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Featuring a pig named Napoleon! Who wrote 'Animal Farm? | Work : Summaries & Interpretations : Animal Farm // George Orwell // www.k-1.com/Orwell
Symbolism / Interpretation
Summary
The story takes place on a farm somewhere in England. The story is told by an all-knowing narrator in the third person. The action of this novel starts when the oldest pig on the farm, Old Major, calls all animals to a secret meeting. He tells them about his dream of a revolution against the cruel Mr Jones. Three days later Major dies, but the speech gives the more intelligent animals a new outlook on life. The pigs, who are considered the most intelligent animals, instruct the other ones. During the period of preparation two pigs distinguish themselves, Napoleon and Snowball. Napoleon is big, and although he isn't a good speaker, he can assert himself. Snowball is a better speaker, he has a lot of ideas and he is very vivid. Together with another pig called Squealer, who is a very good speaker, they work out the theory of "Animalism". The rebellion starts some months later, when Mr Jones comes home drunk one night and forgets to feed the animals. They break out of the barns and run to the house, where the food is stored. When Mr Jones sees this he takes out his shotgun, but it is too late for him; all the animals fall over him and drive him off the farm. The animals destroy all whips, nose rings, reins, and all other instruments that have been used to suppress them. The same day the animals celebrate their victory with an extra ration of food. The pigs make up the seven commandments, and they write them above the door of the big barn.
They run thus:
Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.
Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings is a friend.
No animal shall wear clothes.
No animal shall sleep in a bed.
No animal shall drink alcohol.
No animal shall kill another animal.
All animals are equal.
The animals also agree that no animal shall ever enter the farmhouse, and that no animal shall have contact with humans. This commandments are summarised in the simple phrase: "Four legs good, two legs bad". After some time, Jones comes back with some other men from the village to recapture the farm. The animals fight bravely, and they manage to defend the farm. Snowball and Boxer receive medals of honour for defending the farm so bravely. Also Napoleon, who had not fought at all, takes a medal. This is the reason why the two pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, often argue. When Snowball presents his idea to build a windmill, to produce electricity for the other animals, Napoleon calls nine strong dogs. The dogs drive Snowball from the farm, and Napoleon explains that Snowball was in fact co-operating with Mr Jones. He also explains that Snowball in reality never had a medal of honour, that Snowball was always trying to cover up that he was fighting on the side of Mr Jones. The animals then start building the windmill, and as time passes the working-time goes up, whereas the food rations decline. Although the "common" animals have not enough food, the pigs grow fatter and fatter. They tell the other animals that they need more food, for they are managing the whole farm. Some time later, the pigs explain to the other animals that they have to trade with the neighbouring farms. The common animals are very upset, because since the revolution there has been a resolution that no animal shall trade with a human. But the pigs ensure them that there never has been such a resolution, and that this was an evil lie of Snowball. Shortly after this decision the pigs move to the farmhouse. The other animals remember that there is a commandment that forbids sleeping in beds, and so they go to the big barn to look at the commandments. When they arrive there they can't believe their eyes, the fourth commandment has been changed to: "No animal shall sleep in bed with sheets". And the other commandments have also been changed: "No animal shall kill another animal without reason", and "No animal shall drink alcohol in excess". Some months later a heavy storm destroys the windmill, which is nearly finished. Napoleon accuses Snowball of destroying the mill, and he promises a reward to the animal that gets Snowball. The rebuilding of the mill takes two years. Again Jones attacks the farm, and although the animals defend it, the windmill is once again destroyed. The pigs decide to rebuild the mill again, and they cut down the food rations to a minimum. One day Boxer breaks down. He is sold to a butcher, but Napoleon tells the pigs that Boxer has been brought to a hospital where he has died. Three years later, the mill is finally completed. During this time Napoleon deepens the relations with the neighbouring farm, and one day Napoleon even invites the owners of this farm for an inspection. They sit inside the farmhouse and celebrate the efficiency of his farm, where the animals work very hard with a minimum of food. During this celebration, all the other animals meet at the window of the farm, and when they look inside they can't distinguish between man and animal.
Symbolism/Interpretation
The novel Animal Farm is a satire of the Russian revolution, and therefore full of symbolism. Generally, Orwell associates certain real characters with the characters of the book. Here is a list of the characters and things and their meaning:
Mr Jones: Mr Jones is one of Orwell's major (or at least most obvious) villain in Animal Farm. Orwell says that at one time Jones was actually a decent master to his animals. At this time the farm was thriving. But in recent years the farm had fallen on harder times and the opportunity was seen to revolt. The world-wide depression began in the United States when the stock market crashed in October of 1929. The depression spread throughout the world because American exports were so dependent on Europe. The U.S. was also a major contributor to the world market economy. Germany along with the rest of Europe was especially hard hit. The parallels between crop failure of the farm and the depression in the 1930s are clear. Only the leaders and the die-hard followers ate their fill during this time period. Mr Jones symbolises (in addition to the evils of capitalism) Czar Nicholas II, the leader before Stalin (Napoleon). Jones represents the old government, the last of the Czars. Orwell suggests that Jones was losing his "edge". In fact, he and his men had taken up the habit of drinking. Old Major reveals his feelings about Jones and his administration when he says, "Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum that will prevent them from starving and the rest he keeps for himself." So Jones and the old government are successfully uprooted by the animals. Little do they know history will repeat itself with Napoleon and the pigs.
Old Major: Old Major is the first major character described by Orwell in Animal Farm. This "pure-bred" of pigs is the kind, grandfatherly philosopher of change - an obvious metaphor for Karl Marx. Old Major proposes a solution to the animals� desperate plight under the Jones "administration" when he inspires a rebellion of sorts among the animals. Of course the actual time of the revolt is untold. It could be the next day or several generations down the road. But Old Major's philosophy is only an ideal. After his death, three days after the barn-yard speech, the socialism he professes is drastically altered when Napoleon and the other pigs begin to dominate. It's interesting that Orwell does not mention Napoleon or Snowball at any time during the great speech of old Major. This shows how distant and out-of-touch they really were; the ideals Old Major proclaimed seemed to not even have been considered when they were establishing their new government after the successful revolt. It almost seems as though the pigs fed off old Major's inspiration and then used it to benefit themselves (an interesting twist of capitalism) instead of following through on the old Major's honest proposal. This could be Orwell's attempt to dig Stalin, whom many consider to be someone who totally ignored Marx's political and social theory. Using Old Major's apparent naivety, Orwell concludes that no society is perfect, no pure socialist civilisation can exist, and there is no way to escaping the evil grasp of capitalism. (More on this in the Napoleon section.) Unfortunately, when Napoleon and Squealer take over, old Major becomes more and more a distant fragment of the past in the minds of the farm animals.
Napoleon: Napoleon is Orwell's chief villain in Animal Farm. The name Napoleon is very appropriate since Napoleon, the dictator of France, was thought by many to be the Anti-Christ. Napoleon, the pig, is really the central character on the farm. Obviously a metaphor for Stalin, Comrade Napoleon represents the human frailties of any revolution. Orwell believed that although socialism is good as an ideal, it can never be successfully adopted due the to uncontrollable sins of human nature. For example, although Napoleon seems at first to be a good leader, he is eventually overcome by greed and soon becomes power-hungry. Of course, Stalin did, too, in Russia, leaving the original equality of socialism behind, giving himself all the power and living in luxury while the common peasant suffered. Thus, while his national and international status blossomed, the welfare of Russia remained unchanged. Orwell explains, "Somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the animals themselves any richer--except, of course for the pigs and the dogs." The true side of Napoleon becomes evident after he slaughters so many animals for plotting against him. He even hires a pig to sample his food for him to make certain that no one is trying to poison him. Stalin, too, was a cruel dictator in Russia. After suspecting many people in his empire to be supporters of Trotsky (Orwell's Snowball), Stalin systematically murdered many. At the end of the book, Napoleon doesn't even pretend to lead a socialist state. After renaming it a Republic and instituting his own version of the commandments and the Beasts of England, Comrade Napoleon quickly becomes more or less a dictator who of course has never even been elected by the animals.
Squealer: Squealer is an intriguing character in Orwell's Animal Farm. He's first described as a manipulator and persuader. Orwell narrates, "He could turn black into white." Many critics correlate Squealer with the Pravda, the Russian newspaper of the 1930s. Propaganda was a key to many publications, and since there was no television or radio, the newspaper was the primary source of media information. So the monopoly of the Pravda was seized by Stalin and his new Bolshevik regime. In Animal Farm, Squealer, like the newspaper, is the link between Napoleon and other animals. When Squealer masks the evil intentions of the pigs, the intentions can be carried out with little resistance and without political disarray. Squealer is also thought by some to represent Goebbels, who was the minister of propaganda for Germany. This would seem inconsistent with Orwell's satire, however, which was supposed to metaphor characters in Russia.
Snowball: Orwell describes Snowball as a pig very similar to Napoleon at least in the early stages. Both pigs wanted a leadership position in the "new" economic and political system (which is actually contradictory to the whole supposed system of equality). But as time passes, both eventually realise that one of them will have to step down. Orwell says that the two were always arguing. "Snowball and Napoleon were by far the most active in the debates. But it was noticed that these two were never in agreement: whatever suggestion either of them made, the other could be counted to oppose it." Later, Orwell makes the case stronger. "These two disagreed at every point disagreement was possible." Soon the differences, like whether or not to build a windmill, become too great to deal with, so Napoleon decides that Snowball must be eliminated. It might seem that this was a spontaneous reaction, but a careful look tells otherwise. Napoleon was setting the stage for his own domination long before he really began "dishing it out" to Snowball. For example, he took the puppies away from their mothers in an effort to establish a private police force. These dogs would later be used to eliminate Snowball, his arch-rival. Snowball represents Leo Dawidowitsch Trotsky, the arch-rival of Stalin in Russia. The parallels between Trotsky and Snowball are uncanny. Trotsky too, was exiled, not from the farm, but to Mexico, where he spoke out against Stalin. Stalin was very weary of Trotsky and feared that Trotsky supporters might try to assassinate him. The dictator of Russia tried hard to kill Trotsky, for the fear of losing leadership was very great in the crazy man's mind. Trotsky also believed in communism, but he thought he could run Russia better than Stalin. Trotsky was murdered in Mexico by the Russian internal police, the NKVD - the precursor of the KGB. Trotsky was found with a pick axe in his head at his villa in Mexico.
Boxer: The name Boxer is cleverly used by Orwell as a metaphor for the Boxer Rebellion in China in the early twentieth century. It was this rebellion which signalled the beginning of communism in red China. This form of communism, much like the distorted Stalin view of socialism, is still present today in the oppressive socialist government in China. Boxer and Clover are used by Orwell to represent the proletariat, or unskilled labour class in Russian society. This lower class is naturally drawn to Stalin (Napoleon) because it seems as though they will benefit most from his new system. Since Boxer and the other low animals are not accustomed to the "good life," they can't really compare Napoleon's government with the life they had before under the czars (Jones). Also, since usually the lowest class has the lowest intelligence, it is not difficult to persuade them into thinking they are getting a good deal. The proletariat is also quite good at convincing themselves that communism is a good idea. Orwell supports this contention when he narrates, "Their most faithful disciples were the two carthorses, Boxer and Clover. Those two had great difficulty in thinking anything out for themselves, but having once accepted the pigs as their teachers, they absorbed everything that they were told, and passed it on to the other animals by simple arguments." Later, the importance of the proletariat is shown when Boxer suddenly falls and there is suddenly a drastic decrease in work productivity. But still he is taken for granted by the pigs, who send him away in a glue truck. Truly Boxer is the biggest poster-child for gullibility.
Pigs: Orwell uses the pigs to surround and support Napoleon. They symbolise the communist party loyalists and the friends of Stalin, as well as perhaps the Duma, or Russian parliament. The pigs, unlike other animals, live in luxury and enjoy the benefits of the society they help to control. The inequality and true hypocrisy of communism is expressed here by Orwell, who criticised Marx's oversimplified view of a socialist, "utopian" society. Obviously, George Orwell doesn't believe such a society can exist. Toward the end of the book, Orwell emphasises, "Somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the animals themselves any richer except, of course, the pigs and the dogs."
Dogs: Orwell uses the dogs in his book, Animal Farm, to represent the KGB or perhaps more accurately, the bodyguards of Stalin. The dogs are the arch-defenders of Napoleon and the pigs, and although they don't speak, they are definitely a force the other animals have to reckon with. Orwell almost speaks of the dogs as mindless robots, so dedicated to Napoleon that they can't really speak for themselves. This contention is supported as Orwell describes Napoleon's early and suspicious removal of six puppies from their mother. The reader is left in the dark for a while, but is later enlightened when Orwell describes the chase of Snowball. Napoleon uses his "secret dogs" for the first time here; before Snowball has a chance to stand up and give a counter-argument to Napoleon's disapproval of the windmill, the dogs viciously attack the pig, forcing him to flee, never to return again. Orwell narrates, "Silent and terrified, the animals crept back into the barn. In a moment the dogs came bounding back. At first no one had been able to imagine where these creatures came from, but the problem was soon solved: they were the puppies whom Napoleon had taken away from their mothers and reared privately. Though not yet full-grown, they were huge dogs, and as fierce-looking as wolves. They kept close to Napoleon. It was noticed that they wagged their tails to him in the same way as the other dogs had been used to do to Mr Jones." The use of the dogs begins the evil use of force which helps Napoleon maintain power. Later, the dogs do even more dastardly things when they are instructed to kill the animals labelled "disloyal." Stalin, too, had his own special force of "helpers". Really there are followers loyal to any politician or government leader, but Stalin in particular needed a special police force to eliminate his opponents. This is how Trotsky was killed.
Mollie: Mollie is one of Orwell's minor characters, but she represents something very important. Mollie is one of the animals who is most opposed to the new government under Napoleon. She doesn't care much about the politics of the whole situation; she just wants to tie her hair with ribbons and eat sugar, things her social status won't allow. Many animals consider her a traitor when she is seen being petted by a human from a neighbouring farm. Soon Mollie is confronted by the "dedicated" animals, and she quietly leaves the farm. Mollie characterises the typical middle-class skilled worker who suffers from this new communism concept. No longer will she get her sugar (nice salary) because she is now just as low as the other animals, like Boxer and Clover. Orwell uses Mollie to characterise the people after any rebellion who aren't too receptive to new leaders and new economics. There are always those resistant to change. This continues to dispel the belief Orwell hated and according to which basically all animals act the same. The naivety of Marxism is criticised, socialism is not perfect, and it doesn't work for everyone.
Moses: Moses is perhaps Orwell's most intriguing character in Animal Farm. This raven, first described as the "especial pet" of Mr Jones, is the only animal who doesn't work. He's also the only character who doesn't listen to Old Major's speech of rebellion. Orwell narrates, "The pigs had an even harder struggle to counteract the lies put about by Moses, the tame raven. Moses, who was Mr Jones's especial pet, was a spy and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker. He claimed to know of the existence of a mysterious country called Sugarcandy Mountain, to which all animals went when they died. It was situated somewhere up in the sky, a little distance beyond the clouds, Moses said. In Sugarcandy Mountain it was Sunday seven days a week, clover was in season all the year round, and lump sugar and linseed cake grew on the hedges. The animals hated Moses because he told tales and did no work but some of them believed in Sugarcandy Mountain, and the pigs had to argue very hard to persuade them that there was no such place." Moses represents Orwell's view of the Church. To Orwell, the Church is just used as a tool by dictatorships to keep the working class of people hopeful and productive. Orwell uses Moses to criticize Marx's belief that the Church will just go away after the rebellion. Jones first used Moses to keep the animals working, and he was successful in many ways before the rebellion. The pigs had a real hard time getting rid of Moses, since the lies about Heaven they thought would only lead the animals away from the equality of socialism. But as the pigs led by Napoleon become more and more like Mr Jones, Moses finds his place again. After being away for several years, he suddenly returns and picks up right where he left off. The pigs don't mind this time because the animals have already realised that the "equality" of the revolt is a farce. So Napoleon feeds Moses with beer, and the full circle is complete. Orwell seems to offer a very cynical and harsh view of the Church. This proves that Animal Farm is not simply an anti-communist work meant to lead people into capitalism and Christianity. Really Orwell found loop-holes and much hypocrisy in both systems. It's interesting that recently in Russia the government has begun to allow and support religion again. It almost seems that like the pigs, the Kremlin officials of today are trying to keep their people motivated, not in the ideology of communism, but in the "old-fashioned" hope of an after-life.
Muriel: Muriel is a knowledgeable goat who reads the commandments for Clover. Muriel represents the minority of working class people who are educated enough to decide things for themselves and find critical and hypocritical problems with their leaders. Unfortunately for the other animals, Muriel is not charismatic or inspired enough to take action and oppose Napoleon and his pigs.
Old Benjamin: Old Benjamin, an elderly donkey, is one of Orwell's most elusive and intriguing characters on Animal Farm. He is described as rather unchanged since the rebellion. He still does his work the same way, never becoming too excited or too disappointed about anything that has passed. Benjamin explains, "Donkeys live a long time. None of you has ever seen a dead donkey." Although there is no clear metaphoric relationship between Benjamin and Orwell's critique of communism, it makes sense that during any rebellion there are those who never totally embrace the revolution, those so cynical they no longer look to their leaders for help. Benjamin symbolises the older generation, the critics of any new rebellion. Really this old donkey is the only animal who seems as though he couldn't care less about Napoleon and Animal Farm. It's almost as if he can see into the future, knowing that the revolt is only a temporary change, and will flop in the end. Benjamin is the only animal who doesn't seem to have expected anything positive from the revolution. He almost seems on a whole different maturity level compared with the other animals. He is not sucked in by Napoleon's propaganda like the others. The only time he seems to care about the others at all is when Boxer is carried off in the glue truck. It's almost as if the old donkey finally comes out of his shell, his perfectly fitted demeanour, when he tries to warn the others of Boxer's fate. And the animals do try to rescue Boxer, but it's too late. Benjamin seems to be finally confronting Napoleon and revealing his knowledge of the pigs' hypocrisy, although before he had been completely independent. After the animals have forgotten Jones and their past lives, Benjamin still remembers everything. Orwell states, "Only old Benjamin professed to remember every detail of his long life and to know that things never had been, nor ever could be much better or much worse; hunger, hardship, and disappointment being, so he said, the unalterable law of life."
Rats & Rabbits: The rats and the rabbits, who are regarded as wild animals, somehow represent the socialist movement, the so-called "Menscheviki". In the very beginning of the book the animals vote if rats and rabbits should be comrades.
Pigeons: The pigeons symbolise Soviet propaganda, not to Russia, but to other countries, like Germany, England, France, and even the United States. Russia had created an iron curtain even before WWII. The Communist government raved about its achievements and its advanced technology, but it never allowed experts or scientists from outside the country to check on its validity. Orwell mentions the fact that the other farmers became suspicious and worried when their animals began to sing Beasts of England. Many Western governments have had similar problems with their people in this century. There was a huge "Red Scare" in the United States in the 1920s. In the 1950s in the United States, Joseph McCarthy was a legislative member of the government from Wisconsin. He accused hundreds of people of supporting the communist regime, from famous actors in Hollywood to middle-class ordinary people. The fear of communism became a phobia in America and anyone speaking out against the government was a suspect.
Farm buildings: The farm stands for the Kremlin. In the early days of the USSR there were sightseeing tours through the Kremlin. Later it became the residence of Stalin.
Windmill: The Windmill for example stands for the Russian industry, that has been built by the working-class. (Clover...)
Fredericks: Stands for Hitler. There has also been an arrangement and secret deals. (Allusion to Fritz.)
Foxwood: Foxwood farm represents England.
Pinchfield: Pinchfield symbolises Germany.
Destruction of the Windmill: This destruction is a symbol for the failure of the Five Year Plan.
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| George Orwell |
Name the 1972 musical starring David Essex as Jesus Christ? | Work : Summaries & Interpretations : Animal Farm // George Orwell // www.k-1.com/Orwell
Symbolism / Interpretation
Summary
The story takes place on a farm somewhere in England. The story is told by an all-knowing narrator in the third person. The action of this novel starts when the oldest pig on the farm, Old Major, calls all animals to a secret meeting. He tells them about his dream of a revolution against the cruel Mr Jones. Three days later Major dies, but the speech gives the more intelligent animals a new outlook on life. The pigs, who are considered the most intelligent animals, instruct the other ones. During the period of preparation two pigs distinguish themselves, Napoleon and Snowball. Napoleon is big, and although he isn't a good speaker, he can assert himself. Snowball is a better speaker, he has a lot of ideas and he is very vivid. Together with another pig called Squealer, who is a very good speaker, they work out the theory of "Animalism". The rebellion starts some months later, when Mr Jones comes home drunk one night and forgets to feed the animals. They break out of the barns and run to the house, where the food is stored. When Mr Jones sees this he takes out his shotgun, but it is too late for him; all the animals fall over him and drive him off the farm. The animals destroy all whips, nose rings, reins, and all other instruments that have been used to suppress them. The same day the animals celebrate their victory with an extra ration of food. The pigs make up the seven commandments, and they write them above the door of the big barn.
They run thus:
Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.
Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings is a friend.
No animal shall wear clothes.
No animal shall sleep in a bed.
No animal shall drink alcohol.
No animal shall kill another animal.
All animals are equal.
The animals also agree that no animal shall ever enter the farmhouse, and that no animal shall have contact with humans. This commandments are summarised in the simple phrase: "Four legs good, two legs bad". After some time, Jones comes back with some other men from the village to recapture the farm. The animals fight bravely, and they manage to defend the farm. Snowball and Boxer receive medals of honour for defending the farm so bravely. Also Napoleon, who had not fought at all, takes a medal. This is the reason why the two pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, often argue. When Snowball presents his idea to build a windmill, to produce electricity for the other animals, Napoleon calls nine strong dogs. The dogs drive Snowball from the farm, and Napoleon explains that Snowball was in fact co-operating with Mr Jones. He also explains that Snowball in reality never had a medal of honour, that Snowball was always trying to cover up that he was fighting on the side of Mr Jones. The animals then start building the windmill, and as time passes the working-time goes up, whereas the food rations decline. Although the "common" animals have not enough food, the pigs grow fatter and fatter. They tell the other animals that they need more food, for they are managing the whole farm. Some time later, the pigs explain to the other animals that they have to trade with the neighbouring farms. The common animals are very upset, because since the revolution there has been a resolution that no animal shall trade with a human. But the pigs ensure them that there never has been such a resolution, and that this was an evil lie of Snowball. Shortly after this decision the pigs move to the farmhouse. The other animals remember that there is a commandment that forbids sleeping in beds, and so they go to the big barn to look at the commandments. When they arrive there they can't believe their eyes, the fourth commandment has been changed to: "No animal shall sleep in bed with sheets". And the other commandments have also been changed: "No animal shall kill another animal without reason", and "No animal shall drink alcohol in excess". Some months later a heavy storm destroys the windmill, which is nearly finished. Napoleon accuses Snowball of destroying the mill, and he promises a reward to the animal that gets Snowball. The rebuilding of the mill takes two years. Again Jones attacks the farm, and although the animals defend it, the windmill is once again destroyed. The pigs decide to rebuild the mill again, and they cut down the food rations to a minimum. One day Boxer breaks down. He is sold to a butcher, but Napoleon tells the pigs that Boxer has been brought to a hospital where he has died. Three years later, the mill is finally completed. During this time Napoleon deepens the relations with the neighbouring farm, and one day Napoleon even invites the owners of this farm for an inspection. They sit inside the farmhouse and celebrate the efficiency of his farm, where the animals work very hard with a minimum of food. During this celebration, all the other animals meet at the window of the farm, and when they look inside they can't distinguish between man and animal.
Symbolism/Interpretation
The novel Animal Farm is a satire of the Russian revolution, and therefore full of symbolism. Generally, Orwell associates certain real characters with the characters of the book. Here is a list of the characters and things and their meaning:
Mr Jones: Mr Jones is one of Orwell's major (or at least most obvious) villain in Animal Farm. Orwell says that at one time Jones was actually a decent master to his animals. At this time the farm was thriving. But in recent years the farm had fallen on harder times and the opportunity was seen to revolt. The world-wide depression began in the United States when the stock market crashed in October of 1929. The depression spread throughout the world because American exports were so dependent on Europe. The U.S. was also a major contributor to the world market economy. Germany along with the rest of Europe was especially hard hit. The parallels between crop failure of the farm and the depression in the 1930s are clear. Only the leaders and the die-hard followers ate their fill during this time period. Mr Jones symbolises (in addition to the evils of capitalism) Czar Nicholas II, the leader before Stalin (Napoleon). Jones represents the old government, the last of the Czars. Orwell suggests that Jones was losing his "edge". In fact, he and his men had taken up the habit of drinking. Old Major reveals his feelings about Jones and his administration when he says, "Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum that will prevent them from starving and the rest he keeps for himself." So Jones and the old government are successfully uprooted by the animals. Little do they know history will repeat itself with Napoleon and the pigs.
Old Major: Old Major is the first major character described by Orwell in Animal Farm. This "pure-bred" of pigs is the kind, grandfatherly philosopher of change - an obvious metaphor for Karl Marx. Old Major proposes a solution to the animals� desperate plight under the Jones "administration" when he inspires a rebellion of sorts among the animals. Of course the actual time of the revolt is untold. It could be the next day or several generations down the road. But Old Major's philosophy is only an ideal. After his death, three days after the barn-yard speech, the socialism he professes is drastically altered when Napoleon and the other pigs begin to dominate. It's interesting that Orwell does not mention Napoleon or Snowball at any time during the great speech of old Major. This shows how distant and out-of-touch they really were; the ideals Old Major proclaimed seemed to not even have been considered when they were establishing their new government after the successful revolt. It almost seems as though the pigs fed off old Major's inspiration and then used it to benefit themselves (an interesting twist of capitalism) instead of following through on the old Major's honest proposal. This could be Orwell's attempt to dig Stalin, whom many consider to be someone who totally ignored Marx's political and social theory. Using Old Major's apparent naivety, Orwell concludes that no society is perfect, no pure socialist civilisation can exist, and there is no way to escaping the evil grasp of capitalism. (More on this in the Napoleon section.) Unfortunately, when Napoleon and Squealer take over, old Major becomes more and more a distant fragment of the past in the minds of the farm animals.
Napoleon: Napoleon is Orwell's chief villain in Animal Farm. The name Napoleon is very appropriate since Napoleon, the dictator of France, was thought by many to be the Anti-Christ. Napoleon, the pig, is really the central character on the farm. Obviously a metaphor for Stalin, Comrade Napoleon represents the human frailties of any revolution. Orwell believed that although socialism is good as an ideal, it can never be successfully adopted due the to uncontrollable sins of human nature. For example, although Napoleon seems at first to be a good leader, he is eventually overcome by greed and soon becomes power-hungry. Of course, Stalin did, too, in Russia, leaving the original equality of socialism behind, giving himself all the power and living in luxury while the common peasant suffered. Thus, while his national and international status blossomed, the welfare of Russia remained unchanged. Orwell explains, "Somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the animals themselves any richer--except, of course for the pigs and the dogs." The true side of Napoleon becomes evident after he slaughters so many animals for plotting against him. He even hires a pig to sample his food for him to make certain that no one is trying to poison him. Stalin, too, was a cruel dictator in Russia. After suspecting many people in his empire to be supporters of Trotsky (Orwell's Snowball), Stalin systematically murdered many. At the end of the book, Napoleon doesn't even pretend to lead a socialist state. After renaming it a Republic and instituting his own version of the commandments and the Beasts of England, Comrade Napoleon quickly becomes more or less a dictator who of course has never even been elected by the animals.
Squealer: Squealer is an intriguing character in Orwell's Animal Farm. He's first described as a manipulator and persuader. Orwell narrates, "He could turn black into white." Many critics correlate Squealer with the Pravda, the Russian newspaper of the 1930s. Propaganda was a key to many publications, and since there was no television or radio, the newspaper was the primary source of media information. So the monopoly of the Pravda was seized by Stalin and his new Bolshevik regime. In Animal Farm, Squealer, like the newspaper, is the link between Napoleon and other animals. When Squealer masks the evil intentions of the pigs, the intentions can be carried out with little resistance and without political disarray. Squealer is also thought by some to represent Goebbels, who was the minister of propaganda for Germany. This would seem inconsistent with Orwell's satire, however, which was supposed to metaphor characters in Russia.
Snowball: Orwell describes Snowball as a pig very similar to Napoleon at least in the early stages. Both pigs wanted a leadership position in the "new" economic and political system (which is actually contradictory to the whole supposed system of equality). But as time passes, both eventually realise that one of them will have to step down. Orwell says that the two were always arguing. "Snowball and Napoleon were by far the most active in the debates. But it was noticed that these two were never in agreement: whatever suggestion either of them made, the other could be counted to oppose it." Later, Orwell makes the case stronger. "These two disagreed at every point disagreement was possible." Soon the differences, like whether or not to build a windmill, become too great to deal with, so Napoleon decides that Snowball must be eliminated. It might seem that this was a spontaneous reaction, but a careful look tells otherwise. Napoleon was setting the stage for his own domination long before he really began "dishing it out" to Snowball. For example, he took the puppies away from their mothers in an effort to establish a private police force. These dogs would later be used to eliminate Snowball, his arch-rival. Snowball represents Leo Dawidowitsch Trotsky, the arch-rival of Stalin in Russia. The parallels between Trotsky and Snowball are uncanny. Trotsky too, was exiled, not from the farm, but to Mexico, where he spoke out against Stalin. Stalin was very weary of Trotsky and feared that Trotsky supporters might try to assassinate him. The dictator of Russia tried hard to kill Trotsky, for the fear of losing leadership was very great in the crazy man's mind. Trotsky also believed in communism, but he thought he could run Russia better than Stalin. Trotsky was murdered in Mexico by the Russian internal police, the NKVD - the precursor of the KGB. Trotsky was found with a pick axe in his head at his villa in Mexico.
Boxer: The name Boxer is cleverly used by Orwell as a metaphor for the Boxer Rebellion in China in the early twentieth century. It was this rebellion which signalled the beginning of communism in red China. This form of communism, much like the distorted Stalin view of socialism, is still present today in the oppressive socialist government in China. Boxer and Clover are used by Orwell to represent the proletariat, or unskilled labour class in Russian society. This lower class is naturally drawn to Stalin (Napoleon) because it seems as though they will benefit most from his new system. Since Boxer and the other low animals are not accustomed to the "good life," they can't really compare Napoleon's government with the life they had before under the czars (Jones). Also, since usually the lowest class has the lowest intelligence, it is not difficult to persuade them into thinking they are getting a good deal. The proletariat is also quite good at convincing themselves that communism is a good idea. Orwell supports this contention when he narrates, "Their most faithful disciples were the two carthorses, Boxer and Clover. Those two had great difficulty in thinking anything out for themselves, but having once accepted the pigs as their teachers, they absorbed everything that they were told, and passed it on to the other animals by simple arguments." Later, the importance of the proletariat is shown when Boxer suddenly falls and there is suddenly a drastic decrease in work productivity. But still he is taken for granted by the pigs, who send him away in a glue truck. Truly Boxer is the biggest poster-child for gullibility.
Pigs: Orwell uses the pigs to surround and support Napoleon. They symbolise the communist party loyalists and the friends of Stalin, as well as perhaps the Duma, or Russian parliament. The pigs, unlike other animals, live in luxury and enjoy the benefits of the society they help to control. The inequality and true hypocrisy of communism is expressed here by Orwell, who criticised Marx's oversimplified view of a socialist, "utopian" society. Obviously, George Orwell doesn't believe such a society can exist. Toward the end of the book, Orwell emphasises, "Somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the animals themselves any richer except, of course, the pigs and the dogs."
Dogs: Orwell uses the dogs in his book, Animal Farm, to represent the KGB or perhaps more accurately, the bodyguards of Stalin. The dogs are the arch-defenders of Napoleon and the pigs, and although they don't speak, they are definitely a force the other animals have to reckon with. Orwell almost speaks of the dogs as mindless robots, so dedicated to Napoleon that they can't really speak for themselves. This contention is supported as Orwell describes Napoleon's early and suspicious removal of six puppies from their mother. The reader is left in the dark for a while, but is later enlightened when Orwell describes the chase of Snowball. Napoleon uses his "secret dogs" for the first time here; before Snowball has a chance to stand up and give a counter-argument to Napoleon's disapproval of the windmill, the dogs viciously attack the pig, forcing him to flee, never to return again. Orwell narrates, "Silent and terrified, the animals crept back into the barn. In a moment the dogs came bounding back. At first no one had been able to imagine where these creatures came from, but the problem was soon solved: they were the puppies whom Napoleon had taken away from their mothers and reared privately. Though not yet full-grown, they were huge dogs, and as fierce-looking as wolves. They kept close to Napoleon. It was noticed that they wagged their tails to him in the same way as the other dogs had been used to do to Mr Jones." The use of the dogs begins the evil use of force which helps Napoleon maintain power. Later, the dogs do even more dastardly things when they are instructed to kill the animals labelled "disloyal." Stalin, too, had his own special force of "helpers". Really there are followers loyal to any politician or government leader, but Stalin in particular needed a special police force to eliminate his opponents. This is how Trotsky was killed.
Mollie: Mollie is one of Orwell's minor characters, but she represents something very important. Mollie is one of the animals who is most opposed to the new government under Napoleon. She doesn't care much about the politics of the whole situation; she just wants to tie her hair with ribbons and eat sugar, things her social status won't allow. Many animals consider her a traitor when she is seen being petted by a human from a neighbouring farm. Soon Mollie is confronted by the "dedicated" animals, and she quietly leaves the farm. Mollie characterises the typical middle-class skilled worker who suffers from this new communism concept. No longer will she get her sugar (nice salary) because she is now just as low as the other animals, like Boxer and Clover. Orwell uses Mollie to characterise the people after any rebellion who aren't too receptive to new leaders and new economics. There are always those resistant to change. This continues to dispel the belief Orwell hated and according to which basically all animals act the same. The naivety of Marxism is criticised, socialism is not perfect, and it doesn't work for everyone.
Moses: Moses is perhaps Orwell's most intriguing character in Animal Farm. This raven, first described as the "especial pet" of Mr Jones, is the only animal who doesn't work. He's also the only character who doesn't listen to Old Major's speech of rebellion. Orwell narrates, "The pigs had an even harder struggle to counteract the lies put about by Moses, the tame raven. Moses, who was Mr Jones's especial pet, was a spy and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker. He claimed to know of the existence of a mysterious country called Sugarcandy Mountain, to which all animals went when they died. It was situated somewhere up in the sky, a little distance beyond the clouds, Moses said. In Sugarcandy Mountain it was Sunday seven days a week, clover was in season all the year round, and lump sugar and linseed cake grew on the hedges. The animals hated Moses because he told tales and did no work but some of them believed in Sugarcandy Mountain, and the pigs had to argue very hard to persuade them that there was no such place." Moses represents Orwell's view of the Church. To Orwell, the Church is just used as a tool by dictatorships to keep the working class of people hopeful and productive. Orwell uses Moses to criticize Marx's belief that the Church will just go away after the rebellion. Jones first used Moses to keep the animals working, and he was successful in many ways before the rebellion. The pigs had a real hard time getting rid of Moses, since the lies about Heaven they thought would only lead the animals away from the equality of socialism. But as the pigs led by Napoleon become more and more like Mr Jones, Moses finds his place again. After being away for several years, he suddenly returns and picks up right where he left off. The pigs don't mind this time because the animals have already realised that the "equality" of the revolt is a farce. So Napoleon feeds Moses with beer, and the full circle is complete. Orwell seems to offer a very cynical and harsh view of the Church. This proves that Animal Farm is not simply an anti-communist work meant to lead people into capitalism and Christianity. Really Orwell found loop-holes and much hypocrisy in both systems. It's interesting that recently in Russia the government has begun to allow and support religion again. It almost seems that like the pigs, the Kremlin officials of today are trying to keep their people motivated, not in the ideology of communism, but in the "old-fashioned" hope of an after-life.
Muriel: Muriel is a knowledgeable goat who reads the commandments for Clover. Muriel represents the minority of working class people who are educated enough to decide things for themselves and find critical and hypocritical problems with their leaders. Unfortunately for the other animals, Muriel is not charismatic or inspired enough to take action and oppose Napoleon and his pigs.
Old Benjamin: Old Benjamin, an elderly donkey, is one of Orwell's most elusive and intriguing characters on Animal Farm. He is described as rather unchanged since the rebellion. He still does his work the same way, never becoming too excited or too disappointed about anything that has passed. Benjamin explains, "Donkeys live a long time. None of you has ever seen a dead donkey." Although there is no clear metaphoric relationship between Benjamin and Orwell's critique of communism, it makes sense that during any rebellion there are those who never totally embrace the revolution, those so cynical they no longer look to their leaders for help. Benjamin symbolises the older generation, the critics of any new rebellion. Really this old donkey is the only animal who seems as though he couldn't care less about Napoleon and Animal Farm. It's almost as if he can see into the future, knowing that the revolt is only a temporary change, and will flop in the end. Benjamin is the only animal who doesn't seem to have expected anything positive from the revolution. He almost seems on a whole different maturity level compared with the other animals. He is not sucked in by Napoleon's propaganda like the others. The only time he seems to care about the others at all is when Boxer is carried off in the glue truck. It's almost as if the old donkey finally comes out of his shell, his perfectly fitted demeanour, when he tries to warn the others of Boxer's fate. And the animals do try to rescue Boxer, but it's too late. Benjamin seems to be finally confronting Napoleon and revealing his knowledge of the pigs' hypocrisy, although before he had been completely independent. After the animals have forgotten Jones and their past lives, Benjamin still remembers everything. Orwell states, "Only old Benjamin professed to remember every detail of his long life and to know that things never had been, nor ever could be much better or much worse; hunger, hardship, and disappointment being, so he said, the unalterable law of life."
Rats & Rabbits: The rats and the rabbits, who are regarded as wild animals, somehow represent the socialist movement, the so-called "Menscheviki". In the very beginning of the book the animals vote if rats and rabbits should be comrades.
Pigeons: The pigeons symbolise Soviet propaganda, not to Russia, but to other countries, like Germany, England, France, and even the United States. Russia had created an iron curtain even before WWII. The Communist government raved about its achievements and its advanced technology, but it never allowed experts or scientists from outside the country to check on its validity. Orwell mentions the fact that the other farmers became suspicious and worried when their animals began to sing Beasts of England. Many Western governments have had similar problems with their people in this century. There was a huge "Red Scare" in the United States in the 1920s. In the 1950s in the United States, Joseph McCarthy was a legislative member of the government from Wisconsin. He accused hundreds of people of supporting the communist regime, from famous actors in Hollywood to middle-class ordinary people. The fear of communism became a phobia in America and anyone speaking out against the government was a suspect.
Farm buildings: The farm stands for the Kremlin. In the early days of the USSR there were sightseeing tours through the Kremlin. Later it became the residence of Stalin.
Windmill: The Windmill for example stands for the Russian industry, that has been built by the working-class. (Clover...)
Fredericks: Stands for Hitler. There has also been an arrangement and secret deals. (Allusion to Fritz.)
Foxwood: Foxwood farm represents England.
Pinchfield: Pinchfield symbolises Germany.
Destruction of the Windmill: This destruction is a symbol for the failure of the Five Year Plan.
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Who starred in the 1933 comedy satire film 'Duck Soup'? | Duck Soup (1933)
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Background
The Marx Brothers' greatest and funniest masterpiece - the classic comedy Duck Soup (1933) is a short, but brilliant satire and lampooning of blundering dictatorial leaders, Fascism and authoritarian government. The film, produced by Herman Mankiewicz, was prepared during the crisis period of the Depression. Some of its clever gags and routines were taken from Groucho's and Chico's early 1930s radio show Flywheel, Shyster & Flywheel. Working titles for the film included Oo La La, Firecrackers, Grasshoppers, and Cracked Ice.
It was the Marx Brothers' fifth film in a five-picture contract with Paramount Studios, before they went on to MGM. It was their last and best film with the studio. The film was directed by first-class veteran director Leo McCarey (who would go on to direct The Awful Truth (1937) , Love Affair (1939), Going My Way (1944), and An Affair to Remember (1957) - a remake of his 1939 film), and its screenplay was written by Bert Kalmar and Harry Ruby (with additional dialogue by Arthur Sheekman and Nat Perrin). Originally, it was to have been directed by Ernst Lubitsch. The film was devoid of any Academy Award nominations.
The outrageous film was both a critical and commercial failure at the time of its release - audiences were taken aback by such preposterous political disrespect, buffoonery and cynicism at a time of political and economic crisis, with Roosevelt's struggle against Depression in the US amidst the rising power of Hitler in Germany. (This film quote, spoken by Groucho, was especially detested: "And remember while you're out there risking life and limb through shot and shell, we'll be in here thinking what a sucker you are.") Insulted by the film, fascist Italian dictator Mussolini banned the film in his country. Fortunately, the film was rediscovered by a generation of 1960s college students, and by revival film festivals and museum showings. As a result, the film has attained immortal status. This was the last of the Marx Brothers films to feature all four of the brothers. Their next film (without Zeppo), for MGM and its producer Irving Thalberg, Hollywood's most prestigious studio, was their landmark film A Night at the Opera (1935) , with a more developed and polished plot-line.
The irrepressible comedians in this quintessential anarchic, satirical film simply but irreverently attack the pomposity of small-time governmental leaders (Firefly as President), the absurdity of government itself (the Cabinet meeting scene), governmental diplomacy (the Trentino-Firefly scenes), an arbitrary legal system (Chicolini's trial), and war fought over petty matters (the mobilization and war scenes). The non-stop, frenetic film is filled with a number of delightfully hilarious moments, gags, fast-moving acts, double entendres, comedy routines, puns, pure silliness, zany improvisations, quips and insult-spewed lines of dialogue - much of the comedy makes the obvious statement that war is indeed nonsensical and meaninglessly destructive, especially since the word 'upstart' was the insult word (Ambassador Trentino called Firefly an 'upstart') that led to war between the two countries. It also contains a few of their most famous sequences:
the lemonade seller confrontation
the mirror pantomime sequence
The mirror routine, contributed by McCarey, had been used by Charlie Chaplin in The Floorwalker (1916) and by Max Linder in Seven Year's Bad Luck (1921). It was later replicated in a Bugs Bunny cartoon, re-enacted by Harpo with Lucille Ball on a 1950's "I Love Lucy" show episode, and also appeared as part of the opening credits for the 60s TV series "The Patty Duke Show". Actor/director Woody Allen paid homage to the film in his Hannah and Her Sisters (1986) - with an excerpt from the musical number "The Country's Going to War." While attending an afternoon screening of Duck Soup at his local repertory movie theater, one of the film's characters - a depressed and neurotic NY Jew named Mickey Sachs (played by Allen himself), who is afraid of disease and dying - experiences a climactic epiphany that life was meant to be enjoyed, by narrating: "And I started to feel how can you even think of killing yourself? I mean, isn't it so stupid?..."
Unlike many of their other features, there are no romantic subplots (with Zeppo) and no musical interludes that stop the film's momentum - no harp solos for Harpo and no piano solos for Chico. There are, however, a couple of musical numbers that are perfectly integrated into the plot:
When the Clock on the Wall Strikes Ten
Groucho's song with the chorus - the Freedonia Hymn Just Wait 'Til I Get Through With It
the staged production number, The Country's Goin' to War (it was the only musical number in any of their films to feature all four of the brothers together)
Why the title Duck Soup? [Earlier in 1927, director Leo McCarey had made a two-reel Laurel and Hardy film with the same title - and he borrowed the title from there.] The film's title uses a familiar American phrase that means anything simple or easy, or alternately, a gullible sucker or pushover. Under the opening credits, four quacking ducks (the four Marx Brothers) are seen swimming and cooking in a kettle over a fire. Groucho reportedly provided the following recipe to explain the title: "Take two turkeys, one goose, four cabbages, but no duck, and mix them together. After one taste, you'll duck soup for the rest of your life."
The Story
The film opens with the flag of Freedonia (emblazoned with an "F") flying over the small village. The government of a "mythical kingdom" - the Balkan state of Freedonia, is suffering an emergency. It has gone bankrupt through mismanagement and is on the verge of revolution. The country's richest dowager millionairess, the wide and widowed benefactress Mrs. Gloria Teasdale (Margaret Dumont in a welcome return as the perfect foil for Groucho) has offered $20 million to sponsor and support the cash-poor government, but only if it is placed under new leadership:
The government has been mismanaged. I will lend the money, but only on condition that His Excellency withdraw and place the government in new hands.
