars. The way in which such moments were woven into episodes, adding depth and realism to the series without ever diminishing the humour, is yet another reason why it remains unarguably one of the all-time classics.	Blanco
Charles and Camilla had their honeymoon in which country?	The boozy night with Ronnie Barker that nearly cost me my life, by DAVID JASON \| Daily Mail Online comments This week, filming began on a Christmas special of Open All Hours, with Sir David Jason reprising the role of Granville, who is now the proprietor of the grocery store once run by his uncle, Albert Arkwright. Most of the original cast of the classic sitcom — a huge hit during the Seventies and Eighties — are returning, with the exception of the late Ronnie Barker, who played Arkwright. Here Jason recalls the joy of working with Barker, the comedy genius who made him a star . . . Comic genius: David Jason (right) pictured with Ronnie Barker in comedy classic Open All Hours Working on Open All Hours had some unexpected perks, not least the attractions of the canteen at the BBC’s rehearsal studios in West London. We adjourned there for a restorative repast of sausage, eggs, chips and beans, or sometimes beans, chips, eggs and sausage. And if we timed our lunch break to coincide with the arrival of the dancers from Pan’s People in their rehearsal leotards, we considered ourselves doubly refreshed. For me, however, the real treat was working with Ronnie Barker, the man I called the Guvnor. It was a jokey nickname at first, but it grew to express exactly what I felt about him. It wasn’t just about the depth of his comic gift, the abilities he had as a writer and performer. It was the way he conducted himself, the kind of man he was. I’ve always tried to emulate him a bit and to feel him on my shoulder. Ronnie was never grand or starry, unlike some of the big names I worked with, most notably Terry Scott. I hadn’t been to drama school or university and had no formal qualifications behind me but in 1966, only two years after I’d jacked in my job as an electrician in North London to pursue my acting career, I got a one-off part in Hugh And I, the popular sitcom Terry starred in before going on to even greater glory in Terry And June. Terry was a giant star and a fairly sizeable pain in the … well, let’s just say he didn’t suffer fools. It seemed that fame had temporarily exhausted his patience with lesser mortals, as fame sometimes will. He was way above little people like me and when the crew were clearly enjoying my few bits of dialogue during rehearsals, often the first sign you get that things are going to work, I noticed him whispering in the director’s ear. RELATED ARTICLES Share The next thing I knew, my funniest line had been given to him. Ronnie could not have been more different. When I first joined the cast of his ITV comedy series Hark At Barker in 1970, his sketches with Ronnie Corbett in The Frost Report had already put them on the path to the success they would soon find as The Two Ronnies. But, despite the fact that he was already a star, he was very quick to make me feel he saw something in me. Popular: Jason (left) played Granville, with Ronnie Barker as Albert Arkwright in the BBC sitcom which ran from 1973 to 1985 In Hark At Barker I played Dithers, a gardener who worked for Ronnie’s character, Lord Rustless, a baffled old aristocrat who in one scene was using one of those speaking tubes which summoned the servants in big houses. It was filled with black powder and when Ronnie talked into it, somebody out of shot puffed into the other end and covered him with black soot at the appropriate moment. They tried it several times in rehearsal, but Ronnie wasn’t happy. Eventually he said: ‘I want David to blow the soot out because his timing is accurate.’ That rather put me on the spot. But I felt that I was moving up in his estimation and, fortunately, I got the puffing right. I realised that Ronnie had really started to believe in what I could do when the following year he asked me to appear in The Odd Job, a comedy play for LWT. Respect: Sir David referred to his much-loved colleague Ronnie Barker as the Guvnor He was cast as Arthur, a depressed character who was essentially a feed for all the funny lines given to my character Clive, the hit man he hires to help him do away with himself. Reading the script, I realised that I had all the jokes. I rang the producer, Humphrey Barclay, to clarify that there hadn’t been a mistake, but he confirmed that this was how Ronnie wanted to do it. I was very struck by that. It wasn’t about Ronnie being the needy comedian, having to get the laughs. It was about what he, as an actor, thought worked best for the piece. I bore that in mind when, two years later, he asked me to play Granville, Arkwright’s helpless nephew, in a pilot episode of Open All Hours. FROM GROCERY BOY TO KING OF THE RASPBERRIES The Guvnor was ever the perfectionist. In 1976, The Two Ronnies included a weekly serial called The Phantom Raspberry Blower Of Old London Town, about an elusive figure who does for people by leaping out and blowing raspberries at them, and I was given the honour of providing the raspberries for the soundtrack. As Ronnie B knew, few people blow a raspberry as well as me. Indeed, I consider myself a world leader. But still Ronnie monitored my raspberry-blowing extremely carefully, for volume, tone and duration. At one point, he had me in the sound booth while he stood on the other side of the glass, and he conducted me, very earnestly, in an entirely blown-raspberry version of the 1812 Overture. I still have the credit board, which reads ‘Phantom Raspberry Blower — David Jason’ and I’m enormously proud of my contribution to that little moment of comic history. When I first saw the script I secretly found the part a little thin and disappointing. I had no idea that this rather lost character in his Fair Isle jumper would propel my career to another level. But if Ronnie thought it worth pursuing, I felt there must be something to it. While we waited to see whether the BBC would commission a first series, Ronnie asked me to do a stint in Porridge, as an old lag called Blanco. Then in 1975 we were given the go-ahead for Open All Hours. During that first series, Ronnie and I grew closer. After filming the exterior scenes in a terraced street in Doncaster, we moved back to London where the interiors were shot in front of a studio audience, one episode at a time. This was always on a Sunday night and, after each recording, Ronnie and I set off for a bistro in a mews near the Victoria And Albert Museum where we ordered what he called ‘battery acid’ — a throat-peelingly filthy house wine. I started seeing him and his wife, Joy, for dinner, first at their home in North London, where they lived with their three children, and then at the old mill house in Oxfordshire which they had restored and furnished with numerous antiques. It was a house of wonders. One cabinet groaned with little statuettes of 1920s bathing belles, porcelain figures in swimming costumes, all a bit risqué for their period, but with beautifully detailed china faces and bathing caps hung with jewels. Another was full of toy soldiers, the old lead ones, beautifully finished and hand-painted. There were also thousands of postcards. Ronnie loved images of the seaside from the turn of the century and dedicated albums to them. Along with wonderful pictures of all shapes and sizes on the walls, it all went together because they had such great taste. Fun: Sir David tells how he enjoyed working with Lynda Baron who played Ronnie Barker's love interest in Open All Hours I didn’t have the confidence to buy things in the way that they did, but I did get a bit of an education in this area from Ronnie. When we were on location for Open All Hours, we had Sundays off, and Ronnie would get his driver to take me and him out to antiques and junk shops in the villages around Doncaster. We’d spend hours nosing around for treasures for him to take back to Oxfordshire. Ronnie’s house there was a place where I always felt extremely welcome, but it was also where I once nearly met a premature death. One summer, my girlfriend Myfanwy and I were staying for the weekend and, after a very nice evening in which a certain amount of wine had been drunk, I couldn’t sleep and decided I needed some air. It was pitch black outside, but my slightly inebriated knowledge of Ronnie’s place suggested that a door in the outside wall of our bedroom led onto a flat roof. I was about to step out when I realised that there might be little stones on said roof which would play havoc with my bare feet. Instead I contented myself with standing in the doorway and breathing in the night air before I went back to bed. In the morning, I opened the door and looked out again. There was no flat roof, just a 30ft sheer drop on to the disused mill wheel below. When I told Ronnie about my night-time adventures, the blood drained from his face and within a few days of our departure a nice secure balcony was put across the offending door. The first series of Open All Hours came and went without much fanfare because the BBC, in its almighty wisdom, put it out on BBC2, reasoning that it was ‘a gentle comedy’, better suited to the calms of the second channel than to the noisier, choppier waters of the first. What annoyed Ronnie, more than anything, was the use of the word ‘gentle’ in relation to the show. ‘When they say it’s “gentle”, they normally mean they don’t think it’s very funny,’ he told me. Obviously that was a bit of a blow, but Open All Hours was given a new lease of life at the end of the Seventies when the two Ronnies decamped to Australia for a year, partly to avoid Britain’s then crippling tax regime. On the move: Open All Hours was given a slot on BBC1 when Ronnie Barker and his comedy partner Ronnie Corbett (left) decamped to Australia Suddenly bereft of new material from one of its most popular acts, the BBC rebroadcast the first series of Open All Hours, this time on BBC1 where it got good ratings, entirely vindicating Ronnie’s feeling that they should have gone that way the first time around. In 1980, four years on from the initial run, the show’s creator, Roy Clarke, was commissioned to write a second series and off we went back to Doncaster where we were warmly welcomed — except, clearly, by the man who burst past the camera in the middle of one take and threatened me with a bread-knife. Funny how a certain calm can descend on you in a situation like that. I simply looked at him quizzically and said, in an attempt to pacify him: ‘Was there something you wanted?’ AND A GOOD KNIGHT FROM HIM Ronnie’s death came just two months before I was knighted by the Queen. I would have loved him to have been at the lunch that day, instead I had to make do with declaiming the poem he had, typically, sent to commemorate my knighthood when it was announced earlier in the year. At least he was there in his own inimitable words: the last few lines of which were as follows: The old ex-Guvnor’s proud to see His comrade reach such high degree, Knight of the Realm, and TV star Who never thought he’d get this far. ‘Arise, Sir David,’ she will say, The sword upon your shoulder lay. I raise a glass filled to the brim And truly say: ‘Good Knight from him.’ The crew got hold of him, the police were summoned and it turned out that the poor bloke lived nearby and was a fully paid-up member of the bewildered. We regrouped, did the shot over and were never again menaced with a serrated blade. Such incidents aside, I had an awful lot of fun larking about with Ronnie and Lynda Baron who played his love interest, Nurse Gladys Emmanuel. But there were at least a couple of moments when I wondered whether I had outgrown being what Ronnie referred to teasingly as the ‘Little Feed’ — the small bloke who set up his lines for him. That was pretty much a neat summary of my role in Open All Hours. After filming one episode we discovered that we had to trim several minutes of material to get down to 30 minutes. As I sat there, watching all my funny stuff hitting the cutting-room floor, I went very quiet and Ronnie asked if I was all right. ‘Any jokes that I have are getting cut,’ I said. ‘I’m just feeding you.’ The next day I received one of the many handwritten poems Ronnie sent me over the years. This one was in rhyming couplets, full of mock-Shakespearean ‘thees’ and ‘thous’ and the clinching lines were: ‘The future will provide thy need/Till then be content to be a little feed.’ It was his way of telling me that I shouldn’t get anxious and that what I did had value. As the experience of making The Odd Job had shown, what was important to him was not who got the laugh, but that we got it and, as always, he knew what he was talking about. Ronnie said that he had an even better time recording Open All Hours than he did filming Porridge, which was arguably more successful By the time we did the fourth and final series of Open All Hours, in 1985, we were averaging 15 million viewers. Ronnie used to say that it was the comedy series he most enjoyed doing — even more than Porridge, which was arguably the more successful of the two. And he once gave an interview in which he said: ‘I enjoyed it all the more because of David.’ I was very touched and flattered by that. Soon after it finished, he told me that he was going to retire. He was 56 at that point and we had recently lost Eric Morecambe and Tommy Cooper, which I think played on his mind. He didn’t want to work himself into an early grave and I respected him so much for it. Close: David Jason and Ronnie Barker pose with the former's British Academy Fellowship Award in 2003 It gave him a number of relaxed and contented years with Joy before his terribly sad death in October 2005. He had finally brought down the curtain on his career on New Year’s Day, 1988. A few days afterwards, he sent me an official declaration, hand-written in suitably formal script, with blobs of sealing wax and gold illuminations. It announced that it was his ‘chosen and deliberate intention forthwith to abandon the title of the Guvnor in favour of my good loyal and trusty servant David Granville Dithers Jason’. You can imagine how much that meant to me. I never followed the title up, though. Wouldn’t dream of it. There was only one Guvnor. DAVID JASON: My Life by David Jason (Century, £20). © 2013 David Jason. To order a copy for £16.99 (inc. p&p) call 0844 472 4157.	i don't know
In which American state will you find Disneyland park?	Automobile Club of Southern California - disneyland-tickets Now at the Disneyland® Resort: Mickey’s Soundsational Parade Disneyland® Park Watch as beloved melodies from classic Disney movies come alive through music, Disney Characters and whimsical floats. Mickey strikes up the band and leads the way with a syncopated drum line. Colorfully costumed musicians, energetic dancers and many of Mickey’s friends follow to amplify the fun with twinkling cymbals, steel drums and bold percussion. Each fantastic float has its own unique musical style, like crowd-pleasing Bollywood and South American rhythms. Best of all, you're encouraged to join the celebration for a giant jam session! World of Color Disney California Adventure Park World of Color is a breathtaking nighttime extravaganza held at Paradise Bay in Disney California Adventure Park. This outdoor show projects images from beloved Disney and Disney•Pixar films onto a 19,000 square-foot water “screen” created by nearly 1,200 fountains shooting water up to 200 feet in the air. Momentous music accompanies the images, as well as stunning fire, fountain, fog and laser effects. Your family will be amazed as the water dances and pyrotechnics explode—and awed as the elements and effects weave a powerful tapestry of color, magic and imagination! Radiator Springs Racers Disney California Adventure Park Cars Land, now open at the re-imagined Disney California Adventure Park, offers 12 acres of high-octane fun. Cars Land has been adapted from the award-winning Disney•Pixar film Cars, and is home to Luigi, Guido, Red the Fire Engine, Mater, and of course, Lightning McQueen. The Happiest Place on Earth just got happier. The Little Mermaid: Ariel’s Undersea Adventure Disney California Adventure Park Board a clamshell, descend “under the sea,” and embark on a journey through the story of Walt Disney Pictures’ The Little Mermaid. Sing along to some popular songs from the film and enjoy all your favorite characters including Sebastian, Flounder, Scuttle, and more. As to Disney artwork/properties: ©Disney. 1Magic Morning early entry allows admission into selected attractions at Disneyland® Resort theme park before the park opens to the general public. Each member of your travel party must have a valid theme park admission. To enhance the Magic Morning experience, it is strongly recommended that guests arrive at least one hour and 15 minutes prior to regular park opening. Magic Morning admission is based on availability and does not operate daily. Applicable theme park, days and times of operation and all other elements including, but not limited to, operation of attractions, entertainment, stores and restaurants and appearances of characters may vary and are subject to change without notice. Subject to capacity and other restrictions. 2Theme park and special event discounts only available to AAA members. Tickets may not be resold or transferred for commercial use. Purchase limits and other restrictions apply. Ticket pricing, features and availability subject to change without notice. Applicable theme park, days and times of operation and all other elements including, but not limited to, operation of attractions, entertainment, stores and restaurants and appearances of characters may vary and are subject to change without notice. Subject to capacity and other restrictions. Offer may not be combined with any other ticket offer, discount, or promotion. All offers, events, tickets, age ranges, services, attractions and entertainment may be seasonal and are subject to change without notice. 3All attractions and entertainment may be seasonal and are subject to change without notice.	California
Little Marvel and Kelvedon Wonder are types of which vegetable?	Disneyland Ticket Discounts, Deals & Coupons - MouseSavers.com MouseSavers.com Facebook Twitter Disneyland Ticket Discounts, Deals & Coupons Disneyland tickets are available from many different sources, which vary considerably in pricing and service, but there are reliable Disneyland ticket vendors out there if you know where to look. There are multiple Disneyland ticket discounts available to the general public, and even more for local residents, members and employees of certain organizations and the US military. You can get discounted Disneyland tickets all year long, though the discounts can be deeper in the off-season. Really deeply discounted Disneyland tickets are hard to find — you’re probably going to have to pay 90%-95% of full price in most cases. Still, if you’re buying multi-day tickets for a couple or a family, that can amount to a decent chunk of money! This page is about tickets for the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California. If that’s not where you’re planning a trip, perhaps you want our page about discounted tickets to Walt Disney World in Florida . Or you may want information and tips for the Disney parks in other countries . Prices and blackout dates listed on this page are subject to change at any time. LAST UPDATE: 1/13/17 What Is Park Hopper? Do You Need It? Where NOT to Buy Disneyland Tickets There are lots of legitimate ways to get discounted Disneyland tickets. Unfortunately, there are also some ways to get ripped off. Never buy partially used tickets. For instance, someone may claim they bought a 4-day ticket and ended up using only 2 days of it, so they are reselling the remaining 2 days. Sounds good, right? The trouble is, there is absolutely no way to tell whether the pass does, in fact, have the number of days remaining that the seller claims, until you get to the gate and see if it works. If it doesn’t, Disney will not be sympathetic, because Disney tickets are nontransferable. That means they can legally be used only by the original purchaser. It is a very bad idea to buy Disneyland tickets on eBay or Craigslist. Unfortunately both of these online resources are extremely popular with con artists. Recently scammers have even taken to presenting fake “invoices” or “receipts” that seem to be from legitimate businesses that supposedly sold them the tickets. They always have some sad story about buying nonrefundable tickets, and now they can’t go, and they just want to get some of their money back. But the passes they sell you are partially or completely used up, or were never valid to begin with. Tickets can look perfectly new and real, yet be worthless. For example, they may be selling real Disney ticket stock shoplifted from supermarkets or other stores, but since the tickets were never paid for, they have not been validated and have zero value. There is no way to find out if the tickets you buy from a stranger (or even “a friend of a friend”) are any good in advance of your trip. You are very likely to arrive at the gate and find out you have invalid passes. Here is a news story , another story and yet another story about this type of scam. Websites that seem to be offering super low prices on Disneyland tickets are almost guaranteed to be scams. There are legitimate, authorized Disney ticket brokers, but they don’t have a lot of profit margin once they pay Disney. There is no way a ticket dealer can offer new, authentic Disney tickets at extremely low prices without losing money. Scam sites may outright rip you off (charge you for tickets you never receive), or even worse, they may just be harvesting your personal information and credit card number so they can sell that information to criminals. Some signs of a scam ticket site: The site has “Disney” in the URL or site name, but is not owned by Disney. Disney does not allow its authorized ticket dealers to use the word Disney in their URLs (domain names or website addresses). If the site’s URL has the word Disney in it and it is not a site operated by Disney, do not buy tickets there. They say they have discounted 1-day tickets. Disney does not allow legitimate ticket brokers to sell discounted 1-day tickets, so if you see a site offering those at a discount, run away fast. You can’t pick up the ticket until the morning you are entering the park, and/or you have to return the ticket when you’re done with it. This is a big red flag that they are reselling days off a multi-day ticket. There is at least one very glossy, professional-looking website offering this “service,” which is possibly fraudulent and definitely against Disney’s rules. See the section above about partially used passes — you do NOT want to get caught up in this scam! The site requires you to pay by Western Union or other cash-equivalent services, which means you’ll never be able to get the money back. That should be a huge red flag. ALWAYS pay by credit card (not debit card) when making purchases on the Internet! There are legitimate, authorized ticket brokers that have contracts with Disney and sell NEW, UNUSED Disney passes at a discount! Lost Disneyland Tickets – Very Important Tip! For a long time, Disneyland would not replace lost tickets under any circumstances. In 2014, they switched policies to match Walt Disney World, and now they will replace your lost tickets, if you have a scan or picture of the back of the ticket with the numbers under the barcode visible. So when you get your tickets (not your will-call voucher or print-at-home “tickets,” but the small paper tickets the size of a credit card), immediately take a picture with your phone or camera of the backs of all of the tickets, and zoom in on the photo to make sure those numbers are readable. Then email the photos to someone else, or upload them to a cloud service, so you can still get to them if you lose your phone. If you lose a ticket and have a picture of the back, the ticket can be replaced at any Guest Relations location or Disneyland resort ticket booth. You’ll need to have everyone in your party go to Guest Relations together, with all the tickets you have (if any) so they can be sure which tickets need to be voided and replaced. It would be very bad to accidentally void the wrong ticket. If you don’t have a camera or smartphone, write down all the numbers under the bar code from each ticket and stick it somewhere you won’t lose it, like deep in a purse or backpack. Amazingly enough, if you don’t have your tickets or a photo of the backs, but you do have some unused FastPasses that were gathered using those tickets, the Guest Relations folks can look up your tickets from the code numbers at the bottom of the FastPasses! Thanks to Mike W. for info. Upgrading Disneyland Tickets You can apply the value of an unused Disneyland ticket or pass, or even a partially used one with days left on it, toward the purchase of a higher-priced pass, as long as you do it before your pass expires. For instance, if you buy a 3-Day Park Hopper and then decide on the third day of use that you’d rather have an Annual Pass, you can apply the value of the Park Hopper toward the Annual Pass. Discounted passes purchased from third-party vendors will be credited at the retail price as of the day the ticket was issued. Full-price or discounted passes purchased directly from Disney will be credited at the exact price paid. To upgrade a ticket, go to any ticket booth or Guest Services window. If you’re not sure whether you’ll want to hop between parks on the same day, you can always buy non-hopper tickets to start. If you decide you want to hop, you can upgrade your ticket to a Park Hopper by taking it to a ticket booth or Guest Services location and paying the difference between your current ticket and a Park Hopper ticket of the same length. The upgrade costs $40, except for 1-day tickets, where the upgrade costs $56. If there has been a ticket price increase between the time you bought your tickets and when you do the upgrade, you’ll also need to make up the difference. When Disneyland Tickets Expire There is no “No Expiration” option for Disneyland tickets. All multi-day passes at Disneyland expire 13 days after the first day you start using them. (Unless you use them up first. Naturally a 3-Day Park Hopper is “expired” once you’ve used all three days, even if 13 days haven’t passed yet!) Once the 13 days have passed after the first use, or the last admission day on the ticket is used, the ticket becomes worthless. Current Disneyland tickets generally expire 13 days after the end of the year they were purchased, even if not used. Some special promotional tickets may expire even earlier. Tickets purchased late in the year may expire at the end of the next year, but they will expire. Unused, expired tickets cannot be used to enter the park any more, but can be traded in for a new ticket. You’ll get the amount you paid originally as a credit toward the new ticket. Even if you’re trading in for the same type of ticket, you’ll have to pay more if the ticket prices have gone up since you bought the original ticket. Old Disneyland passes that were issued in the days before expiration dates applied can still be used. Their original value is too low to be worth applying to a new pass, though. Just use them for admission (Guest Services will trade them for passes that will work at the gates) — or if they’re old enough, they might be worth more as collectibles! Disneyland Ticket Blackout Dates If you buy a restricted Annual Pass (such as the Southern California Annual Passport, which has many “blackout dates”), but you plan to start your trip on one of the blackout dates, the blackout will not apply on the day you purchase the pass. So if you go to Disneyland on a Saturday and buy an Annual Pass that is normally not valid on Saturdays, you will still be able to use it that day at both parks. Can You Use Walt Disney World Tickets at Disneyland or Vice-Versa? The short answer is no. In the past you could use any unexpired, leftover days on a Walt Disney World ticket at Disneyland or Disney California Adventure. This was an unpublished benefit that was in effect at least since this site first started (2001). However, as of mid-December 2013, Disneyland and Disney California Adventure will no longer honor Walt Disney World tickets. Disneyland tickets have never been accepted at Walt Disney World, and most Annual Passes are only good at the park where they were purchased (Walt Disney World Annual Passes are NOT good at Disneyland, and vice versa). However, there is a Premier Passport that is good at both locations. What Is A Park Hopper Ticket? Do You Need It? Disneyland Park Hopper tickets can be used to visit both parks on the same day. You can leave Disneyland park in the middle of the day, walk across the courtyard and use the same ticket to go to California Adventure, or vice-versa. You can go back and forth as often as you want. Non-hopper (one-park-per-day) tickets only allow you to visit one park each day. You can visit a different park each day, but you can’t use the same ticket to go across to the other park once you’ve entered one that day. You cannot “burn” another day from a non-hopper ticket to visit both parks on the same day; the computer knows you already entered the first park and won’t let you go into the second using the same ticket. You can, of course, leave and return to the same park the same day with any ticket, say to take a midday break or to go to lunch in Downtown Disney. Park Hopper tickets can actually be quite handy at the Disneyland Resort, because the two parks are very close — the entrances are right across from each other. We always buy Park Hopper tickets and always hop on several days of our trip. That said, if money is tight, we think it’s fine to just get one-park-per-day tickets. It’s not a massive hardship to plan your day around staying in one park. If you buy a one-park-per-day ticket and then realize you want to hop once you’re actually there, remember that you can always upgrade your ticket . One factor worth considering is that third-party sellers typically have larger discounts on Park Hopper tickets, so the difference in price is not as large when you’re buying from authorized vendors. For example, a 5-day Park Hopper is $40 more than a non-hopper ticket when purchased from Disney, but is only $27 more when purchased from aRes Travel , the vendor we recommend. Disneyland Ticket Discounts Available to Anyone Jump to: Other Places to Buy Advance Purchase Discount Tickets Discounted Disneyland Tickets (2-Day to 5-Day) from aRes Travel aRes Travel (pronounced “a-rez” rather than “a-reez”) is an extremely reliable, authorized Disneyland ticket vendor we’ve been recommending for years. They have decades of experience selling Disneyland tickets (and other Southern California attraction tickets), and have excellent customer service, with real people you can talk to. You can buy from them with confidence. 5-Day Park Hopper Tickets are $310 adult / $295 child (ages 3-9) plus a $2 convenience fee, which is $23 less than gate price. Includes one Magic Morning admission for Disneyland. 4-Day Park Hopper Tickets are $305 adult / $290 child (ages 3-9) plus a $2 convenience fee, which is $13 less than gate price. Includes one Magic Morning admission for Disneyland. 3-Day Park Hopper Tickets are $281 adult / $278 child (ages 3-9) plus a $2 convenience fee, which is $12 ($3 child) less than gate price. Includes one Magic Morning admission for Disneyland. 2-Day Park Hopper Tickets are $230 adult / $218 child (ages 3-9) plus a $2 convenience fee, which is $3 less than gate price. This ticket does not include Magic Morning admission for Disneyland. 5-Day NON-Hopper (1 Park Per Day) Tickets are $283 adult / $268 child (ages 3-9) plus a $2 convenience fee, which is $10 less than gate price. Includes one Magic Morning admission for Disneyland. 4-Day NON-Hopper (1 Park Per Day) Tickets are $268 adult / $253 child (ages 3-9) plus a $2 convenience fee, which is $10 less than gate price. Includes one Magic Morning admission for Disneyland. 3-Day NON-Hopper (1 Park Per Day) Tickets are $245 adult / $233 child (ages 3-9) plus a $2 convenience fee, which is $8 less than gate price. Includes one Magic Morning admission for Disneyland. 2-Day NON-Hopper (1 Park Per Day) Tickets are $190 adult / $178 child (ages 3-9) plus a $2 convenience fee, which is $3 less than gate price. This ticket does not include Magic Morning admission for Disneyland. 2017 Character Dining Tickets are $38 adult / $22 child (ages 3-9) plus a $2 convenience fee. Each ticket is good for one meal for one guest at: Minnie & Friends Breakfast (Park admission required) or Surf’s Up! Breakfast or Chip ‘n’ Dale’s Critter Breakfast. Ticket valid through 12/31/17. 2017 Premium Character Dining Tickets are $48 adult / $28 child (ages 3-9) plus a $2 convenience fee. Each ticket is good for one meal for one guest at: Ariel’s Disney Princess Celebration (Park admission required) or Goofy’s Kitchen. Ticket valid through 12/31/17. First use on most of the tickets above must take place by 12/31/17 and they expire 13 days after first use or 1/13/18, whichever comes first. Some specially-priced tickets may expire earlier; be sure to check the fine print to ensure the ticket is valid for the time you need it for. Click here to order online from aRes Travel or call and speak with an actual person at (800) 680-0977. Order at least 2 days in advance. You print your ticket receipt at home and present the receipt at the park ticket booths, where they give you the actual tickets. 3-Day or 4-Day Discounted Disneyland & Universal Studios Hollywood Ticket Bundle aRes Travel is offering a nice discount when you buy a bundle that includes 2-Day or 3-Day Disneyland Park Hopper Tickets and 1-Day Universal Studios Hollywood Tickets, which you can purchase instantly online and print out (thus no shipping fee). They are an extremely reliable ticket vendor we’ve been recommending for years. They have decades of experience selling Southern California attraction tickets, and have excellent customer service, with real people you can talk to. You can buy from them with confidence. 2-Day Park Hopper Tickets plus 1-Day Universal Studios Tickets are $328 adult / $311 child (3-9), plus a $2 convenience fee, which is $20 / $19 less than the gate price of the same set of tickets. 3-Day Park Hopper Tickets plus 1-Day Universal Studios Tickets are $378 adult / $363 child (3-9), plus a $2 convenience fee, which is $30 / $29 less than the gate price of the same set of tickets. Includes one Magic Morning admission to Disneyland (available on select days). You will receive the Universal Studios tickets immediately upon booking and the Disneyland tickets via email within 24 hours of booking. aRes is a reliable authorized Disneyland and Universal Studios ticket vendor and this is a perfectly safe way to buy tickets at a nice discount. First use of the Disneyland Park Hopper tickets must take place by 12/31/17 and they expire 13 days after first use or 1/13/18, whichever comes first. Universal Studios Hollywood tickets expire 12/31/17. Other Places to Buy Advance Purchase Disneyland Tickets Direct Purchase From Disney You can obviously buy Disneyland tickets directly from Disney, but there are no advance purchase discounts online or by phone, except during rare special promotions. The rest of the time you pay the same price online as you would in person at the ticket booths. When there is a special promotion that is available to the general public, we list it here. AAA The American Automobile Association is subdivided into regions, and the regions offer different attraction tickets. Some offer Disneyland ticket discounts; some don’t. Some have free add-ons, some don’t. For the very latest information, you should always call your local club or check their web site to see what they offer. Obviously, you will need to be a member of AAA to get these discounts, but in many cases, a club in one region will allow members in other regions to take advantage of their discounts. It never hurts to ask! Automobile Club of Southern California offices sells advance purchase multi-day Disneyland tickets at a slight discount. Members of other AAA clubs can use this discount, but you must purchase your tickets in person at an Auto Club branch. If you will have a car while in Anaheim, the closest AAA office is at 420 N Euclid Street, about 4 miles from Disneyland. Phone number is (714) 774-2392. Thanks to pho lishus and Dan L for info. Some Central and Northern California AAA offices and neighboring states’ AAA offices (i.e. Arizona and Oregon) sell advance purchase multi-day Disneyland Park Hopper tickets. They may or may not be discounted. Be sure to call your local AAA office in advance to check prices and make sure they have the tickets you want in stock. Sometimes they allow members of other clubs to buy tickets, but usually in person, not online. Sometimes a free parking pass is included with the purchase of multi-day tickets. Last we checked, the Washington State AAA offices offer tickets at regular price, but include a free parking pass with every multi-day ticket. For some situations this might be a better deal than getting discounted tickets. But price it out both ways to be sure. Supermarkets/Safeway Some supermarkets such as Safeway, Albertson’s and Ralph’s (primarily in California and neighboring states) may carry promotional advance purchase discount Disneyland tickets. These are typically just the Southern California resident tickets, and you may need to show an ID with a Southern California zip code in order to purchase the tickets. 1-Day Ticket Discounts One-day Disneyland tickets and Disney California Adventure tickets are almost never discounted. The exceptions are all for advance purchase only: tickets sold through universities (for students ) military discounts through base MWR offices Southern California CityPASS Planning a “grand tour” of Southern California? Be sure to consider the Southern California CityPASS , which includes discounted admission to Disneyland, Legoland California and SeaWorld San Diego . The San Diego Zoo or Safari Park can be added as an option on this pass. By purchasing this combined ticket, you save a substantial amount vs. buying each ticket separately. Click here for more information on the Southern California CityPASS. Disneyland Annual Pass Deals & Discounts It may be more cost-effective to buy an Disneyland Annual Pass (which Disneyland calls an “Annual Passport”) if you will be in the parks for more than a few days during the year. Be sure to include an Annual Pass in your calculations when deciding on the best pass to buy. When purchasing tickets for a family, group or couple that will visit Disneyland together, it is often worthwhile to buy ONE Signature or Signature Plus Passport for someone in the party. That’s because in addition to the admission, a Signature Passport includes parking, many Disneyland Resort restaurant and shopping discounts and discounts at the Disneyland resort hotels . Just have the Signature Passholder use the discounts and parking privileges for everyone’s benefit. (Most restaurant discounts are good for the entire party — a few have limits.) How to Buy a Disneyland Annual Pass You can buy your pass in person at any Disneyland ticket booth. If you have never had an Annual Passport before, you’ll have to get a photo taken by a PhotoPass photographer, which will be associated with the pass. You can also buy a Disneyland Annual Passport in advance by phone at (714) 781-INFO (4636) or online . If you buy in advance, you can order a voucher for an actual Annual Pass. The voucher must be “activated” (exchanged for the actual Annual Pass) at the park. To activate the voucher, you’ll have to show photo ID (for adults). Many supermarkets in Southern California sell “gift card” style vouchers for Disneyland Annual Passports at full price. Generally we don’t see much point in buying an annual pass voucher in advance, except if you know the prices are about to go up and you want to lock in the current price. Even if the price goes up after you purchase it, your voucher is valid until the end of the calendar year without paying any extra. After that time the voucher still retains its value (what you paid) but you have to pay the difference in price if annual pass prices have gone up. The Annual Passport is valid for one year from the date you redeem the voucher. You can renew an Annual Passport up to 40 days prior to its expiration date. Renewals are automatically activated immediately after the current pass expires. If you will not use a new Annual Passport within the 60 days after your old one expires, it’s better not to renew. Just buy a new pass when you actually need it. If you are purchasing an Annual Passport that has blackout dates, be sure to read the hint above so that you can maximize your use of the pass at the time of purchase. Disneyland Annual Pass Deals Southern California Annual Passport – Southern California residents within zip codes 90000-93599 qualify for a reduced-price Annual Passport (with some blackout dates). See the Disneyland Ticket Prices page for details. DVC members qualify for $20 off a Disneyland Signature or Signature Plus Passport. This is good on the first purchase — not on renewals. The discount is valid for members of the DVC member’s immediate household only. Southern California Resident Ticket Discounts Most promotions for Southern California residents are available for Southern Californians residing within zip codes 90000-93599 and Northern Baja California residents within zip codes 21000-22999. Photo ID is required at the time of purchase and may be required at the time of admission as well. Current So Cal Disneyland Ticket Offers New!Southern California and Northern Baja California residents can buy a 3-day ticket at an exceptional price! Get a one-park-per day ticket for $149 (ages 3+) or a 3-day Park Hopper for $189 (ages 3+), valid through 5/25/2017, with blackout dates of 4/9/17-4/23/17. Includes one Magic Morning admission to Disneyland on selected dates. Tickets can be purchased now through 5/22/17. Tickets are available at Disneyland ticket booths, or can be purchased online at Disneyland.com/socal . Unlike regular 3-day tickets, these do not expire 13 days after first use. They expire on 5/25/17, or when all three days have been used, whichever comes first. Only available to residents in California zip codes 90000-93599 and Baja California zip codes 21000-22999. Proof of residency and photo ID is required at purchase time, and each person may buy up to 5 tickets per day. Proof of residency may also be required at admission time. Southern California Annual Passport Southern California residents qualify for reduced-price Annual Passes. See the Disneyland Ticket Prices page for details. DVC Member Annual Pass Discount The Disney Vacation Club (DVC) is a Disney-operated timeshare program with properties at Walt Disney World, Disneyland, Vero Beach, Hilton Head Island and Hawaii. DVC members qualify for $20 off Disneyland Signature and Signature Plus Passports . This is good on the first purchase — not on renewals. The discount is valid for members of the DVC member’s immediate household only. Ticket Discounts for Teachers If you are a teacher in the US or Canada, be sure to check with your teachers’ union for possible Disneyland ticket discounts. Members of the California Teachers Association sometimes qualify for a great price on Disneyland tickets. To check on what’s available right now, either visit the benefits website or call TSA/First Financial Credit Union at (800) 537-8491. Thanks to Diane E for info. MouseSavers.com reader Barbara W reports, “First Financial Credit Union may extend this discount to members of other Teachers Associations through their toll-free phone line. (The rep I spoke to had no problem with my parents’ membership in a Canadian association.) These tickets must be shipped to a residential address in the US only.” Another reader reports that they would not allow a teacher from outside California to order. So “your mileage may vary.” MouseSavers.com reader Heather O reports, “the PSEA (Pennsylvania State Education Association) also offers a significant discount on Disneyland tickets…. I found that I could save $25-30 on most multi-day passes!” Disneyland Ticket Discounts for College Students Many universities in Southern California offer Disneyland and Disney California Adventure tickets at a small discount for their students. If you are a college student, check with your Student Union. You’ll typically only save around $1 on 1-day tickets and $6 on 2-day tickets. Discount Disneyland Tickets Through the Y.E.S. (Youth Education Series) Program Disney Y.E.S. programs are special educational programs offered in the Disneyland Resort theme parks on selected dates to students in 1st through 12th grade. Y.E.S. is a wonderful educational program, but it also has an added benefit: discounted tickets. You can get 1-Day/1-Park and 2-Day/1-Park Tickets, or 1-Day to 5-Day Park Hopper Tickets in conjunction with the program. Normally the Y.E.S. programs are available only to groups of 15 kids or more, but at times Disney offers “individual enrollment” that does not require you to be part of a group. However, if the “individual enrollment” events don’t fill up, they may be cancelled. Click here to learn more about individual enrollment. Ticket Discounts for Youth Groups If you will be taking a group of 10 or more kids (between ages 3 and 18) to Disneyland, be sure to call the Youth Group Sales department at (800) 232-7980 to see what discounts may apply, or visit disneyyouth.com for more info. Qualifying Southern California youth groups can buy significantly discounted tickets through the site above, by fax or by phone. Thanks to Don R and Charles F for info. Corporate, Government & Other Membership Discounts Employees of large companies, major government agencies, or large membership groups like unions or professional organizations (typically those with 200-plus employees or members) may qualify to purchase discounted Disneyland tickets, regardless of whether the company has any direct relationship with Disney. Tickets are offered through private websites operated by various ticket suppliers that service large organizations. A password is required to access those sites. Check with your company or organization’s benefits department to find out whether your company participates and how to get the password. If you work for a company that is a major corporate sponsor at Disneyland (i.e. the company’s logo is on a major attraction), or has a significant business relationship with Disney, you might qualify for significant discounts on tickets. Check with your Human Resources department for additional info. Some of these membership discounts can be significant, but others are no better (or even worse) than discounts available to the general public, so be sure to compare the final price (with any service fees and/or shipping) to other advance purchase ticket discounts . Credit Union Discounts Some California credit unions may offer Disneyland discounts to their members. These deals are getting fewer and further between as Disney has been slowly reducing the number of deals it offers to corporate and group clients. Still, if you belong to a credit union in California, be sure to inquire about this. Discounts for Military Families	i don't know
Who became the leader of the Labour party in 1980?	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 10 \| 1980: Michael Foot is new Labour leader 1980: Michael Foot is new Labour leader The Labour Party has chosen the outspoken left-wing MP Michael Foot as its new leader. In the second round of voting by party MPs Mr Foot defeated his main rival Denis Healey by 139 votes to 129 - an unexpectedly large margin. The result has surprised political commentators who had predicted Mr Healey would win. Mr Healey, who served as chancellor in James Callaghan's government until its defeat last year, had won the first round easily, with 112 votes to Mr Foot's 83. Divided party It is believed MPs switched their vote from Mr Healey because Mr Foot's popularity as an MP, even among his opponents, is considered most likely to unite the party. Deep divisions between the left and right of the party emerged last month at the party conference. After the result was announced, Mr Healey commented, "Naturally, I am disappointed." He has pledged to stand for deputy leader, and is also expected to take the position of shadow spokesman on foreign affairs. The leadership contest was called after the former Prime Minister James Callaghan announced he was stepping down from the leadership three weeks ago. Dismay Mr Foot's appointment has dismayed many on the right of the party. Three of Labour's most prominent figures - former government ministers David Owen, William Rogers and Shirley Williams - have already said they cannot remain in a party that championed Mr Foot's main policies. However, Mr Foot, at 67 the father-figure of the Labour left, declared in his acceptance speech that he would not compromise his left-leaning views. He told journalists, "I am as strong in my socialist convictions as I have ever been." He said he considered the two most important issues facing him to be nuclear disarmament and unemployment. Mr Foot plans to lead the protest march against high unemployment planned for 29 November on Merseyside. He also challenged the Conservative leader and Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, to hold an election as soon as possible. A former journalist, Mr Foot served as employment secretary and leader of the House of Commons until Labour lost the election last year. He is highly popular on all political sides in Westminster, and is known for his intellect and his witty speaking style. He has run for the leadership before, losing in 1975 to Mr Callaghan, who went on to become prime minister.	Denis Healey
Who was the first to become 'Prince of Wales'?	Is Ed Miliband really Labour's worst ever leader? - Telegraph Is Ed Miliband really Labour's worst ever leader? Could he really be worse than Michael Foot? By Telegraph Comment Comments Labour's leadership crisis has been a long time coming. Since taking the top job in his party, Ed Miliband has had trouble convincing anyone to take him seriously. As his poll lead and personal approval ratings leave Ed facing the prospect of throwing away an election that was his for the taking we ask if the Labour Party is looking at its worst leader of all time. Here are Ed's contenders: Jim Callaghan "Sunny Jim" became leader of the Labour Party , and prime minister, after Harold Wilson's surprise resignation in 1976. He became the first person to have held all four great offices of state – foreign secretary, home secretary, chancellor and PM. But after four unremarkable years, he was brought down by his conflict with the unions: the strikes over pay during the Winter of Discontent crippled his government's popularity, and his response to an interviewer's question about the "mounting chaos" in the country ("I don't think that other people in the world would share the view that there is mounting chaos") led to the Sun's famous headline: "Crisis? What crisis?" Callaghan never recovered, later admitting that he had "let the country down", and was ousted by Margaret Thatcher 's Tories in 1979. Related Articles 07 Nov 2014 Michael Foot Given how he is remembered, it's surprising to think that Michael Foot was elected as Labour leader, after Callaghan stood down in 1980, as a compromise candidate between the Bennite Left of the party and the Right, represented mainly by Denis Healey. But as soon as he was elected, four senior Right-wing party members – Roy Jenkins, Shirley Williams, David Owen and William Rodgers – left t form the Social Democratic Party, pushing the party to the Left. Despite leading the polls early in his leadership, by the time the general election came around, Foot – who had been mocked for wearing a "donkey jacket" to the Remembrance Sunday wreath-laying ceremony – lost in a landslide, their vote split with the SDP. The Labour manifesto, which advocated higher taxes, nuclear disarmament, the abolition of the House of Lords, and the nationalising of the banks, was described by the Right-wing Labour MP Gerald Kaufman as "the longest suicide note in history". Neil Kinnock Kinnock remains the longest-serving leader of the opposition in British history, having led the Labour Party in the wilderness from 1983 to 1992. The first years of his leadership were spent in a bitter fight with the party's Left, particularly the "Militant Tendency", the Trotskyist movement within the party. He was also highly critical of Arthur Scargill and the tactics used in the miners' strike. Despite leading the polls ahead of the 1992 election, Kinnock and his party suffered a shock defeat (leading the Sun to declare it was "the Sun wot won it", after a sustained campaign against him), and was replaced as leader by John Smith. Gordon Brown After Labour, under Tony Blair, won election in a landslide in 1997, Gordon Brown became chancellor of the exchequer, where he remained for almost 10 years. But it was claimed that before the election, in a restaurant in Islington, the pair had agreed that Blair would stand aside to allow Brown to become leader. A decade later, this happened – but only after the two men's relationship had become unworkable, with widespread rumours that Brown was actively sabotaging Blair from within the Treasury. Once in power, Brown looked set for an easy victory over a demoralised Tory party – and he came close to calling an election in the first months of his premiership, while he was riding high in the polls. But he backed away from it, and shortly after the global economy collapsed; then, a series of leadership challenges and defeats in by-elections and local and European elections left him weaker and weaker. In the run-up to the 2010 general election he was caught on microphone calling Gillian Duffy, a Labour voter he had talked to, "a bigoted woman". Labour slumped to defeat in the election and the only saving grace was that despite the party's unpopularity the Tories were unable to achieve a majority. Ed Miliband One of Brown's key aides, Miliband, together with his brother David and his close colleague from the Treasury days Ed Balls, was expected to take a key role as the party came to terms with the end of New Labour and a return to opposition. But David was expected to be the next Labour leader. In the post-election leadership contest, though, Miliband stood – unexpectedly – and, with the support of the Left of the party and the trade unions, beat his brother, in what commentators described as "fratricide" and "stabbing his brother in the back". His awkward personal style, though, has never been popular with the electorate – he has consistently trailed both his party and his opposite number, David Cameron, in terms of popularity, even while Labour has remained ahead in the polls. And various PR gaffes and terrible photo opportunities, including his failure to eat a bacon sandwich and a tweet which described the late Bob Holness as the host of "Blackbusters", have dogged his leadership, as his poll lead against the Tories has gently ebbed. In recent days he has suffered another blow, as rumours of a leadership challenge have swirled around him, although he has denied a plot against him and insisted he will lead the party to the election.	i don't know