The opening scene is the classic inaugural ceremony and lawn party for the conferring of the Presidency of the tin-pot republic to a newly-appointed leader, Rufus T. Firefly (Groucho Marx), characterized by a supportive Mrs. Teasdale as "a progressive, fearless fighter." She vows: "I will lend the money to Freedonia only if Firefly is appointed leader." Headlines in the Freedonia Gazette read: "FIREFLY APPOINTED NEW LEADER OF FREEDONIA." A sub-article reads: "Mammoth Reception Arranged to Welcome Nation's Leader Tonight - Selection of Rufus T. Firefly Greeted with Cheers of Freedonians."
In the coronation setting (a spoof of all such gala events), royal court guards at the entry announce the guests. Meanwhile, the representative of the neighboring Sylvania [the name of the country where Jeanette MacDonald ruled in Ernst Lubitsch's The Love Parade (1929)], Ambassador and rival suitor Trentino (Louis Calhern), schemes to win Mrs. Teasdale's hand in marriage by wooing the rich heiress (with the ultimate goal of annexing Freedonia to Sylvania). He has hired the seductive, sultry, and sinuous Latin temptress/dancer Vera Marcal (Raquel Torres), who wears a low-cut, revealing gown, to function as a secret agent and keep Firefly distracted [in a satire of all Mata Hari films]:
Trentino: I've given up the idea of a revolution. I have a better plan...I can gain control of Freedonia much easier by marrying Mrs. Teasdale.
Vera: Ha, ha, ha. Maybe that's not going to be so easy...From what I hear, you see, Mrs. Teasdale is rather sweet on this Rufus T. Firefly.
Trentino: Oh, well that's where you come in. I'm going to place him in your hands. And I don't have to tell you what to do or how to...
Firefly's secretary Bob Rolland (Zeppo Marx, in his LAST Marx Bros. film) arrives and assures Mrs. Teasdale, in song, that the absent statesman will appear "When the Clock on the Wall Strikes Ten." When the clock on the wall does strike ten, pretty dancing girls scatter rose petals and kneel in homage between an impressive lineup of helmeted, sword-bearing guards along the entrance way with swords uplifted. The assembled audience sings the national anthem "Hail, Hail Freedonia," but Firefly isn't anywhere in sight. After a long pause and a trumpeters' fanfare, the anthem is sung a second time and all the guests look toward the entrance, but Firefly still fails to enter.
Suddenly, in an upstairs bedroom, the ringing of an alarm clock is heard, and Firefly appears in bed with a nightshirt, nightcap, and cigar. He quickly removes his nightshirt to reveal a suit, and slides down an unlikely fireman's pole into the spacious ballroom hall. He takes his place in the line-up with his own honor guard at the end of the ceremonial line, joining them to wait for his own arrival and holding out his cigar with their swords. He asks one of the guards: "You expecting somebody?"
Mrs. Teasdale notices him and welcomes him (with understatement), and attempts to impose some degree of dignity upon the proceedings, but he assaults her with insults by skipping from non-sequitur association to another:
Mrs. Teasdale: Oh, your Excellency. We've been expecting you. As chairwoman of the reception committee, I extend the wishes of every man, woman, and child of Freedonia. [Notice the continuity error: Firefly's coat has changed from a formal black tuxedo coat with tails, to a gray coat with black edging.]
Firefly: Never mind that stuff. Take a card.
Mrs. Teasdale: Card? What will I do with the card?
Firefly: You can keep it. I've got fifty-one left. Now what were you saying?
Mrs. Teasdale: As chairwoman of the reception committee, I welcome you with open arms.
Firefly (snapping back): Is that so? How late do you stay open?
Mrs. Teasdale (with high regard): I've sponsored your appointment because I feel you are the most able statesman in all Freedonia.
Firefly (insulting her): Well, that covers a lot of ground. Say! You cover a lot of ground yourself. You'd better beat it. I hear they're gonna tear you down and put up an office building where you're standing. You can leave in a taxi. If you can't get a taxi, you can leave in a huff. If that's too soon, you can leave in a minute and a huff. You know, you haven't stopped talking since I came here. You must have been vaccinated with a phonograph needle.
She begs him to lead Freedonia to the same heights it occupied when her late husband Chester V. Teasdale was President: "The future of Freedonia rests on you. Promise me you will follow in the footsteps of my husband." Firefly looks straight into the camera, and in his first major line rudely insults his most ardent supporter:
How do you like that? I haven't been on the job five minutes and already she's making advances to me.
Then he engages the widowed Mrs. Teasdale in an insult-ridden conversation, but quickly covers up his insults and shamelessly flirts with her when he realizes she is a widow with money:
Firefly: Not that I care, but where is your husband?
Mrs. Teasdale: Why, he's dead.
Firefly: I'll bet he's just using that as an excuse.
Mrs. Teasdale: I was with him to the very end.
Firefly: Hmmph. No wonder he passed away.
Mrs. Teasdale: I held him in my arms and kissed him.
Firefly: Oh, I see. Then, it was murder. Will you marry me? Did he leave you any money? Answer the second question first.
Mrs. Teasdale: He left me his entire fortune.
Firefly: Is that so? Can't you see what I'm trying to tell you? I love you.
Mrs. Teasdale: Oh, your Excellency!
Firefly: You're not so bad yourself.
[Firefly's coat reverts back to the black tuxedo here.] When Firefly is introduced to the sleek, impeccably tailored Trentino, Ambassador from rival Sylvania, he immediately insults him a few times, calling him an "old skinflint":
Mrs. Teasdale: Oh, I want to present to you Ambassador Trentino of Sylvania. Having him with us today is indeed a great pleasure.
Trentino: Thank you, but I can't stay very long.
Firefly: That's even a greater pleasure. Now, how about lending this country $20,000,000 dollars, you old skinflint.
Trentino: $20,000,000 dollars is a lot of money. I'd have to take that up with my Minister of Finance.
Firefly: Well, in the meantime, could you let me have $12 dollars until payday?
Trentino: $12 dollars?
Firefly: Don't be scared. You'll get it back. I'll give you my personal note for 90 days. If it isn't paid by then, you can keep the note.
Trentino: Your Excellency? Haven't we seen each other somewhere before?
Firefly: I don't think so. I'm not sure I'm seeing you now. It must be something I ate.
Trentino (insulted): Look here Sir, are you trying to...?
Firefly: Don't look now, but there's one man too many in this room, and I think it's you.
Then, the new Freedonian President meets a "very charming lady," the seductive "famous dancer" Vera, still wearing a slinky evening gown displaying her bosom. Overwhelmed by her appearance, he shows off a number of his own ridiculous dance steps: "I danced before Napoleon. No, Napoleon danced before me. In fact, he danced two hundred years before me." When she seductively suggests dancing with him some time later, he tells her:
I could dance with you till the cows come home. On second thought, I'd rather dance with the cows when you came home.
Firefly dictates a letter to his dentist in the middle of the inauguration. Mrs. Teasdale congratulates him on his coronation and sovereignty: "The eyes of the world are upon you. Notables from every country are gathered here in your honor. This is a gala day for you." He replies: "Well, a gal a day is enough for me. I don't think I could handle any more."
In the song and dance number, "Just Wait 'Til I Get Through With It," Firefly specifies the rules and program planned for his preposterous administration. He threatens, as a repressive, dictatorial ruler, to abuse his power, to be rude, obnoxious, irresponsible, insulting, cynical, and power-mad, ruining the country. [The last verse featured a dirty joke and managed to evade the censors.] Between verses, he plays a "Yankee Doodle" fife and dances around among the guests:
These are the laws of my administration
No one's allowed to smoke
Or tell a dirty joke
And whistling is forbidden...
| Marx Brothers |
What character was played by Gary Cooper in 'High Noon'? | List of Comedy Classics - Greatest Comedy Films of All Time
Classic Movies Expert
By Shawn Dwyer
Whether sophisticated in manner or of the slapstick variety, there's always a classic comedy for any taste. The counterpoint to drama, comedies have always been with us no matter what the medium and they always will be. Sometimes they're absurd, other times bitingly satirical, but all are designed to make us laugh. Here are just a few of the very best classic comedies ever made.
Paramount Pictures
1. ‘Duck Soup’ – 1933
An absurd farce starring the Marx Brothers, Duck Soup has long been considered one of the greatest comedies ever made despite opening to mixed reviews and being a box office disappointment. The film featured Groucho as the newly appointed leader of the fictional country of Freedonia who is beset by burgeoning war with neighboring Sylvania and two spies (Chico and Harpo) trying to dig up dirt on the new regime. Hilarious from start to finish, Duck Soup features many memorable gags including the famed mirror scene, where Groucho and Harpo mimic each other’s exact movements, and Groucho changing uniforms in the final battle scene. Duck Soup was notable for being the last film with Zeppo – who went on to become a successful mechanical engineer and theater agent – and the last Marx Brothers production with Paramount Pictures.
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Sony Pictures Home Entertainment
2. ‘It Happened One Night’ – 1934
One of the great screwball comedies of all time and the first movie to win all five major Academy Awards, It Happened One Night has remained as fun to watch today as it did almost 80 years ago. Its starred Claudette Colbert as a runaway heiress who escapes potential marriage to a playboy and heads for New York by bus. She meets a down-and-out reporter (Clark Gable) who recognizes her and thinks he has the story of the year. They bicker and argue through one mishap after another until both fall in love. Cracking with sharp dialogue and unrelenting energy, It Happened One Night swept the Academy Awards with wins for Best Actor , Best Actress , Best Director , and Best Picture .
Turner Home Entertainment
3. ‘Bringing Up Baby’ – 1938
Another great screwball comedy, Bringing Up Baby featured two exceptional performances from stars Katharine Hepburn and Cary Grant . Hepburn starred as a free-spirited heiress who lures a stuffed-shirt paleontologist (Grant) to her home, only to trigger one hilarious mishap after another when a dog steals a valuable dinosaur bone. But the true fun begins when a leopard escapes a local zoo, which has the unintended consequence of bringing the diametrically opposed couple together. Wildly fun and full of crackling wit, Bringing Up Baby has to be placed near the top of the list of all time best comedies thanks to razor sharp performances from Hepburn and Grant, as well as deft direction from Howard Hawks . The film also marked the first of five classic collaborations between Hawks and Grant.
Warner Bros. Home Entertainment
4. ‘To Be or Not to Be’ – 1942
A rare political satire from the master of the sophisticated comedy, Ernst Lubitsch , To Be or Not to Be has been hailed as the director’s greatest film and certainly ranks high on the list of most underappreciated films. The movie starred Carole Lombard opposite Jack Benny, both of whom played a husband and wife team who perform anti-Nazi plays, only to find themselves impersonating them after the Nazis invade Poland. A creative mix of satire, comedy, and thriller, To Be or Not to Be was not a hit with audiences in 1942 due to moviegoers looking for escape from, not political commentary on the war. The film has since risen in stature, thanks in part to Lombard’s untimely death in a plane crash before its release.
5. ‘Some Like It Hot’ – 1959
Of all the films made by the great Billy Wilder, Some Like It Hot has often been named as one of his best. It starred Jack Lemmon and Tony Curtis as two Chicago jazz musicians who witness the famed St. Valentine’s Day Massacre, and go on the run from the mob in high heels and dresses. On their way to Florida, the make the acquaintance of a curvy blonde named Sugar (Marilyn Monroe) who’s trying to rid her life of booze and saxophone players. Naturally, both become smitten and clamor for her amorous attention. Despite its stature as one of the best comedies ever made – it’s No. 1 on the American Film Institute’s list of 100 Laughs – Some Like It Hot was overlooked for a Best Picture nomination in 1959, making it one of the most glaring snubs of all time.
Sony Pictures
6. ‘Dr. Strangelove’ – 1964
Made during the height of the Cold War, Dr. Strangelove was a brilliant satire that featured star Peter Sellers delivering one of the great multi-character performances . Directed by Stanley Kubrick , the film skewered the rather insane foreign policy of mutually assured destruction while playing on our fears of nuclear annihilation for laughs. After a psychotic American general (Sterling Hayden) obsessed with bodily fluids launches a fleet of nuclear bombers to attack the Soviet Union, a bookish president (Sellers), a xenophobic general (George C. Scott), a conniving Russian ambassador (Peter Bull), and the wheelchair-bound Dr. Strangelove himself (Sellers), hide out in an underground war room while trying to stop the bombs from being dropped. Meanwhile, a British attaché (Sellers again) tries in vain to prevent the psychotic general from making the situation worse. Featuring one hilarious sequence after another, Dr. Strangelove perfectly captured the fear and paranoia of the Cold War, and has lived on as one of the greatest satires ever made.
Warner Bros.
7. ‘Blazing Saddles’ – 1974
Yes, it’s vulgar and riddled with racial humor, but there’s no denying that Mel Brooks ’ spoof Western has remained one of the best comedies to emerge from the counterculture 1970s. Blazing Saddles starred Brooks favorite Gene Wilder as The Waco Kid, a drunken gunslinger who helps a black sheriff (Cleavon Little) protect a racist populace from a railroad trying to take over their town. The motley pair go up against the conniving Headley Lamarr (Harvey Korman), who tries to stir the populace into lynching the new sheriff. In satirizing both racism and the myths of the Old West, Brooks made a daring film that rankled some for its crude humor, but has been elevated by fans and historians as a comedy classic.
MGM Home Entertainment
8. ‘Annie Hall’ – 1977
Undoubtedly director Woody Allen’s best film, Annie Hall was a masterful blend of romantic comedy, slapstick, and sophisticated comedy of manners that defined a generation and won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director . The film starred Allen at his neurotic best playing Alvy Singer, a Jewish comedy writer who woos the equally crazed Annie Hall (Diane Keaton). The two make quite a pair, as they navigate their growing romance amidst musings on philosophy, film, therapy, and Los Angeles. Brilliant beyond words, Annie Hall only gets better with repeat viewings, which is why it has remained near the top of just about anyone’s list for all-time best comedies.
Sony Pictures
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Which TV interviewer wrote 'Cricket Mad' and 'Football Daft'? | Michael Parkinson | Celebrity Net Worth
Celebrity Net Worth
Presenter, Journalist, Broadcaster, Writer, Actor, Author, Screenwriter
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Sir Michael Parkinson, CBE is an English broadcaster, journalist and author. He is best known for presenting his long-running television talk show, Parkinson, from 1971 to 1982 and from 1998 to 2007, as well as other talk shows and programmes both in the UK and internationally. He is also known as a...
Michael Parkinson Stats
Nickname
: Parky, The king of chat, Sir Michael Parkinson, The great British talkshow host, Sir Michael Parkinson, CBE
Profession
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Which playwright did Marilyn Monroe marry? | Michael Parkinson | Celebrity Net Worth
Celebrity Net Worth
Presenter, Journalist, Broadcaster, Writer, Actor, Author, Screenwriter
Net Worth
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Sir Michael Parkinson, CBE is an English broadcaster, journalist and author. He is best known for presenting his long-running television talk show, Parkinson, from 1971 to 1982 and from 1998 to 2007, as well as other talk shows and programmes both in the UK and internationally. He is also known as a...
Michael Parkinson Stats
Nickname
: Parky, The king of chat, Sir Michael Parkinson, The great British talkshow host, Sir Michael Parkinson, CBE
Profession
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In which country will you find the Churchill; Pearce; Nelson and Mackenzie rivers? | What are 10 major rivers in Canada? | Reference.com
What are 10 major rivers in Canada?
A:
Quick Answer
Ten major rivers in Canada are the St. Lawrence, Columbia, Fraser, Mackenzie, Yukon, Saskatchewan, Nelson, Slave, Peace and Churchill Rivers. These rivers span the entire country, with two flowing through the United States as well.
Full Answer
The St. Lawrence River forms part of the border with the United States in the eastern portions of Canada. It connects the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. This river is approximately 1,900 miles long.
The Columbia River starts in the Canadian Rockies and travels down across the border of the United States to the Pacific Ocean. It is about 1,100 miles long, and travels through two mountain systems before flowing into the ocean. It is fast and provides hydroelectric power to the region.
The Mackenzie River is the longest river in Canada, and when combined with head streams, including the Peace River and the Slave River, is the second longest river system in North America. This river flows north to the Arctic Ocean. The river system is frozen for much of year, thawing only from May until October.
The Yukon River lies half in Canada, half in Alaska. During the gold rush in the late 1800s, this river was the main source of transportation for people and gold. Over 1,200 miles long, it also is frozen for a portion of the year.
The Saskatchewan River is about 340 miles long. It flows into Lake Winnipeg and is the main watershed for much of central Canada. It provides power through several hydroelectric plants built along its length.
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If you believe that some feature that I have not included should be included, include it and give me a short written reason explaining why you believe that it should be included. Outline each Province and Territory and its capital city. Outline the boundaries of each Province or Territory in a distinct colour so that it can be easily distinguished. Under the name of the Province or Territory write the year in which the Province or Territory became part of Canada. Outline each of the following rivers in blue and label each one in blue: Fraser Ottawa Churchill (MB) Mackenzie Skeena Stikine Snake Yukon Missouri St. Lawrence Columbia Peace North Saskatchewan South Saskatchewan Red (MB) Nelson (MB) Mississippi Bow Assiniboine For the purposes of clarity and neatness it is a good idea to outline all of the rivers on the map in blue although you only need to label those mentioned above. Outline or shade and label each of the following lakes in blue and label each lake in blue. The five Great Lakes (each one) Great Bear Lake Lac St. Jean Lake Athabasca Lake Winnipeg Great Slave Lake Lake of the Woods Williston Lake Outline or shade and label each of the following bodies of water in blue and label in blue. Do not shade completely if it is going to detract from the neatness of your map. If you do not shade completely you should outline the border between the water and the land. Pacific Ocean Beaufort Sea Hudson Strait Northumberland Strait Hudson Bay Baffin Bay Gulf of Alaska Frobisher Bay Atlantic Ocean James Bay Dixon Entrance Georgia Strait Cabot Strait Gulf of St. Lawrence Strait of Belle Isle Arctic Ocean Bay of Fundy 5. Label the following mountain ranges and landform features. Mark mountain ranges with carets ^^^^^^^^^ (Do not interfere with labelling. You may find it better to label first and then insert the carets.) Rocky Mountains Mackenzie Mountains Cascade Mountains Coast Mountains St. Elias Mountains Appalachian Mountains Gaspe Peninsula Niagara Peninsula 6. Label the following islands and colour them the same colour as the Province or Territory to which it politically belongs. (For those islands that do not belong to Canada indicate the name of the country to which it politically belongs.) Vancouver Is Baffin Is St. Pierre & Miquelon Devon Is Haida Gwaii Anticosti Is Manitoulin Is Victoria Is Ellesmere Is Axel Heiberg Is Sable Is Greenland Is Iceland Is Belcher Is Label the following US States: (Do not draw in the whole of the state unless you wish to do so � draw approximately �� of the border southward from the Canadian border to show the location of the border and the division between states). Those states that border Canada along the 49th parallel west of the Great Lakes Alaska Locate and label the following mountains. Use a �% t o i n d i c a t e t h e l o c a t i o n . M t . L o g a n M t . R o b s o n M t . W a d d i n g t o n M t . F a i r w e a t h e r ( F a i r w e a t h e r M t . ) L o c a t e a n d l a b e l t h e f o l l o w i n g c i t i e s S a r n i a B a t o c h e P r i n c e A l b e r t P r i n c e R u p e r t V a n c o u v e r O t t a w a C a l g a r y L a b e l o r d r a w i n t h e f o l l o w i n g : N o r t h Magnetic Pole. (The NMP moves so include the date that is given for this location.) The Nishga�a Lands (Cross hatch the area that is included in the settlement). Arctic Circle � drawing this in short sections and labeling in between may be easier. The geographic centre of Canada (approximately 65O N 96O W - use Baker Lake as a reference point � the location is close to Baker Lake) The latitude number of the southern boundary of Man., Sask., Alta., and most of BC The latitude number of the northern boundary of Man., Sask., Alta., and BC. 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In which American city will you find the 'Guggenheim Museum'? | Guggenheim Museum, New York City
New York City
- guggenheim.org
The Guggenheim Museum on Fifth Avenue is home to an important collection of modern art. Even if you're not into art, the building housing the art is worth a visit on its own. It was the last completed project by Frank Lloyd Wright before he died in 1959.
The Building
Guggenheim Museum
The building was commissioned in 1943 by Solomon R. Guggenheim for his collection of modern art.
Frank Lloyd Wright, America's most acclaimed architect, spent more than a decade tweaking his design for the museum until construction finally started in 1956. By that time Guggenheim had already passed away, but he had bequeathed two million dollar for the construction of the museum. The museum opened three years later, in 1959.
The museum building is an eye-catching structure that completely ignores its urban context. Throughout his career, Frank Lloyd Wright's designs had been inspired by nature and this buildings was no exception. The organic spiral shape is said to embody the natural shapes found in Central Park across the street. Due to its unconventional shape the soft white colored building stands out and even in a landmark-filled city like New York, it continues to attract the attention of passersby.
Interior
Inside, the spiral rotunda is flooded with daylight thanks to a large glass dome. Wright intended visitors to take the elevator and start walking down the 400 meter long spiraling ramp, but you are free to walk up as well.
In 1992 the museum was expanded with a nine story annex designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates based on Frank Lloyd Wright's original drawings.
Art & Architecture
The Great Rotunda
Black Lines, Kandinsky
Some see the museum as one of the less successful architectural realizations of Frank Lloyd Wright. The main criticism was that the shape of the building did not suit its purpose. Due to its organic shape, visitors walk through a part of the museum in an upward (or downward) spiral, which means the artwork is always viewed from an angle. The walls are also relatively low for a museum, which prevents some paintings from being properly displayed. Wright's own comment on this was that the paintings had to be cut in half!.
The 1992 expansion partially solved this problem, since visitors can now leave the ramp on each floor and visit a room in the new building, where the floors are level.
Collection
The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum houses some fine collections of world famous painters like Picasso, Chagall, Kandinsky, and many other modern artists. The major part of the collection consists of paintings, but sculptures and photos are also on display in the museum.
The collection was started by Solomon R. Guggenheim in the late 1920s. In 1937, he founded the Museum of Nonobjective painting, located on East 54th street. It later moved to its present location near Central Park . The collection was expanded several times. In 1976, an important collection of paintings from Gauguin, Picasso, van Gogh and many others were donated by Justin K. Thannhauser. In 1990, more than two hundred works of American Minimalist art were added to the collection.
| New York |
What's the capital of 'Monaco'? | Guggenheim Museum Discount Admission Tickets | New York CityPASS® Attraction
Dining: The Wright, Café 3
Gift Shops: Guggenheim Store
Accessibility: Wheelchair accessible except for the High Gallery. Wheelchairs available free of charge; please ask a security guard at entrance for assistance.
Parking/Transportation: Click here for information on parking, transportation and directions.
Groups: Groups of 20 or more: Call (212) 423-3636; email [email protected]. Group leader should call or email at least one week in advance to alert the Group Sales office to group's date of visit.
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Who scored the first snooker 147 on TV? | First Maximum Break on Television (by Steve Davis) - YouTube
First Maximum Break on Television (by Steve Davis)
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Uploaded on May 25, 2006
Totally relaxed young Steve Davis makes first ever recorded maximum break.
Category
| Steve Davis |
The 'Congo' river is now known as what? | 147 Is Not Snooker's Maximum Break - Pundit Arena
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Akin to Darts’ 9-dart finish, Cricket’s six sixes, or Bowling’s 300, Snooker’s maximum 147 break is renowned and revered worldwide.
Those with only the slightest interest in the sport will tune in to see a replay of a player potting 15 reds paired with 15 blacks, before cleaning up the remaining colours.
A player by the name of Murt O’Donoghue recorded the first ever maximum back in 1934. When Steve Davis achieved the first televised 147 in 1982, it was an unforgettable occasion. Several records have fallen since. In 1997, Ronnie O’Sullivan made his 36 perfect pots in just 5 minutes and 20 seconds.
The history books have been rewritten multiple times over the last hundred odd years. But some snooker fans may be surprised to learn that this is not technically perfection, and a break greater than 147 is perfectly possible.
After a foul, if the cue-ball is snookered, the referee shall state a free ball. The player may then treat a coloured ball as if it were a red. Therefore, this can artificially create a 16th red on the table. Although improbable, if a free ball is to be called before the first red is potted in a frame, then it is possible to achieve a break of up to 155.
In a club match in 1976, Wally West is reported to have scored a 151 break in West London. 17 years later, a certain Stephen Hendry made a 148 in practice.
However, Malta’s Tony Drago, in practice, scored a 149, comprising of a free ball plus brown, followed by 15 reds, 13 blacks, a pink, and a blue, plus the remaining colours. His feat was credited by the Guinness World Book of Records. ‘The Tornado’ went down officially as the highest break ever at the time, which was 1995.
The coveted 155 was not achieved until the summer of 2005, when Jamie Cope accomplished the endeavour. 16 reds, 16 blacks, and the colours. This was made in a witnessed practice frame.
Although never witnessed in competition, a break of 155 is true snooker perfection. It should not, and does not, take anything away from the 147 break, but we can always dare to dream of experiencing a free ball perfect frame on our screens.
The word ‘maximum’ is defined as “the greatest amount, extent, or intensity possible, permitted, or recorded.” Therefore a 147, however majestic and skillful as it may be, is not actually the maximum break in snooker.
Brian Barry, Pundit Arena
| i don't know |
Remember the song' Where Do You Go To My Lovely'? Who wrote it? | Where Do You Go To My Lovely Peter Sarstedt Acoustic Cover With Lyrics by Jonathan David - YouTube
Where Do You Go To My Lovely Peter Sarstedt Acoustic Cover With Lyrics by Jonathan David
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Uploaded on Sep 27, 2008
Free mp3 download for this and all my other tracks at: http://www.4shared.com/dir/21755036/4...
This is my version of the great Peter Sarstedt song, Where do you go to my lovely.
I hope you enjoy it.
I've added the chords for those of you who want to play along! The same chords repeat for the whole song.
Note: On the C and the Em there is a hammer-on on the D string
Note 2: G? is a normal G chord but instead of putting your finger on the top (E) string 3rd fret, you place it on the 2nd (B) string 3rd fret.
C
You talk like Marlene Dietrich
................Dm7............................G7....G6
And you dance like Zizi Jean-Maire
............C.................................Em
Your clothes are all made by Balmain
......................Dm7
And there's diamonds and pearls in your
G....G7....G6....G?(see note 2)
You live in a fancy apartment
On the Boulevarde St. Michel
Where you keep all your Rolling Stones records
And your friends of Sacha Distel, yes you do...
But where do you go to my lovely
When you're alone in your bed
Won't you tell me the thoughts that surround you
I want to look inside your head
I've seen all your qualifications
That you got from the Sorbonne
And the painting you stole from Picasso
Your loveliness goes on and on, yes it does
When you go on your summer vacation
You go to Juan-les-Pins
With your carefully-designed topless swimsuit
You get an even suntan on your back and on your legs
And when the snow falls you're found in St. Moritz
With the others of the jet-set
Where you sip your Napoleon Brandy
But you never once get your lips wet
But where do you go to my lovely
When you're alone in your bed
Won't you tell me the thoughts that surround you
I want to look inside your head, yes I do
Your name is heard in high places
You know the Aga Khan
He sent you a racehorse for Christmas
And you keep it just for fun, for a laugh hahaha
They say that when you get married
It'll be to a millionaire
But they don't realize where you came from
And I wonder if they really care, they give a damn
But where do you go to my lovely
When you're alone in your bed
Tell me the thoughts that surround you
I want to look inside your head
I remember the back streets of Naples
Two children begging in rags
Both touched with a burning ambition
To shake off their lowly-born tags, and they try
So look into my face Marie-Claire
And remember just who you are
Then go and forget me forever
'Cause I know you still bear the scar, deep inside, yes you do
'Cause I know where you go to my lovely
When you're alone in your bed
I can see all the thoughts that surround you
'Cause I can see inside your head
Category
| Peter Sarstedt |
In what country would you find the 'Krishna River'? | Meaning behind Where do you go to my lovely (1969)
Subject: Meaning behind Where do you go to my lovely (1969)
Written By: Ricci on 08/03/04 at 11:35 am
Both my partner and myself desire to know who the lyrics are about in Peter Starstedt's hit "Where do you go to my lovely" Many people say Sophia Loren or Brigette Bardot but we are unconvinced. Who was Marie-Claire in the lyrics? Email me ASAP if you are sure you have the answer or ANY idea at all. We would love to discuss more on the knowledge of this.
Many Thanks
Subject: Re: Meaning behind Where do you go to my lovely (1969)
Written By: sCat on 10/03/04 at 9:15 am
Both my partner and myself desire to know who the lyrics are about in Peter Starstedt's hit "Where do you go to my lovely" Many people say Sophia Loren or Brigette Bardot but we are unconvinced. Who was Marie-Claire in the lyrics? Email me ASAP if you are sure you have the answer or ANY idea at all. We would love to discuss more on the knowledge of this.
Many Thanks
Richard and Theresa
hey Richard and Theresa
I do not think an autor would just mention Marie-Claire as MarieClaire herself in a poem or song.But Marie-Claire is the name of the most-known french glamour and mode magazine... and they always had just one girl's pic on the front title. So whether it refers to some special person,  I think (not sure sure) it might have been BB, but on the other side, she was not that glamour girl... so he might refer to all these kinda girls together... and Sophia Loren as well...
I hope this can clear a bit or make look back the old magazines :)
sCat
Subject: Re: Meaning behind Where do you go to my lovely (1969)
Written By: Howard on 10/03/04 at 9:21 am
Lyrics for No Mercy - Where Do You Go
Where do you go, my lovely
Where do you go
I wanna know, my lovely, I wanna know
Where do you go, oh oh eh oh
I wanna know, oh oh eh oh
Where do you go, oh oh eh oh...
I wanna know
You leave without a word, no message, no number
And now my head is pounding like rolling thunder
You left me with a heartache deep inside
Girl you should see me cry all night, and I wonder
Everybody says, what a shame, what is wrong
They don't like the game we play
Heard you're hanging round every night until dawn
I'm waiting for you night and day
You gotta break the silence, don't keep me waiting
Just like a river flowing to the sea
You're running back to me
Come hear what I'm saying
Where do you go, My Lovely
I wanna know
Where do you go, oh oh oh...
Where do you go, oh oh oh...
I wanna know
Where do you, where do you go?...
Save me...
Come back and dry the tears, I cried for you baby
You've gotta stop this heartache deep inside
You've gotta help me make it through the night safely
Come back and save me
Is this what you are referring to?^ ???
Howard
Subject: Re: Meaning behind Where do you go to my lovely (1969)
Written By: BrianMannixGirl on 10/03/04 at 11:31 pm
Dif song Howard
Where Do You Go To, My Lovely? - Peter Starstedt
You talk like Marlene Deitrich,
And you dance like Zi Zi Jean Maire.
Your clothes are all made by Balmain,
And there's diamonds and pearls in your hair, yes there are.
You live in a fancy apartment,
On the Boulevard Saint Michel,
Where you keep your Rolling Stones records,
And a friend of Sacha Distel, yes you do.
But where do you go to, my lovely,
When you're alone in your bed?
Tell me the thoughts that surround you,
I want to look inside your head, yes I do.
You go to the embassy parties
Where you talk in Russian and Greek
And the young men who move in your circles
They hang on every word you speak (yes they do).
I've seen all your qualifications,
You got from the Sorbonne,
And the painting you stole from Picasso,
Your loveliness goes on and on, yes it does.
When you go on your summer vacation,
You go to Juan-les-Pins.
With your carefully designed topless swimsuit,
You get an even suntan, on your back, and on your legs.
And when the snow falls you're found in St. Moritz,
With the others of the jet set,
And you sip your Napoleon brandy,
But you never get your lips wet, no you don't.
Chorus
You're in between twenty and thiry
A very desirable age.
Your body is firm and inviting
But you live on a glittering stage (yes you do, yes you do).
Your name it is heard in high places,
You know the Aga Khan.
He sent you a racehorse for Christmas,
And you keep it just for fun, for a laugh, ha ha ha.
They say that when you get married,
It'll be to a millionaire,
But they don't realise where you came from,
And I wonder if they really care, or give a darn.
Chorus
I remember the back streets of Naples,
Two children begging in rags,
Both touched with a burning ambition,
To shake off their lowly born tags, they tried.
So look into my face, Marie-Claire,
And remember just who you are.
Then go and forget me forever,
But I know you still bear the scars, deep inside, yes you do.
I know where you go to, my lovely,
When you're alone in your bed.
I know the thoughts that surround you,
'Cause I can look inside your head.
I have heard a lot of stories has to who its meant to be about - never really sure tho. I find it very similar to Charlenes "Ive been to paradise but Ive never been to me". The women in both songs have certanly "been around" and led the high life but are never quite satisfied with life as a whole.
Subject: Re: Meaning behind Where do you go to my lovely (1969)
Written By: danootaandme on 10/04/04 at 6:27 am
If you read Lorens bio it sounds like her. Found this. It has her under Working Class
Encyclopedia-biography
Subject: Re: Meaning behind Where do you go to my lovely (1969)
Written By: Ricci on 11/18/04 at 8:40 am
Thanks everyonel. Yeah! it is about Sophia Loren 'coz we watched her film a few weeks ago and her Dad's surname was Clare and her mother called her Marie.
Richard and Theresa
Subject: Re: Meaning behind Where do you go to my lovely (1969)
Written By: Robert Heller on 09/14/05 at 11:08 am
Both my partner and myself desire to know who the lyrics are about in Peter Starstedt's hit "Where do you go to my lovely" Many people say Sophia Loren or Brigette Bardot but we are unconvinced. Who was Marie-Claire in the lyrics? Email me ASAP if you are sure you have the answer or ANY idea at all. We would love to discuss more on the knowledge of this.
Many Thanks
Richard and Theresa
If you go to http://www.petersarstedt.com/ you could send him an email and ask. Or you could simply read the 'Who's Who' PDF document which has this quote:
Naples - she (Marie-Claire) comes form the back-streets
and makes it to the top
(-/-/66) ‘Where do you go to my lovely’
So I would suggest it sounds like 'Marie-Claire' actually refers to Naples.
Dunno, I did not ask ;)rah
Subject: Re: Meaning behind Where do you go to my lovely (1969)
Written By: Nostalgic Nelis on 04/08/07 at 9:29 am
FOr sure its about sophia lauren. Not only do her parents have the names marie claire, she was brought up in a suburb of napels.
the message is just about remember where you come from. U might be rich and famous but u will always bear the scars from youth. Last 2 parts of the song say it all basically.
I remember the back streets of Naples,
Two children begging in rags,
Both touched with a burning ambition,
To shake off their lowly born tags, they tried.
So look into my face, Marie-Claire,
And remember just who you are.
Then go and forget me forever,
But I know you still bear the scars, deep inside, yes you do.
Subject: Re: Meaning behind Where do you go to my lovely (1969)
Written By: Nostalgic on 04/15/07 at 4:26 am
You'd think Peter Sarstedt would have told everyone what the song was about by now. I guess he wants to keep it a mystery.
Subject: Re: Meaning behind Where do you go to my lovely (1969)
Written By: Trimac20 on 04/16/07 at 6:59 am
You'd think Peter Sarstedt would have told everyone what the song was about by now. I guess he wants to keep it a mystery.
Maybe it was already so obvious he didn't have to tell anybody.
Subject: Re: Meaning behind Where do you go to my lovely (1969)
Written By: Ploppity on 04/17/08 at 1:28 am
Marie Clare the magazine? ;D Everything about this song is fluff until you get to the last verse. Up until that time all Starstedt does is playfully establish how well he knows this girl. but then he calls her out BY NAME, and if it is about Sofia Loren, then this dorky, VanDyke-d folk singer calls out one of the most glamorous women in the world BY NAME, points out where she came from, how shallow she is, tells her that he owns her, and slaps her in the face with the gauntlet he just threw down. Wow! This song makes "You're so Vain" look like a petty afterthought.
Subject: Re: Meaning behind Where do you go to my lovely (1969)
Written By: cooper street relic on 04/17/08 at 11:37 pm
Marie Clare the magazine? ;D Everything about this song is fluff until you get to the last verse. Up until that time all Starstedt does is playfully establish how well he knows this girl. but then he calls her out BY NAME, and if it is about Sofia Loren, then this dorky, VanDyke-d folk singer calls out one of the most glamorous women in the world BY NAME, points out where she came from, how shallow she is, tells her that he owns her, and slaps her in the face with the gauntlet he just threw down. Wow! This song makes "You're so Vain" look like a petty afterthought.
I'm with you on this one. Just another lonely heartbreak song i guess!
Subject: Re: Meaning behind Where do you go to my lovely (1969)
Written By: Shacks Train on 05/20/08 at 1:46 am
Peter Sarstedt - Where Do You Go To My Lovely
http://www.zshare.net/audio/12108652ec40382d/
I don't think a finger is pointed at one individule in particular just about how high class she is now but "Refuses" to acknowlege where her roots were!
A Referance to anyone famous is just by individule design!
Subject: Re: Meaning behind Where do you go to my lovely (1969)
Written By: Philip Eno on 07/24/09 at 8:25 am
Dif song Howard
Where Do You Go To, My Lovely? - Peter Starstedt
You talk like Marlene Deitrich,
And you dance like Zi Zi Jean Maire.
Your clothes are all made by Balmain,
And there's diamonds and pearls in your hair, yes there are.
You live in a fancy apartment,
On the Boulevard Saint Michel,
Where you keep your Rolling Stones records,
And a friend of Sacha Distel, yes you do.
But where do you go to, my lovely,
When you're alone in your bed?
Tell me the thoughts that surround you,
I want to look inside your head, yes I do.
You go to the embassy parties
Where you talk in Russian and Greek
And the young men who move in your circles
They hang on every word you speak (yes they do).
I've seen all your qualifications,
You got from the Sorbonne,
And the painting you stole from Picasso,
Your loveliness goes on and on, yes it does.
When you go on your summer vacation,
You go to Juan-les-Pins.
With your carefully designed topless swimsuit,
You get an even suntan, on your back, and on your legs.
And when the snow falls you're found in St. Moritz,
With the others of the jet set,
And you sip your Napoleon brandy,
But you never get your lips wet, no you don't.
Chorus
You're in between twenty and thiry
A very desirable age.
Your body is firm and inviting
But you live on a glittering stage (yes you do, yes you do).
Your name it is heard in high places,
You know the Aga Khan.
He sent you a racehorse for Christmas,
And you keep it just for fun, for a laugh, ha ha ha.
They say that when you get married,
It'll be to a millionaire,
But they don't realise where you came from,
And I wonder if they really care, or give a darn.
Chorus
I remember the back streets of Naples,
Two children begging in rags,
Both touched with a burning ambition,
To shake off their lowly born tags, they tried.
So look into my face, Marie-Claire,
And remember just who you are.
Then go and forget me forever,
But I know you still bear the scars, deep inside, yes you do.
I know where you go to, my lovely,
When you're alone in your bed.
I know the thoughts that surround you,
'Cause I can look inside your head.
I have heard a lot of stories has to who its meant to be about - never really sure tho. I find it very similar to Charlenes "Ive been to paradise but Ive never been to me". The women in both songs have certanly "been around" and led the high life but are never quite satisfied with life as a whole.
This is the longer version than what released as a single.
Subject: Re: Meaning behind Where do you go to my lovely (1969)
Written By: loki 13 on 07/24/09 at 6:01 pm
http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=9607
Subject: Re: Meaning behind Where do you go to my lovely (1969)
Written By: Philip Eno on 07/25/09 at 1:44 am
http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=9607
Many thanks for I had this website on Favorites on the computer that crashed and I could not remember the name of it.
Subject: Re: Meaning behind Where do you go to my lovely (1969)
Written By: ALEESA on 09/23/09 at 7:49 am
HI ALL
PETER WROTE THE SONG ABOUT AN OLD GIRLFRIEND OF HIS THAT HE WAS DUE TO MARRY AND ACTUALLY DIED WHEN HER APPARTMENT CAUGHT FIRE. SHE DIED IN THE FIRE, VERY SAD STORY BUT BEAUTIFUL SONG, MY DADS A JOURNO AND ASKED HIM ONCE IN AN INTERVIEW, BUT I ACTUALLY THOUGHT IT WAS COMMON KNOWLEDGE.
Subject: Re: Meaning behind Where do you go to my lovely (1969)
Written By: Annette on 07/23/12 at 2:03 pm
hey Richard and Theresa
I do not think an autor would just mention Marie-Claire as MarieClaire herself in a poem or song.But Marie-Claire is the name of the most-known french glamour and mode magazine... and they always had just one girl's pic on the front title. So whether it refers to some special person,  I think (not sure sure) it might have been BB, but on the other side, she was not that glamour girl... so he might refer to all these kinda girls together... and Sophia Loren as well...
I hope this can clear a bit or make look back the old magazines :)
sCat
Subject: Re: Meaning behind Where do you go to my lovely (1969)
Written By: Philip Eno on 07/26/12 at 2:16 pm
... and the reply is?
We may never know now.
It is a friction Marie-Claire who has grown up on the back streets of Naples.
Subject: Re: Meaning behind Where do you go to my lovely (1969)
Written By: Irene Palagrout on 11/15/12 at 7:41 am
It's hilarious isn't it? One of the funniest songs even written. Sarstedt - an old acquaintance of mine from the 70s - himself laughed himself silly at all the people who took it seriously and thought it was sophisticated.
| i don't know |
What colour is the female blackbird? | Red-winged Blackbird, Identification, All About Birds - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Song Sparrow
Regional Differences
There’s subtle variation in Red-winged Blackbirds across the country. The most obvious race is the “bicolored blackbird” of coastal California, which shows no yellow border on the red shoulders.
Backyard Tips
Red-winged Blackbirds may come to your yard for mixed grains and seeds, particularly during migration. Spread grain or seed on the ground as well, since this is where Red-winged Blackbirds prefer to feed. Find out more about what this bird likes to eat and what feeder is best by using the Project FeederWatch Common Feeder Birds bird list .
Find This Bird
You can find Red-winged Blackbirds in the breeding season by visiting cattail marshes and other wetlands, or simply by watching telephone wires on a drive through the country. Where there’s standing water and vegetation, Red-winged Blackbirds are likely to be one of the most common birds you see and hear. Listen for the male’s conk-la-lee! song. In winter, search through mixed-species blackbird flocks and be careful not to overlook the streaky, brown females, which can sometimes resemble a sparrow.
Get Involved
How Red-wings Elude Eavesdroppers
Have you seen Red-winged Blackbirds? Learn how to monitor their nests and report your observations to NestWatch
Visit eBird to explore maps and charts showing where Red-winged Blackbirds are throughout the year. Contribute your sightings!
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| Brown |
What was the former name of the famous ship 'The Golden Hind'? | British Garden Birds - Blackbird
Blackbird
Glossy black plumage with orange-yellow bill.
Turdus merula
Wing Span: 35-38 cm (14-15")
Weight: 80-125 g (3-4½ oz)
Dark brown plumage with faintly spotted breast.
Breeding Pairs: 4 400 000
Present: All Year
Description
The glossy black plumage and the orange-yellow bill and eye ring of the mature male Blackbird makes it easily recognisable.
The mature female has dark-brown upper parts and underparts, and yellow-brown bill. The underparts are speckled and she usually has a pale throat (but not to be confused with the white-throated Ring Ouzel, see photo below).
Ring Ouzel
The juveniles are reddish-brown (rufous) with paler spotting that is similar to that of the adult female but more spotted and redder. After the juvenile female moults, late summer to autumn, she is indistinguishable from an older female. However, while the juvenile male moults his wing feathers will remain brown (known as a 1st-winter male), also the eye ring and bill will be a "dirty" yellow, and it will be another year before his plumage is entirely black, and his eye ring and bill are pure orange-yellow.
Albinism and leucism is common in Blackbirds, but there are even more that are "partially albino" (e.g. white head, or white patches on the wings, see photographs below). Albinism is a complete lack of pigment whereas leucistic birds have weak pigmentation and appear "wishy-washy". See feathers for more explanation.
In bygone times Blackbirds and other song birds were a delicacy, a fact we are reminded of in the rhyme:
Sing a song of sixpence a pocket full of rye
Four-and-twenty Blackbirds baked in a pie
When the pie was opened the birds begin to sing
Oh wasn't that a dainty dish to set before the King
Quicktime mp3
The Blackbird sings from a perch and its song is rich, varied and flute-like, but usually finishes in a squeaky phrase. Their calls are loud and varied. The warning call is given with flicking wings and tail and sounds a little like "chook", and the alarm call is a loud rattle.
During the winter, Blackbirds can often be heard quietly "singing to themselves" within undergrowth, this is called sub-song. Later, in the spring and summer, the male Blackbird sings from a prominent song post (see bird song article). After July, when the breeding season is over, the male Blackbird will stop singing and will not be heard properly again until February.
William Henley wrote:
The nightingale has a lyre of gold,
The lark's is a clarion call,
And the blackbird plays but a boxwood flute,
But I love him best of all.
For his song is all of the joy of life,
And we in the mad, spring weather,
We two have listened till he sang
Our hearts and lips together.
Feeding
The Blackbird feeds on insects and earthworms taken from the ground either by probing the ground, such as a lawn, or noisily turning over leaf litter with its bill.
Like the Song Thrush, the Blackbird often runs across the garden, pauses briefly before taking some food, then runs back to cover. Unlike the Song Thrush it rarely eats snails, though there are increasing reports of Blackbirds stealing snails that Song Thrushes have cracked open.
More unusual food has included Blackbirds taking tadpoles, newts, and small fish. In the autumn they will often spend much time eating cotoneaster berries and windfall fruits (e.g. apples), which they will aggressively defend from other birds.
The Blackbird will feed off the ground or from a ground table, taking sultanas and raisins, and kitchen scraps.
Nesting
The nest is an untidy cup built by the female from vegetation, such as grass and twigs, and bound together with mud and finer grasses. The nest is usually in a hedge or bush, though they will use shelves in huts and other outbuildings.
The nesting attempts of Blackbirds, and other species that nest in open nests, often end in failure through inexperienced birds deserting the nest, cold weather and predation by cats, crows and birds of prey. In fact, it is estimated that as many as 9 out of 10 nesting attempts end in failure.
The smooth, glossy eggs are light greenish-blue with reddish-brown spots, and approximately 29 mm by 22 mm. The female incubates the eggs by herself. After the young hatch, they are fed by both parents.
Breeding Data
My Garden
During the winter of 1999-2000 we had up to 11 Blackbirds in the garden feeding on windfall apples.
In 2001 and 2002 a pair of Blackbirds built a nest in our Photinia bush, but each time their attempts failed because of Magpies raiding the nest for eggs.
The chart above shows that numbers are steady throughout the year, except for a lull in the autumn when they are moulting, and peaks:
At the end of the breeding season when there are more juveniles.
During winter when there is perhaps less food available in rural areas, so resident and immigrant birds venture into the gardens.
| i don't know |
Which actor played the title roll in 'Dixon of Dock Green'? | Buckinghamshire Constabulary - Dixon of Dock Green
Dixon of Dock Green
Click on the image to view
Farewell to famous 'ordinary copper'
Jack Warner
DIXON OF DOCK GREEN
You may think what has Dixon of Dock Green and Jack Warner got to do with the Buckinghamshire Constabulary - well nothing actually! but all hopefully will become clear as you read on.
The Metropolitan Police helmet you see below is on display at Milton Keynes Police Station and was actually used, by Jack Warner in the Television Series of ‘Dixon of Dock Green‘. Only one other helmet worn by him in the series is known to exist and that is in the Metropolitan Police Museum in London. The Television Series, which started in 1955, numbered 430 episodes ended in 1976. Jack Warner’s first appearance as Dixon of Dock Green started with the Film The Blue Lamp in 1949.
The City of London Police Helmet contains George Dixon’s shoulder number and the (fictitious) Divisional Number ‘O’ of Dock Green. This helmet was presented to Jack Warner by Bishopsgate Police.
These helmets were given to Ron Spendloff who served in the Metropolitan Police by Jack Warner’s Wife, Mollie. Ron patrolled the Beat where Jack and Mollie lived, for a number of years, and they became firm friends. After retirement Ron became the curator of the Newport Pagnell Police Museum.
The casket, pictured below, and a Scroll was given to Ron by Jack Warner and it was displayed in the Newport Pagnell Police Museum for a number of years until the museum closed in 2004 after Ron’s death. In the Autobiography of Jack Warner ‘Jack of all Trades’ 1975 and ‘Evening All’ 1979 Jack wrote:
“While I was immensely thrilled to be voted top British male star by the Motion Picture Herald, after The Blue Lamp, I received another award I treasured above everything ! It was a casket and scroll presented to me by officers of the Metropolitan Police ‘F’ Division and gave me ‘the freedom of police stations, the freedom of their tea, the freedom to criticise its quality and if he does, the freedom of the cells’. This tribute was made to me after the film’s premiere by Chief Superintendent F. H. Archer, of Hammersmith, who had taught me how to walk talk and salute like a policeman”
Although the casket is intact the scroll went missing sometime in 2003/4 from the Newport Pagnell Police Museum !
The inscription reads:
“ Presented to Jack Warner of London by members of ‘F’ Division Metropolitan Police as a token of their esteem. 4th December 1949.”
These items have been kindly given by Ron's daughter on permanent loan to Milton Keynes Police and are on display in the canteen at Central Milton Keynes Police Station.
The photographs of George Dixon are all signed by Jack Warner. The photograph of George Dixon and Jimmy Handley is from the 1949 film ‘The Blue lamp’
Presented to Jack Warner of London by members of ‘F’ Division Metropolitan Police as a token of their esteem. 4th December 1949
One of the helmets owned and used by Jack Warner
in the television Series 'Dixon of Dock Green'
a role he played for over 21 years
City of London Helmet Badge with 'Dixons Special Number'
presented by Bishopsgate Police.
Taken from the Daily Mirror, Wednesday, April 14th 1976.
Goodbye All
TV’s Dixon bows out after 430 episodes.
Whatever else people say about George Dixon, one thing is sure. He was a long, long time going. For he was supposed to have been gunned down by Dirk Bogarde in his first film - twenty-six years ago.
Dixon made his debut in the film “The Blue Lamp,” providing Jack Warner with an incredibly durable and affectionate role. Lord (Ted) Willis, who created the part thought of Dixon when the BBC asked him to write a police series. It started with a six week trial run and was such a success that it went on for twenty-one years.
Effective
There have been 430 “Dixon of Dock Green” episodes attracting audiences of up to 15 million. And Jack said last night: “It has been a very good meal ticket for twenty-one years - although the taxman has never been far behind.”
Jack provided the Police Force with its most effective public image. He was the old time copper: friendly, not particularly well educated but dependable, cool in a crisis - and all heart.
The knockers began at the end of the sixties, but Jacks loyal fans continued their support with each new series. When he was shot in one episode, the BBC received 4,000 letters of anxious inquiry and had announced on television that Jack was all right. Lord Willis said. “I knew it had to come to an end sometime and I thought something was in the wind. “They usually renew my Dock Green Contract in February and it hasn’t been renewed this time”.
Farewell to famous 'ordinary copper'
Dixon of Dock Green
Picture from 'The Blue Lamp' 1949
Jack Warner and Jimmy Handley
A signed picture from the T.V. series Dixon of Dock Green which is on display at Milton Keynes Police Station.
Isle of Thanet Gazette 5th June 1981
Farewell to famous
'ordinary copper'
Hundreds of fans gathered to pay their last respects to the country's best-loved "policeman," actor Jack Warner, at Margate Crematorium on Monday.
They were joined by delegations of policemen who had met and known Mr. Warner during the 21 years he had portrayed "Dixon of Dock Green."
Officers lined the route with admirers from as far away as Wales and Newcastle during the 25-minute service, conducted by the Rev. John Went, Vicar of Holy Trinity, Margate.
Margate's Chief Ins. Ray Bing and Sgt. Bob Bugden who met Mr. Warner many times while they were stationed at Broadstairs, were joined by Supt. Mike Whitfield and Deputy Divisional Commander Desmond Ladd.
Six Margate Constables stood as guards-of-honour outside the chapel. They were P.C.s Brian Atkinson, Chris Boots, Michael Stratton, Liam Coyle, Michael Humphries and Mel Batterbee.
A sixteen man representation from the Metropolitan Police was led by Deputy Assistant Commissioner George Rushbrook and Commander John Atkins.
Among the mourners were officers from the Kensington District, where Mr. Warner lived while in London, and Paddington Green, where the "Dixon" series was based.
One of them, P.C. Ron Spendloff, said: "We were very friendly with Mr. Warner and attended his 85th birthday party last year. He was just like a policeman to us."
Scores of floral tributes were displayed in the chapel courtyard from friends, relatives and admirers.
They included wreathes from the Thanet Male Voice Choir, the Sussex and Kent Police Forces and the ranks of the 5 th Royal Inniskillin Dragoon Guards.
One, from the public information department at New Scotland Yard, bore the inscription: "With fond memories for a charming character who served the Metropolitan Police and the public so well through the media and television."
"His warmth and understanding of the problems of London Police Constables will long be remembered with affection."
Mr. Warner died in the Royal Masonic Hospital, London, last week at the age of 85. He was taken into hospital two weeks ago suffering from pneumonia, and a week ago had an operation to amputate his right leg.
He and his wife Mollie lived at Porsea Cottage, Kingsgate, for 35 years and he was an active and well respected member of local organisations.
He rose to fame as the fatherly, old-style policeman George Dixon. He first played the part in the film "The Blue Lamp," in which he was killed.
But the character was revived by the author, Lord (Ted) Willis, who was present at the funeral, and become one of the most popular series on television.
The crematorium chapel proved too small to hold all the mourners, and many stood outside in rows three deep throughout the service.
Among them were Mr. James Robinson, his friend Mr. Tom Hopkirk and their families, who travelled from Newcastle and Mrs. Megan Davies from Porthcawl, South Wales.
Police Officers lined the route to pay their last respects. The famous "Dixon of Dock Green" theme tune was played
as Mr. Warner's coffin entered the chapel. It had been requested by his widow, Mollie.
Mr. Warner's widow Mollie (front) and his sister Elsie visit the chapel
courtyard, where scores of floral tributes to Mr. Warner were displayed.
As a resident of Thanet for 35 years, Mr. Warner attended many police functions. The last occasion was when he opened the new police club at Ramsgate three years ago (1978).
He was made honorary member of the Margate and Ramsgate Forces in the 1950s.
These past events were recalled by his widow Mollie on Monday when he spoke to Margate's Chief Inspector Ray Bing (right) Superintendent Mike Whitfield, Deputy Divisional Commanded Desmond Ladd and other officers.
Hundreds of fans were at Margate Crematorium on Monday to give the nations favourite policeman, Mr. Jack Warner, a film stars farewell.
"Evening all."
Hundreds of fans were at Margate Crematorium on Monday to give the nations favourite policeman, Mr. Jack Warner, a film stars farewell.
| Jack Warner |
Who was Bristol born Archibald Leach better known as? | Dixon of Dock Green - Father In Law Pt1 - YouRepeat
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Dixon of Dock Green
Dixon of Dock Green was a BBC television series about daily life at a London police station, with the emphasis on petty crime, successfully controlled through common sense and human understanding. The central character was a mature and sympathetic police constable, George Dixon, played by Jack Warner in all of the 432 episodes, from 1955 to 1976. The series contrasted sharply with later programmes such as Z-Cars, reflecting a more aggressive policing culture, but retained a faithful following, being voted second most popular programme on British TV in 1961.
First episode: July 9, 1955
| i don't know |
Which English all-rounder announced his retirement from cricket in July 1993? | 10 Best Cricket All Rounders Ever - List Dose
10 Best Cricket All Rounders Ever
Article by anitha ,
August 2, 2014
Hailing from a country that worships cricket, cricketers become our gods. All rounder cricketers are rare, they are a brilliant combination of grit, strength, confidence and most of all, great skills. Who doesn’t love a cricketer who can bowl and bat with the same ease and skill? Over the decades that the cricketing legacy spans through, once in a while an all rounder comes to the center to amaze and inspire the million plus audience that relishes and follows the game. For those of you that love cricket, here is a list of the ten most amazing and awe-inspiring cricket all rounders to have graced the world with their presence.
10.Tony Greig
Born on 6th October 1946, he was an English test cricket all-rounder. He is often regarded by the cricketing community as one of England’s finest cricketing all-rounders. He hails from a family of a number of first-class level playing cricketers. His own brother, Ian Greig is also a well known test cricket playing cricketer. Towards the end of his career as a player, he turned commentator. He also captained the English team for a period of two years between the years 1975 to 1977. He also brought upon himself many controversies owing to statements made in what was considered to be in bad taste against the West Indian team. He passed away at the age of sixty-six in Sydney owing to lung cancer.
9. Shaun Pollock
Shaun Pollock, a South African cricketer, is a right handed batsman and a right armed fast medium bowler. A line and length seam bowler, he has a cricketing legacy handed down to him from a family of fine cricketers. After playing three hundred and three One Day International cricket matches, he announced his retirement from all forma of the game in the year 2008. He made his test debut in the year 1995 against England. He is the first South African player to have taken 400 test wickets, and is the tenth player world over to have achieved the feat.
8. Jacques Kallis
When we speak of all-rounders, there is no way one would forget the two words: Jacques Kallis. A South African cricketer, Kallis made his test debut in the year 1995 in a test match against England, and made his debut in One Day International cricket in the following year, also in a match against England. He is a right handed batsman and a right handed fast medium swing bowler. He holds the world record of being perhaps the only cricketer to have made 11,000 runs and taken 250 wickets in the two major formats of the game: Test and ODI. This year, 2013, Kallis was named one of Wisden cricketers of the year.
7. Richard Benaud
Often referred to as Richie Benaud, he is one of the greatest test all rounders the sport has ever seen. He helped Australia gain the top spot, a legacy that continues even today. He helped bring back the ashes, which his team was able to do twice under his able captaincy. He was a vivacious and versatile batsman as well as a bowler and he managed pack his flexible skill set with a punch, effectively putting the opposite team in jeopardy, along with his able team-mates. He was described to be one of the most influential cricketers since the second world-war by Gideon Haigh. In 2009, ICC included him in their coveted ICC Cricket Hall of Fame and two years before that he was made part of the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame. He also holds the record for being the third cricketer in cricketing history to make the fastest century (38 minutes) in terms of time on pitch, not balls faced and the second Australian to have achieved this milestone. Richie Benaud is also the author of fourteen books, all of them about the glorious sport that he contributed so much too. His contributions to the sport are not limited to playing on field and writing about it, they are multi-faceted in nature.
6. Richard Hadlee
Sir Richard Hadlee was knighted in the year 1990 for his services towards the sport of cricket. He is one of the most prominent all-rounders in cricketing history. He was a right arm pace bowler and an aggressive left-handed middle order batsman. He was named Wisden cricketer of the year in 1982. Hadlee is one of the greatest cricketers New Zealand has ever produced. He is often regarded as the best exponent of a new ball. He ended his career with 431 wickets, which was the highest record at the time of his retirement. He was brilliant with conventional swing. In the year 2002, he was named by Wisden as the second to greatest fast bowler of all time.
5. Keith Miller
The name rings a pretty loud bell, doesn’t it? Keith Miller was a brilliant war-time cricketer who played for Australia, arguably one of the most brilliant figures who have graced the sport with their existence. An English journalist Ian Woolridge, called Keith Miller the ‘golden boy’ of cricket. Born on 28 November, 1919, Keith Miller could bowl as skilfully as he could bat. He was a favourite among the audience for being able to deliver deliveries that left the batsmen baffled. He was an acrobatic fielder who never failed to impress. Keith Miller was also called ‘the nugget’, a name that owes it’s origin to his famous christening as ‘the golden boy’ by the cricketing world. He served in the war, as a pilot for the Australian Royal Air-Force. Keith Miller passed away at the age of 84 in the year 2004.
4. Kapil Dev
A list of all-rounders would be incomplete without that cricketing all-rounder who brought home the 1983 world cup. The captain of the 1983 world-cup winning team was a right handed batsman and a right-armed medium fast bowler. He was named Wisden Indian cricketer of the century in the year 2002. What many people do not know is that this brilliant cricketer also coached the Indian cricketing team for a period of 10 months between the years 1999 to 2000. Nicknamed the Haryana Hurricane, this man is arguably India’s greatest ever all-rounder. He hails from an era of gifted fast-bowlers. He delivered brilliant out swingers, his career ended as the highest test wicket taker of his time at 435 wickets. As a batsman, he has won India several matches, most famously, his knock in the 1983 world cup against Zimbabwe.
3. Imran Khan
Imran Khan is a versatile cricketing all-rounder. His bowling style is of note, he could bowl left-hand orthodox spin, fast-medium and wrist-spin with equal ease. He is considered to be one of the greatest cricketer’s that Pakistan has given to the world. He is amongst a handful few to achieve the all-rounder’s triple i.e. 3,000 runs and 300 wickets. He achieved this coveted record in a total of 75 matches. Educated at Oxford, he is often described as rational, realistic and calm as the captain of the Pakistani National Team that flourished to newer highs during his captaincy. He was a charming cricketer who is often considered to have literally swept the cricketing world. Today a successful politician who is cooking up a storm in the political world, his spectators say that neither his cricket nor his politics are driven by vengeance.
2. Sir Ian Botham
He is considered to be the greatest English all-rounder by the cricketing world, and rightfully so. It is often believed, and said, that he made all the difference between a dismal English team and a dominating one. He holds the record of being the fastest cricketing all-rounder to reach 100 wickets and 3,000 runs, the all-rounder’s triple in a staggering 72 matches only. He is a present day cricket commentator. He is referred to as ‘Beefy’ fondly among the cricket community. He holds the record for being the highest wicket taking English player. In 1978, he was named as one of the five Wisden cricketers of the year. Ian Botham achieved the benchmark of making a 100 runs and taking 5 wickets in an innings in the same match an awe-inspiring 5 times. He is only one of the only two players in cricketing history to make 100 runs and taken 10 wickets in the same innings in the same match, the only other man to have achieved this benchmark being Imran Khan. He was knighted in the year 2007 by Queen Elizabeth II for his service to the sport of cricket.
1. Sir Gary Sobers
Sir Garfield Sobers, knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his contributions to the sport of cricket in the year 1975, is widely considered to be the greatest cricket all rounder to have ever played the game. He played for the West Indian national team. He made his test debut against England in the year 1954. In the year 1958, Sir Gary Sobers scored his maiden century making a world record of being the highest individual score in cricketing history which was broken years after, in the year of 1994 by none other than Brian Lara who scored a baffling 375 in effect becoming the highest individual run scorer. A left handed batsmen and a fast medium left handed orthodox bowler, he was the captain of the West Indian cricket team for seven years between the years 1965 to 1972. He was only seventeen years of age when he made his test debut. He was dubbed ‘The National Hero of Barbados’ in the year 1998, which is the reason behind the prefix ‘The Right Excellent’ before his name. This honour is shared by only nine other individuals and Gary Sobers is the only living recipient of this high honour. He received the Wisden Cricketer of the year award in the year 1964. He was awarded the Wisden Cricketer of the century award in the year 2000. Words and figures cannot adequately describe this legendary cricketer’s contributions to the sport.
Related posts:
| Ian Botham |
What attraction opened its gates for the first time in Mame-la-Vallee, Paris in 1992? | 10 Best Cricket All Rounders Ever - List Dose
10 Best Cricket All Rounders Ever
Article by anitha ,
August 2, 2014
Hailing from a country that worships cricket, cricketers become our gods. All rounder cricketers are rare, they are a brilliant combination of grit, strength, confidence and most of all, great skills. Who doesn’t love a cricketer who can bowl and bat with the same ease and skill? Over the decades that the cricketing legacy spans through, once in a while an all rounder comes to the center to amaze and inspire the million plus audience that relishes and follows the game. For those of you that love cricket, here is a list of the ten most amazing and awe-inspiring cricket all rounders to have graced the world with their presence.
10.Tony Greig
Born on 6th October 1946, he was an English test cricket all-rounder. He is often regarded by the cricketing community as one of England’s finest cricketing all-rounders. He hails from a family of a number of first-class level playing cricketers. His own brother, Ian Greig is also a well known test cricket playing cricketer. Towards the end of his career as a player, he turned commentator. He also captained the English team for a period of two years between the years 1975 to 1977. He also brought upon himself many controversies owing to statements made in what was considered to be in bad taste against the West Indian team. He passed away at the age of sixty-six in Sydney owing to lung cancer.
9. Shaun Pollock
Shaun Pollock, a South African cricketer, is a right handed batsman and a right armed fast medium bowler. A line and length seam bowler, he has a cricketing legacy handed down to him from a family of fine cricketers. After playing three hundred and three One Day International cricket matches, he announced his retirement from all forma of the game in the year 2008. He made his test debut in the year 1995 against England. He is the first South African player to have taken 400 test wickets, and is the tenth player world over to have achieved the feat.
8. Jacques Kallis
When we speak of all-rounders, there is no way one would forget the two words: Jacques Kallis. A South African cricketer, Kallis made his test debut in the year 1995 in a test match against England, and made his debut in One Day International cricket in the following year, also in a match against England. He is a right handed batsman and a right handed fast medium swing bowler. He holds the world record of being perhaps the only cricketer to have made 11,000 runs and taken 250 wickets in the two major formats of the game: Test and ODI. This year, 2013, Kallis was named one of Wisden cricketers of the year.
7. Richard Benaud
Often referred to as Richie Benaud, he is one of the greatest test all rounders the sport has ever seen. He helped Australia gain the top spot, a legacy that continues even today. He helped bring back the ashes, which his team was able to do twice under his able captaincy. He was a vivacious and versatile batsman as well as a bowler and he managed pack his flexible skill set with a punch, effectively putting the opposite team in jeopardy, along with his able team-mates. He was described to be one of the most influential cricketers since the second world-war by Gideon Haigh. In 2009, ICC included him in their coveted ICC Cricket Hall of Fame and two years before that he was made part of the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame. He also holds the record for being the third cricketer in cricketing history to make the fastest century (38 minutes) in terms of time on pitch, not balls faced and the second Australian to have achieved this milestone. Richie Benaud is also the author of fourteen books, all of them about the glorious sport that he contributed so much too. His contributions to the sport are not limited to playing on field and writing about it, they are multi-faceted in nature.
6. Richard Hadlee
Sir Richard Hadlee was knighted in the year 1990 for his services towards the sport of cricket. He is one of the most prominent all-rounders in cricketing history. He was a right arm pace bowler and an aggressive left-handed middle order batsman. He was named Wisden cricketer of the year in 1982. Hadlee is one of the greatest cricketers New Zealand has ever produced. He is often regarded as the best exponent of a new ball. He ended his career with 431 wickets, which was the highest record at the time of his retirement. He was brilliant with conventional swing. In the year 2002, he was named by Wisden as the second to greatest fast bowler of all time.
5. Keith Miller
The name rings a pretty loud bell, doesn’t it? Keith Miller was a brilliant war-time cricketer who played for Australia, arguably one of the most brilliant figures who have graced the sport with their existence. An English journalist Ian Woolridge, called Keith Miller the ‘golden boy’ of cricket. Born on 28 November, 1919, Keith Miller could bowl as skilfully as he could bat. He was a favourite among the audience for being able to deliver deliveries that left the batsmen baffled. He was an acrobatic fielder who never failed to impress. Keith Miller was also called ‘the nugget’, a name that owes it’s origin to his famous christening as ‘the golden boy’ by the cricketing world. He served in the war, as a pilot for the Australian Royal Air-Force. Keith Miller passed away at the age of 84 in the year 2004.
4. Kapil Dev
A list of all-rounders would be incomplete without that cricketing all-rounder who brought home the 1983 world cup. The captain of the 1983 world-cup winning team was a right handed batsman and a right-armed medium fast bowler. He was named Wisden Indian cricketer of the century in the year 2002. What many people do not know is that this brilliant cricketer also coached the Indian cricketing team for a period of 10 months between the years 1999 to 2000. Nicknamed the Haryana Hurricane, this man is arguably India’s greatest ever all-rounder. He hails from an era of gifted fast-bowlers. He delivered brilliant out swingers, his career ended as the highest test wicket taker of his time at 435 wickets. As a batsman, he has won India several matches, most famously, his knock in the 1983 world cup against Zimbabwe.
3. Imran Khan
Imran Khan is a versatile cricketing all-rounder. His bowling style is of note, he could bowl left-hand orthodox spin, fast-medium and wrist-spin with equal ease. He is considered to be one of the greatest cricketer’s that Pakistan has given to the world. He is amongst a handful few to achieve the all-rounder’s triple i.e. 3,000 runs and 300 wickets. He achieved this coveted record in a total of 75 matches. Educated at Oxford, he is often described as rational, realistic and calm as the captain of the Pakistani National Team that flourished to newer highs during his captaincy. He was a charming cricketer who is often considered to have literally swept the cricketing world. Today a successful politician who is cooking up a storm in the political world, his spectators say that neither his cricket nor his politics are driven by vengeance.
2. Sir Ian Botham
He is considered to be the greatest English all-rounder by the cricketing world, and rightfully so. It is often believed, and said, that he made all the difference between a dismal English team and a dominating one. He holds the record of being the fastest cricketing all-rounder to reach 100 wickets and 3,000 runs, the all-rounder’s triple in a staggering 72 matches only. He is a present day cricket commentator. He is referred to as ‘Beefy’ fondly among the cricket community. He holds the record for being the highest wicket taking English player. In 1978, he was named as one of the five Wisden cricketers of the year. Ian Botham achieved the benchmark of making a 100 runs and taking 5 wickets in an innings in the same match an awe-inspiring 5 times. He is only one of the only two players in cricketing history to make 100 runs and taken 10 wickets in the same innings in the same match, the only other man to have achieved this benchmark being Imran Khan. He was knighted in the year 2007 by Queen Elizabeth II for his service to the sport of cricket.
1. Sir Gary Sobers
Sir Garfield Sobers, knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his contributions to the sport of cricket in the year 1975, is widely considered to be the greatest cricket all rounder to have ever played the game. He played for the West Indian national team. He made his test debut against England in the year 1954. In the year 1958, Sir Gary Sobers scored his maiden century making a world record of being the highest individual score in cricketing history which was broken years after, in the year of 1994 by none other than Brian Lara who scored a baffling 375 in effect becoming the highest individual run scorer. A left handed batsmen and a fast medium left handed orthodox bowler, he was the captain of the West Indian cricket team for seven years between the years 1965 to 1972. He was only seventeen years of age when he made his test debut. He was dubbed ‘The National Hero of Barbados’ in the year 1998, which is the reason behind the prefix ‘The Right Excellent’ before his name. This honour is shared by only nine other individuals and Gary Sobers is the only living recipient of this high honour. He received the Wisden Cricketer of the year award in the year 1964. He was awarded the Wisden Cricketer of the century award in the year 2000. Words and figures cannot adequately describe this legendary cricketer’s contributions to the sport.
Related posts:
| i don't know |
In what year did the National Lottery begin in Britain? | BBC ON THIS DAY | 19 | 1994: Britain braced for first lottery draw
1994: Britain braced for first lottery draw
An estimated jackpot of �7m may be won tonight in Britain's first ever lottery draw.
A �1 ticket gives you a one-in-14-million chance of striking lucky and guessing correctly the winning six out of 49 numbers.
The lottery operator Camelot says around 15 million players have already bought some 35 million tickets from licensed retailers.
The money raised from ticket sales will help fund the arts, sports, charities, national heritage and millennium celebrations.
'Everyone wins'
Prime Minister John Major launched the ticket sales just under a week ago.
He said, "The country will be a lot richer because of the lottery. It is in every sense the people's lottery."
The game has certainly gripped the public's imagination. Around seven million tickets were sold within 12 hours of the launch and it is expected that final sales could reach �45m.
Twenty five million people are expected to tune into BBC One's live lottery draw show hosted by Noel Edmonds, Anthea Turner and Gordon Kennedy tonight.
Forty nine contestants - one for each lottery number -have been chosen from thousands to participate in an "It's a Knockout" style competition as part of the show.
The victor gets the chance to press the button on the prize machine, launching Britain's first lottery draw since 1826.
A �10m computer will randomly select the winning numbers that will roll down one by one into a display rack.
The machine will then check for a winning combination and calculate the size of the jackpot.
The computer will reveal whether there is a top prize winner within half an hour but cross-checking could take as long as four hours.
Telephone staff will be waiting to get a call from the winner as soon as the numbers are picked.
Once officials have established that a claim is genuine, a team will drive the winner to the nearest Camelot office.
| 1994 |
In what year was the first sub-surface atomic bomb detonated at Bikini Atoll? | Results | The National Lottery
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Average number of winners and millionaires each week based on National Lottery prizes won throughout 2013.
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Which world record did Jonathon Edwards smash in 1995? | Jonathan Edwards Breaks the Triple Jump World Record - YouTube
Jonathan Edwards Breaks the Triple Jump World Record
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Uploaded on Dec 6, 2007
At the 1995 Goetenburg World Championships Jonathan Edwards enters the record breaking zone. This chap takes excellence to another level.
Category
| Triple jump |
Who was the author of 1990 novel 'House of Cards'? | BBC Wales - Colin Jackson's Raise Your Game - Lessons from the legends - Jonathan Edwards
Colin Jackson's Raise Your Game
2012
Jonathan Edwards
The world triple jump record holder had to overcome many odds in his career, not least being called 'titch'!
Believe in yourself
I did all kinds of sport at school but I focused mainly on my studies. Sport was for fun and I took academics seriously. I did my O-levels, A-levels and went to university. I was always held back by the fact that I was very small, I was called 'titch' at school! Maybe with athletics the size thing was less of an issue.
I won the English schools triple jump even though I wasn't that good. I went and studied physics at university, and it was my dad who pushed me, I think he had this idea that I could be a bit better than maybe I believed I could be.
I represented the Amateur Athletics Association (AAA) at Loughborough in my last year at university and I took part in the World Student Games in Zagreb in 1987, where I finished 9th.
Profile
1990 - Silver medal, Commonwealth Games, Auckland, New Zealand
1993 - Bronze medal, World Championships, Stuttgart, Germany
1994 - Silver medal, Commonwealth Games, Victoria, Canada
1995 - Gold medal, World Championships, Gothenburg, Sweden. Set world record of 18.29m.
1995 - BBC Sports Personality of the Year
1995 - IAFF Athlete of the Year
1996 - Silver medal, Atlanta Olympics
1997 - Silver medal, World Championships, Athens, Greece
1998 - Gold medal, European Championships, Budapest, Hungary
1999 - Bronze medal, World Championships, Seville, Spain
2000 - Gold medal, Sydney Olympics
2000 - World number 1
2001 - Gold medal, World Championships, Edmonton, Canada
2002 - Gold medal, Commonwealth Games, Manchester, England
Never say never
I went to university to get a proper degree to get a job and I remember filling in application forms to work for banks. I didn't really know what I wanted to do, and then my father pushed me and said "Look, you should give athletics a go".
I moved to Newcastle, without a job or anywhere to live, just a room in a friend's house.Karl Johnson was coaching me and I thought 'Well we'll see what happens.'
I ended up working in a hospital in genetics, doing chromosome analysis, through the day and training in the evening. Looking back now - I was mad!
When I left university I jumped 16.35m in some small meeting in Derby, and at that stage the World Junior record was 17.50m. It was a different league. You wouldn't have picked me out as a potential Olympic champion or World Record holder at that stage I don't think.
Don't underestimate the hard work involved
I'd done no training really for the 1988 Seoul Olympics. I mean I hadn't trained at school and only did the odd bit of training at university. I got by on natural talent. I've got a letter from Karl Johnson saying 'Unless you buck your ideas up you're wasting my time and your talent.' I think at that stage I didn't understand it wasn't enough to just be talented, you had to work very, very hard indeed.
I remember a newspaper article quoting Frank Dick, my old national coach, saying it takes 5% talent and 95% hard work, and I thought 'Well the guy's an idiot, he clearly doesn't know what he's talking about.' But I didn't appreciate then just how much hard work I would need to put in. I think the Seoul Olympics helped me to understand the fact that if I was going to make the Barcelona Olympics in four years' time, then something had to change because I just wasn't in the same league as these other guys.
Less can be more
I'd had 1993 which was my big break-through and I thought 'I'm just going to go hell for leather in 1994 and do even better again.' But I had a bit of a virus and I think I over-trained through it. I ended up running myself right down so had nothing in the tank in 1994. That was one of the lowest points in my career.
I understood that actually my physiology is quite fragile and for me less is more, rather than the other way round. So I started to jump well in training, but I never imagined that I would do what I did when I jumped 17.58m to break the British record first meeting out in Loughborough.
Have confidence - believe in yourself
I think I've always been an athlete who produces his best in a championship where it matters the most. You've got to wait for that moment and, scared as I used to get with all sorts of negative scenarios going through my mind, I came to understand that when I stood on the runway in a championship that was when I was going to do it for the most part.
You have your bad days, but I had confidence in my ability, deep down beneath all of that insecurity I have. I can jump when it matters. So it's that kind of excitement as well as fear mingled in together.
Fear is the greatest motivator
If you look back on the footage (of when I broke the World Record in Gothenburg in 1995 with my first jump) you can see I've got a big smile on my face. It's interesting because as my career progressed I became known for not doing very many jumps, basically once I'd got one out and won a competition that was it, I'd done what I needed to do. Fear is the greatest motivator, and I think the second round was certainly that. There was a sense of celebration and of enjoying this, and there's a grin on my face. Not that I didn't go for the first one, but there was a lack of inhibition that had been in the first one, a lack of tension.
Success is for life
I think I appreciate it more now that I've retired than I did at the time, I think at the time I couldn't get my head round it at all. I think it's something to do with the nature of the beast, you're always looking forward to the next challenge. In the end a World Record is only for your personal best, and so you're looking to go beyond that.
But now I've retired, I get much more of a buzz from it. I feel very proud in a positive way about what happened in Gothenberg, and about my achievements.
The thing that kept me going through my career was a sense of purpose, the question 'Why do I do what I do?' - and I had a very clear answer to that.
The philosopher Nietzsche says "He who has a reason why, can endure almost any how." So you can put yourself through whatever you need to to get the job done because you have a reason why you do it.
For me the thing that I understood throughout my career is the questions you ask yourself, most importantly being 'Why are you doing what you are doing?' If you can come up with a good answer to that, then that will sustain you.
See also
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Who married Elizabeth Taylor in 1991 to become her eighth husband? | Elizabeth Taylor's Last Husband Tells All About Their Marriage
Elizabeth Taylor's Last Husband Tells All About Their Marriage
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Kevin Mazur/Getty
After years of silence, Larry Fortensky, the construction worker who met Elizabeth Taylor in rehab and became her eighth and final husband, has opened up about their years together – and their conversation just days before the screen legend died last month at 79.
“She was going into hospital the next day,” Fortensky, 59, tells Britain’s Daily Mail of their final talk. “I thought she was going to be okay. I told her she would outlive me. She said, ‘Larry, I’m going to be okay.’ ”
It was the coda to the most unlikely of romances between the most famous actress of her generation and a man 20 years her junior who couldn’t have been more anonymous.
They met at the Betty Ford Clinic in 1998. “Elizabeth was in there for pills, I was in there for beer,” Fortensky says. “I knew who she was, of course, but I can’t tell you that I remember watching any of her films.”
They bonded quickly. “She was funny and sweet, and the more I got to know her, the sweeter she became,” he says. “Of course, she was very pretty, and I wasn’t too bad looking in those days, either. We had an instant physical attraction.”
Yearning to Be Free
They were married in 1991 at a lavish ceremony at Michael Jackson’s Neverland ranch. And they had several happy years together. Fortensky points to a picture of Taylor frolicking in the snow, taken in Switzerland in 1992. “We were in bed, and she sat up and said, ‘I want to make a snow angel.’ She grabbed a fur coat and put it over her nightdress,” he says.
“That’s how I remember Elizabeth. She had a childishness about her. She was 20 years older than me, but I never felt she was old.”
The spotlight on their marriage – and on them – placed a strain on the relationship. “Those cameras everywhere,” he says. “Elizabeth was used to it. I never got used to it.”
They split in 1996 but would remain friends and – just as Taylor did with another husband , John Warner – they spoke regularly, right up until her death.
“I have wonderful memories of my time with Elizabeth, and I will treasure her memory forever,” he says. “I love her. I always will. And I know she loved me, too.”
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| Larry Fortensky |
At which racecourse will you find the grave of racehorse 'Red Rum? | Elizabeth Taylor Files for 8th Divorce - latimes
Elizabeth Taylor Files for 8th Divorce
February 06, 1996 |MILES CORWIN | TIMES STAFF WRITER
After Elizabeth Taylor and Welsh actor Richard Burton divorced in 1973, she offered a lofty explanation for the breakup: "We have loved each other too much."
After she filed for divorce Monday from her seventh husband, construction worker Larry Fortensky, her explanation was prosaic: "irreconcilable differences."
"The whole thing will be worked out amicably between Elizabeth and Larry," said Taylor's attorney, Neil Papiano. "They are both very sorry matters didn't work out, but they still have great respect and love for each other."
While the situation may appear final to Fortensky, he could take note of events that followed Taylor's 1973 split from Burton. Sixteen months after the divorce, they remarried and Burton, once her fifth husband, then became her sixth.
They did not, however, stay married long. They re-divorced eight months later. Taylor recuperated quickly from the trauma of two marriages and two divorces with the same man. Six months after the second divorce was final she married her seventh husband, U.S. Sen. John W. Warner. They divorced in 1982, after which Taylor stayed single almost an entire decade.
Taylor, 63, whose last hit movie was 30 years ago, is famous for being famous. And a good part of her celebrity, many believe, are her marriages to rich, talented or powerful men. Larry Fortensky was the departure.
He drove a Caterpillar dirt compactor for a living and was a member of Teamsters Local 420 in Los Angeles. His union classified him as a "construction driver." Taylor referred to him as an "employee of a large engine equipment company."
Their storied meeting could be characterized as a match made in a detoxification center. They met at the Betty Ford Clinic in Rancho Mirage in 1988. Taylor was there for drug treatment. Fortensky's stay at the clinic, reportedly covered under his Teamsters insurance policy, followed a drunk-driving conviction.
In 1991, Taylor announced: "I always said I would get married one more time and with God's blessings, this is it, forever." Forever lasted 40 months.
But despite their many differences and the 20-year gap in their ages, Taylor married for the eighth time.
Last August, Taylor and the former construction worker announced their trial separation.
"Larry and I both need our space now," Taylor said at the time. "We both hope this is only temporary."
It wasn't. At least for now.
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In what year did US airline 'Pan Am' fold? | Pan Am about to make its final exit - USATODAY.com
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PAN AMERICAN AIRWAYS TIMELINE
1927 With Juan T. Trippe as chief, three companies merge to form the airline. Carries mail to Havana from Miami.
1937 Begins seaplane service between the USA and Europe.
1930s Adopts nautical-style uniforms to compete with ocean liners.
Nov. 22, 1935 Makes first flight from San Francisco to Honolulu to Hong Kong to Auckland, New Zealand, in a Martin M-130 Flying Boat.
1943 President Franklin Roosevelt becomes the first U.S. president to fly abroad aboard Pan Am's Dixie Clipper.
Oct. 26, 1958 Pan Am Boeing 707 makes the first jet-powered trans-Atlantic commercial flight.
April 1966 Places initial order for 25 Boeing 747s, the world's first jumbo jet.
Jan. 21, 1970 Pan Am's Clipper Victor makes first scheduled commercial trans-oceanic flight by a 747.
1973 Arab oil embargo causes Pan Am to suffer significant financial losses from high fuel costs.
1980 Pan Am acquires National Airlines to better compete in a newly deregulated U.S. industry.
1986 Pan Am sells its Pacific Division to United Airlines.
Dec. 21, 1988 Flight 103 blows up over Lockerbie, Scotland, shortly after departing London for New York. 270 people killed.
October 1990 Sells its London route rights to United.
Jan. 8, 1991 Files for bankruptcy protection.
Dec. 4, 1991 Shuts down.
Jan. 31, 2001 Libyan intelligence agent Abdel Basset Ali al-Megrahi convicted of the Flight 103 bombing.
Feb. 18, 2005 Pan Am, its insurers and Libyan negotiators settle a long-running civil lawsuit over the bombing of Flight 103. Libya agrees to pay an undisclosed sum to insurers and $33 million to Pan Am, of which about $30 million is to be split among ticket holders and former employees.
December 2006 Final distribution checks to be mailed to about 15,000 former Pan Am employees, 8,000 ticket holders and 1,500 other creditors.
SEARCHING FOR THOSE ELIGIBLE
The Pan Am Liquidation Trust has been unable to find thousands of former employees, ticket holders and creditors owed money in the final payout. If those people don't come forward, their share of the final $30 million payout will be divided among those who are known.
To notify the trust of your eligibility, or of the eligibility of someone you know, contact the trust's representative at Wells Fargo Bank at 866-631-0175. More information is available at the trust's Web site, http://www.panamliquidationtrust.com/ .
Pan Am about to make its final exit
Updated 10/31/2006 9:57 AM ET
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By Dan Reed, USA TODAY
It's been nearly 15 years, but Jim Kane still dreams at night about his old company, Pan American World Airways.
"They're vivid dreams," says the former maintenance contract manager at Pan Am's old hangar at New York John F. Kennedy Airport. "I see specific assignments I worked on, lots of details, specific people I worked with."
Come December, maybe those dreams can stop.
That's when Kane and about 15,000 other former employees of what was touted as "The World's Most Experienced Airline" will receive their final paychecks. An additional 8,000 people who held tickets on Pan Am at the time of its shutdown in December 1991 are also in line for payments, as are about 1,500 other creditors.
The checks won't be large, probably only a few hundred dollars on average for former employees, says New York attorney Walter Curchack, head of the Pan Am Liquidation Trust. They will be about 5 or 6 cents on the dollar of what the recipients were owed when the company collapsed.
The money, the first to be paid to creditors of the Pan Am estate in 10 years, is coming from a $30 million legal settlement with Libya in the long-running civil lawsuit over the downing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, on Dec. 21, 1988.
In 2001, Libyan intelligence agent Abdel Basset Ali al-Megrahi was convicted of the Flight 103 bombing. That permitted attention to turn to issues of civil law. It's taken an additional five years for Libya to settle the civil damages with the liquidation trust and with insurers of the plane. Separately, Libya has paid benefits to victims' families.
Once the settlement checks are sent out, Curchack will shut down the Pan Am Liquidation Trust, and the last legal vestige of the original corporate entity founded in 1927 will cease to exist.
Of course, Pan Am hasn't really been an airline since Dec. 4, 1991, when it shut down after Delta Air Lines walked away from a possible deal to buy it. A good argument can be made that it wasn't much of one for years before that because of its serious financial difficulties.
Until the 1970s, Pan Am had been known as "The Chosen Instrument." It earned that nickname because U.S. government policymakers favored it when deciding which carriers would be authorized to carry U.S. travelers to foreign lands. Though privately owned, Pan Am received the same kind of favorable treatment as government-owned foreign carriers.
In the 1930s and early 1940s, the government allowed only Pan Am to fly outside the USA. International routes began to open up in the late 1940s. TWA received authority to fly to Europe; Braniff to Latin America, the predecessor of today's Northwest to Japan. Still, only Pan Am was allowed to serve all those regions, plus Africa, the Middle East and Central and South Asia.
The jet age was not kind to Pan Am. With its late 1950s orders for Boeing 707s and Douglas DC-8s, Pan Am was a pioneer of the technology that promised to shrink the globe and foster a boom in international travel. Yet the resulting surge in international travel also created lots of competition for Pan Am.
In 1966, when it persuaded Boeing to build the world's first jumbo jet, the 747, it was writing the beginning of its own economic end. Pan Am bought 72 of the big planes and operated as many as 64 of them at once.
The massive, bump-nosed 747 was a technological marvel and a thing of beauty to airline buffs. But it was so big that it became a financial albatross. Pan Am never could consistently fill its fleet of 747s with enough passengers to cover the expense of flying them.
Then, in 1978, the U.S. government deregulated the domestic air market. For decades, Pan Am had a near-monopoly on foreign routes and long had pummeled foreign airlines in competition for high-fare-paying U.S. business travelers flying abroad.