In the Bible, which miracle can be found in all four Gospel's?	DB Ministries - Why are there four Gospels? Why are there four Gospels? Teaching » Why are there four Gospels? Why are there four Gospels? Have you ever wondered why there are four Gospels in the bible? I have heard many people come up with reasons why the four versions of the life of Jesus are there. The most reasonable answer is that people see things different ways and therefore, they would naturally tell the stories differently, from their own perspective. In truth, I can find nothing wrong with this reasoning and it is, in fact, wholly true. However, there is more to this than just how people see things and tell their stories. The best place to begin to understand this is found in 2 Timothy 3:16 which says, “All Scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness.” When you read this scripture, it must surely cause you to start to wonder if the Gospels are there because that is what people wanted to say about Jesus. If you accept that very plausible reason for the presence of the four Gospels in the bible, you must also deny the very truth of Timothy's scripture, that it is inspired by God. In answering the question, why are there four Gospels, we need to look at the people who wrote them and why they were written. Let's look at this in the order that we find them in the bible. The Gospel of Matthew Matthew (a tax collector for the Roman government) was a Jew writing to the Jews. His Gospel begins with something that was very fundamental to the Jewish race, their genealogy. In this Gospel, you will notice that he starts with the genealogy of Jesus Christ. Placing Him firmly in the lineage that enabled people to see the fulfillment of the prophecy about their Messiah. To put this another way, Matthew was explaining to the Jewish people who had studied their religious writings that Jesus was the Messiah they had been expecting. The focus of this entire Gospel is to bring meaning to the Jewish religion after they had cried out for their Savior's crucifixion. This is why Matthew refers to Jesus nine times as the Son of David. This is also why he refers over thirty times to the kingdom of heaven which is not found in any other Gospel. The main theme of this Gospel is Christ the King. The Gospel of Mark John Mark (the son of Mary, a wealthy woman of position in Jerusalem [Acts 12:12] ) was a Jew writing to the Gentiles, specifically those living in Rome. The Gospel of Mark begins with John the Baptist preparing the way. The genealogy that Matthew started with meant little or nothing to the gentiles, therefore Mark begins by explaining the reasons why Jesus was needed to cover the sins of the people and to show that there is a hope for the Gentiles. In many parts of this Gospel he is expressing the Jewish religion to non-Jewish people. Possibly because of his intended readers, Mark refers to the Old Testament far less than any other Gospel writer. Perhaps for this same reason, Mark describes more of what Jesus did rather than what He said. The main theme of this Gospel is Christ the servant. The Gospel of Luke Luke (the physician [Colossians 4:14]) was a Gentile writing to the Gentiles. The Gospel of Luke begins with a dedication to Theophilus, explaining the reason for it being written. Leaving Jewish religion out of the picture, as far as possible, Luke presents the good news of Jesus to the Gentiles making clear the historical reliability of the faith. Much of what Luke writes about in this Gospel shows and demonstrates the humanity of The Christ. The main theme of this Gospel is Christ the Son of Man. The Gospel of John John (the son of Zebedee and Salome [Matthew 4:21] one of the sons of thunder [Mark 3:17]) was a Jew writing about the life of Jesus at a very different level than the writers of the other Gospels. In essence he is writing as a son of God to the sons of God about how to be Christian. The Gospel of John begins with something that would confuse most people when they read it for the first time. John was the closest of the disciples to Jesus and in his Gospel he covers things at a theological level, covering the vary nature and the person of The Christ together with the meaning of faith in Him. The main theme of this Gospel is the person and the purpose of The Christ. The four Gospels I believe that God put everything He wanted into the Gospels of these writers and He even had a hand in the ordering of them in our bible today. If you look at the main themes of these Gospels, there is a pathway for us to follow in our own lives. It doesn’t matter where you come from, Jewish or Gentile, the path is the same. Christ the King Here we can see that He was, He is and He always will be our King. Whether we expected Him (as the Jews did) or not (like the Gentiles) makes no difference to the fact that He is our King. If we will accept Him as our King, we also accept that we are adopted into His family as joint heirs with Him and therefore, we have a kingly role to play in our lives. Christ the Servant Here we can see Him as a different type of King that we might otherwise have understood. A King who rules not by power and might, but rather who rules through example as a true leader of men, showing the way that we should live our lives by serving rather than demanding. Christ the Son of Man Here we can see His humanity on earth. He was not separated from the people other than by his righteousness, showing us our ability to follow as He led. The Person and the Purpose Here we see the frailty of the Christ aligned with the purpose of the Christ giving us clarity and direction in our lives as we follow Him. In truth, I believe the four Gospels are exactly as God wanted them to be. We can read them individually and have a good understanding of the Christ, His life and His works. However when we read the four of them together, we have far more that just the stories, we also have a blueprint for our own lives set out for us to follow. I believe that as we begin to understand how these four Gospels form that perfect plan for our lives, we can start to understand the person that God has called us to be and the purpose that He has destined for us in our lives. Reading the Gospels To an extent, it really doesn’t matter which Gospel you choose to read first, its all a matter of your personal choice ( However, you should read them all, of course ). If you are just gathering information, all four Gospels will give you a very good read and will give you a good understanding of the events of that age. The real question you should ask yourself is, “What do I want to get out of this reading?” If you are looking for reasons why Jesus came on this earth, probably Matthew Mark or Luke are the best depending upon your background. However if you are looking for something far more personal than that; if you are looking to understand who you are in Christ Jesus, then you should really start with John. There are no parables recorded in his Gospel, which means that in reading it is easy to follow and understand. However, there are seven miracles, five of which appear in no other Gospel, that need to be understood fully by the sons of God. As always, with God, there are many things to be learnt from each miracle; and I am sure you will appreciate that each of these is a full preach in its own right. However to attempt to bring this into clarity, I have set out for you below a simple outline that covers just one thing throughout these miracles, the character of The Christ. As we look at His character, we become aware of where our character falls far short of that demonstrated by the Son of God. The turning of water into wine 2:1-12 In this passage, we are presented with Jesus demonstrating one of the most important things to a christian that we need to know. This story is all about a smiple principle of christian life. The miracle that He performed is almost a side issue to this story. The real issue is why Jesus acted when it was not His time to do so. Jesus performed the miracle because Mary askd Him to. That is so simple that it almost makes us miss the point. We can ask God and He will answer us, if we ask believing. The man’s son is healed 4:46-54 In this passage, we are presented with Jesus demonstrating authority over physical things. The physical things like sickness and diseases, whatever form they present themselves, all come under the authority of Jesus Christ When it comes to dealing with the physical things, there is again a question of faith. There are many Christians around the world who believe that they can pray against sickness, and they are right. But why is it that so many Christians fail to see success when they pray? Jesus didn’t pray for this man’s son. He gave a far more important teaching - we all want to see signs and wonders before we believe. But the power that brought healing to this man’s son was in His spoken word. He had no doubt that when He said the child was healed, it was so, because the power of healing was in Him. Do you know the power that is in you? The paralyzed man by the pool 5:1-15 In this passage, we are presented with Jesus confronting the traditions of religion. The pool side etiquette seemed to demand that only the first person who entered the water could be healed but here we see Jesus cutting through that tradition and healing a man who had not even got to the water. When questioned by Jesus, this man said that he “had no man to put him in the pool” to receive his healing. He was relying on someone else to get him there. One of the problems that we face is that religion often creates traditions for itself that it religiously maintains. These are often things that are started for the right reason, but over a period of time, the reasoning has been forgotten and all that remains is the rule that people follow. All he needed was the connection with Jesus. Do you have the connection with Jesus? Feeding the five thousand 6:5-13 (This also appears in Matthew, Mark & Luke) In this passage, we are presented with Jesus demonstrating the Father’s heart. In its simplest terms, Jesus is demonstrating the compassion that the Father has for His people. Rather than let them go hungry, He is willing to fead them. When asked the question here, Andrew gave Jesus the answer that just about everyone would give. To man, caring for a crowd like this would normally be seen as part of an equation. On one side is the benefit of the action and on the other side is the cost. Jesus knew that cost was never an issue and not part of the equation. All that was needed was compassion and faith. Are you ready to let God’s compassion work in you? Walking on water 6:15-21 (This also appears in Matthew & Mark) In this passage, we are presented with Jesus overcoming the barriers, or obstacles, that man would easily fall at. The sea rose because a great wind was blowing but that did not stop Jesus from venturing out on it. For some reason, we tend to think of Him walking on water as smooth as glass. However, this was not the case. The barriers that the waves presented to Him were no problem at all. I have heard many times that there are two types of people. Given a glass half filled with water, some would see it as half full and others would see it as half empty. Many times this is the case, you can either see something as a problem or as an opportunity to conquer. Jesus was an conquerer, are you? Giving sight to the blind 9:1-12 In this passage, we are presented with Jesus demonstrating the principles of the restoration of spiritual sight. Whilst Jesus healed this man from his physical disability, He also gave teaching that He is the light of the world. Many of us are in darkness until we receive spiritual sight. This man was blind from birth in just the same way that you and I were spiritually blind from birth. It is only when we receive Jesus Christ into our lives that we receive the true spiritual light for the first time. Part of this man’s healing was that he had to go and wash in the pool of Siloam. In that very same way, when we receive the restoration of our spiritual sight, we have to act upon our healing. Are you seeing clearly yet? Raising Lazarus 11:1-45 Finally, in this passage, we are presented with Jesus demonstrating the ultimate power; the power over life and death. We will all face death one day unless our Lord returns first, but that is nothing to fear. Jesus gave us clear instruction in this miracle. He said, “I am the resurrection and the life. He who believes in me, though he may die, he shall live.” He also said, “Whoever lives and believes in me shall never die.” For that power over life and death to live in us, more is required than simple belief. He said whoever lives and believes. By this, he didn’t mean live in the sense of simply existing, rather live as He lived, with the same character that He had which He has demonstrated to us in these miracles. Are you ready to live yet?	Feeding the multitude
In the nursery rhyme, who found Lucy Locket's lost pocket?	DB Ministries - Why are there four Gospels? Why are there four Gospels? Teaching » Why are there four Gospels? Why are there four Gospels? Have you ever wondered why there are four Gospels in the bible? I have heard many people come up with reasons why the four versions of the life of Jesus are there. The most reasonable answer is that people see things different ways and therefore, they would naturally tell the stories differently, from their own perspective. In truth, I can find nothing wrong with this reasoning and it is, in fact, wholly true. However, there is more to this than just how people see things and tell their stories. The best place to begin to understand this is found in 2 Timothy 3:16 which says, “All Scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness.” When you read this scripture, it must surely cause you to start to wonder if the Gospels are there because that is what people wanted to say about Jesus. If you accept that very plausible reason for the presence of the four Gospels in the bible, you must also deny the very truth of Timothy's scripture, that it is inspired by God. In answering the question, why are there four Gospels, we need to look at the people who wrote them and why they were written. Let's look at this in the order that we find them in the bible. The Gospel of Matthew Matthew (a tax collector for the Roman government) was a Jew writing to the Jews. His Gospel begins with something that was very fundamental to the Jewish race, their genealogy. In this Gospel, you will notice that he starts with the genealogy of Jesus Christ. Placing Him firmly in the lineage that enabled people to see the fulfillment of the prophecy about their Messiah. To put this another way, Matthew was explaining to the Jewish people who had studied their religious writings that Jesus was the Messiah they had been expecting. The focus of this entire Gospel is to bring meaning to the Jewish religion after they had cried out for their Savior's crucifixion. This is why Matthew refers to Jesus nine times as the Son of David. This is also why he refers over thirty times to the kingdom of heaven which is not found in any other Gospel. The main theme of this Gospel is Christ the King. The Gospel of Mark John Mark (the son of Mary, a wealthy woman of position in Jerusalem [Acts 12:12] ) was a Jew writing to the Gentiles, specifically those living in Rome. The Gospel of Mark begins with John the Baptist preparing the way. The genealogy that Matthew started with meant little or nothing to the gentiles, therefore Mark begins by explaining the reasons why Jesus was needed to cover the sins of the people and to show that there is a hope for the Gentiles. In many parts of this Gospel he is expressing the Jewish religion to non-Jewish people. Possibly because of his intended readers, Mark refers to the Old Testament far less than any other Gospel writer. Perhaps for this same reason, Mark describes more of what Jesus did rather than what He said. The main theme of this Gospel is Christ the servant. The Gospel of Luke Luke (the physician [Colossians 4:14]) was a Gentile writing to the Gentiles. The Gospel of Luke begins with a dedication to Theophilus, explaining the reason for it being written. Leaving Jewish religion out of the picture, as far as possible, Luke presents the good news of Jesus to the Gentiles making clear the historical reliability of the faith. Much of what Luke writes about in this Gospel shows and demonstrates the humanity of The Christ. The main theme of this Gospel is Christ the Son of Man. The Gospel of John John (the son of Zebedee and Salome [Matthew 4:21] one of the sons of thunder [Mark 3:17]) was a Jew writing about the life of Jesus at a very different level than the writers of the other Gospels. In essence he is writing as a son of God to the sons of God about how to be Christian. The Gospel of John begins with something that would confuse most people when they read it for the first time. John was the closest of the disciples to Jesus and in his Gospel he covers things at a theological level, covering the vary nature and the person of The Christ together with the meaning of faith in Him. The main theme of this Gospel is the person and the purpose of The Christ. The four Gospels I believe that God put everything He wanted into the Gospels of these writers and He even had a hand in the ordering of them in our bible today. If you look at the main themes of these Gospels, there is a pathway for us to follow in our own lives. It doesn’t matter where you come from, Jewish or Gentile, the path is the same. Christ the King Here we can see that He was, He is and He always will be our King. Whether we expected Him (as the Jews did) or not (like the Gentiles) makes no difference to the fact that He is our King. If we will accept Him as our King, we also accept that we are adopted into His family as joint heirs with Him and therefore, we have a kingly role to play in our lives. Christ the Servant Here we can see Him as a different type of King that we might otherwise have understood. A King who rules not by power and might, but rather who rules through example as a true leader of men, showing the way that we should live our lives by serving rather than demanding. Christ the Son of Man Here we can see His humanity on earth. He was not separated from the people other than by his righteousness, showing us our ability to follow as He led. The Person and the Purpose Here we see the frailty of the Christ aligned with the purpose of the Christ giving us clarity and direction in our lives as we follow Him. In truth, I believe the four Gospels are exactly as God wanted them to be. We can read them individually and have a good understanding of the Christ, His life and His works. However when we read the four of them together, we have far more that just the stories, we also have a blueprint for our own lives set out for us to follow. I believe that as we begin to understand how these four Gospels form that perfect plan for our lives, we can start to understand the person that God has called us to be and the purpose that He has destined for us in our lives. Reading the Gospels To an extent, it really doesn’t matter which Gospel you choose to read first, its all a matter of your personal choice ( However, you should read them all, of course ). If you are just gathering information, all four Gospels will give you a very good read and will give you a good understanding of the events of that age. The real question you should ask yourself is, “What do I want to get out of this reading?” If you are looking for reasons why Jesus came on this earth, probably Matthew Mark or Luke are the best depending upon your background. However if you are looking for something far more personal than that; if you are looking to understand who you are in Christ Jesus, then you should really start with John. There are no parables recorded in his Gospel, which means that in reading it is easy to follow and understand. However, there are seven miracles, five of which appear in no other Gospel, that need to be understood fully by the sons of God. As always, with God, there are many things to be learnt from each miracle; and I am sure you will appreciate that each of these is a full preach in its own right. However to attempt to bring this into clarity, I have set out for you below a simple outline that covers just one thing throughout these miracles, the character of The Christ. As we look at His character, we become aware of where our character falls far short of that demonstrated by the Son of God. The turning of water into wine 2:1-12 In this passage, we are presented with Jesus demonstrating one of the most important things to a christian that we need to know. This story is all about a smiple principle of christian life. The miracle that He performed is almost a side issue to this story. The real issue is why Jesus acted when it was not His time to do so. Jesus performed the miracle because Mary askd Him to. That is so simple that it almost makes us miss the point. We can ask God and He will answer us, if we ask believing. The man’s son is healed 4:46-54 In this passage, we are presented with Jesus demonstrating authority over physical things. The physical things like sickness and diseases, whatever form they present themselves, all come under the authority of Jesus Christ When it comes to dealing with the physical things, there is again a question of faith. There are many Christians around the world who believe that they can pray against sickness, and they are right. But why is it that so many Christians fail to see success when they pray? Jesus didn’t pray for this man’s son. He gave a far more important teaching - we all want to see signs and wonders before we believe. But the power that brought healing to this man’s son was in His spoken word. He had no doubt that when He said the child was healed, it was so, because the power of healing was in Him. Do you know the power that is in you? The paralyzed man by the pool 5:1-15 In this passage, we are presented with Jesus confronting the traditions of religion. The pool side etiquette seemed to demand that only the first person who entered the water could be healed but here we see Jesus cutting through that tradition and healing a man who had not even got to the water. When questioned by Jesus, this man said that he “had no man to put him in the pool” to receive his healing. He was relying on someone else to get him there. One of the problems that we face is that religion often creates traditions for itself that it religiously maintains. These are often things that are started for the right reason, but over a period of time, the reasoning has been forgotten and all that remains is the rule that people follow. All he needed was the connection with Jesus. Do you have the connection with Jesus? Feeding the five thousand 6:5-13 (This also appears in Matthew, Mark & Luke) In this passage, we are presented with Jesus demonstrating the Father’s heart. In its simplest terms, Jesus is demonstrating the compassion that the Father has for His people. Rather than let them go hungry, He is willing to fead them. When asked the question here, Andrew gave Jesus the answer that just about everyone would give. To man, caring for a crowd like this would normally be seen as part of an equation. On one side is the benefit of the action and on the other side is the cost. Jesus knew that cost was never an issue and not part of the equation. All that was needed was compassion and faith. Are you ready to let God’s compassion work in you? Walking on water 6:15-21 (This also appears in Matthew & Mark) In this passage, we are presented with Jesus overcoming the barriers, or obstacles, that man would easily fall at. The sea rose because a great wind was blowing but that did not stop Jesus from venturing out on it. For some reason, we tend to think of Him walking on water as smooth as glass. However, this was not the case. The barriers that the waves presented to Him were no problem at all. I have heard many times that there are two types of people. Given a glass half filled with water, some would see it as half full and others would see it as half empty. Many times this is the case, you can either see something as a problem or as an opportunity to conquer. Jesus was an conquerer, are you? Giving sight to the blind 9:1-12 In this passage, we are presented with Jesus demonstrating the principles of the restoration of spiritual sight. Whilst Jesus healed this man from his physical disability, He also gave teaching that He is the light of the world. Many of us are in darkness until we receive spiritual sight. This man was blind from birth in just the same way that you and I were spiritually blind from birth. It is only when we receive Jesus Christ into our lives that we receive the true spiritual light for the first time. Part of this man’s healing was that he had to go and wash in the pool of Siloam. In that very same way, when we receive the restoration of our spiritual sight, we have to act upon our healing. Are you seeing clearly yet? Raising Lazarus 11:1-45 Finally, in this passage, we are presented with Jesus demonstrating the ultimate power; the power over life and death. We will all face death one day unless our Lord returns first, but that is nothing to fear. Jesus gave us clear instruction in this miracle. He said, “I am the resurrection and the life. He who believes in me, though he may die, he shall live.” He also said, “Whoever lives and believes in me shall never die.” For that power over life and death to live in us, more is required than simple belief. He said whoever lives and believes. By this, he didn’t mean live in the sense of simply existing, rather live as He lived, with the same character that He had which He has demonstrated to us in these miracles. Are you ready to live yet?	i don't know
What was the name of the triathlete who sadly died during a race on Saturday 29th of August 2015?	Search for missing triathlete at Leybourne Lakes - ITV News 30 August 2015 at 1:40pm Search for missing triathlete at Leybourne Lakes The emergency services have been searching for a man who went missing while taking part in a triathlon at Leybourne Lakes in Kent. Donations to exceed £4000 for triathlete found dead Divers searching for a novice triathlete who disappeared during a swimming race at lakes in Kent have retrieved a body from the water. Paul Gallihawk, went missing at Leybourne Lakes on Saturday morning. Paul was raising money for medics who cared for his father. Tonight, donations to his Just Giving webpage are on course to exceed four thousand pounds. John Ryall reports. A search was carried out all weekend and a body was found soon after the search resumed this morning. Paul Gallihawk went missing on Saturday morning Credit: Kent Police Divers searching for a novice triathlete who disappeared during a swimming race at lakes in Kent have retrieved a body from the water. Paul Gallihawk, went missing at Leybourne Lakes on Saturday morning. A search was carried out all weekend and a body was found soon after it resumed this morning. Paul was raising money for medics who cared for his father. Tonight donations to his Just Giving webpage are on course to exceed four thousand pounds. John Ryall reports. Tributes have been paid to Paul Gallihawk, a man who died while competing in a triathlon in Kent this weekend. His body was found in Leybourne lake after a search in the surrounding area. "Words cannot express how we feel and what Paul meant not only to us but to all of his family and friends. Paul was a brilliant son and brother to Nick – he would do anything to help anyone and would always put them first. He had such a caring nature and will be sadly missed by all the family, extended family and friends. Paul was the most caring brother and best friend I could have ever asked for." – Paul’s dad Malcolm, mum Linda and brother Nick Paul Gallihawk pictured before he took part in the gruelling triathlon Credit: Kent Police A statement from Paul’s friends: ‘Many of us have known Paul since we went to school together and we are all completely heartbroken. He was a genuine and honest man – he was the funniest person in the world, without being funny. ‘Paul was a Tottenham fan and had recently set up and managed Whitehawks FC. It had only been running a short while but Paul was main reason the team managed to win the league and the cup. ‘He was always positive, doing good for others. He was more of a brother than a friend. ‘As part of his triathlon, Paul had a JustGiving page – this was what he was all about – and it has continued to receive donations since he was last seen on Saturday.’ Funeral details will be shared with family and friends in due course. Those close to Paul have asked they be given space during this difficult time. Lake search for missing triathlete continues The missing man has been named locally as Paul Gallihawk Rescue workers have continued searching a lake in Kent for a man who failed to emerge from the water after taking part in the swimming session of a triathlon. The man who has gone missing at Leybourne Lakes in Larkfield near West Malling, has been named locally as 34-year-old Paul Gallihawk from Maidstone. The introduction on the triathlete's fundraising webpage says he was hoping to raise £300 for King's College Hospital in London where his father was treated last year. Rescuers at work at Leybourne Lakes Family and friends have been at the lake today while the emergency services have been carrying out their search.	paul gallihawk
What farmyard animal is used to search for Truffles?	Kent Search & Rescue \| Meridian - ITV News Kent Search & Rescue Paul Gallihawk went missing on Saturday morning Credit: Kent Police Divers searching for a novice triathlete who disappeared during a swimming race at lakes in Kent have retrieved a body from the water. Paul Gallihawk, went missing at Leybourne Lakes on Saturday morning. A search was carried out all weekend and a body was found soon after it resumed this morning. Paul was raising money for medics who cared for his father. Tonight donations to his Just Giving webpage are on course to exceed four thousand pounds. John Ryall reports. Tributes have been paid to Paul Gallihawk, a man who died while competing in a triathlon in Kent this weekend. His body was found in Leybourne lake after a search in the surrounding area. "Words cannot express how we feel and what Paul meant not only to us but to all of his family and friends. Paul was a brilliant son and brother to Nick – he would do anything to help anyone and would always put them first. He had such a caring nature and will be sadly missed by all the family, extended family and friends. Paul was the most caring brother and best friend I could have ever asked for." – Paul’s dad Malcolm, mum Linda and brother Nick Paul Gallihawk pictured before he took part in the gruelling triathlon Credit: Kent Police A statement from Paul’s friends: ‘Many of us have known Paul since we went to school together and we are all completely heartbroken. He was a genuine and honest man – he was the funniest person in the world, without being funny. ‘Paul was a Tottenham fan and had recently set up and managed Whitehawks FC. It had only been running a short while but Paul was main reason the team managed to win the league and the cup. ‘He was always positive, doing good for others. He was more of a brother than a friend. ‘As part of his triathlon, Paul had a JustGiving page – this was what he was all about – and it has continued to receive donations since he was last seen on Saturday.’ Funeral details will be shared with family and friends in due course. Those close to Paul have asked they be given space during this difficult time. Lake search for missing triathlete continues The missing man has been named locally as Paul Gallihawk Rescue workers have continued searching a lake in Kent for a man who failed to emerge from the water after taking part in the swimming session of a triathlon. The man who has gone missing at Leybourne Lakes in Larkfield near West Malling, has been named locally as 34-year-old Paul Gallihawk from Maidstone. The introduction on the triathlete's fundraising webpage says he was hoping to raise £300 for King's College Hospital in London where his father was treated last year. Rescuers at work at Leybourne Lakes Family and friends have been at the lake today while the emergency services have been carrying out their search.	i don't know
How many strings has a Ukulele?	Do You Know How Many Strings Does A Ukulele Have Do You Know How Many Strings Does A Ukulele Have by Aloha Tiki Bar The ukulele is by far one of the most interesting instruments that you can find in the musical world because aside from having a very interesting look it also manages to bring in front an incredible performance and unique experience! But do you know that there are multiple types of ukulele? Let’s find out more about that and the influence that this has on how to play a ukulele ! Soprano ukulele: This is the smallest one and it has around 21”. It’s long, portable, cute and very easy to use. Beginners will like this because it manages to offer a whole lot of value and it’s also easy to carry around. And since it’s portable and light, you won’t have a problem using it for long practices! Concert uke: The concert ukulele has around 23” and while it is similar to a soprano uke it does have a different sound. The overall sound is more profound with this uke and it does bring in front a much better tonality. It’s perfect for those that want a much deeper tone when compared to the soprano model. Tenor and baritone: If you were wondering how many strings does a ukulele have, then you need to know that this instrument usually has around 4 strings, but there are situations when you can find an ukulele that has 6-8 strings. The normal models, including the baritone and tenor one do have only 4 strings. They have a sound that seamlessly combines the normal uke with a nylon string guitar! Banjo uke: This type of ukulele has a body that brings in a tight skin pulled right over it. It’s bringing a design similar to a banjo as you might expect and the best thing about it (which makes it very popular) is the fact that it has a very loud tone and voice as a whole. It’s one of the models used in live concerts due to the powerful song that it provides. Pineapple ukulele: This one has a shape similar to a box and it’s double lobed. It does resemble a pineapple but it doesn’t have any connection to the fruit or the tree it comes from. Armadillo ukulele: Yes, the armadillo ukulele is made from an armadillo and it has 10 strings. It’s a rare model but it manages to boost a very impressive, incredible and simply unique sound that you should definitely try to check out if you have the possibility. In conclusion, even if there are many types of ukulele it’s a very good idea to start with the smaller models and get going from there. Thankfully, it’s all about the lessons that you get and then you can focus on the quality of the instrument, because a good ukulele player can literally use any of these. The soprano one is however the most accessible due to its size, and that’s surely something to keep in mind!	4
Which planet is called both the morning and evening star?	Ukulele Sizes – Soprano, Concert, Tenor & Baritone Ukulele Sizes – Soprano, Concert, Tenor & Baritone by Brett McQueen Having a hard time figuring out what size of ukulele to buy? Maybe you’re trying to figure out what size of ukulele you have? Whatever your questions are, we’re going to look at the different sizes of ukuleles and the advantages and disadvantages to each. There are four main types of ukuleles: soprano, concert (or alto), tenor, and baritone. Soprano Ukulele Tuning: GCEA, ADF#B Number of frets: 12-15 The most common and standard type of ukulele is the soprano ukulele. It’s the smallest ukulele and is known for its thin, jangly sound so commonly associated with ukuleles. Because it’s so small, its perfect for traveling. Sometimes people with larger fingers or hands have trouble playing the soprano ukulele because the frets are closer together. Because the strings have less tension on a soprano uke, you might find it easy to accidentally bend a string out of tune. Despite these relatively minor downsides, the soprano ukulele is probably the best bang for the buck. In comparison to other types of ukuleles, it can usually be had for the cheapest price. Take a listen to how a soprano uke sounds in the following video by doogey9 . Concert Ukulele Tuning: GCEA ( re-entrant ), GCEA ( linear ) Number of frets: 15-20 The concert ukulele, sometimes referred to as the alto, is just a little bit bigger than the soprano and some would consider it to have a fuller sound. It’s commonly tuned in standard like the soprano uke although some people will opt to tune their G down an octave ( linear tuning ). Because a concert uke is longer than a soprano, there will be more tension on the strings. This can be beneficial if you find yourself bending strings out of tune as you press your fingers down on the strings against the frets. The frets are a bit more spaced on a concert ukulele than the soprano, so folks with larger fingers might find it easier to play. There can be up to 20 frets on a concert ukulele which allows players to navigate to higher notes on the fretboard. Take a listen to the following performance on a concert ukulele by Ribbeemusic . Tenor Ukulele Tuning: GCEA ( re-entrant ), GCEA ( linear ) Number of frets: 15+ The tenor ukulele is just a little bit bigger than the concert uke. The overall sound and tone is even fuller than it’s smaller brothers. For performers, the tenor ukulele is great because you get a rich full sound, and since you have more frets, you’re able to reach higher notes on the fretboard. Tenor ukuleles are commonly tuned in standard re-entrant or linear tuning, but some will choose to tune it lower like a baritone ukulele to DGBE. In this video, IveBenCrazy gives us a performance of “Sweet Caroline” on a tenor ukulele. Baritone Ukulele Tuning: DGBE Number of frets: 19+ The baritone ukulele is the biggest of the ukes. It’s tuned down lower to DGBE, which is equivalent to the tuning of the bottom four strings on a guitar. This is going to produce a deeper sound. While you can still strum it like any other ukulele, you’re going to really lose that bright crisp sound that you’d get with soprano. Baritone ukes are great for blues players and fingerpickers, or those who prefer that deeper and fuller sound. In the following video, mugambismonkey gives us a performance of an original song he wrote on the ukulele called “Kiss Me.” You can really hear how much lower the baritone uke sounds in this video. What Ukulele is Best for Me? Generally, beginners will start out on a soprano uke because you can usually find a decently playable one for a low price, comparatively speaking. However, the best thing you can do is to go to your nearest music store and try out different ukuleles. What ukulele sounds best to you? What ukulele feels best to you? For some, what ukulele looks best to you? These questions are more often not answered as you start playing different kinds of ukuleles. Reader Response What’s your favorite size of ukulele? I have a tenor uke and I love it. It gives me a nice full sound, but I still get the plunky sound when I strum it. I also like that there is a bit more tension on the strings and the frets are wider for my fingers. Share your thoughts, questions, or comments below. Not sure where to go next? Grab the free ukulele lesson book. Join over 50,000 people and get our free ukulele lesson book Your First Ukulele Lesson and Then Some. Learn new tricks like: How to properly tune, hold, and strum your ukulele The most essential "must-know" ukulele chords How to play 3 extremely versatile strumming patterns How to play "I've Been Working On the Railroad" To get a free copy of the digital lesson book delivered to your inbox, enter your email below:	i don't know
On which river is Niagara Falls?	Niagara River: Fishing, Recreation Trail, Map, Steelhead, Lower, Upper Niagara River Niagara River "A National Wonder" The Niagara River is a 'National Wonder' that stretched around 56km through Niagara Falls from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. This natural outlet is the greatest source of waterfalls and power generating stations in the region. More than 168,000 cubic meters (6 million cubic feet) of water go over the Crestline of the Falls every minute during peak daytime tourist hours. It is difficult to determine the depth of the water at the Crestline due to various flows and conditions of the river. Originally the name "Niagara" was derived from the word "Onguiaahra" and a later version "Ongiara". Both are Indian words generally interpreted as "The Straight", although the romantic "Thunder of Waters" is also sometimes given. The River is 56 kilometer (35 miles) long Overall area of the River Niagara is around 684,000 sq kilometers Elevation between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario is about 99 meters Average fall from Lake Erie to the Upper Niagara Rapids is only 2.7 meters (9 feet) The Canadian Horseshoe Falls , for the most part, fall 52 meters(170 feet) into the Maid of the Mist Pool At the American Falls , the water plunges vertically, ranging from 21 to 34 meters (70 to 110 feet), to the rock at the base of the Falls The Niagara Gorge extends from the Falls for 11 kilometers (7 miles) downstream to the foot of the escarpment at Queenston The Power generating capacity at Niagara is about 4.4 million kilowatts (5 million horsepower) The Niagara River Recreational Trail The Niagara River Recreation Trail is 53 kilometers paved path that extends from the Canadian side of Niagara Falls through Queenston onto Niagara on the Lake. The Niagara River Trail was designed and intended for walkers, cyclists, runners and other non-motorized uses. Enjoy the beautiful Niagara River Recreation Trail by walking, running, on a bicycle or even on wheelchair. Admission to Niagara River Recreation Trail is Free. Niagara River Fishing Spots Niagara River is also one of the top fishing spots in Canada for steelhead, lake trout, walleye, etc. Considering the best spots for Niagara River fishing, there are two distinct fisheries - the Lower and Upper Niagara River. The lower part of Niagara River extends from the Devil's Hole to the Niagara Bar is a perfect spot for salmon, sturgeon and steelhead fishing. Some of the best places for lower Niagara fishing are - Artpark in Lewiston, Lewiston Landing Waterfront Park, Fort Niagara State Park, Joseph Davis State Park etc. Bird Island Pier, The Riverwalk, Fishermen's Park, Gratwick Riverside Park, Griffon Park Shore, Niagara Reservation State Park are some of the popular Upper Niagara River fishing spots. The water of the river is used for drinking, recreational purposes like boating, swimming and fishing, hydro-power generation and for industrial needs.	Niagara
Boss Hog featured in which TV series?	Aashram Hotel by Niagara River (Niagara Falls, NY) - UPDATED 2017 Motel Reviews - TripAdvisor Aashram Hotel by Niagara River Write a Review 5-star Hotels in Niagara Falls 4-star Hotels in Niagara Falls Aashram Hotel by Niagara River Show Prices 6508 Buffalo Ave, Niagara Falls, NY 14304-3930 Hotel amenities Trusted partner. We work with to make your booking as easy as possible. Secure payments. We use industry-leading practices to keep your information secure. Book on Enter dates for best prices powered by Ages of Children: change Please provide ages Child 1 Age or compare prices from up to 200 sites including: TripAdvisor members only. Login for exclusive access to hotel deals up to 40% off Login to get best prices 44 more photos Star rating provided by Expedia. Budget Breakfast included Free Parking Save Ages of Children: change Please provide ages Child 1 Age Rooms & rates for Aashram Hotel by Niagara River We're finding you the best rooms at the lowest prices from our partner. Book on Getting you more information on this room See More Select Show available rooms for Aashram Hotel by Niagara River We’re sorry, there are no available rooms for this property on TripAdvisor. Please change dates or see offers from our partners. We’re sorry, there are no available rooms for this property on TripAdvisor. 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Start your review of Aashram Hotel by Niagara River Click to rate “Very Close to the Waterfall” Reviewed 3 days ago NEW The staff was very helpful in ensuring that we were provided with as much information as needed. The hotel is conveniently located next to the interstate and American Falls. The hotel was clean and reasonably priced. Report Reviewed 1 week ago via mobile It was very nice hotel clean and the stuff was great next time we are in Buffalo thats our place to stay The Breakfast was good bathrooms are small little bit but its nice and clean very quiet area 😊😊 More Thank Dion L -HotelManagementNY, Guest Relations Manager at Aashram Hotel by Niagara River, responded to this review Dear Dion L, Thank you for your kind comments and review regarding our high standards of cleanliness and hospitality. Hearing about how our efforts to give you a pleasant and accommodating experience have been successful is very rewarding for every member of our staff and management team. It means a lot to us that you've allowed us to be such... More Reviewed 2 weeks ago via mobile Currently staying in the hotel right now, amazing service and amazing location, looking from outside it may feels like a little shabby motel but trust me it's more then amazing, the rooms give you the feel of a high end hotel, more like a resort . We are staying in a king room bed is comfy and enough pillows the... More Thank saqzi -HotelManagementNY, Guest Relations Manager at Aashram Hotel by Niagara River, responded to this review Dear saqzi, Thank you so much for this lovely review you have of our hotel. We are so glad to know that you had a great time with us and thank you so much for appreciating our efforts of providing you with clean and comfortable accommodations. We can't begin to tell you how much we appreciate your five star review,... More “Great stay” Reviewed November 20, 2016 Everything was great and awesome. Continental Breakfast Clean Rooms and bathrooms Bathrooms were a little small. Its a little family run motel. It's managed well and no help is solicited from outside. More 2Thank Saurabh M -HotelManagementNY, Guest Relations Manager at Aashram Hotel by Niagara River, responded to this review Dear Saurabh M, Thank you for your kind comments and review regarding our high standards of cleanliness and breakfast offered at our hotel. Hearing about how our efforts to give you a pleasant and accommodating experience have been successful is very rewarding for every member of our staff and management team. We can't begin to tell you how much we... More “EXTREMELY rude receptionist left us stranded in the middle of the night!!!” Reviewed October 31, 2016 My parents were visiting from India and we planned to go to Niagara Falls. I was looking for hotels on Tripadvisor and stumbled upon this place. I thought my parents would be happily surprised to see an indianzed hotel in US and would find it interesting. That was my ONLY reason to book this hotel. I had booked this hotel... More 4Thank Rakesh G -HotelManagementNY, Guest Relations Manager at Aashram Hotel by Niagara River, responded to this review Dear Rakesh G, Your review is greatly appreciated, though it is very disappointing to learn of the bad impression we made with the state of our accommodations. I am sorry for any rudeness that you encountered with this situation and I assure you that your comments have been addressed with our entire staff and management team to ensure that no... More “Pleasent Stay” Reviewed October 3, 2016 In Sep we stayed their in family room. Rooms were very clean and well maintained with mini refrigerator and coffee maker. You can also enjoy tasty complementary breakfast, free wifi with small fitness center. Report 2Thank pmk0861 -HotelManagementNY, Guest Relations Manager at Aashram Hotel by Niagara River, responded to this review Dear pmk0861, Thank you so much for your compliments to our breakfast options and cleanliness of our guest rooms. It is wonderful to hear of the great impression we made with our amenities and services. We can't begin to tell you how much we appreciate your five star review, and we can't wait to serve you again! eliiskeidong New York City, New York Level “Convenient and very good value!” Reviewed October 2, 2016 Very good value and no frills place. Although it is close to the highway, it is not loud at all. The windows are good and no traffic noise can be heard inside. Beds are comfortable and the room includes free coffee making amenities. Breakfast is included and coffee and tea are available in the lobby 24/7. This is a convenient... More 3Thank eliiskeidong -HotelManagementNY, Guest Relations Manager at Aashram Hotel by Niagara River, responded to this review Dear eliiskeidong, Thank you for taking the time to write this review in Aashram Hotel by Niagara River Hotel. I am so glad that you found our hotel to be clean and convenient and that you enjoyed the five star accommodations that we strive to show to each guest, during every stay. . We always aim to give you the... More Reviewed September 11, 2016 via mobile I stayed three nights in this hotel when I visited Niagara Falls. The hotel is OK. The rooms are quite clean however the bathroom is small in size. It's an average hotel with limited services. It will fit you if you are looking for a place to sleep while spending most of your day in Niagara. More 2Thank Salman_Khtr -HotelManagementNY, Guest Relations Manager at Aashram Hotel by Niagara River, responded to this review Dear y Salman_Khtr, I am so glad to hear from you and to discover that you had a good time with us, I hope that you enjoyed our accommodations and hospitality and that you'll return to experience the full benefit of our amenities for a true five star experience. Thank you for choosing our hotel. We hope to see you... More “Very Rude and Untidy,” Reviewed August 23, 2016 I usually do not write reviews, but was off put enough to due to the rude behavior of the male receptionist. First I thought the hotel nice enough, but when I went to use the bathroom there was this eerie black spot on the toilette near the rim, my wife said it was poop, but I do not know, I... More 2Thank Kevin D -HotelManagementNY, Guest Relations Manager at Aashram Hotel by Niagara River, responded to this review Thank you for reporting this incident you had in the hotel. We are already making reports about this so the management will be informed by this news. We are very sorry about your disappointment but rest assured, your concerns will be highly appreciated to better our services to our dear customers. We hope you can consider us again after the... More Reviewed August 19, 2016 via mobile We spent two nights here and we were comfortable. Friendly employees, adequate breakfast and plenty of parking. The room was comfortable and housekeeping did a nice job of cleaning daily. It is only two stories but they do not have an elevator so be prepared for that. It was convenient for the sightseeing we had planned and close to many... More 2Thank Kristils -HotelManagementNY, Guest Relations Manager at Aashram Hotel by Niagara River, responded to this review Thank you for taking the time to let us know how you enjoyed your stay with us! It is very rewarding to hear from you on this matter and we appreciate that you have acknowledged our efforts to provide a clean, comfortable, and hospitable experience. We are excited to share this wonderful review with our hardworking staff, and we thank... More Questions? Get answers from hotel staff and past guests. Ask a question Explore similar hotels Map updates are paused. Zoom in to see updated info. Reset zoom There are no pins in your viewport. Try moving the map or changing your filters. Only show hotels with confirmed availability {providername} {price} We can't find prices for this accommodation From {rate_price} {rate_periodicity} 44 photos of this hotel Traveler photos: See what travelers like you saw Viewed Management photos: Courtesy of the property manager Viewed Hotels you might also like... Travelers also viewed these Niagara Falls hotels 0.3 mi away Near Aashram Hotel by Niagara River Top-rated Attractions Nearby Questions? Get answers from hotel staff and past guests. Ask a question Amenities Free High Speed Internet ( WiFi ) Free Parking Free High Speed Internet ( WiFi ) Public Wifi Additional Information about Aashram Hotel by Niagara River Address: 6508 Buffalo Ave, Niagara Falls, NY 14304-3930 Location: United States > New York > Niagara Falls Hotel Class:2.5 star — Aashram Hotel by Niagara River 2.5* Number of rooms: 33 Reservation Options: TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Priceline and Travelocity so you can book your Aashram Hotel by Niagara River reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers. Hotel Style: #1 Best Value Hotel in Niagara Falls Is This Your TripAdvisor Listing? Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more. Questions & Answers Here's what travelers have asked, with answers from Aashram Hotel by Niagara River staff and other travelers. 2 questions Questions? Get answers from Aashram Hotel by Niagara River staff and past guests. Hi, what would you like to know about this accommodation? Posting guidelines Get notified about new answers to your questions. Ask Can tickets for local attractions be purchased at the front desk? Do you have to pay extra for a mini-fridge? At what time does the pool open each day? See which rooms travelers prefer “Clean hotel” pmk0861, Oct 3, 2016 \| Read review “There are more hotels closer to Niagra Falls, this one is far.” kevindI5824YQ, Aug 23, 2016 \| Read review “Don't try to stay close to exits as it gets very loud at night. The doors are very loud.” Snowhite2020, Jun 28, 2016 \| Read review “It was just the two of us, so we got the king with the Jacuzzi. Very Nice!!” dougandsherry, Jun 27, 2016 \| Read review “No elevator for those who need it.” CeetheSeal, Aug 24, 2015 \| Read review 5 of 5 Questions? Get answers from hotel staff and past guests. Ask a question Enter dates for best prices Check In Check Out © 2017 TripAdvisor LLC All rights reserved. TripAdvisor Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Some photos provided by VFM Leonardo. * TripAdvisor LLC is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (more) TripAdvisor LLC is not responsible for content on external web sites. Taxes, fees not included for deals content. Welcome back! Prices may have changed while you were gone. Please refresh the page to see the latest prices for Aashram Hotel by Niagara River. Refresh Prices PriceFinder is your ultimate hotel booking tool, checking hundreds of sites to help you find the lowest prices.	i don't know
What was the name of the little girl who owned Bagpuss?	Bagpuss and the little girl who owned him meet up for 40th birthday \| Daily Mail Online A bit looser at the seams... but Emily STILL loves him: Bagpuss is reunited with the little girl who owned him to celebrate the famous programme's 40th birthday Emily Firmin was 8-years-old when she starred as the owner of Bagpuss Her father Peter Firmin created the TV show which was broadcast in 1974 Now aged 48, she is still instantly recognisable as the same little girl from the hit TV programme To celebrate the 40th anniversary of the show, Ms Firmin has been reunited with the famous cat at Canterbury Heritage Museum	Emily
On which Apollo mission did Armstrong and Aldrin land on the moon?	The Smallfilms Treasury The Smallfilms Treasury Help - If you have any Smallfilms material, please mail me Once upon a time, not so long ago, there were two overgrown boys called Oliver and Peter. And Peter lived on a farm. It was a rather unusual farm because it didn't grow any crops and there were no sheep or cows, but it was the home of Ivor the Engine, Noggin the Nog, the Clangers and of course Bagpuss. And there they made the most beautiful, the most brilliant, funny old Small Films in the whole wide world or so we like to think. The Dragons' Friendly Society A new society has been formed to help maintain and promote the wealth of works produced Smallfilms. Named after the society of dragons in the saga of Noggin the Nog, their first act is to produce a new set of Noggin material - a video, a book and a set of postcards. Visit them at the Dragons' Friendly Society site Noggin the Nog In the Lands of the North, where the black rocks stand guard against the cold sea, in the dark night that is very long, the men of the Northlands sit by their great log fires and they tell a tale... So began each of the Sagas of Noggin the Nog, in which the crown of Noggin, Prince of the Nogs is sought by his wicked uncle Nogbad the Bad who devises evil plots to threaten the safety of the kingdom, and sometimes the world, in order to force Noggin to give up his crown. In each saga Nogbad pursues his plot to the very brink of success, but at the last moment his purposes are foiled by some unexpected piece of luck, cleverness or lack of attention on the part of the Nogs. Ivor the Engine Not very long ago, in the top left-hand corner of Wales, there was a railway. It wasn't a very long railway or a very important railway, but it was called The Merioneth and Llantisilly Rail Traction Company Limited, and it was all there was. And in a shed, in a siding at the end of the railway, lives the Locomotive of the Merioneth and Llantisilly Rail Traction Company Limited, which was a long name for a little engine so his friends just called him Ivor. So began, in 1959, the first episode of the first series of a set of television films which were to become part of the mainstream of Children's television for the next thirty years. Once upon a time, Not so long ago, there was a little girl and her name was Emily. And she had a shop. It was a rather unusual shop because it didn't sell anything. You see, everything in that shop was a thing that somebody had once lost, and Emily had found, and brought home to Bagpuss. Emily's cat Bagpuss. If you want more in depth analysis/codswallop, you should head for Jill's Sociopolitical Analysis and the Bagpuss FAQ , and you can also pose questions to the world's best educated bookend when you Ask Yaffle . Everyone remembers the Clangers, the whistling knitted animals that lived on a small moon. They lived a peaceful life, salvaging junk from space to build machines, and making friends with all the strange creatures that came to visit them. If you're really keen, you can even buy some collectable Clangers Pogles Wood is the story of woodland folk who lived "deep in the middle of a wood" in a tree with a magic bean plant. Pogles Wood was a Smallfilms Production, originally shown by the BBC between 1964 and 1968. Find out more at Heff's Pogles Wood site or Jenny's Pogles Wood Page Pingwings were small penguin like creatures that lived under the junk, under the bunks and trunks, swings and things at the back of a barn... Pingwings was shown on ITV in the early '60s.	i don't know
Which country's capital city is San Salvador?	El Salvador Facts on Largest Cities, Populations, Symbols - Worldatlas.com (long form) Republic of El Salvador Capital City: San Salvador (540,898 pop.) (2,290,790 metro pop.) World Populations (all countries) Currency: The U.S. Dollar is the official currency. The Salvadoran Colón (SVC) is still accepted, but printing has ceased. (conversion rates) One El Salvador Colón Ethnicity: Mestizo 90%, white 9%, Amerindian 1% GDP total: $45.98 billion (2012 est.) GDP per capita: $7,700 (2012 est.)	El Salvador
In which country was former motor racing driver Ayrton Senna born?	El Salvador - República de El Salvador - Country Profile Info ___ El Salvador A virtual guide to El Salvador the "Land of the volcanoes", a mountainous country in western Central America bordering the Pacific ocean roughly in south, Guatemala in west and Honduras in north and it shares maritime borders with Nicaragua . With an area of 21,000 sq km it is the smallest Central American country about the size of Slovenia or slightly smaller than the U.S. state of Massachusetts. Its highest point is Cerro El Pital with 2,730 m. El Salvador's population of 6 million people consists of 90% mestizo, 9% white , and just 1% Amerindian. Spoken languages are Spanish (official), and native languages such as Nahuan and Maya. Read on to get comprehensive information on the nation in its diversity: the Salvadoran culture, history and geography, its economy, education, environment, population, and government. San Salvador at Night © Ministerio de Turismo El Salvador	i don't know
Who was the first ever Bond girl?	Top 40 Countdown: The Hottest Bond Girls \| Fandango Videos Top 40 Countdown: The Hottest Bond Girls Since his first big screen apearance in 1962, iconic superspy James Bond has always had three things close at hand: a martini (shaken, not stirred), cool gadgets and gorgeous women. SPECTRE , the 24th Bond film, is no exception with Lea Seydoux and Monica Bellucci. So, although we like a good drink and spy toys, we're going to focus on the ladies with our gallery of the top 40 hottest Bond girls. Bond Assignment: Licence to Kill (1989) Key Data: Lowell, with her short-cropped hair and role as ex-pilot/CIA informer Pam Bouvier, is sort of the female, tomboy version of 007 pal Felix Leiter. Of course, it doesn't stop her from being a red-blooded, sexy American, who looks great in a sparkly, sleeveless dress, with a coif that only draws Bond's attention that much faster. 39. Sophie Marceau Bond Assignment: The World Is Not Enough (1999) Key Data: Since vying for Pierce Brosnan's affection with Denise Richards in 'The World Is Not Enough,' this French beauty has appeared only in French films. Previous to 'Enough,' she had made her mark in Hollywood as the love interest of Mel Gibson in 'Braveheart' and, umm, David Spade in 'Lost & Found.' 38. Alison Doody Bond Assignment: A View to a Kill (1985) Key Data: Her film debut as Jenny Flex also garnered her the distinction of becoming the youngest Bond girl ever (19 at the time). A few years later, the striking blonde wooed the original Bond, Sean Connery, and Harrison Ford, as the ill-fated Elsa Schneider in 'Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.' 37. Madeline Smith Bond Assignment: Live and Let Die (1973) Key Data: Jane Seymour's not the only memorable hottie in 'Live and Let Die.' Madeline Smith made an impression, too, as Bond's Italian contact. Back in the '70s, Smith kept making an impression as the star of several Hammer horror films, including 1970's 'Taste the Blood of Dracula.' 36. Rosamund Pike Bond Assignment: Die Another Day (2002) Key Data: Her last name's icy for a reason. But she also turns up the heat quite nicely in her catfight with Halle Berry. Their age gap -- Frost is 12 years younger than Berry -- is the second largest between Bond girls in one film, trailing only 'A View to a Kill''s 18-year gap between Alison Doody and Grace Jones. 35. Diana Rigg Key Data: She was Bond's only wife, and we can see why he married her. A strong and spirited woman, she was extremely beautiful and looked exactly like Emma Peel from 'The Avengers,' sans the leather catsuit. 34. Shirley Eaton A.K.A.: Jill Masterson Bond Assignment: Goldfinger (1964) Key Data: Being nude and covered head to toe in gold paint probably wasn't as fun to experience as it was to look at (and it did lead to Eaton's character's death by suffocation). However, it was permanently etched into the memories of a whole generation of young men... and their sons... and their son's sons. 33. Maud Adams Bond Assignments: The Man with the Golden Gun (1974) and Octopussy (1983) Key Data: To this day, Maud Adams is the only person to play two different lead Bond girls in two Bond movies. The Swedish beauty is captivating in both, and is ably backed by fellow Swedes Britt Ekland in 'Man' and Kristina Wayburn in 'Octopussy.' 32. Eunice Gayson Bond Assignments: Dr. No (1962) and From Russia with Love (1963) Key Data: Although Ursula Andress is often credited as the first Bond girl, Gayson actually appears on-screen first, and returned in 'From Russia with Love.' Although we found her to be very hot, the producers decided to limit her role -- originally intended to be a regular character -- to the first two films. 31. Eva Green Bond Assignment: Casino Royale (2006) Key Data: Other than Tracy Bond, Eva Green's Vesper Lynd is Bond's only other true love. Green herself has a quirky, dark beauty (the actress has since appeared in '300: Rise of an Empire' and TV series 'Penny Dreadful' ), which naturally stands out to our hero and his fans. 30. Daniela Bianchi Bond Assignment: From Russia with Love (1963) Key Data: Bianchi's appeal didn't go unnoticed in the real world. She was Miss Rome in 1960, and a runner-up for Miss Universe. Besides being a favorite Bond beauty in one of the best Bond films, she also starred four years later in a Bond spoof, 'Operation Kid Brother,' starring Sean's younger brother, Neil Connery. 29. Ivana Milicevic Bond Assignment: Casino Royale (2006) Key Data: She's not one of the two "featured" Bond girls in 'Casino Royale,' but Ivana Milicevic is still memorably hot as Valenka, the henchwoman tasked with carrying out baddie Le Chiffre's down and dirty deeds. Trivia tidbit: The Croatian beauty's younger brother is the lead guitarist in Jared Leto's band 30 Seconds to Mars. 28. Lois Chiles A.K.A.: Holly Goodhead Bond Assignment: Moonraker (1979) Key Data: This Texan is often unfairly regarded for her role in the goofy, Bond-goes-to-space flick 'Moonraker,' but if the girls are to be ranked on pure hotness, Chiles still rates a strong score. To us, she looks just fine in that yellow spacesuit. 27. Luciana Paluzzi A.K.A.: Fiona Volpe Bond Assignment: Thunderball (1965) Key Data: The raven-haired Italian is the hottest villainess on two wheels. As SPECTRE assassin Fiona Volpe, Paluzzi has one of the most memorable death scenes, taking a spear in the back while dancing with 007. Connery's line to onlookers -- "Do you mind if my friend sits this one out? She's just dead." 26. Honor Blackman A.K.A.: Pussy Galore Bond Assignment: Goldfinger (1964) Key Data: A favorite amongst Bondamaniacs, Blackman is one of the strongest Bond girls. She was also already well known from TV's 'The Avengers' (a mantle she would pass on to future Bond girl Diana Rigg). Besides her memorable introduction to 007, Blackman also has a great, rolling-around-in-the-hay fight scene with the superspy. 25. Margaret Nolan A.K.A.: Dink Bond Assignment: Goldfinger (1964) Key Data: Another seemingly minor Bond girl character, Margaret Nolan deserves a closer look as Bond's highly attractive masseuse in 'Goldfinger.' Her Dink is one to remember. 24. Tanya Roberts Bond Assignment: A View To Kill (1985) Key Data: Tanya Roberts is appropriately sultry in 'A View to a Kill.' She's actually been a prominent fantasy girl for three decades, as one of 'Charlie's Angels' in the '70s, a caveman's dream woman in the '80s cult hit 'The Beastmaster,' and as Donna's mom on 'That '70s Show.' 23. Mie Hama Key Data: Hama also appeared in a 1967 nude 'Playboy' pictorial called "007's Oriental Eyefuls," which caused a bit of controversy at the time in her native country. 22. Izabella Scorupco A.K.A.: Natlya Simonova Bond Assignment: GoldenEye (1995) Key Data: Scorupco is the first Polish-born Bond beauty. She also supposedly turned down the leads for both 'L.A. Confidential' and 'The Mask of Zorro,' before reteaming with 'GoldenEye'/'Zorro' director Martin Campbell for 2000's 'Vertical Limit.' 21. Cecilie Thomsen Bond Assignment: Tomorrow Never Dies (1997) Key Data: In 1997, we would have been willing to overlook the idea that Cecilie Thomson was 23 and a professor, as long as we could have sit in on all of her lectures. Back then, we would have also asked for free Bryan Adams tickets. The ingenue dated the musician for 12 years, until she gave him the heave-ho in 2002. 20. Aliza Gur Key Data: Richards as a nuclear physicist is even more unbelievable than 23-year-old Cecilie Thomsen as a professor. But we'd argue, too, does it make you watch her any less on-screen? Does it make her any less hot? 17. Berenice Marlohe A.K.A.: Severine Bond Assignment: Skyfall (2012) Key Data: This femme fatale/antiheroine was pulled out of prostitution by the evil Raoul Silva and serves as his operative. Marlohe has said she was inspired by Famke Janssen's Xenia Onatopp. 16. Claudine Auger A.K.A.: Domino Derval Bond Assignment: Thunderball (1965) Key Data: The lead role of Bond girl Dominque "Domino" Derval was originally supposed to be an Italian, but producers were so taken with Auger that they changed it for the French beauty. Also considered for the role were Faye Dunaway, Raquel Welch and Julie Christie. 15. Olga Kurylenko Bond Assignment: Quantum of Solace (2008) Key Data: For those who doubt Olga's hotness, go rent 'Paris je t'aime.' We're sure you'll find Kurylenko's vampiress just as fetching as we do. 14. Teri Hatcher Bond Assignment: Tomorrow Never Dies (1997) Key Data: In between being the sexy star of 'Lois & Clark' and 'Desperate Housewives,' Teri Hatcher made her official Bond-girl deubt as Paris Carver. The actress is a lifelong hottie who heated up screens in the '80s as Sly Stallone's sister in 'Tango & Cash,' and Kevin Bacon's L.A. temptress in 'The Big Picture.' 13. Talisa Soto Bond Assignment: Licence to Kill (1989) Key Data: Talisa Soto is by no stretch of the imagination the next Meryl Streep, as evidenced by 'Licence to Kill.' But 'People,' 'Sports Illustrated' and 'Maxim' magazines all agree. What the Puerto Rican performer lacks in thespian chops she more than makes up for in beauty. Currently, she's still acting, and has two kids with husband Benjamin Bratt. 12. Kristina Wayborn A.K.A.: Magda Bond Assignment: Octopussy (1983) Key Data: They key moment for Wayborn comes after she enjoys some private time with 007... she steals a jeweled egg, gives Bond a kiss while tying her robe to the balcony, backflips off of it, and twirls safely out of her clothing to the ground below. It's an amazing sequence, and all in a day's work for Miss Sweden/Scandinavia. 11. Carole Bouquet Bond Assignment: For Your Eyes Only (1981) Key Data: The most dangerous Bond girl with a crossbow, Bouquet's Havelock is a sexy combo of vulnerability and determination (her character's on a mission to avenge the murder of her parents). Bouquet turns in a well-rounded performance in a film that's more realistic than any of the '70s Bond output. 10. Martine Beswick Bond Assignment: From Russia with Love (1963) and Thunderball (1965) Key Data: Martine Beswick's one of only two nonlead Bond girls to appear as different characters in two different Bond films. Besides her classic catfight with Aliza Gur in 'From Russia with Love,' Beswick also clawed it out with Raquel Welch in the infamous 'One Million Years B.C.' 9. Famke Janssen A.K.A.: Xenia Onatopp Bond Assignment: GoldenEye (1995) Key Data: The Dutch actress and former model is widely known as the beautiful Jean Grey/Phoenix character in the 'X-Men' films, but we're still fans of Onatopp, a villainess who enjoys crushing her enemies between her strong thighs. 8. Jane Seymour Bond Assignment: Live and Let Die (1973) Key Data: Beautiful, sexy, or whatever other positive adjective you'd care to apply, the descriptions fit for Jane Seymour as Solitaire, or TV's 'Dr. Quinn,' or Elsie McKenna in 'Somewhere in Time,' or Serina in 'Battlestar Galactica.' Trivia tidbit: Radiohead recorded their acclaimed album 'OK, Computer' in her London home. 7. Halle Berry Bond Assignment: Die Another Day (2002) Key Data: Halle costars with fellow Bond girl Famke Janssen as two of the key 'X-Men.' The Oscar winner is perfectly at home playing drama in 'Monster's Ball' (helmed by 'Quantum of Solace' director Marc Forster) or playing super sexy in 'Die Another Day,' where she pays homage to 'Dr. No''s Ursula Andress. 6. Barbara Bach Bond Assignment: The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) Key Data: Another hot favorite of Bond fans, the beautiful actress/model is no relation whatsoever to Catherine Bach, who was also making waves in the '70s as Daisy Duke on 'The Dukes of Hazzard.' She is related, though, to Ringo Starr, to whom she's been married since 1981. 5. Britt Ekland Bond Assignment: The Man with the Golden Gun (1974) Key Data: The Swedish model/actress is known for her offscreen adventures almost as much as her on-screen ones. Ekland was married to Peter Sellers, had a longtime affair with Rod Stewart, and was an "avid fan" of Duran Duran's Nick Rhodes. In the 'The Life and Death of Peter Sellers,' she's played by Oscar winner Charlize Theron. 4. Caterina Murino Bond Assignment: Casino Royale (2006) Key Data: In contrast to Eva Green's more modest Bond girl look, Caterina Murino's sexy Solange is sort of the lusty eye candy that often doesn't last long in a Bond film. Hence, Solange's ultimate demise at the hands of her ruthless husband's cohorts. It doesn't stop her, though, from making an impression in her steamy scenes with Daniel Craig. 3. Caroline Munro Bond Assignment: The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) Key Data: Munro's place in the hot Bond girl firmament is set in two scenes: the first is the introduction of her character to 007 wearing the outfit pictured, and the second is her seductive wink to Bond as she's trying to gun him down from her helicopter. 2. Maria Grazia Cucinotta Bond Assignment: The World Is Not Enough (1999) Key Data: It is a rare and extremely beautiful woman who can be welcomed as a Bond girl with simply the label "Cigar Girl." But so it is with this Italian actress, who made a splash as the object of love and desire in 'Il Postino,' and in her few moments here, makes one wish for a whole lot more. As the saying goes, there are no small parts, only small... wait, how does it go? 1. Ursula Andress Bond Assignment: Dr. No (1962) Key Data: The Bond girl that tops most lists is by far the hottest. From the very first Bond adventure, the template was set. Ursula Andress was the standard by which all followers had to be measured, and, in terms of pure beauty and sexiness, her Honey Ryder is still the sweetest Bond girl ever. We’ve got hundreds of James Bond movie clips! Check them all out here .	Ursula Andress
The Clifton Suspension Bridge spans which river?	Best Bond Girl - Best of Bond - IGN Best Bond Girl Best James Bond Best Bond Girl The Bond girl has nearly become as iconic as 007 himself. The concept was born when a bikini-clad Ursula Andress emerged from the sea singing Underneath the Mango Tree, and from that moment on the Bond girl has been a symbol of beauty, sexuality and female empowerment. The latter trait has become more common in recent incarnations, but over the years, although countless girls have fallen under Bond's spell, just as many have run rings around him. So which of the girls have left you both shaken and stirred? Find out below! Honey Rider (Dr. No) The first official Bond girl made one hell of an entrance, rising from the azure ocean wearing cinema's most iconic bikini. "Are you looking for shells?" she asked Bond; "No, I'm just looking," came his shell-shocked reply. Tatiana Romanova (From Russia With Love) A sultry Soviet unwittingly working for SPECTRE under the command of Rosa Klebb, cipher clerk 'Tanya' Romanova teases Bond into bed wearing little more than a black velvet choker and a smile. Pussy Galore (Goldfinger) The archetypal Bond girl, Pussy set the standard for female characters with ridiculously sexualised names, but she was more than just Bond's roll in the hay: she was Goldfinger's commander and a killer pilot, too. Dominique 'Domino' Derval (Thunderball) A lesser-spotted French fancy, 'Domino' got Bond's head in the game early on. The mistress of madman Emilio Largo, she eventually turned on her former lover and shot him in the neck with a harpoon gun. Kissy Suzuki (You Only Live Twice) Japanese ninja and pearl diver Kissy said 'I do' to Bond, but only in a mock wedding so her 'hubby' could go undercover. Suzuki joined the long list of Bond girls who helped 007 overthrow one of Blofeld's evil plans. Teresa di Vicenzo (On Her Majesty's Secret Service) "Teresa is a saint; I'm known as Tracy!" The only woman to ever walk 007 down the aisle, Tracy received a fatal drive-by shooting as a wedding present from Blofeld. The only woman Bond has ever truly loved? Tiffany Case (Diamonds Are Forever) Though there was precious little room in her tiny purple bikini for diamond smuggling, resplendent redhead Tiffany still managed to be a master criminal and gave Bond the edge over old pal Blofeld. Solitaire (Live And Let Die) Mysterious and exotic, tarot card reader Solitaire was a woman with a psychic gift of predicting the future; a gift she gave up when Bond's prediction of them getting it on finally came true. Mary Goodnight (The Man With The Golden Gun) A Secret Service staffer with a rampant desire to get hold of Bond's double-0s and his seven, Goodnight got shoved into her fair share of closets and trunks but was never less than impeccably dressed (or undressed). Anya Amasova (The Spy Who Loved Me) A foxy KGB agent who teamed up with 007, despite wanting to kill him for the murder of her lover, Amasova's daring range of bikinis and low-cut tops made her a favourite with Bond fans. Dr. Holly Goodhead (Moonraker) She of the attempted "re-entry", Holly Goodhead was a leggy CIA Agent posing as a leggy NASA astronaut in order to foil Hugo Drax's insane plot. Naturally, she wound up orbiting Planet Bond before long. Melina Havelock (For Your Eyes Only) Another Bond girl seeking revenge for the death of her parents, Melina was half-British, half-Greek and all woman. 007's brutish charm was the key to Havelock's heart, and they enjoyed a pre-credits skinny dip. Octopussy (Octopussy) A jewel smuggler, circus owner and resident of her own floating palace, it's fair to say Octopussy didn't need any premium Bond to keep her in the black. Devilish and dangerous, she was a worthy notch on 007's bed-post. May Day (A View To A Kill) Chief enforcer of Max Zorin and all round feisty female, May Day was not a lady to be screwed with (although that didn't stop Bond from trying). Despite trying to kill 007 on several occasions, she came good in the end. Kara Milovy (The Living Daylights) Another of Bond's foes he eventually turned friendly (very friendly), it was no surprise the Russian rose played him like a fiddle, given she was an expert cellist as well as a deadly sharpshooter. Lupe Lamora (Licence To Kill) Drugs baron Franz Sanchez's exotic live-in lover, lovely Lupe caught Bond's eye, thanks in part to her pouting red lips and a plunging red lace dress. Do you adore Lamora? Pam Bouvier (Licence To Kill) CIA informant and ex-Army pilot Pam was a handful in more ways than one, informing Bond "If it weren't for me, your ass would've been nailed to the wall!" She assisted 007 in bringing down Sanchez's drug ring. Natalya Simonova (GoldenEye) An impossibly beautiful computer programmer, ravishing Russian Natalya soon succumbed to Bond's advances en route to Cuba, helping him save the world with her mad h4cker skillz. Paris Carver (Tomorrow Never Dies) Trophy wife Paris might have settled for her current hubby (Elliot Carver? Really?) but a shared past with Bond gave their relationship a frisson of excitement. She was fond of the odd glitzy party dress, too. Wai Lin (Tomorrow Never Dies) Finally, the Bond girl the modern era deserved: smart, strong and sexy, Wai Lin didn't let 007's affections define her. The Chinese spy helped her British counterpart defeat megalomaniac Carver. Dr. Christmas Jones (The World is Not Enough) A nuclear physicist in short-shorts? No laughing at the back. The festively-named Ms. Jones provided Bond all manner of yuletide pun opportunities, "I thought Christmas only comes once a year" being the best/worst. Jinx (Die Another Day) Emerging from the ocean like a modern-day Honey Rider, Giacinta "Jinx" Johnson's bright orange bikini dropped Bond's jaw to the floor. The first black Bond girl since 1985, she almost got her own spin-off before the plug was pulled. Miranda Frost (Die Another Day) The MI6 double-agent did the dirty with 007 but nonetheless dobbed him in to Gustav Graves when it came to the crunch. She was handy with a sword, but her feminine wiles were her greatest weapon. Vesper Lynd (Casino Royale) The vampish MI6 treasurer got under 007's skin and stripped him of his armour, but her eventual betrayal turned Bond's heart black. He did name his favourite cocktail after her, though. Camille Montes (Quantum of Solace) This Bolivian beauty had only revenge on her mind, meaning she resisted Bond's charms. She did anything it took to get close to General Medrano – the man who killed her family – including sleeping with douchebag Dominic Greene. Strawberry Fields (Quantum of Solace) With a cute red crop, a cheeky smile and a flasher's mac, it's no surprise Bond fell for bubbly Agent Fields, although his chat-up line ("I can't find the stationery. Come help me look for it") left a lot to be desired.	i don't know
What are the first names of the Mom and Dad in The Adams Family?	The Addams Family \| Addams Family Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia The Addams Family is a group of fictional characters created by American cartoonist Charles Addams . Addams Family characters include Gomez , Morticia , Uncle Fester , Lurch , Grandmama , Wednesday and Pugsley . The Addamses are a satirical inversion of the ideal American family; an eccentric, wealthy clan who delight in the macabre and are unaware that people find them bizarre or frightening. They originally appeared as a series of single panel cartoons, published in The New Yorker between 1938 and Addams's 1988 death. They have since been adapted to other media, including television series (both live action and animated), films, video games, and a musical . Contents Addams's original cartoons were one-panel gags. The characters were undeveloped and unnamed until later versions. “ Gomez and Pugsley are enthusiastic. Morticia is even in disposition, muted, witty, sometimes deadly. Grandma Frump is foolishly good-natured. Wednesday is her mother's daughter. A closely knit family, the real head being Morticia—although each of the others is a definite character — except for Grandma, who is easily led. Many of the troubles they have as a family are due to Grandma’s fumbling, weak character. The house is a wreck, of course, but this is a house-proud family just the same and every trap door is in good repair. Money is no problem. [1] ” — Charles Addams The family appears to be a single surviving branch of the Addams clan. Many other "Addams families" exist all over the world. According to the film version, the family credo is, Sic gorgiamus allos subjectatos nunc (pseudo-Latin: "We gladly feast on those who would subdue us"). Charles Addams was first inspired by his home town of Westfield, New Jersey, an area full of ornate Victorian mansions and archaic graveyards. [2] They live in a gloomy mansion adjacent to a cemetery and a swamp at 0001 Cemetery Lane. In The New Addams Family, the address was changed to 1313 Cemetery Lane. [3] In the Addams Family musical , first shown in Chicago in 2009, the house is located in Central Park. [4] Although they share macabre interests, the Addamses are not evil. They are a close-knit extended family. Morticia is an exemplary mother, and she and Gomez remain passionate towards each other. She calls him "Bubele", [5] to which he responds by kissing her arms, behavior Morticia can also provoke by speaking a few words in French (the meaning is not important — any French will do). The parents are supportive of their children. The family is friendly and hospitable to visitors, in some cases willing to donate large sums of money to causes, despite the visitors' horror at the Addams's peculiar lifestyle. Addams Family characters Main article: Gomez Addams Gomez Addams was the master of the Addams household and the Addams patriarch, married to Morticia and the father of Wednesday and Pugsley . In the 60's sitcom, he was Grandmama's son, but this was retconned in the 1991 film, and he became Grandmama's son-in-law instead, staying true to the comics. Also retconned in the films, he became the younger brother of Fester instead of his nephew-in-law. In the original cartoons in the New Yorker, he appeared tubby, snub-nosed and with a receding chin. In the 1960s television series, Gomez was portrayed as a naive, handsome, and successful man, although with a childlike, eccentric enthusiasm for everything he did. For instance, his personal portrait depicted him as standing gleefully on his head. Though a peaceful man, he was known to be well-versed in many types of combat; he and Morticia fenced with foils sometimes. Gomez professed endless love for his wife, Morticia. He had studied to be a lawyer, but rarely practiced, one of the running jokes being that he took great pride in losing his cases. He was also pleased with the fact that his law class had voted him the man "Least Likely to Pass the Bar". Gomez was depicted as extremely wealthy, through inheritance and extensive investments, but he seemed to have little regard for money. Although he invested in the stock market, to the point where there was a ticker tape machine in the livingroom, he played the market primarily to lose, or else invested in odd schemes that inadvertently paid off big (swamp land found to have oil under it, etc.). One novel claimed Gomez became wealthy through his ghoulish sense of humour, when he discovered it was possible to make a killing in the stock market. Despite his macabre sense of humour, he was extremely generous, and would go out of his way to help those whom he considered friends. Gomez is of Castilian origin, loved to smoke cigars, and would play destructively with his model trains. Of the names which Charles Addams suggested for the family, "Gomez" was the only one that was not "ghoulish" (in the manner of Morticia or Fester). When asked why he suggested the name Gomez for the character, Addams replied that he "thought he [the character] had a bit of Spanish blood in him." However, Addams had trouble deciding whether the character should be Spanish or Italian. He decided that if he were Spanish he should be called "Gomez", but if Italian he would be "Repelli" (even though Gomez and Repelli are actually surnames). The final choice of first name was left up to actor John Astin . [6] Gomez was typically seen wearing conservative businesswear long out of fashion, such as pinstripe suits and spats. Morticia Main article: Morticia Addams Morticia Addams (née Frump) was the matriarch of the Addams Family, a slim woman with pale skin, clad in a skin-tight black hobble gown with octopuslike tendrils at the hem. Certain sources suggested she may be some kind of vampire. She adored her husband, Gomez, as deeply as he did her. Pugsley and Wednesday Main article: Pugsley Addams Gomez and Morticia had two children, a son called Pugsley and a daughter called Wednesday . Wednesday was said to have been named after the phrase, "Wednesday's child is full of woe," from the poem Monday's Child. Her middle name, Friday, corresponds to the 1887 version of the poem. In the television show she was a sweet-natured, innocent, happy child, largely concerned with her fearsome pet spiders. A favorite toy was her Marie Antoinette doll, which Pugsley had guillotined. The movies gave Wednesday a much more serious and mature personality with a deadpan wit and a morbid fascination with trying to physically harm, or possibly murder, her brother (she was seen strapping him into an electric chair, for example, and preparing to pull the switch); she was apparently often successful, but Pugsley never died. Like most members of the family, he seemed to be inhumanly resilient. For his part, Pugsley was largely oblivious of the harm his sister tried to inflict on him, or an enthusiastic supporter of it, viewing all attempts as fun and games. In his first incarnation in the New Yorker cartoons, Pugsley was depicted as a diabolical, malevolent boy-next-door. In the television series, he was a devoted older brother and an inventive and mechanical genius. In the movies he lost his intelligence and independence, and became Wednesday's sidekick and younger brother, cheerfully helping her in her evil deeds. In the animated series, Wednesday became a happy and somewhat optimistic child, while retaining her sophisticated manner from the movies, and Pugsley became a genius at chemistry — especially explosives — and machines, though his intelligence seemed undeveloped at times. The children appeared to be home-taught, receiving all the education they required from Grandmama or Uncle Fester. An attempt to enroll them in the local elementary school did not work out initially, but in later episodes of the television series, they are depicted as attending it. In the first movie, the children attended an elementary school and Wednesday was praised for her performance. Both children performed in school plays with their uncle's help. In the second movie, they are on summer vacation from school. In the stage musical, Wednesday was aged to about 18 years old, while Pugsley was kept as a young child. Uncle Fester Main article: Uncle Fester Fester is a bald, barrel-shaped man with dark, sunken eyes and a devilish grin. He seemed to carry an electrical charge, as he could illuminate a light bulb by sticking it in his mouth. In the original television series, Fester was Morticia's uncle. In the 1991 film and all subsequent animated and film media, Fester was Gomez's older brother. The character played a central role in both of the first two feature films. In The Addams Family, Fester was reunited with the other Addamses after 25 years apart, while The Addams Family Values focused on his relationship with Deborah "Debbie" Jellinsky. Grandmama Main article: Grandmama Not to be confused with Granny Frump Grandmama is Gomez's mother, and is also a witch who deals in potions, spells, hexes, and even fortune-telling. Her trademarks were her shawl and grey, frizzy hair. The 2010 Broadway musical version of The Addams Family poked fun at the inconsistencies of Grandmama's origins. In one scene, Morticia and Gomez both revealed that each believed she is the other's mother. People didn't know about her ghost son, named Eduardo. Thing T. Thing Main article: Thing Another member of the family is the disembodied hand named " Thing ". Thing was Gomez's friend since childhood. He appeared out of ubiquitous boxes or other convenient containers throughout the house. He communicated with the Addamses with a Morse-like alphabet, sign language, writing, and knocking on wood. In the movies and The New Addams Family, Thing was a fully mobile hand, cleanly severed just below the wrist (although no muscle or bone was exposed). He lived in an upstairs closet made up as a house-within-a-house, though he was also shown to reside in a cigar box. In the original television series, Thing was generally played by Ted Cassidy (the actor who also played Lurch). He was usually a right hand, but Cassidy occasionally used his left, "just to see if anyone noticed". [7] Lurch Main article: Lurch In addition to Thing, the Addams family also had a tall, ghoulish manservant named Lurch . Lurch served as a shambling, gravelly-voiced butler, vaguely resembling Frankenstein's Monster although he is a considerable "jack of all trades". He tried to help around the house, although occasionally he botched tasks due to his great size and strength, but is otherwise considered quite a catch by the Addamses for his skill at more personal tasks, such as waxing Uncle Fester's head and amusing the children (to whom he was deeply devoted). Surprisingly, he was often seen playing the harpsichord and organ with a great degree of skill and somewhat uncharacteristic enthusiasm. In Addams Family Reunion , Gomez stated that Lurch is not really an Addams, and Morticia replies that Lurch has parts of many families, and that he has the heart of an Addams. In one episode of the 1960s television series, Lurch's mother, played by actress Ellen Corby , came to visit; she was a short, overbearing little old lady. Lurch, too, had a level of invulnerability; in Addams Family Values, a 20-pound cannonball is dropped from the top of the Addams mansion, landing directly on his head, seemingly with no ill effect. In the original comics, Lurch did not speak. In the sitcom, he was capable of speech; beckoned by the pull of a noose-shaped rope which sounded a thunderous gong, he would answer with a signature monotone, brusque and basso profundo, "You rang?" This was due to actor Ted Cassidy ad-libbing the line while rehearsing a scene early in production of the original TV show. The producers liked it so much that Lurch then became a speaking role. In the theatrical movies, Lurch never spoke, using only grunts, sighs, or simple gesticulations. The New Addams Family returned to the original sitcom style, right down to the noose that rang a gong. In it, Lurch also seemed a little more polite than his earlier counterparts. Cousin Itt Main article: Cousin Itt Cousin Itt (spelled as "Cousin It" in the movies and the pinball game), who frequently visited the family, was short-statured and had long hair that covered his entire body from scalp to floor. He was known to speak in a high-pitched nonsensical gibberish that only the family seemed to understand. In the second animated series, Itt was a super-spy for the U.S. government. He fell in love with Margaret Alford and married her after her husband, Tully , was disposed of by the Addams children. [8] He and Margaret have a child named "What" (from the obstetrician's reaction). [9] Pets In the sitcom, references were made to an innumerable collection of bizarre and unconventional creatures such as hawks, bats, and alligators, although there were a handful with some consistency throughout the various media which the characters have subsequently appeared in. Kitty Kat is the family lion, and can be seen in several 1960s television episodes roaming around the house. (Though not seen in the 1991 film, Gomez can be heard shouting 'Down, Kitty!' while going to the vault to pay Tully, while a lion's roar can be heard.) The entire family regarded Kitty Kat as they would an average housecat, and seemed flummoxed at the notion that Kitty Kat is in any way dangerous. Pugsley had an octopus called Aristotle , and Wednesday a large collection of spiders, with only one she mentions in particular by name, called Homer. The family also had a pair of piranha named Tristan and Isolde, who lived in a fish tank, and a vulture named Zelda (changed to Muerto for the first film). Cleopatra is an African Strangler, a carnivorous plant, belonging to Morticia. The plant eats meatballs made of yak and other tasty meats specially prepared, and (more often than not) spoon-fed to her. In a season 1 episode, "The Addams Family Meets the V.I.P.'s", Gomez stated that Cleopatra is only 3 years old. At another point in the series, however, it's said that Morticia had Cleopatra before she and Gomez married, having grown her from a seedling. In the musical , the family had a pet giant squid named Bernice, that, one night, crawled up from the toilet. She lived in the sewers beneath the house, and appeared in the grotto. Only her tentacles were shown. Adaptations Main article: The Addams Family (TV Series) In 1964, the ABC-TV network created The Addams Family television series based on Addams's cartoon characters. The series was shot in black-and-white and aired for two seasons in 64 half-hour episodes (September 18, 1964 – September 2, 1966). During the original television run of the series, The New Yorker editor William Shawn refused to publish any Addams Family cartoons, though he continued to publish other Charles Addams cartoons. Shawn regarded his magazine as targeting a more refined readership, and did not want it associated with characters who could be seen on television by just anybody. After Shawn's 1987 retirement, the characters were welcomed back to The New Yorker. Main article: Wednesday Is Missing The Addams Family's first animated appearance was on the third episode of Hanna-Barbera's The New Scooby-Doo Movies, " Wednesday Is Missing " (a.k.a. "Scooby-Doo Meets the Addams Family"), which first aired on CBS Saturday morning September 23, 1972. Four of the original cast ( John Astin , Carolyn Jones , Jackie Coogan , and Ted Cassidy ) returned for the special which involved the Addamses in a mystery with the Scooby-Doo gang. The Addams Family characters were drawn to the specifications of the original Charles Addams cartoons. After the episode aired, fans wanted more animated adventures featuring the Addamses, and Hanna-Barbera obliged. Main article: The Addams Family (animated 1992) The remake series ran on Saturday mornings from 1992–1993 on ABC after producers realized the success of the 1991 Addams Family movie. This series returned to the familiar format of the original series, with the Addams Family facing their sitcom situations at home. John Astin returned to the role of Gomez, and celebrities Rip Taylor and Carol Channing took over the roles of Fester and Granny, respectively, while veteran voice actors Jim Cummings , Debi Derryberry , Jeannie Elias and Pat Fraley did the voices of Lurch, Wednesday, Pugsley and Cousin Itt. New artistic models of the characters were used for this series, though still having a passing resemblance to the original cartoons. Two seasons were produced, with the third year containing reruns. Oddly in this series, Wednesday maintained her macabre, brooding attitude from the Addams Family movies, but her facial expressions and body language conveyed the happy-go-lucky, fun attitude of her portrayal in the original television show. An altered version of the original Vic Mizzy theme song was used for the opening. Main article: The New Addams Family The New Addams Family was filmed in Vancouver, Canada, and ran for 65 episodes during the 1998–1999 season on the then newly-launched Fox Family Channel. Many storylines from the original series were reworked for this new series, incorporating more modern elements and jokes. John Astin returned to the franchise in some episodes of this series, albeit as "Grandpapa" Addams (Gomez's grandfather, a character introduced in Addams Family Reunion). Pubert's absence in the new series (and possibly Addams Family Reunion) was explained in an early episode when Wednesday mentioned that "There were three of us, but Pugsley ate the little one." The cast included Glenn Taranto as Gomez Addams, Ellie Harvie as Morticia, Michael Roberds as Fester, Brody Smith as Pugsley, Nicole Fugere (the only cast member from Addams Family Reunion to return) as Wednesday, John DeSantis as Lurch, Betty Phillips as Grandmama and Steven Fox as Thing. Films Main article: The Addams Family (1991) In the 1990s, Orion Pictures (which by then had inherited the rights to the series) developed a film version, The Addams Family (recorded on October 30-31, 1989 and released on November 22, 1991). Due to the studio's financial troubles at the time, Orion sold the US rights to the film to Paramount Pictures. Main article: Addams Family Values Upon the last film's success, a sequel followed: Addams Family Values (released on November 19, 1993, with worldwide distribution by Paramount). Loosened content restrictions allowed the films to use far more grotesque humor that strove to keep the original spirit of the Addams cartoons (in fact, several gags were lifted straight from the single panel cartoons). Main article: Addams Family Reunion Another film, Addams Family Reunion , was released direct-to-video on September 22, 1998, this time by Warner Bros. through its video division. It has no relation to the Paramount movies, being in fact a full-length pilot for a second live-action television version, The New Addams Family, produced and shot in Canada. The third movie's Gomez, played by Tim Curry , follows the style of Raúl Juliá, while the new sitcom's Gomez, played by Glenn Taranto , is played in the style of John Astin, who had played the character in the 1960s. Spin-offs Two animated television spin-offs have been produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions. Mr. & Mrs. J. Evil Scientist , a family of fictional characters inspired by The Addams Family appeared on the Snagglepuss and Snooper and Blabber animated television series beginning in 1959 and starred in their own comic book. During the first season of the 1960s The Addams Family television show, a Stone Age version of the Addams Family called The Gruesomes moved next door to The Flintstones . Video games Main article: The Addams Family (video game series) Five video games released from 1989 to 1994 were based on The Addams Family. Fester's Quest (1989) was a top-down shooter that featured Uncle Fester saving the world from an alien invasion. In 1992, two versions of The Addams Family were released by Ocean Software based on the 1991 Movie; an 8-Bit version for the Nintendo Entertainment System, Game Boy, Sega Master System, Sega Game Gear, ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64, as well as a 16-Bit version released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Amiga, Atari ST and Sega Mega Drive. ICOM Simulations published The Addams Family video game for the TurboGrafx-CD in 1991. The games' sequel, The Addams Family: Pugsley's Scavenger Hunt (1993), also by Ocean Software, was based on the ABC animated series and was released for NES, SNES and Game Boy (although the later two were just 8-bit remakes of the first SNES game, swapping Pugsley and Gomez's roles). Addams Family Values (1994) by Ocean was based on the movie's sequel and returned to the style of gameplay seen in Fester's Quest. A Game Boy Color game was released in the 1990s for promotion of The New Addams Family. The game was simply titled The New Addams Family Series . In this game, the Addams mansion had been bought by a fictional company called "Funnyday" that wanted to tear down the house and surrounding grounds to make room for an amusement park. Pinball A pinball game by Midway (under the Bally Technologies label) was released in 1992 shortly after the movie. It is the best-selling pinball game of all time. [11] Books Main article: Books There are many books associated with The Addams Family. Many of Charles Addams' original cartoons from The New Yorker were collected into books. Novels have been written about the Family. The television and film productions have been featured in many books and magazines, and spoofed in others. Advertising In 1994, the actors cast as the Addamses in the first two films (sans the recently-deceased Raúl Juliá) were in several Japanese television spots for the Honda Odyssey. [12] The Addamses—most prominently Gomez (for whom a voice actor was used to impersonate Juliá while footage from Addams Family Values was seen) and Morticia—are seen speaking Japanese. [13] In 2007 and 2008, the Addams Family appeared as M&Ms in an advertising campaign for M&Ms Dark Chocolate. [14] Musicals Main article: The Addams Family (musical) In May 2007, it was announced that a musical inspired by The Addams Family was being developed for the Broadway stage. Broadway veterans Marshall Brickman and Rick Elice wrote the \|book, and Andrew Lippa wrote the score. Julian Crouch and Phelim McDermott (Improbable Theater founders) directed and designed the production, with choreography by Sergio Trujillo. [15] A workshop and private industry presentation was held August 4–8, 2008. Featured in the cast were Bebe Neuwirth as Morticia, Annaleigh Ashford as Wednesday, and Nathan Lane as Gomez. In addition, Kevin Chamberlin played Fester and Zachary James played Lurch. The musical opened in previews at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on Broadway on March 8, 2010, with an official opening on April 8, [16] after an out-of-town tryout in Chicago at the Ford Center for the Performing Arts from November 13, 2009 to January 10, 2010. [17] [18] The cast includes Lane as Gomez, Neuwirth as Morticia, Terrence Mann as Mal Beineke, Carolee Carmello as Alice Beineke, Chamberlin as Uncle Fester, Jackie Hoffman as Grandmama, Zachary James as Lurch, Krysta Rodriguez as Wednesday, and Wesley Taylor as Wednesday's love interest, Lucas Beineke. [19] Cast	morticia and gomez
Irvine Welsh wrote which novel about Scottish heroin addicts?	The Addams Family (TV Series 1964–1966) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The misadventures of a blissfully macabre but extremely loving family. Creator: Low grunts and grumbles while at the harpsichord constitute Lurch's manner of singing. Gomez has a record company record him and soon the Addams house is surrounded by excited teenyboppers, fawning ... 8.0 It's midnight on the 13th wedding anniversary of Gomez and Morticia. The whole family is up in celebration, and the happy couple are obliged to tell the story of how they first met, how Grandmama and... 7.9 After the children's tongue-lashing at school for setting off dynamite caps at recess, Morticia and Gomez enroll them at Mockridge Private School headed by their "old friend" Sam Hilliard. Headmaster... 7.8 a list of 44 titles created 06 Aug 2011 a list of 41 titles created 29 Nov 2011 a list of 46 titles created 12 Jan 2013 a list of 29 titles created 13 Feb 2014 a list of 39 titles created 01 Nov 2015 Title: The Addams Family (1964–1966) 8/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. A family of friendly monsters have misadventures, never quite understanding why people react to them so strangely. Stars: Fred Gwynne, Al Lewis, Yvonne De Carlo A United States astronaut finds his life vastly complicated when he stumbles on to a bottle containing a female genie. Stars: Barbara Eden, Larry Hagman, Bill Daily A witch married to an ordinary man cannot resist using her magic powers to solve the problems her family faces. Stars: Elizabeth Montgomery, Dick York, Dick Sargent Basically an updated-for-the-90's version of the original Addams Family show. The family remains the same: Gomez, Morticia, Wednesday, Pugsley, Uncle Fester, Granmama, Lurch, Thing, and ... See full summary » Stars: Glenn Taranto, Ellie Harvie, Brody Smith Seven men and women are stranded on an uncharted island following a torrential storm. Stars: Bob Denver, Alan Hale Jr., Jim Backus A nouveau riche hillbilly family moves to Beverly Hills and shakes up the privileged society with their hayseed ways. Stars: Buddy Ebsen, Donna Douglas, Irene Ryan A wacky alien comes to Earth to study its residents, and the life of the human woman he boards with is never the same. Stars: Robin Williams, Pam Dawber, Ralph James The Cunningham family live through the 1950s with help and guidance from the lovable and almost superhuman greaser, Fonzie. Stars: Ron Howard, Henry Winkler, Marion Ross The misadventures of a wisecracking talking horse and his human owner. Stars: Allan Lane, Alan Young, Connie Hines A New York City attorney and his wife attempt to live as genteel farmers in the bizarre community of Hooterville. Stars: Eddie Albert, Eva Gabor, Tom Lester The misadventures of two single women in the 1950s and '60s. Stars: Penny Marshall, Cindy Williams, David L. Lander Addams Family Reunion (TV Movie 1998) Comedy \| Family \| Fantasy The Addams Family goes on a search for their relatives. Director: Dave Payne Edit Storyline The Addams Family is not your typical family: it takes delight in most of the things of which normal people would be terrified. Gomez Adams is an extremely wealthy man and is able to indulge his wife Morticia's every desire, whether it's cultivation of poisonous plants or a candlelit dinner in a graveyard. People visiting the Addams Family just don't seem to appreciate the 7-foot-tall butler named Lurch or the helping hand (which is just a disembodied hand named Thing). Written by Murray Chapman <[email protected]> 18 September 1964 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Los locos Addams See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia The name of the city where the Addamses lived was never mentioned on the show, although it was somewhere in New York City in the cartoons. See more » Goofs The wire that moves Cleopatra is visible every now and then. See more » Quotes Morticia : Look at Mr. Addams. He's always developing outside interests. Gomez : Right now I have the most enviable collection of coroner's reports in the neighborhood. In later episodes, Jackie Coogan is not listed in the closing credits. See more » Connections Pure Genius And Ahead Of Its Time 7 June 2004 \| by gulmatan (United States) – See all my reviews This show had it ALL--the original thinking man's unconventional humor, sex appeal, the breaking and questioning of the conventions of conformity as well as looking at the world in a unique, offbeat frame of mind!! This show perfected the genre of "looking at the world from the opposite side of the lense." Innovative, without a doubt--the one-liners, sight gags, catch phrases! Carolyn Jones and John Astin were the consummate performers in every way--the sex appeal, the humor, the acting ability, their natural chemistry. You just couldn't help but feel sorry for Lurch though. No matter what happens, he opts for the misery. Night Court, Get Smart and The (1964) Addams Family--The perfect trio! Matt A. 19 of 22 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	i don't know
Which sign of the Zodiac does the archer represent?	Sagittarius, the Archer - Astrology on the Web Click to tell your friends about this page! Mutable , change-loving Sagittarius governs long-distance travel, matters of the higher mind (philosophy, religion and the law), cultural pursuits – and having a good time! It is a fire sign , so Sagittarians are positive, forthright communicators who love travelling – although you do tend to be restless and hate to take orders. The Sun in Sagittarius favours social status, the higher mind and travel, especially in pursuit of idealistic aims in faraway places. Sagittarians are idealists and usually much in demand socially, because you are like a breath of fresh air. Search for Truth and Knowledge Sagittarius is a dual sign, which has (of course) both an up and a down-side. The symbols for Sagittarius are the hunter (archer) and the centaur, a mythical half-man, half-horse. These signify the search for truth and knowledge, as well as the constant pursuit of adventure and new ideas. Intellectual curiosity covers a wide range of subjects, but you do get bored and restless when surrounded by dull people or circumstances. You would rather learn on your own through travel and experience than endure structured classroom environments and routine work assignments. However, having broadened your knowledge and gained experience in the world on your own, you could become an excellent teacher or administrator in the very educational system you once found so restricting. You readily adapt to change and home is where you hang your hat. This is both a strength, because it is a survival mechanism, and a weakness because it makes you vulnerable to the demands and influence of others. Frank Sagittarius does not hesitate to give an honest opinion, which can seem tactless at times – although it is rarely your intention to be cruel. You have a ready wit and appreciate the humour in even the grimmest situations. Energy and Enthusiasm Needless to say, you much prefer to be the boss in any situation and must constantly watch your tongue in the unhappy event that you find yourself (temporarily!!) in the position of an underling. Before you assess the practicality or worth of what you are doing, before you sort out your true emotions, and before you take time to reason things out intellectually, you have a tendency to shoot first and ask questions later. Communication-oriented Sagittarians are forever bubbling with energy and enthusiasm. Independent and hard to pin down for long, this is the sign of the bachelor, but even married Sagittarians seek to maintain some aspect of personal independence. Jupiter, the benefic planet of fortune and good luck, endows a generous nature with a friendly, optimistic disposition. A natural politician, you like knowing everyone and going everywhere, for life is something to be enjoyed every day. Addicted to all the good things, you know how to get maximum enjoyment from them, but too much of a good thing can be problematic, and prudence is difficult for most Sagittarians to acquire. Being overly spiritual or too philosophical, for example, gets you too far out of touch with the real world. Despite heroic efforts to be prudent in one area, you can still manage to zoom into bankruptcy by overindulging elsewhere. On the other side of the ledger, your attempts to be prudent can get so far out of line that you can turn into a miser. Passion for Sports Enthusiastic Sagittarius has a passion for sports. Physically challenging endeavours of all kinds, including archery, jogging, hang gliding, sailing, and fishing (especially for big game fish) are favourite activities. One big challenge to overcome may be the battle of the bulge, when your fondness for food, glorious food and a good drop finally catches up with you. A natural gambler and risk-taker, you usually come out on the winning side, especially when you try your luck at horse or dog racing. You love music, art, dance, and drama and have considerable talent in these areas. Sagittarius rules the thighs, hips, and, to some extent, the feet. Physical problems, however, are apt to be the result of unrestricted diet or an over-indulgent pursuit of other pleasures. Sagittarians are also subject to an overpowering urge to gamble, which can be ruinous for some. Your colours are maroon, tan, navy, orange, and cobalt blue. The ancients associated the ruby with Sagittarius, while modern astrologers give this sign the turquoise. Your highly adaptable, dual personality can easily associate itself with both gems. Because Sagittarius is associated with bigness in general, flowers for this sign include the large blooms such as huge mums, hydrangeas, dahlias and peonies. \|	Sagittarius
In which UK county is Salisbury Plain?	The Spiritual Meanings of Different Colors Get A 15 Minute Psychic Reading For Only $10! Call Ask Now Toll Free 24/7: 888-628-1444 The Spiritual Meanings of Different Colors Astrology is an ancient study that uses positions of the sun, moon, stars and planets to predict a person’s personality and future. Often confused with “astronomy,” which is a study of the universe, astrology is the study of the how the universe affects humans. Astrology is based on the positions of the planets specific to the day you were born. Sometimes astrology is described as a pseudoscience because its’ discovery was not based on scientific methods. Supporters of astrology believe in a spiritual sense each life can find purpose through study of the stars. Many believe that assistance and consultation in a persons’ daily life using stars, planets, the Earth’s moon and sun. Astrologers use the constellations we call the zodiac , for twelve astrological signs: 12. Pisces the Fish Beginning with Aries on March 21 and ending with Pisces on March 20, the twelve constellation names determine your zodiac sign by your date of birth. Astrologists and those who follow astrology believe that a person’s zodiac sign indicates that person’s destiny and personality. The constellations and zodiac calendar are also spiritually related to colors. Colors indicate very different meanings. Choice of astrological colors can lead you to achieve success within yourself and in the way others see you. Using the same astrological calendar listed above, Aries through Pisces, the following is a brief explanation of zodiac colors, and planet affiliation spiritually related to each sign of the zodiac. Aries Aries is represented by The Ram constellation. Anyone born between March 21 and April 19 is an Aries on the zodiac calendar. All shades of red are colors that symbolize those people born under this sign. Red is often linked with displays of aggression, power, force and energy. The brighter shade of red, the more intense the passion. People born under the sign of Aries are typically domineering, strong and powerful, which is equally indicated by the shade of red. Wearing red shows a sense of confidence. Aries is ruled by the planet Mars and this planet represents desire, energy, and action. Taurus Birthdays between April 20 and May 20 are under the zodiac sign of Taurus which connects with the Bull constellation. All blues, yellows, and deep greens describe the astrological colors of Taurus. Blue is associated with nature, specifically the sea and sky. The color blue is a calming color. Taurus would be born between the dates of April 20 and May 20. These individuals are generally stabile, trustworthy, loyal, and wise. Colors representing Taurus also include color green (also an earth color). Green signifies the beginning of spring with characteristics include growth, health, and adventure. Pastel yellows for Taurus indicates softness and peace; affection and charm. Gemini The sign of Gemini is attributed to people born between May 21 and June 20. The main color of Gemini is yellow, with orange being a secondary shade. These two colors and the Gemini zodiac sign are charming, and life can be more beautiful and interesting when they are around, as long as they don’t get bored. The color yellow for the Gemini indicates energy, happiness and sunshine. Geminis’ are typically active and have good communication skills. However, studies show that overusing yellow may also create stress, so Gemini’s should limit use of this color. Another representative color for Gemini is orange. Orange is a mixed blend of aggressive red and bright yellow. The color orange indicates sociability and intelligence. Gemini is ruled by the planet Mercury, which makes them very good at multi-tasking; often at their best when doing two things at once. Cancer Next in our list of twelve zodiac signs is Cancer represented by The Crab constellation. The person born between June 21 and July 20 is generally very patient. Moods, both negative and positive are felt by cancer-born individuals to the fullest. These moods would include joy and sorrow; compassion and sadness. A Cancer is typically a giving and nurturing person. The best colors for Cancer are pale colors, such as violet and sea green. Sea green violet are the color choices for Cancer-born people. The color violet usually represents devotion, peace, high-ideals and spirituality. The color violet also enhances nurturing qualities. Sea Green in Cancer influence the good-natured individual. Violet and sea green are affiliated with the planet Uranus and the Earth’s Moon. Leo Leo is the fifth sign in the zodiac and is represented by the zodiac constellation the Lion. Leos are born between July 21 and August 22. A Leo, like a lion is courageous, confident and independent. Also in similarity to a lion, Leos are thought to represent royalty. They are sometimes overbearing and vain, but also smart. The colors attributed to Leo are purple, yellow and orange. Rich orange is thought of as a pleasant and positive color that reflects a balance of determination, strength and energy. Purple, often seen as the color of royalty, is a combination of red and blue, which indicates force (for red) and stability (for energy). Purple is often connected with luxury, power and ambition. Yellow, for Leos is indicative of the Earth’s brightest star, the Sun. The color yellow for Leos’ brings about clarity and creativity. It enhances communication and confidence. Virgo Virgo is affiliated with Mercury and the Earth’s Moon. Virgos are born between August 23 and September 22. Colors of Virgo are deep browns and greens, natural shades linked with Mother Earth. White and grey are also colors that represent Virgo. The constellation group associated with the Virgo zodiac sign is the Virgin. Earth signs indicate individuals that are practical and secure. White is the color of peace, purity, innocence and cleansing. Grey is a combination of white and black, the color of control and rationalism. Because Virgo is an earth sign, shades of browns, greens, beiges and tans are good colors for Virgos. Virgo is the least colorful sign in the zodiac, but apparently they are wholesome and pure in spirit. Libra The zodiac sign for Libra is represented in the constellation of “Balanced Scales”. The scales are the only image in the zodiac that is not symbolized by a person or animal. Libra’s tend to be charming, romantic, and diplomatic. They may also be self-indulgent and uncertain. In general, Libra-born individuals like sharing and gentleness, and don’t like violence and injustice. Birthdates for Libras range between September 23 and October 23, Librans are known for their analytical abilities. They can weigh and balance decisions better than any of the other eleven zodiac signs are able to do. The primary colors for Librans are gentle blue or green shades. Soft blues are thought to heal the mind and bring relaxation and peace. Pale green is thought to accomplish the main goal of Librans, which is keeping the mind, body and soul in perfect balance. Scorpio The true generic trait for Scorpios is intensity. They feel great love, desire, and sensitivity. Scorpios are perceptive, clever and resourceful. They are very powerful and focused. Scorpios can be jealous, stubborn and determined to succeed. They can also be very vengeful. Scorpio is associated with the planet Saturn, and birthdays between October 24 and November 21. Scorpio likes to know everything. Colors associated with Scorpio are Dark Red and Black. Dark red is erotic and stirs up passion, power, and erotic instincts. In contrast to the red in the zodiac sign Aries, the darker red of Scorpio is more secret, less open and more emotional. Black for Scorpio means mystery, power and elegance. Black gives Scorpios the feeling of strength and authority. Sagittarius Traits of a Sagittarius are: good natured, fun, sociable, spiritual and impatient. Purple is the perfect mix of blue for stability and red that represents power, wealth, and luxury. For Sagittarius, purple is the color of creativity, independence, and magic. Ultramarine blue is considered to be Sagittarius’ spiritual color as it represents open spaces, imagination, sensitivity, and inspiration. Sagittarius is always curious. People born between November 22 and December 21 are born under this zodiac sign, named “The Archer”. Sagittarius is ruled by the planet Jupiter. Capricorn A typical Capricorn does not like surprises, disorder, new ideas, or public embarrassment. Capricorn-born individuals are usually interested in tradition and the welfare of the community. Capricorn is displayed in the zodiac as the constellation The Goat. Those born under the zodiac sign of Capricorn (December 22 to January 19) may become too ambitious regarding wealth. Colors of Capricorn tend to be brown-black, hard colors of reality, stability, and principles. Black is the color of isolation, judgment, and death. Black does not reflect light and indicates feelings of seriousness, pessimism, and darkness. The ruling planet of Capricorn is Saturn. Aquarius An individual born under the zodiac sign of Aquarius is usually open-minded, peaceful and friendly. They often break away from the present in order to contemplate their future. As the Water Bearer, Aquarius associates with the colors of ocean and sky. These would be primarily light blues and greens. Bold colors could throw off the sensitive balance of the Aquarian-born individual. Soft greens and blues are calming and peaceful. Aquarius is ruled by the planet Uranus, with birthdays between January 20 and February 19. Generally, Aquarius spends more time detached from the present. Even when surrounded by close friends, Aquarians may be lonely. Because they are able to detach from the present and get absorbed in the future, they may be misread as uncaring and distant. Pisces The zodiac sign Pisces is related to the constellation of two fishes, and ruled by the planet Neptune. Pisces represent constructive personality traits such as honest, and generous. On the other hand they can be paranoid with a tendency to exaggerate. Pisces is the twelfth and last sign on the zodiac calendar. The best colors for a Pisces-born individual are soft greens, such as aquamarine, mauve, lilac and light shades of blue. Pisces typically cares more for ideals and aspirations, and less for making money. Pisces are not known to be competitive, but instead enjoy their dreams. The zodiac Pisces is ruled by the planet Neptune. Conclusion Color has a significant and spiritual place in our lives. We view things differently based on color. Paint a room in a lighter color it looks larger, while darker colors make the same room look small. The spiritual meaning of different colors is seen through the twelve signs of the zodiac. Each zodiac sign has positives and negatives. Color speaks to our souls in a way that spiritually and subconsciously affects our emotions and general outlook on life.	i don't know