But under deregulation, it couldn't compete against other U.S. carriers as they expanded into foreign markets, fed by passengers and cash flowing from their sprawling domestic route networks.
Traveling in style
Pan Am itself never developed such a network. When it tried to buy one, it grossly overpaid for the former National Airlines.
The only net profits Pan Am reported in its last 20-plus years of operation came in those years when it sold off big chunks of itself: its landmark Manhattan headquarters building, a subsidiary that serviced the space shuttles, its rights to serve London's Heathrow Airport and, its crown jewel, the famed Pacific Division.
Finally, the Lockerbie bombing just before Christmas 1988 destroyed what confidence the traveling public still had in Pan Am. It entered Chapter 11 bankruptcy in January 1991 and managed to stay in the air for nearly a year after that by selling seats at well below cost and by selling assets.
For the most part, though, that's not the Pan Am that its former employees and loyal former customers remember. They remember the carrier that taught Americans how to travel in style.
"You'll never get on an airline that is as good as Pan Am was," says 83-year-old Mary Goshgarin, the unofficial keeper of the Pan Am flame. For 35 years she worked in the Clipper Club, Pan Am's lounge for VIPs at the Miami airport. Now she runs, on a strictly volunteer basis, the Pan Am Aware store, a treasure trove of Pan Am memorabilia at the Miami airport.
"We loved this company. This company was the best. We were family, still are," she says. She cried, she says, when she heard that the company that bought the rights to the Pan Am name and globe logo had begun plastering them on railroad freight cars.
Goshgarin is not among those who expect to receive a check from the Liquidation Trust in December. Most who will receive the payments were with the company up to its last day. Goshgarin, though, retired in spring 1991.
But she has a lot of friends who stayed to the very end. "They're excited about getting a little bit more money now. It won't be much. But they weren't planning on getting anything, so it's found money."
Ed Trippe won't be receiving any money, either. He spent 20 years as an executive at InterContinental Hotels, originally a Pan Am subsidiary. But the closing of the final chapter of the Pan Am saga is not without special meaning to him. He literally grew up with the company founded by his world famous father, Juan T. Trippe. Today, Ed Trippe is chairman of the Pan Am Historical Foundation.
"I can't say the closing of this final chapter brings any particular emotion," Trippe said from his office in Bermuda, where he is developing an exclusive hotel and resort community. But he's emotionally tied to the thousands of former employees and customers whose love for his father's old company continues unabated.
"What's really amazing to me is how many Pan Ammers around the world are still close and involved," Trippe says.
Last weekend, several thousand former Pan Am flight attendants gathered for the annual convention of their group, World Wings International. A pilots group, the Clipper Pioneers, still gathers.
"In some ways, Pan Am is more alive now than ever," says Jeff Kriendler, a South Florida resident who was the airline's last vice president of corporate communications. "In light of the quality of service on airlines today, there are lots of people out there still nursing fond memories of Pan Am's service."
Kriendler acknowledges that the air market barely skipped a beat when Pan Am went out of business.
"But you can say that about every airline that's gone out of business," he says. "Any hole left in the market by a carrier's demise is filled in almost overnight by other airlines."
The same can't be said for all the workers displaced by the shutdown of airlines such as Pan Am.
Fallout for workers
Kane, for example, was never able to fully capitalize on his years of experience in managing aircraft and engine maintenance operations. After Pan Am shut down, he discovered that the job market for experienced aircraft maintenance managers in their 50s was almost non-existent.
A job with a cargo carrier lasted only a few months. And there was a consulting gig with Tower Air, now out of business. Now, when asked if he's retired, the 68-year-old Kane's stock answer is, "Not voluntarily."
Kane says he expects a few hundred dollars in the liquidation, a fraction of the compensation he was owed. Enough time has passed that the event has little meaning for him. "The book on Pan Am has been closed for me for a long time now," he says.
His memories, like his dreams, are mostly fond ones. When people learn where he worked, "They always say how much they miss our service, how much they miss our planes. That makes me feel good about what kind of company we ran. And my wife and I got to travel the world. It was nice for us."
Posted 10/30/2006 11:58 PM ET
Updated 10/31/2006 9:57 AM ET
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In what year did US singer Del Shannon die? | everythingPanAm
The Virtual Pan Am Museum
Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) was founded on October 27, 1927 as America's first international airline. The small company began flying air mail between Key West, Florida and Havana, Cuba. Pan Am would grow to serve most major Latin American cities by the early 1930s. To the left is one of Pan Am's early Foker F-7 aircraft.
In 1935 Pan Am would begin Trans-Pacific service to Manila in the Philippines via Hawaii, Midway Island, Wake Island and Guam. Soon thereafter the Manila service would be extended onto Macau and then Hong Kong. The Pacific service was inaugurated with the famous Martin 130 "China Clipper" flying boat which is seen on the right.
In 1939 Pan Am would initiate Trans Atlantic service with the Boeing 314 "Yankee Clipper" (seen on the left) Two different routes were operated depending on the season. The northern route included stops in Newfoundland & Ireland en route to South Hampton, England. The southern route operated via Bermuda & the Azores en route to Lisbon, Portugal & Marseille, France. These routes would be curtailed and eliminated as hostilities spread throughout Europe with the outbreak of World War II.
At the out break of the war Pan Am had more experience with long distance flying than the US Air Force and was able to offer unparalleled assistance to the United States in building airports around the globe, training pilots, navigators and radio operators, ferrying supplies & aircraft as well as flying special critical missions. Pan Am's most famous flight of World War II was carrying President Roosevelt to Africa to meet with Stalin & Churchill. The President flew on his birthday and is seen on the right enjoying birthday cake aboard a Pan Am B314 Clipper.
After peace was declared in 1945 Pan Am looked to re-establish its pre-war route network - which had been exclusively international. Additionally, Pan Am wanted to add some key domestic "trunk" routes such as; New York-Miami & New York-Chicago-Los Angeles/San Francisco (proposed domestic route map on the left - click to enlarge). These route requests came at the same time that America's domestic airlines were given access to many of Pan Am's international routes; TWA was authorized to fly to Europe. Northwest Airlines was authorized to fly to Asia. United was authorized to fly to Hawaii and both Eastern & American were given access to Mexico & the Caribbean. Sadly, Pan Am was denied access to domestic routes until 1977 when the airline industry was deregulated. There are some who believe that by then it was too late for Pan Am to ever establish a strong domestic network and that the lack of domestic routes more than any other factor is what caused the demise of Pan Am.
In the post WWII environment Pan Am did re-establish much of its international route structure and traded its flying boats for smaller faster & safer land planes. In the late 1940s Pan Am's fleet was composed of Douglas DC3s, DC4s and Lockheed 049 & 749 "Constellations." An example of the DC4 can be seen on the right.
In 1947 Pan Am launched "Round the World" service with a Constellation departing New York and flying to San Francisco via points in Europe, The Middle East, India & Asia. The route of the first flight is shown on the right.
In 1949 Pan Am introduced the world to the Boeing 377, "Stratocruiser." This double deck piston aircraft offered sleeper seats & berths as well as a lower level lounge. The Stratocruiser was the height of 1950s flying luxury and would reign as queen of the skies until 1958 when Boeing 707 jet service was inaugurated.
To the right is Clipper Fleetwing, (N1037PA), on the ramp at Frankfurt airport. You can see the lower deck lounge windows of the Stratocruiser behind the wing.
Below on the left is a Pan Am ad from 1949 showing an artist's rendition of the famous lower deck lounge and a cut-a-way drawing of the Stratocruiser. On the right an ad from 1954 with the super deluxe amenities offered in the forward stateroom of the Stratocruiser.
Additionally, in the 1950s Pan Am would add both Douglass DC6s & DC7s to the fleet. These highly economical aircraft allowed Pan Am in 1952 to be the first international airline to petition for and inaugurate "tourist" (economy class) service on many international routes while continuing to expand it list of international destinations. To the right a Pan Am pilot & flight attendant stand at the nose of Clipper Liberty Bell, (N6519C) a DC 6 aircraft.
On October 26, 1958 Pan Am was the first US airline to begin jet service with the Boeing 707 from New York to Paris. Pan Am soon added the Douglass DC8 to the fleet and later in the 1960s would add both the Boeing 720 and Boeing 727-100. To the left a Pan Am 707 in-flight.
On January 10, 1970 Pan Am was the first airline to introduce the Boeing 747, "jumbo jet" to the world with service from New York to London. Pan Am would add up to 50 of this aircraft to the fleet. A 747 in Pan Am's inaugural livery is shown landing on the right.
In April of 1976 Pan Am was the first airline to introduce the Boeing 747SP (Special Performance) seen in flight on the left (click to enlarge). This smaller (by 47 feet) version of the 747 allowed Pan Am for many years to fly the longest non-stop flights in the world, including New York - Tokyo, New York- Dhahran , San Francisco - Hong Kong and Los Angeles - Sydney.
In 1978 Pan Am proposed a merger with National Airlines to allow the company to quickly acquire domestic routes with the advent of airline deregulation in the United States. Two other airlines, Texas International and Eastern Airlines began a bidding war driving up the price of the transaction while the US Justice Department reviewed the merger proposal for anti-trust implications. There are many who feel that in the end Pan Am paid too much for National Airlines but just to have purchased National's fleet of aircraft Pan Am would have paid nearly the price of the merger at $400 million.
In 1979 Pan Am upgraded its 747SP fleet with sleeper seats in first class shown below on the left. Pan Am called these seats "Sleeperettes" a name that was first used on the Boeing 377 Stratocruisers in the 1950s. The new generation of Sleeperette seats were an immediate success and in 1980 Pan Am upgraded its entire long haul fleet with sleeperettes in first class. Also in 1980 Pan Am was the first US airline and one of the first international airlines to offer a dedicated business class section on long haul flights. Pan Am called its business cabin "Clipper Class." A picture of Clipper Class circa 1987 is seen below on the right.
In January of 1980 the Pan Am - National merger was approved and over the next three years Pan Am would merge National's fleet of DC-10s and Boeing 727s as well as National's operations and personnel into the Pan Am network.
Also in 1980 Pan Am received the first of 12 Lockheed L1011-500s (seen on the right). This smaller version of the Lockheed Tri-star was put to use on long haul routes with less traffic than a 747 could support.
Finally, in 1980 that Pan Am sold the Pan Am building for $400 million.
In the summer of 1984 Pan Am signed an agreement with Airbus Industries to add A300s, A310s and A320s to the fleet. The A300s joined the fleet in the late fall of 1984 and the A310 began to arrive in the spring of 1986 making Pan Am the first US airline to fly the A310. An example of the A310-300 series can be seen on the left. The A320s never joined Pan Am. The production line slots were sold to Northwest Airlines.
In 1985 in an effort to stem losses and reduce debt Pan Am agreed to sell its Pacific route network to United. United assumed the routes in February of 1986. To the right a former Pan Am 747SP with a United tail logo and Pan Am racing stripe, (click on image to enlarge). United absorbed the Pan Am routes overnight and it took several months for United to repaint the 747SPs & L1011s acquired with the route purchase.
With the Pacific route sale Pan Am focused it's business on Europe, The Middle East, India, Pakistan, Africa, as well as Central & South America.
In December of 1988 Pan Am flight 103 en route from London to New York was blown up by a terrorist bomb over Lockerbie, Scotland with the loss of all 270 souls aboard. The controversy that surrounded the circumstances of the bombing would scare away customers severely weakening Pan Am. To the right, flying in happier days, is N739PA the aircraft lost at Lockerbie, (click on image to enlarge).
In the summer of 1990 just as Pan Am was rebounding from the Lockerbie bombing Iraq invaded Kuwait and many Americans canceled travel plans abroad. This hurt Pan Am greatly during the peak summer travel months. As America began to move troops to the Middle East in the fall of 1991 in preparation for Desert Storm potential customers continued to shy away from international travel. Pan Am was especially vulnerable as it had the least significant domestic network of all the major US airlines.
Pan Am files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in January of 1991 about three weeks before Operation Desert Storm commenced. In spite of its precarious financial situation Pan Am operated many troop charters prior to, during and after operation Desert Storm. The flights were operated with all volunteer crews and were staged from Pan Am's Frankfurt and Rome stations.
To the right Clipper Ocean Spray, (N744PA), proudly wearing a yellow ribbon arrives home with a soldier displaying the American flag from the cockpit escape hatch.
To pay off debt and remain in business Pan Am agreed to sell its North-east Shuttle and Atlantic routes to Delta Air Lines. Pan Am was to return to its roots flying between the US & Latin America.
Part of the sale agreement required Delta to both fund and support (marketing & code-share) Pan Am's new Latin venture. When the agreement was signed in the summer of 1991 Pan Am's senior management departed and Delta appointed Russell Ray to Shepard Pan Am through the transition. Throughout the late summer & early Fall of 1991 all Pan Am initiatives had to be approved by Delta. There was a great deal of foot dragging on all requests sent to Atlanta.
Delta took over the Pan Am Shuttle in September of 1991 and the Atlantic routes on November 1, 1991. Also on November 1st Pan Am II was launched. Pan Am II flew for a month with bases in New York & Miami.
To the left the first Delta 727 pulls up to the Pan Am shuttle gates at New York LaGuardia the day before Delta took over the operation (click on image to enlarge).
During the first few days of December meetings were held and Delta declared that Pan Am was "not making its numbers." Delta then decided to withdraw funding from Pan Am II and the company shut down on December 4, 1991.
Though Delta was correct in the "letter of the law" there are many who believe that in the "spirit of the law" Delta failed greatly in its commitment to seeing Pan Am survive - especially as Delta had tied Pan Am's hands in the summer & fall of 1991 when Pan Am needed to be taking initiatives to ensure the reorganized company would thrive. Thus ended the life of one of the world's greatest airlines.
To the right the "P" is missing from the top of the Pan Am building as the company logo was removed from its former Manhattan headquarters in 1992.
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Pan Am II (1996 - 1998)
In early 1996 some financial investors retained former Pan Am President, Martin Shugrue, to re-launch Pan Am. Based in Miami Pan Am II had hoped to launch service in May. However, due to changes in the certification process (that occurred during Pan Am's filing) the launch was postponed. The inaugural flights were New York - JFK to Miami & Los Angeles in September of 1996. Below a crew from Pan Am II pose with an Airbus A300. The white uniform jackets worn by the ladies were reminiscent of the white serving jackets worn by flight stewards of the original Pan Am in the 1950s and 1960s.
Pan Am II began with a fleet of three former Eastern Airlines Airbus A300s and grew to a fleet of five adding frequencies to Miami & Los Angeles as well as adding JFK-San Juan Service. To the left is a brochure promoting service from New York to Los Angeles.
In the New York - Florida market Pan Am II attempted to gain market share by introducing "commuter" programs. The deeply discounted tickets were intended to lock in regular customers especially during the winter months when many New Yorkers travel back & forth to Miami & Ft. Lauderdale. If Pan Am II had lasted longer the program might have caught on. Sample promotional material can be seen
to the right.
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Nicotine patches were introduced in which year (UK)? | Is The Nicotine Patch a Good Way to Stop Smoking?
Is The Nicotine Patch a Good Way to Stop Smoking?
Search the site
By Terry Martin
Updated November 16, 2016
One of the most popular NRTs (nicotine replacement therapies) available on the market today is the nicotine patch. First introduced in the U.S. by prescription only in 1992, the patch could be bought over-the-counter beginning in 1996.
Is the Nicotine Patch Effective for Smoking Cessation?
Studies have shown that using NRTs can be helpful in a person's quit program, and that using the nicotine patch can double the rate of success with smoking cessation .
That said, it's important to note that the nicotine patch, or any other quit smoking aid for that matter, is not a cure-all. They are exactly what the name implies..aids. They are useful tools, but ultimately, success or failure with quitting tobacco depends on you, not your quit aid.
Developing the Will to Quit Smoking Successfully
What Do Nicotine Patches Look Like?
The nicotine patch resembles a square tan or clear bandage. The size depends on the dosage and brand used, but generally is between one and two inches square.
How Does the Nicotine Patch Work?
The nicotine patch provides a steady, controlled dose of nicotine throughout the day, thereby reducing the effects of nicotine withdrawal. Patch strength is reduced over time, allowing the user to wean themselves off of nicotine gradually.
How Do I Use the Nicotine Patch?
Nicotine patches typically come in three different dosage strengths: 21mg, 14mg and 7mg, though this may vary between manufacturers slightly. These numbers refer to the amount of nicotine in the product.
The 21mg patch is usually recommended as a starting point for people who smoke a pack of 20 cigarettes or more daily.
From there, following package instructions, the user 'steps down' to lower dose patches until the final step down to no patch.
The nicotine patch should be applied once a day to clean, dry, hairless skin. Manufacturers usually recommend wearing the patch between 16 and 24 hours a day, depending on what you're comfortable with.
However, wearing the nicotine patch to bed at night can disrupt sleep and cause vivid dreams. If this becomes a concern, remove the patch before bed and put a fresh one on the next morning.
Any Side Effects Associated with the Nicotine Patch?
Side effects of nicotine patches may include:
Itching, burning or tingling when the patch is applied. This usually goes away within an hour, and is a result of nicotine coming in contact with the skin.
Redness or swelling at the patch site for up to 24 hours.
Dizziness
Vomiting
Diarrhea
weakness or fainting
If you suspect an overdose, take the patch off and call your doctor immediately.
The nicotine patch is a solid tool to help you quit smoking, but remember: the magic of success lies within you.
Work on developing the resolve to do whatever it takes for however long it takes, and apply yourself daily to the task. Do this, and lasting release from nicotine addiction will be within your reach.
Sources:
Medline Plus - Drugs and Supplements - U.S. National Library of Medicine
Silagy, C et al. Meta-analysis on efficacy of nicotine replacement therapies in smoking cessation Lancet 1994 Jan 15;343(8890):139-42.
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| 1992 |
In what country will you find the 'Giants Causeway'? | UCLA pharmacologist invented nicotine patch - latimes
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OBITUARIES : Dr. Murray E. Jarvik, 1923 - 2008
UCLA pharmacologist invented nicotine patch
May 14, 2008 |Thomas H. Maugh II | Times Staff Writer
Dr. Murray E. Jarvik, the UCLA pharmacologist who showed that nicotine was the addictive factor in tobacco and invented the nicotine patch for smokers trying to quit, died Thursday at his home in Santa Monica.
He was 84 and had been struggling for some time with congestive heart failure, according to UCLA spokesman Mark Wheeler.
"Murray was always asking, 'Why do people smoke?' " said UCLA psychiatric researcher Richard Olmstead. "I would say that Murray's greatest impact was advancing the proposition that nicotine was the key addictive component in tobacco. . . . He was able to largely answer his question."
A nonsmoker, Jarvik grew interested in the subject when he observed the great difficulty encountered by his wife, Dr. Lissy Jarvik of UCLA, in kicking the habit.
"I realized then that it was an addiction, and I said so in an article I published in 1970," he later told the journal Addiction.
Beginning in the late 1960s, while he was a researcher at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York, Jarvik taught monkeys how to smoke and demonstrated the links between nicotine and addiction, and exploring the effects of medications on the response. He took the monkeys with him when he moved to UCLA in 1972 and continued his work, experimenting with nicotine gum in animals and humans, and showing that it could reduce the craving for cigarettes.
Beginning in 1984, Jarvik and his student Jed Rose, now director of the Center for Nicotine and Smoking Cessation Research at Duke University, began investigating the possibility of introducing nicotine through a transdermal patch.
Their interest was piqued, in part, by their knowledge of "green tobacco illness," which affected farmhands harvesting the crop in the South. They suspected that nicotine in the tobacco was being absorbed through the workers' skin, creating their symptoms.
When they initially could not obtain permission to test their idea on experimental subjects, Jarvik later said, they decided to test it on themselves. "We put the tobacco on our skin and waited to see what would happen," he recalled. "Our heart rates increased, adrenaline began pumping, all the things that happen to smokers."
They patented the concept and assigned the patent to the University of California, which licensed it to Ciba-Geigy, now Novartis. The first prescription nicotine patch reached the market in 1992, and four years later, it became available over the counter.
Murray Elias Jarvik was born June 1, 1923, in the Bronx and considered himself a New Yorker all his life, according to his family. His father died when he was 11, and he contracted rheumatic fever when he was 12. The disease produced damage to his heart that affected him all his life, leading to numerous surgeries to replace heart valves and to correct other problems.
As a student at George Washington High School in New York, he built a working wooden model of the iron lung used for treating polio victims, a feat that won him what was then called the Westinghouse Science competition. The model was subsequently exhibited at the American Museum of Natural History.
Ironically, when he was 28, he developed polio himself, although he had a milder form of the disease that did not require use of the breathing device.
Because the fatherless family was poor and on relief, Jarvik worked his way through City College of New York, even though tuition was free. His heart condition kept him out of the war, so he was able to get a job at the prestigious Rockefeller Institute, which was suffering a manpower shortage. His experiences there reinforced his interest in research.
He received a degree in psychology in 1944 and went to UCLA for graduate study. After a year there, he found out that his heart problems made him eligible for free tuition through a state program. He got his master's in psychology after one year and enrolled in medical school at UC San Francisco, receiving his degree in medicine in 1951 and a doctorate in psychology from UC Berkeley in 1952.
Upon graduation from UC San Francisco, he joined psychologist Karl Lashley of Harvard to study the biological basis of learning. Most of the work was performed at the Yerkes Laboratory in Orange Park, Fla., where Lashley had a contract with the U.S. Navy to implant marbles in the brains of monkeys to see if the objects affected learning. They did not.
While he was there, Jarvik bought 12 acres near the lab for $27, put a trailer on the land and dug a well. Apparently the water was contaminated, and he developed polio. Co-workers noticed his absence from the lab, where he normally worked seven days a week, and found him in his bed unable to move.
He left Florida and landed at Einstein, where he began working with LSD, which had been discovered 10 years earlier. "I put notices in the Village Voice newspaper asking for volunteers, and hippies would volunteer to be subjects," Jarvik said. "I gave them LSD and various psychological tests I had worked out."
Funds for the research, supposedly provided by a private foundation, were later revealed to be from the U.S. government, which was interested in using LSD as a truth serum.
Along the way, Jarvik introduced LSD to a friend, psychologist Frank Barron, who subsequently introduced it to Timothy Leary, who became notorious for his promotion of LSD use.
In 1982, Jarvik developed lung cancer, another of the many afflictions he suffered during his lifetime. The disease was cured.
In addition to Lissy, his wife of 53 years, Jarvik is survived by two sons, Jeffrey of Seattle and Laurence of Washington, D.C., and three grandchildren. Dr. Robert Jarvik, developer of an artificial heart called the Jarvik-7, was his nephew.
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Up to 50 People would have been buried in an ancient Stone Age Tomb. What name is given to such a tomb? | Yours for £400, eternal rest in a Stone Age tomb ...newly built in a Wiltshire field by a farmer called Tim | Daily Mail Online
Yours for £400, eternal rest in a Stone Age tomb ...newly built in a Wiltshire field by a farmer called Tim
Farmer Tim Daw has built a long barrow burial site in a field on his farm
The tombs were used to store the remains of loved ones 5,000 years ago
Tim is selling spots for £400 - and 60 people have already reserved places
The ashes of Carol Gray were the first to be moved into Tim's new tomb
When the Neolithic long barrow is full it will contain 600 cremated remains
| Barrow |
I which country will you find the 'Great Victoria Desert'? | Yours for £400, eternal rest in a Stone Age tomb ...newly built in a Wiltshire field by a farmer called Tim | Daily Mail Online
Yours for £400, eternal rest in a Stone Age tomb ...newly built in a Wiltshire field by a farmer called Tim
Farmer Tim Daw has built a long barrow burial site in a field on his farm
The tombs were used to store the remains of loved ones 5,000 years ago
Tim is selling spots for £400 - and 60 people have already reserved places
The ashes of Carol Gray were the first to be moved into Tim's new tomb
When the Neolithic long barrow is full it will contain 600 cremated remains
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In what year did cricketer Brian Lara score 501 runs (Not out!) in one innings? | Cricket: 501 not out: Lara becomes world's first batsman to score 500 runs | The Independent
Cricket: 501 not out: Lara becomes world's first batsman to score 500 runs
Monday 6 June 1994 23:02 BST
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The Independent Online
THE DURHAM scorer, Brian Hunt, said he had never worked as hard in his life but it had been worth it. He looked tired, but elated, just like Brian Lara himself.
That same glazed, slightly awed look was on the faces of the 500-plus spectators patiently queueing for completed scorecards after the game. They had seen history made and they wanted to be able to prove it.
In scoring an unbeaten 501 for Warwickshire against Durham yesterday, Lara added the most prized batting record in non-international cricket to the Test equivalent he garnered less than two months ago against England in Antigua. He has, at barely 25, cemented his position with the likes of Bradman, Hobbs and Grace in cricket's pantheon of greats.
The previous record, held by Hanif Mohammad for 35 years, has always appeared as unattainable as Gary Sobers' Test record had. It was one of those statistics fans learn as schoolboys and never have to alter. Such is Lara's appetite for runs one wonders whether this record will last the season.
After breaking the record, Lara said: 'I don't think I'm a great cricketer. It's nice to have records and be on top but I've still got a lot of cricket ahead of me and I need to be more consistent.
'Records are there to be broken and I'm happy to be the one doing it. If the records I have set are broken I hope I am the one doing it. It's hard to compare my Test 375 with 501 here. You just have to cherish both of them.'
Of Lara's seven centuries in his last eight innings this was, ironically, the most fortunate. In its gestation, on Friday he was bowled off a no-ball for 10 and dropped by the wicketkeeper Chris Scott six runs later. Yesterday he gave a difficult chance at 238 and another at 413 - which was fortunately hit in the direction of his team-mate Michael Burns (fielding for Durham), who not surprisingly failed to reach it.
With the game killed as a contest by Saturday's washout and a weakened Durham's understandable reluctance to set a target, Lara took a while to reach top gear yesterday, adding 27 runs to his overnight 111 in his first 41 balls.
He then accelerated, adding 147 off the next 78 to be 285 at lunch. Suddenly the records appeared lined up before him and, having asked his captain, Dermot Reeve, not to declare, one by one he knocked them down. At 306 he passed Warwickshire's highest score, at 406 he passed the highest in England this century. Twenty runs later Archie MacLaren's 99-year-old record score in England had gone.
A welter of other records went as well, including the most boundaries in an innings and most runs in a day, but by now all attention was on the big one, Hanif's 499.
Having made 174 runs in the first session, including an enormous six off David Cox over deep midwicket, he added 133 in the second, leaving him 82 short at tea. At this stage, he was feeding the strike to Keith Piper, who went on to a century, although he did take 18 off a Phil Bainbridge over, including an all-run four.
At 497, he played three balls from the occasional bowler John Morris defensively then was surprised to be cracked on the helmet by a bouncer off the fourth.
At this stage, Piper reminded Lara that technically the game could be called off in two balls' time as there was no prospect of a result. The next ball was driven for four, Lara was engulfed by Piper, and play closed.
Lara, who was strongest cutting and pulling or flicking off his legs, achieved most of the milestones with boundaries, including sixes to pass 200 and Hick's 405.
Though the record was achieved with an off-driven four off Morris, it should be noted that throughout his innings Durham were trying, both by using proper bowlers and fielding seriously. Wayne Larkins and Morris did bowl 10.5 overs between them but, with David Graveney and Mark Saxelby both injured, Durham were reduced to four front-line bowlers. All of them, including the debutant David Cox, went for more than 150 runs.
Lara revealed afterwards just how much pressure he had been under during the final stages of his innings. 'I didn't realise we were in the last over until four balls had been bowled,' he said. 'Keith Piper came up to me and said there were only two deliveries left.'
That fourth ball from Morris had hit Lara on his helmet. 'The blow was a surprise but being told I needed three runs off two balls made me very nervous,' he said.
In seven innings for Warwickshire Lara has made 1,176 runs at an average of more than 235; in his last eight first-class innings he has scored 1,551 runs at more than 258.
And by the way, the match was drawn.
----------------------------------------------------------------- LARA: RECORD COLLECTOR ---------------------------------------------------------------- THE FIRST-CLASS 500 CLUB ---------------------------------------------------------------- 501* B C Lara (Warwickshire v Durham, Edgbaston, 1994) THE 400 CLUB 499 Hanif Mohammad (Karachi v Bahawalpur, Karachi, 1958-59) 452* D G Bradman (NSW v Queensland, Sydney, 1929-30) 443* B B Nimbalkar (Maharashtra v Kathiawar, Poona, 1948-49) 437 W H Ponsford (Victoria v Queensland, Melbourne, 1927-28) 429 W H Ponsford (Victoria v Tasmania, Melbourne, 1922-23) 428 Aftab Baloch (Sind v Baluchistan, Karachi, 1973-74) 424 A C MacLaren (Lancashire v Somerset, Taunton, 1895) 405* G A Hick (Worcestershire v Somerset, Taunton, 1988) ---------------------------------------------------------------- 50 DAYS OF LARA ---------------------------------------------------------------- HIS PAST EIGHT INNINGS ---------------------------------------------------------------- 375 West Indies v England (Antigua) 147 Warwickshire v Glamorgan (Edgbaston) 106 Warwickshire v Leics (Edgbaston) 120* Warwickshire v Leics (Edgbaston) 136 Warwickshire v Somerset (Taunton) 26 Warwickshire v Middlesex (Lord's) 140 Warwickshire v Middlesex (Lord's) 501* Warwickshire v Durham (Edgbaston) ----------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------- YESTERDAY'S MILESTONES ---------------------------------------------------------------- 200 Reaches double-hundred in 224 minutes off 220 balls with 30 fours and two sixes 300 Becomes first player to score triple-century at Edgbaston in either domestic or international cricket 300 Reaches triple-hundred in 280 minutes off 278 balls with 44 fours and seven sixes 306 Sets Warwickshire individual scoring record, surpassing 305 not out by Frank Foster against Worcestershire at Dudley in 1914 323 Achieves highest score by a West Indian in England, beating 322 by Viv Richards for Somerset against Warwickshire at Taunton in 1985 325 Equals Don Bradman's 1938 achievement of 1,000 runs in seven first-class innings 400 Reaches quadruple-hundred in 367 minutes off 350 balls with 53 fours and eight sixes 406 Achieves highest score in England this century, beating Graeme Hick's 405 . . .not out for Worcestershire against Somerset at Taunton in 1988 411 Becomes 19th player to score 300 runs in a day 425 Achieves highest ever score in England, beating Archie MacLaren's 424 for Lancashire against Somerset at Taunton in 1895 429 Helps Warwickshire set county record total, beating 657 for 6 v Hampshire in 1899 and 657 for 7 v Glamorgan this season 457 Achieves highest individual score in a day, beating the 345 made by Charlie Macartney for Australia against Nottinghamshire at Trent Bridge in 1921 494 Breaks record for most boundaries in an innings, beating 68 by Percy Perrin for Essex v Derbyshire at Chesterfield in 1904 501 Sets all-time individual scoring record -----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------- LARA FACT FILE ----------------------------------------------------------------- Born: 2 May, 1969, Santa Cruz, Trinidad. Youngest of seven brothers in family of 11 Age 7: Recognised as prodigy, taken to coaching clinic by sister, Agnes Age 15: Plays Under-19 representative cricket Age 18: Makes first-class debut. Captains West Indies Under-23 team against Pakistan Age 20: Captains West Indies B in Zimbabwe. Captains Trinidad and Tobago Age 21: Makes Test debut for West Indies v Pakistan Age 24: Scores first Test century against Australia in Sydney. Goes on to score 273. Makes highest score in Test history of 375 against England in Antigua on 18 April Age 25: Becomes first player to score seven centuries in eight first-class innings on 3 June. Innings of 501 not out for Warwickshire against Durham breaks host of records, including highest score in first- class cricket -----------------------------------------------------------------
(Photograph omitted)
| one thousand nine hundred and ninety four |
What city is the capital of New Zealand? | BBC SPORT | Cricket | WI v Eng | Lara sets Test record
Lara sets Test record
Brian Lara 400 not out
v England in Antigua 2004
Aus v Zim, Perth 2003
Brian Lara 375
WI v England, Antigua 1994
Gary Sobers 365 not out
WI v Pakistan, Kingston 1957
Len Hutton 364
England v Aus, The Oval 1938
Sanath Jayasuriya 340
SL v India, Colombo 1997
Brian Lara has set the highest score ever in Test cricket, hitting 400 not out in the fourth Test against England.
Lara passed the previous best of 380 by Matthew Hayden and then declared after reaching the quadruple century.
The Trinidadian left-hander faced 582 deliveries, hitting 43 fours and four sixes, setting a new mark just over two hours into the third day in Antigua.
The feat came on the same ground where he hit a then record 375, also against England, in 1994.
Lara, who resumed the day 313 not out, shared an unbroken partnership of 282 with Ridley Jacobs, who hit a century himself to leave the home side 751-5 at the post-lunch declaration.
The shots that will stick long in the memory came off consecutive balls in a Gareth Batty over shortly before lunch.
Lara equalled Hayden's score by lofting Batty over long-on for six and then topped the mark with a swept four past fine leg.
It's a great feeling but it is dampened by the series result
Brian Lara
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What is the largest eagle? | Top 10 Largest Eagles in the World | World Most
The Most of things in the World
Home » Largest » Top 10 Largest Eagles in the World
Top 10 Largest Eagles in the World
Monday, February 6th 2012. | Largest
Here are the top 10 largest eagles in the world. Eagles are members of the bird family
Accipitridae, and belong to several genera which are not necessarily closely related to each other. Most of the more than 61 species occur in Eurasia and Africa. Outside this area, just two species (the Bald and Golden Eagles) can be found in the United States and Canada, nine more in Central and South America, and three in Australia.
10. African Martial Eagle – 76-83cm
Largest Eagles African Martial Eagle
Wing 2.1m and avg 5.1kg, up to 6.2kg
Africa’s largest eagle, very powerful and attacks big prey for its size. The talons and legs r slim and long, a specialization for hunting birds, which r its main prey.
9. Verreaux’s Eagle – 72-90cm
Largest Eagles Verreaux's Eagle
Wing 2.1m and weight avg 5kg, up to 5.8kg
Verreaux’s Eagle is a very striking jet-black eagle, not as big as most big eagles.
8. White tailed sea eagle – 70-92cm, 66-89cm
Largest Eagles White tailed sea eagle
Wing up to 2.4m, 2-2.45m, 183-239cm
weight avg 5.5kg. 5.1kg, up to 7.5kg, range 3.1-7kg, 3.6-6.5kg
The White-tailed Eagle also known as the Sea Eagle, Erne (sometimes Ern), or White-tailed Sea-eagle, is a large bird of preyin the family Accipitridae which includes other raptors such as hawks, kites, and harriers.
7. African Crowned Eagle – 81-90cm
Largest Eagles African Crowned Eagle
Africa’s most powerful eagle, however it is very lightweight avg only 4kg+ for females, probably the 3rd most powerful eagle.
Largest Eagles Bald Eagle
Wing 178-229cm and avg 5.2kg, up to 6.3kg
Bald Eagle is largest eagles, wingspan somehow not as impressive, while weaker talons compared to golden eagles.
Largest Eagles Philippine Eagle
Approx 2m wing
Often clamied as the largest eagles but the bulk of its “size” (like the wedge-tailed eagle) actually derived from its long legs, giving a false impression of great size. The talons and claws r not the most powerful, but the beak is 2nd only to the stellars sea eagle among the eagles.
Largest Eagles Harpy Eagle
Wing approx 2m and 7.2-7.7kg, up to 9kg
The Harpy Eagle, sometimes known as the American Harpy Eagle, is a Neotropical species of eagle. It is the largest and most powerful raptor found in the Americas, and among the largest extant species of eagles in the world. It usually inhabits tropical lowland rainforests in the upper (emergent) canopy layer.
3. Berkut Golden Eagle – 76-102cm
Largest Eagles Berkut Golden Eagle
Avg 6.5kg, record 12kg+ and wing 2.1m, record 2.8m, 203-224cm.
One of the heaviest eagles, record up to 12kg wild specimen (unlike harpy’s record captive), also longest recorded wingspan at up to 2.8m
2. Stellars Sea Eagle – 85-105cm
Largest Eagles Stellars Sea Eagle
Wing 220-245cm, 221-244cm and weight 6.8-9kg
World’s Biggest Eagles, one of two eagles that rivals the harpy eagle in weight…but, like other fish eagles, the talons and feet r weaker and smaller than booted eagles, such as the golden eagle
1. Australian Wedge-Tailed Eagle 3.35m
Largest Eagles Australian Wedge-Tailed Eagle
Once believed to posses the longest wingspan of all eagles, current data suggest about the same wingspan as other large eagles, length mainly due to long diamond-shaped tail, surprisngly lightweight for its size, very lanky. One of the longest wingspans, avg 2.3m in the past, records of up to 2.79, 2.84cm. Even 3.35m can be reach this largest eagles .
| Harpy eagle |
Who was the first female tennis player to win $1 million for a match? | 5 birds that could steal your toddler | MNN - Mother Nature Network
5 birds that could steal your toddler
... but they probably won't.
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Golden Eagle in flight. (Photo: Tony Hisgett, Birmingham, UK/Wikimedia Commons)
A seagull swiping the sandwich from your hand at the beach is freaky enough; the thought of a bird of prey with a seven-foot wingspan swooping by and grabbing a child is the stuff of nightmares. Like nature-goes-mad horror movies or dinosaurs-come-to-life novels that keep the faint of heart awake at night.
The fear of large, predatory animals is clearly deeply ingrained — as well it should be. Which is why the Golden Eagle Snatches Kid video (see below) has had more than 5 million views in its first 24 hours. And although the video turned Facebook into the Goldeneaglebook for the day, the video turned out to be little more than a student project (hoax) gone viral .
But the question remains: could and would a large bird of prey snatch an unsuspecting toddler from a park or the plains? Here is a look at some of the more formidable birds taking to the sky and their child-plucking potential.
1. Golden eagle
First up, the newly famous scariest bird in the world, the golden eagle. Found in North America, Eurasia and northern Africa, the golden eagle is North America's largest bird of prey and holds the honor of being the national bird of Mexico. Measuring from 27-33 inches in length, the golden eagle has a wingspan of 78 inches and weighs 7-14 pounds. It feeds on rabbits, marmots, squirrels and hares, but has also been known to snatch foxes, livestock, and even adult deer and caribou. Although golden eagles are powerful enough to kill a man, they have never been known to attack adult humans as prey. Or attempt to whisk babies from parks in Montreal.
2. Martial eagle
Africa’s largest eagle, the martial eagle weighs in at almost 14 pounds and has a wingspan of nearly six and a half feet. It is 32 inches long. An aggressive predator, the martial eagle feeds on poultry as well as hyrax, small antelopes, Impala calves, monkeys, young domestic goats, and lambs, serval cats and jackals. Although it is said that the talons of the martial eagle could break a man’s arm in a simple snap, there are no reports of this impressive bird having a taste for human children.
3. Steller’s sea eagle
One of the largest raptors overall, this bird is found in Russia and Japan. Females weigh in at up to 20 pounds, with a length of more than 40 inches and a wingspan of up to seven feet. It has the largest and most powerful beak of any eagle. Although it feeds mostly on fish, it will sometimes attack other large and has been known to pick up the occasional juvenile seal. But it has never been known to pick on juvenile (or mature) humans.
4. Harpy eagle
Considered by some to be the most powerful eagle in the world. Females tip the scales at 20 pounds, can reach three and a half feet in length, and have a wingspan of more than seven feet. Their talons are longer than a grizzly bear’s claws (over five inches), and its grasp could puncture a human skull with some degree of ease. They feed mostly on monkeys and sloths, carting off animals of 20 pounds and more.
5. African crowned eagle
Found in parts of tropical Africa, this eagle has a staple diet consisting of monkeys and other mid-sized mammals like the Cape hyrax and small antelopes, as well as dogs, lambs, and goats. It’s kind of unnerving to learn that this bird often preys on animals weighing in the 65-pound range, which may explain why Africans call it “the leopard of the air.”
Evidence exists that the African crowned eagle caused the death of an early human child whose remains were discovered in a cave at Taung, South Africa, in 1924. A study reported in National Geographic notes that these eagles have been known to occasionally attack or eat human children. "There's one report from South Africa of a small child's skull being found in a nest," said evolutionary biologist Susanne Schultz of the University of Liverpool in England. So, of all the big birds this one may be the one to fear ... but still, chances are your baby sitting in a park is safe from random birds of prey.
Sadly, most of these birds are endangered and need our respect and protection, not fear. That said, note to video hoaxers: Next time use a "leopard of the air" if you really want to shake us.
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Which 11 year old British actress had a part in the 1943 film 'Lassie Come Home'? | 1943 Academy Awards® Winners and History
The Song of Bernadette (1943)
Watch on the Rhine (1943)
Actor:
PAUL LUKAS in "Watch on the Rhine", Humphrey Bogart in
"Casablanca" , Gary Cooper in "For Whom the Bell Tolls", Walter Pidgeon in "Madame Curie", Mickey Rooney in "The Human Comedy"
Actress:
JENNIFER JONES in "The Song of Bernadette", Jean Arthur in "The More the Merrier" , Ingrid Bergman in "For Whom the Bell Tolls", Joan Fontaine in "The Constant Nymph", Greer Garson in "Madame Curie"
Supporting Actor:
CHARLES COBURN in "The More the Merrier" , Charles Bickford in "The Song of Bernadette", J. Carrol Naish in "Sahara", Claude Rains in
"Casablanca" , Akim Tamiroff in "For Whom the Bell Tolls"
Supporting Actress:
KATINA PAXINOU in "For Whom the Bell Tolls", Gladys Cooper in "The Song of Bernadette", Paulette Goddard in "So Proudly We Hail!", Anne Revere in "The Song of Bernadette", Lucile Watson in "Watch on the Rhine"
Director:
MICHAEL CURTIZ for
"Casablanca" , Clarence Brown for "The Human Comedy", Henry King for "The Song of Bernadette", Ernst Lubitsch for "Heaven Can Wait", George Stevens for "The More the Merrier"
This was the first year that Best Supporting Actors and Actresses received full-sized Oscar statuettes, rather than miniature Oscar plaques.
Director Michael Curtiz'
Casablanca (with eight nominations and three Oscar wins - Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Screenplay for Julius J. Epstein, Philip G. Epstein and Howard Koch) - the melodramatic story of international intrigue, romance and politics in the Nazi-occupied exotic locale of French Morocco, is now considered one of filmdom's best pictures ever made. The classic masterpiece of sacrifice and comradeship deservedly won the Best Picture award for 1943, but it was a dark horse candidate. Actually, it should have competed against Mrs. Miniver (1942) (the Best Picture winner in the previous year), since it premiered in New York in November of that year. However, it didn't show in Los Angeles until its general release that January, so it competed in 1943.
With an inspired cast, As Time Goes By, a great director, and unexpected wartime publicity, the superior film told the story of an aloof American owner (Bogart) of a bar in Casablanca who rescues his old girlfriend (Bergman) and her Resistance husband (Henreid) from the clutches of Axis authorities.