Sardines and pilchards belong to which family of fish?	What is a Pilchard? (with pictures) What is a Pilchard? Last Modified Date: 12 December 2016 Copyright Protected: These 10 animal facts will amaze you A pilchard, more commonly known as a sardine , is a type of small fish that’s found in many places across the world. Pilchards nearly always swim in large schools, and can grow to around 14 inches (35 cm) in length. The fish are popular to eat, and are famous for the tightly-packed tins in which they are sold. There are several different species of pilchard, although the difference between the fish and a sardine is not always clear. Pilchard fish belong to the Clupeidae family. The fish are classified as oily, which means that the tissues contain a large amount of oil. They are closely related to herrings, another type of oily fish, which also tend to move in large schools. Some examples of species include the South American, White and European pilchard. Officially, there are six species that are named pilchard, with more classified as sardines. There are a number of other species, however, which are from the same family and are often called pilchards. The fish are commonly found in the Northern Hemisphere, but there are some species that live around Australia and other parts of the Southern Hemisphere. Traditionally, the fish were found in large numbers near the island of Sardinia, which is where sardines get their name. Today, however, the fish are no longer so abundant in this region. Ad As pilchards are oily fish, there are a number or purported health benefits to eating them. Omega 3 has become widely known in recent years, largely due to the effect it is thought to have on the heart. The fish contain a lot of this fatty acid, which makes them a healthy choice of food. Other nutrients contained in the fish include vitamin D and protein. A bonus is that the meat of the fish contains a relatively low amount of contaminating chemicals. Although there is some debate about the difference between a sardine and pilchard, generally the terms are used interchangeably. Some experts, however, define sardines as young fish and pilchards as older specimens. Usually, the cut off date between sardines and pilchards is around one year. Another classification is the size of the fish, with specimens longer than 6 inches (about 15 cm) in length being pilchards. Pilchards and sardines are sold in huge quantities across the world. Usually, the fish will come in cans that are tightly packed. This, combined with a commonly used opener on the tin , makes the fish an attractive option for people who want convenient, healthy food. The fish are usually packed in water or oil. Ad	Herring
What is the name of Snoopy's brother?	The Herring family... SEARCH The Herring family... Herrings A smooth, slender body, with silvery skin with hints of green and blue. They range in size from 100-450g and are best grilled or baked whole, but there is a traditional Scottish recipe where they are rolled in Oatmeal and fried in bacon fat. As with all oil-rich fish, they benefit from a sharp sauce. Herrings are most popular in their various smoked and cured forms, and as Avruga – a great alternative to Caviar (see page 42). Sardines / Pilchards They are both the same species, which has the Latin name Sardinus pilchardus. The smaller fish are known as Sardines and the larger, older fish are Pilchards. They range in size from 80g-150g, and are ideal for grilling whole and served as a starter or for barbecuing. Fished off the South Coast, the French Coast and the Mediterranean, they tend to prefer warmer waters. Currently most of the UK catch goes to France. Anchovies and Sprats Long, thin fish, usually around 10-15cm long. Mainly sold filleted and preserved in oil, as they are small and fragile and therefore difficult to transport whole. Sprats are fished seasonally around the UK coast. Whitebait Not actually a species in its own right, but the fry of other small species like Herrings and Sprats. They can be found in estuaries, shallow coastal waters, the North Sea and East Atlantic. Fresh Whitebait are hard to get, but frozen are always available. There is only one way to cook them - whole (don’t gut or head them),dusted in seasoned flour, deep fried in oil and served with loads of lemon and parsley. ‘Devilled Whitebait’ has cayenne pepper added to the flour.	i don't know
Who wrote 'The Jungle Book'?	The Jungle Book \| Disney Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia After the film's success, Disney released a live-action remake , and a theatrical sequel . The film stands as one of the most popular Disney movies of all time. In its initial release, the popularity was comparable to that of The Lion King or Frozen , making it a great influence for some of today's biggest names in animation (such as Andreas Deja and Brad Bird ). However, Disney wouldn't receive a similar success until The Little Mermaid in 1989. Though it should be noted that Disney did have a few successful films during that time period, most notably The Rescuers in 1977 and The Great Mouse Detective in 1986. Contents Plot Title Card for The Jungle Book Mowgli ( Bruce Reitherman ) is found in a basket as a baby in the deep jungles of Madhya Pradesh, India by Bagheera ( Sebastian Cabot ), the black panther. He promptly takes him to an Indian Wolf who has just had cubs. She raises him along with her own cubs and Mowgli soon becomes well acquainted with jungle life. Ten years later, Mowgli visits the wolves and gets his face licked eagerly when he arrives. One night, when the wolf pack learns that Shere Khan ( George Sanders ), a man-eating Bengal tiger, has returned to the jungle, they realize that Mowgli must be taken to the "man village" to protect him and those around him. Bagheera volunteers to escort him back. They leave that very night, but Mowgli is determined to stay in the jungle. They spend the night on a large tree, where they encounter Kaa ( Sterling Holloway ), a python who hypnotizes Mowgli and tries to eat him. Bagheera stops him, and he and Mowgli go to sleep. The next morning, Mowgli tries to join the Indian elephant patrol led by Colonel Hathi ( J. Pat O'Malley ). Bagheera finds Mowgli and they argue; Mowgli runs away from Bagheera. The boy soon meets up with the fun-loving bear Baloo ( Phil Harris ), who shows Mowgli the fun of having a care-free life and promises not to take him to the man village. Mowgli now wants to stay in the jungle more than ever. Before long, Mowgli is caught by a gang of monkeys and taken to their leader, King Louie ( Louis Prima ) the orangutan, who makes a deal with Mowgli that if he tells him the secret of making fire like a human, then he will make it so he can stay in the jungle ("I Wanna Be Like You"). However, since he was not raised by humans, Mowgli doesn't know how to make fire. Bagheera and Baloo arrive at the palace, unseen and try to plan a way to rescue Mowgli, but the catchy beat of the song distracts Baloo and he wanders off dancing. Soon, however, he appears dressed in banana skins and coconut shells posing as a female orangutan which fools the King. But soon, Baloo's disguise is revealed and there begins a mad chase between the monkeys and Baloo and Bagheera over Mowgli. The King accidentally knocks down a pillar and holds up the temple the best he can until he struggles when Baloo begins to tickle him frantically under the arms. The monkeys manage to stop Baloo's tickling but end up bouncing the king onto the other pillar instead, causing the temple to collapse in a rumble. Mowgli is rescued from King Louie by Bagheera and Baloo. Bagheera explains to Baloo that the jungle isn't safe when Shere Khan is around. As morning arrives, Baloo explains to Mowgli that the Man Village is best for him, but Mowgli accuses him of breaking his promise and runs away in the deepest part of the jungle. Bagheera (after Baloo explains to him) then finds the Elephant Patrol and tells Hathi of Mowgli running away with Shere Khan himself overhearing. Hathi then organizes a special search mission for all his herd. Later, Kaa hypnotizes Mowgli into a deep and peaceful sleep and tries to eat him (after tricking him that Mowgli can trust him), but thanks to the intervention of Shere Khan, Mowgli escapes. He encounters a group of solemn vultures ( J. Pat O'Malley , Digby Wolfe, Lord Tim Hudson, and Chad Stuart), who closely resemble The Beatles, and they say they'll be his friend. The vultures argue and continually sidetrack Mowgli with their pointless arguments. Shere Khan appears shortly after and challenges Mowgli to a fight, but Baloo rushes to the rescue. Baloo is knocked unconscious and Mowgli ties a flaming branch onto Shere Khan's tail in order to get rid of the ruthless tiger. Baloo then wakes up and he and Bagheera take Mowgli to the edge of a man-village, but Mowgli is still hesitant to go in. His mind soon changes when a young girl from the village comes down by the riverside to fetch water. After noticing the boy, she "accidentally" drops her water pot, and Mowgli retrieves it for her and follows her into the man village. After Mowgli chooses to stay in the man village, Baloo and Bagheera decide to head home to the jungle. Cast Bruce Reitherman provided the voice of Mowgli , who is the main protagonist of the film. Mowgli is an orphaned boy, commonly referred to as "man-cub" by the other characters. Phil Harris voiced Baloo , a sloth bear who leads a carefree life and believes in letting the good things in life come by themselves. Sebastian Cabot voiced Bagheera , a serious black panther (melanistic leopard) who is determined to take Mowgli back to the village and disapproves of Baloo's carefree approach to life. Louis Prima voiced King Louie . King Louie is an ape who wants to be a human and offers to let Mowgli stay in the jungle (by bribing him with bananas) if Mowgli shows him the secret of "Man's Red Flower" (fire), though why he wants it is unknown. George Sanders voiced Shere Khan the Bengal tiger and the film's main antagonist, who wants to catch and eat Mowgli. For this reason, the Wolf Council votes to send Mowgli away. Bill Lee provided his singing voice. Sterling Holloway voiced Kaa , an Indian rock python and the film's secondary antagonist, who, like Shere Khan , is determined to catch and eat Mowgli. Production Development and Writing After finishing The Sword in the Stone , writer Bill Peet suggested Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book as the next film to Walt Disney . Disney agreed and bought the rights to the book. Peet decided to follow the dramatic, dark, and sinister tone of Kipling's book and wrote an early treatment with little to no supervision, as he had done in One Hundred and One Dalmatians and The Sword in the Stone , along with character designs as well as the idea for the song " The Bare Necessities ". The original story tells about the struggles between animals and man. Since the novel is very episodic, with Mowgli going back and forth from the jungle to the Man-Village, Peet made the story much more straightforward; felt that Mowgli returning to the Man-Village should be the ending for the film. Following suggestions, Peet also created two original characters: The human girl for which Mowgli falls in love, as the animators considered that falling in love would be the best excuse for Mowgli to leave the jungle; and Louie, king of the monkeys. Louie was a less comical character, enslaving Mowgli trying to get the boy to teach him to make fire. The orangutan would also show a plot point borrowed from The Second Jungle Book, gold and jewels under his ruins - after Mowgli got to the man village, a poacher would drag the boy back to the ruins in search of the treasure. However, disappointed by the reception of The Sword in the Stone, Disney was determined to be more involved within the story than he had been in the past two films that were written by Peet, with his nephew Roy E. Disney saying that "[he] certainly influenced everything about it. (...) With Jungle Book, he obviously got hooked on the jungle and the characters that lived there." Disney soon became critical of Peet's original treatment and how the story turned out, as he felt it was too dark for family viewing and insisted on script changes. Peet refused, and after a long argument, Peet left the Disney studio in January 1964. Disney then assigned Larry Clemmons as his new writer and one of the four story men for the film, giving Clemmons a copy of Kipling's book, and telling him: "The first thing I want you to do is not to read it." Clemmons still looked at the novel and thought it was too disjointed and without continuity, needing adaptations to fit a film script. Clemmons wanted to start in media res , with some flashbacks afterward, but then Disney said to focus on doing the storyline more straight - "Let's do the meat of the picture. Let's establish the characters. Let's have fun with it. Although much of Bill Peet's work was discarded, the personalities of the characters remained in the final film. This was because Disney felt that the story should be kept simple, and the characters should drive the story. Disney took an active role in the story meetings, acting out each role and helping to explore the emotions of the characters, help create gags and develop emotional sequences. Clemmons would write a rough script with an outline for most sequences. The story artists then discussed how to fill the scenes, including the comedic gags to employ. The script also tried to incorporate how the voice actors molded their characters and interacted with each other. The Jungle Book also marks the last animated film from the company to have Disney's personal touches, before his death on December 15, 1966. Casting Many familiar voices inspired the animators in their creation of the characters and helped them shape their personalities. This use of familiar voices for key characters was a rarity in Disney's past films. The staff was shocked to hear that a wise-cracking comedian, Phil Harris was going to be in a Kipling film. Disney suggested Harris after meeting him at a party. Harris improvised most of his lines, as he considered the scripted lines "didn't feel natural". After Harris was cast, Disneyland Records president Jimmy Johnson suggested Disney to get Louie Prima as King Louie, as he "felt that Louis would be great as foil". Walt also cast other prominent actors such as George Sanders as Shere Khan and Sebastian Cabot as Bagheera. Additionally, he cast regular Disney voices such as Sterling Holloway as Kaa, J. Pat O'Malley as Colonel Hathi and Buzzie the Vulture and Verna Felton as Hathi's wife. This was her last film before she died. David Bailey was originally cast as Mowgli, but his voice changed during production, leading Bailey to not fit the "young innocence of Mowgli's character" which the producers were aiming at anymore. Thus director Wolfgang Reitherman cast his son Bruce Reitherman , who had just voiced Christopher Robin in Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree . The animators shot footage of Bruce as a guide for the character's performance. Child actress Darlene Carr was going around singing in the studio when composers The Sherman Brothers asked her to record a demo of Shanti's song " My Own Home ". Carr's performance impressed Disney enough for him to cast her as Shanti. In the original book, the vultures are grim and evil characters who feast on the dead. Disney lightened it up by having the vultures bearing a physical and vocal resemblance to The Beatles , including the signature mop-top haircuts. It was also planned to have the members of the band to both voice the characters and sing their song, " That's What Friends are For ". However, scheduling conflicts, added to John Lennon reacting badly, lead to the idea being discarded. The casting of the vultures still brought a British Invasion musician, Chad Stuart of the duo Chad & Jeremy. In earlier drafts of the scene the vultures had a near-sighted Rhinoceros friend named Rocky , who was to be voiced by Frank Fontaine, however, Walt decided to cut the character for feeling that the film had already much action with the monkeys and vultures. Animation While many of the later Disney feature films had animators being responsible for single characters, in The Jungle Book the animators were in charge of whole sequences, since many have characters interacting with one another. The animation was done by xerography, with character design, lead by Ken Anderson , employing rough, artistic edges in contrast to the round animals seen in productions such as Dumbo . Anderson also decided to make Shere Khan resemble his voice actor, George Sanders. Backgrounds were hand-painted - with exception of the waterfall, mostly consisting of footage of the Angel Falls - and sometimes scenery was used in both foreground and bottom to create a notion of depth. Following one of Reitherman's trademarks of reusing animation of his previous films, the wolf cubs are based on dogs from 101 Dalmatians. Animator Milt Kahl based Bagheera and Shere Kahn's movements on live-action felines, which he saw in two Disney productions, A Tiger Walks and the " Jungle Cat " episode of True-Life Adventures . Baloo was also based on footage of bears, even incorporating the animal's penchant for scratching. Since Kaa has no limbs, its design received big expressive eyes and parts of Kaa's body did the action that normally would be done with hands. The monkeys' dance during " I Wanna Be Like You " was partially inspired by a performance Louis Prima did with his band at Disney's soundstage to convince Walt Disney to cast him. Releases Main article: The Jungle Book (video) 1990 Re-Release Poster The Jungle Book was released in October 1967, just 10 months after Walt's death. It was a success, earning $13 million in just its domestic release, mostly due to the popularity of its musical numbers. The film was subsequently re-released in theaters in 1978 , 1984 , and 1990 . The film made its VHS home video debut in Mexico on October 31, 1987, twenty years after its original release. This 1987 release was dubbed in Spanish. The Jungle Book was released in the United States on VHS in 1991 as part of the Walt Disney Classics product line. The American version was subsequently re-released in 1997 as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection for the film's 30th anniversary; this transfer had washed-out colors. A Limited Issue DVD was released by Buena Vista Home Entertainment in 1999. The DVD was barebones and used the 1997 VHS transfer with analog video. The film was released once again as a 2-disc Platinum Edition DVD on October 2, 2007, to commemorate its 40th anniversary. The Platinum Edition presents the film for the first time in 1.75:1 widescreen aspect ratio and also includes brand new luscious and rich colors. This is the first Disney release titled "Platinum Edition" in the UK instead of "Special Edition". The film was released on Blu-ray on February 11, 2014. On February 11 a petition was made to The Walt Disney Company to restore the original aspect ratio of the film to the Diamond Edition release. The other request the petition stated was to release the Blu-ray/DVD combo pack like its other Diamond Edition predecessors had before it. The petition has been proven effective by multiple people who feel the film's current release was not up to par with other Disney releases. Reception Critical reaction The Jungle Book received an outpouring of positive reviews upon release, undoubtedly influenced by a nostalgic reaction to the passing of Disney. Time noted that the film strayed far from the Kipling stories, but "the result is thoroughly delightful...it is the happiest possible way to remember Walt Disney." The New York Times called it "a perfectly dandy cartoon feature," and Life magazine referred to it as "the best thing of its kind since Dumbo , another short, bright, unscary and blessedly uncultivated cartoon." Some negative reviews came from Judith Crist , who said the film was "devoid of mood or atmosphere." Variety's review was generally positive, but they stated that "the story development is restrained" and that younger audiences "may squirm at times." Retrospective reviews were also positive, with the film's animation, characters, and music receiving much praise throughout the years. In 1990, when the film had its last theatrical re-release,Entertainment Weekly considered that The Jungle Book "isn't a classic Walt Disney film on the order of, say, Cinderella or Pinocchio , but it's one of Disney's liveliest and funniest", while the Los Angeles Times thought the film's crew was "near the height of their talents" and the resulting film "remains a high-spirited romp that will delight children--and parents weary of action films with body counts that exceed their box-office grosses." In 2010, Empire described the film as one that "gets pretty much everything right", regarding that the vibrant animation and catchy songs overcame the plot deficiencies. Abigail Disney Abigail Disney, the grandniece of Walt Disney, has criticized the film, stating: “Anti-Semite? Check. Misogynist? OF COURSE!! Racist? C'mon he made a film (Jungle Book) about how you should stay 'with your own kind' at the height of the fight over segregation! As if the 'King of the Jungle' number wasn't proof enough!! How much more information do you need?” ―{{{2}}}	Rudyard Kipling
What is the capital of Nova Scotia (East Canada)?	Rudyard Kipling wrote The Jungle Book What happened on this day in history. DECEMBER 30th On this day in history in 1865, was born Rudyard Kipling. Kipling was a poet and novelist, who glorified imperial expansion and wrote The Jungle Book, a text subsequently bowdlerised and sanitised by Hollywood. Joseph Rudyard Kipling was born on 30th December 1865 in Bombay, now known as Mumbai, the son of artist John Lockwood Kipling and Alice Kipling nee Macdonald, two of whose sisters were married to painters. The Kiplings were Anglo-Indians that is expatriate British, who had moved to Bombay a year before young Kipling was born. Kiplingï¿½s parents had courted on the banks of Rudyard Lake, Staffordshire, hence the unusual forename of their son. At the age of six, Kipling was taken to Lorne Lodge, a foster home at Southsea, Portsmouth, a repressive institution for the children of expatriates, which he later described in his story Baa Baa, Black Sheep. In 1878, Kipling went on to the United Services College at Westward Ho, Devon, a mediocre boarding school, which formed the basis for his schoolboy stories Stalky & Co. In 1882, Kipling contrived an escape from this institution by obtaining a position as a journalist in India, which he considered to be his true home. He wrote of his home city, Bombay: Mother of Cities to me For I was born in her gate Between the palms and the sea Where the world-end steamers wait. Kipling worked in Lahore, now in Pakistan, for seven years for various publications, all the while observing the spectacle of his native India, and writing prose sketches and light verse. In 1886, he published the verse collection Departmental Ditties and in 1888, the short story collection Plain Tales from the Hills. In 1889, he published six volumes of short stories, including Soldiers Three, The Phantom Rickshaw and Wee Willie Winkie. The success of his publications was outstanding, so much so that he was persuaded to move to London, where his career as a writer would flourish. In 1892, he brought out the verse collection Barrack-Room Ballads, containing the poems Mandalay, Gunga Din, and Danny Deever. Much of his work would now be considered racist. He referred to native Indians, and to foreigners in general, as ï¿½lesser breedsï¿½, but this was in keeping with the mores of the time, in an age when the British considered themselves of a greater standing than other nations. Kipling bore no malice towards the Indians and even showed a degree of reverence in the words ï¿½Youï¿½re a better man that I am, Gunga Dinï¿½. In 1892, Kipling married American, Caroline Balestier, and the couple moved to Vermont in the United States. Their sojourn in America was not a pleasant one. The Americans did not like the Kiplings and the Kiplings found their neighbours objectionable. Perhaps Kipling considered that the American colonists were a ï¿½lesser breedï¿½ like the Indians. The Kiplings consoled themselves by taking extended vacations in South Africa, where British imperialism flourished. They continued to live in America and had three children, and Kipling produced some of his best work including The Jungle Book. In 1896, Anglo American relations reached a new low with a crisis in Venezuela and it seemed that war would break out between Britain and the United States. The Kiplings packed up and left for London in a hurry. In 1902 Kipling bought a home in Burwash, Sussex, in which he lived until his death. Sussex was the backdrop for much of his later writing, including Puck of Pook's Hill and Rewards and Fairies, works which presented a view of English history that was more emotional than factual. In 1907, Kipling received the Nobel Prize for Literature. He was offered a knighthood and the office of Poet Laureate but refused both. In 1915, his son, John, was killed at the Battle of Loos. This tragedy inspired Kipling to join the Imperial War Graves Commission, now the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, an institute responsible for maintaining British cemeteries. One of Kiplingï¿½s contributions to the project was his selection of the biblical phrase ï¿½Their Name Liveth For Evermoreï¿½, a maxim found on war memorials throughout the land. Kipling died aged 70 on 18th January 1936 and is buried in Poets Corner at Westminster Abbey.	i don't know
In 1923 who was the 1st American to swim across the English Channel?	Gertrude Ederle, the First Woman to Swim Across the English Channel, Dies at 98 - The New York Times The New York Times Sports \|Gertrude Ederle, the First Woman to Swim Across the English Channel, Dies at 98 Search Gertrude Ederle, the First Woman to Swim Across the English Channel, Dies at 98 By RICHARD SEVERO Continue reading the main story Gertrude Ederle, who was called ''America's best girl'' by President Calvin Coolidge in 1926 after she became the first woman to swim across the English Channel, died yesterday at a nursing home in Wyckoff, N.J. She was 98. Ederle was a symbol of the Roaring 20's, a decade given as much to heroics as to materialism. For a time, her accomplishment put her in the public's affection at the level of Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, Bill Tilden and Red Grange. Ederle did not sustain the lofty place in history of another hero of the 1920's, Charles A. Lindbergh, who crossed the Atlantic a year after her historic swim, or of the golden athletes who appeared regularly before the public and kept their fame alive. But her feat, which she did only once and under horrendous conditions, made a memorable contribution in an age when many found it difficult to take female athletes seriously. They had to take Ederle seriously, because she beat the records of the five men who had previously made the swim from 1875 to 1923. Continue reading the main story Years later, after other men and women had successfully swum the Channel, Grover A. Whalen, New York City's official greeter, said that of all the celebrities he had welcomed to town, he could not recall one that made the impact of Ederle at her homecoming. Advertisement Continue reading the main story Ederele was born Oct. 23, 1905, in New York City, one of four daughters and two sons of Henry Ederle, a butcher and provisioner, and his wife, Anna. Her father owned a summer cottage in Highlands, N.J., and she learned to swim on the Jersey Shore. She called herself a ''water baby'' and said that over the years, she was ''happiest between the waves.'' But she developed a hearing problem when she was 5, after a bout with the measles. ''The doctors told me my hearing would get worse if I continued swimming, but I loved the water so much, I just couldn't stop,'' she said. In the early 1920's, as a competitive swimmer, she set women's world freestyle records and American freestyle records for various distances from 100 to 800 meters. In a single afternoon in 1922, she broke seven such records at Brighton Beach, Brooklyn. Between 1921 and 1925, she held 29 amateur national and world records. In what might have been an anticipation of her Channel swim, she swam more than 16 miles through tricky currents between the Battery and Sandy Hook, N.J. In 1924, she was a member of the United States team that competed in the Olympics in Paris. She won a gold medal as part of the 400-meter freestyle relay, and she won the bronze medal in the 100 and 400 individual freestyle events. It was no small accomplishment. She was swimming with an injured knee and, together with the other female athletes from the United States, she had an added handicap of fatigue. They were put up in hotels far away from the center of Paris because United States officials did not want them contaminated with what they saw as the city's bohemian morality. Ederle and her teammates had to travel five to six hours each day to practice in the Olympic pool. After Paris, she began to focus on the English Channel. The first person to swim it was Matthew Webb of England, who in 1875 made it in 21 hours 45 minutes. Of the four other men who succeeded before Ederle, none were faster than 16 hours 33 minutes. One swimmer, Henry Sullivan of the United States, required 26 hours 50 minutes. Ederle first tried to swim the Channel in 1925. The Women's Swimming Association provided the financial backing. But after she swam 23 miles in 8 hours 43 minutes, the people in a boat who were supposed to look after her thought she might be unconscious in the water. Somebody yelled, ''She's drowning!'' and they touched her, which immediately disqualified her. A perturbed Ederle insisted that she had not been drowning at all, only resting, and that she could have easily continued. ''All I could wonder was, 'What will they think of me back in the States?' '' she said. She vowed to try it again and told her father and everyone else involved that no matter how she looked in the water, she did not want to be touched. Advertisement Continue reading the main story She decided not to ask the Women's Swimming Association to back her a second time and raised the needed $9,000 herself. With the help of her sister Margaret, she designed a two-piece bathing suit that would not drag in the water, yet would be ''decent in case I failed and they had to drag me out,'' she said. Shortly after 7 a.m. on Aug. 6, 1926, Ederle, smeared with sheep grease, waded into the English Channel at Cape Gris-Nez, France. She could see a red ball on the French shore, a warning to small craft to avoid a sea that promised to be very choppy. ''Please, God, help me,'' she said. Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy For a while, she said she sang ''Let Me Call You Sweetheart'' to the rhythm of her stroke. In the boat that moved with her, the crew occasionally held up signs, which said things like ''one wheel,'' ''two wheels,'' enumerating parts of a car, because she had been promised a red roadster if she was successful. Fourteen hours 31 minutes later, a world record, Ederle reached Kingsdown on the English coast. If she had been able to swim in a straight line, it would have been a 21-mile trip. But the sea was so rough, she swam no less than 35 miles. Ederle always held that her record was never broken, even though in 1950, another American, Florence Chadwick, swam the Channel in 13 hours 20 minutes. That was in a relatively calm sea, Ederle said, so it was not a fair comparison. She was not prepared for the ticker-tape parade that New York gave her through its financial district on Aug. 27, 1926, in which an estimated two million people turned out and chanted, ''Trudy! Trudy!'' even though her family had always called her ''Gertie.'' She had to be rushed into Mayor Jimmy Walker's office in City Hall when exuberant crowds stormed the doors. She was also not prepared for the adulation she received in the weeks to come, when somebody wrote a song titled, ''Tell Me, Trudy, Who Is Going to Be the Lucky One?'' Men were proposing to her by mail almost every week. Coolidge invited her to the White House, called her ''America's best girl,'' and said to her, ''I am amazed that a woman of your small stature should be able to swim the English Channel.'' It was a curious observation; Ederle weighed 142 pounds and soon became an adviser to a manufacturer of dresses for large women. She was invited to join a touring vaudeville act, and there were reports that she earned $2,000 or $3,000 a week. She went to Hollywood and made a 10-minute movie about herself, for which she was paid $8,000. Various groups wanted her to speak, and the marriage proposals kept coming. ''I finally got the shakes,'' she told an interviewer years later. ''I was just a bundle of nerves. I had to quit the tour and I was stone deaf.'' The hearing problem she had since childhood was made much worse by the Channel swim. Ederle had what was later described as a nervous breakdown. Her encroaching deafness made her shy away from people. In 1929, she was ''practically engaged'' to one man, and suggested to him that it might be difficult being married to a woman who could not hear well. He agreed and vanished. After he left her, she said: ''There never was anyone else. I just didn't want to get hurt again.'' Advertisement Continue reading the main story As the years passed, the public made fewer demands on her. The proposals stopped. In 1933, she slipped on broken tiles in the stairwell of the apartment building in which she lived, injured her back and was in a cast for four years. Doctors told her she would neither walk nor swim again, but in 1939 she appeared in Billy Rose's Aquacade at the New York World's Fair. Over the years, it sometimes seemed that journalists alone remembered her, and they wrote articles commemorating the 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th and 25th anniversaries of her Channel swim. She always obliged with an interview but detested the articles that tried to make her pitiable. ''Don't weep for me, don't write any sob stories,'' she told The New York Times in 1956. When World War II began, Ederle took a job working for an airline at La Guardia Airport. She checked flight instruments used by airplanes and loved the work, she said. She quit after the war, when told she could keep the job if she moved to Tulsa, Okla. For many years, she taught swimming to children at the Lexington School for the Deaf in New York. She did not know sign language but was able to demonstrate to them in the water what they should know about swimming. Her own deafness continued to worsen. Although she claimed she had saved and invested well, she never made the huge amounts of money that came to celebrities in later generations. She earned some money in the 1950's lending her name to a bacteria-free swimming pool, but her income over the years was modest. Ederle lived for many years in Flushing, Queens, with two female companions. She is survived by 10 nephews and nieces. ''I have no complaints,'' Ederle told one interviewer. ''I am comfortable and satisfied. I am not a person who reaches for the moon as long as I have the stars.''	Henry Sullivan
"In 1927 who played the lead role in the 1st talking motion picture, ""The Jazz Singer""?"	Almanac ~ Friday, 8/5/16 \| KALW Almanac ~ Friday, 8/5/16 218th day of 2016, 148 days remain Sunrise 6:17am Sunset: 8:14pm, giving us 13 hours and 56 minutes of daylight Tides at the Golden Gate High: 1:22am/2:46pm Santo Domingo Foundation Day - Dominican Republic Transfiguration - San Salvador del Mundo - El Salvador Virgen de las Nieves - Peru It’s also… Braham Pie Day or Homemade Pie Day International Beer Day On this day in… 1833 - The village of Chicago was incorporated. The population was approximately 250. 1861 - The U.S. federal government levied its first income tax. The tax was 3% of all incomes over $800. The wartime measure was rescinded in 1872. 1864 - During the U.S. Civil War, Union forces led by Adm. David G. Farragut were led into Mobile Bay, Alabama. 1884 - On Bedloe's Island in New York Harbor, the cornerstone for the Statue of Liberty was laid. 1914 - The first electric traffic signal lights were installed in Cleveland, Ohio. 1921 - The first play-by-play broadcast of a baseball game was done by Harold Arlin. KDKA Radio in Pittsburgh, PA described the action between the Pirates and Philadelphia. 1921 - The cartoon "On the Road to Moscow", by Rollin Kirby, was published in the "New York World". It was the first cartoon to win a Pulitzer Prize. 1923 - Henry Sullivan became the first American to swim across the English Channel. 1924 - In the New York "Daily News" debuted the comic strip "Little Orphan Annie," by Harold Gray. 1944 - Polish insurgents liberated a German labor camp in Warsaw. 348 Jewish prisoners were freed. 1953 - During the Korean conflict prisoners were exchanged at Panmunjom. The exchange was labeled Operation Big Switch. 1960 - For the first time two major league baseball clubs traded managers. Detroit traded Jimmy Dykes for Cleveland's Joe Gordon. 1963 - The Limited Test Ban Treaty was signed by the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union. The treaty banned nuclear tests in space, underwater, and in the atmosphere. 1964 - U.S. aircraft bombed North Vietnam after North Vietnamese boats attacked U.S. destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin. 1966 - In New York, groundbreaking for the construction of the original World Trade Center began. 1969 - The Mariner 7, a U.S. space probe, passed by Mars. Photographs and scientific data were sent back to Earth. 1974 - U.S. President Nixon said that he expected to be impeached. Nixon had ordered the investigation into the Watergate break-in to halt. 1974 - "Tank McNamara", the comic strip, premiered in 75 newspapers. 1981 - The U.S. federal government started firing striking air traffic controllers. 1984 - Toronto’s Cliff Johnson set a major league baseball record by hitting the 19th pinch-hit home run in his career. 1986 - It was revealed that artist Andrew Wyeth had secretly created 240 drawings and paintings of his neighbor. The works of Helga Testorf had been created over a 15-year period. 1989 - In Honduras, five Central American presidents began meeting to discuss the timetable for the dismantling of the Nicaraguan Contra bases. 1990 - U.S. President George H.W. Bush angrily denounced the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. 1991 - An investigation was formally launched by Democratic congressional leaders to find out if the release of American hostages was delayed until after the Reagan-Bush presidential election. 1991 - Iraq admitted to misleading U.N. inspectors about secret biological weapons. 1992 - Federal civil rights charges were filed against four Los Angeles police officers. The officers had been acquitted on California State charges. Two of the officers were convicted and jailed on violation of civil rights charges. 1998 - Iraqi President Saddam Hussein began not cooperating with U.N. weapons inspectors. 1999 - Mark McGwire (St. Louis Cardinals) hit his 500th career homerun. He also set a record for the fewest at-bats to hit the 500 homerun mark. 2002 - The U.S. closed its consulate in Karachi, Pakistan. The consulate was closed after local authorities removed large concrete blocks and reopened the road in front of the building to normal traffic. 2009 - Google purchased its first public company. The company was the video software maker On2 Technologies. 2011 - NASA announced that its Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter had captured photographic evidence of possible liquid water on Mars during warm seasons. 2011 - Juno was launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on a mission to Jupiter. It was the first solar-powered spacecraft to go to Jupiter. 2011 - Standard & Poor's Financial Services lowered the United States' AAA credit rating by one notch to AA-plus. Birthday celebrants today include (or included)… Guy DeMaupassant 1850	i don't know
What year did the 'London Underground' open?	When did the London Underground open and what was the first line? \| How It Works Magazine When did the London Underground open and what was the first line? By How It Works Team · 2 years ago By the mid-19th century, London’s roads had become choked with traffic. Charles Pearson, the solicitor to the City of London, promoted a solution, which was to run a railway under the streets. The Metropolitan Railway opened on 10 January 1863 and became the world’s first underground railway. It used steam locomotives with special condensing engines designed to limit smoke in the tunnels. Five years after the Metropolitan Line opened, the District Line joined up with it, creating the Circle Line. Next to arrive was the Northern Line in 1880, followed by the Waterloo & City Line. The Central Line began operating in 1900 before the Bakerloo and Piccadilly Lines started taking passengers in 1906. Over half a century passed before the Victoria Line was unveiled by Queen Elizabeth II in 1969, with the Jubilee becoming the latest addition in 1977.	1863
Who sang '99 Red Balloons'?	London Underground's history London Underground's history This is an archived page. The tube is an engineering marvel: 150 years in the making, with 253 miles of passageway snaking under the capital, carrying millions of people every day. It's crowded, uncomfortable and expensive - but it defined London. And it's ours. Time Out champions one of the true wonders of the Western World, and pioneers who built it Peter WattsPosted: Tue Apr 17 2007 Commuters at Leytonstone staton around 1900 Image courtesy London Transport Museum ( www.ltmuseum.co.uk ) © Transport For London It was, on the face of it, a stupid idea. Running trains, and steam trains at that, in tunnels underneath the London streets. In 1862, the Times described it as an ‘insult to common sense’ and it was probably right. But the London Underground turned out to be one of the great engineering feats of modern times, the world’s only steam-driven underground railway and the first electrified underground railway. A socially egalitarian and liberating phenomenon, it helped drive London’s rapid expansion and got people to work on time, while providing the city with a bold new identity through impeccable branding that incorporated iconic typography, cartography and architecture. And yet… And yet… It’s fair to say that the Underground remains unloved by Londoners, and it would take a more dishonest contrarian than I to defend the grime, the delays, the heat, the way it’s so busy and unreliable and the fact that, year after year, we are asked to pay more for a service that doesn’t seem to be getting any better, cleaner, quicker or cooler. But that’s a fault of management and decades of underinvestment, not of a system that remains something Londoners should treasure as remarkable, groundbreaking and emphatically ours. West Brompton Underground station in 1876. Image courtesy London Transport Museum ( www.ltmuseum.co.uk ) © Transport For London The story began with Charles Pearson, the first in a succession of underground visionaries. It was he who first proposed the notion of ‘trains in drains’ in 1845, when the railway was a relatively new invention (the first steam passenger service only opened in 1830). Pearson, instrumental in the removal of the anti-Catholic inscription on the foot of the Monument, was a progressive and a pioneer – his persistence helped persuade the House of Commons to approve a bill in 1853 to build a subterranean railway between Paddington and Farringdon. The reason such a hare-brained, experimental scheme received approval was one of necessity. London roads were suffering from terrible overcrowding and the mainline railways all stopped on the fringes of the West End and City thanks to a Royal Commission of 1846 that declared central London a no-go area for railway companies. A method of linking the mainline stations of Paddington, Euston and King’s Cross was needed, and Pearson’s plan fitted the bill. He helped raise the finance from private investors and the City of London, and excavation began in 1860, with a shallow trench dug beneath Euston Road and then covered over. Thousands of poor residents were displaced in the process. The Metropolitan Line opened for business on January 10 1863, clocking 30,000 passengers on the first day. A celebratory banquet had been held the previous day at Farringdon. Pearson was not among the guests, having passed away the previous year. Another absentee was Prime Minister Lord Palmerston, who was approaching his 80th birthday, and said he wanted to spend as much time above ground as he possibly could (he died two years later). Park Royal's rudimentary station in 1907 Image courtesy London Transport Museum ( www.ltmuseum.co.uk ) © Transport For London The Metropolitan was a success, with 11.8 million passengers (the population of London was about 3.2 million) braving the foul, smoke-filled conditions in its first year. The Metropolitan’s owners claimed the ‘invigorating’ atmosphere ‘provided a sort of health resort for people who suffered from asthma’, but they also allowed drivers to grow beards in a futile bid to filter out the worst of the fumes. A civil servant who had spent time in Sudan said the smell reminded him of a ‘crocodile’s breath’. One attempt to improve conditions saw smoking banned, until an MP objected and insisted that all railways provided a smoking carriage. Smoking was not banned again on the trains until 1985, and at stations until after the King’s Cross fire of 1987, itself the culmination of 30 years of neglect. Among those to benefit most from the new railway were the lowest-paid workers, who were entitled to use a special, cheap pre-6am train. Social journalist Henry Mayhew interviewed some such passengers in 1865, first explaining that ‘this subterranean method of locomotion had always struck us as being the most thoroughly Cockney element of all within the wide range of Cocaigne’. The labourers he spoke to all voiced their enthusiasm for a service that allowed poorer Londoners to live further out, sparing them a six-mile walk to work and allowing their families to live in two rooms rather than one. As the Metropolitan expanded westwards, it opened up new areas for Londoners to move to, and the overcrowded city d slowly started to expand – one of the reasons that London still has such a relatively low population density. When Hammersmith received its first station in 1864 it was still a village ‘best known for spinach and strawberries’, writes Christian Wolmar in his definitive ‘The Subterranean Railway’ (2004), but it soon became a major interchange. This pattern was repeated throughout the Underground’s history. When the Northern Line hit Morden in 1926, it was a village of 1,000 inhabitants; five years later, its population was 12,600. The success of the Metropolitan led to the building of the District Line along the Victoria Embankment, and then the creation of a Circle Line to link the two. Unfortunately, the two east-west lines were run by rivals, James Forbes and Edward Watkin, whose perpetual bickering meant the Circle took twenty years to complete. When it was finished in 1884, Watkins’ Met operated trains that ran clockwise, while Forbes’ District controlled those in the other direction; such was the antagonism between the two, the companies refused to sell tickets for their rival line, meaning a passenger might end up paying for 20 stops rather than seven. When the Circle was finally electrified in 1905 the companies used different systems which proved incompatible, resulting in a further three-month delay. Because the Underground was built haphazardly by private investment and with no central planning, there were many such inconsistencies. Some destinations had more than one station, built by competing interests, which explains why there is such a poor interchange at Hammersmith between the Hammersmith & City and District Lines, and why Oxford Circus has two different surface stations on either side of Argyll Street. This is also why there are so many ghost stations on the network – about 40 – built without adequate knowledge of whether they were actually needed. The entrance to Finsbury Park station in 1909 Image courtesy London Transport Museum ( www.ltmuseum.co.uk ) © Transport For London The completion of the Circle Line marked the last of the sub-surface lines, built by the simple, cut-and-cover method. Advances in tunnelling and the use of electrified rails now allowed for the building of deep-level lines that gave birth to the phrase ‘tube’ and allowed London’s network to really connect the dots beneath the capital. The first was the cramped City & South London line from City to the Elephant & Castle, later incorporated into the Northern Line, which was opened in 1890 by the future king Edward VII. This was followed by the Waterloo & City, Central, Bakerloo, Piccadilly and Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead (now the Charing Cross branch of the Northern), all before 1907. This splurge of lines occurred within a narrow window of opportunity after the invention of suitable tunnelling technology and before the appearance of the motorised bus. It was aided by gullible investors (who never quite received the returns they were promised), public demand and London’s favourable geological conditions – the capital’s clay being an ideal substance through which to tunnel. The last four of these lines were built by American financier Charles Tyson Yerkes, who also controlled the District and was the first person to attempt to realise a unified vision of London’s chaotic underground network. A property speculator with a questionable reputation (he served time in prison in Philadelphia for embezzlement) Yerkes put together numerous complex financial schemes to get his lines built, often using capital from the States, but never got the chance to cash in on his success, dying in 1905. The Circle Line platform at Notting Hill in 1919 Image courtesy London Transport Museum ( www.ltmuseum.co.uk ) © Transport For London Yerkes left an extraordinary legacy. While lines such as City & South London never proved popular with the public – something that had much to do with the fact that the trains, or ‘padded cells’, were built without windows because the manufacturers figured there was nothing to see down there – his Central Line was a hit. This was largely because, like the Metropolitan half a century before, it served major transport routes, relieving strain on crowded streets above. There were drawbacks – the line followed the road pattern because the tunnellers didn’t want to pay compensation to surface landowners, so there were unnecessary kinks – but the Central Line was a groundbreaking service, attracting 100,000 passengers daily. For a start, it only had one class of travel, and one price, hence the nickname the d d Twopenny Tube. It also had some innovative engineering aspects (each station was built atop a slight incline, meaning trains naturally slowed when entering stations and sped up when leaving, while the flat face of the train pushing air in front of it provided much-need ventilation) and carriages were considerably plusher than on the City & South London. Yerkes’ desire for a unified service also led to the introduction of what can be seen as the first attempt at branding on the tube – the Leslie Green-designed distinctive dried-blood-coloured tiles of the surface stations – something pursued by the man who followed. Frank Pick began working for Yerkes’ Underground Electric Railway Limited (UERL), which owned all the underground lines other than the Metropolitan and the Waterloo & City, in 1906. Over the next 30 years, in partnership with Lord Ashfield, general manager of UERL and future chairman of London Transport, he helped make the tube the ‘most famous and respected transport system in the world’. Historian Nikolaus Pevsner believes Pick’s accomplishments to be greater still: in 1942 he described him as ‘the greatest patron of the arts whom this century has so far produced in England and indeed the ideal patron of our age’. He is certainly one of the few transport gurus to have met Stalin, Hitler and Churchill. Pick’s reputation was based on his eye for design. He introduced the roundel, borrowed from the London General Omnibus Company, but made famous by the tube; he asked calligrapher Edward Johnston to design the tube’s unique font; commissioned beautiful posters by Man Ray, Graham Sutherland and Edward Nash; introduced each line’s distinctive patterned seat-covers or moquettes; appointed architect Charles Holden to design modernist stations, most famously at Arnos Grove; and in 1931 he paid Harry Beck five guineas to come up with a new kind of map that would simplify the most complicated transport system in the world. All the while, the tube continued to spread east, west, north and even – occasionally – south, and was by 1934 carrying 410 million passengers a year. Pick can be said to be as responsible for the image London projects around the world as Christopher Wren, George Gilbert Scott or Norman Foster. Even today, Transport for London is well aware of the value of the brand, and jealously guards icons such as the roundel and Beck’s map from even the most loving of imitators. Charle's Holden's Oakwood station in 1933 Image courtesy London Transport Museum ( www.ltmuseum.co.uk ) © Transport For London Pick’s definition of the tube did not end there. In tandem with Lord Ashfield, he also arranged the integration of London’s various transport systems in 1933 under the umbrella London Transport, ensuring that an underground network that had hitherto been privately funded and unprofitable became publicly supported, thanks in part to Leader of London County Council (and Peter Mandelson’s grandfather) Herbert Morrison. Finance has always been the failing of the tube, largely because, as Wolmar astutely points out, the early railwaymen ‘were building a fantastic resource for Londoners whose value could never be adequately reflected through the fare box which was their only source of income’. This was as true in the days of private entrepreneur and public ownership as it is with today’s uncomfortable mish-mash, the great experiment of the Public Private Partnership. All too briefly London Transport papered over this failing through a combination of Ashfield and Pick’s acumen and the fact that, following the depression, there was greater confidence in public ownership, and more skill in the manner with which it was executed. But this was soon diluted with the World War II (in which the tube played its own valuable role), after which, rebuilding the country took precedence. Train controller Frederick Barron in the control tower at Upminster depot in 1959. The track diagram has geographically mointed point switches Image courtesy London Transport Museum ( www.ltmuseum.co.uk ) © Transport For London Which, more or less, is where we are today. The tube has acquired only two new lines since Yerkes’ frenzy: the Victoria, which took 20 years from planning to opening in 1968, and the Jubilee, hewn in part from the Bakerloo Line and extended magnificently in 2000. Years of under-investment have taken their toll, and the system looks haggard and worn. Recent years have seen some improvement, but the cost to users has soared. Even the ongoing improvements leave the system, temporarily at least, worse off – with stations closed for months and entire lines closed weekend after weekend, reinforcing the public’s lack of sympathy for this ancient marvel. So it’s no wonder that we look upon the city’s mighty works and despair. But perhaps we should, every now and then at least, reflect on what the city would be like if the tube had never existed, be thankful for the visionaries of the past, and hopeful that their legacy will once more receive the attention and adulation it deserves.	i don't know
In the song, Solomon Grundy was born on Monday, what happened to him on Thursday?	Solomon Grundy Solomon Grundy Solomon Grundy, born on a Monday, Christened on a stark and stormy Tuesday, Married on a gray and grisly Wednesday, Took ill on a mild and mellow Thursday, Grew worse on a bright and breezy Friday, Died on a gay and glorious Saturday, Buried on a baking, blistering Sunday. That was the end of Solomon Grundy. History: Solomon Grundy is believed to get derived from the English nutrient Salmagundi, which was integrated into the English word from the French in the 17th century, and is a salad of cooked meats, cabbage, anchovies and eggs, with new condiments. The figure of the salad was corrupted in the 18th century to Solomon Gundy, especially in the United States. Solomon Grundy is a 19th century children's verse, and was presented by James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps in 1842. The poem is basically a conundrum in which the living of Solomon Grundy appears to go spot in the procedure of an unmarried week, the response being that each day's events happened in a distinct year.	took ill
Who played Vivien in the BBC comedy The Young Ones?	Solomon Grundy \| Villains Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Zombie,Mindless brute “ Solomon Grundy. Born on a Monday. Christened on a Tuesday. Married on a Wednesday. Took ill on a Thursday. Got worse on a Friday. Died on a Saturday. Buried on a Sunday. This is the end of Solomon Grundy. „ ~ What Solomon Grundy is based on Solomon Grundy is a DC Comics villain, and an enemy of the Justice League, though he mainly fights Batman and Green Lantern. Contents [ show ] History Cyrus Gold lived on the outskirts of Gotham during the middle of the nineteenth century. There, he was robbed and mortally injured, then his body was tossed in Slaughter Swamp (accounts vary on whether Gold had committed crimes himself and been killed by his cohorts or an angry mob). Before he died, he swore vengeance. For over 50 years his body remained in the swamp. Years later, Gold rose again as a zombie. With little memory of who he was or how he died, Gold wandered throughout the swamp. He eventually encountered two escaped criminals, murdered them, and took their clothes. Shortly thereafter, he met a group of men in a hobo camp. When he was asked his name, he simply muttered that he had been born on Monday. This reminded him of the English nursery rhyme about a man who was born on Monday, so he decided to call himself "Solomon Grundy", and became a criminal of Gotham City. His main enemy for many decades was the first Earth hero to call himself Green Lantern, Alan Scott. By extension, Grundy also became a regular foe of Earth's first team of superheroes, The Justice Society Of America, to which Scott belonged. His ability to endlessly regenerate has meant a long and varied career, facing many foes in the DC Universe, including Superman, the later Oan-powered Green Lanterns of Earth, and Swamp Thing, an Earth elemental of the type Grundy could have been, but his origin lacked a few of the needed conditions to achieve this. Needless to say, having his origin in Gotham City, it was all but inevitable that he would one day clash with Gotham's Dark Knight Avenger, The Batman. Some accounts of Batman's career have him facing Grundy almost from the beginning. Television Appearance	i don't know
The explorer Abel Tasman gave his name to the island of Tasmania - but what nationality was he?	Abel Tasman \| Dutch explorer and navigator \| Britannica.com Dutch explorer and navigator Alternative Title: Abel Janszoon Tasman Abel Tasman Dirck Hartog Abel Tasman, in full Abel Janszoon Tasman (born 1603?, Lutjegast, Netherlands —died probably before October 22, 1659, certainly before February 5, 1661), greatest of the Dutch navigators and explorers, who discovered Tasmania, New Zealand , Tonga, and the Fiji Islands. On his first voyage (1642–43) in the service of the Dutch East India Company , Tasman explored the Indian Ocean , Australasia, and the southern Pacific; on his second voyage (1644) he traveled in Australian and South Pacific waters. Abel Janszoon Tasman, wood engraving by Andrew Garran, 1886. The Print Collector/Heritage-Images The ships of Abel Janszoon Tasman’s expedition meeting Polynesian outrigger canoes off the coast of … The Granger Collection, New York Tasman entered the service of the Dutch East India Company in 1632 or 1633 and made his first voyage of exploration to Ceram (modern Seram) Island (in modern Indonesia) as captain of the Mocha in 1634. He sailed in 1639 under Commander Mathijs Hendrickszoon Quast on an expedition in search of the “islands of gold and silver” in the seas east of Japan. After a series of trading voyages to Japan, Formosa (Taiwan), Cambodia, and Sumatra , he was chosen by the governor-general of the Dutch East Indies , Anthony van Diemen , to command the most ambitious of all Dutch voyages for the exploration of the Southern Hemisphere. By 1642 Dutch navigators had discovered discontinuous stretches of the western coast of Australia, but whether these coasts were continental and connected with the hypothetical southern continent of the Pacific remained unknown. Tasman was assigned to solve this problem, following instructions based on a memoir by Frans Jacobszoon Visscher, his chief pilot. He was instructed to explore the Indian Ocean from west to east, south of the ordinary trade route, and, proceeding eastward into the Pacific (if this proved possible), to investigate the practicability of a sea passage eastward to Chile, to rediscover the Solomon Islands of the Spaniards, and to explore New Guinea . Leaving Batavia (modern Jakarta) on August 14, 1642, with two ships, the Heemskerk and Zeehaen, Tasman sailed to Mauritius (September 5–October 8), then southward and eastward, reaching his most southerly latitude of 49° S at about 94° E. Turning north he discovered land on November 24 at 42°20′ S, and he skirted its southern shores, naming it Van Diemen’s Land (now Tasmania). A council of officers on December 5 decided against further investigation, so he missed the opportunity of discovering Bass Strait. Continuing eastward, he sighted on December 13, at 42°10′ S, the coast of South Island , New Zealand , and explored it northward, entering the strait between North Island and South Island, supposing it to be a bay. He left New Zealand on January 4, 1643, at North Cape, under the impression that he had probably discovered the west coast of the southern continent, which might be connected with the “Staten Landt” (Staten Island) discovered by W.C. Schouten and Jacques Le Maire south of South America—hence the name of Staten Landt, which Tasman gave to his discovery in honour of the States General (the Dutch legislature). Britannica Stories EU Considers Rules For Robots Convinced by the swell that the passage to Chile existed, Tasman now turned northeast, and on January 21 he discovered Tonga and on February 6 the Fiji Islands. Turning northwest, the ships reached New Guinea waters on April 1 and Batavia on June 14, 1643, completing a 10-month voyage on which only 10 men had died from illness. Tasman had circumnavigated Australia without seeing it, thus establishing that it was separated from the hypothetical southern continent. The council of the company decided, however, that Tasman had been negligent in his investigation of the lands that he discovered and of the passage to Chile. They sent him on a new expedition to the “South Land” in 1644 with instructions to establish the relationships of New Guinea, the “great known South Land” (western Australia), Van Diemen’s Land , and the “unknown South Land.” Tasman sailed from Batavia on February 29, steering southeast along the south coast of New Guinea, sailing southeast into Torres Strait (which he mistook for a shallow bay), coasting Australia’s Gulf of Carpentaria , and then following the north coast and then the west coast of Australia to 22° S. Human Exploration: From Earth to Space Although he was rewarded with the rank of commander and was made a member of the Council of Justice of Batavia, his second voyage was also a disappointment to the company because it had failed to reveal lands of potential wealth. In 1647 Tasman commanded a trading fleet to Siam (now Thailand), and in the following year he commanded a war fleet against the Spaniards in the Philippines. He left the service of the Dutch East India Company several years later.	Dutch
Who's band was The Quarrymen?	Abel Janszoon Tasman - New Zealand in History The first European to discover New Zealand Often, for pastime, mariners will ensnare The albatross, that vast sea-bird who sweeps On high companionable pinion where Their vessel glides upon the bitter deeps. "The Albatross" - Charles Baudelaire "Towards noon we saw a large high lying land, bearing south-east of us" Abel Janszoon Tasman Abel Janszoon Tasman was born in the village of Lutjegast, in today's province of Groningen in the Netherlands, in 1603. Little is known of Tasman's early life, and no portraits of him exist. In 1632 he married Jannetje Tjaerts. He was already a widower at the time, and was recorded as being an ordinary sailor - "vaerentgesel" - and that he lived in a street in Amsterdam called Teerketelsteeg. In 1633 Tasman signed up with the Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC). The East India Company was managed by a board of seventeen - "de Heeren XVII" - the Lords Seventeen - and was appointed by Chambers in the principal trading towns. Eight Chambers were situated in Amsterdam, and four Chambers were in Zealand, a maritime province of the Netherlands. On signing up with the Company, Tasman left for the East to fulfil a three year contract. In 1638, he left the Netherlands for Batavia, (today's Djakarta, Indonesia) in command of the ship "Engel", this time on a ten year contract. His wife accompanied him. Batavia had grown to be a rich city, and here, from this good vantage point in the East Indies, the East India Company was successful and powerful - not lacking in wealth, men or ships. On 13th August 1642 Tasman received instructions to find the mysterious and supposedly rich Southern Continent, which had been eluding and tempting explorers for centuries. This unknown land, Terra Australis Incognita, was said to stretch across the Pacific. Tasman's instructions were to take possession of all continents and islands discovered and set foot on in the course of his voyage "on behalf of their High Mightinesses the States-General of the United Provinces". Two ships were prepared for the voyage : the "Zeehaen", a flute, (a long, narrow ship - like a flute - with a rounded stern and three masts) of 100 tons carrying 50 men, and the "Heemskerck", the flagship, a small warship of around 60 tons and carrying 60 men. The celebrated pilot, hydrographer and surveyor, Frans (Franchoys) Jacobszoon Visscher accompanied Tasman. On 13th December 1642, the coast of New Zealand came into view, and Tasman noted in his journal "groot hooch verheven landt" (a large land, uplifted high). Tasman named this land "Staten Landt", which refers to the "Land of the (Dutch) States-General." The area of New Zealand which Tasman sighted was in the vicinity of the coast between modern Hokitika and Okarito, on the west coast of the South Island. Tasman thought, but was not sure, that he may have discovered the western edge of the land discovered in the South Atlantic Ocean in 1616 by his fellow countrymen, Willem Schouten and Isaac Le Maire. (Le Maire Strait, or Estrecho de la Maire, is situated to the south of Chile, between Terra des Fuego and Estados.) At the time, this was believed to have been part of the northern tip of the Southern Continent. Tasman noted this in his journal : "To this land we have given the name of Staten Landt, in honour of Their High Mightinesses the States-General, since it could be quite possible that this land was connected with State Landt, although this is not certain. This land looks like being a very beautiful land and we trust that this is the mainland coast of the unknown south land". (Only a matter of months afterwards, it was proven by Hendrik Brouwer that Tasman's Staten Landt was not connected in any way to State Landt) At sunset on the 18th December, the Dutch anchored off the coast of Taitapu Bay (now Golden Bay) . Here they decided to try to locate a good harbour, and then to make an attempt to go ashore. It was necessary to find fresh drinking water. A cockboat and a pinnace (a small, fast sailing Schooner) were sent to survey the area. (click here for a map (25k) showing the position of Golden Bay) The two boats returned with their report, and shortly after, as night fell, lights were seen onshore. Two canoes appeared, and the inhabitants began blowing what appeared to the Dutch as a "Moorish" instrument. The canoe people called out to the Dutch, but communication was impossible as neither the Dutch nor the canoe people could understand each other. After a while, the two canoes paddled away. The following morning, another canoe appeared, and once again the natives called out to the Dutch. Communication remained impossible. Tasman noted that the men in the canoes "had black hair tied together right on top of their heads, in the way and fashion the Japanese have it at the back of the head, but their hair was longer and thicker. On the tuft, they had a large, thick, white feather. They were naked from shoulder to waist". The Dutch tried to tempt the M&#257ori to come on board, without success. As the group of M&#257ori appeared to be friendly, and after a council on board the Heemskerck with the officers of the Zeehaen, the Dutch decided to sail further in, and anchor as close to the shore as possible. In the meantime seven more native canoes appeared, some approaching to within a stone's throw of the ships. In order to avoid the possibility of too many natives attempting to board the ships, the skipper of the Zeehaen, who had been convening on board the Hemmskerck, sent a cockboat back to the Zeehaen with a message warning his junior officers to be on their guard. However, on returning to the Hemmskerck after delivering the message, one of the native canoes suddenly paddled swiftly and directly at the Dutch cockboat and rammed it, killing three sailors and mortally wounding a fourth. Three other sailors were able to swim towards the Hemmskerck, to be plucked from the sea and to safety. The natives made off with one dead body, threw another into the sea, and set the cockboat adrift, which was recuperated by the Dutch. The Dutch fired on the swiftly retreating M&#257ori, but the canoes were already near the shore and out of firing range. The Dutch ships immediately weighed anchor and set sail. By this time, twenty-two native canoes were massed on the shoreline, and 11 more, "crowded with people", were swiftly paddling towards the Dutch ships. Tasman waited until the canoes were close, before firing only one or two shots at relatively close range. One M&#257ori, standing in a canoe, was hit. This immediately caused the canoes to turn and return rapidly to the shore. Because of this incident, Tasman named the bay "Moordenaers Baij" - Murderer's Bay. After this unhappy first encounter, the Dutch ships continued in a northerly direction, passing by and naming the Three Kings Islands, (in honour of the biblical Three Wise Men, as Tasman anchored here on Twelfth Night Eve) at the northern tip of the North Island, where the South Pacific Sea and the Tasman sea meet. Tasman named the northwest tip of the North Island of New Zealand Cape Marie van Diemen, after Antony van Diemen's wife, Governor General of Batavia, before heading away, not ever having had the chance to set foot onshore in New Zealand. He returned to Batavia on 14th June 1643. A further voyage was planned for October 1643, but had to be cancelled owing to a renewed outbreak of hostilities with the Portugese. Tasman died in 1659, apparently leaving 25 guilders to the poor of his village. His property was divided between his wife Jannetje and Claesgen, his daughter by his first marriage. From the end of the 1600's onwards the Dutch began to lose their supremacy at sea. France and England became the new sea powers. However Dutch charters were still consulted by other European explorers, as the Dutch were reputed to have established the best maritime charters in the world at that time.	i don't know
What did Jack Horner pull from his pie?	Little Jack Horner - Nursery Rhymes (Cool School) - YouTube Little Jack Horner - Nursery Rhymes (Cool School) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on May 10, 2013 Little Jack Horner sat in a corner, eating his mincemeat pie and being a good boy. But when he stuck in his thumb, what did he pull out? A plum? A cookie? A smaller pie that was inside the larger one? Watch this week's Cool School nursery rhyme to find out! What nursery rhyme story do you want to hear next? Let us know in the comments below! And subscribe so you'll never miss a Cool School episode every Friday! Story Time with Ms. Booksy -- http://www.youtube.com/show/storytime... Nursery Rhyme Time -- http://www.youtube.com/show/nurseryrh...	Plum
Who presented TVâs fifteen to one?	Little Jack Horner \| Foundation for Economic Education Mr. Bradford is a noted speaker, writer, and business organization consultant. Little Jack Horner sat in a corner, Eating his Christmas pie; He stuck in his thumb to pull out a plum But instead of delighting his friends by reciting "What a good boy am I," He let out a yelp and yammered for help. His happiness perished—was banished; For the pie that he cherished had vanished, To float in the air like a brown-sugar moon, Or a beckoning, orbiting pastry balloon. And he knew with a start that the oversize tart Was just an illusion. He never had spent From out of his savings a single red cent To pay for his pie; and now with his eye Full of tears, he confronted his moment of truth— Very painful indeed for so tender a youth, And painfuller still for his fully-grown brother, His uncle and aunt, and his father and mother— That nothing is free; what you get you must buy; That no one gets fat, however he try, Or even comes nigh it, who limits his diet To pie…. in the sky!	i don't know
What daytime job did Corporal Jones have in Dadâs Army?	Dad's Army butcher van goes on sale - Telegraph How about that? Dad's Army butcher van goes on sale The classic butcher's van ready to foil a Nazi invasion of Britain by Dad's Army is up for sale. Corporal Jones's famous 1935 Ford butchers van from the iconic TV series Dads Army. It was later auctioned at Bonhams. Photo: BNPS Follow Comedy fans are expected to pay more than £20,000 for Lance Cpl Jones's butchers van used by the Home Guard platoon of Walmington-on-Sea in the television comedy Dad's Army. The 1935 Ford Box Van painted in Lance Cpl Jones's butcher colours had special portholes in side and along the roof, to allow the Dad's Army ranks to point their rifles at any enemy invasion. It is part of the Patrick Collection, a private collection of cars covering 100 years of motoring housed in a private museum in Birmingham. But it is being sold by auctioneers Bonhams with an estimated value of £20,000 to £30,000. A spokesman said: "Anyone who loves Dad's Army will know this butchers van immediately. "It is bound to put a smile on your face - it is nearly as iconic in comedy as Del Boy's Robin Reliant." Actor Clive Dunn - who played butcher Jack Jones - in Dad's Army in the fictional town of Walmington-on-Sea for nine series between 1968 and 1977. His van was often the Home Guard group's main mode of transport during military exercises. Bonhams is offering it for sale among other motoring classic at at auction in December.	Butcher
Which uses more facial muscles a frown or a smile?	Dad's Army remake cast and crew start filming in Yorkshire countryside \| Daily Mail Online comments The Hollywood cast of the new Dad's Army film have been spotted out on manoeuvres as they begin shooting the movie remake of the classic comedy series. Stars including Michael Gambon, Daniel Mays and Toby Jones were seen in their Home Guard uniforms after they began making the new film in the Yorkshire countryside. There was criticism of the film's world-famous cast when it was announced last month, with fans of the original saying big-money stars and expensive production would ruin the memory of the much-loved comedy. But producer Damian Jones insists the remake will remain faithful to the original and pictures of the set appear to show the look of the new film is similar to TV series. Scroll down for video The Hollywood stars remaking Dad's Army have been pictured in their Home Guard uniforms for the first time. Toby Jones (left) was spotted as Captain Mainwaring - originally played by Arthur Lowe (right) - during a shoot in the Yorkshire countryside this week A heavily-camouflaged Tom Courtenay was pictured in his role as Corporal Jones - the character made famous by Clive Dunn and his catchphrase 'Don't panic!' Inbetweeners actor Blake Harrison (left) chats to a member of crew on set. He is playing Pike, the character made famous by Ian Lavender (right), who is one of the few members of the original cast who is still alive Photos taken in Yorkshire show Sir Michael Gambon - best known for playing Dumbledore in the Harry Potter films - getting used to his new role as frail medic Godfrey. Bill Nighy - famous for starring in Love Actually - is meanwhile playing Sergeant Wilson, the aristocratic but charming second in command to Captain Mainwaring. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share Mainwaring himself, the character brought to life by Arthur Lowe in the original, is now being played by Toby Jones, who recently starred in blockbuster The Hunger Games. The pictures show the Home Guard soldiers dressed in various forms of camouflage for an apparent exercise in the countryside. Walker, now played by Daniel Mays, wears a strange leafy head-dress, while Private Pike, originally played by Ian Lavender but now by Inbetweeners star Blake Harrison, appears to be dressed in a sack. Doctor Zhivago actor Tom Courtenay was in full webbing as he stars as old soldier and butcher Corporal Jones - who was formerly played by Clive Dunn and made famous the catchphrase 'Don't panic!' Wheeler dealer: Daniel Mays (left) - who recently starred in The Bank Job - replaces James Beck (right) as Walker in the new film, which is being made by Universal Pictures Michael Gambon (left) takes over as Godfrey from Arnold Ridley (right), who was 72 when he first played the character Catherine Zeta-Jones, who plays a journalist sent to write about the Home Guard unit in the new film, was also spotted on set more videos Man seemingly breaks his spine while performing heavy deadlift Another actor, possibly Bill Paterson as Fraser, was seen running around covered in a pantomime tree outfit. Catherine Zeta-Jones - who is set to play a new character, a journalist who sends pulses racing when she is sent to Walmington-on-Sea to write about the unit - was also spotted on set. Despite being given only 13 weeks when it was first aired in 1968, Dad's Army ran for 11 years and became one of the nation's favourite comedies, attracting 18million viewers at its height. Scripts originally written by David Croft and Jimmy Perry made famous catchphrases such as 'you stupid boy', 'put that light out' and 'they don't like it up 'em'. The new cast were spotted filming in the countryside with each dressed up in an apparently home-made form of camouflage Daniel Mays, who plays black market wheeler-dealer Walker in the new film, was seen wearing a pair of sunglasses and camouflage head-dress on set One character was seen walking around in a pantomime tree outfit during the shooting of the remake - in which the hapless Walmington-on-Sea Home Guard unit is tasked with tracking down a German spy Toby Jones (pictured, centre) has the difficult task of emulating Arthur Lowe as Cpt Mainwaring in the new film Chameleon: The actors were all dressed in a form of camouflage, with Tom Courtenay, who is playing Jones, in full webbing Only two of the original cast are still alive, Ian Lavender, who was the mollycoddled Private Pike, and Frank Williams, who played the effete vicar. The new film has been picked up by Universal Pictures, which means that it will be distributed worldwide. A statement detailing the plot's outline stated: ‘Their new mission to patrol the Dover army base is a great chance to revive spirits and reputation, that is until glamorous journalist Rose Winters arrives to write about their exploits, putting the local women on red alert. ‘MI5 then discover a radio signal which was sent direct to Berlin from Walmington-on-Sea. ‘There’s a spy on the loose, the outcome of the war is suddenly at stake, and it falls to our unlikely heroes to stand up and be counted.’ Daniel Mays - who wore a WW2 unform for his role in Atonement- needed a hand from a crew member with his costumes during filming Bizarre clothing: Michael Gambon - best known for playing Dumbledore in the Harry Potter films - takes a break with crew in a van Difficult remake? Toby Jones (left), who plays Captain Mainwaring, and Blake Harrison (right), who plays Pike, on set The original comedy, which ran from 1968 to 1977, starred a collection of character actors who, as they gained popularity, found a place in the nation’s heart	i don't know
In which American state is mount St.Helens?	Mt. St. Helens History MountStHelens.com Information Resource Center History - Mt. St. Helens Mount St. Helens, located in southwestern Washington about 50 miles northeast of Portland, Oregon, is one of several lofty volcanic peaks that dominate the Cascade Range of the Pacific Northwest; the range extends from Mount Garibaldi in British Columbia, Canada, to Lassen Peak in northern California. Geologists call Mount St. Helens a composite volcano (or stratovolcano), a term for steepsided, often symmetrical cones constructed of alternating layers of lava flows, ash, and other volcanic debris. Composite volcanoes tend to erupt explosively and pose considerable danger to nearby life and property. In contrast, the gently sloping shield volcanoes, such as those in Hawaii, typically erupt nonexplosively, producing fluid lavas that can flow great distances from the active vents. Although Hawaiian-type eruptions may destroy property, they rarely cause death or injury. Before 1980, snow-capped, gracefully symmetrical Mount St. Helens was known as the "Fujiyama of America." Mount St. Helens, other active Cascade volcanoes, and those of Alaska form the North American segment of the circum-Pacific "Ring of Fire," a notorious zone that produces frequent, often destructive, earthquake and volcanic activity. Some Indians of the Pacific Northwest variously called Mount St. Helens "Louwala-Clough," or "smoking mountain." The modern name, Mount St. Helens, was given to the volcanic peak in 1792 by Captain George Vancouver of the British Royal Navy, a seafarer and explorer. He named it in honor of a fellow countryman, Alleyne Fitzherbert, who held the title Baron St. Helens and who was at the time the British Ambassador to Spain. Vancouver also named three other volcanoes in the Cascades--Mounts Baker, Hood, and Rainier--for British naval officers. Indians on the Cowlitz River watching an eruption of Mount St. Helens, as painted by Canadian artist Paul Kane following a visit to the volcano in 1847 (Photograph courtesy of the Royal Ontario Museum). Indian Legend of Mount St. Helens Eruption Before Mt. St. Helens blew its top is was a beautifully symmetric rounded snow-capped mountain that stood between two powerfully jagged peaks Mt. Hood ( which Indians called Wy'east) and Mt. Adams ( which Indians called Klickitat). According to one Indian legend, the mountain was once a beautiful maiden, "Loowit". When two sons of the Great Spirit "Sahale" fell in love with her, she could not choose between them. The two braves, Wyeast and Klickitat fought over her, burying villages and forests in the process ( hurling rocks as they erupted?). Sahale was furious. He smote the three lovers and erected a mighty mountain peak where each fell. Because Loowit was beautiful, her mountain (Mount St. Helens) was a beautiful, symmetrical cone of dazzling white. Wyeast (Mount Hood) lifts his head in pride, but Klickitat (Mount Adams) wept to see the beautiful maiden wrapped in snow, so he bends his head as he gazes on St. Helens. This is one of many indian legends involving Mount St. Helens. See Bridge of the Gods also. Witnessed Eruptions of Mount St. Helens The local Indians and early settlers in the then sparsely populated region witnessed the occasional violent outbursts of Mount St. Helens. The volcano was particularly restless in the mid-19th century, when it was intermittently active for at least a 26-year span from 1831 to 1857. Some scientists suspect that Mount St. Helens also was active sporadically during the three decades before 1831, including a major explosive eruption in 1800. Although minor steam explosions may have occurred in 1898, 1903, and 1921, the mountain gave little or no evidence of being a volcanic hazard for more than a century after 1857. Consequently, the majority of 20th-century residents and visitors thought of Mount St. Helens not as a menace, but as a serene, beautiful mountain playground teeming with wildlife and available for leisure activities throughout the year. At the base of the volcano's northern flank, Spirit Lake, with its clear, refreshing water and wooded shores, was especially popular as a recreational area for hiking, camping, fishing, swimming and boating. The tranquility of the Mount St. Helens region was shattered in the spring of 1980, however, when the volcano stirred from its long repose, shook, swelled, and exploded back to life. The local people rediscovered that they had an active volcano in their midst, and millions of people in North America were reminded that the active--and potentially dangerous--volcanoes of the United States are not restricted to Alaska and Hawaii. Previous Eruptive History The story of Mount St. Helens is woven from geologic evidence gathered during studies that began with Lieutenant Charles Wilkes' U.S. Exploring Expedition in 1841. Many geologists have studied Mount St. Helens, but the work of Dwight R. Crandell, Donal R. Mullineaux, Clifford P. Hopson, and their associates, who began their studies in the late 1950's, has particularly advanced knowledge of Mount St. Helens. Their systematic studies of the volcanic deposits, laboratory investigations of rock and ash samples, and radiocarbon (carbon-l4) dating of plant remains buried in or beneath the ash layers and other volcanic products enabled them to reconstruct a remarkably complete record of the prehistoric eruptive behavior of Mount St. Helens. Ancestral Mount St. Helens began to grow before the last major glaciation of the Ice Age had ended about 10,000 years ago. The oldest ash deposits were erupted at least 40,000 years ago onto an eroded surface of still older volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Intermittent volcanism continued after the glaciers disappeared, and nine main pulses of pre-1980 volcanic activity have been recognized. These periods lasted from about 5,000 years to less than 100 years each and were separated by dormant intervals of about 15,000 years to only 200 years. A forerunner of Spirit Lake was born about 3,500 years ago, or possibly earlier, when eruption debris formed a natural dam across the valley of the North Fork of the Toutle River. The most recent of the pre-1980 eruptive periods began about A.D. 1800 with an explosive eruption, followed by several additional minor explosions and extrusions of lava, and ended with the formation of the Goat Rocks lava dome by 1857. The post-A.D. 1400 segment of the 50,000-year eruptive history of Mount St. Helens (after USGS Bulletin 1383-C). Mount St. Helens is the youngest of the major Cascade volcanoes, in the sense that its visible cone was entirely formed during the past 2,200 years, well after the melting of the last of the Ice Age glaciers about 10,000 years ago. Mount St. Helens' smooth, symmetrical slopes are little affected by erosion as compared with its older, more glacially scarred neighbors--Mount Rainier and Mount Adams in Washington, and Mount Hood in Oregon. As geologic studies progressed and the eruptive history of Mount St. Helens became better known, scientists became increasingly concerned about possible renewed eruptions. The late William T. Pecora, a former Director of the USGS, was quoted in a May 10, 1968, newspaper article in the Christian Science Monitor as being "especially worried about snow-covered Mt. St. Helens." On the basis of its youth and its high frequency of eruptions over the past 4,000 years, Crandell, Mullineaux, and their colleague Meyer Rubin published in February 1975 that Mount St. Helens was the one volcano in the conterminous United States most likely to reawaken and to erupt "perhaps before the end of this century." This prophetic conclusion was followed in 1978 by a more detailed report, in which Crandell and Mullineaux elaborated their earlier conclusion and analyzed, with maps and scenarios, the kinds, magnitudes, and areal extents of potential volcanic hazards that might be expected from future eruptions of Mount St. Helens. Collectively, these two publications contain one of the most accurate forecasts of a violent geologic event. Reawakening and Initial Activity A view to the north of the "two-tone" mountain--an appearance produced by prevailing easterly winds during the initial activity of Mount St. Helens. Mount Rainier is visible in background (Photograph by C. Dan Miller). A magnitude 4.2 (Richter Scale) earthquake on March 20, 1980, at 3:47 p.m. Pacific Standard Time (PST), preceded by several much smaller earthquakes beginning as early as March 16, was the first substantial indication of Mount St. Helens' awakening from its 123-year sleep. Earthquake activity increased during the following week, gradually at first and then rather dramatically at about noon on March 25. The number of earthquakes recorded daily reached peak levels in the next 2 days, during which 174 shocks with magnitudes greater than 2.6 were recorded. Many hundreds of smaller earthquakes accompanied these larger events, the largest of which were felt by people living close to the volcano. Aerial observations of Mount St. Helens during the week of seismic buildup revealed small earthquake- induced avalanches of snow and ice, but no sign of an eruption. With a thunderous explosion, or possibly two nearly simultaneous ones, widely heard in the region at about 12:36 p.m. PST on March 27, Mount St. Helens began to spew ash and steam, marking the first significant eruption in the conterminous United States since that of Lassen Peak, California, from 1914 to 1917. The crown of the ash column rose to about 6,000 feet above the volcano. The initial explosions formed a 250-foot-wide crater within the larger, preexisting snow- and ice-filled summit crater, and new fractures broke across the summit area. View of the "bulge" on the north face of Mount St. Helens, from a measurement site about 2 miles to the northeast (Photograph by Peter Lipman). The drawing above the photograph illustrates, in a highy exaggerated fashion, the nearly horizontal movement--about 85 feet in 20 days--of one of the measured points on the "bulge." Through April 21, Mount St. Helens intermittently ejected ash and steam in bursts lasting from a few seconds to several tens of minutes. The first crater was joined on the west by a second, slightly larger crater, and as the activity continued, both craters enlarged and ultimately merged. Several avalanches of snow and ice, darkened by ash, formed prominent streaks down the mountain's slopes. The effect of the prevailing easterly wind was striking during the March-April eruptive activity, transforming the snow-covered Mount St. Helens into a "two-tone" mountain. The ash blown out between March 27 and May 18 was derived entirely from the 350-year-old summit dome, shattered and pulverized by phreatic (steam-blast) processes driven by the explosively expanding, high-temperature steam and other gases. No magma (molten rock and contained gases) was tapped during the initial eruptions. Intense earthquake activity persisted at the volcano during and between visible eruptive activity. As early as March 31, seismographs also began recording occasional spasms of volcanic tremor, a type of continuous, rhythmic ground shaking different from the discrete sharp jolts characteristic of earthquakes. Such continuous ground vibrations, commonly associated with eruptions at volcanoes in Hawaii, Iceland, Japan, and elsewhere, are interpreted to reflect subsurface movement of fluids, either gas or magma. The combination of sustained strong earthquake activity and harmonic tremor at Mount St. Helens suggested to scientists that magma and associated gases were on the move within the volcano, thereby increasing the probability of magma eruption. Visible eruptive activity ceased temporarily in late April and early May. Small steam-blast eruptions resumed on May 7, continued intermittently for the next several days, and ceased again by May 16. During this interval, the forceful intrusion of magma into the volcano continued with no respite, as was shown by intense seismic activity and visible swelling and cracking of the volcano. The swelling was easily measurable and affected a large area on the north face of Mount St. Helens; this area became known as the "bulge," the initial growth of which probably began during the first eruption (March 27) or perhaps even a few days before. Through mid-May about 10,000 earthquakes were recorded. The earthquake activity was concentrated in a small zone less than 1.6 miles directly beneath the bulge on the north flank of Mount St. Helens. A comparison of aerial photographs taken in the summer of 1979 with those taken during and after April 1980 showed that by May 12 certain parts of the bulge near the summit were more than 450 feet higher than before the magma intrusion began. Repeated measurements begun in late April with precise electronic instruments that shoot a laser beam to reflector targets placed on and around the bulge showed that it was growing northward at an astonishing rate of about 5 feet per day. The movement was predominantly horizontal--clear evidence that the bulge was not simply slipping down the volcano's steep slope. As the bulge moved northward, the summit area behind it progressively sank, forming a complex down-dropped block called a graben. These changes in the volcano's shape were related to the overall deformation that increased the volume of the mountain by 0.03 cubic mile by mid-May. This volume increase presumably corresponded to the volume of magma that pushed into the volcano and deformed its surface. Because the intruded magma remained below ground and was not directly visible, it was called a cryptodome, in contrast to a true volcanic dome exposed at the surface. In summary, during late March to mid-May 1980, Mount St. Helens was shaken by hundreds of earthquakes, intermittently erupted ash and debris derived by steam blast reaming out of its preexisting summit dome, and experienced extremely large and rapid deformation caused by magma intrusion. The hot intruding magma provided the thermal energy to heat groundwater, which explosively flashed to generate and sustain the observed steam-blast eruptions. For 2 months the volcano was literally being wedged apart, creating a highly unstable and dangerous situation. The eventual collapse of the bulge on the north flank triggered the chain of catastrophic events that took place on May 18, 1980. The Climactic Eruption of May 18, 1980 The climactic eruption in full fury in the late morning of May 18, 1980 (Photograph by Joseph Rosenbaum). May 18, a Sunday, dawned bright and clear. At 7 a.m. Pacific Daylight Time (PDT), USGS volcanologist David A. Johnston, who had Saturday-night duty at an observation post about 6 miles north of the volcano, radioed in the results of some laser-beam measurements he had made moments earlier that morning. Even considering these measurements, the status of Mount St. Helens' activity that day showed no change from the pattern of the preceding month. Volcano-monitoring data--seismic, rate of bulge movement, sulfur-dioxide gas emission, and ground temperature--revealed no unusual changes that could be taken as warning signals for the catastrophe that would strike about an hour and a half later. About 20 seconds after 8:32 a.m. PDT, apparently in response to a magnitude 5.1 earthquake about 1 mile beneath the volcano, the bulged, unstable north flank of Mount St. Helens suddenly began to collapse, triggering a rapid and tragic train of events that resulted in widespread devastation and the loss of 57 people, including volcanologist Johnston. Debris avalanche Aerial views of the volcano at the moment the summit collapse (see text) triggered the debris avalanche and associated catastrophic eruption (Photographs selected from the copyrighted sequence taken by Keith and Dorothy Stoffel). The tail of the plane can be seen in the upper right-hand corner of the lower picture, as the Stoffels took a final backward look while escaping. Although the triggering earthquake was of slightly greater magnitude than any of the shocks recorded earlier at the volcano, it was not unusual in any other way. What happened within the next few seconds was described by geologists Keith and Dorothy Stoffel, who at the time were in a small plane over the volcano's summit. Among the events they witnessed, they "noticed landsliding of rock and ice debris inward into the crater . . . the south-facing wall of the north side of the main crater was especially active. Within a matter of seconds, perhaps 15 seconds, the whole north side of the summit crater began to move instantaneously. . . . The nature of movement was eerie. . . . The entire mass began to ripple and churn up, without moving laterally. Then the entire north side of the summit began sliding to the north along a deep-seated slide plane. I [Keith Stoffel] was amazed and excited with the realization that we were watching this landslide of unbelievable proportions. . . . We took pictures of this slide sequence occurring, but before we could snap off more than a few pictures, a huge explosion blasted out of the detachment plane. We neither felt nor heard a thing, even though we were just east of the summit at this time." Realizing their dangerous situation, the pilot put the plane into a steep dive to gain speed, and thus was able to outrun the rapidly mushrooming eruption cloud that threatened to engulf them. The Stoffels were fortunate to escape, and other scientists were fortunate to have their eyewitness account to help unscramble the sequence and timing of the quick succession of events that initiated the May 18 eruption. The collapse of the north flank produced the largest landslide-debris avalanche recorded in historic time. Detailed analysis of photographs and other data shows that an estimated 7-20 seconds (about 10 seconds seems most reasonable) elapsed between the triggering earthquake and the onset of the flank collapse. During the next 15 seconds, first one large block slid away, then another large block began to move, only to be followed by still another block. The series of slide blocks merged downslope into a gigantic debris avalanche, which moved northward at speeds of 110 to 155 miles an hour. Part of the avalanche surged into and across Spirit Lake, but most of it flowed westward into the upper reaches of the North Fork of the Toutle River. At one location, about 4 miles north of the summit, the advancing front of the avalanche still had sufficient momentum to flow over a ridge more than 1,150 feet high. The resulting hummocky avalanche deposit consisted of intermixed volcanic debris, glacial ice, and, possibly, water displaced from Spirit Lake. Covering an area of about 24 square miles, the debris avalanche advanced more than 13 miles down the North Fork of the Toutle River and filled the valley to an average depth of about 150 feet; the total volume of the deposit was about 0.7 cubic mile. The dumping of avalanche debris into Spirit Lake raised its bottom by about 295 feet and its water level by about 200 feet.	Washington
Which planet has the longest day?	USGS: Volcano Hazards Program CVO Mount St. Helens 2004-2008 Activity Geology and History Summary for Mount St. Helens Mount St. Helens, located in Washington State, is the most active volcano in the Cascade Range, and it is the most likely of the contiguous U.S. volcanoes to erupt in the future. The volcano is almost 53 km (33 mi) due west of Mount Adams and approximately 80 km (50 mi) northeast of the Vancouver, Washington—Portland, Oregon metropolitan area. Volcanism occurs at Mount St. Helens and other volcanoes in the Cascades arc due to subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate off the western coast of North America. Over its rich and complex 275,000-year history, Mount St. Helens has produced both violent explosive eruptions of volcanic tephra and relatively quiet outpourings of lava . In the beginning stages of eruptive activity, the volcano mostly consisted of a cluster of domes that was surrounded by an apron of tephra and debris fans of fragmented volcanic rocks. It was only during the past few thousand years that the volcano grew to its pre-1980 elevation of 2,950 m (9,677 ft), making it the, then, fifth highest peak in Washington. Starting about 3,000 years ago, substantial amounts of basalt and andesite began to erupt as lava flows between phases of dacite eruptive activity. These lava flows buried large parts of a central cluster of dacite domes and flanking fans, which started the cone building in earnest. Based upon detailed chemical analysis of the eruptive products from each stage of Mount St. Helens volcanism, scientists deduce that the volcano's magmatic system has evolved from relatively simple to more complex as the volcano matured. The evidence indicates that interaction between more silicic ( dacite ) magma batches with more mafic ( basalt to andesite ) magma increased from the earliest to most recent stages of Mount St. Helens volcanism.	i don't know
Who wrote the novel 'Jaws'?	Peter Benchley (Author of Jaws) edit data Peter Bradford Benchley was an American author best known for writing the novel Jaws and co-writing the screenplay for its highly successful film adaptation. The success of the book led to many publishers commissioning books about mutant rats, rabid dogs and the like threatening communities. The subsequent film directed by Steven Spielberg and co-written by Benchley is generally acknowledged as the first summer blockbuster. Benchley also wrote The Deep and The Island which were also adapted into films. Benchley was from a literary family. He was the son of author Nathaniel Benchley and grandson of Algonquin Round Table founder Robert Benchley. His younger brother, Nat Benchley, is a writer and actor. Peter Benchley was an alumnus of Phillips Peter Bradford Benchley was an American author best known for writing the novel Jaws and co-writing the screenplay for its highly successful film adaptation. The success of the book led to many publishers commissioning books about mutant rats, rabid dogs and the like threatening communities. The subsequent film directed by Steven Spielberg and co-written by Benchley is generally acknowledged as the first summer blockbuster. Benchley also wrote The Deep and The Island which were also adapted into films. Benchley was from a literary family. He was the son of author Nathaniel Benchley and grandson of Algonquin Round Table founder Robert Benchley. His younger brother, Nat Benchley, is a writer and actor. Peter Benchley was an alumnus of Phillips Exeter Academy and Harvard University. After graduating from college, he worked for The Washington Post, then as an editor at Newsweek and a speechwriter in the White House. He developed the idea of a man-eating shark terrorising a community after reading of a fisherman Frank Mundus catching a 4,550 pound great white shark off the coast of Long Island in 1964. He also drew some material from the tragic Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916. His reasonably successful second novel, The Deep, is about a honeymooning couple discovering two sunken treasures on the Bermuda reefs -- 17th century Spanish gold and a fortune in World War Two-era morphine -- who are subsequently targeted by a drug syndicate. This 1976 novel is based on Benchley's chance meeting in Bermuda with diver Teddy Tucker while writing a story for National Geographic. Benchley co-wrote the screenplay for the 1977 film release, along with Tracy Keenan Wynn and an uncredited Tom Mankiewicz. Directed by Peter Yates and starring Robert Shaw, Nick Nolte and Jacqueline Bisset, The Deep was the second-highest grossing release of 1977 after Star Wars, although its box office tally fell well short of Jaws. The Island, published in 1979, was a story of descendants of 17th century pirates who terrorize pleasure craft in the Caribbean, leading to the Bermuda Triangle mystery. Benchley again wrote the screenplay for the film adaptation. But the movie version of The Island, starring Michael Caine and David Warner, failed at the box office when released in 1980. During the 1980s, Benchley wrote three novels that did not sell as well as his previous works. However, Girl of the Sea of Cortez, a beguiling John Steinbeck-type fable about man's complicated relationship with the sea, was far and away his best reviewed book and has attracted a considerable cult following since its publication. Sea of Cortez signposted Benchley's growing interest in ecological issues and anticipated his future role as an impassioned and intelligent defender of the importance of redressing the current imbalance between human activities and the marine environment. Q Clearance published in 1986 was written from his experience as a staffer in the Johnson White House. Rummies (aka Lush), which appeared in 1989, is a semi-autobiographical work, loosely inspired by the Benchley family's history of alcohol abuse. While the first half of the novel is a relatively straightforward (and harrowing) account of a suburbanite's descent into alcoholic hell, the second part -- which takes place at a New Mexico substance abuse clinic -- veers off into wildly improbable thriller-type territory. He returned to nautical themes in 1991's Beast written about a giant squid threatening Bermuda. Beast was brought to the small screen as a made for TV movie in 1996, under the slightly altered title The Beast. His next novel, White Shark, was published in 1994. The story of a Nazi-created genetically engineered shark/human hybrid failed to achieve popular or critical success with Christopher Lehmann-Haupt of the New York Times saying it "looks more like Arnold Schwarzenegger than any fish". ("Peter Benchley" Contemporary Authors Onl ...more	Peter Benchley
How many points are scored with a field goal in American football?	Benchley, novelist who wrote ‘Jaws,’ dies at 65 \| Variety Benchley, novelist who wrote ‘Jaws,’ dies at 65 February 13, 2006 \| 09:00PM PT 1974 tome was the basis for Spielberg's blockbuster film Peter Benchley, whose novel “Jaws” terrorized millions of swimmers even as the author himself became an advocate for the conservation of sharks, died at home Saturday in Princeton, N.J., at age 65. Wendy Benchley, married to the author for 41 years, said the cause of death was idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a progressive scarring of the lungs. Thanks to Benchley’s 1974 novel and Steven Spielberg’s blockbuster film, the simple act of ocean swimming became synonymous with fatal horror — of still water followed by ominous, pumping music, then teeth and blood and panic. “Spielberg certainly made the most superb movie; Peter was very pleased,” Wendy Benchley told the Associated Press. “But Peter kept telling people the book was fiction, it was a novel, and that he no more took responsibility for the fear of sharks than Mario Puzo took responsibility for the Mafia.” Benchley, the grandson of humorist Robert Benchley and son of author Nathaniel Benchley, was born in New York City in 1940. He attended the elite Philips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire, then graduated from Harvard in 1961. He worked at the Washington Post and Newsweek and spent two years as a speechwriter for President Johnson, writing some difficult speeches about the Vietnam War. The author’s interest in sharks was lifelong, beginning with childhood visits to Nantucket Island in Massachusetts and heightening in the mid-1960s when he read about a fisherman catching a 4,550-pound great white shark off Long Island — the setting for his novel. “I thought to myself, What would happen if one of those came around and wouldn’t go away?” he recalled. Benchley didn’t start the novel until 1971 because he was too busy working with his day jobs. While Benchley co-wrote the screenplay for “Jaws,” and authored several other novels, including “The Deep” and “The Island,” his wife said he was especially proud of his conservation work. He served on the national council of Environmental Defense, hosted numerous television wildlife programs, gave speeches around the world and wrote articles for National Geographic and other publications. “He cared very much about sharks. He spent most of his life trying to explain to people that if you are in the ocean, you’re in the shark’s territory, so it behooves you to take precautions,” Wendy Benchley said. Besides his wife, Benchley is survived by three children and five grandchildren. A small family service will take place in Princeton.	i don't know
London store Selfridges opened in what year?	Selfridges, Oxford Street, London \| Shopping/Department Stores in London \| LondonTown.com Opening Times Don't be fooled into thinking that this huge department store is simply a Mecca for commercialism and shopaholics. Selfridges has a truly fascinating history that supports its excellent reputation for providing a huge range of high quality goods. Emphasising the ethos that "shopping should be fun", the stores original founder, US entrepreneur Harry Gordon Selfridge, defined the shop's hands-on, theatrical image that has endured since its opening in 1909. A lover of all things scientific, unusual exhibits were often used to attract and amaze customers - John Logie Baird carried out his first public demonstration of television from the first floor of the store in 1925, it was in Selfridges that 12,000 people viewed the monoplane used to complete the first cross-Channel flight, while a seismograph installed on the third floor, recorded tremors from the Belgian earthquake in 1938. This tradition for unique displays and unusual exhibitions continues to this day and is a major reason to visit the store. Selfridges' ever-changing window displays always attract immense interest and are consistently groundbreaking and often controversial - one of the most bizarre has to be the series of Japanese-inspired characters used to depict scenes from TV dating shows, which in turn encouraged shoppers to record their own personal video ad in one of the dating pods located in-store. Scores of excellent clothes retailers, a superb Food Hall , and a number of first class restaurants all under one roof make Selfridges, understandably, the biggest draw on Oxford Street . ï¿½	one thousand nine hundred and nine
The ring-ousel belongs to which family of birds?	Selfridges: A Shopper's Paradise With A Colorful Founder Selfridges: A Shopper's Paradise With A Colorful Founder {{article.article.images.featured.caption}} Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. Full Bio The author is a Forbes contributor. The opinions expressed are those of the writer. Loading ... This story appears in the {{article.article.magazine.pretty_date}} issue of {{article.article.magazine.pubName}}. Subscribe Selfridges, at Oxford Street in London (photo: Wikipedia) If you were to visit the huge department store Selfridges in London today, you could visit the new David Bowie Pop-Up Boutique. In the promotion, it states that no Bowie look would be complete without bold bright make-up, so Selfridges is teaming up with Illamasqua to offer shoppers daily makeovers and master classes. Wow! That is really in the tradition of Harry Gordon Selfridge who opened the store on March 15, 1909. H. Gordon Selfridge was a promoter. Born in Ripon, Wisconsin, he worked his way up at Marshall Field & Company over a 25 year career. In 1906, at the age of 50 and with a fortune amassed during his years Marshall Field to his name, he built a new London department store. Selfridge’s opened in 1909. Much of what he learned in Chicago was applied to the London store. He brought the slogan “The Customer is Always Right” with him and used it in his advertising for Selfridge’s. His offerings at that time, and still the case today, were high quality fashion merchandise. Every famous fashion label – from Louis Vuitton to Alexander McQueen can be found in the store. In 2010, the largest fashion shoe salon was opened, much earlier than in the leading United States emporiums. The store also has an excellent food hall and several restaurants that cater to its shoppers. Selfridge’s aggressive and innovative marketing ideas led to his stores’ success. In 1909, the year Selfridges opened, he exhibited Louis Bleriot’s monoplane in the store. Over 12,000 people came to see the plane. Mr. Selfridge was full of ideas to drive traffic. Another legendary event, among many, was the first public demonstration of television by John Logic Baird in 1925. A seismograph was installed in 1932. It recorded a Belgian earthquake in 1938 that was also felt in London. During the war the London store was bombed several times causing great damage every time. As a result the roof garden was permanently closed. Still in its original location at 400 Oxford Street it was the first building in the country to use a steel frame construction. This is standard today. With London as the flagship store, over the years 15 provincial stores were opened and then sold to the John Lewis Partnership in 1940. H. Gordon Selfridge left his namesake company in 1941. Selfridge died in 1947 at the age of 91 impoverished due to a lavish lifestyle and heavy gambling following his wife and mother’s deaths in 1918 and 1924, respectively. The store changed hands several times after his death, first it was owned by the Lewis chain, then Sears Holding, and finally in 2003 it was acquired by the current owner, Canada’s Galen Weston, for 598 million British pounds. Sears brought some new ideas to Selfridge’s that were successful, including the 1992 introduction of the yellow shopping bags that have been popular ever since. From 1997 to 2002 Vittorio Radice, a brilliant merchant, revitalized the store under Sears ownership. Sears also expanded the chain opening 3 major stores just before the 2003 acquisition by Weston; two in Manchester and one in Birmingham. Today, Selfridges is the second largest department store in London. Only Harrods’ is bigger. Currently, an eight-part mini-series for television called “Mr. Selfridge” starring Jeremy Piven is airing on public television in the United States. The original showing was in England. In response to its enormous popularity, an additional 10 episodes will be filmed in England for the 2014 season. I am not a fan. The Selfridge program is not like Downton Abbey, another popular PBS series brought to the US from England. Downton Abbey defined the different characters very well. Selfridge’s is more of a soap opera that recounts some of the happenings inside and outside the store. I can only imagine that next there will probably be a miniseries on the major US department stores. So far there have been two versions of “The Miracle on 34th Street” that recounts Macy’s competitive stance with Gimbels in the 1930’s. Harry Gordon Selfridge was a showman, who brought many shoppers to his store. The enduring popularity of the Selfridges store on Oxford Street is a great tribute to him. More so than the PBS series in my opinion.	i don't know
Best selling author, Mary Westmacott, is better known as whom?	Agatha Christie \| Biography, Books and Facts Read Agatha Christie’s Secret Notebooks: Fifty Years of Mysteries in the Making Eventually, Christie became the unacknowledged “Queen of Crime Fiction”. During her life span, she wrote more than 66 novels, several short stories and screenplays, along with a number of romantic movies using the pseudonym Mary Westmacott. Numerous novels of hers were made into motion pictures, the most famous being Murder on the Orient Express in 1974. Apparently, a strong impact of writing developed on the author as well, after the incident on the 3rd of December when she promptly vanished. There was wide speculation that she had been murdered when her car was found abandoned near a lake named Silent Pool in Surrey with the hood up, lights on, and the cab holding her belongings. There are several accounts on just how many hundreds of people went out searching for her, but after eleven days she was finally discovered at the Hydropathic Hotel (now Old Swan) in Harrowgate where she was residing under a different name. This incident bore uncanny resemblance to a scene from one of her novels, and it was later adapted into a book by Jared Cade titled, Eleven Missing Days. Similarly, there was another novel, Agatha, written by Kathleen Tynan which was made into a major motion picture. Some of Christie’s best-known works are The ABC Murders (1936), And Then There Were None [also known as Ten Little Indians] (1945), The Mousetrap (longest ever running stage play in London, first performed in 1952), Hickory Dickory Dock (1955),Witness for the Prosecution (1957), Murder on the Orient Express (1974), and Death on the Nile (1978). In 1971, Agatha Christie was also made a Dame of the British Empire. She died on 12th January 1976. Buy Books by Agatha Christie	Agatha Christie