During WWII's height, four of the Best Picture nominees in 1943 had war as their themes. In addition to the Best Picture winner, three of the other nine Best Picture nominees of 1943 were also war films with patriotic or sentimental themes:
writer/co-director Noel Coward's outstanding production (with director David Lean) of the flag-waving British film In Which We Serve (with two nominations and no wins in 1943), about the lives of the crew of the torpedoed and sinking destroyer HMS Torrin during the Battle of Crete (based upon the true story of Lord Louis Mountbatten's destroyer HMS Kelly). This film had already received a Special Award in 1942 (for Coward's "outstanding production achievement")
director Herman Shumlin's Watch on the Rhine (with four nominations and one win - Best Actor), a film adaptation of Lillian Hellman's successful stage play about anti-fascism and the pursuit of a European couple that is part of the anti-Nazi underground
director Sam Wood's For Whom the Bell Tolls (with nine nominations and one win - Best Supporting Actress), a film adaptation of Ernest Hemingway's romantic/adventure novel and the story of the romance between an American school teacher and a traumatized woman he meets in a rebel camp during the Spanish Civil War
director Henry King's The Song of Bernadette (with twelve nominations and four wins - Best Actress, Best B/W Cinematography, Best B/W Interior Decoration, and Best Dramatic Score), the film with the most nominations for the year, based on a novel by Franz Werfel about a peasant girl who sees a vision of the Virgin Mary in a grotto at Lourdes in 1858
director Ernst Lubitsch's romantic comedy/satire Heaven Can Wait (with three nominations and no wins) - a remake of Here Comes Mr. Jordan (1941) about a philandering, amorous rogue who tries to convince the Devil in Hell that he was really a good human being
director Clarence Brown's The Human Comedy (with five nominations and one win - Best Original Story by William Saroyan) about the experiences of a small-town (California) Western Union telegram delivery boy during World War II
director Mervyn LeRoy's film biography of the discoverer of radium, Madame Curie (with seven nominations and no wins) - both male and female leads of Best Picture nominee Madame Curie lost - they were the popular, re-teamed romantic duo Walter Pidgeon and Greer Garson (the husband and wife of Mrs. Miniver)
director George Stevens' romantic comedy about a working, female civil servant who shares a cramped apartment in war-time Washington DC with two bachelors (one old gentleman - Charles Coburn and one handsome young man - Joel McCrea) in The More the Merrier (with six nominations and one win - Best Supporting Actor)
director William A. Wellman's western The Ox-Bow Incident (with only one nomination - Best Picture), about a mob that wrongly lynchs the wrong men, based on Walter Van Tilburg Clark's true story
Hungarian-born Paul Lukas (with his sole career nomination) won the Best Actor award - his first and only Oscar - for his role as Kurt Muller, a German engineer and anti-Nazi underground Resistance leader who flees the Nazis with wife Bette Davis to seek refuge in the US (Washington) and continue his freedom-fighting activities - until he is blackmailed - in Watch on the Rhine. Unfortunately, Humphrey Bogart (with his first of three career nominations), in his quintessential, signature role as disaffected cafe owner Rick Blaine in
Casablanca lost the Oscar, but his nomination brought him recognition and status as a top actor.
The other three Best Actor nominees were:
Gary Cooper (with his fourth nomination) as freedom fighter/war hero Robert Jordan in For Whom the Bell Tolls
Walter Pidgeon (with his second and last unsuccessful career nomination) as co-star Greer Garson's scientist husband Pierre Curie in Madame Curie
Mickey Rooney (with his second of four unsuccessful career nominations) as Western Union messenger Homer Macauley who delivers death telegrams during WWII in The Human Comedy
In the Best Actress race, this was the first time in six years that Bette Davis didn't receive an Oscar nomination. She had been nominated as Best Actress for six consecutive years (from 1938-1942), and had won in both 1935 and 1938.
The Best Actress winner was twenty-four year-old Jennifer Jones (with her first career nomination) as the 14 year-old, 19th century French peasant girl of Lourdes named Bernadette in an adaptation of Franz Werfel's novel The Song of Bernadette. Jones portrayed a young, saintly girl who became canonized after claiming to have seen a vision of the Virgin Mary (played by Linda Darnell, Darryl Zanuck's mistress) while gathering firewood, and was inspired to dig a well at the spot. [Producer/director David O. Selznick's protege (and future wife in 1949) was, in all respects, appearing in her debut film, although she had been in a few minor low-budget pictures a few years earlier under her real name - Phyllis Isley. Jennifer Jones never won another Oscar, but she was nominated four more times in the films: Since You Went Away (1944) , Love Letters (1945), Duel in the Sun (1946) , and Love is a Many Splendored Thing (1955).]
The Best Actress win for Jennifer Jones also deprived other great actresses of awards:
twenty-nine year old Ingrid Bergman, Bogart's lovely co-star in
Casablanca was unacknowledged when she failed to be nominated for her role as Ilsa Lund; however, she was nominated (her first career nomination) as Best Actress for her role as traumatized rape victim - a peasant girl named Maria in For Whom the Bell Tolls.
Greer Garson (with her fourth of seven Best Actress nominations - one of six nominations between 1939 and 1945) as famous scientist Madame Marie Curie who discovered radium in the fact-based biopic Madame Curie
Joan Fontaine (the last of three nominations in the four years between 1940 and 1943) as Tessa Sanger - a young Belgian girl in love with composer/co-star Charles Boyer in director Edmund Goulding's The Constant Nymph (the film's sole nomination)
Jean Arthur (with her sole career nomination) as career girl/government worker Connie Mulligan who shares her DC apartment with two other men in The More the Merrier . [Jean Arthur was a great screen comedienne and director Frank Capra's favorite actress - she appeared in key roles in many classics, including: Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) , Easy Living (1937), Best Picture and Director winner You Can't Take It With You (1938), Only Angels Have Wings (1939) ,
Shane (1953) , among others.]
In the Best Supporting Actor race, Charles Coburn (with his second nomination and sole Oscar win) won the Oscar for his role as Benjamin Dingle - an old, daffy gentleman who is a rich philanthropist/matchmaker sharing a room for rent in an apartment with Jean Arthur and Joel McCrea in the overcrowded, wartime US capital during wartime in The More the Merrier . The other four nominees were:
Claude Rains (with his second of four unsuccessful nominations) as the suave, Casablanca police chief Captain Louis Renault in
Casablanca
Akim Tamiroff (with his second and last unsuccessful nomination) as Spanish guerrilla leader Pablo in For Whom the Bell Tolls
Charles Bickford (with the first of three unsuccessful nominations) as local priest Peyremaie in The Song of Bernadette
J. Carrol Naish (with his first of two unsuccessful nominations) as Italian POW Giuseppe in director Zoltan Korda's Libyan desert war film Sahara (with three nominations and no wins)
Greek actress Katina Paxinou (in her first American film and with her first and sole nomination) won the Best Supporting Actress award - her first and only Oscar - for her role as the powerful and fiery hill woman and gypsy Spanish Civil War revolutionary Pilar (Akim Tamiroff's wife in the film) who is a member of a loyalist band helped by Gary Cooper in For Whom the Bell Tolls.
Paxinou's victory defeated two co-stars of The Song of Bernadette:
Gladys Cooper (with her second of three unsuccessful nominations) as doubting Sister Vauzous
Anne Revere (with her first nomination) as Bernadette's poor mother Louise Soubirous
The remaining two nominees in the Best Supporting Actress category were:
Paulette Goddard (with her sole career nomination) as WW II Army nurse in Bataan named Lt. Jean O'Doul in director Mark Sandrich's So Proudly We Hail (with four nominations and no wins)
Lucile Watson (with her sole career nomination) as bossy Fanny Farrelly (Bette Davis' mother) in Watch on the Rhine
Max Steiner's score for the Best Picture winner, including the immortal song: "As Time Goes By," lost to Alfred Newman's Score for The Song of Bernadette. Arthur Edeson's Oscar-nominated B/W Cinematography for
Casablanca was defeated by Arthur Miller for The Song of Bernadette.
Oscar Snubs and Omissions:
Although The More the Merrier had received nominations for Best Picture, Best Actress, Best Director (George Stevens), Best Original Story and Screenplay, and a win for Best Supporting Actor, Joel McCrea was deprived of an Oscar nomination for his crucial comic role in the film. In fact, McCrea never received an Oscar nomination.
Ironically, Ingrid Bergman was nominated (and lost) for For Whom the Bell Tolls as Gary Cooper's lover, but was un-nominated for her most famous role as beautiful and radiant Ilsa Lund, co-star Humphrey Bogart's conflicted Parisian love interest - who asked cafe pianist Sam to play "As Time Goes By," in the most famous scene in Michael Curtiz's
Casablanca .
Also un-nominated was Ida Lupino's great performance in The Hard Way - the role won her the Best Actress award from the New York Film Critics. Likewise, the great silent film director Erich von Stroheim was omitted from the nominees for his role as Erwin Rommel in Billy Wilder's second film, Five Graves to Cairo. [Stroheim would have to wait seven years for his first nomination -- for his unforgettable role as Max von Mayerling in
Sunset Boulevard (1950) .]
The Best Picture-nominated film The Ox-Bow Incident was a deserved honor, but none of the cast, including Henry Fonda, was nominated. Ernst Lubitsch's nomination for Best Director for the Best Picture nominee Heaven Can Wait was doomed to lose. Actor Don Ameche turned in one of his best performances in the film and it was one of Lubitsch's greatest, but 20th Century-Fox was promoting The Song of Bernadette instead.
One of Hitchcock's greatest thrillers (and the director's own favorite), Shadow of a Doubt , deserved more recognition than it received - only a Best Original Screenplay nomination - snubbed were both Joseph Cotten's chilling role as dark-hearted, widow-murdering serial killer Uncle Charlie, and Teresa Wright's performance as Young Charlie (Charlie's niece). [Joseph Cotten never received an Oscar nomination, although he appeared in some of the greatest films ever made, including
The Magnificent Ambersons (1942) .]
Elizabeth Taylor's second film Lassie Come Home, the first feature film to star a collie, helped to launch her career and the beloved animal series that began in 1954 - it received only one nomination - for Color Cinematography. [Lassie Come Home was followed by six sequels.] The feature film that was the directing debut of Vincente Minnelli was Cabin in the Sky - it featured an all-black cast. The film's sole un-successful nomination was for Best Song, "Happiness is a Thing Called Joe."
Other films without any nominations included Old Acquaintance (with Bette Davis and Miriam Hopkins) and two of Jacques Tourneur's best horror films with producer Val Lewton: Cat People with Simone Simon, and I Walked With a Zombie. Hangmen Also Die received only two nominations (for Best Song and Score).
| Elizabeth Taylor |
In what year did Arsene Wenger become manager at Arsenal? | Elizabeth Taylor's film, TV and theater credits (AP)
Elizabeth Taylor's film, TV and theater credits (AP)
The Associated Press
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FILE - In this 1943 file photo, 11- year-old Elizabeth Taylor is shown with Lassie around the time of her performance in 'Lassie Comes Home' in Los Angeles. Publicist Sally Morrison says the actress died Wednesday, March 23, 2011 in Los Angeles of congestive heart failure at age 79. (AP Photo/File)
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Which American President along with his Soviet Union counterpart signed the 1974 SALT Treaty? | SALT I
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SALT I
On January 20, 1969, the day of Richard M. Nixon 's first inauguration, the Soviet government offered to hold negotiations on the issues of nuclear arms control. Nixon immediately accepted and the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, commonly known as SALT, were arranged. They took place in two phases: SALT I ran from 1969 to 1972 and resulted in the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and the Interim Agreement Between The United States of America and The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Certain Measures With Respect to the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. SALT II, begun in late 1972, produced a treaty that was never ratified by the U.S. Senate. In 1982, President Ronald Reagan abandoned SALT and undertook the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty talks, commonly known as the START talks, instead.
As the third decade of the atomic age began, the continued development of the technology of nuclear weapons and delivery systems led the United States and the Soviet Union to realize the futility of an unlimited arms race in those devices. In 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson announced that Soviet Premier Alexei Nikolayevich Kosygin had agreed to meetings on the issue, but those talks never came about.
When the Soviet Union reopened the matter in 1969, President Richard Nixon seized the opportunity, and the first meeting was held in Helsinki in November. With the help of Secretary of State Henry Kissinger , the United States negotiated the ABM Treaty and an interim agreement that essentially froze nuclear arsenals at their existing levels. Nixon and Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev signed the ABM Treaty and the interim agreement on May 26, 1972, at a summit meeting in Moscow.
The interim agreement, commonly called the SALT I Treaty, froze the total number of Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles, but allowed the replacement of old missiles with new ones. In the interests of achieving an actual reduction and preventing qualitative advances in destructive technology, the two nations began SALT II talks in November of the same year in Geneva. In a meeting in Vladivostok in November 1974, President Gerald Ford and Brezhnev agreed to a basic framework for a SALT II Treaty. However, international political considerations prevented the treaty from being completed until 1979. President Jimmy Carter sent the SALT II Treaty to the U.S. Senate for its advice and consent on June 22, 1979. Objections arose and the treaty had not been ratified when the Soviets invaded Afghanistan, which chilled U.S. and Soviet relations. On January 3, 1980, Carter asked that the Senate delay further consideration of the treaty. The treaty was never ratified by the Senate, but was formally honored by the U.S. and the Soviet Union. In May 1982, President Ronald Reagan declared that the United States would not violate the provisions of the treaty if the Soviets agreed to do the same. The Soviets did agree, although Reagan declared in 1984 and 1985 that the Soviet Union had violated that pledge.
A new round of talks, called the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, or START , replaced SALT beginning in 1983. The agreement would put a cap of 1,600 strategic nuclear delivery vehicles and 6,000 "accountable" warheads for each country, while enabling them to continue modernizing their weaponry.
Off-site search results for "SALT I"...
| Richard Nixon |
How many years would you have been married to celebrate your Crystal Wedding anniversary? | Final Exam - History 2 with Kharif at Tennessee Technological University - StudyBlue
The Contras
Response to the Cuban-sponsored Sandinista socialist government, which had seized power in 1979 after ousting a corrupt dictator, was sending Soviet and Cuban arms to leftist Salvadoran rebels. The Regan Administration ordered the CIA to train anti-Communist Nicaraguans who staged attacks in Sandinista bases from sanctuaries in Honduras. Short for counterrevolutionaries.
Roe v. Wade
1973 Supreme Court made history by striking down state laws that forbid abortions during the first three months of pregnancy.
War in the Gulf
Same as Desert Storm. 1991. When the first allied cruise missiles began to hit Iraq on January 16.
Operation Desert Storm
January and Feb. 1991. George H.W. Bush. Iraq had invaded Kuwait, and the UN wanted them to leave. Allied coalition bombed them into submission. 100,000 Iraqi soldiers died, while only 148 American Soldiers died.
impeachment
Formal process in which an elected official is accused of illegal activity, which may or may not lead to his removal from office
September 11, 2001
The first Civil Rights Act since Reconstruction (1866 & 1875) was passed during the presidency of:
· Lyndon B. Johnson
Truman replaced Douglas MacArthur with this general as head of the U.S. led forces in Korea during the Korean War:
General Ridgeway
This U. S. military failure occurred in early 1961 and was a political embarrassment to President Kennedy.
Bay of Pigs
One of the most significant manifestations of detente between the U. S. and the USSR was:
· Removing the missiles in Turkey
This 1962 incidence almost led to WW III:
The scientist who worked most closely with development of the polio vaccine:
Jonas Salk?
The U. S. president most responsible for sending "combat" troops into Vietnam and escalating that war was:
Who was the Communist faction leader in Vietnam until his death in 1969?
The Geneva Accord (1954) provided for:
Gave Laos and Cambodia their independence and divided Vietnam in two at the 17th parallel. Accords gave the Viet Minh Communists control in the North; French would remain South of the line until nationwide elections in 1956 would reunify all of Vietnam.
The Morgenthau Plan dealt with Allied post-World War II policy toward what country:
The Roe v. Wade decision dealt specifically with:
abortion
This 1945 wartime conference was held in the Soviet Union and was attended by Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin:
Following the Korean War, Korea was divided at the:
· 38th parallel
In return for the Soviet Union removing offensive missiles, the United States ended its quarantine (blockade) of Cuba and promised:
not to invade Cuba
What single event, above all others, was most responsible for the 1980 defeat of President Carter?
Second Presidential Debate
The most immediate cause of the Kent State antiwar demonstration, which resulted in the deaths of four students, was:
The Camp David Accord was signed by ____ and _____ , the leaders of the countries of _____ and _____.
-Anwar El Sadat; Menachem Begin; Egypt; Israel
The acronym WIN stood for:
Whip Inflation Now(WIN) was an attempt to spur a grassroots movement to combat inflation, by encouraging personal savings and disciplined spending habits
The Carter Doctrine was a pledge that the United States would oppose, by force if necessary, any further aggression in the:
The New Right opposed programs such as (list two):
· outlawing abortion in all cases
o opposition to state recognition and acceptance ofhomosexual acts
o opposition to the Equal Rights Amendment andStrategic Arms Limitation Talks
o enforcement of a traditional vision of family life
o censorship of media outlets that promote an "anti-family" agenda
The man who killed President John F. Kennedy's assassin was:
Who was Harry Truman's Republican opponent in the 1948 election:
President Reagan ordered an invasion of this Latin American country in 1983:
· Grenada
The Eisenhower Doctrine was a pledge that the United States would assist a country threatened by communist aggression in this region:
Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X were:
Civil Rights Activists
This organization was formed in Michigan in 1962 and voiced many of the concerns of the "New Left":
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
The Strategic Defense Initiative was more commonly called:
The fastest growing minority group in the United States is:
Richard Nixon was the first American President to: _____and the only one to: _____.
Appoint a vice president; resign from office.
The doctrine of "separate but equal" in schools was declared unconstitutional in the case of:
Brown v Board of Education
The Sinai War (1956), Six-Day War (1967) and Yom Kippur War (1973) all involved what two countries:
· the Khmer Rouge government in Cambodia
The post-WW II legislation that required all communist organizations to register with the government and publish their records was:
· The McCarran Internal Security Act (1950)
The diplomatic approach of pushing the Soviet Union to the brink of war in order to gain concessions, commonly called "brinksmanship," was initiated by:
Massive retaliation was based on superiority of:
El Salvador and Nicaragua are located where?
The Energy Department was created by President:
James Earl Carter
. Before his assassination in 1968 it appeared that this man would win the Democratic Party's nomination for president:
Name three areas where the Carter administration successfully pursued its foreign policy objectives?
· Panama Canal Treaty
· SALT II
. By refusing to move and give up her seat to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955, this woman started the modern Civil Rights movement:
This 1978 court decision challenged affirmative action guidelines:
Regents of the University of California v Bakkes
"The moral equivalent of war" was President Carter's description of:
· the Energy Crisis?
Name the U. S. Secretary of State who developed a plan for economic recovery in Europe after WWII:
· George Marshall
This conservative third party candidate was shot and paralyzed by a would-be assassin's bullet in 1972:
The slogan "Black Power" is most accurately associated with: (name an individual):
The first sit-ins occurred among college students in what city:
The Soviet Union's leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis was:
The founder and organizer of the "Moral Majority" was:
Former President Richard M. Nixon was issued a full pardon by:
President Ford
Name the leader of the ill-fated "People's Temple" Movement—in which followers died in a mass suicide ritual:
· Jim Jones
In spite of his fine record on domestic affairs and civil rights, this United States president was destroyed by his failures in Vietnam:
. The case of Miranda v. Arizona involved:
. This U. S. General was in charge of United States forces in the Vietnam War:
This Arkansas governor used National Guard troops to prevent integration of Little Rock's public school:
The "thaw" in U.S. and USSR "Cold War" diplomacy is called:
Who were Julius and Ethel Rosenberg?
· American communists executed in 1953 for conspiracy to commit espionage.
What was President Truman's response to the Berlin blockade?
Who were the Viet Cong?
· Political organization and army that fought against US in South Vietnam
In reference to Vietnam, the Nixon Doctrine referred to what?
· Vietnamization, the practice of still supplying the South Vietnamese with supplies, but expecting them to take care of themselves.
Who was the Wisconsin U. S. Senator who led the Second Red Scare?
How had LBJ envisioned financing the "Great Society" program?
· Envisioned an American society where all citizens had access to good education and adequate social services, free of poverty, and financed by government’s share of the GNP (GDP).
o Promoted a tax cut
o Vietnam led to LBJ’s downfall
What was the significance of the Gulf of Tonkin resolution?
· the resolution authorized the President (LBJ) to do whatever necessary in order to assist "any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty." This included involving armed forces.
A renewed attack on the evils of sexism in American life was launched in 1963 with publication of The Feminine Mystique. Who authored the book?
. When and why did Gamal Abdel Nasser "nationalize" the Suez Canal?
· Because Eisenhower withdrew funds for the Aswan Dam project.
. Who were the Contras? Who were their main opponents?
Name three nations found in Indochina.
What finally happened to the SALT II agreement?
· Its terms were, nonetheless, honored by both sides until 1986 when the Reagan Administration withdrew from SALT II after accusing the Soviets of violating the pact.
. Oil shortages occurred in America in what years? What caused the shortages?
· 1973-1974
· OAPEC said it was going to slow or stop oil shipments to US for supporting Israel
OAPEC said it was going to slow or stop oil shipments to US for supporting Israel
What programs did President Lyndon B. Johnson's "Great Society" create?
· Vocational Schools
· Education Act—federal aid went to public and private schools
Model Cities Act—provided funds to update housing
What does the acronymn "NOW" stand for? What were the primary objectives of NOW in the 1960s?
· National Organization for Women
· "The purpose of NOW is to take action to bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society now, exercising all privileges and responsibilities thereof in truly equal partnership with men."
Compare and contrast the "Counter-culture" and the Moral Majority.
· Moral Majority—New Right. Fundamentalist, against abortion, homosexuality, etc. Evangelical Christian agenda.
· Counter Culture—counter to social mainstream.
Why did the United States become involved in Vietnam?
They wanted to stop the spread of Communist rule.
When, by whom, and how was U.S. military desegregated?
. Describe the 1960 election involving John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon.
· Kennedy won because he looked better on televised debates.
. What were the key components of President Reagan's "supply-side" economics program?
· economic growth can be most effectively created by lowering barriers for people to produce (supply) goods and services, such as adjustingincome tax and capital gains tax rates, and by allowing greater flexibility by reducing regulation. Consumers will then benefit from a greater supply of goods and services at lower prices.
· Lower tax rates, less regulation
Which statement is most accurate about George Kennan's containment policy:
a. It suggested containing Soviet aggression
b. It suggested confronting all totalitarian regimes
c. It reduced government regulation of the economy
d. It suggested containing communism wherever it surfaced.
What was the final disposition of the Civil Rights Act of 1990?
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The 1988 album 'First of a Million Kisses' was the first album by which group? | The First of a Million Kisses - Fairground Attraction | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
The First of a Million Kisses
AllMusic Rating
google+
AllMusic Review by William Ruhlmann
The skiffle craze threatened to make a comeback in England with the success of the irresistible single "Perfect" and Eddi Reader 's gorgeous singing. Alas, First turned out to be the last of Reader 's association with Fairground Attraction , though they managed to release a second album without her.
Track Listing
| Fairground Attraction |
Which State became the 11th of the United States in 1788? | Fairground Attraction - The First Of A Million Kisses (Vinyl, LP, Album) at Discogs
Fairground Attraction
The Wind Knows My Name
4:10
Written-By – Sadenia Reader * (tracks: B5), Mark E. Nevin * (tracks: A1 to B4, B6)
Notes
Comes with 4-pages printed lyrics sheet.
On labels:
℗ 1988 BMG Records (UK) Ltd.
Printed in E.E.C., imprimé en E.E.C.
On back sleeve:
℗ 1988 BMG Records (UK) Ltd. © 1988 BMG Records (UK) Ltd.
Distributed in the UK by BMG Records, distribue en Europe par BMG/Ariola, vertrieb in Europa durch BMG/Ariola. A Bertelsmann Music Group Company.
Printed in Holland, imprimé en Hollande.
Front cover photograph courtesy of Magnum Photos Limited (1955)
Barcode and Other Identifiers
Barcode (Text): 0 035627 169618
Matrix / Runout (Runout A, Etched): PL 71696-²A1 B
Matrix / Runout (Runout B, Etched): NL 71696-²B
Rights Society: BIEM GEMA
Other (Distribution Code): D: SE
Other (Distribution Code): F: RC 270
Other (Distribution Code): UK: HH
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Which fruit has the largest percentage of calories? | How Many Calories In Fruit Chart
How many calories in fruit. Calories in fruits chart.
We are often asked how many calories are in fruit. Of course the amount of calories between different fruit varies, but when compared to vegetables in general, fruit contains more calories because of the fructose (fruit sugar) that they contain.
Fruit is a good source of energy and a high fiber food. We should all eat at least 1 to 3 pieces of fruit each day to maintain a healthy diet. Most fruit contains little, if any, fats, so make great building blocks for a healthy eating regime. (The exceptions to little fat being avocado and coconuts.)
Eat more fruit, it really is a gift from the gods.
How Many Calories in Fruit Table
If you are on a low calorie diet, this calories in fruit chart will be a good source of information for you. Fruits do contain calories and if you are trying to maintain or lose weight, the calories fruits contain must be counted towards your overall eating program.
Fruit and vegetables should make up more than 2 thirds of your daily allowance. Fruit is so plentiful, is delicious to eat and there is such a wide variety, surely there is more than one type that will suit everyone's taste.
Full of vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber, fruit is a great health food which can be utilized in many ways to suit a busy lifestyle. Make sure you add fruit to your diet. Your body will thank you are you will feel so much healthier.
The table below contains the popular fruits and shows the relative calories and kilojoules that fruit contain. We have omitted some relative rare and exotic fruits for ease of webpage publication.
This table is for calories in fresh fruits only and is reproduced here as a guide to average amount of calories. For calories in canned fruit, read the nutritional guides on the labels.
| Avocado |
Swimming; running and cycling are the three disciplines of what sport? | High-Calorie Fruits & Vegetables | LIVESTRONG.COM
High-Calorie Fruits & Vegetables
Last Updated: Nov 24, 2013
Jessica Bruso
Based in Massachusetts, Jessica Bruso has been writing since 2008. She holds a master of science degree in food policy and applied nutrition and a bachelor of arts degree in international relations, both from Tufts University.
Dried fruit is a very concentrated source of calories. Photo Credit Michael Blann/Photodisc/Getty Images
While fruits and vegetables generally tend to be among the lower-calorie foods, some are surprisingly high in calories. Eating these foods can be a good thing if you are looking for a healthy way to gain weight. However, if you're trying to lose weight, you may want to save these fruits and vegetables for an occasional treat, instead of adding them to your plate on a daily basis.
Dried Fruit
Because dried fruit has had most of its water removed, it packs a lot of calories and nutrients into a small amount of food. Eat a cup of raisins and you'll be getting almost 500 calories. Prunes provide 447 calories per cup, dates have 415 calories per cup, and dried currants contain 408 calories per cup. Other dried fruits, including figs, apricots and cranberries, are also high in calories per cup.
Other High-Calorie Fruits
Another high-calorie fruit is the avocado, because of the large amount of fat it contains. A cup of pureed avocado has 384 calories. Other fruits that are high in calories because of their high carbohydrate content include the stinky but flavorful durian fruit, popular in Southeast Asia. It provides 357 calories per cup. Tamarind, with 287 calories per cup of pulp, and sweetsop -- or sugar apples -- each contain 235 calories per cup.
Starchy Vegetables and Legumes
When it comes to vegetables, starchy vegetables and legumes pack the largest calories punch. A cup of mashed sweet potato contains 249 calories, taro root has 187 calories per cup, and boiled yellow corn has 185 calories per cup of whole kernels. Potatoes greatly add to your caloric intake as well. Each microwaved potato with skin contains 212 calories, and French fries, mashed potatoes made with butter and fried potatoes contain even more calories because of the fat added during their preparation. Eat a cup of boiled green soybeans and you'll be consuming 254 calories, and lima beans contain 209 calories per cup.
Other Considerations
Just because fruits and vegetables are high in calories doesn't mean you should totally avoid them. They are often filled with essential nutrients as well, making them healthy options as long as you consume them in moderation. For example, the fat in avocados is the heart-healthy monounsaturated type, and they are also a good source of vitamin E. Corn, meanwhile, provides you with fiber, a small amount of iron and vitamins B-6 and C.
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Who created the character 'Count Dracula'? | Dracula (Character)
Dracula (Character)
from Dracula (1931)
The content of this page was created by users. It has not been screened or verified by IMDb staff.
There may be more photos available for this character. To select more photos to be displayed in this character's gallery, click the Edit Photos link.
Overview
The world's most famous vampire, Dracula was conceived... See more »
Alternate Names:
Alexander Grayson / Alexander Lucard / Baron / Baron Latos / Big Dracula Head / Comte Dracula / Conde Dr�cula / Conde R�cula / Conte Dracula / Count / Count Caldaur / Count Crackula / Count Dracul / Count Dracula / Count Dracula in 'Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein' / Count Dracula in 'count Dracula' / Count Drakula / Count Dr�cula / Count Fuckula / Count Hackula / Count Jackula / Count Karlstein / Count Mockula / Count Orlok / Count Rockula / Count Tom Dracula / Count Vlad Dracula / Count Vladimir Dracula / Count Vladislaus Dracula / Count Zoltan Dracula / Crazy Dracula / Daddy Dracula / Diddy Count Dracula / Dr. Acula / Dr. Alexander Sweet / Dr. Dracula / Dracula & Vlad / Dracula III / Dracula. / Draculetta / Draculette / Dragula / Drake / Drakula / Dr�cula / Dr�cula / Dr�kula / Dr�kula v nem�m filmu / Fake Dracula / General Targo / Graaf Dracula / Graf / Graf Dracula / Graf Orlok / Gr�f / Kid Count Dracula / Le comte Dracula / Mathias Cronqvist / Mircea Drakula / Movie Dracula / Mr. Dr�cula / Orlok / Prince of Darkness / Prof. Lugosi / Richter Belmont / The Count / Vlad / Vlad Dracula / Von Draculea / Zdrakula
Filmography
... aka "Frankenpimp 2: The Romeo and Juliet Massacre" - Europe (English title) (alternative title), Jamaica (English title) (alternative title)
... aka "The Romeo and Juliet Massacre" - Australia (alternative title), Canada (English title) (original script title)
... aka "Dracula" - Canada (English title) (short title)
... aka "Dracula Sucks It!" - Canada (English title) (alternative title)
... aka "Frankenpimp's Revenge" - Hong Kong (English title) (alternative title)
... aka "Tex Watt's Frankenpimp 2: The Romeo and Juliet Massacre" - India (English title) (alternative title)
... aka "Tex Watt's Frakenpimp 2: Frakenpimp Goes Ape-Sh#T!" - Japan (English title) (alternative title)
... aka "Jarhead 3" - USA (short title)
... aka "Jarhead III" - USA (alternative title)
... aka "Jarhead III: The Siege" - USA (alternative title)
... aka "Jarhead: The Siegie" - USA (alternative title)
... aka "NBC's Saturday Night" - USA (complete title)
... aka "SNL" - USA (informal title)
... aka "SNL 25" - USA (alternative title)
... aka "Saturday Night" - USA (first season title)
... aka "Saturday Night Live '80" - USA (sixth season title)
... aka "Saturday Night Live 15" - USA (fifteenth season title)
... aka "Saturday Night Live 20" - USA (twentieth season title)
... aka "Saturday Night Live 25" - USA (twentyfifth season title)
... aka "Hotel Transylvania 2 3D" - USA (3-D version)
... aka "Monsters Hotel 2" - Japan (English title) (imdb display title)
... aka "Hulk and the Agents of Smash" - USA (informal alternative title)
... aka "Marvel's Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H." - USA (complete title)
... aka "Marvel's Avengers Assemble" - USA (complete title)
... aka "Marvel's Avengers Ultron Revolution" - USA (third season title)
... aka "Ultimate Spider-Man vs the Sinister 6" - USA (fourth season title)
... aka "Ultimate Spider-Man: Web Warriors" - USA (third season title)
... aka "Cinemassacre's Monster Madness 3" - USA (third season title)
... aka "Cinemassacre's Monster Madness 8" - USA (eighth season title)
... aka "Cinemassacre's Monster Madness 9" - USA (ninth season title)
... aka "Cinemassacre's Monster Madness X" - USA (tenth season title)
... aka "Cinemassacre's Monster Madness: '80s-A-Thon" - USA (sixth season title)
... aka "Cinemassacre's Monster Madness: Camp Cult" - USA (fourth season title)
... aka "Cinemassacre's Monster Madness: Godzilla-Thon" - USA (second season title)
... aka "Cinemassacre's Monster Madness: History of Horror" - USA (first season title)
... aka "Cinemassacre's Monster Madness: Sequel-A-Thon" - USA (fifth season title)
... aka "Cinemassacre's Monster Madness: Sequel-A-Thon 2" - USA (seventh season title)
... aka "Bram Stoker's Dracula" - USA (complete title)
... aka "Dracula vs Van Helsing" - Japan (English title) (DVD title)
... aka "Les rois maudits" - France (original title)
... aka "The Curse of the Templars" - Europe (English title) (imdb display title)
... aka "Bram Stoker's Way of the Vampire" - UK (video title), USA (complete title)
... aka "Van Helsing's Way of the Vampire" - USA (alternative title)
... aka "Bram Stoker's Way of the Vampire" - Japan (English title) (video title)
... aka "Mondomanila: Institusyon ng makata" - Philippines (original title)
... aka "Mondomanila" - Philippines (English title) (short title)
... aka "Saibôgu 009" - Japan (original title)
... aka "Cyborg 009: The Cyborg Soldier" - International (English title), USA
... aka "Lexx: The Dark Zone" - Canada (English title) (first season title)
... aka "Tales from a Parallel Universe" - USA (first season title)
... aka "Dracula 2001" - Ireland (English title) (imdb display title), UK
... aka "Wes Craven Presents Dracula 2000" - USA (complete title)
... aka "Dracula 2002" - Belgium (English title) (video title)
... aka "BtVS" - USA (promotional abbreviation)
... aka "Buffy" - USA (short title)
... aka "Buffy, the Vampire Slayer: The Series" - USA (long title)
... aka "Nightfall" - Japan (English title)
... aka "Cannon Movie Tales: Sleeping Beauty" - USA (series title)
... aka "Sleeping Beauty: A Cannon Film" - USA (closing credits title)
(as Conde Dr�cula)
... aka "Good Night, Mr. Monster" - USA (literal English title)
(as Dr�kula v nem�m filmu)
... aka "Upír z Feratu" - Czechoslovakia (original title)
... aka "Yami no teiô kyuketsuki dorakyura" - Japan (original title)
... aka "Dracula: Sovereign of the Damned" - USA (dubbed version)
... aka "Tomb of Dracula" - International (English title)
... aka "Crash" - USA (reissue title)
... aka "Sorcery" - USA (reissue title)
... aka "Cliffhangers: The Curse of Dracula" - USA (alternative title)
... aka "Dracula '79" - USA (alternative title)
... aka "The Loves of Dracula" - USA (recut version)
... aka "The World of Dracula" - USA (alternative title)
... aka "Nosferatu: Phantom der Nacht" - West Germany (original title)
... aka "Nosferatu: Phantom of the Night" - International (English title) (literal title)
... aka "Li san jiao wei zhen di yu men" - Hong Kong (original title)
... aka "The Dragon Lives Again" - Hong Kong (English title)
... aka "Funny America" - USA (reissue title)
... aka "Prime Time" - USA (alternative title)
... aka "Donna è bello" - Italy (original title)
... aka "Woman and Lover" - USA
... aka "Vampira" - UK (original title)
... aka "Old Dracula" - USA
... aka "Dracula and the Seven Golden Vampires" - Singapore (English title)
... aka "The 7 Brothers Meet Dracula" - USA (poster title)
... aka "The Seven Brothers Meet Dracula" - USA
... aka "Son of Drac" - USA (recut version)
... aka "Young Dracula" - USA (reissue title)
(as Conde Dr�cula)
... aka "La saga de los Drácula" - Spain (original title)
... aka "Death, Death, Death" - USA (alternative title)
... aka "The Saga of Dracula" - USA (dubbed version)
... aka "El gran amor del conde Drácula" - Spain (original title)
... aka "Cemetery Girls" - USA (reissue title)
... aka "Dracula's Great Love" - USA (promotional title)
... aka "Dracula's Virgin Lovers" - Canada (English title)
... aka "The Great Love of Count Dracula" - International (English title)
... aka "Drácula contra Frankenstein" - Spain (original title)
... aka "Dracula: Prisoner of Frankenstein" - USA (DVD box title)
... aka "Dracula 1972" - International (English title) (informal title)
... aka "Dracula 1972 D.C." - International (English title) (poster title)
... aka "Teenage Dracula" - USA (reissue title)
... aka "The Revenge of Dracula" - USA (reissue title)
... aka "They're Coming to Get You" - USA (reissue title)
... aka "Las amantes del diablo" - Spain (original title)
... aka "Feast for the Devil" - USA (video title)
... aka "Night of the Devils" - USA
... aka "Nachts, wenn Dracula erwacht" - Spain (original title)
... aka "Bram Stoker's Count Dracula" - USA (complete title)
... aka "Dracula '71" - USA (review title)
(as Count Dr�cula)
... aka "Santo in 'The Treasure of Dracula'" - USA (original subtitled version)
... aka "Zinda Laash" - Pakistan (original title)
... aka "The Living Corpse" - International (English title)
... aka "Dracula" - UK (original title)
... aka "Dracula 1958" - USA (informal English title)
... aka "Cross Current" - USA (rerun title)
... aka "Dateline: Europe" - USA (rerun title)
... aka "Overseas Adventures" - USA (rerun title)
... aka "The Paul Winchell and Jerry Mahoney Show" - USA (original title)
... aka "The Speidel Show" - USA (alternative title)
... aka "Bud Abbott Lou Costello Meet Frankenstein" - USA (original title)
... aka "Bud Abbott and Lou Costello Meet Frankenstein" - USA (poster title)
(as Conde Dr�cula)
... aka "Dracula, Spanish Version" - USA (DVD box title)
... aka "Nosferatu, eine Symphonie des Grauens" - Germany (original title)
... aka "Nosferatu, a Symphony of Horror" - International (English title) (complete title), USA (complete title)
... aka "Kyassuruvania" - Japan (original title)
... aka "Castlevania" - Japan (English title) (imdb display title)
... aka "Akumajo Dracula X: Gekka no Yasokyoku" - Japan (original title)
... aka "Dracula X: Nocturne in the Moonlight" - Japan (English title)
... aka "Handsome Harker - Actor Fred Williams Interviewed" - USA (complete title)
... aka "Handsome Harker - An Interview with Actor Fred Williams" - USA (DVD menu title)
... aka "Cinemassacre's Monster Madness 3" - USA (third season title)
... aka "Cinemassacre's Monster Madness 8" - USA (eighth season title)
... aka "Cinemassacre's Monster Madness 9" - USA (ninth season title)
... aka "Cinemassacre's Monster Madness X" - USA (tenth season title)
... aka "Cinemassacre's Monster Madness: '80s-A-Thon" - USA (sixth season title)
... aka "Cinemassacre's Monster Madness: Camp Cult" - USA (fourth season title)
... aka "Cinemassacre's Monster Madness: Godzilla-Thon" - USA (second season title)
... aka "Cinemassacre's Monster Madness: History of Horror" - USA (first season title)
... aka "Cinemassacre's Monster Madness: Sequel-A-Thon" - USA (fifth season title)
... aka "Cinemassacre's Monster Madness: Sequel-A-Thon 2" - USA (seventh season title)
... aka "Blacula II" - , USA (working title)
... aka "Blacula Lives Again!" - , USA (fake working title)
| Bram Stoker |
Who was the 28th president of the USA? | The Real Dracula: Vlad the Impaler
The Real Dracula: Vlad the Impaler
By Marc Lallanilla, Live Science Contributor |
October 24, 2014 04:10pm ET
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This portrait of Vlad III, painted in the early 16th century, hangs in the museum at Castle Ambras in Innsbruck, Austria.
Credit: Public domain
Few names have cast more terror into the human heart than Dracula. The legendary vampire, created by author Bram Stoker in his 1897 novel of the same name, has inspired countless horror movies, television shows and other bloodcurdling tales of vampires.
Though Dracula is a purely fictional creation, Stoker named his infamous character after a real person who happened to have a taste for blood: Vlad III, Prince of Wallachia or — as he is better known — Vlad the Impaler. The morbid nickname is a testament to the Wallachian prince's favorite way of dispensing with his enemies.
But other than having the same name, the two Draculas don't really have much in common, according to historians who have studied the link between Stoker's vampire count and Vlad III.
The real Dracula
By most accounts, Vlad III was born in 1431 in what is now Transylvania , the central region of modern-day Romania. However, the link between Vlad the Impaler and Transylvania is tenuous, according to Florin Curta, a professor of medieval history and archaeology at the University of Florida.
"[Stoker's] Dracula is linked to Transylvania, but the real, historic Dracula — Vlad III — never owned anything in Transylvania," Curta told Live Science. Bran Castle, a modern-day tourist attraction in Transylvania that is often referred to as Dracula's castle, was never the residence of the Wallachian prince, he added.
"Because the castle is in the mountains in this foggy area and it looks spooky, it's what one would expect of Dracula's castle," Curta said. "But he [Vlad III] never lived there. He never even stepped foot there."
Vlad III's father, Vlad II, did own a residence in Sighişoara, Transylvania, but it is not certain that Vlad III was born there, according to Curta. It's also possible, he said, that Vlad the Impaler was born in Târgovişte, which was at that time the royal seat of the principality of Wallachia, where his father was a "voivode," or ruler.
In 1431, King Sigismund of Hungary, who would later become the Holy Roman Emperor, inducted the elder Vlad into a knightly order, the Order of the Dragon. This designation earned Vlad II a new surname: Dracul. The name came from the old Romanian word for dragon, "drac." His son, Vlad III, would later be known as the "son of Dracul" or, in old Romanian, Drăculea, hence Dracula. In modern Romanian, the word "drac" refers to another feared creature — the devil, Curta said. [ 8 Grisly Archaeological Discoveries ]
The Order of the Dragon was devoted to a singular task: the defeat of the Turkish, or Ottoman Empire. Situated between Christian Europe and the Muslim lands of the Ottoman Empire, Vlad II's (and later Vlad III's) home principality of Wallachia was frequently the scene of bloody battles as Ottoman forces pushed westward into Europe, and Christian forces repulsed the invaders.
This painting, "Vlad the Impaler and the Turkish Envoys," by Theodor Aman (1831-1891), allegedly depicts a scene in which Vlad III nails the turbans of these Ottoman diplomats to their heads.
Credit: Public domain
Years of captivity
When Vlad II was called to a diplomatic meeting in 1442 with Sultan Murad II, he brought his young sons Vlad III and Radu along. But the meeting was actually a trap: All three were arrested and held hostage. The elder Vlad was released under the condition that he leave his sons behind.
"The sultan held Vlad and his brother as hostages to ensure that their father, Vlad II, behaved himself in the ongoing war between Turkey and Hungary," said Elizabeth Miller, a research historian and professor emeritus at Memorial University of Newfoundland in Canada.
Under the Ottomans, Vlad and his younger brother were tutored in science, philosophy and the arts. Vlad also became a skilled horseman and warrior , according to Radu Florescu and Raymond McNally, former professors of history at Boston College, who wrote several books about Vlad III — as well as his alleged connection to Stoker's Dracula — in the 1970s and 1980s.
"They were treated reasonably well by the current standards of the time," Miller said. "Still, [captivity] irked Vlad, whereas his brother sort of acquiesced and went over on the Turkish side. But Vlad held enmity, and I think it was one of his motivating factors for fighting the Turks: to get even with them for having held him captive."
Vlad the Prince
While Vlad and Radu were in Ottoman hands, Vlad's father was fighting to keep his place as voivode of Wallachia, a fight he would eventually lose. In 1447, Vlad II was ousted as ruler of Wallachia by local noblemen (boyars) and was killed in the swamps near Bălteni, half way between Târgovişte and Bucharest in present-day Romania. Vlad's older half-brother, Mircea, was killed alongside his father. [ 7 Strange Ways Humans Act Like Vampires ]
Not long after these harrowing events, in 1448, Vlad embarked on a campaign to regain his father's seat from the new ruler, Vladislav II. His first attempt at the throne relied on the military support of the Ottoman governors of the cities along the Danube River in northern Bulgaria, according to Curta. Vlad also took advantage of the fact that Vladislav was absent at the time, having gone to the Balkans to fight the Ottomans for the governor of Hungary at the time, John Hunyadi.
Vlad won back his father's seat, but his time as ruler of Wallachia was short-lived. He was deposed after only two months, when Vladislav II returned and took back the throne of Wallachia with the assistance of Hunyadi, according to Curta.
Little is known about Vlad III's whereabouts between 1448 and 1456. But it is known that he switched sides in the Ottoman-Hungarian conflict, giving up his ties with the Ottoman governors of the Danube cities and obtaining military support from King Ladislaus V of Hungary, who happened to dislike Vlad's rival — Vladislav II of Wallachia — according to Curta.
Vlad III’s political and military tack truly came to the forefront amid the fall of Constantinople in 1453. After the fall, the Ottomans were in a position to invade all of Europe. Vlad, who had already solidified his anti-Ottoman position, was proclaimed voivode of Wallachia in 1456. One of his first orders of business in his new role was to stop paying an annual tribute to the Ottoman sultan — a measure that had formerly ensured peace between Wallachia and the Ottomans.
A woodcut from a 1499 pamphlet depicts Vlad III dining among the impaled corpses of his victims.
Credit: Public domain
Vlad the Impaler
To consolidate his power as voivode, Vlad needed to quell the incessant conflicts that had historically taken place between Wallachia's boyars. According to legends that circulated after his death, Vlad invited hundreds of these boyars to a banquet and — knowing they would challenge his authority — had his guests stabbed and their still-twitching bodies impaled on spikes.
This is just one of many gruesome events that earned Vlad his posthumous nickname Vlad the Impaler. This story — and others like it — is documented in printed material from around the time of Vlad III's rule, according to Miller.
"In the 1460s and 1470s, just after the invention of the printing press, a lot of these stories about Vlad were circulating orally, and then they were put together by different individuals in pamphlets and printed," Miller said.
Whether or not these stories are wholly true or significantly embellished is debatable, Miller added. After all, many of those printing the pamphlets were hostile to Vlad III. But some of the pamphlets from this time tell almost the exact same gruesome stories about Vlad, leading Miller to believe that the tales are at least partially historically accurate. Some of these legends were also collected and published in a book, "The Tale of Dracula," in 1490, by a monk who presented Vlad III as a fierce, but just ruler.
Vlad is credited with impaling dozens of Saxon merchants in Kronstadt (present-day Braşov, Romania), who were once allied with the boyars, in 1456. Around the same time, a group of Ottoman envoys allegedly had an audience with Vlad but declined to remove their turbans, citing a religious custom. Commending them on their religious devotion, Vlad ensured that their turbans would forever remain on their heads by reportedly having the head coverings nailed to their skulls.
"After Mehmet II — the one who conquered Constantinople — invaded Wallachia in 1462, he actually was able to go all the way to Wallachia's capital city of Târgoviște but found it deserted. And in front of the capital he found the bodies of the Ottoman prisoners of war that Vlad had taken — all impaled," Curta said.
Vlad's victories over the invading Ottomans were celebrated throughout Wallachia, Transylvania and the rest of Europe — even Pope Pius II was impressed.
"The reason he's a positive character in Romania is because he is reputed to have been a just, though a very harsh, ruler," Curta said.
Vlad's death
Not long after the impalement of Ottoman prisoners of war, in August 1462, Vlad was forced into exile in Hungary, unable to defeat his much more powerful adversary, Mehmet II. Vlad was imprisoned for a number of years during his exile, though during that same time he married and had two children.
Vlad's younger brother, Radu, who had sided with the Ottomans during the ongoing military campaigns, took over governance of Wallachia after his brother's imprisonment. But after Radu's death in 1475, local boyars, as well as the rulers of several nearby principalities, favored Vlad’s return to power.
In 1476, with the support of the voivode of Moldavia, Stephen III the Great (1457-1504), Vlad made one last effort to reclaim his seat as ruler of Wallachia. He successfully stole back the throne, but his triumph was short-lived. Later that year, while marching to yet another battle with the Ottomans, Vlad and a small vanguard of soldiers were ambushed, and Vlad was killed.
There is much controversy over the location of Vlad III's tomb. It is said he was buried in the monastery church in Snagov, on the northern edge of the modern city of Bucharest, in accordance with the traditions of his time. But recently, historians have questioned whether Vlad might actually be buried at the Monastery of Comana, between Bucharest and the Danube, which is close to the presumed location of the battle in which Vlad was killed, according to Curta.
One thing is for certain, however: unlike Stoker's Count Dracula, Vlad III most definitely did die. Only the harrowing tales of his years as ruler of Wallachia remain to haunt the modern world.
Follow Elizabeth Palermo @ techEpalermo . Follow Live Science @livescience , Facebook & Google+ . Original article on Live Science.
Additional resources
Elizabeth Miller is an internationally recognized expert on Dracula — the novel and the folklore. Her website, Dracula's Homepage , is a treasure trove of information.
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What nationality was the composer 'Chopin'? | Chopin : Biography
biography
Click here for Chopin's quotes and quotes of others about Chopin >>>
Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin, the Polish composer and pianist, was born on 1 March 1810, according to the statements of the artist himself and his family, but according to his baptismal certificate, which was written several weeks after his birth, the date was 22 February. His birthplace was the village of Zelazowa Wola near Sochaczew, in the region of Mazovia, which was part of the Duchy of Warsaw. The manor-house in Zelazowa Wola belonged to Count Skarbek and Chopin's father, Mikolaj (Nicolas) Chopin, a Polonized Frenchman, was employed there as a tutor. He had been born in 1771 in Marainville in the province of Lorraine in France, but already as a child he had established contacts with the Polish families of Count Michal Pac and the manager of his estate, Jan Adam Weydlich. At the age of 16, Mikolaj accompanied them to Poland where he settled down permanently. He never returned to France and did not retain contacts with his French family but brought up his children as Poles. In 1806, Mikolaj Chopin married Tekla Justyna Krzyzanowska, who was the housekeeper for the Skarbek family at Zelazowa Wola. They had four children: three daughters Ludwika, Izabela and Emilia, and a son Fryderyk, the second child. Several months after his birth, the whole family moved to Warsaw, where Mikolaj Chopin was offered the post of French language and literature lecturer in the Warsaw Lyceum. He also ran a boarding school for sons of the gentry.
The musical talent of Fryderyk became apparent extremely early on, and it was compared with the childhood genius of Mozart. Already at the age of 7, Fryderyk was the author of two polonaises (in G minor and B flat major), the first being published in the engraving workshop of Father Cybulski. The prodigy was featured in the Warsaw newspapers, and "little Chopin" became the attraction and ornament of receptions given in the aristocratic salons of the capital. He also began giving public charity concerts. His first professional piano lessons, given to him by Wojciech Zywny (b. 1756 in Bohemia), lasted from 1816 to 1822, when the teacher was no longer able to give any more help to the pupil whose skills surpassed his own. The further development of Fryderyk's talent was supervised by Wilhelm W�rfel (b.1791 in Bohemia), the renowned pianist and professor at the Warsaw Conservatory who was to offer valuable, although irregular, advice as regards playing the piano and organ.
From 1823 to 1826, Fryderyk attended the Warsaw Lyceum where his father was one of the professors. He spent his summer holidays in estates belonging to the parents of his school friends in various parts of the country. For example, he twice visited Szafarnia in the Kujawy region where he revealed a particular interest in folk music and country traditions. The young composer listened to and noted down the texts of folk songs, took part in peasant weddings and harvest festivities, danced, and played a folk instrument resembling a double bass with the village musicians; all of which he described in his letters. Chopin became well acquainted with the folk music of the Polish plains in its authentic form, with its distinct tonality, richness of rhythms and dance vigour. When composing his first mazurkas in 1825, as well as the later ones, he resorted to this source of inspiration which he kept in mind until the very end of his life.
In the autumn of 1826, Chopin began studying the theory of music, figured bass and composition at the Warsaw High School of Music, which was both part of the Conservatory and, at the same time, connected with Warsaw University. Its head was the composer J�zef Elsner (b. 1769 in Silesia). Chopin, however, did not attend the piano class. Aware of the exceptional nature of Chopin's talent, Elsner allowed him, in accordance with his personality and temperament, to concentrate on piano music but was unbending as regards theoretical subjects, in particular counterpoint. Chopin, endowed by nature with magnificent melodic invention, ease of free improvisation and an inclination towards brilliant effects and perfect harmony, gained in Elsner's school a solid grounding, discipline, and precision of construction, as well as an understanding of the meaning and logic of each note. This was the period of the first extended works such as the Sonata in C minor, Variations, op. 2 on a theme from Don Juan by Mozart, the Rondo � la Krakowiak, op. 14, the Fantaisie, op. 13 on Polish Airs (the three last ones written for piano and orchestra) and the Trio in G minor, op. 8 for piano, violin and cello. Chopin ended his education at the High School in 1829, and after the third year of his studies Elsner wrote in a report: "Chopin, Fryderyk, third year student, amazing talent, musical genius".
After completing his studies, Chopin planned a longer stay abroad to become acquainted with the musical life of Europe and to win fame. Up to then, he had never left Poland, with the exception of two brief stays in Prussia. In 1826, he had spent a holiday in Bad Reinertz (modern day Duszniki-Zdr�j) in Lower Silesia, and two years later he had accompanied his father's friend, Professor Feliks Jarocki, on his journey to Berlin to attend a congress of naturalists. Here, quite unknown to the Prussian public, he concentrated on observing the local musical scene. Now he pursued bolder plans. In July 1829 he made a short excursion to Vienna in the company of his acquaintances. Wilhelm W�rfel, who had been staying there for three years, introduced him to the musical milieu, and enabled Chopin to give two performances in the K�rtnertortheater, where, accompanied by an orchestra, he played Variations, op.2 on a Mozart theme and the Rondo � la Krakowiak, op. 14 , as well as performing improvisations. He enjoyed tremendous success with the public, and although the critics censured his performance for its small volume of sound, they acclaimed him as a genius of the piano and praised his compositions. Consequently, the Viennese publisher Tobias Haslinger printed the Variations on a theme from Mozart (1830). This was the first publication of a Chopin composition abroad, for up to then, his works had only been published in Warsaw.
Upon his return to Warsaw, Chopin, already free from student duties, devoted himself to composition and wrote, among other pieces, two Concertos for piano and orchestra: in F minor and E minor. The first concerto was inspired to a considerable extent by the composer's feelings towards Konstancja Gladkowska, who studied singing at the Conservatory. This was also the period of the first nocturne, etudes, waltzes, mazurkas, and songs to words by Stefan Witwicki. During the last months prior to his planned longer stay abroad, Chopin gave a number of public performances, mainly in the National Theatre in Warsaw where the premi�re of both concertos took place. Originally, his destination was to be Berlin, where the artist had been invited by Prince Antoni Radziwill, the governor of the Grand Duchy of Poznan, who had been appointed by the king of Prussia, and who was a long-standing admirer of Chopin's talent and who, in the autumn of 1829, was his host in Antonin. Chopin, however, ultimately chose Vienna where he wished to consolidate his earlier success and establish his reputation. On 11 October 1830, he gave a ceremonial farewell concert in the National Theatre in Warsaw, during which he played the Concerto in E minor, and K. Gladkowska sang. On 2 November, together with his friend Tytus Woyciechowski, Chopin left for Austria, with the intention of going on to Italy.
Several days after their arrival in Vienna, the two friends learnt about the outbreak of the uprising in Warsaw, against the subservience of the Kingdom of Poland to Russia and the presence of the Russian Tsar on the Polish throne. This was the beginning of a months-long Russo-Polish war. T. Woyciechowski returned to Warsaw to join the insurgent army, while Chopin, succumbing to the persuasion of his friend, stayed in Vienna. In low spirits and anxious about the fate of his country and family, he ceased planning the further course of his career, an attitude explained in a letter to J. Elsner: "In vain does Malfatti try to convince me that every artist is a cosmopolitan. Even if so, as an artist, I am still in my cradle, as a Pole, I am already twenty; I hope, therefore that, knowing me well, you will not chide me that so far I have not thought about the programme of the concert". The performance ultimately took place on 11 June 1831, in the K�rtnerthortheater, where Chopin played the Concerto in E minor. The eight months spent in Vienna were not wasted. Strong and dramatic emotional experiences inspired the creative imagination of the composer, probably accelerating the emergence of a new, individual style, quite different from his previous brilliant style. The new works, which revealed force and passion, included the sketch of the Scherzo in B minor and, above all, the powerful Etudes from op. 10.
Having given up his plans for a journey to Italy, due to the hostilities there against Austria, Chopin resolved to go to Paris. On the way, he first stopped in Munich where he gave a concert on the 28th of August and then went on to Stuttgart. Here he learnt about the dramatic collapse of the November Uprising and the capture of Warsaw by the Russians. His reaction to this news assumed the form of a fever and nervous crisis. Traces of these experiences are encountered in the so-called Stuttgart diary: "The enemy is in the house (...) Oh God, do You exist? You do and yet You do not avenge. - Have You not had enough of Moscow's crimes - or - or are You Yourself a Muscovite [...] I here, useless! And I here empty-handed. At times I can only groan, suffer, and pour out my despair at my piano!".
In the autumn of 1831 Chopin arrived in Paris where he met many fellow countrymen. Following the national defeat, thousands of exiles, including participants of the armed struggle, politicians, representatives of Polish culture, such as the writer Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, Romantic poets A. Mickiewicz and Juliusz Slowacki, and the Warsaw friends of Chopin, the poets Stefan Witwicki and Bohdan Zaleski, sought refuge from the Russian occupation in a country and city which they found most friendly. Chopin made close contacts with the so-called Great Emigration, befriended its leader Prince Adam Czartoryski, and became a member of the Polish Literary Society, which he supported financially. He also attended emigr� meetings, played at charity concerts held for poor emigr�s, and organised similar events.
In Paris, his reputation as an artist grew rapidly. Letters of recommendation which the composer brought from Vienna allowed him immediately to join the local musical milieu, which welcomed him cordially. Chopin became the friend of Liszt, Mendelssohn, Ferdinand Hiller, Berlioz and Auguste Franchomme. Later on, in 1835, in Leipzig, he also met Schumann who held his works in great esteem and wrote enthusiastic articles about the Polish composer. Upon hearing the performance of the unknown arrival from Warsaw, the great pianist Friedrich Kalkbrenner, called the king of the piano, organised a concert for Chopin which took place on the 26th of February 1832 in the Salle Pleyel. The ensuing success was enormous, and he quickly became a famous musician, renowned throughout Paris. This rise to fame aroused the interest of publishers and by the summer of 1832, Chopin had signed a contract with the leading Parisian publishing firm of Schlesinger. At the same time, his compositions were published in Leipzig by Probst, and then Breitkopf, and in London by Wessel.
The most important source of Chopin's income in Paris was, however, from giving lessons. He became a popular teacher among the Polish and French aristocracy and Parisian salons were his favourite place for performances. As a pianist, Chopin was ranked among the greatest artists of his epoch, such as Kalkbrenner, Liszt, Thalberg and Herz, but, in contrast to them, he disliked public performances and appeared rarely and rather unwillingly. In a friendly, intimate group of listeners he disclosed supreme artistry and the full scale of his pianistic and expressive talents.
Having settled down in Paris, Chopin deliberately chose the status of an emigr�. Despite the requests of his father, he did not obey the Tsarist regulations, issued in subjugated Poland, and never extended his passport in the Russian embassy. Consequently, being regarded as a political refugee, Chopin deprived himself of the possibility of legally revisiting his homeland. He longed to see his family and friends and, seeking refuge against loneliness, decided to share accommodation with the physician Aleksander Hoffman, another Polish exile, and after the latter's departure from Paris, with his Warsaw friend, former insurgent and physician, Jan Matuszynski. In this situation, the composer could meet his parents only outside Poland and when in August 1835 they went to Karlsbad for a cure, Chopin soon followed. Afterwards, while in nearby Dresden, he renewed his acquaintance with the Wodzinski family. Years earlier, the three young Wodzinski sons had stayed in the boarding house managed by Mikolaj Chopin. Their younger sister, Maria, now an adolescent, showed considerable musical and artistic talent and Chopin fell in love with her and wanted to marry her and set up a family home of his own in exile. The following year, during a holiday spent together with the seventeen year-old Maria and her mother in Marienbad (modern day M�riansk� L�zne in the Czech Republic), and then in Dresden, he proposed and was accepted on the condition that he would take better care of his health. The engagement was unofficial, and did not end in marriage, for after a year-long "trial" period, Maria's parents, disturbed by the bad state of the health of her fianc� who was seriously ill in the winter, and especially by his irregular lifestyle, viewed him as an unsuitable partner for their daughter. Chopin found this rejection an extremely painful experience, and labelled the letters from the Wodzinski family, tied into a small bundle, "My sorrow".
In July 1837, Chopin travelled to London in the company of Camille Pleyel in the hope of forgetting all unpleasant memories. Soon afterwards, he entered into a close liaison with the famous French writer George Sand. This author of daring novels, older by six years, and a divorcee with two children, offered the lonely artist what he missed most from the time when he left Warsaw: extraordinary tenderness, warmth and maternal care. The lovers spent the winter of 1838/1839 on the Spanish island of Majorca, living in a former monastery in Valdemosa. There, due to unfavourable weather conditions, Chopin became gravely ill and showed symptoms of tuberculosis. For many weeks, he remained so weak as to be unable to leave the house but nonetheless, continued to work intensively and composed a number of masterpieces: the series of 24 preludes, the Polonaise in C minor, the Ballade in F major, and the Scherzo in C sharp minor.
On his return from Majorca in the spring of 1839, and following a convalescence in Marseilles, Chopin, still greatly weakened, moved to George Sand's manor house in Nohant, in central France. Here, he was to spend long vacations up to 1846, with the exception of 1840, returning to Paris only for the winters. This was the happiest, and the most productive, period in his life after he left his family home. The majority of his most outstanding and profound works were composed in Nohant. In Paris, the composer and writer were treated as a married couple, although they were never married. Both had common friends among the artistic circles of the capital, such as the painter Delacroix and the singer Pauline Viardot, as well as the Polish emigr�s, such as A. Mickiewicz and W. Grzymala. For years, the couple enjoyed a deep love and friendship, but with time the increasingly hostile attitude of George Sand's son, who exerted a strong influence on the writer, caused ever more serious conflicts. A final parting of ways took place in July 1847.
Grievous personal experiences as well as the loss of Nohant, so important for the health and creativity of the composer, had a devastating effect on Chopin's mental and physical state. He almost completely gave up composition, and from then to the end of his life wrote only a few miniatures. In April 1848, persuaded by his Scottish pupil, Jane Stirling, Chopin left for England and Scotland. Together with her sister, Miss Stirling organised concerts and visits in various localities, including the castles of the Scottish aristocracy. This exceptionally hectic life style and excessive strain on his strength from constant travelling and numerous performances, together with a climate deleterious to his lungs, further damaged his health. On 16 November 1848, despite frailty and a fever, Chopin gave his last concert, playing for Polish emigr�s in the Guildhall in London. A few days later, he returned to Paris
His rapidly progressing disease made it impossible to continue giving lessons. In the summer of 1849, Ludwika Jedrzejewiczowa, the eldest sister of the composer, came from Warsaw to take care of her ill brother. On 17 October 1849, Chopin died of pulmonary tuberculosis in his Parisian flat in the Place Vend�me. He was buried in the P�re-Lachaise cemetery in Paris. In accordance with his will, however, his heart, taken from his body after death, was brought by his sister to Warsaw where it was placed in an urn installed in a pillar of the Holy Cross church in Krakowskie Przedmiscie.
(by Barbara Smolenska-Zielinska, from the Official Chopin Homepage)
Recommended books on Chopin's biography:
- William G. Atwood, The Parisian worlds of Frédéric Chopin , Yale University Press, 1999
- Frederic Chopin, Chopin's letters , edited by E.L. Voynich, Dover, 1988
- Alfred Cortot, In search of Chopin , translated from French by Cyril and Rena Clarke, Greenwood Press, 1952
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What name is given to a male horse or pony that is less than 4 years old? | Frederic Chopin - an overview of the classical composer
All Classical Composers
Frederic Chopin (1810 - 1849)
Frederic Chopin was born in Poland of a Polish mother, and his country of origin clearly influenced Chopin to the extent that he wrote many Mazurkas and Polonaises based on Polish dances. The other country he is associated with is France, his father being French and Chopin moving to Paris and spending much of his creative life there. Although often contrasted with the extrovert virtuoso Liszt , the reserved Chopin nevertheless had a creatively important social life in Paris with a number of lady friends. His longest lasting relationship was with the female novelist known as George Sand who dressed as a man. This relationship was important to Chopin, with Sand perhaps acting as a mother figure, and they were together for about 10 years. Chopin was not particularly healthy and developed tuberculosis, which he endured for several years before his death at the age of 39.
Chopin's music:
Chopin was a skilled pianist, and a large proportion of his works are for solo piano. Many of these works are fairly short in duration, such as the Preludes, Etudes, Waltzes, Impromptus, Nocturnes and Scherzos, as well as the previously mentioned Polish dance forms of the Mazurka and Polonaise. Chopin also developed a form called the Ballade which is a more extended work, fairly free in style like a stream of consciousness, but with an internal logic. He also wrote a number of multi-movement works including of course several Piano Sonatas. He was quite capable of writing for other instruments and did so at times, his two Piano Concertos (for solo Piano and Orchestra) being obvious examples.
Some of Chopin's solo piano works demonstrate a ressemblance to the similar works by the Irish composer John Field, so this was one musical influence. Perhaps the greatest influence in terms of composition was Bach , with Chopin's 24 preludes in all keys clearly mirroring Bach's 48 preludes and fugues. More particularly there is an abstract approach in many of his works (e.g. Preludes and Etudes) which bear a relationship with some of the forms (e.g. Preludes, Inventions and Fugues) that Bach used. These are abstract in the sense that they are heavily structured, but they are far from being emotionless. On the contrary, Chopin played his works with a strong "rubato" (free variations in speed) and his music demands this approach. This gives the performer another dimension of expression which makes Chopin's music very much of the Romantic era .
Some selected works by Chopin:
Soon after Chopin's relationship with George Sand had begun, he was advised by his doctor to enjoy a warmer drier climate to give some relief from his tuberculosis. They visited Majorca on holiday for this reason, but the weather was apparently very wet and his condition worsened. Although Chopin's music was never programmatic (i.e. it wasn't designed to tell a story), he is said to have composed the Prelude No. 15 there where the note repeated throughout the work represents the raindrops in Majorca, hence the nickname the "Raindrop" Prelude. It's a good story even if it isn't true. Other Preludes by Chopin on mfiles are No. 4 , No. 6 , No. 7 , No. 20 and the Prelude No. 6 arranged for Woodwind Quartet .
Another famous work with a nickname is the Minute Waltz . (It's an interesting question whether works get a nickname because they are well-liked, or that they become famous simply because someone gives them a nickname, but let's not get into that question!) This name is not particularly appropriate in this case because the waltz lasts much longer than a minute, but the name has stuck. Chopin had originally called this the "Little Dog Waltz" since the inspiration for it was watching his dog chasing his tail. Other Waltzes by Chopin on mfiles are the Minute Waltz's companion Op. 64 No. 2 and Op. 18, Grande Brillante . Chopin also wrote a number of difficult Studies or "Etudes" for piano, and an example of this on mfiles is the Etude in C# minor Op.10 No.4 . Another easily recognisable tune from the hand of Chopin is the Funeral March , which is actually a movement from the 2nd of his three piano sonatas. Some pieces were first published after his death including his Nocturne No.20 in C# minor .
There is a ballet called "Les Sylphides" which uses Chopin's music. The music for this ballet was created by the composer Alexander Glazunov who took a number of Chopin's piano works and orchestrated then. Among the works included in the ballet are the following pieces:
The Waltz (Grande Brillante) in Eb Op. 18
If the mfiles examples have given you an appetite for more music by Chopin, we can recommend the complete set of piano Preludes as a starting point. This is available from Sheet Music Plus (US) or The Music Room (UK) . The complete set of Waltzes is also available from the same sources at Sheet Music Plus (US) or The Music Room (UK) . Since the piano is one of the most popular of musical instruments to play and Chopin among the foremost composers for this instrument, there are many websites dedicated to the composer. One of the most comprehensive sites is the Chopin Internet Information Centre (in English and Polish) maintained by the Chopin Institute in Warsaw. Click on the Union Jack button for the English language version.
The Chopin Bicentennial in 2010
2010 marked the 200th anniversary of Chopin's birth, and there were many Chopin-related celebrations to mark this event. One of the more unusual projects was a full-length animated film called "Project Chopin: The Flying Machine". (Click the image to see a larger version.) The flying machine in the title is a magic piano which takes a pair of children on an adventure to visit the places where Chopin lived and worked. The film also features the pianist Lang Lang and the music accompanying the wordless film comes from the composer's Etudes. To demonstrate the pianist's fun credentials, here is Lang Lang playing the "black keys" etude with an orange on YouTube , and more information about the film and other chopin events held in 2010 and can be found at the official website www.chopin2010.pl/en .
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Who would work in a workshop called a forge? | Artisans Workshop | RuneScape Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
The fastest ways to get there are to use Falador teleport , South Falador Teleport , lodestone network, Clan vexillum to the Clan camp , Explorer's ring cabbage-port, or use the skills necklace to teleport to the Mining Guild . One can also use their modified blacksmith's helmet three times a day to teleport directly to the Artisans workshop.
Ingots
Edit
Inside the workshop, the big machine built by Aksel in the centre
All four of the training methods in the workshop require the use of ingots of metal, making them is essential to participate in the workshop. To create ingots, use some of your ores on the smelter in the centre of the ground floor's room ( noted ores work) to fill it up, then withdraw some ingots in exchange. You can store up to 4,000 of iron, mithril, adamantite, and rune ore each in the smelter, and up to 8,000 coal , so you can train at the workshop for a long time before needing to resupply. Any ingots you don't end up using can be deposited back into the smelter, and the ores can be withdrawn in return.
Ingots range from Grade I to Grade IV, the IV variant being the purest and the I type being the least pure. The only exception are bronze ingots, which only exist as Bronze ingot I . Boosts can be used to make armours above the player's current ability. E.g. use the god banner boost to make adamant miners' pieces at 68 Smithing.
To smelt IV ingots, use the west part of the smelter, with the water cooler. To smelt I to III ingots, use the east part, with armour chute.
Free players are limited to smelting ingots of metals from iron to steel of Grades I to III, and to depositing 4,000 iron ore and 8,000 coal in smelter.
The experience rates given for Grades I through III are the base rate for smithing burial armour .
The initial bonus rate for following Suak's Instructions is +10% (including decimals), though this can be increased by spending points on certain rewards.
Two experience rates are given for the smithing of ceremonial swords . The table gives rates for smithing 98% swords and perfect swords. Players should base their expected outcomes and costs based on the 98% number, as it is much more common to make a 98% sword instead of 100%. Once a player practices enough, 96-98% swords can consistently be made. If players are struggling hitting these numbers, they only need to practice more.
Metal
Edit
A selection of tools can be found on a workbench located immediately inside the ground floor entrance to the Workshop, on the southern side of the wall, and in the cannon repair room in the basement. On free servers, only hammers can be found on the workbench but members can also get a pair of tongs . It is recommended to equip the hammer and tongs in your Tool belt . Otherwise players can bring a golden hammer (acquired for free from Diango in Draynor Village ) and wield it to save the extra inventory slot. Note that you cannot use a golden hammer if you are making ceremonial swords. These tools are essential for training in the Artisans Workshop.
Wearing a Falador shield 4 provides a +5% XP and 'Respect' bonus in the Artisans Workshop.
Wearing Varrock armour can occasionally reduce the amount of time it takes to smith an item.
An Artisans' workshop respect enhancer in inventory will double respect earned.
Ground floor
Edit
Smithing burial armour for dwarf ancestors can be done on anvils in the eastern section of the ground floor of the workshop. Any hammer is required, as well as iron, steel, mithril, adamant, or rune ingots.
To learn how to do it, speak to Suak on the stage near the anvils; he will let Sten demonstrate the process in a repeatable cut-scene. Suak calls out which piece of armour to smith (which is also noted in a box at the top of your screen). Listening to him is highly advised, as it lets you gain extra experience if done correctly.
To begin smithing, you must first withdraw your ingots. Select the type of ingot you'll want (I, II, or III) and click which metal you'll want. Grade I ingots require the same ores as bars of that metal and give the least experience, grade II ingots require greater quantities of the same ores and give more experience and grade III require even more ore and give even more experience. (Specific amounts can be found in the table above.) Grade III ingots offer the fastest experience, and grade I ingots will offer the best cost:xp and ore:xp ratios.
Next, look what Suak says for bonus experience and smith that type of armour on the anvils next to him. Initially it takes 8 hits to make the 1st piece of armour, the following armour takes 6 hits to make. The time between making successive pieces of armour is 15 game ticks (9 seconds); the minimum time between pieces, if switching, is 19 game ticks. As soon as Suak's desired piece of armour changes, click the anvil and select that one. Note: If the desired piece of armour changes while you are smithing the previous desired piece, if you continue and finish that piece you will still receive the bonus experience. One can make up to 9 pieces of armour before Suak changes preference, although you'll normally produce 6. Bonus experience can be used, but the respect earned, however, will not be doubled.
When your inventory is full of armour, deposit everything in the chute next to the anvils, and collect more ingots. Repeat the process. The experience numbers are found here .
Note: Many people like to train using iron I armour or steel I armour. It takes 5 minutes to smith a load of 28 burial armour items. It's 40,000 experience per hour for iron I, and 50,000 experience per hour for steel I armour. The respect gained from making armour is 1% per 10,000 experience. Making armour requires less clicking than fixing cannons.
Ingot type
Edit
Players smithing rail parts in Artisan's Workshop.
Dwarves are in constant need of new tracks for their mine cart network, to keep it in smooth working order, so they are more than happy to let anyone smith some new pieces of track. The cart track smithing area can be found in the workshop's basement; talk to Sten if you want a quick lesson in the process involved.
Tracks are made from grade I ingots of bronze, iron, or steel, which are provided free of charge in the large troughs in the area. Making steel cart tracks is members-only, but free-players can smith bronze and iron cart tracks. Simply grab an inventory of whatever ingots you want and are skilled enough to work with, then use them on the anvil. Each section of track requires five components to complete: some rails, a base plate, some spikes, a joint, and some ties, which require corresponding levels to smith.
Every piece of track shows a percentage completion of itself, indicated by 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% in their names. If you create a complete section of track (100%), you can earn extra Smithing experience per piece of track if you head through the nearby tunnels and lay it yourself. Any unfinished track (40%, 60%, 80%) will be automatically dumped into the mine carts on your way back out.
However, if you don't have the level required to make a complete piece of track in a metal type, you can build as many stages as you're able and then dump the parts in the nearby mine carts - the dwarves will finish them off later.
To make a complete section of bronze track requires a Smithing level of 12; iron track sections require 35 Smithing; and steel tracks require 60 Smithing.
It takes around 6 minutes to make 14 pieces of 100% complete track with a wielded hammer or the one on the tool belt, otherwise only 13 pieces of track can be made per inventory.
Note that this method is not recommended to earn respect, as it will take around 1 hour to get 1% which is extremely slow compared to fixing pipes and slaying the dwarven ancestors on the top floor which gets you around 25% respect per hour.
Experience Chart
Cannon artwork included within the update .
(It is recommended to have an empty inventory before you start repairing the cannons)
The cannon repair area is in the workshop's basement, in its own chamber to the south-west. Members with level 62 Smithing or above can talk to Isak to get an idea on how to help him repair the decayed cannons that are brought in. It's a five-step process that requires only a hammer , cog mould , pipe mould , and cannonball mould (which can be obtained from the south-eastern desk) and between 2 and 12 steel ingots II . There are two smelter conveyors at the western and eastern walls for you to collect your ingots. If you attempt to leave this part of the workshop, Isak will take the broken parts and the moulds. You can use bonus experience. Once you have a hammer, all three moulds and some grade II steel ingots, just follow this process:
Cannon base:
Pick up the broken base from the desk near Isak and empty it - there should be 10 broken cogs inside. Use all of these cogs on an anvil to attempt to repair them. If any break, you will need to make replacements by using your ingots in the furnace while holding the cog mould (found at the cannon mould desk). Once you have 10 cogs , put them back into the base and set the repaired base on the rocks in the centre of the room. Successfully repairing or smelting a cog yields 38.5 and placing the cannon base on the spot yields 403.7 xp (as do all parts when attached).
Note: if you leave the workshop with broken cogs in you possession, Isak will take them but you will NOT get them back, meaning that you will have to forge new ones. If you leave with repaired cogs, he will not take them and you will not be able to bank them.
Cannon stand:
Take the broken stand from the desk near Isak and empty it - inside are three broken pipes . To fix them, use them in the furnace with the pipe mould in your inventory, then put them back into the stand and set the repaired stand on the cannon base in the centre of the room. Fixing a pipe yields 3.5 xp.
Cannon barrel:
Take the broken barrel from the parts desk and use it with an anvil three times to fix it. Once done, set the repaired barrel on the cannon stand. Repairing the barrel yields three times 7.7 xp.
Cannon furnace:
Pick the broken cannon furnace from the last desk and empty it. Inside is a broken fuse box and a broken flint , both of which will need fixing on an anvil. Once fixed, fill the empty fuse box with gunpowder from the barrels located in the corners of the room, then put both components back into the furnace and place the repaired furnace on the cannon barrel. Repairing the fuse box and flint yields 15.2 xp.
Test cannon fire:
Now that the cannon is rebuilt, it will need test firing to calibrate it. Use only two of your steel ingots in a furnace while holding the cannonball mould to create 8 test cannonballs . Load the cannon to initiate the firing sequence. If the cannon breaks during the firing sequence, fix it with a hammer to get it back on track. Smithing four cannonballs yields 38.3 xp. A successful test yields 1731 experience.
Note: This is cheaper than ceremonial swords for earning Respect, however it may be slower (only giving up to 70,000 experience per hour), especially at higher levels. Completely repairing and testing a cannon takes on average just under 3 minutes and earns 3,846 Smithing experience which yields 0.3846% respect for a total of approximately 76,920 experience and 7.692% respect per hour.
Distractions and Diversions
These events seem the most useful for gaining respect; however, they are uncommon events.
Burst pipes
The burst pipes can be found on the floor of the main level around the furnace that gives you ingots; the burst pipes will have steam coming out of them.
A minimum Smithing level of 50 is required to repair burst pipes. Boosts can be used.
Fixing a burst pipe gives Smithing experience equal to two times the Smithing level prior to the purchase of Repair Expert.
50 more experience is received for fixing burst pipes after the Repair Expert reward is purchased, for a total of (level*2)+50 smithing experience.
Burst pipes are instanced; each one will be seen by only one player. If not repaired, burst pipes persist for a long time (perhaps indefinitely), but they do not persist when a player logs out.
Fixing pipes gives 0.25% respect.
Only a maximum of 6 burst pipes may appear at a time: 3 on the north side of the workshop and 3 on the south side.
Animated suits of armour
Warrior ancestor : level 47
Killing the ancestors gives +0.1% respect.
Ancestors are common to all players, only one is animated at a time and it can only be animated when all 6 suits of armour are present at the walls.
They have low life points, but players may wish to carry a good weapon with them to decrease the amount of time it takes to kill an ancestor and to get back to smithing.
Players may hop between worlds to kill ancestors for respect.
Bronze ceremonial swords
Aksel will appear in a puff of smoke. He will be visible only to the player that he is appearing for.
A player must speak to Aksel to be requested to make a bronze ceremonial sword, and must have an inventory slot open to receive permission .
It is possible to get 4 or more orders from Aksel per hour, although the rate is random. In the beginning Aksel appears much more commonly; as you stay there, he becomes rarer and rarer.
The one-time bonuses for ceremonial swords apply to bronze swords, as well.
A cut diamond is given every time 90%+ performance is achieved.
The first time a 91%+ performance is achieved, a one-time bonus of 5,000 experience is given.
The first time a 100% performance is achieved, a one-time bonus of 15,000 experience is given.
Smithing a bronze ceremonial sword with 100% performance gives Smithing experience equal to five times the Smithing level. Experience is prorated for less than 100% performance.
Rewards
A Royale cannon
Elof's reward shop
Players can buy these rewards from Elof in the workshop's basement: Rewards from this training area include better experience from completing Suak's orders of burial armour , ceremonial swords , and upgrades for your own dwarf multicannon . Rewards can be bought using ' Respect ', which is earned for working in the workshop. The respect goes up roughly 1% per 10k experience [1] (assuming no experience bonus is applied). Unlocking all rewards is one of the requirements needed to get a trimmed Completionist cape .
The max amount of respect percent a player can have is 100%; therefore, to earn more to get all rewards you must spend respect before you hit 100%.
Reward
| Blacksmith |
Where in London will you find the Cenotaph memorial? | Blacksmiths tools explained - Blacksmithing - Metal Artist Forum
Blacksmiths tools explained
Started by John B , Mar 10 2010 10:13 AM
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94 posts
Posted 10 March 2010 - 10:13 AM
Many newcomers to blacksmithing have little knowledge of the blacksmiths basic tools, what they are called, and when they are used.
This list, originally courtesy of Glendale Forge http://www.glendaleforge.co.uk/ may help.
Thanks also to Frank Turley and others, for contributing the American Terminology and descriptions to allow cross referencing
I have added some other terms also in common use that were originally missed off the list.
The pictures illustrated are of the tools I had in my workshop, some are home made, some bought and others inherited, but all should help to give a visual identification for you to hopefully understand and relate to what may be being discussed.
Blacksmiths' Tools Explained
The Blacksmith's Tools have changed little if at all in design over the centuries and an attempt is made here to explain briefly some of those in more common use today.
Anvil: A London pattern anvil with a single bick (or horn or beak) is usually all that is required and should be used on a stand so that the top is level with the clenched fist. Ideal weight of anvil 3 cwt.
Ball Tools: Top and bottom tools used for forming ROUND or SQUAT BALLS or knobs on shanks or otherwise as required.
Bending Forks: See also Horns and Scrolling Wrenches can be used in Hardie holes, vices, or as wrenches.
Bolster; A plate used to support material when it is being punched or drifted, (or it could be a swage block) with different size holes, round and square, and slots in to accommodate your punches and drifts.
Bosh, Slack Tub, or Slack Water: A water tank attached to the front of the hearth for quenching hot metal. (Slack tub or slack water; From Frank Turley)
Breeze: Forge fuel, can be coke or coal, usually quite small pieces.
Brush (heavy wire): It is absolutely essential to remove scale and slag from a hot bar prior to commencing forging to prevent it being splashed into eyes or over bare arms. It is best to use a brush made with coarse long wire, fitted to a handle perhaps 14" long.
Butcher: A cutting tool, particularly for quickly roughing a shoulder. The one illustrated nicks all around the edges of a square bar, giving a guide ready to use the SIDE SET for setting down a tenon shoulder on the Heel bar, then a SET HAMMER is used to square up the tenon shoulders
Centre punch; For the accurate marking prior to drilling or forging.
Curved Butchers can be used to make cut out sections and holes in plates, often used for making decorative back plates and hinges Butchers can be handled, rodded, or hand held.
CheeseFuller; A fuller made with a face resembling a wedge of cheese, enabling one to gently neck in, or reduce the thickness of a bar.
Cold chisel: For marking out and cutting steel cold, if used on hot steel they will need re heat treating. The radius on the cutting edge enables location and the ability to cut curves.
Cold Set: A cutting tool for nicking bars cold prior to their being broken or cut. The cutting edge is radiused, and the body is wider/thicker than the HOT SET (In US called Cold cut if hafted. From Frank Turley)
Collaring Tongs or Bow pliers; are used solely for the opening, closing and fitting of collars to a pair or cluster of bars to act as a permanent fastening.
Cone or Mandrel; Used to set and correct rings after they have been formed, and they come in various sizes.
Creasng Iron or Creaser (From Frank Turley): A specific type of Fuller, Used for putting in shaped grooves in horseshoes where the nails fit.
Domer; US term (see Rivet snap) From Frank Turley
Drifts; Are used to open up punched holes, or to form a taper, or a finished size
Barrel drift; Used to widen punched holes to a finished size, they can be knocked through due to the
taper on both ends
Taper or Carrot drift; Used to widen punched holes, leaving a taper in the hole useful for handled tools.
Flatter; as its name suggests, is employed in making the surface texture of the iron work piece flat or free from blemishes left by the hand hammer. Can be hand held, Handled, or Rod/Wire handled, the wire handle allows for better seating onto the workpiece, supporting the flatter loosely and not transmitting shockwaves as a rigid handle can do.
Fullers, Fullering Irons or Creasing Irons or Creasers; having radiused blades, are used for necking in or swiftly drawing down a bar. Can also be individual, Having a profiled finish to put in shaped grooves ie as in horseshoes, centre lines on blades to lighten and strengthen them, or edging features.
If half round, fullers are asked for by their diameter in inches, Fullers are not always half round, they can take various shapes, For example a British Farrier may use a Fuller, or Fullering iron to put the nail grooves in a horseshoe, In the US, the tool is often called a Creaser or Creasing Iron for putting in the "Nail Crease" in the shoe. Sometimes we put it in lengthwise or crosswise sharp bottomed fuller marks for design elements, borders etc. From Frank Turley
Hack; (US term) see Side Set From Frank Turley
Halfpenny Snub End Tool: For rounding up a Halfpenny Snub end, unfortunately only useful for a specific size.
Hammer: For general work a ball pein hammer of 11/2-2 lbs is advisable. An identical spare should always be kept handy in case of emergency.
Hand Square: A Blacksmith's square for use with hot metals.
Hardie: Fits in the square or 'hardie' hole in the anvil and is used for cutting hot iron at the anvil.
Hearth: Sometimes referred to as Forge; fired on coke beans, coal or other fuels. Forced draught from a fan or blower, produces intense forging and welding temperatures quickly. No real substitute for this original equipment.
Hickey (US): is an old term for Scroll Wrench From Frank Turley.
Horns: Either fitting in the vice or in the hardie hole, allow the bending or adjusting of, in particular, scrolls and similarly shaped bars.
Hot Set or Hot Cut; A finer edged tool than the cold set, and used for cutting off hot metal, again hand held, handled or rodded
Leg Vice: A Blacksmith's Vice designed to withstand general abuse, heavy bending and sledge-hammering. The shock is taken on its leg set into the floor. This is not a precision instrument and should not be likened to an Engineer's Vice.
Monkey Tool: Used for shouldering up a swaged tenon, the elongated sight hole being simply to ensure that the tenon does not foul inside the Monkey.
Punches; Round punch Used to make round holes in hot metal, Square punch Used to make square holes in hot metal,
These can be hand held, handled, or rodded.(wire handled)
Rivet set and snap; Can be one combined or two separate tools used to Set up the rivet, (close all the pieces together prior to riveting) and the Snap used to finish the dome head of the rivet, it can also be used to support a domed head when riveting to secure the pieces together. (Domer is a US term From Frank Turley)
Rope Tools: Mould or swage iron in such a fashion that when twisted the bar will resemble a length of rope. Limited range of uses
Set Hammer: Not a hammer as such, but is a tool used struck by a sledge to produce a very definite square shoulder on a stepped forging such as a tenon on a heel. To drive the set hammer well into the corner, the best results are gained by directing the blow diagonally, hitting the corner of the head.
Scrolling Tongs or Round nose pliers; are used chiefly in making Scrolls, holding the bar on to the Scroll Tool and subsequently adjusting the tip of the scroll.
Scroll Tool or Scroll Jig: A former or shaper on which to reproduce a number of identical scroll motifs. Note the ends are elevated to allow starting the scroll before pulling it around the rest of the form using scroll wrenches or scrolling tongs to control the curving. You will also see one that is less tighter than the others, this is for snub end scrolls that will not fit into the tighter rolled scrolling tools.
Scroll Wrench: Is in effect a pair of horns on a handle, so that in conjunction with another such wrench or anvil horns one can adjust the shape of scrolls or make light bends. Hickey is an old US term for Scroll Wrench From Frank Turley.
Side Set, Hack (US): Used for squaring up a shoulder prior to using the set hammer. (Hack From Frank Turley)
Slack Tub see also Bosh; A water tank attached to the front of the hearth for quenching hot metal. (Slack tub or slack water; From Frank Turley)
Slide Valve; Used to control the air flow into the forge, and is fitted between the blower/fan and the tuyere or tue iron. The one illustrated is fitted to the ash dump for a bottom blast forge, and the tue has not yet been fitted
Spring Tool or Veining Tool: A tool designed as a multi-purpose press invaluable for ribbing, veining and raising Acanthus leaves, making obsolete a whole range of Stakes. Not only making leaves more quickly and accurately, but also is used for decorating sheet and making rosettes etc.