By what name was actor Bernard Schwartz usually known?	Agatha Christie - Book Series In Order Hardcover Paperback Kindle About Agatha Christie: Agatha Christie was born in Ashfield. Agatha grew up in the town of Torquay in southwest England. She taught herself how to read at five years old even though her mother didn’t want her to do so until she was eight. She was home-schooled, which was a lot more uncommon at the turn of the 20th century than it is now. Her father was her primary teacher, but her mother was a storyteller—and gave strong encouragement for Agatha to write. Although she became a prolific writer, she claimed she really did not have much in the way of lessons other than arithmetic. Although she did not have the social experience of public school, she studied dance and piano as a teenager. She was too shy to perform. Her first published writing happened when she was 11. It was a poem about electric trams. She was very clever at inventing ways to keep occupied. She has been quoted as saying, “There is nothing like boredom to inspire you to write.” She had written a number of short stories by the time she was 17. In 1910, at 20, Christie spent winter months in Egypt with her mother. Her time there influenced the rest of her life. In 1914, she married Archibald Christie, who was a Lt. Colnel. Archibald returned to military service right after their marriage, and Agatha was later to say that she felt her married life really began in 1918—when her husband was stationed in London. She began writing detective fiction while working as a nurse during World War 1. The confusion and sadness of the patients she tended affected her deeply, and her knowledge of poison and drugs is seen again and again in her novels. During quiet periods at the hospital, she started writing in response to her sister’s statement of long past that she could not write a detective story. The author’s mother died in 1926, not long before Archibald left Agatha for another woman. He was in Spain when her mother died and seemed completely indifferent to her feelings and grief. He told her of his affair and love for Nancy Neel (an acquaintance) immediately upon returning from Spain. The couple seemed to overcome this and try to stay together. They moved to Styles. But after a few months, she left her house and disappeared after a huge fight. There was an extensive search, with some thinking she was dead and others speculating she was alive. When it was discovered she was indeed alive, there was speculation that she did it to either spite her husband or gain publicity for her latest novel. This episode of Agatha’s life is perhaps the most talked about and less known. She later married Max Mallowan, an archeologist. They spent over a decade in Assyria, at an archeological dig. They travelled back to England at least once a year. Mallowan and Christie bought several homes and lived in several flats over the years. Their final home was a large Georgian house near Torquay, not far from Agatha’s childhood home. In 1936, Mallowan was part of an expedition which dug up seventy cuneiform tablets. The couple traveled back and forth between England and the Middle East quite extensively. Agatha returned to serving as a nurse during World War II. Her one child, Rosalind, was named after a female hero from a Shakespeare play. Rosalind had a significant share in Agatha’s company that controlled the rights to her works. In 1954, Christie had three plays she had written running at the same time. Her novels and her plays did so well that she had to form a company to avoid excessive taxation. Her most famous play was The Mousetrap. She said she had more fun writing plays than writing books. Christie wrote so many novels some say she lost count. She was named a Dame of the British Empire in 1971. There is speculation that Agatha suffered from dementia in her later years even though she kept writing. Changes in the vocabulary and dialog of her later novels have been said by some to support this theory. There is an increasing preoccupation with older people in her writing, especially the novels Elephants Can Remember, and Postern of Fate. She died in 1976. She spend much of her life avoiding the public, according to some because of the way the press found her and wrote about her when she was “hiding” after leaving her first husband—an incident she never spoke of or wrote about. She had her way and wrote her life story herself. She began writing her life story in 1950 and finished it in 1965. Her autobiography was published in 1977. Writings Her first novel was published in 1920, but it wasn’t until 1926 when her novel, The Murder of Roger Ackroyd, gained recognition that her novels hit the best-selling lists. After this novel, 75 subsequent novels hit the best-seller lists in England and the United States. It featured perhaps her best-known character, Hercule Poirot. He was a Belgian detective in many of her books. Poirot was described by the author as “a small man, muffled up to the ears of whom nothing was visible but a pink-tipped nose and the two points of an upward-curled mustache.” His detection methods spring from his ability to get people to talk and inventing fictitious backgrounds for himself in order to make this happen. This character was so popular, and some say so well written, that he is mentioned in textbooks that teach crime scene analysis. Another character Christie used in novels was Miss Jane Marple. Like Poirot, this character has had significant impact. She is considered the source of what is termed, “The Spinster Detective.” The nice little old lady who is cunning and intelligent—who makes sense of crimes by comparing them to events in normal life. Of her novels that were made into films, two stand out: Murder on the Orient Express and Death on the Nile. The latter was even made into a video game. Murder on the Orient Express is perhaps her most famous piece. It has been a novel, a play, a movie, a TV movie, and a radio show. In addition to her detective stories, Christie is the author of many poems, and some romances. Absent in the Spring, for example, was published in 1944 under the pseudonym Mary Westmacott. Pat in ‘About Agatha Christie: Agatha Christie was born in Ashfield. Agatha grew up in the town of Torquary’, change ‘Torquary’ to ‘Torquay’. hilarylawley I am sorting out all our Agatha Christie books and i have used your list to go by. At the end i have one book left which i cannot find listed on your site. It is Ten Little Niggers. Can you tell me why it isn’t listed please? Mariah Wolfel It was retitled And Then There Were None. It’s listed under Standalone Novels. It was published in 1939. Here is more info (although don’t read too much if you don’t want spoilers): Can you tell me why Black Coffee (1930) is not listed? Charlotte Ang I realised it too, maybe they forgot to put it in? Chaserville2009 Probably because it was finished by another writer. Charlotte Ang Anyone read the Sherlock Holmes series? I may want to start reading on those Chari Carico I recently read the first Sherlock Holmes book, A Study in Scarlet, and was really surprised at how different it was than any of the TV shows that are supposed to be based on it. Some of the ideas were the same, but executed in much different ways. I enjoyed both the book and the Cumberbatch version of it quite a bit, but I think I liked the book much better. Of course, that could be because it’s the book actually written by Arthur Conan Doyle so that may play into my preference. I really enjoyed the history of it, and was surprised by the motivation behind the killing ( I won’t give it away but nothing at all like the TV version). I am getting ready to start the second book, The Sign of Four, and am very excited about it. Chaserville2009 This is very helpful, but I was looking for a list not divided by main characters. Is that somewhere on the site? Thank you. Mary Riversong “In 1936, Mallowan was part of an expedition witch dug up seventy cuneiform tablets.” Please change the word “witch” to which. Thank you. A very nice article. http://www.8amBeerPong.com Graeme	i don't know
Who wrote the 'Brer Rabbit' books?	Uncle Remus and Brer Rabbit - Joel Chandler Harris - Google Books Uncle Remus and Brer Rabbit 0 Reviews https://books.google.com/books/about/Uncle_Remus_and_Brer_Rabbit.html?id=id5xPwAACAAJ Joel Chandler Harris (1848-1908) was an American journalist, born in Eatonton, Georgia, who wrote the Uncle Remus stories, including: Uncle Remus: His Songs and His Sayings (1880), Nights with Uncle Remus (1881/1882), Uncle Remus and His Friends (1892), and Uncle Remus and the Little Boy (1905). The stories, based on the African-American oral storytelling tradition, were revolutionary in their use of dialect. They featured a trickster hero called Br'er (Brother) Rabbit, who used his wits against adversity, though his efforts did not always succeed. Harris began publishing his stories in the Atlanta Constitution in 1879 at a time of great interest in the South and in freedmen. They became popular among both black and white readers in the North and South, not least because they presented an idealized view of race relations soon after the Civil War. Apart from Uncle Remus, Harris wrote several other collections of stories depicting rural life in Georgia, including Mingo and Other Sketches in Black and White (1884), Free Joe and Other Georgian Sketches (1887) and Stories of Georgia (1896).	Joel Chandler Harris
The leaves of which plant are said to heal a nettle sting?	Uncle Remus Tales \| New Georgia Encyclopedia The Rhetoric and Sociology of the Tales The Uncle Remus tales are African American trickster stories about the exploits of Brer Rabbit, Brer Fox, and other "creeturs" that were recreated in black regional dialect by Joel Chandler Harris . Harris, a native of Eatonton , was a literary comedian, New South journalist, amateur folklorist, southern local-color writer, and children's author. Origins and Influences Two-thirds of Harris's celebrated trickster tales—which constitute the largest gathering of African American folktales published in the nineteenth century—derive their deep structures and primary motifs from African folktales that were brought to the New World and then retold and elaborated upon by African American slaves living in the southeastern United States. The remaining stories have their roots in European and Native American folklore. The Brer Rabbit Brer Rabbit stories have been translated into nearly thirty foreign languages and have had an impressively wide influence on writers and on popular culture generally. Writers indebted to Harris include Mark Twain, Charles Chesnutt, Zora Neale Hurston, Flannery O'Connor , William Faulkner, Ralph Ellison, Toni Morrison, and Van Dyke Parks and Julius Lester (who have retold the Uncle Remus tales in richly illustrated multivolume sets). Eatonton's other famous literary personality, however, Alice Walker , only begrudgingly acknowledges Harris's influence, arguing that he in effect stole a major part of the black folk legacy from its authentic African American creators. A whole gallery of children's-story heroes, including Kim's animal friends in Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Books, Beatrix Potter's Peter Rabbit, Howard Garis's Uncle Wiggily, and A. A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh, were influenced by Harris's creation of street-smart, recognizably human animal characters who speak "de same ez folks." Walt Disney's pioneering film that first combined live action and animation, Song of the South (1946), Disney World's Splash Mountain theme ride, an endless array of Saturday morning cartoon tricksters, from Bugs Bunny to the Road Runner, and even B&G Foods' Brer Rabbit Molasses were born, bred, or otherwise cooked up in Brer Rabbit's briar patch. The Brer Rabbit Stories Harris's fictionalized storyteller, Uncle Remus, was a "human syndicate" whom he had admittedly "walloped together" from several black storytellers he had met while working from 1862 to 1866 as a printing compositor on Joseph Addison Turner 's Turnwold Plantation, outside Eatonton, in Putnam County . Although Uncle Remus's name has its ultimate origins in Rome's Romulus and Remus legend, its more immediate antecedent was an elderly black gardener Harris met in Forsyth, Georgia, where Harris had served from 1867 to 1870 as an editor for the Monroe Advertiser. From 1876 to 1879, during the first phase of Harris's quarter-century career as associate editor of the Atlanta Constitution, he wrote for the newspaper several dialect sketches that portrayed Uncle Remus as a reluctant city dweller who was fond of dropping by the paper's editorial office and sharing comic, philosophical, and sometimes cynical perspectives about city life in what he sometimes called "Atlanta-Ma-Tantrum." The fact was that Remus's heart, like Harris's, was really back in Putnam County. When Uncle Remus began telling Brer Rabbit tales in rural black dialect, the stories proved to be so popular that they soon outgrew the confines of the Constitution. In 1880 Harris published a volume of these folktales, together with old plantation songs, pithy sayings, and Remus's Atlanta street-sketches, as Uncle Remus: His Songs and His Sayings. Harris would gather six more volumes of Uncle Remus stories during his lifetime, including, in 1895, a revised edition of his first book, illustrated by A. B. Frost. Two more volumes would appear posthumously, followed in 1955 by The Complete Tales of Uncle Remus, a collection of all 185 tales edited by Richard Chase. Uncle Remus and His Listener Harris embedded the animal folktales he retold in a rhetorically complex narrative frame featuring Uncle Remus and his listener, a little white boy who is the son of the plantation master. Turnwold Plantation In Harris's second volume, Nights with Uncle Remus (1883), three other black narrators also tell folktales: Aunt Tempy, the uppity and privileged cook in the Big House; 'Tildy, the often impertinent house maid; and Daddy Jack, a sagacious old Gullah from the Sea Islands who performs stories complexly counterpointed with musical themes. Uncle Remus himself proves, however, to be the most fully developed and gifted vernacular storyteller of the group. Remus's character gradually evolves in the later story collections, even as his young white listener grows up and marries, eventually sending his son to learn at the knee of the seemingly ageless old man, as he himself had done a generation earlier. The Rhetoric and Sociology of the Tales On one narrative level Uncle Remus appears to be telling only entertaining, harmless slapstick animal tales, drawn nostalgically from the pre–Civil War Old South plantation tradition, that typically highlight the stupidity of the physically stronger animals. In the introduction to his first volume of Uncle Remus tales, however, Harris acknowledges the allegorical significance of the stories he was retelling. Clearly, Brer Rabbit is the black slave's alter ego and trickster-hero, and the so-called stronger animals represent the white slave owners. On deeper rhetorical, symbolical, and archetypal levels, Uncle Remus's role is to initiate his young white listener into the complex realities of adult life. Yet at the same time, Uncle Remus has been educating entire generations of readers—young and old, white, black, brown, red, and yellow—about the destructive power plays and status struggles among members of the animal kingdom, who clearly represent socially and ethnically different, jealous, contentious, and even openly warring members of the human race itself. The survival strategy that the tricky old shaman counsels, furthermore, is first and foremost to use one's "thinkin' masheen," which almost invariably proves to be a more powerful weapon than brute strength. Uncle Remus is an accomplished role-player and trickster himself. While humorously and affectionately telling the little boy superficially entertaining tales, he is also narrating double-stories that explore, just below the surface, a violent, predatory world of interracial strife, interclass warfare, and assaults on the human spirit itself. As Uncle Remus once stops to explain, "with unusual emphasis," to the little white boy and to Remus's fellow black raconteurs, 'Tildy, Aunt Tempy, and Daddy Jack, "ef deze yer tales wuz des fun, fun, fun, en giggle, giggle, giggle, I let you know I'd a-done drapt um long ago." Uncle Remus challenges all of his readers and listeners, in his time and our time, to read the complex book of life more compassionately and to find some kind of common ground and common humanity beyond slavery—and beyond terror and violence in any form. You Might Also Like	i don't know
Who returned as president of Uganda after the fall of Idi Amin?	President Idi Amin Dada (Field Marshall) \| State House Uganda President Idi Amin Dada (Field Marshall) 25 January 1971 to 11 April 1979 President Idi Amin Dada (Field Marshall) Field Marshal Idi Amin Dada was the third President on Independent Uganda, after Fredrick Muteesa II and Milton Obote. Amin, a bulk head figure standing at more than six feet, was no easy President. He shook the world in different ways through his antics and was at one time one of the most 'feared' dictators in the world. There are different accounts about his place of birth. In some accounts, he claimed to have been born at the place where the International Conference Center stands today. Others say he was born in Koboko to a Kakwa father and a Lugbara mother. His actual year of birth is not clear too. It is said that he was born between 1925 and 1928. Amin’s childhood was a total wreck because he was abandoned by his mother when he was still a baby. He, however survived the street-wise way, selling snacks and doing casual work to earn a living. In 1946, Amin, who had hobnobbed with soldiers in his early life, courtesy of his mother’s marriage to a Kings African Rifle Clerk, joined the Kings African Rifles. It is not clear whether he joined directly as a soldier; however some sources claim that he was first recruited as a kitchen cook. But soon, he became a real soldier. It was while with the KAR that the word 'Dada' was added to his name because he kept mentioning it whenever he greeted a lady. In between soldiering, he enjoyed different sports activities, including boxing in which he rose to the level of a National Heavy Weight Champion, he tried out athletics as a sprinter and played rugby. He was all the time jolly. He was a distinguished soldier, easy to pick out from the crowd, largely owing to his actions. During an attack against the Mau-Mau in Kenya, he fought bravely in places like Kinyoma and Kangema in which he killed several of them. He was promoted to the rank of sergeant in 1955 and he became a Commissioned Officer in 1961. He was deployed as commander of a unit in Karamoja that was supposed to stop cattle rustling in the area. By the time Uganda got her independence, Idi Amin was one of the leading soldiers who formed the first Uganda independence army. By 1964 he had been named Deputy Army Commander while Shaban Opolot was the Army Commander. Milton Obote then deployed him to help the Katanga rebels who were fighting against Zaire government. Later, it emerged that Amin had indeed sold gold and diamonds given to him by the rebels in return for arms. Much later, the issue went before parliament for debate; however Obote snuffed it in the bud by arresting all the ring leaders, hence saving himself and Amin. Having struck a 'wonderful' chord, when Obote fell out with Kabaka Fredrick Muteesa, it was Idi Amin, then a Colonel of the army that he turned to for survival. On 24th May 1966, Obote sent a force commanded by Idi Amin to attack the Lubiri in order to bring the Kabaka alive or dead. Amin carried out this order diligently. While he obeyed his master’s orders to the letter, Amin had his personal ambitions up his sleeve. For example, he was recruiting hundreds of his kinsmen into the army. These were to come in handy later when he decided to take over high office. Among these included Sudanese and Congolese. By the early 1970s, Amin had created a sizeable force within the Uganda Army that could answer to his whims and Obote recognized this too. A fall out started and finally, it culminated into the 1971 coup. At that time Obote wanted to arrest Idi Amin for various cases including murder. Then, Major General Amin however used his men to stop the move and was soon declared President while Obote was attending a Common Wealth Conference in Singapore. There was jubilation when Amin captured power, largely because Obote had lost popularity. But soon, it was noticed that Amin was not the savior the country thought he was. Nonetheless, he started off by releasing all political prisoners who had been imprisoned by Obote. He appointed an all inclusive cabinet, full of professionals and experts-which were hailed by both local and international commentators. But underneath this all, there was murder going on-especially of Langi soldiers in the Uganda Army. According to various accounts, over 1,000 soldiers from Privates up to the rank of Colonel were murdered in the first days after the coup. Outside the army, the first few years of Amin`s regime saw the murder of several prominent personalities including Ben Kiwanuka (Attorney General). By 1972, the economy which he had found in a good condition was shriveling. He had already caught up with religious extremism and had shifted from being a 'darling' of the Western world- UK, to the East, especially Russia. He claimed to stand for the Palestinian cause and vowed to fight for it. However, it was his 'dream' to chase away the Asians, who hitherto owned most key businesses that shook the world. He gave them just 90 days to leave or perish. Many of them left, others did not, but instead chose to commit suicide. Asian businesses were then distributed amongst his cohorts. He then embarked on building his army as one of the best in Africa at the time, with fighter planes MIGs from Russia, tanks among others. He was so smitten with his abilities that he threatened to fight the 'imperialists' in South-Africa and the Israelis from Palestine. In 1974, he got an international respite when he held the OAU conference in Kampala. Notable developments at the time included the construction of both Nile Hotel and Nile Mansions to host the conference. While killings continued unabated, Amin further took his antics to the international level. In 1976, he allowed a high-jacked Air France Plane, bound for Israel to land at Entebbe airport. The Israelis however attacked and rescued their citizens a few days later. His claim on land at the border with Tanzania, and earlier claims of land at the border with Kenya continued. In 1978, Amin`s soldiers launched an attack on the Kagera Salient in Tanzania and captured it. Little known to Amin, this was the sign that the Tanzanians and various exile groups wanted to get rid of Amin. By late 1978, they attacked and by April 1979, Amin had been defeated. Amin fled to Libya and later Saudi Arabia where he died on August 16, 2003. Officially, Amin had five wives, all of whom he treated as 'First Ladies' at different functions. They included Kay Amin, Nora Amin, Medina Amin, Sarah Amin and Malyamu Amin. The number of children he fathered is above 30.	Milton Obote
Which football competition awards the Henri Delaunay trophy to the winner?	Idi Amin @ moreorless.net.au Idi Amin Background The British Government declares Uganda its protectorate in 1894. Surrounding kingdoms are incorporated, with the borders becoming fixed in 1914. Independence is achieved peacefully on 9 October 1962 but rising tensions between the country's different ethnic groups see Prime Minister Milton Obote impose a new republican constitution establishing himself as president and abolishing all the country's kingdoms. Ethnic tensions continue to rise. Idi Amin seizes power in a coup in January 1971. Mini biography Born between 1923 and 1925 into the Kakwa tribe in Koboko, near Arua in the northwest corner of Uganda, close to the borders with the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Sudan. His father is a farmer and a follower of Islam. His mother is a member of the Lugbara tribe and is said to practice sorcery. (Amin's younger brother, Amule, claims that Amin was in fact born in Kampala, the capital of Uganda, and that their father was working as a policeman there at the time.) Amin's parents separate soon after his birth. Amin is raised by his mother, who becomes a camp follower of the King's African Rifles, a regiment of the British colonial army. She will have more children from other relationships, with Amin becoming the third of eight siblings. Amin receives only a rudimentary education but excels at sports and reportedly converts to Islam at an early age. 1946 - He joins the King's African Rifles as an assistant cook. In 1948 he is promoted to corporal. By 1958 he is sergeant-major and platoon commander. 1951 - Amin becomes the heavyweight boxing champion of Uganda, holding the title until 1960. 1952 - He serves in the British action against the Mau Mau revolt in Kenya (1952-56) and is described by officials as "a splendid type and a good (rugby) player, but virtually bone from the neck up, and needs things explained in words of one letter." One former commander remembers Amin "as a splendid and reliable soldier and a cheerful and energetic man." Another former commander describes Amin as "an incredible person who certainly isn't mad - very shrewd, very cunning and a born leader." 1959 - He is made a warrant officer with the rank of 'effendi', a position specially created by the colonial army for noncommissioned Africans with leadership potential. 1961 - He rises to the rank of lieutenant, becoming one of only two native Ugandans to be commissioned during British rule. 1962 - Troops under Amin's command commit the 'Turkana Massacre' while conducting an operation to suppress cattle stealing by tribesmen spilling into the north of Uganda from the neighbouring Turkana region of Kenya. Investigations by the British authorities in Kenya reveal that the victims of the massacre had been tortured, beaten to death and, in some cases, buried alive. However, with Uganda's independence only months away, the authorities decide against court-martialling Amin for his "overzealous" methods. Uganda achieves independence from Britain on 9 October. The king of the Baganda tribe, Sir Edward Mutesa, becomes the new nation's first president. The government is led by Prime Minister Milton Obote, who Amin supports. Overlooking the charges of torture, Obote promotes Amin to major in 1963 and to colonel and deputy commander of the army and air force in 1964, the same year that Amin helps put down an army mutiny at Jinja, Uganda's second city. Shortly after independence Amin is sent to Israel on a paratrooper training course. He will become a favourite of the Israelis when he acts as a conduit for the supply of arms and ammunition to Israeli-backed rebels fighting a war in southern Sudan. 1966 - Following a financial scandal implicating Obote and Amin in gold smuggling, and on the back of growing opposition from King Mutesa, Obote suspends the constitution, arrests half his cabinet, and installs himself as president for life. King Mutesa is driven from his palace in a military operation led by Amin and forced into exile. A new constitution abolishes all the country's kingdoms. Amin is subsequently promoted to major-general and appointed chief of the army and air force. He begins to build a support base in the army by recruiting from his own Kakwa tribe. However, his relations with Obote start to sour. 1969 - In December an unsuccessful attempt is made to assassinate Obote. Brigadier Pierino Okoya, the deputy chief of the army and Amin's sole rival among senior army officers, tells Obote and Amin that the net is closing in on the perpetrators and that all will be revealed at a second meeting scheduled for 26 January 1970. 1970 - On 25 January Okoya and his wife are shot dead at their home. Relations between Obote and Amin deteriorate further following the murder. In November Obote removes Amin from his command positions and places him in an administrative role. 1971 - Amin discovers that Obote intends to arrest him on charges of misappropriating millions of dollars of military funds. On 25 January, while Obote is out of the country attending the Commonwealth Conference in Singapore, Amin stages a coup that is later reported to have been backed by Israel and welcomed by the British. Amin's military government accuses Obote and his regime of corruption, economic mismanagement, suppressing democracy, and failing to maintain law and order. Obote later calls Amin "the greatest brute an African mother has ever brought to life." The coup is initially supported by Ugandans, with Amin promising to abolish Obote's secret police, free all political prisoners, introduce economic reforms, and quickly return the country to civilian rule. However, elections will never be held during Amin's reign. "I am not an ambitious man, personally," Amin says after taking power, "I am just a soldier with a concern for my country and its people." Amin is declared president and chief of the armed forces. Almost immediately he initiates mass executions of officers and troops he believes to be loyal to Obote. Thirty-two army officers die when dynamite blows up the cell in which they are being held at the Makindye Prison in Kampala. Overall, as many as two-thirds of the army's 9,000 soldiers are executed during Amin's first year in power. In foreign affairs, Amin is initially pro-West and inclined towards Britain and Israel. His first overseas trip as president is a state visit to Israel. This is followed a separate state visit to London that includes a meeting with Queen Elizabeth II. However, his position changes after he returns from a trip to Libya around the end of 1971. 1972 - Now determined to make Uganda "a black man's country", Amin expels the country's 40,000-80,000 Indians and Pakistanis in the closing months of the year, reportedly after receiving a message from God during a dream. "I am going to ask Britain to take responsibility for all Asians in Uganda who are holding British passports, because they are sabotaging the economy of the country," Amin declares at the start of August. The Asians, most of who are third-generation descendants of workers brought to Uganda by the British colonial administration, are given 90 days to leave the country and are only allowed to take what they can carry. "If they do not leave they will find themselves sitting on the fire," Amin warns. The businesses, homes and possessions they leave behind are distributed without compensation to Amin's military favourites. With the true nature of Amin's regime becoming apparent, the British and Israeli governments begin to back-pedal on their support, refusing to sell him more arms. Amin then looks to Libya for aid, promising Libyan leader Colonel Muammar Gaddafi that he will turn Uganda into an Islamic state. The Soviet Union also provides aid and arms for a time. Amin now challenges Britain and the United States, breaks relations with Israel, and throws his support behind the Palestinian liberation movement. British property in Uganda is appropriated, business relations between the two countries are restricted, and those Britons remaining in Uganda are threatened with expulsion. To secure his regime Amin launches a campaign of persecution against rival tribes and Obote supporters, murdering between 100,000 and 500,000 (most sources say 300,000). Among those to die are ordinary citizens, former and serving Cabinet ministers, the chief justice, Supreme Court judges, diplomats, academics, educators, prominent Roman Catholic and Anglican clergy, senior bureaucrats, medical practitioners, bankers, tribal leaders, business executives, journalists and a number of foreigners. In some cases entire villages are wiped out. So many corpses are thrown into the Nile that workers at one location have to continuously fish them out to stop the intake ducts at a nearby dam from becoming clogged. The size of the army is increased, and much of the country's budget is diverted from civilian to military spending. Military tribunals are placed above the civil courts, soldiers are appointed to top government posts, parliament is dissolved and civilian Cabinet ministers are informed that they will be subject to military discipline. Ruling by decree, Amin also creates his own security apparatus to identify and eliminate opponents. At its height, the security force will consist of about 18,000 men serving in three squads - the Public Safety Unit, the State Research Bureau and the military police. Amin's Presidential Guard also doubles as a death squad, as well as protecting the dictator from the many assassination attempts made against him. As terror reigns Uganda's economy begins to collapse, partially through mismanagement and partially as a result of the expulsion of the Indians and Pakistanis, who had formed the country's economic backbone. 1975 - Amin promotes himself to field marshal and awards himself the Victoria Cross. The following year he declares himself president for life. During 1975 he stages a publicity stunt for the world media, forcing white residents of Kampala to carry him on a throne then kneel before him and recite an oath of loyalty. In the summer, Denis Hills, a Uganda-based British subject, is sentenced to death by the regime for describing Amin as a "village tyrant." The sentence is dropped only after the British foreign secretary travels to Kampala to plead for Hills' life. Hills, who is eventually freed, later warns against viewing Amin as a buffoon or murderer, explaining that Amin's "aggressive black national leadership" had won him many admirers in Africa. "(Amin) has the successful tribal chief's compensatory qualities for his lack of formal education: cunning, a talent for survival, personal strength and courage, an ability to measure his opponents weaknesses and his subject's wishes," Hills says. "It is not enough to dismiss Amin as a buffoon or murderer. ... He is an African reality. He has realised an African dream. The creation of a truly black state. He has called into being a new crude, but vigorous, middle class of technicians and businessmen." Meanwhile, Amin takes up the rotating position of head of the Organisation for African Unity, but is largely seen as an embarrassment. During the same period, Uganda is appointed to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. 1976 - Amin becomes personally involved in hostage negotiations with Israel when pro-Palestinian guerrillas hijack an Air France passenger jet carrying 105 Israelis and Jews on 27 June and order it fly to Entebbe in Uganda. However, he is deeply humiliated when Israeli commandos stage a successful raid and rescue the passengers on 4 July. Only two of the hostages are killed during the 58-minute operation and only one is left behind; Dora Bloch, a British-Israeli grandmother who had been released by the hijackers for medical treatment. Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin later accuses Amin of "collaborating with the terrorists while using deceit and false pretences" during the hostage negotiations. Amin is also accused of allowing reinforcements to join the original four hijackers. In the wake of the Entebbe raid a furious Amin has Dora Bloch and more than 200 senior officers and government officials executed. He also expels foreigners from Uganda and unleashes a new round of violence, ordering the execution of anyone suspected of opposing him. At the end of July Britain breaks off diplomatic relations with Amin's regime. Amin declares that he has beaten the British and confers upon himself the title of 'Conqueror of the British Empire'. 1977 - In January Amin accuses the Anglican archbishop of Uganda of conspiring in an invasion plot. The next day the archbishop and two Cabinet ministers are murdered. The US, meanwhile, cuts off aid to Uganda, with President Jimmy Carter saying that Amin's policies "disgusted the entire civilised world." 1978 - The price of coffee, Uganda's main export, begins to fall, further damaging the already staggering Ugandan economy. Armed rebellions break out in the southwest, coup attempts become an ever-present threat, and the Libyans begin to cut aid. In an attempt to divert attention from the country's internal problems, Amin launches an attack on Tanzania, a neighbouring country to the south, at the end of October. Tanzanian troops, assisted by armed Ugandan exiles, quickly put Amin's army to flight and counter-invade. 1979 - Beating back the Ugandan's heavy resistance, the invading Tanzanian forces take Kampala on 11 April. Amin flees to Libya, taking his four wives, several of his 30 mistresses and about 20 of his children. After being asked to leave Libya he lives for a time in Iraq before finally settling in the port city of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia, where he is allowed to stay provided he keeps out of politics. The Saudis provide him with a monthly stipend of about US$1,400, domestic servants, cooks, drivers and cars. He leads a comfortable life with his four wives in a modest house. Besides a huge death toll, Amin has left Uganda with an annual inflation rate of 200%, a national debt of US$320 million, an agricultural sector in tatters, closed factories and ruined businesses. 1980 - Milton Obote returns to power in Uganda following a general election. Obote's second administration is said to be at least as violent as Amin's, with security forces mercilessly combating an insurgency movement. According to the current government of Uganda, more than 500,000 civilians die as a result of the conflict. Obote is once again ousted in July 1985. 1989 - Amin attempts to return to Uganda to reclaim power but is identified at Kinshasa, Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), and forced to return to Saudi Arabia. 1999 - Amin gives an interview to an Ugandan newspaper, saying he likes to play the accordion, fish, swim, recite from the Koran and read. He expresses no remorse for the abuses of his regime and is reported to say, "I'm very happy now, much happier now then when I was president." 2001 - It is reported that Amin wishes to return to Uganda. He continues to be popular in his home province and begins to fund the rebuilding of family properties destroyed by the Tanzanian troops who expelled him in 1979. The Ugandan Government says that Amin is free to return but would have to "answer for his sins" and would be dealt with according to the law. Amin's relatives are able to travel to and from Uganda, and several of his children live and work there. 2002 - Uganda officially celebrates Amin's downfall for the first time. 2003 - In July Amin is reported to be in a coma and on life support in the intensive care unit of the King Faisal specialist hospital in Jeddah, where he has been receiving treatment for hypertension and general fatigue for three months. He had been admitted to the hospital with high blood pressure on 18 July. It is also reported that he is suffering from kidney failure but has refused treatment for the condition. The current president of Uganda, Yoweri Museveni, says he will arrest Amin if he returns to the country alive but if he dies abroad his body could be brought back for burial. "If Amin comes back breathing or conscious I will arrest him because he committed crimes here," Museveni says, adding that if his body is brought back for burial "we shall not give him state honours. He will be buried like any other ordinary Ugandan." Amin dies in hospital of complications due to multiple organ failure at 8:20 a.m. on 16 August. He is buried in Jeddah's Ruwais cemetery during a small funeral ceremony just hours after his death. Comment By most accounts an illiterate and gluttonous buffoon, Amin has become the subject of many bizarre rumours and myths. There are stories of cannibalism, of feeding the corpses of his victims to crocodiles, of keeping severed heads in a freezer at his home and bringing them out on occasions for "talks" - most or all of which are unsubstantiated, but not necessarily untrue. He is known to have admired the German dictator Adolf Hitler and is quoted as saying that Hitler "was right to burn six million Jews." It is also said that he planned to have a statue of Hitler constructed in Kampala. During his rule, Amin was a subject of ridicule in the West. His many outlandish statements were generally seen as somewhat eccentric if not a complete joke. The satirical British magazine 'Punch' at one time ran a weekly column supposedly written by Amin. There was even an irreverent pop song about him that did well in the charts. And Idi Amin would be a joke if his legacy was not so cruel. But perhaps it's not just Amin's cruelty to which we should look when seeking answers for the havoc he wrought in Uganda. While there's a lot of history to all the countries of Africa, and while the continent was far from peaceful before the arrival of Europeans, it's too often the case that wherever there was a colonial administration there is now a can of worms. We'll never know how Africa would have developed if it hadn't been colonised, but the outcome could hardly have been worse. Africa has suffered more than any other continent from its colonial past, which has breed Ugandas and Congos and Rawandas and South Africas and Zimbabwes and greed and corruption and death. An obituary for Amin published in 'The Telegraph' on 17 August 2003 eloquently summarises the predicament. "Amin's tragedy, like that of so many Africans, was to have admired a civilisation whose external trappings he strongly desired, but of whose internal workings he had no idea, while at the same time he was partly enclosed in the mental world of a primitive tribalist," the obituary concludes. "He was a product of multiculturalism, African-style, and able to use relatively advanced methods to achieve brutal, primitive ends. Like every African dictator, he was confusion's masterpiece." More information	i don't know
Whose ear did Mike Tyson bite in Las Vegas 1997?	Tyson Disqualified for Biting Holyfield's Ears - The New York Times The New York Times Sports \|Tyson Disqualified for Biting Holyfield's Ears Search Tyson Disqualified for Biting Holyfield's Ears By TOM FRIEND Continue reading the main story Mike Tyson could not beat him, so he bit him. Tyson, the onetime heavyweight champion, was bleeding profusely from his right eye after a head butt in the second round, and his response was to literally try to rip off Evander Holyfield's ears with his teeth in the third round. Two points were deducted after the first bite of Holyfield's right ear, and a bloodied Holyfield turned his back on Tyson and howled in pain with 33 seconds left in the round. The referee, Mills Lane -- anointed referee only 24 hours before -- then disqualified Tyson after he bit the other ear in the final 10 seconds of the third round. Tyson's $30 million is being withheld pending an investigation by the Nevada State Athletic Commission. Holyfield gets his $35 million immediately. ''He spit out his mouthpiece and bit me in the ear. I breathed deep, came back out and he bit me again,'' said Holyfield, who won all three rounds and is obviously still the World Boxing Association champion. ''It doesn't show no courage to foul to get out of the fight,'' he said. ''Fear causes people to do the easy thing, the quickest thing.'' Advertisement Continue reading the main story Holyfield, who was taken to the hospital, added: ''I'm the man, and he can't handle me. This individual cannot handle that I did it before. He lost his cool.'' John Horne, Tyson's co-manager, said the bite was retaliation for the second-round head butt, but it was a rather vile act. ''He bit a hunk out of his ear and spit it on the floor,'' said Duane Ford, one of the judges at ringside. Tyson stood in a corner and explained his side. ''He butted me in the second round and he looked at me and butted me again,'' Tyson said. ''No one deducted points. This is my career. What am I supposed to do? I've got children to raise. ''He kept butting me. Holyfield is not a tough warrior. He got a little cut on his ear and he quit. Holyfield didn't want to fight, regardless of what he did. Look at me. Look at me. I'll go home and my kids will be scared of me.'' A melee began as soon as the disqualification was announced, with Tyson charging Holyfield's corner and also taking a swing at a Las Vegas policeman who was trying to keep order. Lane said he had warned Tyson after the first bite, that he would disqualify Tyson if he tried it again, and he did again -- so it was over. But Holyfield was missing a portion of his right ear, and Tyson was booed vociferously as he left the arena. As he was leaving, a fan hurled a bottle toward Tyson, and Tyson, along with Horne and his other co-manager, Rory Holloway, attempted to climb into the stands. Policemen restrained them. Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy There was angst from the beginning. There was a clinch 15 seconds into the fight, and Tyson took a quick glance at Lane for help. Tyson threw a mountainous left hook then, and there was another tangle, and Lane brought them together for a conference. Tyson was taking wild swings, not necessarily boxing a technicians fight as his new trainer Richie Giachetti said he would. He did not jab, that is for sure. The clinching began again, and then Holyfield, at the tail of the first round, connected with big right to the chest and a left to the head. He said he was stronger, and he intended to show it. Holyfield then landed forceful rights to Tyson's body. Advertisement Continue reading the main story The ''Holyfield, Holyfield'' chants began in the last 10 seconds of the round, and Tyson had seemingly lost his opening round and the audience all at once. The second round began with Tyson almost charging Holyfield, but it was apparent right away that Tyson was cut over the right eye. It was ruled a head butt, an inadvertent one, and no points appeared to be taken away from Holyfield. But the upper corner of Tyson's eye was sliced and it was wide enough that Tyson thumbed at it. Holyfield threw two rights to Tyson's face, although Tyson retaliated with his own right, but no damage was done. The fight's doctor, Skip Homansky, studied Tyson's eye between rounds, and Tyson entered the third round forgetting to put in his mouthpiece. Holyfield pointed at him to do so --the gentleman -- and Tyson repaid him by trying to bite his ear. He was landing a flurry of huge left hooks at the time, and the crowd began a ''Tyson, Tyson'' chant, and then in clinches, Tyson used an elbow to Holyfield's jaw. A Tyson combination also scored, and this was Tyson's best round. He landed a large right in the last minute, and then began jabbing. Tyson then bit him in right ear, and then when Holyfield hopped up and down in pain, Tyson shoved him in the back. Before the fight, Tyson could hear the gospel music seeping from Holyfield's locker room, and it is not clear if he asked him to turn it down. Holyfield was too busy singing to care. He was head-bobbing all right -- to the music -- and it was the same rhythmic dance he did prior to their first bout. Holyfield is so spiritual, he had no apparent butterflies, but, on the surface, he was almost too serene. Tyson, on the other hand, was listening to rap -- on a stereo and from a man in his camp (known as Crocodile) who shouts, ''Guerrilla warfare'' repetitively. Mills Lane, the referee who replaced the deposed Mitch Halpern in the 11th hour, had no locker room to go to, so he loitered by the ring. He had been telephoned at 8 a.m. Friday morning in Reno, Nev. and was to officiate the fight, and he obliged, of course. Not that he was dying to be here. ''Every day in Reno is better than my best day in Las Vegas,'' Lane said. ''Regardless of all he did, he had butted me for two fights,'' Tyson said. ''I addressed it in the ring.''	Evander Holyfield
How many solstices are there each year?	Mike Tyson 'returns Evander Holyfield's ear' 16 years after infamous bite fight in Footlocker advert \| Daily Mail Online comments It is considered one of the most famous sports scandals of all time, but is seems Mike Tyson has finally made full amends with Evander Holyfield – at least on screen. The imaginary scenario is played out in a Footlocker advert which sees Mike hand back Holyfield’s missing piece, explaining he ‘kept that in formaldehyde’. Mike Tyson was disqualified after the 1997 incident when he bit off the top of his opponent’s ear during their heavyweight world title fight. VIDEO: Scroll down to watch Mike Tyson give Evander Holyfield his ear back Making amends: The Footlocker ad sees Mike Tyson return Evander Holyfield's ear with a remorseful look The commercial sees basketball player Kyrie Irving imagining that ‘all is right with the world’, going into a daydream featuring the legendary boxers. The dream shows Mike Tyson turning up at Evander Holyfield’s door, presenting him with a small box. ‘I’m sorry, Evander,’ Tyson says. ‘It’s your ear. ‘I kept that in formaldehyde.’ Surprise visit: Evander looks lost for words when he sees Tyson turning up at his door Keepsake: Mike Tyson apologies and explains that he has kept Evander Holyfield's ear in formaldehyde Back where it belongs: Evander reaches out to take the 'ear' which has been missing since the 1997 match Since reuniting on the Oprah Winfrey show in 2009, 12 years after the ear-biting fight, the pair have rekindled their 90s friendship. Last year they famously exchanged quips about the incident on Twitter as Holyfield began promoting his Real Deal BBQ Sauce. Holyfield posted: ‘My realdealbbqsauce.com will make you take a bite out of someone's ear! Ask Mike Tyson – Luv ya bro!’ Reunited: Evander seems moved by Mike's gesture Friends again: The former foes embrace, putting all their differences behind them at last In support of his buddy, Tyson responded: Holyfield's ear would've been much better with his new BBQ sauce.’ When the two heavyweights met earlier this year at a promotional event for Holyfield’s barbeque sauce Tyson said‘I just wanted to see Evander, man. I love Evander. I'm forever linked with him for the rest of my life.’ The Footlocker commercial also features staff and travellers in an airport cheering as Dennis Rodman books a one-way ticket to North Korea. Famous fight: Mike Tyson bites off the top of Evander Holyfield's ear during their 1997 fight	i don't know
Which musical instrument is associated with jazz musician Kid Ory?	The Legendary Kid - Kid Ory's Creole Jazz Band \| Songs, Reviews, Credits \| AllMusic Kid Ory's Creole Jazz Band google+ AllMusic Review by Scott Yanow One of trombonist Kid Ory 's greatest recordings, this consistently exciting CD features trumpeter Alvin Alcorn , clarinetist Phil Gomez , and a strong rhythm section that includes bassist Wellman Braud and Ory's longtime drummer, Minor Hall . These versions of "Mahogany Hall Stomp," "There'll Be Some Changes Made," "At the Jazz Band Ball," and "Shine" are all gems, giving listeners some of the very best in New Orleans jazz and showing that the music need not be played haltingly by over-the-hill musicians; one can capture its spirit and joy without sacrificing musicianship. Every jazz collection should have this music. Track Listing	Trombone
Which vegetable is called rutabaga in the USA and neeps in Scotland?	Kid Ory — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and photos at Last.fm kid ory Edward "Kid" Ory (1886–1973) was a U.S. jazz trombonist and bandleader. ( see other Kid Ory bands ) Ory was born on 25th December 1886 in Woodland Plantation, near LaPlace, Louisiana. He started playing music with home-made instruments in his childhood, and by his teens was leading a band well regarded in South-East Louisiana. He kept La Place as his base of operations because of family obligations; on his twenty-first birthday he moved his band to New Orleans, Louisiana.	i don't know
What is the capital city of the Northern Territory, Australia?	Northern Territory Map / Geography of Northern Territory/ Map of Northern Territory - Worldatlas.com Print this map Northern Territory Description The rugged, natural beauty of the Northern Territory is rich in Aboriginal history, while the capital city of Darwin boasts a melting pot of food and culture. Australian Aborigines settled the Northern Territory over 60,000 years ago, and began trade with the natives of Indonesia around the 15th century. Europeans were late to the settlement game, having spotted the coast of the Northern Territory in the 17th century. It wasn't until 1824 that British Captain James Gordon Bremer established Fort Dundas on Melville Island as part of New South Wales . The region's harsh environment proved to be a difficult spot for the Europeans , as they attempted to start additional colonies (of which three failed due to starvation). Despite these ever-increasing tragedies, explorers continued to remain ambitious in their appetite to discover new areas for agriculture and for answers to their scientific inquiries. The Northern Territory was annexed in 1863 to South Australia , and another unsuccessful attempt was made at creating a colony in the unforgiving region. Finally, six years later, a settlement at Port Darwin was established known as Palmerston. In 1870 telegraph poles were erected connecting Australia to the rest of the world. The Northern Territory was separated from South Australia on January 1, 1911, and transitioned into Commonwealth control. Two world wars and a series of internal conflicts plagued the Northern Territory throughout the first half of the 20th century. In 1978, a Legislative Assembly was created following the changeover into a responsible self-government. You can both lose and find yourself within the Northern Territory's vast landscape. The Aboriginal rock art of Kakadu National Park and the iconic Ayers Rock cannot be missed. And sitting in the heart of Australia , at the bottom of the territory, is the outback town of Alice Springs, where bike riding and bushwalking across the red sand dunes lure in the more adventurous tourists.	Darwin
Who played the part of Cathy Gale in the Avengers?	Darwin, the tropical capital city of Australia's Northern Territory - YouTube Darwin, the tropical capital city of Australia's Northern Territory Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Jul 20, 2014 Darwin, a small yet cosmopolitan city, is the tropical capital city of the Northern Territory. People from more than 50 nations make up its population of 110,000. It is located on the Northern Territory coast, with the Timor Sea to the west, and the Arafura Sea to the north in Indonesian waters. Darwin has a relaxed lifestyle and unique multiculturalism, where people from over 50 different cultures live and work side by side. The regular Asian-style markets form an intrinsic part of the everyday Darwin landscape, for local residents see food, music, language, and culture from just about every Asian nation, alongside "crocodile hunters", local Aboriginal artists, musicians of every genre, sports fishing operators, sunset sails, and families with children playing on the beach. Darwin's unique cosmopolitan makeup has been recognised as an "multicultural icon of national significance" by the Australian National Trust. Darwin was first named in 1839 by John Lort Stokes during the third voyage of the Beagle. It was named after his former shipmate and famous naturalist Charles Darwin. Darwin's development was accelerated by the discovery of gold at Pine Creek, about 200 km south of the city in 1871. After the gold rush Darwin's growth slowed mainly due to the harsh, tropical climate, distance and poor communications with other Australian cities. The Second World War put Darwin back on the map when the town became an important base for Allied action against the Japanese in the Pacific. The road south to the railhead at Alice Springs was surfaced, putting the city in direct contact with the rest of the country. Modern Darwin is one of Australia's most cosmopolitan cities, more open to Asia than perhaps any other Australian city. It plays an important role as the door to Australia's northern region. Natural wonders such as Kakadu, Katherine Gorge, and Litchfield are all within driving distance from the city and still contain near pre-colonial populations of crocodiles, goannas, snakes and wallabies. Today Darwin is a fast growing regional centre that has unique history, culture and adventure. Darwin's tropical climate has two major seasons: the 'dry', from about May to October, and the 'wet', from November to April. There is also the 'build up', the time from the end of the dry, leading into the wet when the humidity rises, but the rain doesn't fall. The arrival of the wet is always a welcome break from the buildup. Darwin is also the only Australian capital city to have come under substantial attack during a war. On 19 February 1942, Japanese planes made two major air raids on Darwin from the aircraft carrier fleet that had attacked Pearl Harbor less than 3 months earlier. These were the first of 64 air attacks sustained by the city during World War II, the last being on 12 November 1943. QUESTIONS? We would like to hear from you! If you have any comments or questions about this destination or just need some general travel advice, feel free to leave a comment below! ABOUT VideoVoyage.TV is a travel channel specializing in informative videos about various travel destinations around the world. We are publishing a short video every day starting with places around Southeast Asia, but planning to extend our coverage to Europe and the Caribbean in the upcoming months. SUBSCRIBE	i don't know
Which French President was elected in 1981?	Francois Mitterrand \| president of France \| Britannica.com president of France Jean Jaurès François Mitterrand, in full François-maurice-marie Mitterrand (born Oct. 26, 1916, Jarnac, France —died Jan. 8, 1996, Paris ), politician who served two terms (1981–95) as president of France, leading his country to closer political and economic integration with western Europe. The first socialist to hold the office, Mitterrand abandoned leftist economic policies early in his presidency and generally ruled as a pragmatic centrist. François Mitterrand. Camera Press/Globe Photos The son of a stationmaster, Mitterrand studied law and political science in Paris. On the outbreak of World War II , he enlisted in the infantry and in June 1940 was wounded and captured by the Germans. After escaping from a prison camp in late 1941, he worked with the collaborationist Vichy government—a fact that did not become publicly known until 1994—before joining the Resistance in 1943. In 1947 he became a cabinet minister of the Fourth Republic in the coalition government of Paul Ramadier , having been elected to the National Assembly the previous year. Over the next 12 years, Mitterrand held cabinet posts in 11 short-lived Fourth Republic governments. Originally somewhat centrist in his views, he became more leftist in politics, and from 1958 he crystallized opposition to the regime of Charles de Gaulle . In 1965 he stood against de Gaulle as the sole candidate of the socialist and communist left for the French presidency, collecting 32 percent of the vote and forcing de Gaulle into a runoff election. After his election as first secretary of the Socialist Party in 1971, Mitterrand began a major party reorganization, which greatly increased its electoral appeal. Although Mitterrand was defeated in his second presidential bid, in 1974, his strategy of making the Socialist Party the majority party of the left while still allied with the Communist Party led to the upset Socialist victory of May 10, 1981, when he defeated the incumbent president, Valéry Giscard d’Estaing . Mitterrand called legislative elections soon after his victory, and a new left-wing majority in the National Assembly enabled his prime minister, Pierre Mauroy , to effect the reforms Mitterrand had promised. These measures included nationalizing financial institutions and key industrial enterprises, raising the minimum wage, increasing social benefits, and abolishing the death penalty. In foreign policy Mitterrand advocated a relatively hard stance toward the Soviet Union and cultivated good relations with the United States . Mitterrand’s socialist economic policies caused increased inflation and other problems, so in 1983 the government began to cut spending. By the end of Mitterrand’s first term in office, the Socialist Party had abandoned socialist policies in all but name and essentially had adopted free-market liberalism . In 1986 the parties of the right won a majority of seats in the National Assembly, and so Mitterrand had to ask one of the leaders of the right-wing majority, Jacques Chirac , to be his prime minister. Under this unprecedented power-sharing arrangement, known as “cohabitation,” Mitterrand retained responsibility for foreign policy. He soundly defeated Chirac in the presidential elections of 1988 and thus secured to another seven-year term. Britannica Stories	François Mitterrand