Swage, swedge sometimes, rhyming with sledge. From Frank Turley: Top and bottom tools for forging a round section. You can also have square swages. Handled, rodded or hand held top tools, the lower part fits in the hardie hole and can be used seperately, for instance when forging half round sections for ball collars, or backing for when forge welding bundles together to help keep the strands in close proximity making it easier to fuse them together. Specified by diameter produced in inches
Swages can also take other shapes than a near-half round. Again, in farriery, we sometimes swage light horseshoe stock by driving it into a bottom swage that has a sort of double-vee indent side by side. This leaves a raised carrot shape almost at the centre. When the stock is drawn through and turned over, you get the reverse image, a nail groove a little eccentric from centre. I have often used a bottom "shallow swage" (home made) for giving a Suffolk latch handle a nice appearance. (From Frank Turley)
Swage Block: Rectangular block of Iron with a variety of shapes around its periphery for swaging on. Also has various shapes of holes through its face which act as bolsters. Must be used on a stand.
Tongs; are used for holding hot pieces of metal and are made in a variety of sizes and strengths strictly according to the size and shape of bar the Blacksmith intends to hold. It is of paramount importance that the correct size of tong is used in each particular application or the bar may well jump out of the tong and an accident occur. The use of one tong for a variety of jobs is therefore inviting trouble.
Tuyere or Tue Iron; In the hearth where the air input meets the fuel it can be plain hole(s) in a plate, or in a water cooled jacket.
Twisting Wrench: Simply a device for imparting torque to a bar to give it the twisted effect, second only to the scroll in its importance as a decorative design.
Veining Tool (See Spring Tool)
Hump tool; (US contributed) are radius blocks that support the workpiece (hammer or tool) when drifting. In some cases the front of your tool is at a different height than the striking side so there are many different height hump tools as used by Brian Brazeal
I hope you find this useful when looking for, talking about, or using new tools.
As you can see, many of these traditional tools need a striker to assist the 'smith to be used correctly, hence the development of the new alternatives which do the same tasks as the traditional tools, but can be operated by one person, many only needing a simple adaptation, others being newer tools like the Blacksmiths helper or Smithin' Magician and guillotine tools etc.
That's progress and innovation, and that is what the craft is all about.
LocationMount Clemens,Mi
Posted 10 March 2010 - 11:39 AM
Yes great list, I moved it to the Blacksmith forum. And I made it a sticky list at the top of the forum.
I do agree, about a couple of them items. And the names if any body has an addition to the list. Post the item name and brief description. I will add it to the above list so we can keep it together.
glen
moderator
"I am not ashamed to admit, that I am ignorant of the things I do not know"!
Cicero
I am not a lawyer, and never played one on TV!
All the usual and standard disclaimers apply. Do not try this at home, use only as directed, No warranties express or implied, for the intended use or suggested uses, Wear safety glasses, closed course, professionals only
94 posts
Posted 10 March 2010 - 02:57 PM
Usually the Cheese is referred to as a Cheese fuller because of its shape, like a large segment of a cheese, their most common use was for forming part of the heel bars used when constructing gates.
I will try to get some pictures together to illustrate the names on the list
For the hammer shapes, you would probably need a seperate thread as there are that many types and specials
Bear in mind this is a commercial list and as such covers their manufacured items, having said that, terminology should be the same
The rope tool is a pair of swages for producing a specific item, swages should come in pairs, a top tool and a bottom tool, nowadays with the shortage of strikers in a workshop, swages in pairs are being replaced by spring tools/swages, enabling a smith to use them on his own
All contributions should be gratefully accepted if it helps to clarify postings using tool names, and
can you please try to post a picture with them so that we can see what is being talked about and labelled
Scrolling tongs (called pliers in the list)
Leafing Hammers
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Which musical film soundtrack was in the charts for a staggering 382 weeks? | 50 Years Ago: 'The Sound of Music' Soundtrack Hit No. 1 on the Billboard 200
50 Years Ago: 'The Sound of Music' Soundtrack Hit No. 1 on the Billboard 200
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Fifty years ago this week, the charts were alive with The Sound of Music, as the film's soundtrack hit No. 1 on the Billboard 200 dated Nov. 13, 1965.
The album -- led by the film’s star Julie Andrews -- spent two weeks at No. 1 on the weekly Billboard 200, and earned a staggering 109 weeks in the top 10. The album was so hot it was in the weekly top 10 from the May 1, 1965-dated chart through July 16, 1966. It was a regular (but not quite weekly) presence in the top 10 off and on through early 1968. The soundtrack was so successful on the chart, it was recently ranked as the No. 2 album on the all-time Billboard 200 chart.
Julie Andrews Talks Phone Calls With Lady Gaga & 'Sound of Music' Memories
The Sound of Music film soundtrack followed the chart-topping success of the Broadway stage musical's cast album, which spent 16 weeks at No. 1 earlier in the decade.
Earlier in 2015, Andrews spoke to Billboard about the movie's half-century anniversary and its enduring appeal. "I don't think I could have possibly guessed, ever, that it was going to be iconic as it has become. If anyone had told me that 50 years after the fact I'd be still speaking to you about it and its magic, I could not have anticipated that or believed it."
The film and stage show's popularity endures. The movie was celebrated on the Academy Awards earlier this year by Lady Gaga , while Carrie Underwood starred in NBC TV's live staging of the musical in 2013.
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The Sound of Music SoundtrackCourtesy
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What is the biggest selling copyright book ever? | Review: "The Sound of Music: Original Soundtrack Recording" on SACD
Review: "The Sound of Music: Original Soundtrack Recording" on SACD
July 20, 2015
By Joe Marchese 3 Comments
RCA Victor expected the soundtrack album to 1965's big-screen musical The Sound of Music to be a juggernaut. The label backed the release with a $100,000.00 promotional campaign, and arranged for tie-ins at locales including the New York World's Fair. The release was joined on the label's roster by other albums of the already-famous Rodgers and Hammerstein score in styles from jazz (Gary Burton's The Groovy Sound of Music) to "easy listening" (The Living Strings' Music from The Sound of Music). RCA's investments paid off; the album starring Julie Andrews spent a staggering 233 weeks on the U.S. Billboard chart, becoming one of the biggest-selling albums in history (perhaps the biggest, the label claimed, despite the lack of "certified" sales in today's parlance) even as the film became the highest-grossing movie of its day.
Naturally, The Sound of Music has been well-served in the compact disc era. Following standard reissues, the classic soundtrack has been expanded on CD at five-year intervals marking the film's 30th, 35th, 40th and 45th anniversaries - with every release offering a unique program. Earlier this year, Legacy Recordings issued the 50th anniversary version with still another new presentation, even as the newest Blu-ray release included a bonus CD filled with tracks culled from various foreign-language releases. Continuing the celebration of timeless film and soundtrack, Razor and Tie's new audiophile imprint Analog Spark has recently released two Sound of Music titles. The first is a pressing of Legacy's 50th anniversary soundtrack on heavyweight LP . The second is a back-to-basics reissue of the original 1965 RCA Victor stereo soundtrack album with a twist - it's in the high resolution Super Audio CD (SACD) format. This hybrid SACD (Analog Spark 7930183654-2) is playable on all CD players but those equipped for SACD will hear The Sound of Music in the best possible fidelity yet.
Revisiting The Sound of Music, at any age, is like revisiting an old friend. Librettists Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse, composer Richard Rodgers and lyricist Oscar Hammerstein II first brought Maria Von Trapp's uplifting story to the Broadway stage in 1959, where it won five Tony Awards. The cast album of the production starring Mary Martin and Theodore Bikel, on Columbia Records, spent 276 (!) weeks on the Billboard chart. Though Rodgers and Hammerstein's instantly-affecting score (the duo's last, as Hammerstein died in August 1960) was altered for director Robert Wise's film version, their songs such as "The Sound of Music," "My Favorite Things," "Do-Re-Mi," "Sixteen Going on Seventeen" and Hammerstein's final lyric "Edelweiss" all ingrained themselves in the American pop culture consciousness. So did the two new songs penned by Rodgers for the film version, the ebullient "I Have Confidence" and the romantic "Something Good." The original RCA Victor album, produced by Neely Plumb, has never been out-of-print since 1965, a testament to the songs, of course, but also to musical director Irwin Kostal's deft treatment of them. (Kostal had previously worked his magic on another Julie Andrews musical featuring her as a governess: Mary Poppins.)
Analog Spark's reissue marks the first high-resolution version of The Sound of Music released in America. The soundtrack previously appeared, briefly, in 2003 on SACD from then-RCA parent BMG's Hong Kong division. It presents the original 16-track soundtrack LP as prepared by Neely Plumb, though the credits indicate that this release has been mixed and mastered by Sean Brennan at Sony's Battery Studios. Gus Skinas has authored the release for the SACD format. The 16 tracks include all of the film's core songs, though not the additional material added to subsequent reissues (including orchestral score tracks, various reprises, the End Titles, etc.).
Happily, the sound quality is by and large as one would expect from the high-resolution SACD format. It's well-defined, clean and present, with clear separation in the 2.0-channel stereo soundstage. Note that crispness does vary from track to track, perhaps due to the condition of the source tapes. Julie Andrews' vocal on "My Favorite Things" may sound as if it's shifting in volume and presence, even to a completely untrained ear; this is less noticeable on standard CD versions of the track. Other songs, however, are remarkably resonant. "The Sound of Music (Reprise)," featuring the Von Trapp children and the Captain (Christopher Plummer, dubbed by Bill Lee) and the climactic "So Long, Farewell" are both delights in SACD. High resolution also lends a warmth and richness to the choral singing, even more goosebump-inducing than usual.
The SACD is attractively housed in a Super Jewel Box and the CD label, in a nice touch, is adorned with a black-and-white replica RCA Victor label complete with Nipper. The 8-page booklet replicates contents from the original "Storybook" which accompanied the LP including biographies of the actors, Judith Crist's "Tribute to a Partnership" essay about Rodgers and Hammerstein, and "Moments from the Motion Picture The Sound of Music - Musical Highlights of the Sound Track" photo spread. Unfortunately, no new liner notes have been included nor any technical notes on the SACD presentation.
A welcome treat for this inaugural Analog Spark SACD would have been a surround mix; the only surround version of The Sound of Music released on an audio format to date has been RCA Victor's (imperfect but nonetheless interesting) quadraphonic mix. Despite the lack of a surround option, this release of the classic soundtrack should be a welcome addition to a high-resolution collection as well as a good option for anyone who wishes to hear the album on CD as they remembered it on vinyl, sans extra tracks. With any luck, more titles from the musical theatre and movie musical canon will prove to be among Analog Spark's favorite things for subsequent SACD releases.
You can order Analog Spark's SACD of The Sound of Music at Amazon U.S. and Amazon U.K. !
Categories: News Formats: CD , SACD Genre: Soundtracks Tags: Julie Andrews , Rodgers and Hammerstein
Joe Marchese
JOE MARCHESE (Editor) joined The Second Disc shortly after its launch in early 2010, and has since penned daily news and reviews about classic music of all genres. He has contributed liner notes to reissues from a diverse array of artists, among them Paul Williams, Lesley Gore, Dusty Springfield, B.J. Thomas, The 5th Dimension, Burt Bacharach, Perry Como, Peggy Lipton, Vikki Carr and Andy Williams, and has compiled releases for talents including Robert Goulet and Keith Allison of Paul Revere and the Raiders. In 2009, Joe began contributing theatre and music reviews to the print publication The Sondheim Review, and his work still appears with frequency in the magazine. In 2012, he joined the staff of The Digital Bits as a regular contributor writing about film and television on DVD and Blu-ray. Over the past two decades, Joe has also worked in a variety of capacities on and off Broadway as well as at some of the premier theatres in the U.S., including Lincoln Center Theater, George Street Playhouse, Paper Mill Playhouse, Long Wharf Theatre, and the York Theatre Company. He has felt privileged to work on productions alongside artists such as the late Jack Klugman, Eli Wallach, Arthur Laurents, Betty Comden and Adolph Green. In 2015, Joe formed the Second Disc Records label. Celebrating the great songwriters, producers and artists who created the sound of American popular song, Second Disc Records, in conjunction with Real Gone Music, has released newly-curated collections co-produced by Joe from iconic vocalists Bobby Darin and Johnny Mathis, legendary producer Bob Crewe, soul legend Wilson Pickett and many others. Joe currently resides in the suburbs of New York City.
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How many noses does a slug have? | How many noses does a slug have? | Reference.com
How many noses does a slug have?
A:
Quick Answer
A slug does not have a traditional nose, but rather a pair of tentacles that it uses to smell. A slug also has two other tentacles that contain eyeballs on the tips.
Full Answer
The tentacles used for smelling are smaller than the pair used for sight. The tentacles for scent are on a slug's face, while the ones for sight are positioned on the top of the head. The tentacles designed for smelling each contain a pair of nostrils. A common misconception about slugs is that they have four noses. The number of tentacles is the underlying reason for this misconception.
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Which actress played Cathy Gale in 'The Avengers'? | Fascinating Slug Facts ~ Slug Off
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Fascinating Sluggy Facts
While creating this website I discovered many fascinating – and some truly bizarre – facts about the humble slug. It really is a remarkable little creature.
I know I’ve already mentioned many of them throughout the pages of ‘Slug Off’, but I’m sure you’ll love reading them all here together in one place.
For instance...
Did you know...
Only 5% of the slug population is above ground at any one time. The other 95% is underground digesting your seedlings, laying eggs, and feeding on roots and seed sprouts.
A slug’s blood is green.
Most British slugs eat rotting vegetation, but a few are carnivorous.
Slugs do play an important role in ecology by eating decomposing vegetation.
A slug lays 20-100 eggs several times a year.
Slug eggs can lay dormant in the soil for years and then hatch when conditions are right.
Gastropods form the second largest class in the animal kingdom, the largest being the insects.
Slugs are hermaphrodite, having both male and female reproductive organs.
Slugs have been present in the British Isles since the end of the last ice age.
In favourable conditions a slug can live for up to 6 years.
A slug is basically a muscular foot, and the name ‘gastropod’ literally means stomach foot.
Unlike snails that hibernate during winter, slugs are active whenever the temperature is above 5°C.
A slug is essentially a snail without a shell.
Slugs used to live in the ocean, which is why they still need to keep moist.
One individual field slug has the potential to produce about 90,000 grandchildren.
British gardeners use over 400 billion slug pellets every year.
It’s been estimated that an acre of farmland may support over 250,000 slugs.
Research has shown that the average UK garden has a population of over 20,000 slugs and snails.
A cubic metre of garden will on average contain up to 200 slugs.
A slug’s slime enables it to glide without difficulty over glass shards, or even the edge of a razor blade.
Slugs have the capability to reproduce by themselves, although a mate is preferred.
When picked up or touched, the Black Slug will contract into a hemispherical shape and begin to rock from side to side. This behaviour confuses predators.
Slugs leave their own individual scent trail so they can find their way home.
A slug’s slime absorbs water, which is why it’s nearly impossible to wash it off your hands.
A slug’s slime contains fibres which prevents it from sliding down vertical surfaces.
A slug smells with its body.
Britain is home to around 30 species of slug.
A slug can stretch out to 20 times its normal length, enabling it to squeeze through the smallest of openings.
A slug has approximately 27,000 teeth – that’s more teeth than a shark.
Like sharks, slugs routinely lose and replace their teeth.
When a slug loses one of its sensory tentacles it grows another, usually within a few months.
Vinegar is a good ingredient for slug sprays, and for removing slug slime.
The Little Book of Slugs
The Little Book of Slugs
Want to learn more about the slugs in your garden?
Then I think you’ll like The Little Book of Slugs by Allan Shepherd & Suzanne Galant, with its mix of zany humour and sound practical advice.
Know your enemy; even the slug has its Achilles Heel.
Tired of fighting? Grow plants that slugs won’t eat.
Over 70 ways to combat slugs without using chemical pellets.
Interesting gardening books and DVDs.
Slug Facts
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In which US state will you find Arlington, the national cemetery? | Find A Grave: Arlington National Cemetery
Arlington National Cemetery
Last Name
Cemetery notes and/or description:
Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia is a military cemetery in the United States, established during the American Civil War on the grounds of Arlington House, formerly the estate of the family of Robert E. Lee's wife Mary Anna (Custis) Lee, a descendant of Martha Washington. The cemetery is situated directly across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. and near The Pentagon. It is served by the Arlington Cemetery station on the Blue Line of the Washington Metro system.
More than 300,000 people are buried in an area of 624 acres (2.53 km2). Veterans and military casualties from every one of the nation's wars are interred in the cemetery, from the American Revolution through the military actions in Afghanistan and Iraq. Pre-Civil War dead were reinterred after 1900. There are many unknown burials as well.
Arlington shares with Mill Springs National Cemetery, the only other open cemetery in the system, the distinction of being the oldest military burial ground in the United States.
The first soldier to be buried in Arlington was Private William Henry Christman of Pennsylvania on May 13, 1864.
Arlington National Cemetery and United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery are administered by the Department of the Army. The other National Cemeteries are administered by the Department of Veterans Affairs or by the National Park Service.
Arlington House (Custis-Lee Mansion) and its grounds are administered by the National Park Service as a memorial to Lee. (information courtesy of Wikipedia )
The Arlington National Cemetery website contains specific information about the history of the cemetery as well as in-depth visitor information.
Links
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Mariah Carey was joined by which group on the 2000 single 'Against All Odds'? | Arlington National Cemetery--Civil War Era National Cemeteries: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
with the Washington Monument in the background.
Courtesy of the official website of Arlington National Cemetery
Arlington National Cemetery, the most famous cemetery in the country, is the final resting place for many of our nation’s greatest heroes, including more than 300,000 veterans of every American conflict, from the Revolutionary War to Iraq and Afghanistan. Since its founding in 1866, Arlington National Cemetery has provided a solemn place to reflect upon the sacrifices made by the men and women of the United States Armed Forces in the name of our country.
The cemetery property is on the former grounds of Arlington House, the mansion of George Washington Parke Custis, the adopted grandson of President George Washington, and his wife, Mary Lee Fitzhugh. Custis selected English architect George Hadfield to design his mansion atop a hill overlooking Washington. Custis built the house in stages, first the north wing in 1802, the south wing in 1804, and finally the central section connecting the two in 1818. In 1831, the couple’s only child, Mary Anna Randolph Custis, married a childhood friend and distant cousin, Robert E. Lee, at Arlington House. Mary and George Custis lived at Arlington until their deaths in 1853 and 1857, respectively, passing the property on to Mary Anna. Although Robert E. Lee never owned the property, he and Mary Anna lived there until 1861 when Virginia seceded from the Union and Lee took command of the Virginia State Military while Mary Anna took safety elsewhere. Lee never returned to Arlington House .
In 1864, the Federal Government repossessed the property over a failure to pay taxes and put it up for auction where a tax commissioner purchased the property for government, military, charitable, and educational purposes. Lee’s son, Custis Lee, sued over the confiscation of the property, and in 1882, the Supreme Court ordered the land returned to the Lee family. The following year Congress purchased the property outright.
On June 15, 1864, the Arlington House property and 200 acres of surrounding land were designated as a military cemetery as Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs wanted to ensure that Lee could not return to the site. The first burial at Arlington National Cemetery was that of Private William Henry Christman of Pennsylvania, who lies in Section 27, Lot 19.
At the Tomb of the Unknowns.
Courtesy of the official website of Arlington National Cemetery
On average, 28 burials occur each weekday, for a total of nearly 6,900 each year. Flags at Arlington National Cemetery are flown at half-staff from 30 minutes prior to the first funeral until 30 minutes past the last funeral. Arlington National Cemetery burial eligibility requirements are stricter than all other national cemeteries. Please see the Arlington National Cemetery website for the complete eligibility requirements. Today the cemetery covers over 600 acres and contains the remains of more than 300,000 veterans in 70 burial sections, and 38,500 remains in the eight columbariums. The curvilinear pathways of the cemetery conform to the natural topography of the site, and much of the site is naturally landscaped, although several major pathways, particularly at the southeast corner of the grounds, are lined with trees. Throughout the cemetery, monuments are placed atop prominent hills, many providing visual and symbolic links to Washington, DC, located across the Potomac River.
Section 27 contains the remains of more than 3,800 former slaves who resided in the Freedman’s Village on the cemetery grounds. Freed slaves were allowed to farm on this land from 1863 to 1883, and those who died while residing in the village were buried here.
Confederates were originally buried in several different sections of the cemetery using headstones that were the same as those used to mark the graves of civilians. Beginning in 1898, former Confederates led an effort to identify and mark Confederate burials. Legislation in 1900 appropriated funds to reinter over 250 Confederates, who were already buried in Arlington Cemetery and others from the National Soldiers Home National Cemetery, to a section of Arlington National Cemetery. The legislation required that a "proper headstone" be used for the reinterments. The headstone that was selected is approximately the same size as the Union headstones but with a pointed top to differentiate the Confederate burials. This pointed headstone became the standard headstone for Confederates throughout the National Cemetery System.
The largest structure within the cemetery is the Memorial Amphitheater, located on Memorial Drive, near the center of the grounds. Dedicated on May 15, 1920, the amphitheater is used for three major ceremonies each year, the services on Easter, Memorial Day, and Veterans Day. The amphitheater is enclosed by a white marble oval colonnade, topped with a frieze inscribed with the names of 44 battles from the Revolutionary War through the Spanish-American War. The names of 14 U.S. Army Generals and 14 U.S. Navy Admirals are inscribed on panels flanking the stage. Inscribed above the west entrance is a quote from the Roman poet, Horace, which reads “Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori,” meaning, “It is sweet and fitting to die for one’s country.”
Adjacent to the amphitheater is the Tomb of the Unknowns , a burial vault containing the remains of three unidentified service members, one each from World War I, World War II, and the Korean War. A white marble sarcophagus sits atop the vaults facing Washington, and is inscribed with three Greek allegorical figures representing Peace, Victory, and Valor. The Unknown Soldier of World War I was interred in the tomb on Armistice Day in 1921 after lying in state beneath the Capitol dome after the arrival of his remains from France. The Unknown Soldiers of World War II and the Korean War were buried on May 30, 1958, after lying in state and each receiving the Medal of Honor. The Unknown Soldier of the Vietnam War, interred and presented with the Medal of Honor in 1984, was subsequently identified as Air Force 1st Lieutenant Michael J. Blassie. In 1998, Lieutenant Blassie’s remains were disinterred from the Tomb of the Unknowns and reinterred near his family’s home in St. Louis. Since then the Vietnam vault has remained vacant. The tomb is guarded continuously by the 3rd U.S. Infantry, the oldest active duty infantry unit in the Army, also known as "The Old Guard." The Old Guard is the Army's official ceremonial unit and escort to the president, and it provides security for Washington in times of national emergency or civil disturbance.
The eternal flame at the grave of President John F. Kennedy
Courtesy of the official website of Arlington National Cemetery
Located in Section 2 is the Civil War Unknown Monument, the first memorial at Arlington National Cemetery dedicated to unknown soldiers. Dedicated in 1866, the sarcophagus sits atop a burial vault containing the remains of 2,111 unknown soldiers recovered from Bull Run and the road to Rappahannock. The assumption is that the vault contains the remains of both Union and Confederate soldiers. For a complete list of monuments and memorials at Arlington National Cemetery, please see the cemetery’s website .
Arlington National Cemetery is the final resting place for more than 360 recipients of the Medal of Honor, the nation’s highest military decoration, given for “conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty.”
Former presidents William Howard Taft and John F. Kennedy are buried in Section 30 and near Section 5, respectively. Also buried at Arlington National Cemetery are five five-star officers: Admiral William D. Leahy, General George C. Marshall, General Henry F. Arnold, Admiral William F. Halsey, and General Omar N. Bradley. Other notable burials include Pierre Charles L’Enfant, Revolutionary War veteran and planner of the new capital city of Washington; Robert Edwin Peary, famed North Pole explorer; 12 Supreme Court justices, including 4 Chief Justices; and 19 astronauts.
Plan your visit
Arlington National Cemetery is located in Arlington, VA, just across Memorial Bridge from the Lincoln Memorial. The Visitors Center is at the main entrance on Memorial Drive, near the northeast corner of the site. The cemetery is one of only two national cemeteries administered and maintained by the Department of the Army. The cemetery is open for visitation daily between April 1 and September 30 from 8:00am to 7pm, and from October 1 to March 31 from 8:00am to 5:00pm. For more information, please contact the cemetery office at 877-907-8585, or see the Arlington National Cemetery website . While visiting, please be mindful that our national cemeteries are hallowed ground. Be respectful to all of our nation’s fallen soldiers and their families. Additional cemetery policies may be posted on site. Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial National Memorial, a unit of the National Park System, is located at Arlington Cemetery and well worth a visit. For information, see the National Park Service Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial National Memorial website.
Portions of Arlington National Cemetery have been photographed to the standards established by the National Park Service's Historic American Landscape Survey .
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What country is the world’s largest tea producing nation? | Biggest tea producing countries in the world - Rediff.com Business
Rediff.com » Business » Biggest tea producing countries in the world
Biggest tea producing countries in the world
Last updated on: March 13, 2012 10:46 IST
Biggest tea producing countries in the world
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While almost all Indians drink tea, is India the biggest tea producer in the world?
Let's take a look at the biggest tea producing countries in the world and see where India ranks.
Click NEXT to see the biggest tea producers....
Image: Let's take a look at the biggest tea producing countries.
Photographs: Courtesy, Wikipedia Commons
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Where was US President Barack Obama born? | Top Coffee Producing Countries - WorldAtlas.com
Economics
Top Coffee Producing Countries
The top coffee producers on the planet. The 10 nations who produce and export the most coffee per year.
A map of the world made up of coffee beans
With a café on nearly every corner in countless cities around the globe, it comes as no surprise that coffee is one of the top commodities worldwide. As the global third most consumed beverage, after water and tea, coffee beans are in high demand everywhere. The top producing nations each produce millions of kilograms of coffee beans that find their way into the hands of eager consumers.
Second only to oil, coffee is the world's second most traded commodity , with about half a trillion cups drank per year. Not only used for brewing a cup of joe, the coffee bean (through decaffeination) provides caffeine for beverages (cola), pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Despite the different flavours there are two main commercially grown beans Arabica which accounts for 70% of coffee and the Robusta bean which is far cheaper and easier to grow.
These are the ten nations that the International Coffee Organization named the world's top producers of coffee:
10 – Guatemala 224,871 US tons
Guatemalan Coffee Workers Empty Beans for Sorting
Guatemala produced 204,000,000 kilograms of coffee beans in 2015, and their production numbers have remained fairly consistent over the past few years. Coffee beans are most abundant in Guatemala in years where the temperature hovers between 16 and 32°C, and at altitudes between 500 and 5,000 metres above sea level. Guatemala was Central America's top producers till it was overtaken by Honduras in 2011.
Guatemala came into the coffee game predominantly to find an export to replace indigo and cochineal, two of their early exports that were rendered useless once chemical dyes were invented in the 1800s. At the time, the government began a policy of support for the industry by offering trade and tax benefits. In the 1960's the government further pushed for greater global demand for Guatemalan coffee through the establishment of Anacafé (Asociación Nacional del Café), a marketing association which, to this day, continues to promote the nation's coffee products worldwide.
9 – Mexico 257,940 US tons
Ancient Pyramids in Mexico
In 2015, Mexico produced over 234,000,000 kilograms of coffee beans. The nation predominantly produces
high quality
Arabica beans grown in the coastal regions near the border of Guatemala and is responsible for
majority
of U.S. coffee imports.
In the 1990s there was a crisis in Mexico's coffee production, as the International Coffee Agreement was dismantled and worldwide coffee prices and export quotas were no longer strictly controlled, leading to an inability for Mexico to compete in the global market. This decline in coffee prices and production led to lost income and social issues throughout the nation of Mexico. While coffee production declined over the 90s and into the 2000s, steady demand from the United States has led to a recovery in the Mexican coffee market, from an
all time
low of 1.7 million bags (60 kg) in
2005,
to 4.0 million in 2014.
8 – Uganda 314,489 US tons
The Ugandan Virunga Mountains
While Uganda may not come to mind when you think of coffee production, at 285,300,000 kilograms produced in 2015, it is the Central African nation's top-earning export. It has moved past Mexico in 2015 to become the 8th largest producer of coffee. The nation grows both Robusta beans – a crop native to the Kibale forest area – as well as Arabica beans from nearby Ethiopia.
Coffee is a vital part of the Ugandan economy, with a large portion of the population working in coffee related industries. Coffee production was initially a reasonably unsuccessful state-controlled sector, however, after government privatization in 1991, a strong revival of the sector was seen, leading to a 5100% increase in production since 1989. However, the government does still exert control on the industry, with flow out of the country controlled by the Uganda Coffee Development Authority.
7 – Honduras 380,296 US tons
Green and Red Coffee Berries on Tree, Honduras
Honduras produced 345,000,000 kilograms of coffee in 2015, almost matching its peak crop from 2011's crop of 354,180 kilos. It has since 2011 become Central America's top coffee producer. They still face problems attributed to a lack of national branding – while most people recognize Colombian or Ethiopian coffee, beans from Honduras are mainly used in blends and are therefore less recognizable to the average consumer.
However, coffee remains a vital part of the Honduran economy; it is the largest producer in Central America, the coffee industry continually provides employment and revenue for a large part of the population, and it likely kept the nation's economy afloat during the 2009 political crisis and coup d'état.
6 – India 385,786 US tons
Cup of Coffee with Cinnamon, Sugar, and Raw Beans - Thinkstock.com
While India may not be the first nation that comes to mind when it comes to coffee production, they produced 349,980,000 kilograms of beans in 2015. Not just any region of the diverse nation is suited for coffee production, the majority of growing is done in the hilly tracts of South Indian states. The beans are grown by small growers in monsoon rainfall conditions, and often planted alongside spices such as cardamom and cinnamon, which gives the coffee a spicy taste and aroma. In 2004, Indian Coffee brand Tata won 3 gold medals at the Grand Cus De Cafe Competition.
As might be expected, coffee isn't the most popular beverage in the country of 1.25 billion people, this title goes to tea. As such, 80% of India's coffee production is bound for export purposes, with the main buyers being Europe and Russia.
5 – Ethiopia 423,287 US tons
Coffee Roasted in the Traditional Ethiopian Manner
Ethiopia produces large volumes of coffee beans every year, with 384,000,000 kilograms in 2015 alone. Ethiopia is the geographic home of Arabica coffee, the most popular beans worldwide. It is no small part of their economy – over 28% of Ethiopia's yearly exports are a result of coffee – and it is estimated that 15 million citizens are employed in coffee production.
Ethiopia has a very rich coffee culture. For over 1100 years, beans with a stimulating effect have been noted in the nation by unlucky farmers and shepherds whose herds happened to eat them. Since domestication of the plant and the beginning of farming the coffee bean, regional variants of the Arabica bean have been developed, each with their own characteristic name and taste. The Harar, Limu, Sidamo, and Yirgacheffe beans are all trademarked varieties of the Arabica bean, with the rights owned and protected by the government of Ethiopia.
4 – Indonesia 814,629 US tons
Palm Civets are Producers of the World's Most Expensive Coffee
Though they may not be as internationally known as a top producer, the nation of Indonesia produced over 660,000,000 kilograms of coffee beans in 2015. Indonesia has opted for a quantity over quality method, as the climate is better suited for the production of lower-quality Robusta beans (less valued than the Arabica beans that come from nations like Brazil and Colombia) but it has an ideal geographical location for coffee plantation, as it is near the equator and has numerous mountainous regions that are well suited for coffee production.
Coffee production was introduced to Indonesia by Dutch colonists and production continued on after colonization as Indonesia's climate is well suited for the plant. Coffee plantations currently cover over 1 million hectares of Indonesia's territory, with over 90% of the cropland being worked by small-scale producers.
One high quality coffee that Indonesia is famous for is Kopi Luwak, an expensive bean that has a unique production method. The palm civit, a cat like animal which lives in the jungles of South East Asia, eats the raw coffee berries yet cannot process the hard beans on the inside of the berry. The digestive juices of the civit partially break down the bean, and upon defecation the "deposits" are collected, cleaned, and sold as Kopi Luwak beans. Think that's weird? Because only 500kg of the "Cat Poop Coffee" is produced per year, a cup of coffee brewed from these beans can sell for up to $80.
3 – Colombia 892,871 US tons
Coffee Fields in the Colombian Andes Mountains
Colombian coffee is famous worldwide, perhaps partially due to the well-known advertisements for the National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia which featured a character named Juan Valdez. However, climate has recently been playing a negative role in Colombian coffee production. Between 1980 and 2010, temperatures have slowly risen, as has precipitation, both factors that jeopardize the climate requirements necessary to produce the type of bean favored in Colombia. It was traditionally second to Brazil for coffee production but has moved to third due the rapidly expanding production of Vietnam. Even with the effect of climate, it has an output of 810,000,000 kilograms of coffee beans in 2015, Colombia remains a key player in the international coffee game.
2 – Vietnam 1,818,811 US tons
Traditional Vietnamese Coffee - Thinkstock.com
While many are familiar with Vietnamese coffee, a signature drink where the coffee is mixed with sweetened condensed milk, Vietnam is the second largest coffee producing nation in the world – 1,650,000,000 kilograms in 2015 alone. While there was understandably a hiatus during and after the Vietnam war, coffee remained a huge part of the Vietnamese economy, with the only greater export rice being rice. Vietnam rapid expansion in coffee production which was only 6,000 tons in 1975 and now is almost 2 million has moved them to second place.
1 – Brazil 2,859,502 US tons
Brazil Tops the Worlds Coffee Producers - Thinkstock.com
While Brazil is perceived as the leading exporter of gorgeous models, they also are the undisputed largest coffee-producing nation in the world. In 2014, Brazil produced a staggering 2,594,100,000 kilograms of coffee beans. It is not a new development, as Brazil has been the highest global producer of coffee beans for over 150 years.
Coffee plantations cover about 27,000 square kilometers of Brazil with the majority located in Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo, and Parana, three southeastern states where the climate and temperature are ideal for coffee production. Brazil also distinguishes itself from other coffee producing nations in that Brazilians process coffee with the dry process (unwashed coffee), where the coffee cherries are dried in the sun rather than washed in a wet process.
Top Coffee Producing Countries
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is the atomic number of which metal? | List of elements by atomic number | Chemistry | Fandom powered by Wikia
List of elements by atomic number
203pages on
A table of chemical elements ordered by atomic number and color coded according to type of element. Given is each element's name, element symbol , group and period , and atomic mass (or most stable isotope ). {{element color legend}say your the highlite of my life ❤❤❤😜😜 ! Atomic number ! Name ! Symbol ! Period , Group ! Mass ( g / mol )
|-style="background-color:#a0ffa0" |1|| Hydrogen ||H||1, 1||1.00794(7) [1] [2] [3] |-style="background-color:#c0ffff" |2|| Helium ||He||1, 18||4.002602(2) [1] [3] |-style="background-color:#ff6666" |3|| Lithium ||Li||2, 1||6.941(2) [1] [2] [3] [4] |-style="background-color:#ffdead" |4|| Beryllium ||Be||2, 2||9.012182(3) |-style="background-color:#cccc99" |5|| Boron ||B||2, 13||10.811(7) [1] [2] [3] |-style="background-color:#a0ffa0" |6|| Carbon ||C||2, 14||12.0107(8) [1] [3] |-style="background-color:#a0ffa0" |7|| Nitrogen ||N||2, 15||14.0067(2) [1] [3] |-style="background-color:#a0ffa0" |8|| Oxygen ||O||2, 16||15.9994(3) [1] [3] |-style="background-color:#ffff99" |9|| Fluorine ||F||2, 17||18.9984032(5) |-style bgcolor="#c0ffff" |10|| Neon ||Ne||2, 18||20.1797(6) [1] [2] |-style="background-color:#ff6666" |11|| Sodium ||Na||3, 1||22.98976928(2) |-style="background-color:#ffdead" |12|| Magnesium ||Mg||3, 2||24.3050(6) |-style="background-color:#cccccc" |13|| Aluminium ||Al||3, 13||26.9815386(8) |-style="background-color:#cccc99" |14|| Silicon ||Si||3, 14||28.0855(3) [3] |-style="background-color:#a0ffa0" |15|| Phosphorus ||P||3, 15||30.973762(2) |-style="background-color:#a0ffa0" |16|| Sulfur ||S||3, 16||32.065(5) [1] [3] |-style="background-color:#ffff99" |17|| Chlorine ||Cl||3, 17||35.453(2) [1] [2] [3] |-style="background-color:#c0ffff" |18|| Argon ||Ar||3, 18||39.948(1) [1] [3] |-style="background-color:#ff6666" |19|| Potassium ||K||4, 1||39.0983(1) |-style="background-color:#ffdead" |20|| Calcium ||Ca||4, 2||40.078(4) [1] |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |21|| Scandium ||Sc||4, 3||44.955912(6) |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |22|| Titanium ||Ti||4, 4||47.867(1) |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |23|| Vanadium ||V||4, 5||50.9415(1) |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |24|| Chromium ||Cr||4, 6||51.9961(6) |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |25|| Manganese ||Mn||4, 7||54.938045(5) |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |26|| Iron ||Fe||4, 8||55.845(2) |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |27|| Cobalt ||Co||4, 9||58.933195(5) |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |28|| Nickel ||Ni||4, 10||58.6934(2) |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |29|| Copper ||Cu||4, 11||63.546(3) [3] |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |30|| Zinc ||Zn||4, 12||65.409(4) |-style="background-color:#cccccc" |31|| Gallium ||Ga||4, 13||69.723(1) |-style="background-color:#cccc99" |32|| Germanium ||Ge||4, 14||72.64(1) |-style="background-color:#cccc99" |33|| Arsenic ||As||4, 15||74.92160(2) |-style="background-color:#a0ffa0" |34|| Selenium ||Se||4, 16||78.96(3) [3] |-style="background-color:#ffff99" |35|| Bromine ||Br||4, 17||79.904(1) |-style="background-color:#c0ffff" |36|| Krypton ||Kr||4, 18||83.798(2) [1] [2] |-style="background-color:#ff6666" |37|| Rubidium ||Rb||5, 1||85.4678(3) [1] |-style="background-color:#ffdead" |38|| Strontium ||Sr||5, 2||87.62(1) [1] [3] |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |39|| Yttrium ||Y||5, 3||88.90585(2) |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |40|| Zirconium ||Zr||5, 4||91.224(2) [1] |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |41|| Niobium ||Nb||5, 5||92.906 38(2) |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |42|| Molybdenum ||Mo||5, 6||95.94(2) [1] |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |43|| Technetium ||Tc||5, 7||[98.9063] [5] |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |44|| Ruthenium ||Ru||5, 8||101.07(2) [1] |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |45|| Rhodium ||Rh||5, 9||102.90550(2) |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |46|| Palladium ||Pd||5, 10||106.42(1) [1] |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |47|| Silver ||Ag||5, 11||107.8682(2) [1] |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |48|| Cadmium ||Cd||5, 12||112.411(8) [1] |-style="background-color:#cccccc" |49|| Indium ||In||5, 13||114.818(3) |-style="background-color:#cccccc" |50|| Tin ||Sn||5, 14||118.710(7) [1] |-style="background-color:#cccc99" |51|| Antimony ||Sb||5, 15||121.760(1) [1] |-style="background-color:#cccc99" |52|| Tellurium ||Te||5, 16||127.60(3) [1] |-style="background-color:#ffff99" |53|| Iodine ||I||5, 17||126.90447(3) |-style="background-color:#c0ffff" |54|| Xenon ||Xe||5, 18||131.293(6) [1] [2] |-style="background-color:#ff6666" |55|| Caesium ||Cs||6, 1||132.9054519(2) |-style="background-color:#ffdead" |56|| Barium ||Ba||6, 2||137.327(7) |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |57|| Lanthanum ||La||6||138.90547(7) [1] |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |58|| Cerium ||Ce||6||140.116(1) [1] |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |59|| Praseodymium ||Pr||6||140.90765(2) |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |60|| Neodymium ||Nd||6||144.242(3) [1] |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |61|| Promethium ||Pm||6||[146.9151] [5] |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |62|| Samarium ||Sm||6||150.36(2) [1] |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |63|| Europium ||Eu||6||151.964(1) [1] |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |64|| Gadolinium ||Gd||6||157.25(3) [1] |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |65|| Terbium ||Tb||6||158.92535(2) |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |66|| Dysprosium ||Dy||6||162.500(1) [1] |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |67|| Holmium ||Ho||6||164.93032(2) |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |68|| Erbium ||Er||6||167.259(3) [1] |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |69|| Thulium ||Tm||6||168.93421(2) |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |70|| Ytterbium ||Yb||6||173.04(3) [1] |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |71|| Lutetium ||Lu||6, 3||174.967(1) [1] |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |72|| Hafnium ||Hf||6, 4||178.49(2) |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |73|| Tantalum ||Ta||6, 5||180.9479(1) |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |74|| Tungsten ||W||6, 6||183.84(1) |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |75|| Rhenium ||Re||6, 7||186.207(1) |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |76|| Osmium ||Os||6, 8||190.23(3) [1] |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |77|| Iridium ||Ir||6, 9||192.217(3) |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |78|| Platinum ||Pt||6, 10||195.084(9) |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |79|| Gold ||Au||6, 11||196.966569(4) |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |80|| Mercury ||Hg||6, 12||200.59(2) |-style="background-color:#cccccc" |81|| Thallium ||Tl||6, 13||204.3833(2) |-style="background-color:#cccccc" |82|| Lead ||Pb||6, 14||207.2(1) [1] [3] |-style="background-color:#cccccc" |83|| Bismuth ||Bi||6, 15||208.98040(1) |-style="background-color:#cccc99" |84|| Polonium ||Po||6, 16||[208.9824] [5] |-style="background-color:#ffff99" |85|| Astatine ||At||6, 17||[209.9871] [5] |-style="background-color:#c0ffff" |86|| Radon ||Rn||6, 18||[222.0176] [5] |-style="background-color:#ff6666" |87|| Francium ||Fr||7, 1||[223.0197] [5] |-style="background-color:#ffdead" |88|| Radium ||Ra||7, 2||[226.0254] [5] |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |89|| Actinium ||Ac||7||[227.0278] [5] |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |90|| Thorium ||Th||7||232.03806(2) [5] [1] |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |91|| Protactinium ||Pa||7||231.03588(2) [5] |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |92|| Uranium ||U||7||238.02891(3) [5] [1] [2] |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |93|| Neptunium ||Np||7||[237.0482] [5] |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |94|| Plutonium ||Pu||7||[244.0642] [5] |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |95|| Americium ||Am||7||[243.0614] [5] |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |96|| Curium ||Cm||7||[247.0703] [5] |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |97|| Berkelium ||Bk||7||[247.0703] [5] |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |98|| Californium ||Cf||7||[251.0796] [5] |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |99|| Einsteinium ||Es||7||[252.0829] [5] |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |100|| Fermium ||Fm||7||[257.0951] [5] |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |101|| Mendelevium ||Md||7||[258.0986] [5] |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |102|| Nobelium ||No||7||[259.1009] [5] |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |103|| Lawrencium ||Lr||7, 3||[260.1053] [5] |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |104|| Rutherfordium ||Rf||7, 4||[261.1087] [5] |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |105|| Dubnium ||Db||7, 5||[262.1138] [5] |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |106|| Seaborgium ||Sg||7, 6||[263.1182] [5] |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |107|| Bohrium ||Bh||7, 7||[262.1229] [5] |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |108|| Hassium ||Hs||7, 8||[265] [5] |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |109|| Meitnerium ||Mt||7, 9||[266] [5] |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |110|| Darmstadtium ||Ds||7, 10||[269] [5] |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |111|| Roentgenium ||Rg||7, 11||[272] [5] |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |112|| Ununbium ||Uub||7, 12||[285] [5] |-style="background-color:#cccccc" |113|| Ununtrium ||Uut||7, 13||[284] [5] |-style="background-color:#cccccc" |114|| Ununquadium ||Uuq||7, 14||[289] [5] |-style="background-color:#cccccc" |115|| Ununpentium ||Uup||7, 15||[288] [5] |-style="background-color:#cccccc" |116|| Ununhexium ||Uuh||7, 16||[293] [5] |-style="background-color:#fcfece" |117|| Ununseptium ||Uus||7, 17||[294] [5] |-style="background-color:#fcfece" |118|| Ununoctium ||Uuo||7, 18||[294] [5] |}
| Magnesium |
Which Australian writer won the Nobel prize for literature in 1973? | Heavy Metals in Science - Definition and Examples
Heavy Metals in Science
Heavy Metals in Science
What are heavy metals?