What is the name of Nottingham's test cricket ground?	Hollande Defeats Sarkozy in France - The New York Times The New York Times Europe \|Hollande Ousts Sarkozy in French Presidential Election Search Photo François Hollande addressed supporters in Tulle, France. Credit Philippe Desmazes/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images PARIS — François Hollande defeated President Nicolas Sarkozy on Sunday, becoming the first Socialist elected president of France since François Mitterrand. Mr. Hollande campaigned on a gentler and more inclusive France, but his victory will also be seen as a challenge to the German-dominated vision of economic austerity as a way out of the euro crisis. Mr. Sarkozy became the latest European leader to lose his post amid economic upheaval and the first French incumbent to be rejected since 1981. In his five years in office, he propelled France, and himself, into a more central role in world affairs, rejoining the NATO military command and helping drive an international military campaign in Libya. He also proved to be a difficult but crucial ally of Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany in their joint effort to master the European debt and currency crisis and save the euro. That project, however, received multiple blows on Sunday, when Greek voters sent their own message against austerity. They handed the two main parties, both of which had pledged to follow harsh international bailout terms, significant losses as they streamed to parties on the far left and far right that have opposed budget cuts. In the process, voters cast into question the ability of any party to form a government soon, let alone continue with the austerity program. For their part, French voters may not like belt-tightening, but both Mr. Hollande and Mr. Sarkozy had promised to balance the budget in the next five years. Advertisement Continue reading the main story The balance between reducing the debt and addressing popular anger is proving complicated for Europeans, and Mr. Hollande has said that he intends to give “a new direction to Europe,” demanding that a European Union treaty limiting debt be expanded to include measures to produce economic growth. Domestically, he has promised to raise taxes on big corporations and raise the tax rate to 75 percent for those earning more than one million euros a year. Calling his victory “a fresh start,” Mr. Hollande pronounced: “Austerity need not be Europe’s fate.” The vote was viewed domestically as a rejection of Mr. Sarkozy and his relentless effort to appeal to the voters of the far-right National Front. “I take the measure of the honor that’s been given me and the challenge that awaits me,” Mr. Hollande said before cheering supporters in the central French town of Tulle, which he represents in Parliament. Mr. Hollande’s victory was narrow but undisputed. With 95 percent of the vote counted, official results showed him with 51.6 percent of the vote while Mr. Sarkozy, of the center-right Union for a Popular Movement, had 48.4 percent, The Associated Press said. While thanking Mr. Sarkozy for his service to France, Mr. Hollande said: “Too many divisions, too many wounds, too many ruptures, too many cuts have separated our fellow citizens from one another. That’s all finished.” After weeks of energetic, and at times bellicose, campaigning, Mr. Sarkozy was gracious in defeat. “François Hollande is the president of the republic, he must be respected,” Mr. Sarkozy said after calling Mr. Hollande to congratulate him. “I want to wish him good luck in the midst of these tests.” Speaking earlier to party members, Mr. Sarkozy said that he would not lead the party into June’s legislative elections and that now, “I become a citizen among you.” He urged supporters not to give in to division, though, as he saw those elections as winnable for the party. Advertisement Continue reading the main story The French and Greek elections were closely watched in European capitals and particularly in Berlin, where Ms. Merkel has led the drive to cure the euro zone debt and banking crisis with deep budget cuts and caps on future spending. She spoke on the telephone with Mr. Hollande on Sunday night, congratulating him on his victory in the election, according to a statement by her spokesman, Steffen Seibert. Mr. Hollande has said for months that his first trip will be to Berlin. Photo President Nicolas Sarkozy addressed supporters in Paris. Credit Michel Euler/Associated Press But Ms. Merkel herself was embroiled in electoral politics on Sunday, suffering setbacks in elections in the state of Schleswig-Holstein, where her party appeared to be losing its hold on the state Parliament. With another election coming May 13 in North Rhine-Westphalia, Ms. Merkel is not viewed as having much room domestically to compromise on the critical issues of inflation and debt limits. “How Hollande handles Merkel could make or break his prospects for the next five years,” said François Heisbourg of the Foundation for Strategic Research in Paris. “He has favorable circumstances, but she has domestic politics, too,” he said, and she is seen as likely to agree only to symbolic changes in the fiscal pact — not renegotiating it so much as adding clauses about growth to it. Mr. Hollande, who may take over as president as early as May 14, will have little time to relax. He must travel to the United States for a meeting of the Group of 8 industrialized countries on May 18-19 and then a NATO summit meeting in Chicago on May 20-21, where he intends to make good on his promise to pull French combat troops out of Afghanistan by the end of this year, and where American and NATO officials will try to get him to change his mind. Mr. Hollande’s victory will also have important implications for the right in France, with Mr. Sarkozy’s party already split between the prime minister, François Fillon, and the Sarkozy-like party leader, Jean-François Copé. The strong showing of Marine Le Pen of the National Front, who got nearly 18 percent of the vote in the first round of the presidential election, is a serious threat to Mr. Sarkozy’s party. It now must decide whether to make a deal with Ms. Le Pen for assembly seats in the second round of the legislative election; if not, the Union for a Popular Movement could lose up to 100 seats, political experts say. Mr. Hollande campaigned on “change” and a more traditional presidency, where he would set the main course of policy but not micromanage day-to-day affairs, as Mr. Sarkozy did. For the French, “it is a leap of faith that shows there is a strong will for a different policy course, not just at the national but at the E.U. level as well,” said Paul Vallet, a professor of history and political science at the Paris-based Institut d’Études Politiques. The indebted countries of Europe are also hoping that Mr. Hollande can be a champion buying them more time to adjust. “Some countries in Europe are banking on that,” Mr. Vallet said. Advertisement Continue reading the main story Domestically, Mr. Hollande said he would raise taxes in a drive to balance the budget by 2017. He has vowed to raise the minimum wage, hire 60,000 more teachers over five years and lower the retirement age from 62 to 60 for manual workers who started their work as teenagers. Voter turnout Sunday was about 81 percent of the 46 million registered voters, down from the 84 percent who participated in the last presidential ballot five years ago — the highest turnout since 1974. The French, voting under gray skies with some rain, expressed a sharp desire for change and a better economic future. Nicole Hirsch, a 60-year-old retiree in the working-class 20th arrondissement of Paris, said she was voting for Mr. Hollande in the hope that he would “bring the change that France needs.” Claire, a 26-year-old engineer in Paris, agreed that change was needed, but still cast her ballot for Mr. Sarkozy. “I would like to believe in the Socialists’ sweet dream, but unfortunately, it is not going to happen,” she said, asking for privacy reasons not to use her last name. “Their program is unclear and not concrete.” Pierre Marcus, a 59-year-old civil servant, said his vote for Mr. Hollande was motivated by a hope that a Socialist government would take steps to promote economic growth and soften the blow of the crisis on average citizens. “Five years of Sarkozy dismantled social institutions,” Mr. Marcus said. “I think that Hollande will reverse French politics in terms of employment and social issues.” Sebastien Modat, 38, who works in marketing, stopped his jog to get a newspaper. “I found that Hollande had the power to bring people together,” he said. “The right was compelled to take up its traditional topics, creating tension among people.” But the main question, he said, “is how we are going to resume growth.” He voted for Mr. Sarkozy five years ago, but on Sunday cast a blank ballot. “I hope there will be a change in mentalities and more consensus.” Correction: May 7, 2012 A Web summary with an earlier version of this article erroneously stated that Mr. Sarkozy was the first French incumbent to be rejected since 1995. The last time a French incumbent lost re-election was 1981. Reporting was contributed by Maïa de la Baume in Tulle, France, and Scott Sayare, Nicola Clark, Elvire Camus, Palko Karasz, Eleanor Stanford, Roswana Khan and Meghan Davidson Ladly in Paris. A version of this article appears in print on May 7, 2012, on Page A1 of the New York edition with the headline: Socialist Wins French Election Against Sarkozy. Order Reprints \| Today's Paper \| Subscribe	i don't know
What is measured by a pluviometer?	Pluviometer - definition of pluviometer by The Free Dictionary Pluviometer - definition of pluviometer by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/pluviometer Related to pluviometer: rain gauge plu·vi·om·e·ter (plo͞o′vē-ŏm′ĭ-tər) [Probably from French pluviomètre : Latin pluvia, rain; see pluvious + -mètre, -meter.] plu′vi·o·met′ric (-ə-mĕt′rĭk), plu′vi·o·met′ri·cal (-rĭ-kəl) adj. plu′vi·o·met′ri·cal·ly adv. plu′vi·om′e·try n. pluviometer (Physical Geography) an obsolete word for rain gauge pluviometric, ˌpluvioˈmetrical adj gauge , gage - a measuring instrument for measuring and indicating a quantity such as the thickness of wire or the amount of rain etc. Translations pluviometer n → Regen- or Niederschlagsmesser m, → Pluviometer nt Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: udometer References in periodicals archive ? Based on the pluviometer data installed in the region, the rate of whole falling was about 426 mm and 22. A pluviometric fern spore, fungal spore, and pollen trap It is nearly 10 kilometers from the experimental area, and the precipitation data were collected in loco through a pluviometer (rain gauge). From bull run to Baghdad: a history of the United States Army Signal Corps 1860-2010 These pluviograms were digitalized with GEDAC--continuous data management--(PEDROLLO, 1997) software and were stored in a databank after consistency analysis to compare the daily values to the values recorded in the pluviometer at the same meteorological station. Copyright © 2003-2017 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.	Rain
Which Scottish clan did Rob Roy belong to?	Udometer \| Define Udometer at Dictionary.com udometer an archaic term for rain gauge Word Origin C19: from French, from Latin ūdus damp Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012	i don't know
The 'Toreador's Song' comes from which well known opera?	The Story of Bizet's Opera, Carmen (Synopsis) Zuniga (bass) The Story of Carmen, Act I In a town square in Seville, soldiers and townspeople are gathered chatting and moving about, when a young peasant girl name Micaela questions the soldiers about her love, Don Jose. The soldiers try to persuade the young girl to stay with them until Don Jose returns, but she declines and leaves. Soon, Don Jose arrives moments before the cigarette factory bell rings and a group of women, including the beautiful gypsy, Carmen, exit the building. The soldiers flirt with the girls and asks Carmen when when she will love them. continue reading below our video Celebrity Breakups of 2015 We Didn't See Coming Her reply is given in the famous aria, "L'amour est un oiseau rebella" a.k.a. the Habanera. (Can't understand French? Read the Habanera lyrics and translation ). ( Watch a video of the Habanera .) Learn more about the creation of the Habanera in this Habanera Profile . When Carmen sees Don Jose she tosses a flower in front of him in order to seduce him. Don Jose picks up the flower and becomes enchanted by the beautiful Carmen. Shortly thereafter, Micaela returns with a letter and a kiss sent to Don Jose by his mother. In the letter, Don Jose's mother has asked him to marry Micaela. Don Jose promises his fidelity and love to Micaela. Moments later, a fight breaks out at the cigarette factory between Carmen and another woman. Carmen injures the woman before she is captured by Officer Zuniga. Zuniga commands Don Jose to escort Carmen to prison. However, Carmen charms Don Jose into letting her escape. When Don Jose is discovered for letting Carmen escape, he is thrown into jail for one month's time. The Story of Carmen, Act II At Lilas Pastia's Inn, Carmen and her friends, Mercedes and Frasquita, are socializing with several soldiers including Officer Zuniga, when the victorious bullfighter, Escamillo, arrives with a celebrating entourage. During the Toreador song, "Votre toast, je peux vos le rendre", Escamilo attempts to capture Carmen's heart. ( Watch a video of "Votre toast" (Toreador Song). ) Learn the Toreador Song lyrics and text translation . However, his attempts are unsuccessful, as are Officer Zuniga's, who tells Carmen that he will return to the inn later to meet with her - Carmen's heart waits for Don Jose's release from prison. A while later, once the crowd has dispersed, the smugglers Dancairo and Remendado ask for help from Carmen and her two friends. Mercedes and Frasquita agree to help, but Carmen refuses as she knows that Don Jose will be released from prison that day and meet her at the inn. When he finally arrives, Carmen dances for him. Her dance is cut short when a bugle sounds in the distance, signaling Don Jose to return home. Carmen mocks his obedience and tries to persuade him to remain with her and live the gypsy life. Don Jose does not give in until Zuniga arrives at the inn searching for Carmen. Zuniga orders Don Jose to leave, but in a fit of jealousy, he defies his commanders orders. Dancairo and Remendado tackle Zuniga and take him away from the inn. After all of this, Don Jose, feeling as if he has no other choice, stays at the inn with Carmen. The Story of Carmen, Act III Don Jose, now at the smuggler's hideout in the mountains, begins to reminisce about his former home and his mother and starts missing them dearly. Carmen, who has decided she no longer loves him, takes notice and starts taunting him to leave, but he does not. Mercedes and Frasquita tell their fortunes with a deck of cards. For the two girls, the cards reveal a life of wealth, love, and luxury. For Carmen and Don Jose, it reveals death. After discussing their plains, the smugglers and the girls leave, while Don Jose watches over the hideout. Soon, Micaela, assisted by a guide, comes to the mountain hideout and hides behind a mound of rocks when she hears a gunshot fired by Escamillo. Escamillo enters the hideout and begins telling Don Jose about his crush on Carmen. He also tells Don Jose about Carmen's relationship with a soldier, not knowing the story is about Don Jose. Don Jose becomes very angry and starts fighting Escamillo. The smugglers return before the fight gets worse. Escamillo invites Carmen and the others to his upcoming bullfight as he leaves the hideout. Micaela finally emerges from her hiding spot, and tries to convince Don Jose to return home during the aria "Je dis, que rien ne m'épouvante". (Watch a video of "Je dis".) After several unsuccessful attempts, she finally persuades him to leave by telling him his beloved mother is dying. Don Jose promises his return to Carmen and leaves with Micaela. In the distance, Escamillo can be heard singing, and Carmen begins heading in that direction. The Story of Carmen, Act IV During the procession of the toreadors, Carmen and Escamillo are seen arriving together. Mercedes and Frasquita warn Carmen that Don Jose is lurking around the crowd plotting to kill her. She tells them that she will speak to him to resolve the matter once and for all. While Escamillo enters the bullfighting ring, a desperate Don Jose meets Carmen outside the arena. He tells her she must commit her love and fidelity to him. She explains that she no longer loves him and throws the ring he gave her on the ground. Now completely mad, Don Jose stabs Carmen in the heart with a dagger. She dies simultaneously with Escamillo's bullfighting victory. When the arena empties, Don Jose confesses his crime to the crowd. (Watch a video of the final scene from Carmen.)	Carmen
Which country grows the most dates?	Georges Bizet (Composer, Arranger) - Short Biography Georges Bizet (Composer, Arranger) Born: October 25, 1838 - Paris, France Died: June 3, 1875 - Bougival, France Georges Bizet was a French composer and pianist of the romantic era. He is best known for his opera Carmen. Biography Georges Bizet was was registered with the legal name Alexandre-César-Léopold Bizet, but was baptized Georges Bizet and was always known by the latter name. He entered the Paris Conservatory of Music a fortnight before his tenth birthday. Georges Bizet's first symphony, the Symphony in C Major, was written there when he was seventeen, evidently as a student assignment. It seems that Bizet completely forgot about it himself, and it was not discovered again until 1935, in the archives of the Conservatory library. Upon its first performance, it was immediately hailed as a junior masterwork and a welcome addition to the early Romantic period repertoire. A delightful work (and a prodigious one, from a seventeen-year-old boy), the symphony is noteworthy for bearing an amazing stylistic resemblance to the music of Franz Schubert, whose work was virtually unknown in Paris at that time (with the possible exception of a few of his songs). A second symphony, Roma was not completed. In 1857 a setting of the one-act operetta Le docteur Miracle won him a share in a prize offered by Jacques Offenbach. Georges Bizet also won the Music Composition scholarship of the Prix de Rome, the conditions of which required him to study in Rome for three years. There, his talent developed as he wrote such works as the opera Don Procopio. Apart from this period in Rome, Bizet lived in the Paris area all his life. His mother died shortly after his return to Paris. He composed the opera Les pêcheurs de perles (The Pearl Fishers) for the Theatre-Lyrique in 1863, which was an initial failure. He followed it with La jolie fille de Perth (1867), and Jeux d'enfants (Children's games) for the piano. The popular L'arlésienne were originally produced as incidental music for a play by Alphonse Daudet, first performed in 1872. Georges Bizet also composed a romantic opera, Djamileh, which is often seen as a precursor to Carmen, 1875. This latter opera is Bizet's best-known work and is based on a novella of the same title written in 1846 by Prosper Mérimée. Bizet composed the title role for a mezzo-soprano. Carmen was not initially well-received but praise for it eventually came from well-known contemporaries including Claude Debussy, Camille Saint-Saëns and Pyotr Tchaikovsky. Their views proved to be prophetic, as Carmen has since become one of the most popular works in the entire operatic repertoire. However Bizet did not live to see its success, as he died from angina at the age of 36 a few months after its first few performances, on his third wedding anniversary. He was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. Georges Bizet's music has been used in the 20th century as the basis for several important ballets. The Soviet-era Carmen Suite (1967), set to music drawn from Carmen arranged by Rodion Shchedrin , gave the Bolshoi ballerina Maya Plisetskaya one of her signature roles; it was choreographed by Alberto Alonso. In the West the L'Arlesienne of Roland Petit is well-regarded, and the Symphony in C by George Balanchine is considered to be one of the great ballets of the 20th century. It was first presented as Le Palais de Crystal by the Paris Opera Ballet in 1947, and has been in the repertory there ever since. The ballet has no story; it simply fits the music: each movement of the symphony has its own ballerina, cavalier, and Corps de Ballet, all of whom dance together in the finale. Works (Selection) L'arlésienne (The Woman of Arles, 1872) Symphony in C (1855)	i don't know
In shillings and pence, how much did the Mad Hatter pay for his hat?	Mad About Hatter Mad Art! I am a Deviantart member and after viewing the amazing work of my fellow artists I have decided there must be a few tribute posts. It's only fair! No copyright infringement intended I just want to get their names and art out there for all to see! Fayrenpickpocket says in their description... "My... special take on Alice in Wonderland's Mad Hatter. <3 An overdone subject, I'm sure, but I dont care. ;D My tablemates and I wanted to do a series of loli-goth Alice and Wonderland prints... and it sounded like fun. <3 I tried to put a unique spin on it, anyway. Did you know that the phrase "Mad as a Hatter" came from the overexposure to mercury used to make top hats? I had no idea. I learned this while doing some research before drawing. The exposure over the years eventually gave them Mercury Poisoning, and while the Mad Hatter in the book did NOT have the illness, I thought it might be interesting to portray a Mad Hatter that was more timid and suffered from anxiety. I've also been inspired to pay more attention to fabrics and cloth... so this was a fashion experiment. ;D I usually skimp on the clothes because I enjoy painting skin so much more. .___. " Mad as a Hatter by ~ fwosh Awesome use of color here and I love the style! This is what fwosh had to say... "I was suddenly inspired to draw my own odd version of the mad hatter from Alice in Wonderland XDD ..he's such a spectacularly weirrddd character :'D <3333 mmm.. This time I decided to keep it sketchy and messy to experiment with colors X3 in the end though.. i'm not too fond of the background.. its a bit dull and retarded overall orzorz his clothes are rather bright though~ :'DD hahaha I also got a bit lazy and ended up coloring on one layer and taking out a lot of detail I had prepared for the table XD! yeah look. its just a puny and crappy little saucer now. XDDDD talk about FAIL. > w <;" An awesome idea for a T-shirt design! Tsumekuro used ink for this artwork. To see more click here . I LOVE this! I like the details used. Einlee wrote the following in her despription... "now before you start thinking alice, this character actually wasn't inspired by the mad hatter (yeah, right)--but really i was thinking more of a lonely, crazy, sexually ambiguous character living alone in a giant mansion, with pet rats and weird hobbies. kind of like dracula, minus a few of the aforementioned things. (now im just rambling nonsense )" No you're not talking nonsense. Click here for a link to Einlee's official website. That will do for now but there will certainly be more at a later stage for your view pleasure! Reactions: The 10/6 Mystery . Some people may not know the meaning of the tag on the famous Hatter hat. What on earth could 10/6 mean? Until recently I know I didn't! I've since discovered that the meaning of the cryptic tag was actually just a price. 10 shillings and 6 pence in British currency before it became decimalised. In Carols time a pound was 20 shillings and shillings were twelve pennies or pence. The pound was represented, as it still is, by a £ sign, the shilling by a 's' and the penny by a 'd'. The d used to represent a penny was short for 'denarius'. Originally the name for a Roman silver coin it was also the other name the British silver coin was known by. The next question is why was the tag on the hat he was wearing? Hatters used to market their produce by wearing it. People often could pick a hatter by noting their bizarre behaviour. This was often confirmed by seeing the tag. If the hat was any good and fairly priced the hatter had a chance of getting a new customer. So there you have it. The reason for the tag was to indicate further the Hatters occupation. Here I had been thinking that it was just another little eccentricity. .	10 shillings and 6 pence
What is the British equivalent of the American station wagon?	Wonderland Characters \| Alice 150 Years Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Illustrated by John Tenniel. The Curious Cast of Wonderland Imagine that you could ask your favorite Wonderland characters the same question the Caterpillar asks Alice – Who are You? If you did, you might have some curious conversations! Although Lewis Carroll’s story has remain unchanged for 150 years, illustrators and artists from around the world have re-envisioned the Wonderland characters through their own eyes. As you explore the colorful characters of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, you may find an aboriginal Alice, a green Cheshire Cat, a Mock Turtle with a body made out of a soup pot, and a Hatter who wears seven hats at one time! By the time your adventure in Wonderland is over, you might ask yourself the question – Who are You? “Who in the world am I? Ah, THAT's the great puzzle!” Known For: Following a White Rabbit and falling into Wonderland. Swimming in a pool of her own tears, getting stuck in the White Rabbit’s house, inviting herself to the Mad Tea Party, playing croquet with the Queen using flamingos and hedgehogs, and interrupting the trial of the Knave of Hearts. Description: Sensible, polite, and intensely curious. Straight hair, wears a pinafore. Size changes on occasion, generally when she eats or drinks something. Last Appearance: Waking up from Wonderland to find herself in her sister’s lap. (Though she later finds herself in Looking-Glass Land.) Did You Know: Tenniel’s drawings of Alice look nothing like Alice Liddell, on whom Carroll’s heroine is based. Alice Liddell had short, dark hair, and straight bangs. In the story, Alice has a cat named Dinah. Alice Liddell was also fond of her family’s two cats - one of which was named Dinah. According to Lewis Carroll, Alice is: “courteous to all, high or low, grand or grotesque, King or Caterpillar…trustful, ready to accept the wildest impossibilities with all that utter trust that only dreamers know…wildly curious…with the eager enjoyment of Life that comes only in the happy hours of childhood.” The Hatter Known For: Speaking nonsense and asking riddles which have no answer. Frustrating tea party guests with his rudeness. Description: Wears a large hat. Frequently seen drinking tea and eating bread with butter. Usually in the company of the March Hare and Dormouse. Last Appearance: Rushing out of the courtroom without his shoes during the trial of the Knave of Hearts, trying to evade execution. Did You Know: John Tenniel may have based his illustration of the Hatter on an eccentric Oxford furniture dealer, Theophilus Carter, who always wore a top hat. The tag on the Hatter’s hat is a price tag, displaying the price: 10 shillings and 6 pence. He is never actually called the Mad Hatter in Carroll’s text. It is the Cheshire Cat who tells Alice that the March Hare and the Hatter are “both mad.” Lewis Carroll never intended for the Hatter’s riddle to have an answer. However, he later pointed out a “fairly appropriate” answer to be: “Because it can produce a few notes, tho they are very flat; and it is nevar put with the wrong end in front!” Reading evidence to the court at the trial of the Knave of Hearts. Did You Know: Lewis Carroll’s inspiration for the White Rabbit may have been Alice Liddell’s father, Dean Henry Liddell, who was known for running late to services at Christ Church Cathedral in Oxford. According to Lewis Carroll: “the White Rabbit should wear spectacles. I am sure his voice should quaver, and his knees quiver, and his whole air suggest a total inability to say “Bo” to a goose!” The Cheshire Cat Known For: Giving vague directions and posing philosophical questions. One of the few characters Alice enjoys speaking with in Wonderland. Description: Always grinning, many teeth. Prone to disappearing and reappearing at will. Last Appearance: Disappearing during a game of croquet in the Queen’s garden as the King, Queen, and Executioner debate whether you can cut off a head that has no body. Did You Know: The phrase “grinning like a Cheshire cat” pre-dates Lewis Carroll’s tale. There are many suggested origins. One popular story notes that the cats in Cheshire, England, an area dominated by dairy farming, would grin from the abundance of cream . The “Cheshire Cat effect” is a scientific phenomena that describes why a stationary object seen by one eye disappears when the other eye focuses on a moving object. “Mine is a long and a sad tale!” Known For: Swimming around in Alice’s pool of tears. Boring a wet audience with a dry lecture about William the Conqueror. Description: A rather long tail and an intrinsic hatred of cats. Loves exercising authority over others. Easily offended. Last Appearance: Abruptly walking away in the middle of his tale because Alice has annoyed him. Did You Know: The text of the Mouse’s tale is printed so that the words form the shape of the mouse’s tail. This is an example of concrete poetry. Alice repeatedly upsets the Mouse and other caucus race creatures when she talks about her cat Dinah, who is “such a capital one for catching mice.” Alice Liddell, the girl who inspired Carroll’s tale, was also fond of her family’s two cats - one of which was named Dinah. The Caterpillar Brusque, impolite, overly inquisitive, and frustratingly contradictory conversation. Description: Blue colored, exactly three inches tall, “a very good height indeed.” Spends his time sitting on a mushroom and smoking a hookah. Last Appearance: Crawling away from Alice with the helpful advice for how his mushroom can aid her in Wonderland. Did You Know: In John Tenniel’s original illustration for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, the Caterpillar’s nose and chin are actually two of its legs. According to Robert Hornback, the mushroom the caterpillar is perched on in Tenniel’s illustration is not an hallucinogenic variety. It most likely an Amanita fulva, or tawny grisette mushroom, which is “nontoxic and rather tasty.” << >> Ordering Alice to be beheaded for defiance at the trial of the Knave of Hearts. Did You Know: Despite her never-ending threats, the characters in Wonderland always seem to evade execution. The Gryphon tells Alice “they never executes nobody, you know.” According to Lewis Carroll: “I pictured to myself the Queen of Hearts as a sort of embodiment of ungovernable passion—a blind and aimless Fury.” The Dormouse Known For: Falling asleep and serving as a cushion for the March Hare and the Hatter. Joining in with the general nonsense at the Mad Tea Party. Telling strange tales about three little girls who live in a treacle well. Description: Dormice were a popular pet in Victorian England. Dormice are nocturnal animals, known for long periods of hibernation. The Latin word “dormire” means to sleep. Tenniel’s illustration of the Dormouse may have been inspired by Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s pet wombat Topsy, who would fall asleep at the table. Lewis Carroll was a friend of the Rossetti’s. Treacle is a sugary, molasses syrup popular in Britain. << >> “You might just as well say…that ‘I breathe when I sleep’ is the same thing as ‘I sleep when I breathe’!” The March Hare “It wasn’t very civil of you to sit down without being invited.” Trying to stuff the Dormouse into a teapot, with help from the Hatter. Did You Know: Tenniel drew straw in the March Hare’s hair to show that he was mad. In England, hares were thought to go mad in Spring. Straw was a symbol of madness. In The Nursery Alice, Carroll wrote: “that’s the March Hare with the long ears, and straws mixed up with his hair. The straws showed he was mad--I don’t know why. Never twist up straws among your hair, for fear people should think you're mad!” The March Hare’s house, often seen in the background of illustrations of the Mad Tea Party, features chimneys shaped like rabbit ears and a roof thatched with fur. "Tut, tut, child!...Everything's got a moral, if only you can find it." Known For: Violent treatment of a baby. Being late to the Queen’s croquet game. Employing a manic cook and a clueless footman. Description: “Very ugly,” with a sharp chin that she presses painfully into Alice’s shoulder at the croquet ground. Volatile and hot-tempered personality, made worse by too much pepper in her kitchen. Last Appearance: Fleeing the Queen's game of croquet to avoid execution. Did You Know: Tenniel’s illustration of the Duchess may be based on a 14th century painting of Margaret Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol, which is titled ‘The Ugly Duchess’. The Cheshire Cat belongs to the Duchess. You can see him in John Tenniel’s illustration of the Duchess in her kitchen. About In celebration of the 150th anniversary of the publication of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Special Collections and University Archives at the University of Maryland will host the exhibition Alice 150 Years and Counting…The Legacy of Lewis Carroll: Selections from the Collection of August and Clare Imholtz. This exhibition explores Lewis Carroll’s works and lasting legacy by showcasing how artists and illustrators from Tenniel to today have envisioned the Alice books. It highlights numerous foreign language illustrated editions, artistic bindings, unusual ephemera, and the role of Alice in popular culture over the past 150 years. Alice 150 Years and Counting will be on display from October 2015-July 2016.	i don't know
Who did Rocky Marciano beat in his last World Heavyweight title fight?	The forgotten story of … the Rocky Marciano v Muhammad Ali Super Fight \| Sean Ingle \| Sport \| The Guardian The forgotten story of... The forgotten story of … the Rocky Marciano v Muhammad Ali Super Fight In 1969 the greatest heavyweights of the 50s and 60s met in a gym to act out the moves of a fight supposedly determined by a computer. Cue ketchup, lawsuits, and a flying toupee The result of the 'fight' that was filmed in a blacked-out Miami gym was guarded like Fort Knox until screening. Photograph: YouTube Tuesday 13 November 2012 07.11 EST First published on Tuesday 13 November 2012 07.11 EST Share on Messenger Close Muhammad Ali could talk and jive all he liked: his opponent, far bigger than any he had faced in the ring, was pulverising him. During a few feverish months in 1967 Ali was stripped of his heavyweight title, slung into jail and had his boxing license ripped up; all for the crime of refusing to take a single forward step – the step that signalled willing induction into the US army. Ali insisted he had no quarrel with the Viet Cong but much of white America, particularly in the south, did with him. They roared for his blood. The Man had taken his title, his liberty and his livelihood. And then a machine spat in his face. It was Murry Woroner, a short, chunky, balding advertising executive from Miami, who was among the first to grasp that marrying fantasy with nascent computer technology was a licence to print money. While Ali's career was being parked in a pallid wasteland for nearly four years, the best years of his fighting life, Woroner's was accelerating from first to fifth. His idea was simple. A fantasy radio boxing tournament to determine the best heavyweight of all time with a twist: the results would be calculated by a second-generation NCR 315 computer, packed with 5k of handmade core memory and the icy dispassion of an implacable neutral. Soon it had 12 million listeners. A flattering 1968 Sports Illustrated piece, entitled 'And In This Corner .... NCR 315' , hailed the tournament as "one of the most astonishing marketing successes in radio history". Woroner, it added, "brought to our wondering ears, via radio and computer, the All-Time Heavyweight Tournament and Championship Fight. He reduced 16 magnificent fighters (from John L. Sullivan to Muhammad Ali) to keypunch perforations, fed them into a National Cash Register 315 computer and let them fight: the bareknucklers v the gloved sluggers, the rigid standers v the dodging dancers, the quick v the dead. From the computer readouts, he produced breathless blow-by-blow broadcasts, peddled the tapes to 380 stations the world around and, after 15 elimination bouts, let it be known last December that Computer Fighter No.004 (Rocky Marciano) had knocked out Computer Fighter No.002 (Jack Dempsey) in the 13th round of the finals." Woroner, incidentally, was not someone acquainted with hubris. "We could do more than sports," he told Sports Illustrated. "Much more. Wars! Hitler's Germany against the Roman Empire! Napoleon versus Alexander the Great! How about election campaigns? George Washington versus Franklin Roosevelt! Abraham Lincoln against George Wallace! And debates? Socrates takes on Karl Marx! Thoreau against Jean-Paul Sartre! Why not? Why not?" But before Woroner could solve every pub argument in history, Ali hit him with a $1m lawsuit for defamation. The NCR 315's circuit boards had calculated that Ali would have lost in the quarter-finals to Jim Jeffries – a fighter Ali dismissed as "history's clumsiest, most slow-footed heavyweight." The government had stolen his title, he fumed, and now Woroner was taking his good name. This being boxing, an accommodation was reached. Woroner offered Ali $9,999 to film a fantasy fight against Marciano and he accepted. He was short of money and options – "I was in the deep-freeze part of my exile and there was no thaw in sight", he confessed in his autobiography – and the Super Fight was born. THE ROCK RETURNS 23 September 1952: Rocky Marciano knocks out Joe Walcott in the 13th round of their world heavyweight title bout in Philadelphia. Photograph: Corbis By the time Rocky Marciano faced Ali, he had not fought for 13 years. He was 45, balding, and had a bad back. Retirement had been better for his wallet than his waistline: the energy burnt with women other than his wife a timid counter to his binges on rich Italian food and lack of exercise. Marciano had remained active in other ways following his final fight against Archie Moore in 1956. TV presenting. Product endorsements. Restaurant chain business. Sausage company owner. Even wrestling referee . He tried them all. He kissed the cheeks of made men and did deals with spaccones, who saw him coming from blocks way. Marciano always feared a return trip to the cloying poverty of his upbringing. But $3m in ring earnings, an addict's craving for more and an aversion to paying for anything – he even used wires to avoid putting a dime in public phone boxes – ensured that was unlikely to happen. Willie Pep, the great featherweight and friend of Marciano, once told how he tried to buy a round while out with Rocky and some wealthy men in a Baltimore nightclub. "I figured I'd take care of the next round," Pep told Marciano's biographer, Everett Skehan. "But then I saw Rocky was squirming under his seat. The next thing I knew he kicked me under the bar." After the pair excused themselves from the group, Marciano told him: 'I'm not gonna spend any money, and I don't want you to spend any. Don't make me look bad, Willie.' Pep remembers: 'Rocky was a tough guy with a buck. He earned it the hard way and was determined to keep it'." "He had this crazy, crazy need for cash," his accountant Frank Saccone said. "He'd reach in his pocket and pull out checks that were all tattered. I've seen him give away checks for $50,000, $100,000. I'm talking big money. He didn't even associate that with money. To him a check was just a piece of paper. But if he had $40,000 in $10 bills, there was no way he'd give any of that away. He believed in green stuff." But while there were million-dollar siren calls from promoters, Marciano resisted the temptations to slip the gloves back on. His 49-0 record, with 43 knockouts, remained pristine and unimpeachable. Still, he missed the spotlight and loved risk, which is why the idea of a 'fight' with Ali might have appealed – especially when he knew the dice were loaded. "If you want to live a full life then live dangerously," he wrote in one notebook. "Champs are not (never) supposed to play safe playing against the clock jab and move," in another. Jab and move wasn't something Marciano ever practised. He was as subtle as a sledgehammer. "His footwork," wrote the Associated Press reporter Whitney Martin, "consists of moving forward in a direct line to a point where he is within cannonading range." Moore was just as blunt: "Rocky didn't know enough boxing to know what a feint was. He never tried to outguess you. He just kept trying to knock your brains out." It was the Marciano way. He was a modest-sized heavyweight – 5ft 10in tall, around 13 1/2st and with a 68in reach, the smallest of all the heavyweight champions – who powered-up his genetics with a Fordian work ethic, an iron will and a wrecking-ball of a right hand – his "Suzie Q". His left hook was almost as crushing, and one sparring partner described getting hit by a single Marciano blow as equivalent to four from Joe Louis, no mean puncher himself. The Pulitzer Prize winning writer Red Smith called Marciano "the toughest, strongest, most completely dedicated fighter who ever wore gloves," adding "fear wasn't in his vocabulary and pain had no meaning." While Don Turner, who has worked with the likes of Larry Holmes and Evander Holyfield, still speaks of Marciano with awe. "My first professional trainer was Charley Goldman [the man who guided Marciano]," he says. "We used to sit and talk about Rocky Marciano all the time. He had as much determination as any fighter ever. There was no quit in him at all. He knew what his limitations were and he made up for them by working as hard as any fighter who ever lived. "Once a boxer starts cheating in training, he can't be great," adds Turner. "Marciano never cheated in training. Out of the thousand or so days that he was champion, I'll bet he was in the gym and working hard for all but 150 of them. If there was a problem in training camp, it was that they had trouble getting sparring partners because Marciano hit them so hard. He wouldn't even take a phone call during the 10 days before a fight. That's how focused his mind was." Time has not been kind to Marciano's reputation. He is regarded as a second-tier champion. Too small, too crude, too hittable. In his time, though, he was accepted as one of the greats. It helped that he also embodied the post-war American dream: if an undersized son of a poor Italian-American shoemaker could make it, anyone could. THE SUPER FIGHT "... And now this all-time heavyweight championship fight is ready to go, and there's the bell and here's [the commentator] Guy LeBow … Rock Marciano, Muhammad Ali/Cassius Clay in this the classic championship fight and uniquely the two only undefeated heavyweight champions of the world. I'm rather staggered by the size propositions. Marciano about 5ft 11, Cassius Clay about 6ft 3, perhaps a little bit more. Marciano is the shortest man Cassius has fought and Marciano is looking at the tallest man he has fought …" Pinterest In July 1969, the month that Neil Armstrong took one giant leap for mankind and technology, Marciano and Ali stepped into a gym with blacked-out walls on the north side of Miami and boxed 70 one-minute rounds. They, too, were supposedly guided by computers; marionettes punching and parrying to the whims of the NCR 315. Like the Fantasy Heavyweight Tournament two years' earlier, the outcome of the Marciano v Ali contest would apparently be based on data collected from 250 boxing experts, who – according to Sports Illustrated – had filled in sheets that took "58 rating 'factors,' ranging from the obvious (speed, susceptibility to cuts, ability to throw a left) to the sublime (hardness of punch, killer instinct, courage)." This data was fed into the computer, which whirred and chugged before finally spitting out its verdict. The magazine made the process sound rigorous and illuminating. "Woroner or LeBow interviewed every living fighter … with the exception of Gene Tunney, who declined to be involved," it wrote. "From all this they compiled as encyclopaedic an accumulation of boxing trivia and technicalities as anyone had ever put together. They knew how often and where each fighter cut his opponents, where he was cut most often himself, how many punches and what kind he usually threw in a round, what pattern, pace and rhythm he preferred, what blows hurt him most, how many fouls he had committed." It was largely spin. As Ali later admitted in his autobiography, "there was no computer telling us what to do". Instead they laboured around the ring, avoiding head punches and mostly tapping at each other's stomachs. A duvet of flab embraced Ali's mid-section, and his jabs contained the spite of a well-fed labrador. Marciano, who had lost 45lbs in case his opponent took liberties, was more serious. But a new toupee, which he believed made him look well-groomed and youthful, further turned this curiosity towards cartoon: he looks like an undersized hoodlum from Dick Tracy. At one point the pair were exchanging blows when Ali's jab flicked the back of Marciano's head and scooped up his toupee. "Cut! Cut! Cut the camera," shouted Marciano, "Watch the piece!" Later he asked his friends: "You don't think he's doing it on purpose?" "No Rock," his friends assured him. "It's just an accident." "Well, he'd better start aiming those punches better," Rocky said. "Rock was really upright about the toupee," Ali's trainer, Angelo Dundee, said. "He had this guy in New York that made his toupees. I remember when he got the first one. Mingia! It was terrible. It looked like a dead cat. I said, 'Rocky, watch out. The thing might get up and run away." Sadly the scene didn't make the final edit. The theatre is further enhanced by knowing that the 'blood' from Marciano's cuts to his nose and forehead, which he develops in the fight, is ketchup. Wrote Ali: "My glove never hit his face, his glove never hit mine … the promoter asks me if I can think of some ending, and I plan the one that is actually used: I show Rocky how to hit me and I fall as though it's real. We have seven different endings – some with me winning, some with Rocky winning. Some segments we fake so good they are left untouched by the editors." Ali has a point with the knockout sequences, which are realistic enough. And there are moments where a fight hints at breaking out, especially in the 12th where Ali connects with a series of playful flicks that get a snorting Marciano swinging widely. Mostly, though, the action was sloppy and forgettable. "I think it was Marciano who threw the first real punch," Woroner said later. "They had been fooling around when Marciano suddenly let one go to the midsection. Ali followed with a shot to the head. But the fighters respected each other and apologized for these slips. And afterwards, Ali commented that Marciano had surprised him." A friendship was forged outside the ring. Marciano, the bashful white man who served his country in the second world war, and Ali, the brash Afro-American draft dodger, found themselves getting on famously. "Through all the fakery, something is happening between us," Ali wrote in his autobiography. "I feel closer to him than any white fighter in the trade. We talk fighter's talk in the way only friends can, blood talk, nitty-gritty talk. Our work is phoney but out friendship has become real." Throughout filming Ali referred to Marciano as 'champ'. And in his autobiography he wrote: "Rocky was quiet, peaceful, humble, not cocky or boastful" adding that he "deserves his place as one of the greatest of the great heavyweights. Marciano, meanwhile, called Ali "the fastest man on wheels". "But as the fraud came near an end, it was plain that neither of us, both heavyweight champions, liked the idea of being dramatized as defeated by the other – especially in a fake fight – and we were both on edge," admitted Ali. "One afternoon I unleashed a string of lightning-fast jabs that kept coming almost the entire round. Rocky was amazed and said: "I never seen a fighter with hands that fast." The pair separated on good terms. A month later Marciano was dead when the three-seater plane he was travelling in from Chicago to Des Moines crashed into an oak tree in the middle of a cornfield. It was the evening before his 46th birthday. THE AFTERMATH Muhammad Ali was still barred from the ring when the film was screened in 1970. Photograph: Hulton Archive/Getty Images On 20 January 1970, the Super Fight was shown as a one-time-only offering in 1,000 cinemas across the United States and a further 500 in Canada, Mexico and Europe. The result was "more closely guarded than the gold in Fort Knox," according to Time magazine. But some sniffed the future in the prevailing wind. As Arnold Davis, the Philadelphia Inquirer reporter, told Ali: "That computer is no fool. You won't submit to White America's old image of black fighters, you won't even submit to White America's army. You're barred from the ring, stripped of the title, and on the other hand here is the real White Hope, the undefeated world heavyweight hero of the post-Joe Louis days … every self-respecting made-in-America computer knows how to add that up. "You know what they want?" he added. "They want your ass whipped in public, knocked down, ripped, stomped, clubbed, pulverised, and not just by anybody, but by a real Great White Hope. We need Marciano to be able to club you into submission. They'll dig up the old heroes to say we had real red-blooded white men in those days that could handle niggers like this. A white ghost against a black ghost … Fantasy – but a lot of people live on fantasy. The end is supposed to be a mystery? To whom? Marciano will beat you bloody. And it will sell like hell in South Africa, to say nothing of Indiana and Alabama." Others did more than smell the result in advance; they knew it. As Skehan put it: "One thing is certain: Rocky never thought he would lose. He had refused millions to make a comeback in the ring. There was no way he would risk losing a fight to a computer for a few thousand dollars." Just before Marciano died, just three weeks after filming, his brother Peter asked him: "How do you think you'll do in that fight?" "I'm a winner in 13," said Marciano, grinning. After the plane crash, Peter phoned Woroner, concerned that the end would be changed. He needn't have worried: the result was exactly as his brother had forecast. During the 'fight' Marciano was bloodied, put down, and behind on points before coming back to win by knockout in the 13th round – an unimaginative regurgitation of his first championship bout with Jersey Joe Walcott. Ali watched the fight in a crowded Philadelphia picture house; saw his left arm sagging on the middle rope as Marciano lifted his hands in celebration as the computer delivered its verdict: "Rocky Marciano wins by KO in 57 seconds. Knockout came on a combination of two rights and a left hook. Muhammad Ali though game could not withstand Marciano's final attack. Ali did not land a single effective punch this round ." And he felt shame. "I saw myself on the ropes being destroyed by Marciano, in one of the 'artistic' endings few actors could equal," he wrote. "But some people thought it was real. Some sat stone-still, some booed and yelled, some cried … I felt like I had disappointed millions all over the world. It left me ashamed of what I had been doing. I had gone over the country promoting the series as fair and accurate, especially the Marciano v Ali show." His trainer Angelo Dundee was more sanguine. "To err is a machine," he joked. Why did people believe the whole grand sham? Partly because they wanted to, of course. But this was also the era when man shot for the stars, and moonwalking was a reality not a dance. Technology was taking on all-comers and winning. Its dimensions were uncertain, its boundaries unclear – perhaps using it to 'solve' sporting hypotheticals wasn't so far-fetched. Of course the Super Fight didn't settle the debate. It merely reset it. It matters little, but in a hypothetical Ali v Marciano encounter, most would make a prime Ali – the Ali that dismantled Cleveland Williams , before inactivity snatched much of the skip and slip from his legs – a strong favourite. But Marciano would have had a puncher's chance. And he certainly was a puncher. Speaking to Howard Cossell on the Wild World of Sports in 1976, Ali paid his friend and acting partner a generous tribute, saying: "Ooh he hit hard … But I truly think on my best day and his best day I would have beaten him, probably not knocked him out. I think he was better than Joe Frazier, put it that way. And you know what Joe Frazier did to me. "He wasn't as great as me, he wasn't as beautiful as me – everybody know that," he added. "But I don't know whether I could have beaten him with his style of boxing. He could have outpointed me, he could have knocked me down. I did a computer fight with him when he was an old man and just pretending and my arms were sore just from joking with him." After the film was shown, Ali called the Super Fight "a sham" and "a Hollywood fake" on the Dick Cavett show. He was right. Even so, Woroner responded with a $2m lawsuit, claiming that another computer fight – this time involving Sugar Ray Robinson and the Frenchman Marcel Cerdan – had fallen through because Sugar Ray had lost faith in the computer. Soon everyone else had too. In September 1970, the NCR 315 predicted that Joe Frazier would suffer a six-round defeat to Bob Foster in their forthcoming heavyweight title fight. No one else did, for Frazier was 21lbs heavier and swarming towards his prime. The fight was a mismatch: Frazier stalked his prey, before connecting with a left hook of such velocity that it twisted Foster's body like a spinning top and injured his ankle, before knocking him out 49 seconds into the second round . Reality had caught up with fantasy. Woroner's idea was bust. But, with the Super Fight having taken at least $2.5m in gate receipts, he walked away a rich man. Ali, meanwhile, was getting ready to head out of exile and fight for real again. The last great age of the heavyweights was about to begin.	Archie Moore
Who devised the famous screw, used to raise the level of water?	Floyd Mayweather and the 10 greatest unbeaten fighters of all time - Bad Left Hook Bad Left Hook New, 92 comments Floyd Mayweather improved to 45-0 with a dominant showing against Canelo Alvarez this past weekend; and one begins to wonder if there's anyone on his radar that could truly test him over the final years of his career. If not, where does he rate among the best undefeated fighters to ever lace gloves? Rec Jayne Kamin-Oncea-USA TODAY Spor I was going to write an intro to all of this when I was finished, but 5000+ words later I lost interest. The title says it all really; I'm counting down the 10 best unbeaten fighters of all time. Who will come in at #1? (Don't cheat and scroll down to the bottom!) 10. Edwin Valero (27-0, 27 KOs): Valero, a former WBA champion at super featherweight and WBC champion at lightweight, killed himself at the young age of 28 after allegedly murdering his wife but left behind credentials just good enough to make this list (barely). The spot would have gone to Harry Simon if I actually believed he deserved to beat Winky Wright 15 years ago. I might add that the now 41 year old Simon is scheduled to fight for the vacant IBF International light heavyweight title later this month on September 28th against Geard Ajetovic. But let's get back to Valero. El Inca's best victories came over the likes of Vicente Mosquera and Antonio DeMarco, with a secondary mention to an old Antonio Pitalua that had just come off knocking out Jose Armando Santa Cruz (best known for getting robbed by Joel Casamayor). Anyways, Valero's resume was hardly impressive for a two weight world champ but the manner in which ALL of his fights ended was special. He's the only world champion in history with a perfect knockout ratio. Before he died in 2010 Valero was hotly anticipated to be a fight or two away from challenging Manny Pacquiao. ------------------------ 9. Laszlo Papp (27-0-2, 15 KOs): Papp, like Valero, never had the opportunity to live up to his full potential. In Papp's case the Hungarian government put an end to his professional career by revoking his permission to travel abroad to stage fights, as pro boxing was outlawed in Hungary and they resented his circumvention. It's a shame because Papp was on the verge of a world middleweight title shot. Despite a somewhat lackluster pro resume the bar was set especially high with Papp as he was a three-time Olympic Gold Medalist. In those Olympics he defeated Spider Webb and Jose Torres, both of which went on to successful pro careers. Papp would never get victories that good as a professional but did retire Ralph Tiger Jones (best known for upsetting Sugar Ray Robinson). "Laci" additionally has victories over French middleweight champion Hippolyte Annex, Spanish middleweight champion Luis Folledo, and German middleweight champion Peter Mueller. Two years before Papp passed away in 2003 he was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame (IBHOF), primarily based off the strength of his amateur pedigree and general sentiments about what his pro career would have been living in a free country. Papp was expected to dethrone middleweight kingpin Joey Giardello but was never given the chance. ------------------------ 8. Chris John (48-0-3, 22 KOs): John, one of two active fighters to make this list, has been the premier featherweight champion of the world ever since making his 5th WBA title defense against the great Juan Manuel Marquez in 2006. That decision was questionable to say the least (I had Marquez winning) but there were enough swing rounds to make it not-a-terrible-robbery. But what do I know? I had Marquez beating Pacquiao all 4 times yet losing to Freddie Norwood. Anyways, John has gotten all the way up to 18 title defenses since then and has been world champion for a decade. With accomplishments that strong it's somewhat odd to rate him this low, but the lack of depth to his resume and general perception that he wouldn't be unbeaten otherwise cannot be ignored. Additional victories over Osamu Sato, Derrick Gainer, Rocky Juarez, Daud Cino Yordan, and Chonlatarn Piriyapinyo range from respectable to pretty good, but will they get John into the hall of fame? ------------------------ 7. Joe Calzaghe (46-0, 32 KOs): Next on the list is the "Pride of Wales," who wasted most of his career making trivial WBO super middleweight title defenses before coming to America to slap two faded legends silly. By no coincidence have I found it difficult to separate Calzaghe's legacy from John's. Calzaghe gets the edge because in his later years he was actually still considered the best in his respective divisions rather than someone revered yet considered ripe for the pickings. I touched upon Calzaghe's career accomplishments earlier this year when I discussed future IBHOF inductions . And I'm not the type of guy that likes to repeat himself. That being said, I do expect Calzaghe to go down as the greatest super middleweight of all time, unless of course Andre Ward decides to stick around 168 for a few more years. ------------------------ 6. Jack McAuliffe (exact record unknown): McAuliffe, dubbed The Napoleon of The Prize Ring, became the lightweight champion of the world in a transitional era between London Prize Ring Rules (bare knuckle) and the Marquess of Queensberry Rules (modern boxing). He learned his craft under the tutelage of the great Nonpareil Jack Dempsey, who was also his sparring partner. When Dempsey moved up to middleweight he named McAuliffe his heir apparent in the lightweight division. But while McAuiliffe received the title so easily, defending it was another matter entirely. He first defended his title against Jack Hopper, a man he previously beat the month before despite nearly being knocked out. The rematch would go 17 rounds, outdoors, in a snowstorm. McAuliffe was so cold he supposedly couldn't even feel his punches land. McAuiliffe would go on to have similar crazy stories in subsequent title defenses that lasted up to 74 rounds and 4.5 hours. Ultimately he fought the best of his day, often under extreme adversity, and walked away unbeaten. Where you place him on this list really just comes down to how much respect you give to the era he fought in. All I can say for sure is that it certainly wasn't an era with numerous undefeated world champions, a far more common occurrence today. McAuliffe's last great win came in 1890 against Jim Carroll. After getting the hell beat out of him through 46 rounds McAuliffe turned it around in the 47th and took Carroll out. In his later years McAuliffe did win a 10 round decision over rising great Young Griffo, but reports indicate it was a gift. Ironically both fighters were unbeaten going into that bout, and both would later be inducted into the IBHOF. ------------------------ 5. Jimmy Barry (58-59 wins, 9-11 draws, 2-3 NC/ND/EX): Jimmy Barry fought so long ago that he retired over a decade before the flyweight division existed. If he was fighting today would have started out as a strawweight. Nonetheless, he's still considered 1 of the greatest bantamweights of all time. His explosive yet clever fighting style made his larger opponents respect his power and struggle to find him. In a 1897 bid to go from bantamweight champion of America to champion of the world "Little Tiger" fatally stopped Englishman Walter Croot in the 20th and final round. After that fight Barry's KO percentage dropped from 64.5% to 55.6% as he never stopped another opponent. The tragedy haunted Barry for the rest of his life and his last 8 straight bouts were declared draws (a number of which may have been previously agreed upon as long as there was no stoppage). After reportedly receiving a gift in his final outing against Harry Harris, Barry walked away for good. Barry and Harris would both be inducted into the IBHOF in 2000 and 2002 respectively. According to Cyber Boxing Zone in 1927 Joe Choynski said Barry was the greatest fighter he'd ever seen. If this is the same Joe Choynski who fought Philadelphia Jack O'Brien, Joe Walcott, Charles Kid McCoy, James J. Jeffries, Bob Fitzsimmons, James J. Corbett, and Jack Johnson among other Hall-of-Famers, then that says a WHOLE LOT. ------------------------ 4. Packey McFarland (64-69 wins, 0-1 losses, 5 draws, 34-39 ND): Like Jimmy Barry before him, Packey McFarland was born and bred in Chicago, Illinois. Unlike Barry, his official claim to being unbeaten is disputed. Supposedly Dusty Miller bested a green McFarland sometime between 1903 and 1904. The question is which McFarland did Dusty actually beat, Patrick or Eddie (no relation)? Up until 1908 it was generally thought that Packey was unbeaten until Dusty came forth to "prove" otherwise. If you look up Dusty's record you'll find both McFarlands on it within a period of 8 months according to 1 set of dates and on the exact same day according to another. Quite frankly I don't buy the coincidence. Thus he makes my list. Got a problem? Well, that's what the honorable mentions are for (listed at the end). Anyways, Packey bested Hall-of-Famers from lightweight to middleweight (although some unofficially). He went 1-0-2 against lightweight champion Freddie Welsh. He took 2 newspaper decisions over welterweight champion Jack Britton after initially and officially drawing with him. And he won a split newspaper decision over middleweight title claimant Mike Gibbons in his retirement match. McFarland was inducted into the IBHOF in 1992. ------------------------ 3. Ricardo Lopez (51-0-1, 38 KOs): And then there was Finito. Listed ratings that follow (Lopez related and beyond) are from The RING unless stated otherwise. Finito's resume at first glance: Rocky Lin (#6 strawweight 1998, #7 strawweight 1999), Saman Sorjaturong (#1 junior flyweight 1995-1998), Kermin Guardia (#9 strawweight 1999), Rosendo Alvarez (#2 strawweight 1998, #3 junior flyweight 1999, #5 junior flyweight 2000, #4 junior flyweight 2001), Zolani Petelo (#3 strawweight 1998, #1 strawweight 1999, #9 junior flyweight 2001), and Will Grigsby (#4 junior flyweight 1998, #8 junior flyweight 1999 & 2000). None of the above fighters were past their prime when Lopez fought them. He fought Lin in 1992 (RING Ratings did not exist for the strawweight division until 1998), Sorjaturong in 1993, Guardia in 1994, Alvarez twice in 1998, Grigsby in 1999, and Petelo in 2001. This is as far as the RING Ratings analysis will take us, but his early career is far too good to ignore. Going back to the beginning Lopez won the lineal and WBC strawweight championship in 1990 from Hideyuki Ohashi. Ohashi would come back to win the WBA strawweight title before retirement. The next year (1991) Lopez defended his crown against former IBF strawweight champ Kyung-Yun Lee. Two years later (1993) he defeated Saman Sorjaturong (future WBC, IBF, and lineal junior flyweight champ). Sorjaturong long reigned as the #1 junior flyweight in the world until Lopez took over in 1999 (unfortunately without a rematch). Later in 1993 Lopez also defeated former IBF strawweight champ Manny Melchor. In 1994 he defeated future WBO strawweight champ Kermin Guardia. Then, after a subpar 9 straight title defenses, save perhaps Ala Villamor, Lopez unified his WBC title with Alex Sanchez's WBO strap in 1997. In 1998 he also picked up the WBA strawweight title by defeating reigning champion Rosendo Alvarez. Alvarez would go on to win the WBA junior flyweight title before retirement. However, before conquering Alvarez, Lopez suffered the lone blemish in his career via a 7-round technical draw to the same man earlier that year. Judge Tom Kaczmarek had Lopez by 3, judge Samuel Conde Lopez had Alvarez by 5, and judge Dalby Shirley had it a draw. The 2nd round knockdown Alvarez scored proved crucial. While I agreed with the draw, all scorecards made sense. Ultimately Alvarez was done in by the WBC rule to automatically deduct a point in the event of an accidental head clash (which resulted in a 9-9 round 7). The point of this rule is to level the playing field as the victim will be negatively impacted for the remainder of the bout. The thing is - the fight ended immediately after that round, Alvarez was clearly winning before the head clash, and Alvarez did no better after it occurred. Fortunately there was a rematch and Lopez pulled out the win without any funny business. One judge still gave it to Alvarez but it should be noted that he missed weight by over 3 pounds (coming in over the limit in the NEXT division). After finally putting Alvarez behind him (in a fight of the year candidate) Lopez vacated his strawweight crown and moved up to junior flyweight to defeat reigning IBF champion Will Grigsby in 1999. Grigsby immediately rebounded by winning the WBO title in his very next bout but was stripped for taking America's favorite performance reducing drug, marijuana. He'd later rebound again by regaining his IBF title long after Finito retired. In 2000 Lopez defended his newly won title against former IBF strawweight kingpin Ratanapol Sor Vorapin (21-0 in IBF world title fights before losing to Zolani Petelo in 1997). Subsequently Petolo was the last conquest of Lopez, a bout which took place in 2001. The battle of IBF strawweight champion vs IBF junior flyweight champion ended in both fighters and the referee (Arthur Mercante Sr) all retiring afterward (although Petelo would unwisely come out of retirement 4 years later for 2 final bouts). When all was said and done Ricardo Lopez's rap sheet reads a little like this: he was THE strawweight champion from 1990 to 1999. Then he was the #1 junior flyweight from 1999 to 2001. Overall he beat 10 world champions and was 25-0-1 in world title fights, beating every man he ever faced. He also reigned in the top 10 pound for pound from 1993 to 2001 before making the IBHOF on the 1st ballot in 2007. As early as 1994 Lopez was rated the greatest strawweight of all time and I haven't seen anyone come along since then to suggest otherwise. Even Ivan Calderon (likely to make the IBHOF as well someday) is a distant 2nd. Had Lopez additionally added the likes of Michael Carbajal and Humberto Gonzalez to his resume, he might rate as high as #1 on this list. Or he might have missed it entirely (not exactly guaranteed wins). Even Leo Gamez and/or Melchor Cob Castro would have given Finito's resume a boost. But it is what it is. Even without moving up 3 pounds before Gonzalez and Carbajal retired, Lopez's career was still great. ------------------------ 2. Rocky Marciano (49-0, 43 KOs): A few years ago The Brockton Blockbuster would end up atop just about every historian's greatest unbeaten fighters list, but today he'll have to settle for #2. Here's why: Marciano competed in 11 bouts against 8 different top 10 ranked fighters within a 5.5 year timespan from beginning to end (3 years short of his entire career). Three of the names on his resume are top 30 all-time pound for pound greats: Joe Louis, Ezzard Charles, and Archie Moore. Charles and Moore are also widely considered the 2 best light heavyweights of all time while Louis is arguably the greatest heavyweight. No one else on today's list can claim feats of such magnitude. So what's the catch? Marciano fought his first top 10 contender 26 fights into his career, winning a highly controversial split decision over Roland LaStarza (37-0 at the time). It sounds unflattering today but at the time Rocky was not considered a deity. Five months earlier, Rocky, according to local Rhode Island newspaper, received a gift decision over journeyman Ted Lowry (who was riding a 7 fight losing streak). It was not surprising that Marciano couldn't do any better against the first true contender he ever faced. Anyways, it took another 10 fights before Marciano fought another top 10 contender in Rex Layne (rematching and defeating Lowry legitimately in the interim). Layne had momentum coming into the fight with wins over Jersey Joe Walcott and Bob Satterfield in recent years, making him a 9-5 favorite. But after Marciano dispatched him with a right hand, his career pretty much fell apart (while simultaneously laying the foundation for future Marciano opponents). Two fights after knocking out Layne within 6 rounds Rocky fought the legendary Joe Louis. Coming into the fight Louis had a record of 65-2-0 with 51 KOs. However, after coming out of retirement, he was most recently 8-1 with only 3 KOs. Louis was 37 years old and never fought again after Marciano knocked him out in the 8th round. The next top contender Rocky fought was Harry Kid Matthews. Matthews, a solid fighter with a record of 81-3-5, was a former middleweight and only really developed into a light heavyweight. Matthews had just come off a win over Rex Layne and had not lost a fight in nearly 9 years. Rocky knocked him out in 2 rounds. After defeating Matthews, Rocky captured and immediately defended the world heavyweight championship against Jersey Joe Walcott. In the original meeting Marciano knocked Walcott out in the 13th round after trailing on all scorecards. Walcott controlled the fight from the onset after flooring Marciano in round 1 with a left hook but eventually faded in the later rounds. Going in Walcott had a record of 51-16-2, losing 2 of his previous 4 fights against Ezzard Charles and Rex Layne. In the rematch Rocky knocked the 39 year old out in the first round. Walcott then retired, never to fight again. Next LaStarza, advertised as the man who had come closest to defeating Marciano, was given a rematch. You could say LaStarza earned the title shot by winning a split decision over the fading Rex Layne, but he also dropped painful decisions to Dan Bucceroni and Rocky Jones along the way. On the other hand, Bucceroni and Jones were Philadelphia fighters and LaStarza did avenge those losses. But what can I say; the writing was on the wall. Rocky stopped LaStarza in 11 rounds after shades of fight 1 in the first half. Then Rocky was set to defend his title against the legendary Ezzard Charles. Charles was 82-10-1 when Rocky first met him, coming off of 2 losses in his last 4 fights against Nino Valdes and hall-of-famer Harold Johnson (who was mainly a light heavyweight). Charles would go the distance with Marciano the first time around, losing a close but not disputed decision. Charles, aged from his many battles in the ring, was given a rematch in exactly 3 months. Many believe(d) Charles was not given sufficient time to recover from the damage he took in the first fight. Nonetheless, Charles almost stopped Rocky on cuts before Marciano rallied back to knock him out in the 8th. In a way, nearly stopping Rocky was Ezzard's final moment of greatness, much like Shane Mosley's 2nd round against Floyd Mayweather. Afterward Charles had fallen victim to Lou Gehrig's Disease but fought on regardless, a shell of his former self. Like Charles, Mosley continues to fight on past his expiration date. He even walks around with a pet monkey these days. I worry about him... But I digress. Next Rocky took on Don Cockell in his second to last fight. Cockell had a record of 66-11-1. He was stopped 6 times before he met Rocky, including a bout with former middleweight champion Randy Turpin (in which Turpin was outweighed by 12 pounds). Be that as it may, Cockell was ranked in the heavyweight top 10 thanks to recently besting Harry Matthews thrice and Roland LaStarza once. Thus Cockell "earned" his showdown and Marciano and was subsequently knocked out inside 9 rounds. Cockell then went on to get knocked out in both of his remaining fights against Nino Valdes and Kitione Lave. Finally, the last fight Marciano had was against the one and only Archie Moore. Moore was less than 3 months away from his 42nd birthday with a record of 148-19-9. Over a long 20 year career Moore endured numerous battles with the likes of Charley Burley, Holman Williams, Ezzard Charles, Jimmy Bivins, Joey Maxim, Harold Johnson, Lloyd Marshall, and Teddy Yarosz among others. However, of all the great fighters on Moore's resume, only Charles was a great Heavyweight. Incidentally Charles beat Moore every time they fought, once by KO. Needless to say it was no surprise that Marciano KOed Moore inside 9 rounds. Perhaps the only surprise that night came when Marciano hit the deck in round 2, courtesy of a counter right from Moore. Marciano was off balance after missing badly with an overhand right. Now let's take a look at Marciano's 8 rated opponents from a purely numeric perspective. Moore - Height: 5'11" \|\| Weight: 188 lbs \|\| Reach: 75" Cockell - Height: 5'11" \|\| Weight: 205 lbs \|\| Reach: 71" Charles - Height: 6'0" \|\| Weight: 185 ½ & 192 ½ lbs \|\| Reach: 73" LaStarza - Height: 6'0" \|\| Weight: 187 & 184 ¾ lbs \|\| Reach: ?? Walcott - Height: 6'0" \|\| Weight: 196 ½ & 197 ¾ lbs \|\| Reach: 74" Matthews - Height: 5'10 ¾" \|\| Weight: 179 lbs \|\| Reach: ?? Layne - Height: 6'1 \|\| Weight: 193 lbs \|\| Reach: ?? Louis - Height: 6'2" \|\| Weight: 213 ¾ lbs \|\| Reach: 76" From the information seen here we can deduce that the only top 10 world ranked opponent over 6 feet tall and 200+ pounds was Joe Louis. And we all know that the Brown Bomber's feeble condition was well documented in the movie Coming to America: That obviously was a joke, but the point remains: Louis was old. So why were the other opponents so small? Well, let's look at Marciano's own dimensions: Height: 5'10" \|\| Average Weight: 185 lbs \|\| Reach: 67" Rocky Marciano had the shortest reach of any heavyweight champion in the history of the sport. Even flyweights have comparable arm lengths. Can we really mark it up as a coincidence that Rocky never fought top guys with sizeable physical advantages over him? Were there top contenders in Marciano's era of larger dimensions that he didn't fight? Of course there were: Nino Valdes [#1 in 1954] - 6'3" - 214¾lbs - (31-8-3) - 78" reach Nino Valdes [#1 in 1953] - 6'3" - 214lbs - (26-8-3) - 78" reach Bob Baker [#2 in 1955] - 6'2" - 219¼lbs - (44-5-1) Dan Bucceroni [#3 in 1953] - 6'2" - 193½lbs - (46-3-0) Tommy Jackson [#3 in 1955] - 6'2" - 199lbs - (25-4-1) - 80" reach John Holman [#4 in 1955] - 6'3" - 205½lbs - (24-11-1) Bob Baker [#4 in 1954] - 6'2" - 218lbs - (37-5-1) Earl Walls [#5 in 1954] - 6'2½" - 196lbs - (32-9-0) - 78" reach Earl Walls [#5 in 1953] - 6'2½" - 194lbs - (28-7-0) - 78" reach Karel Sys [#5 in 1951] - 5'11" - 200½lbs - (105-12-9) Bob Baker [#5 in 1950] - 6'2" - 210lbs - (18-0-0) Nino Valdes [#6 in 1955] - 6'3" - 215lbs - (33-11-3) - 78" reach Heinz Neuhaus [#6 in 1954] - 6'2" - 214¾lbs - (32-2-5) Tommy Jackson [#8 in 1954] - 6'2" - 194½lbs - (17-3-1) - 80" reach Heinz Neuhaus [#8 in 1952] - 6'2" - 211¾lbs - (25-1-4) Karel Sys [#9 in 1952] - 5'11" - 211¾lbs - (110-13-9) Young Jack Johnson [#9 in 1955] - 6'3" - 208lbs - (12-5-1) Bob Baker [#9 in 1951] - 6'2" - 225lbs - (25-1-1) Coley Wallace [#10 in 1953] - 6'2" - 209lbs - (20-3) - 78" reach The above list shows a fighter's rating in a given year with his highest weight (that year) and record at year's end. 7 of these 10 fighters weighed above 200 lbs. 6 of that 7 were at least 6'2". The remaining 3 fighters were between 6'2" and 6'2 ½". Given the dimensions of the top contenders Marciano did fight, there seems to be a severe disparity in size compared to the one's he didn't. Even Jersey Joe Walcott publically stated (and resented) that Marciano never had to fight the same kind of fighters all the other top Heavyweights did. Marciano and his management simply had no interest in physically imposing threats that they could avoid. Yet history mostly gives Marciano a pass for sidestepping them (as if he spent most of his time fighting better opposition). But no matter how kind we are to Rocky, can we really let a Nino Valdes fight not happening slide? Valdes, one of Cuba's finest pro fighters , enjoyed an 11 fight winning streak between 1953 and 1955 that included victories over Ezzard Charles, Charley Doc Williams, Heinz Neuhaus, Karel Sys, and Tommy Jackson. He truly earned his spot as Marciano's #1 contender. Valdez was 5 inches taller, 25-30 pounds heavier, and 11 inches longer than Marciano. From the footage I'm seen of each fighter Rocky didn't even have a hand or foot speed advantage. Stylistically the matchup was a nightmare. Marciano could have felt much like most Klitschko opponents do today. Thus Marciano instead took unnecessary rematches with LaStarza and Charles, followed by a shameful fight with Don Cockell (whom Valdes finished off in a third of the time it took Marciano). For those of you that have never seen Nino Valdes before, here's his 2nd round TKO victory over Hurricane Jackson: The man was clearly a flawed fighter and I'm definitely not suggesting Marciano wouldn't have beaten him. But fights are won in the ring. Working out fantasy matchups to rate a fighter among people he actually could have fought is ridiculous. At the end of the day it's not like Marciano was beating better fighters instead. Don't even get me started on Bob Baker (who Marciano basically ducked throughout his entire career). To make a long story short they both emerged as rated fighters in 1950 (with Marciano rated lower at #10) and later retired with similarly impressive winning resumes. Yet they never ran into each other. Hmmm. But you know, I really don't mean to run the great Rocky Marciano down. I just needed to explain to his die hard legions why he isn't coming in at #1. 49-0 is still the greatest unblemished numerical record in the history of world boxing champions. 87.76% is still the best KO percentage in heavyweight world champion history (assuming you include losses and draws in the calculation). 7-0 is still the longest unbeaten record (not streak) in heavyweight world title fights. Marciano additionally bested 4 hall of famers, took part in 3 "Fights of the Year," and made both the WBHF and IBHOF on the inception years (1980 and 1990 respectively). He was also named "Fighter of the Year" for 1952, 1954, and 1955. Some still rate him as the greatest heavyweight of all time. Personally, after looking at his resume and size, the best I can rate him is #13. Still, not bad for a 5 foot, 10 inch, 185 pound man. ------------------------ 1. Floyd Mayweather Jr. (45-0, 26 KOs): I know what you're thinking. After reading the last two entries you're saying to yourself, "holy @#^&, how long is this one going to be?" Relax. It's not going to be that long. I'll write more about the career of "Money" Mayweather after he retires (for real). For all I know he won't even be on this list in a few years (yes, it is conceivable that he loses a fight, however unlikely). With Floyd Mayweather's most recent victory over Saul "Canelo" Alvarez it marked the 19th world title holder that came up short against the pound for pound king. Want a list? Here's one presented by Floyd himself: The above image is from a Mayweather-Canelo countdown show that I watched on Fox Sports 1, thus Canelo's name is not included. What's interesting is that DeMarcus Corley, former WBO light welterweight title holder, also wasn't included. In actuality the WBO wasn't particularly taken seriously back in 2003 (when Corley last held the title) and it's probably not a coincidence that everyone else on the list sported WBA, WBC, and IBF belts. It would have been nice to see the same people do a countdown for De La Hoya-Mayweather, where they might have only given Oscar credit for titles in 4 weight divisions instead of 6, but that's a discussion for another time... In a world where we accept WBO title holders from any time as legitimate, Floyd Mayweather thus far has bested a total of 19 world champions. If that's not the record then Floyd is certainly on his way to locking it down (4 fights left in his contract). Right now I believe he's tied with Oscar De La Hoya. But given the cheapened state of world championships today, Floyd Mayweather has undecorated opponents at or above the level of some of the world champions he's faced. My personal favorites consist of Phillip N'dou, Emanuel Augustus, and best of all Angel Manfredy. Coincidentally they brought out some of the most exciting and sensational performances of Mayweather's career. Phillip N'dou knocked out 30 of his 31 victims with a lone decision victory over Cassius Baloyi (incidentally his best opponent before Mayweather). N'dou and Mayweather were both featherweight Olympians in 1996 but never faced each other until they met in the pro ranks. And what a fight it was. N'dou, unlike a certain Mexican with red hair, knew his limitations going in and did not try to out box the master boxer. Instead he tried to out fight Mayweather. He failed, naturally, but in the process he forced Mayweather put on 1 of the best offensive performances of his career and fans were treated a power punching war. Round 5 in particular was a serious candidate for the best of 2013. Emanuel Augustus, then Emanuel Burton, on paper was just a journeyman. He was 22-16-4 and had lost 4 of his last 6. But anyone who had actually seen him fight, in a fight that he actually trained for, knew better. Floyd Mayweather didn't call him the toughest opponent of his career for nothing, even if that's an exaggeration. The "Drunken Master" could fight. Did he actually deserve any rounds against Floyd? Probably not. But he sure put Floyd through hell along the way. To this day it's my favorite Mayweather fight of all time. Augustus walked through Mayweather's best shots, smiled, and relentlessly kept firing back. The pace was so severe that Mayweather, THE Floyd Mayweather, actually gassed and looked sloppy in spots. He even bled. It was just a great fight all around, arguably the most competitive and entertaining shutout I've ever seen. Offensively Augustus did as well against Mayweather as anyone; it's just that he never seemed to care about keeping his hands up to protect himself. Augustus, despite being slick, often welcomed punches to the face like his name was Antonio Margarito. It was honestly pretty foolish, but it made for great fights. This was one of them. Then last but not least comes "El Diablo." Manfredy, 25-2-1, was "rocked" to the ring by Kid Rock before getting his brain stem rocked by Mayweather's combinations. Although the abrupt 2nd round ending might have suggested a mismatch, Manfredy was riding a 23 fight winning streak that included victories over Calvin Grove, Wilson Rodriguez, Jorge Paez, John Brown, and most notably a 29-1 Arturo Gatti. He was a damn good fighter who easily would have become world champion if he had the luxury of fighting weak titlists or taking vacant title fights. Unfortunately his only opportunities came against the likes of Mayweather, Stevie Johnston, Diego Corrales, and finally Paul Spadafora. Manfredy had seen better days by the time he got the shot against Spadafora, but that was the 1 world title fight he had a case to winning. Personally I had it a draw. So forget the number 19. As far as I'm concerned Floyd Mayweather has 22 world championship caliber opponents on his resume. That's 22 notable opponents out of 44 (rematch with Jose Luis Castillo not counted), exactly 50%. Compare that to Marciano's 9 out of 44 (rematches with Ted Lowry, Roland LaStarza, Gino Buonvino, Jersey Joe Walcott, and Ezzard Charles not counted), 20.45%. I gave Rocky an extra credible opponent in Lee Savold to be kind as I know Emanuel Augustus wasn't officially a top 10 rated fighter, like, ever... But nit picking aside, it's pretty obvious who spent more of his career taking on respectable opposition. It's not even close. For a guy who some claim spent most of his career ducking fighters, I'll match Mayweather's credible to stay-busy fight ratio with anyone in the business today. He might not have taken the fights you wanted when you wanted them, but he still took a lot of good fights. And quite frankly that's unheard of for undefeated fighters, which is why Mayweather is the greatest of them all. Additional Mayweather accolades that solidify his #1 ranking: He claims lineal titles in four out of the five weight classes where he's been world champion (the sole exception being junior welterweight). He's been rated the Fighter of the Year in 1998 and 2007. He may also get the nod for 2013. Over that 15 year timespan he's also been rated among the top pound for pound fighters in the sport, and often #1. He was an Olympic Bronze medalist with an overall amateur record of 84-6 (generally considered robbed in Olympics). He's at least 22-0 in world title fights (lineal title fight with Mosley to consider). He was 27-0 with 20 KOs as a super featherweight, his best weight class, and is widely regarded as the best at the weight bar Alexis Arguello. The only other weight class where Mayweather is definitely a top 10 fighter throughout history is junior middleweight, ironically his most vulnerable division. ------------------------ Honorable Mention: Harry Simon, Ike Ibeabuchi, Sven Ottke, Paul Spadafora, Pichit Sithbanprachan, Terry Marsh, Young Mitchell, Ji-Won Kim ------------------------ *Active %Questionable reports indicate McFarland lost a newspaper decision to Dusty Miller, but as newspaper decisions are not official results, McFarland qualifies as unbeaten either way. ------------------------ Ryan Bivins is a staff writer for BadLeftHook. You can contact him on twitter ( @sweetboxing ) or through email ( [email protected] ). Bad_Left_Hook_minimal	i don't know
What is the surname of the character played by Windsor Davis in 'It Ain't Half Hot Mum'?	It Ain't Half Hot Mum (TV Series 1974–1981) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error It Ain't Half Hot Mum 30min The comic adventures of a group of misfits who form an extremely bad concert party touring the hot and steamy jungles of Burma entertaining the troops during World War II. Stars: The company arrive back in England and grope their way through the fog to Customs where Ashford is almost arrested and the demobilization centre, where they are dismayed by the lack of choice for ... 8.4 Sheltering from monsoon rain in a temple once used by the Thugs, a murderous religious sect from the previous century, the group discover a statue of Devi, the sect's goddess, with rubies for eyes. ... 8.1 After accidentally being hit on the head by a coconut, Gloria undergoes a strange transformation into a fearless, serious soldier, killing a snake with his bare hands. He and Williams attack a ... 8.0 a list of 30 titles created 23 May 2011 a list of 38 titles created 11 Feb 2012 a list of 38 titles created 21 Aug 2014 a list of 35 titles created 9 months ago a list of 23 titles created 8 months ago Title: It Ain't Half Hot Mum (1974–1981) 7.1/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Comic goings on in this series set in an English holiday camp called Maplins. The title comes from the camp's greeting, which the staff are meant to say with enthusiasm but all too often ... See full summary » Stars: Paul Shane, Ruth Madoc, Jeffrey Holland Wolfie Smith is an unemployed dreamer from Tooting London, a self proclaimed Urban Guerilla who aspires to be like his hero Che Guevara. Leading a small group called the Tooting Popular ... See full summary » Stars: Robert Lindsay, Mike Grady, Hilda Braid The series followed the wavering relationship between two ex-lovers, Penny Warrender, a secretary for an advertising firm, and Vincent Pinner, an ex ice cream salesman turned turf ... See full summary » Stars: Paul Nicholas, Jan Francis, Sylvia Kay Ria, a happily married suburban housewife, reaches the age where she feels as if life is passing her by. Being taken for granted by her butterfly collecting dentist husband doesn't help. So... See full summary » Stars: Wendy Craig, Geoffrey Palmer, Bruce Montague A rather naive, middle-class man is admitted to a hospital ward and finds that he is sharing it with a working-class layabout and an upper-class hypochondriac. All three of them cause headaches for the hospital staff. Stars: James Bolam, Peter Bowles, Christopher Strauli A working-class Cockney bigot with a biased and expirienced opinion of everything shares them bluntly and almost carelessly. Stars: Warren Mitchell, Anthony Booth, Una Stubbs Bless This House centres on life in Birch Avenue, Putney, where travelling stationery salesman Sid Abbott (Sidney James) and his wife Jean (Diana Coupland) live with their teenagers: Mike (... See full summary » Stars: Sidney James, Diana Coupland, Sally Geeson Jacko is a house painter who "appreciates" women, he sees the best in each one of them and they in turn, like him. Will he find true love ? Will he settle down as he gets older ? Stars: Karl Howman, Mike Walling, Jackie Lye Martin is a committee man. He has numerous schemes and committees organised around the neighbourhood. He is so obsessive about every detail of everything he does he is driving his long ... See full summary » Stars: Richard Briers, Penelope Wilton, Peter Egan During WW2,in a fictional British seaside town,a ragtag group of Home Guard local defense volunteers prepares for an imminent German invasion. Stars: Arthur Lowe, John Le Mesurier, Clive Dunn The Morecambe & Wise Show was a long running and massively popular sketch series starring British comedy duo Eric Morecambe and Ernie Wise, plus a string of top-name international celebrity guests (of a bygone age), like André Prévin. Stars: Eric Morecambe, Ernie Wise, Ann Hamilton Edit Storyline The comic adventures of a group of misfits who form an extremely bad concert party touring the hot and steamy jungles of Burma entertaining the troops during World War II. 3 January 1974 (UK) See more » Also Known As: O moeder wat is het heet See more » Company Credits Did You Know? Trivia In 1975, co-stars Windsor Davies and Don Estelle topped the UK charts with the song, "Whispering Grass". See more » Goofs In early episodes Gunner Graham claims to be educated at Oxford but later on he claims to be educated at Cambridge. See more » Quotes	Williams
Who was Norman Stanley Fletcher's cellmate?	It Ain't Half Hot Mum (TV Series 1974–1981) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error It Ain't Half Hot Mum 30min The comic adventures of a group of misfits who form an extremely bad concert party touring the hot and steamy jungles of Burma entertaining the troops during World War II. Stars: The company arrive back in England and grope their way through the fog to Customs where Ashford is almost arrested and the demobilization centre, where they are dismayed by the lack of choice for ... 8.4 Sheltering from monsoon rain in a temple once used by the Thugs, a murderous religious sect from the previous century, the group discover a statue of Devi, the sect's goddess, with rubies for eyes. ... 8.1 After accidentally being hit on the head by a coconut, Gloria undergoes a strange transformation into a fearless, serious soldier, killing a snake with his bare hands. He and Williams attack a ... 8.0 a list of 30 titles created 23 May 2011 a list of 38 titles created 11 Feb 2012 a list of 38 titles created 21 Aug 2014 a list of 35 titles created 9 months ago a list of 23 titles created 8 months ago Title: It Ain't Half Hot Mum (1974–1981) 7.1/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Comic goings on in this series set in an English holiday camp called Maplins. The title comes from the camp's greeting, which the staff are meant to say with enthusiasm but all too often ... See full summary » Stars: Paul Shane, Ruth Madoc, Jeffrey Holland Wolfie Smith is an unemployed dreamer from Tooting London, a self proclaimed Urban Guerilla who aspires to be like his hero Che Guevara. Leading a small group called the Tooting Popular ... See full summary » Stars: Robert Lindsay, Mike Grady, Hilda Braid The series followed the wavering relationship between two ex-lovers, Penny Warrender, a secretary for an advertising firm, and Vincent Pinner, an ex ice cream salesman turned turf ... See full summary » Stars: Paul Nicholas, Jan Francis, Sylvia Kay Ria, a happily married suburban housewife, reaches the age where she feels as if life is passing her by. Being taken for granted by her butterfly collecting dentist husband doesn't help. So... See full summary » Stars: Wendy Craig, Geoffrey Palmer, Bruce Montague A rather naive, middle-class man is admitted to a hospital ward and finds that he is sharing it with a working-class layabout and an upper-class hypochondriac. All three of them cause headaches for the hospital staff. Stars: James Bolam, Peter Bowles, Christopher Strauli A working-class Cockney bigot with a biased and expirienced opinion of everything shares them bluntly and almost carelessly. Stars: Warren Mitchell, Anthony Booth, Una Stubbs Bless This House centres on life in Birch Avenue, Putney, where travelling stationery salesman Sid Abbott (Sidney James) and his wife Jean (Diana Coupland) live with their teenagers: Mike (... See full summary » Stars: Sidney James, Diana Coupland, Sally Geeson Jacko is a house painter who "appreciates" women, he sees the best in each one of them and they in turn, like him. Will he find true love ? Will he settle down as he gets older ? Stars: Karl Howman, Mike Walling, Jackie Lye Martin is a committee man. He has numerous schemes and committees organised around the neighbourhood. He is so obsessive about every detail of everything he does he is driving his long ... See full summary » Stars: Richard Briers, Penelope Wilton, Peter Egan During WW2,in a fictional British seaside town,a ragtag group of Home Guard local defense volunteers prepares for an imminent German invasion. Stars: Arthur Lowe, John Le Mesurier, Clive Dunn The Morecambe & Wise Show was a long running and massively popular sketch series starring British comedy duo Eric Morecambe and Ernie Wise, plus a string of top-name international celebrity guests (of a bygone age), like André Prévin. Stars: Eric Morecambe, Ernie Wise, Ann Hamilton Edit Storyline The comic adventures of a group of misfits who form an extremely bad concert party touring the hot and steamy jungles of Burma entertaining the troops during World War II. 3 January 1974 (UK) See more » Also Known As: O moeder wat is het heet See more » Company Credits Did You Know? Trivia In 1975, co-stars Windsor Davies and Don Estelle topped the UK charts with the song, "Whispering Grass". See more » Goofs In early episodes Gunner Graham claims to be educated at Oxford but later on he claims to be educated at Cambridge. See more » Quotes	i don't know
How many rings on the Olympic flag?	How many rings are on the Olympic flag? \| Reference.com How many rings are on the Olympic flag? A: Quick Answer The Olympic flag has five interlocking rings on a white background. The rings represent the union of the nations of the five continental areas – North and South America, Africa, Europe, Asia and Australia and their athlete delegates at the games. Full Answer In 1913, the president of the International Olympic Committee, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, suggested an official Olympic flag to symbolize the peace and unity of international athletic competition. The flag was first introduced at the seventh Olympic Games in 1920. The white background and the blue, yellow, black, green and red ring colors were chosen to represent at least one color from each country's national flag.	five
What colour is vermilion a shade of?	Olympic symbol and olympic flag Olympic Symbol and Olympic Flag Olympic Museum Home The Olympic Flag, which flies in the main stadium and all other venues of the Games, is white with five interlaced rings in the center. The rings are blue, yellow, black, green and red, with the blue ring high on he left, nearest the flag pole. These rings represent the five continents joined in the Olympic Movement. The proper arrangement and interlacing of the rings is shown on the sketch below. here is no country that has not one or more of these colours in its national flag. It was created in 1913, at the suggestion of Baron de Coubertin, and was used for the first time at the Olympic Games in 1920 at Antwerp. There are official flags for both the Olympic Games and the Olympic Winter Games. (Source document: The Olympic Games, IOC Lausanne, 1958, page 75) President, International Olympic Committee ........... This time ( Olympic Games 1920 Antwerp) , there were two innovations; first, the pledges taken by the athletes, spoken aloud by one of them (a Belgian holding the flag of his country) in the name of all, al follows: "We swear that we are taking part in the Olympic Games as loyal competitors, observing the rules governing the Games, and anxious to show a spirit of chivalry, for the honor of our countries and for the glory of the sport." Thus modern Games go back, little by little, to their illustrious ancestors by the successive restoration of both the ceremonies and the symbolic acts which gave to the former so great and deep a meaning. The second innovation was the appearance of the Olympic flag, with its five entwined circles, multicolors on a white background, evoking the five parts of the world united by Olympism, and at the same time reproducing the colors of every nation. This flag was inaugurated in Paris, June, 1914, during the celebration of the 20th "anniversary of the reorganisation of the Olympic Games," but it had never yet appeared at an Olympiad gathering. At Antwerp, its glorious colors were displayed everywhere, and its popularity was great, so great that a group of athletes, one fine night, in the town, carried off everything so as to bring home with them this tangible souvenir of the Seventh Olympiad. Unfortunately, the Police were on guard: arrests, trials, consular interventions, followed. ........... The olympic flag was raised in the Olympic Games in Antwerp 1920 for the first time. (Source document: Report of the American Olympic Committee, seventh Olympic Games Antwerp, Belgium 1920, page 54 - 55)	i don't know
King Zog ruled which country?	King Zog I of Albania \| History Today King Zog I of Albania The Balkans Political Richard Cavendish charts the events leading up to King Zog I's coronation on September 1st, 1928. Zog I was probably the strangest monarch of the 20th century. The Times called him ‘the bizarre King Zog’ and his biographer, Jason Tomes, quotes descriptions of him ranging from ‘a despotic brigand’ to ‘the last ruler of romance’. He created his throne for himself and as Europe’s only Muslim king ruled Europe’s most obscure country. He had started life as Ahmed Bey Zogolli or Ahmed Zogu in 1895, the son of an Albanian chief, when the country was still part of the Ottoman empire. Order broke down during the First World War as other Balkan countries tried to seize areas of Albania. From 1920 there was a succession of short-lived governments, in which Zogu held various posts until he was driven into exile in 1924. He returned at the end of the year, crossing the northern border into Albania with Yugoslav backing and an army of mercenaries recruited with money supplied by international oil companies and rich Albanian familes. Another mercenary army, led by Zogu’s lieutenants, invaded from the south. Zogu swiftly established himself as Albania’s dictator with the title of president. He had his principal opponents murdered and ruled by force – there was no other effective way of ruling Albania – but Zogu realized that he could only survive with support from abroad and decided to rely on the Italians. A military alliance was signed in 1927 and Italy soon dominated Albania. In 1928, with Italian approval, Zogu, who genuinely wanted to modernise his Ruritanian country, decided to make his dictatorship permanent. A new Constituent Assembly, elected under strict government control, proclaimed Albania a monarchy under Zog I, King of the Albanians. The king made his way to the ceremony in Tirana in an open car with an escort of cavalry past lines of soldiers, but the streets were kept clear of spectators for fear of assassination. However, every house displayed the Albanian flag, with a black eagle rampant on a scarlet ground. The flags had been mass-imported from Italy on the cheap. In the Parliament House the monarch stood on a dais to deafening applause and swore an oath on both the Koran and the Bible to maintain the country’s national unity, territorial integrity and independence. Loud cries of ‘Long live the king!’ accompanied him to his royal palace and six days of public holiday followed, with bonfires, firing of rockets and much slaughtering of sheep. Handsome, courteous, reserved and ruthless, Zog was a chain-smoker who enjoyed western classical music and films starring Charlie Chaplin and Shirley Temple. Mussolini ousted him in 1939 and declared Albania an Italian protectorate. Zog went into exile, for part of the time comfortably installed in London’s Ritz Hotel, and died in France in 1961 at the age of 65.	Albania
What colour is Spock's blood?	Queen Geraldine of Albania \| The Economist Queen Geraldine of Albania Geraldine Apponyi, a queen for 354 days, died on October 22nd, aged 87 Nov 7th 2002 Tweet IN THE 1930s King Zog of Albania was looking for a wife. Such vacancies were not uncommon among the royal families of Europe, where 17 countries were still ruled, at least nominally, by a monarch, and many others had claimants to the throne. To be queen of Albania was perhaps not the first choice of a woman seeking a royal career; Britain would have been better, but Wallis Simpson, an American divorcee, seemed all set for the queen's job there (until the king spoiled everything by abdicating). If Albania had any particular appeal it could be that so insignificant a country could hardly be coveted by the competing ideologies in Europe of fascism and communism. Geraldine Apponyi de Nagi-Appony, a Hungarian countess, mulled over such matters when she received a visit in 1937 from a sister of King Zog. Her brother had seen a photograph of Geraldine. Why didn't she visit Albania and have a look round? The prospect of marriage seems not to have been mentioned at this meeting. It did not have to be. It was well known that Zog was seeking a bride with a big income and of good breeding. Geraldine had the breeding, but she had little money. Her father had married an heiress from Virginia, introducing an American strain into the Hungarian family: Geraldine was a very distant cousin of Richard Nixon. But whatever money the marriage yielded had now gone. Geraldine was earning a living as a shorthand-typist, a skill her practical-minded mother had insisted she acquire. Related items Simeon of Bulgaria Jun 7th 2001 But when Zog met Geraldine in December 1937, money no longer seemed important. He proposed after a few days. Geraldine was less smitten. She was 22, he was 42 and looked older. (Our picture shows the couple in 1960.) Nevertheless, she praised him for having “maturity and authority” and the marriage was on. The wedding was held in Tirana, the Albanian capital, in the following April. Hitler's present was a red Mercedes. The regent of Hungary sent a carriage and four horses, a vehicle more suited to Albania's primitive roads. Mussolini's present was a few copper saucepans. He wasn't too pleased about the marriage. How to spend it Albania might be a poor thing, but Mussolini fancied it for his own, seeing the country as a stepping stone to the more glorious prize of Greece. He had watched with interest Zog's rise to power, from tribal leader to politician to dictator and self-proclaimed king. Mussolini had provided Zog with money to develop the country and ease poverty. Marriage to an Italian would, he believed, confirm Albania as a dependency. Now Zog had not only married his Geraldine but was spending huge amounts of Italian money to keep her in luxury. Although she spent only 354 days as queen in Albania, her besotted husband saw that she lived in a style to remember. In April 1939 she rewarded him with an heir, Leka, who took the title of crown prince. Eleven days later Italy invaded Albania, complaining that Zog was misusing Italian money. The king, queen and their prince fled to Greece. Zog's last words broadcast to the Albanians was to “fight to the last drop of blood to defend our independence”. Commentators at the time wondered why Zog had not accepted Italian suzerainty and kept his throne. But Zog believed, probably correctly, that his life was threatened, not just by Mussolini, but by enemies from his tribal days. He was said to have survived 55 assassination attempts. His mother claimed that he had thwarted an attempt to poison him. What do royals do when they are made redundant? Money is often the main problem. Geraldine was tempted by an offer from Hollywood to make a film of her romance, but Zog assured her that, before they left Albania, he had deposited enough money in overseas accounts to provide for the family's life in exile. During the second world war they lived in Britain, at first at the Ritz hotel in London and then in a rented stately home. After the war they lived in Egypt as a guest of King Farouk until he was deposed in 1952, when they moved to Paris. After Zog died in 1961 Geraldine turned her attention to the future of her son Leka. In a hotel room in Paris he was formally consecrated king of the Albanians. In 1993, after the country had thrown off more than four decades of communist rule, Leka returned to the country of his birth to claim the throne, and was promptly thrown out. In 1997, accompanied by his mother, he was received courteously and a referendum was held on whether the monarchy should be restored. Leka lost, but not overwhelmingly. A surprising 30% of Albanians voted in favour. The relatively successful reign of King Zog seemed to have passed into folk memory. Many in the poverty-stricken country, caught up in the quarrels of its Balkan neighbours, believed that a monarchy would provide peace and prosperity. In the last months of her life Geraldine settled in Albania; not in Zog's old palace, but in a decent sized house. With her were the others in the “royal” family, her son Leka, who still calls himself king, his Australian wife Susan and their son, also called Leka. A story that belonged to another age had a sort of happy ending. 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Where in your body is your patella?	BBC Science & Nature - Human Body and Mind - Skeleton Layer Thighbone: Is the longest, largest, strongest bone in your body Kneecap: Is embedded in your quadriceps muscle Long and strong Your leg bones are the longest and strongest bones in your body. When you stand or walk, all the weight of your upper body rests on them. Each leg is made up of four bones. The three long bones are your femur, your tibia and your fibula. The fourth bone is your small patella, which is better known as the kneecap. Your femur, or thighbone, is the largest bone in your body. The head of your femur fits into your hip socket and the bottom end connects to your knee. The two bones beneath your knee that make up your shin are your tibia and fibula. Your upper and lower leg are connected by a hinge joint. Your patella, or kneecap, rests on the front of your femur. The bones of your leg have roughened patches on their surfaces where muscles are attached. When your muscles contract, they pull the bone they're attached to, making your leg move.	Knee
Where can you find London bridge today?	MendMyKnee.com - Anatomy of the knee (tibiofemoral) joint To discuss your particular situation and how our products can help, call toll-free at 1-866-237-9608 Anatomy of the Knee The knee is the largest joint in your body and one of the most easily injured. It is a pivotal hinge joint in the leg that allows for a variety of movements (i.e. flexion, extension, medial rotation, and lateral rotation) and it connects the tibia and the fibula, with the thigh bone (femur). The soft tissue in the knee joint (tendons, ligaments, menisci, cartilage) that provides stability in the knee and hold the bones together at the joint. Patella (Knee Cap) Your patella, or knee cap, is a circular-triangular bone, approximately 2 inches across, that is embedded between the quadriceps tendon above and patellar tendon below. Bones embedded in tendons are called sesamoid bones and they protect the tendons and improve the function of the joint by holding the tendons away from the center of the joint. The patella is the larger sesamoid bone in your body and rests over a groove at the bottom of the femur and the top of the tibia. It protects the bones and soft tissue in your knee joint and slides when your knee moves, allowing leverage in your leg muscles. Knee Tendons and Ligaments The patellar ligament (also referred to as the patellar tendon) is located below the patella. It is approximately 4 inches long and inserts at the top of the tibia and spreads over top of the patella where it connects to the quadriceps tendon. The patella tendon is most commonly injured or inflicted with tendonitis, known as Jumper's Knee (patellar tendonitis) . The upper leg muscles provide your knees with mobility (extension, flexion and rotation) and strength. The quadriceps muscles located at the front of your thigh (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius), allow you to straighten your legs and the hamstring muscles, located on the back of your thigh (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris), allow you to bend your knees. The tendon of the quadriceps runs from the quadriceps muscles, down both sides of the patella and join on either side of the tibia. This tendon is susceptible to quadriceps tendinitis . Ligaments are strong, elastic-like tissues that connect bone to bone and provide stability and protection to your knee joint by limiting the forward and backward movement of the shin bone. There are four ligaments in the knee joint that connect the femur and tibia; the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), the medial collateral ligament (MCL), and the lateral collateral ligament (LCL). The ACL is in the center of the knee, it limits rotation and forward leg movements. The PCL is in the center of the knee, it limits backward leg movements. The MCL runs along the inside of the knee joint, it provides stability to the medial (inner) part of the knee. The LCL runs along the outside of the knee joint, it provides stability to the lateral (outer) part of the knee. The knee ligament that is most frequently injured is the anterior cruciate ligament. A pivot, twist or over-extension of the knee can lead to an ACL strain or tear . Lateral Meniscus and Medial Meniscus The menisci are crescent shaped wedges located in the knee joint at the bottom of your thigh bone and on top of the flat upper surface of your shin bone. They are made of a dense, collagen connective tissue that is tougher than articular cartilage, called fibro-cartilage. Menisci cover approximately 2/3 of your tibia surface and are thinner on the inside and thicken toward the outer peripheral. They fill the space between these bones and cushion your femur (similar to shock absorbers) so it doesn't rub against your tibia or slide off. When you walk, your weight shifts from one meniscus to the other which can increase the forces on your knee by up to 2 - 4 times your body weight; when you run the forces increase up to 6 - 8 times your body weight, and are even higher when landing from a jump. The menisci help distribute the weight of your body across your knee joint, lubricate and protect the articular cartilage from damages from wear and tear, stabilize your knee when you slide and turn, and limit extreme knee flexion and extension. Due to the weight bearing and stabilizing function of the menisci they are very strong, but they are also quite prone to a meniscus tear . There are 2 menisci - the lateral meniscus (located on the outside of your knee) and the medial meniscus (located on the inside of your knee). The lateral meniscus is more of an o-shape, and although it is slightly shorter in length, it covers a larger portion of the tibia surface. It is very mobile and is only attached to the tibia on the outside and back of your joint. It slides forwards and backwards, moving freely in the joint, absorbing up to 80% of the load applied to the outside of your knee. The lateral meniscus is less likely to be injured or torn by force, because it can move and change shape. The medial meniscus is about 3.5cm in length and more of a c-shape, resembling a wedge of an orange. It is tightly attached to the tibia and joint capsule on the back and inside of your knee. It helps the ACL and MCL stabilize your knee, absorbing up to 50% of the load applied to the inside of the knee. The medial meniscus is quite inflexible and does not move freely in the joint, therefore, it is torn more frequently than the lateral meniscus. Bursae in the Knee In amongst the bones, tendons, and ligaments rest bursa sacs that function as cushions to reduce friction and allow your soft tissue to slide easily and comfortably within your knee. The bursae are lined with synovial cells that secret a fluid rich in protein and collagen and act as the lubricant between areas in your knee where friction (rubbing) is greatest. There are 4 major bursa in your knee including the prepatellar bursa, supra-patellar bursa, infra-patellar bursa, and pes anserine bursa. With too much friction or pressure on the bursae, they can become irritated and inflamed. This is a condition called bursitis. Prepatellar bursitis and pes anserine bursitis are the most common types of bursitis pain in the knees. Articular Cartilage and Synovial Fluid Articular cartilage, also known as hyaline cartilage, is a type of slick, hard, bone-like, flexible connective tissue that covers the surface ends of the tibia and femur at your knee joint, reducing friction and allowing the bones to move easily against one another. It is generally 1/8 to 1/4 inch thick. Synovial fluid is a thick, stringy, yolk-like fluid that is secreted by the synovial tissue inside the knee capsule. It nourishes the cartilage and lubricates the knee joint. Wear and tear in the knee joint can cause the protective cartilage to begin to break down. When this occurs it is called osteoarthritis and if left untreated, it can lead to permanent cartilage loss and chronic knee pain. Or email us at [email protected] Some Facts About Knees: Approximately 19.4 million visits to physicians' offices in the US per year are due to knee problems. The knee is a complex joint with many components, making it vulnerable to a variety of injuries. Oral medications can mask the pain but do not aid in the healing of knee injuries. Most knee injuries can be successfully treated without surgery. Sadly, regardless of treatment, ACL injuries in high-school youths are associated with a 10-fold increased risk for degenerative knee arthritis later in life. MendmyKnee (a division of MendMeShop) is an FDA registered company. This means our products are of very high quality, made from biocompatible materials. Every year, at least 1 in 3000 Americans between ages 14 and 55 tear an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Our products are currently in use by NFL players, PGA tour golfers, senators, kings (yes, royalty), elite marathon runners, martial arts academies, hollywood actors and actresses, professional trainers, european football players, rugby players and people all over the world with soft tissue injuries just like you.	i don't know

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