Lead is an example of a heavy metal, a dense metal capable of causing environmental damage. David Madison / Getty Images
By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.
Updated December 14, 2016.
In science, a heavy metal is a metallic element which is toxic and has a high density , specific gravity or atomic weight . However, the term means something slightly different in common usage, referring to any metal capable of causing health problems or environmental damage.
Examples of Heavy Metals
Examples of heavy metals include lead, mercury and cadmium. Less commonly, any metal with a potential negative health effect or environmental impact may be termed a heavy metal, such as cobalt, chromium, lithium and even iron.
Dispute over "Heavy Metal" Term
According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry or IUPAC, the term "heavy metal" may be a " meaningless term " because there is no standardized definition for a heavy metal. Some light metals or metalloids are toxic, while some high-density metals are not. For example, cadmium generally is considered a heavy metal, with an atomic number of 48 and specific gravity of 8.65, while gold typically is not toxic, even though it has an atomic number of 79 and specific gravity of 18.88.
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For a given metal, the toxicity varies widely depending on the allotrope or oxidation state of the metal. Hexavalent chromium is deadly; trivalent chromium is nutritionally significant in many organisms, including humans.
Certain metals, such as copper, cobalt, chromium, iron, zinc, manganese, magnesium, selenium, and molybenum, may be dense and/or toxic, yet are required micronutrients for humans or other organisms. The essential heavy metals may be needed to support key enzymes, act as cofactors, or act in oxidation-reduction reactions. While necessary for health and nutrition, excess exposure to the elements can cause cellular damage and disease. Specifically, excess metal ions can interact with DNA, proteins, and cellular components, altering the cell cycle, leading to carcinogenesis, or causing cell death.
Heavy Metals of Significance to Public Health
Exactly how dangerous a metal is depends on several factors, including the dose and means of exposure. Metals affect species differently. Within a single species, age, gender, and genetic predisposition all play a role in toxicity. However, certain heavy metals are of grave concern because they can damage multiple organ systems, even at low exposure levels. These metals include:
arsenic
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Who wrote the book Schindler's Ark which was also an (Oscar winning film)? | Thomas Keneally (Author of Schindler's List)
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Thomas Michael Keneally, AO (born 7 October 1935) is an Australian novelist, playwright and author of non-fiction. He is best known for writing Schindler's Ark, the Booker Prize-winning novel of 1982, which was inspired by the efforts of Poldek Pfefferberg, a Holocaust survivor. The book would later be adapted to Steven Spielberg's Schindler's List (1993), which won the Academy Award for Best Picture.
Often published under the name Tom Keneally in Australia.
Life and Career:
Born in Sydney, Keneally was educated at St Patrick's College, Strathfield, where a writing prize was named after him. He entered St Patrick's Seminary, Manly to train as a Catholic priest but left before his ordination. He worked as a Sydney schoolteacher before his succe Thomas Michael Keneally, AO (born 7 October 1935) is an Australian novelist, playwright and author of non-fiction. He is best known for writing Schindler's Ark, the Booker Prize-winning novel of 1982, which was inspired by the efforts of Poldek Pfefferberg, a Holocaust survivor. The book would later be adapted to Steven Spielberg's Schindler's List (1993), which won the Academy Award for Best Picture.
Often published under the name Tom Keneally in Australia.
Life and Career:
Born in Sydney, Keneally was educated at St Patrick's College, Strathfield, where a writing prize was named after him. He entered St Patrick's Seminary, Manly to train as a Catholic priest but left before his ordination. He worked as a Sydney schoolteacher before his success as a novelist, and he was a lecturer at the University of New England (1968–70). He has also written screenplays, memoirs and non-fiction books.
Keneally was known as "Mick" until 1964 but began using the name Thomas when he started publishing, after advice from his publisher to use what was really his first name. He is most famous for his Schindler's Ark (1982) (later republished as Schindler's List), which won the Booker Prize and is the basis of the film Schindler's List (1993). Many of his novels are reworkings of historical material, although modern in their psychology and style.
Keneally has also acted in a handful of films. He had a small role in The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith (based on his novel) and played Father Marshall in the Fred Schepisi movie, The Devil's Playground (1976) (not to be confused with a similarly-titled documentary by Lucy Walker about the Amish rite of passage called rumspringa).
In 1983, he was made an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO). He is an Australian Living Treasure.
He is a strong advocate of the Australian republic, meaning the severing of all ties with the British monarchy, and published a book on the subject in Our Republic (1993). Several of his Republican essays appear on the web site of the Australian Republican Movement.
Keneally is a keen supporter of rugby league football, in particular the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles club of the NRL. He made an appearance in the rugby league drama film The Final Winter (2007).
In March 2009, the Prime Minister of Australia, Kevin Rudd, gave an autographed copy of Keneally's Lincoln biography to President Barack Obama as a state gift.
Most recently Thomas Keneally featured as a writer in the critically acclaimed Australian drama, Our Sunburnt Country.
Thomas Keneally's nephew Ben is married to the former NSW Premier, Kristina Keneally. ...more
| Thomas Keneally |
George Stubbs, 1724 - 1806, famous English artist, is remembered mainly for painting what? | Oskar Schindler | Jewish Virtual Library
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Oskar Schindler was a German industrialist, former member of the Nazi Party and possibly the most famous " Righteous Gentile " who is credited with saving as many as 1,200 Jews during the Holocaust . His story was brought to international acclaim by the 1982 novel Schindler's Ark and the 1993 film, Schindler's List .
Schindler was born April 28, 1908, in Zwittau, Austria - Hungary , what is now Moravia in the Czech Republic . He grew up in a Catholic well-to-do family with all the privileges money could buy.
He married Emilie Schindler at nineteen, but was never without a mistress or two. He had presided over the demise of his family business and become a salesman when opportunity came knocking in the guise of the war.
Never one to miss a chance to make money, he marched into Poland on the heels of the SS . He dived headfirst into the black-market and the underworld and soon made friends with the local Gestapo bigwigs, softening them up with women, money and illicit booze. His newfound connections helped him acquire a factory which he ran with the cheapest labor around: Jewish.
Schindler (center) with German army officers.
At first he seemed like every other usurping German industrialist, driven by profit and unmoved by the means of his profiteering. But somewhere along the line, something changed.
In December 1939, as occupied Poland was being torn apart by the savagery of the Holocaust , Schindler took his first faltering steps from the darkness of Nazism towards the light of heroism. If you saw a dog going to be crushed under a car, he said later of his wartime actions, wouldn't you help him?
Before the outbreak of war, Poland had been a relative haven for European Jews - Krakow's Jewish population numbered over 50,000. But when Germany invaded, destruction began immediately and it was merciless. Jews were herded into crowded ghettos , randomly beaten and humiliated, capriciously killed. Jewish property and businesses were summarily destroyed, or appropriated by the SS and 'sold' to Nazi 'investors', one of whom was the fast talking, womanizing, money hungry Schindler.
Not long after acquiring his Emalia factory - which produced enamel goods and munitions to supply the German front - the removal of Jews to death camps began in earnest. Schindler's Jewish accountant put him in touch with the few Jews with any remaining wealth. They invested in his factory, and in return they would be able to work there and perhaps be spared. He was persuaded to hire more Jewish workers, designating their skills as essential, paying off the Nazis so they would allow them to stay in Krakow. Schindler was making money, but everyone in his factory was fed, no-one was beaten, no-one was killed. It became an oasis of humanity in a desert of moral torpor.
Schindler with a group of Schindlerjuden.
As the brutality of the Holocaust escalated, Schindler's protection of his Jewish workers became increasingly active. In the summer of 1942, he witnessed a German raid on the Jewish ghetto . Watching innocent people being packed onto trains bound for certain death, something awakened in him.
Beyond this day, no thinking person could fail to see what would happen, he said later. I was now resolved to do everything in my power to defeat the system.
By the autumn of 1944, Germany's hold on Poland had weakened. As the Russian army approached, the Nazi's tried desperately to complete their program of liquidation and sent all remaining Jews to die. But Schindler remained true to the Schindlerjuden , the workers he referred to as my children.
After the liquidation of the Krakow ghetto and the transfer of many Jews to the Plaszow concentration camp, Schindler used his influence to set up a branch of the camp for 900 Jewish workers in his factory compound in Zablocie and made his now famous list of the workers he would need for its operation.
The factory operated in its new location a year, making defective bullets for German guns. Conditions were grim, for the Schindlers as well as the workers. But Schindler saved most of these workers when he transferred his factory to Brunnlitz (Sudetenland) in October 1944.
Office workers from the Emalia factory.
When the war ended, Schindler fled to Argentina with his wife and a handful of his workers and bought a farm. In 1958, he abandoned his land, his wife and his mistress to return to Germany . He spent the remaining years of his life dividing his time between Germany and Israel , where he was honored and taken care of by his Schindlerjuden .
He died in Hildesheim in 1974. His extraordinary story might have died with him but for their gratitude.
In trying to answer the inevitable question, why did he do it, one of the survivors said: I don't know what his motives were... But I don't give a damn. What's important is that he saved our lives.
He negotiated the salvation of his 1,300 Jews by operating right at the heart of the system using all the tools of the devil - bribery, black marketeering and lies, said Thomas Keneally, whose book about this paradoxical man was the basis of the movie Schindler's List.
Perhaps the question is not why he did it, but rather how could he not. And perhaps the answer is unimportant. It is his actions that matter now, testimony that even in the worst of circumstances, the most ordinary of us can act courageously. If Oskar Schindler, flawed as he was, did it, then so might we, and that is reason enough to hope.
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What is the real surname of actor Tom Cruise? | Celebs' Real Names
Celebs' Real Names
Celebs' Real Names - Reviewed by Kidzworld on Dec 27, 2006
( Rating:
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Not all celebs are born with the perfect show-biz name. Some are too long, sound silly or just lack that certain Hollywood pizazz. Tom Cruise, Shaggy and Reese Witherspoon are just a few celebs who changed their names for stardom ...
Not all celebrities are born with the perfect show biz name. Some names are too long, some sound silly, and some just lack that certain Hollywood pizzazz. Imagine if your name was Cornelius Hunchback? Don’t worry … none of these names are THAT bad! Check out the real names of some well-known actors, musicians and athletes.
Actors
Miley Cyrus
Miley Cyrus was so sweet playing Hannah Montana on the hit Disney Channel TV show. She may currently be trying to shed that “good-girl” image, but her REAL name is always gonna sound sweet as honey: Destiny Hope Cyrus.
Tom Cruise
Cruise is a pretty smooth-sounding last name, but Tom Cruise 's birth name was Thomas Cruise Mapother IV. We can see why he decided to drop the Mapother IV. It's not exactly catchy and sounds like the name of some stuffy old royal .
Reese Witherspoon
This Legally Blonde star didn't make up her name; she just altered her birth name. She was born Laura Jean Reese Witherspoon. Did you really think she'd make up the name Reese Witherspoon ?
Winona Ryder
Actress Winona Ryder wasn't born with this last name. Her birth name is Winona Laura Horowitz. We think Ryder was a nice steal . Speaking of which...
Ashton Kutcher
The womanizing hottie from That '70s Show was born Christopher Ashton Kutcher. Isn't Ashton a nice name? It's original, and has a nice ring to it.
Demi Moore
Ashton Kutcher's leading lady, Demi Moore , was born Demetria Guynes. Sounds more like a name from Greek mythology .
Musicians
Lady Gaga
Lady G's music is definitely the hottest on the charts right now, but how much of that has to do with her creative stage name, which is definitely a lot more “in your face” than the name her mom gave her at birth: Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta.
50 Cent
He’s a rapper whose real name seems kinda tame (and has nothing to do with all the money he talks about in his lyrics). No wonder 50 Cent changed his name from Curtis Jackson.
Cher
We’re thinking that maybe Cher chopped her real name - Cherilyn Sarkisian LaPiere - to match some of the teeny-tiny outfits she wears on stage (or the plastic surgery she’s received over the years).
Eminem
Here’s another rapper whose given name just doesn’t seem “bad” enough to go with his lyrics. Eminem's birth name is Marshall Bruce Mathers III.
Alicia Keys
Keys is a musical last name, but this piano-playin' songstress was born Alicia Augello Cook, which isn't nearly as elegant as the name Alicia Keys .
Busta Rhymes
This fly rapper wasn't actually busting rhymes when he was born. Busta Rhymes ' birth name is Trevor Tahiem Smith.
Athletes
As the best pro golfer in the entire world, it makes a lot of sense that Tiger Woods opts to use a nickname in place of his real name, which is Eldrick.
Do you know of a celeb or singer who isn't going by their true identity? If ya do, leave your a comment below this story!
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What sporting club is based at Smiths Lawn, in Windsor Great Park? | Thomas Cruise Mapother, IV - Genealogy
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Father of <private> Cruise; <private> Cruise and <private> Cruise
Brother of <private> Mapother; <private> Mapother and <private> Mapother
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About Tom Cruise
Tom Cruise made a strong impression in the teen comedy Risky Business (1983) and then had his first box-office smash as the fighter jock Maverick in Top Gun (1986). Cruise and his cocky grin were propelled higher onto Hollywood's A-list thanks to a string of successful movies: Rain Man (1988, with Dustin Hoffman), The Color of Money (1986, with Paul Newman), A Few Good Men (1992, with Jack Nicholson) and Jerry Maguire (1996, with Cuba Gooding, Jr. saying "Show me the money!"). Cruise has remained one of Hollywood's busiest actors, taking on blockbuster franchises such as Mission: Impossible (Cruise played superspy Ethan Hunt in the original and two sequels in 1996, 2000 and 2006) as well as more diverse dramas such as Magnolia (1999), Vanilla Sky (2001) and the Steven Spielberg movies Minority Report (2002, co-starring Samantha Morton) and War of the Worlds (2005). His most recent movie Knight and Day will be released on June 23rd, 2010.
Cruise was born Thomas Cruise Mapother IV on July 3, 1962 in Syracuse, New York to Mary Lee (née Pfeiffer), a special education teacher, and Thomas Cruise Mapother III, an electrical engineer. Cruise's surname originates from his great-grandfather, Thomas Cruise O'Mara, who was adopted by a Welsh immigrant and renamed "Thomas Cruise Mapother". Cruise is of German, Irish, and English ancestry. His oldest sister, Lee Anne, was born in his parents' native Louisville, Kentucky, while his older sister Marian was born in Syracuse, as were Tom and his younger sister, Cass.
He has been married three times. His first marriage was to actress Mimi Rogers, a fellow Scientologist, from 1986-1990. While filming one of Days of Thunder (1990), he met his second wife Nicole Kidman. He and Kidman were married in 1990. They adopted two children: Isabella (in 1993) and Connor (in 1995). In 2000, Cruise and Kidman separated. Their divorce was finalized in 2001. He began dating actress Katie Holmes in 2005 and proposed to Holmes at the Eiffel Tower after a highly-publicized whirlwind romance. He came in for a ribbing from pundits after he hopped up and down on the talk-show couch of Oprah Winfrey while proclaiming his love for Holmes. Dubbed "TomKat" by the tabloids, they had a daughter, Suri, on 18 April 2006, and were married in Italy on 18 November 2006.
Cruise is a prominent member of the Church of Scientology.
Tom Cruise discovers his Irish roots on a visit to Dublin
by Irish Abroad on 05 April 2013 18:04PM
This week Tom Cruise discovered the truth of his Irish family history and that his Irish ancestors have been identified as knights, rebels and heroes in a family history that stretches back an incredible 800 years. The Hollywood actor and producer visited Dublin on the European leg of his tour to promote his new film 'Oblivion'.
Research commissioned by Tourism Ireland for Cruise’s visit, and completed by genealogy researchers Eneclann, has unveiled the amazing history of a family that contained knights in the 12th century, rebels in the 17th century and a hero – Patrick Russell-Cruise – who reinstated tenants on his lands in the 19th century, following their eviction against his wishes by an unscrupulous land agent. Tom Cruise is a fifth generation direct descendant of Patrick Russell-Cruise.
Prior to the red carpet première of 'Oblivion' in Dublin, Cruise was presented with a Certificate of Irish Heritage by the Tánaiste and Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade, Eamon Gilmore. The Certificate is an official recognition by the Irish Government of those who are proud of their Irish ancestry and heritage.
When presented with his Certificate of Irish Heritage, Cruise said: “It’s a great honour for me and for my whole family – I can’t wait to bring it back to them and enlighten them on their history.” Cruise continued: “I’m very proud to be Irish. There’s a pride in America of being Irish. I can’t wait to come back and I want to visit the land of my ancestors and the castle that they had.”
As this is the year of The Gathering Ireland 2013, with a programme of over 300 clan gatherings and local history talks taking place throughout the year, Tourism Ireland has christened 2013 Ireland’s “Family History Year”. Tourism Ireland is encouraging those with Irish connections throughout the world to follow in Cruise’s footsteps and to visit in 2013 to learn more about their heritage and explore the places their ancestors came from.
· The Certificate of Irish Heritage provides official recognition of Irish descent. Anyone with an Irish ancestor, born outside Ireland, is eligible. www.heritagecertificate.com
-Eneclann is an agency specialising in Irish genealogy and history research. Full details of the amazing family history of Tom Cruise can be found online at www.eneclann.ie/exhibitions/tomcruise. A summary is provided below.
Tom Cruise's Irish Roots Research Overview
Tom Cruise's Irish roots can be traced back 840 years to the arrival of Strongbow in Ireland. Tom was christened Thomas Cruise Mapother IV and the story of his Irish ancestors - the Cruises, the Russells and the Mapothers – is one of knights, rebels and heroes.
The knights in Tom's family were among the first wave of Anglo-Normans to invade Ireland between 1169 and 1176. In 1176, Augustino de Cruce, one of Strongbow's knights, acted as a legal witness to a grant by Strongbow (Richard de Clare, Earl of Pembroke) of lands in Dublin. The Cruise family established themselves in Ireland and held lands in Dublin and Meath, including Naul in north Co Dublin (which included the townland of ‘Hollywood’) and the civil parish of Cruicetown in Co Meath, to which the family gave their name. Like other "old English" families, they continued in the Catholic faith even after the Reformation. In 1641, the Cruise family of the Naul took up arms in defence of the King but they lost out to the English Parliamentary army under Oliver Cromwell and forfeited their lands in north Co Dublin. In 1686, after the Restoration, they were restored to the lands of Cruicetown in Co Meath but their status and their land base was much reduced.
The rebellious streak in Tom's family was also evident amongst the Russell family who were also “old English” settlers, visible in the records from the 1200s. Their main seat was Seatown, situated in present day Malahide in north Co Dublin. In the 15th, 16th and early 17th centuries the Russell family lived in Seatown Castle, fragments of which survive today as part of a modern dwelling. It is highly probable that the Russells engaged in cross-channel trade as the family had amassed significant wealth by the early 1600s and in 1627 they completed a substantial new residence, Drynam House. Like the Cruises, the Russells held fast to their Catholicism and took up arms in the 1641 Rebellion. They consequently lost their lands at Seatown but retained Drynam House and 421 acres surrounding it and it passed by descent in the family until it was sold in the 1920s.
In 1766, the marriage of Bridget Russell “only child and heir at law of Robert Russell of Drynam” to Andrew Cruise united these two families and the children of all subsequent generations adopted the double-surname ‘Russell-Cruise’.
Tom's family history also contains wonderful stories of heroism. Patrick Russell Cruise was born ca. 1799 in Drynam and in 1825 he married Teresa Johnson in Co Meath. The young couple determined that their future was in the USA and they settled in Haverstraw, New York. As a younger son, Patrick Russell Cruise had not inherited the family ancestral seat of Drynam House; however, he had inherited a half share in approximately 500 acres of land in Co Westmeath, comprising the townlands of Paristown and Dardistown. The tenants' leases on these lands were due to expire in 1843. Patrick had promised the sitting tenants that he would ensure they had a preference in renewal “because he felt he was bound in honour and conscience to look to the tenants in possession” but his Dublin-based land agent John Smith evicted the tenants regardless. When news of the evictions reached Patrick Russell-Cruise in America he set sail for Ireland and personally restored his former tenants to the lands. As a vote of thanks, a public dinner was given in his honour in the town of Clonmellon in November 1844. Patrick Russell Cruise died in Dublin in March 1849 without returning to America and he was buried in Donabate in north Dublin.
How Tom came to be known as Tom Cruise Maphother is a story of family tragedy. Tom's great-great-grandmother, Mary Pauline Russell-Cruise, was the youngest known child of Patrick Russell-Cruise, born ca. 1832 in New Jersey. Mary Pauline married Dillon Henry Mapother, the second son of Henry Mapother Esq. of Annadale Lodge, Co Dublin, in September 1858 in the RC Cathedral in Detroit. The Mapother family originated in Dorset in England but were in Ireland by 1588 when Richard Mapother was the Sheriff of Roscommon. By the early 1600s, the Mapothers established their main residence in Kilteevan in Co Roscommon, where descendants remained down to the early 20th century. Dillon Henry Mapother held a degree in civil engineering and had immigrated to New York in 1850 before settling in Louisville, Kentucky, where he established a successful printing business. However, Dillon Henry died between 1873 and 1875 and Mary Pauline remarried, to Thomas O’Mara in 1876. There was only one known child of this second marriage: Thomas O’Mara Jr. born on 29 December, 1876. Sadly, Thomas O’Mara Sr. also died sometime before 1900 and Thomas O’Mara Jr. assumed the combined maiden name of his mother and the surname of his half-brother, becoming Thomas Cruise Mapother. This man was the great-grandfather of the actor Tom Cruise who was born Thomas Cruise Mapother IV.
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Born Farrokh Bulsara on 24th of September 1946 and died in November 1991. Who do we remember him as? | Farrokh Bulsara (1946 - 1991) - Genealogy
Farrokh Bulsara
"" ફારોખ બલ્સારા"", ""Freddie Mercury""
Birthdate:
Zanzibar, Urban, Zanzibar Urban/West, Tanzania
Death:
in Kensington, Greater London, UK
Cause of death:
Son of Bomi Rustomji Bulsara and <private> Bulsara
Partner of <private> Austin and Jim Hutton
Brother of <private> Cooke (Bulsara)
Managed by:
Sep 5 1946 - Zanzibar, Tanzania
Death:
Nov 24 1991 - London, England
Parents:
Sep 5 1946 - Zanzibar, Tanzania
Death:
Nov 24 1991 - London, England
Death:
Nov 25 1991 - Florida, United States
Death:
Nov 25 1991 - Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
Death:
Nov 25 1991 - Connecticut, United States
Death:
Nov 25 1991 - California, United States
Death:
Nov 25 1991 - Pennsylvania, United States
Father:
Nov 24 1991 - Zanzíbar, Tanzania
Parents:
Freddie Mercury - The Untold Story
Freddie Mercury (born Farrokh Bulsara (Gujarati: ફારોખ બલ્સારા), 5 September 1946 – 24 November 1991) was a British musician, best known as the lead vocalist and a songwriter of the rock band Queen. As a performer, he was known for his flamboyant stage persona and powerful vocals over a four-octave range. As a songwriter, Mercury composed many hits for Queen, including "Bohemian Rhapsody", "Killer Queen", "Somebody to Love", "Don't Stop Me Now", "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" and "We Are the Champions". In addition to his work with Queen, he led a solo career, penning hits such as "Barcelona", "I Was Born to Love You" and "Living on My Own". Mercury also occasionally served as a producer and guest musician (piano or vocals) for other artists. He died of bronchopneumonia brought on by AIDS on 24 November 1991, only one day after publicly acknowledging he had the disease.
Mercury, who was a Parsi born in Zanzibar and grew up there and in India until his mid-teens, has been referred to as "Britain's first Asian rock star". In 2006, Time Asia named him as one of the most influential Asian heroes of the past 60 years,[8] and he continues to be voted one of the greatest singers in the history of popular music. In 2005, a poll organised by Blender and MTV2 saw Mercury voted the greatest male singer of all time.[9] In 2008, Rolling Stone editors ranked him number 18 on their list of the 100 greatest singers of all time.[6] In 2009, a Classic Rock poll saw him voted the greatest rock singer of all time. Allmusic has characterised Mercury as "one of rock's greatest all-time entertainers", who possessed "one of the greatest voices in all of music".
Early life
Mercury was born in the British protectorate of Zanzibar, East Africa (now part of Tanzania). His parents, Bomi and Jer Bulsara,[a] were Parsis from the Gujarat region of the then province of Bombay Presidency in British India. The family surname is derived from the town of Bulsar (also known as Valsad) in southern Gujarat. As Parsis, Mercury and his family practised the Zoroastrian religion.[13] The Bulsara family had moved to Zanzibar so that his father could continue his job as a cashier at the British Colonial Office. He had a younger sister, Kashmira.
The house in Zanzibar where Mercury lived in his early years Mercury spent the bulk of his childhood in India and began taking piano lessons at the age of seven.[15] In 1954, at the age of eight, Mercury was sent to study at St. Peter's School, a British-style boarding school for boys in Panchgani near Bombay (now Mumbai), India. Aged 12, he formed a school band, The Hectics, and covered artists such as Cliff Richard and Little Richard. A friend from the time recalls that he had "an uncanny ability to listen to the radio and replay what he heard on piano". It was also at St. Peter's where he began to call himself "Freddie". Mercury remained in India, living with his grandmother and aunt until he completed his education at St. Mary's School, Bombay. At the age of 17, Mercury and his family fled from Zanzibar for safety reasons due to the 1964 Zanzibar Revolution. The family moved into a small house in Feltham, Middlesex, England. Mercury enrolled at Isleworth Polytechnic (now West Thames College) in West London where he studied art. He ultimately earned a Diploma in Art and Graphic Design at Ealing Art College, later using these skills to design the Queen crest. Mercury remained a British citizen for the rest of his life. Following graduation, Mercury joined a series of bands and sold second-hand clothes in the Kensington Market in London. He also held a job at Heathrow Airport. Friends from the time remember him as a quiet and shy young man who showed a great deal of interest in music. In 1969 he joined the band Ibex, later renamed Wreckage. When this band failed to take off, he joined a second band called Sour Milk Sea. However, by early 1970 this group broke up as well. In April 1970, Mercury joined guitarist Brian May and drummer Roger Taylor who had previously been in a band called Smile. Despite reservations from the other members, Mercury chose the name "Queen" for the new band. He later said about the band's name, "I was certainly aware of the gay connotations, but that was just one facet of it". At about the same time, he changed his surname, Bulsara, to Mercury.
Career
Freddie Mercury in 1978
Freddie Mercury's vocal range Although Mercury's speaking voice naturally fell in the baritone range, he delivered most songs in the tenor range. His vocal range extended from bass low F (F2) to soprano high F He could belt up to tenor high F Biographer David Bret described his voice as "escalating within a few bars from a deep, throaty rock-growl to tender, vibrant tenor, then on to a high-pitched, perfect coloratura, pure and crystalline in the upper reaches". Spanish soprano Montserrat Caballé, with whom Mercury recorded an album, expressed her opinion that "the difference between Freddie and almost all the other rock stars was that he was selling the voice". She adds, "His technique was astonishing. No problem of tempo, he sung with an incisive sense of rhythm, his vocal placement was very good and he was able to glide effortlessly from a register to another. He also had a great musicality. His phrasing was subtle, delicate and sweet or energetic and slamming. He was able to find the right colouring or expressive nuance for each word." As Queen's career progressed, he would increasingly alter the highest notes of their songs when live, often harmonising with seconds, thirds or fifths instead. Mercury was said to have "the rawest vocal fold nodules" and claimed never to have had any formal vocal training.
Songwriter
Mercury wrote 10 of the 17 songs on Queen's Greatest Hits album: "Bohemian Rhapsody", "Seven Seas of Rhye", "Killer Queen", "Somebody to Love", "Good Old-Fashioned Lover Boy", "We Are the Champions", "Bicycle Race", "Don't Stop Me Now", "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" and "Play the Game". The most notable aspect of his songwriting involved the wide range of genres that he used, which included, among other styles, rockabilly, progressive rock, heavy metal, gospel and disco. As he explained in a 1986 interview, "I hate doing the same thing again and again and again. I like to see what's happening now in music, film and theatre and incorporate all of those things." Compared to many popular songwriters, Mercury also tended to write musically complex material. For example, "Bohemian Rhapsody" is acyclic in structure and comprises dozens of chords.[29][30] He also wrote six songs from Queen II which deal with multiple key changes and complex material. "Crazy Little Thing Called Love", on the other hand, contains only a few chords. Despite the fact that Mercury often wrote very intricate harmonies, he also claimed that he could barely read music. He wrote most of his songs on the piano and used a wide variety of different key signatures.
Live performer
Mercury was noted for his live performances, which were often delivered to stadium audiences around the world. He displayed a highly theatrical style that often evoked a great deal of participation from the crowd. A writer for The Spectator described him as "a performer out to tease, shock and ultimately charm his audience with various extravagant versions of himself". David Bowie, who performed at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert and recorded the song "Under Pressure" with Queen, praised Mercury's performance style, saying: "Of all the more theatrical rock performers, Freddie took it further than the rest... he took it over the edge. And of course, I always admired a man who wears tights. I only saw him in concert once and as they say, he was definitely a man who could hold an audience in the palm of his hand." One of Mercury's most notable performances with Queen took place at Live Aid in 1985, during which the entire stadium audience of 72,000 people clapped, sang and swayed in unison. Queen's performance at the event has since been voted by a group of music executives as the greatest live performance in the history of rock music. The results were aired on a television program called "The World's Greatest Gigs". In reviewing Live Aid in 2005, one critic wrote, "Those who compile lists of Great Rock Frontmen and award the top spots to Mick Jagger, Robert Plant, etc all are guilty of a terrible oversight. Freddie, as evidenced by his Dionysian Live Aid performance, was easily the most godlike of them all." Over the course of his career, Mercury performed an estimated 700 concerts in countries around the world with Queen. A notable aspect of Queen concerts was the large scale involved. He once explained, "We're the Cecil B. DeMille of rock and roll, always wanting to do things bigger and better." The band were the first ever to play in South American stadiums, breaking worldwide records for concert attendance in the Morumbi Stadium in São Paulo in 1981.[37] In 1986, Queen also played behind the Iron Curtain when they performed to a crowd of 80,000 in Budapest, in what was one of the biggest rock concerts ever held in Eastern Europe.[38] Mercury's final live performance with Queen took place on 9 August 1986 at Knebworth Park in England and drew an attendance estimated as high as 300,000.
Instrumentalist
As a young boy in India, Mercury received formal piano training up to the age of nine. Later on, while living in London, he learned guitar. Much of the music he liked was guitar-oriented: his favourite artists at the time were The Who, The Beatles, Jimi Hendrix, David Bowie, and Led Zeppelin. He was often self-deprecating about his own skills on both instruments and from the early 1980s onward began extensively using guest keyboardists for both Queen and his solo career. Most notably, he enlisted Fred Mandel (a Canadian musician who also worked for Pink Floyd, Elton John and Supertramp) for his first solo project, and from 1985 onward collaborated with Mike Moran (in the studio) and Spike Edney (in concert), leaving most of the keyboard work exclusively to them. Mercury played the piano in many of Queen's most popular songs, including "Killer Queen", "Bohemian Rhapsody", "Good Old Fashioned Lover Boy", "We Are the Champions", "Somebody To Love" and "Don't Stop Me Now". He used concert grand pianos and, occasionally, other keyboard instruments such as the harpsichord. From 1980 onward, he also made frequent use of synthesisers in the studio. Queen guitarist Brian May claims that Mercury was unimpressed with his own abilities at the piano and used the instrument less over time because he wanted to walk around onstage and entertain the audience.[40] Although he wrote many lines for the guitar, Mercury possessed only rudimentary skills on the instrument. Songs like "Ogre Battle" and "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" were composed on the guitar; the latter featured Mercury playing acoustic guitar both on stage and in the studio.
Solo career
In addition to his work with Queen, Mercury put out two solo albums and several singles. Although his solo work was not as commercially successful as most Queen albums, the two off-Queen albums and several of the singles debuted in the top 10 of the UK Album Charts. His first solo effort involved his contribution to the Richard "Wolfie" Wolf mix of Love Kills on the 1984 album (the song also used as the end title theme for National Lampoon's "Loaded Weapon") and new soundtrack to the 1926 Fritz Lang film Metropolis. The song, produced by Giorgio Moroder, debuted at the number 10 position in the UK charts. Mercury's two full albums outside the band were Mr. Bad Guy (1985) and Barcelona (1988). The former is a pop-oriented album that emphasises disco and dance music. "Barcelona" was recorded and performed with the opera singer Montserrat Caballé, whom he had long admired. Mr. Bad Guy debuted in the top ten of the UK Album Charts. In 1993, a remix of "Living on My Own", a single from the album, reached the No.1 position on the UK Singles Charts. The song also garnered Mercury a posthumous Ivor Novello Award. Allmusic critic Eduardo Rivadavia describes Mr. Bad Guy as "outstanding from start to finish" and expressed his view that Mercury "did a commendable job of stretching into uncharted territory". In particular, the album is heavily synthesiser-driven in a way that is not characteristic of previous Queen albums. Barcelona, recorded with Spanish soprano Montserrat Caballé, combines elements of popular music and opera. Many critics were uncertain what to make of the album; one referred to it as "the most bizarre CD of the year". The album was a commercial success, and the album's title track debuted at the No.8 position in the UK charts and was a hit in Spain.[47] The title track received massive air play as the official hymn of the 1992 Summer Olympics (held in Barcelona one year after Mercury's death). Caballé sang it live at the opening of the Olympics with Mercury's part played on a screen, and again prior to the start of the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final in Barcelona. In addition to the two solo albums, Mercury released several singles, including his own version of the hit The Great Pretender by The Platters, which debuted at number five in the UK in 1987. In September 2006, a compilation album featuring Mercury's solo work was released in the UK in honour of what would have been his 60th birthday. The album debuted in the top 10 of the UK Album Charts.
In 1981–1983, Mercury recorded several tracks with Michael Jackson, including a demo of "State of Shock", "Victory" and "There Must Be More to Life Than This".[50] None of these collaborations were officially released, although bootleg recordings exist. Jackson went on to record the single "State of Shock" with Mick Jagger for The Jacksons's album Victory. Mercury included the solo version of "There Must Be More To Life Than This" on his Mr. Bad Guy album.
Personal life
Relationships In the early 1970s Mercury had a long-term relationship with Mary Austin, whom he had met through guitarist Brian May. He lived with Austin for several years in West Kensington. By the mid-1970s, however, the singer had begun an affair with a male American record executive at Elektra Records, which ultimately resulted in the end of his relationship with Austin.[53] Mercury and Austin nevertheless remained close friends through the years, with Mercury often referring to her as his only true friend. In a 1985 interview, Mercury said of Austin, "All my lovers asked me why they couldn't replace Mary [Austin], but it's simply impossible. The only friend I've got is Mary and I don't want anybody else. To me, she was my common-law wife. To me, it was a marriage. We believe in each other, that's enough for me." He also wrote several songs about Austin, the most notable of which is "Love of My Life". Mercury was also the godfather of Mary's oldest son, Richard. During the early-to-mid-80s, he was romantically involved with Barbara Valentin, an Austrian actress, who is featured in the video for "It's a Hard Life".[56] By 1985, he began another long-term relationship with a hairdresser named Jim Hutton. Hutton, who himself was tested HIV-positive in 1990, lived with Mercury for the last six years of his life, nursed him during his illness and was present at his bedside when he died. Hutton claimed that Mercury died wearing a wedding band that Hutton had given him. Hutton died from cancer on 1 January 2010.
Personality
Although he cultivated a flamboyant stage personality, Mercury was a very shy and retiring man in person, particularly around people he did not know well.[18][26][59] He also granted very few interviews. Mercury once said of himself: "When I'm performing I'm an extrovert, yet inside I'm a completely different man."[60] While on stage, Mercury basked in the love from the audience, which was famously noted by Kurt Cobain, in his suicide note, when he wrote of how he both admired and envied Mercury for being able to do so.
Criticism and controversy
Sexual orientation Mercury was an acknowledged bisexual. While some critics claimed he hid his sexual orientation from the public, others claimed he was "openly gay". He would often distance himself from his partner, Jim Hutton, during public events in the 1980s. When asked directly "So how about being bent? " by the New Musical Express in December 1974, Mercury replied "You're a crafty cow. Let's put it this way, there were times when I was young and green. It's a thing schoolboys go through. I've had my share of schoolboy pranks. I'm not going to elaborate further." A writer for a gay online newspaper felt that audiences may have been overly naïve about the matter: "While in many respects he was overtly queer his whole career ("I am as gay as a daffodil, my dear" being one of his most famous quotes), his sexual orientation seemed to pass over the heads of scrutinising audiences and pundits (both gay and straight) for decades".[66] John Marshall of Gay Times expressed the following opinion in 1992: "[Mercury] was a 'scene-queen', not afraid to publicly express his gayness but unwilling to analyse or justify his 'lifestyle' ... It was as if Freddie Mercury was saying to the world, "I am what I am. So what?" And that in itself for some was a statement."
HIV
Mercury hid his HIV status from the public for several years, and it has been suggested that he could have raised a great deal of money and awareness earlier by speaking truthfully about his situation and his fight against the disease.
Other controversies Queen were widely criticised when they broke a United Nations cultural boycott in 1984 by performing a series of shows at Sun City, an entertainment complex in Bophuthatswana, a homeland of (then) apartheid South Africa. As a result of these shows, Queen was placed on a United Nations list of artists who broke the boycott and was widely criticised in magazines such as the NME. A further controversy ensued in August 2006, when an organisation calling itself the Islamic Mobilization and Propagation petitioned the Zanzibar government's culture ministry, demanding that a large-scale celebration of what would have been Mercury's sixtieth birthday be cancelled. The organisation issued several complaints about the planned celebrations, including that Mercury was not a true Zanzibari and that he was gay, which is not in accordance with their interpretation of sharia. The organisation claimed that "associating Mercury with Zanzibar degrades our island as a place of Islam". The planned celebration was cancelled.
Illness and death
The front cover of The Sun the day after Mercury's death. According to his partner Jim Hutton, Mercury was diagnosed with AIDS shortly after Easter of 1987. Around that time, Mercury claimed in an interview to have tested negative for HIV. Despite the denials, the British press pursued the rampant rumours over the next few years, fuelled by Mercury's increasingly gaunt appearance, Queen's absence from touring, and reports from former lovers to various tabloid journals - by 1990 the rumours about Mercury's health were rife. Toward the end of his life, he was routinely stalked by photographers, while the daily tabloid newspaper The Sun featured a series of articles claiming that he was seriously ill. However, Mercury and his colleagues and friends continually denied the stories, even after one front page article published on 29 April 1991, which showed Mercury appearing very haggard in what was now a rare public appearance. Brian May confirmed in a 1993 interview that Mercury had informed the band of his illness much earlier. Filmed in May 1991, the music video for "These Are the Days of Our Lives" feature a painfully thin Mercury, which are his final scenes in front of the camera. On 22 November 1991, Mercury called Queen's manager Jim Beach over to his Kensington home, to discuss a public statement. The next day, 23 November, the following announcement was made to the press on behalf of Mercury: Following the enormous conjecture in the press over the last two weeks, I wish to confirm that I have been tested HIV positive and have AIDS. I felt it correct to keep this information private to date to protect the privacy of those around me. However, the time has come now for my friends and fans around the world to know the truth and I hope that everyone will join with me, my doctors, and all those worldwide in the fight against this terrible disease. My privacy has always been very special to me and I am famous for my lack of interviews. Please understand this policy will continue. A little over 24 hours after issuing that statement, Mercury died on the evening of 24 November 1991 at the age of 45, at his home in Kensington.[62] The official cause of death was bronchial pneumonia resulting from AIDS. The news of his death had reached newspaper and television crews by the early hours of 25 November. On 27 November, Mercury's funeral service was conducted by a Zoroastrian priest. An intensely private man, Mercury's service was for 35 of his close friends and family, with Elton John and the remaining members of Queen among those in attendance. Mercury was cremated at Kensal Green Cemetery, West London, with the whereabouts of his ashes believed to be known only to Mary Austin. In his will, Mercury left the vast majority of his wealth, including his home and recording royalties, to Mary Austin, and the remainder to his parents and sister. He further left £500,000 to his chef Joe Fanelli, £500,000 to his personal assistant Peter Freestone, £100,000 to his driver Terry Giddings, and £500,000 to Jim Hutton.[81] Mary Austin continues to live at Mercury's home, Garden Lodge, Kensington, with her family. Hutton was involved in a 2000 biography of Mercury, Freddie Mercury, the Untold Story, and also gave an interview for The Times for what would have been Mercury's 60th birthday.
Legacy
Continued popularity The extent to which Mercury's death may have enhanced Queen's popularity is not clear. In the United States, where Queen's popularity had lagged in the 1980s, sales of Queen albums went up dramatically in 1992, the year following his death.[82] In 1992 one American critic noted, "what cynics call the 'dead star' factor had come into play—Queen is in the middle of a major resurgence". The movie Wayne's World, which featured "Bohemian Rhapsody", also came out in 1992. According to the Recording Industry Association of America, Queen have sold 32.5 million albums in the United States, about half of which have been sold since Mercury's death in 1991. Estimates of Queen's total worldwide record sales to date have been set as high as 300 million.[85] In the UK, Queen have now spent more collective weeks on the UK Album Charts than any other musical act (including The Beatles),[86] and Queen's Greatest Hits is the highest selling album of all time in the UK. Two of Mercury's songs, "We Are the Champions" and "Bohemian Rhapsody", have also each been voted as the greatest song of all time in major polls by Sony Ericsson and Guinness World Records,[89] respectively. The former poll was an attempt to determine the world's favourite song, while the Guinness poll took place in the UK. In October 2007, the video for "Bohemian Rhapsody" was voted the greatest of all time by readers of Q magazine.[90] Consistently rated as one of the greatest singers in the history of popular music, Mercury was voted second to Mariah Carey in MTV's 22 Greatest Voices in Music. Additionally, in January 2009, Mercury was voted second to Robert Plant in a poll of the greatest voices in rock, on the digital radio station Planet Rock. In May 2009, Classic Rock magazine voted Freddie Mercury as the greatest singer in rock. In 2011, NME magazine readers voted Mercury second to Michael Jackson in the Greatest Singers Ever poll.[92] In 2011, a Rolling Stone readers' pick placed Mercury in second place of the magazine's "Best Lead Singers of All Time".
Tributes
Statue of Freddie Mercury overlooking Lake Geneva in Montreux, Switzerland. A statue in Montreux, Switzerland (by sculptor Irena Sedlecka) has been erected as a tribute to Mercury.[93] It stands 3 metres high overlooking Lake Geneva and was unveiled on 25 November 1996 by Freddie's father and Montserrat Caballé.[94] Beginning in 2003, fans from around the world gather in Switzerland annually to pay tribute to the singer as part of the "Freddie Mercury Montreux Memorial Day" on the first weekend of September and the Bearpark And Esh Colliery Band played at the Freddie Mercury statue on 1 June 2010. In 1999, a Royal Mail stamp with the image of Mercury on stage was issued in his honour as part of the Millennium Stamp series.
Freddie Mercury statue above the West End's Dominion Theatre. In 2009, a plaque was unveiled in Feltham where Mercury and his family moved upon arriving in England in 1964. The star in memory of Mercury's achievements was unveiled in Feltham High Street by his mother Jer Bulsara and Queen bandmate Brian May.[98] A tribute to Queen has been on display at the Fremont Street Experience in downtown Las Vegas throughout 2009 on its video canopy.[99] In December 2009 a large model of Mercury wearing tartan was put on display in the centre of Edinburgh as publicity for the run of We Will Rock You at the Playhouse Theatre. A statue of Mercury stands over the entrance to the Dominion Theatre in London's West End since May 2002, where the main show has been Queen and Ben Elton's musical We Will Rock You. Importance in AIDS history As the first major rock star to die of AIDS, Mercury's death represented a very important event in the disease's history. In April 1992, the remaining members of Queen founded The Mercury Phoenix Trust and organised The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert for AIDS Awareness to celebrate the life and legacy of Mercury and raise money for AIDS research, which took place on Easter Monday, 20 April 1992. The Mercury Phoenix Trust has since raised millions of pounds for various AIDS charities. The tribute concert, which took place at Wembley Stadium for an audience of 72,000, featured a wide variety of guests including; Robert Plant (of Led Zeppelin), Roger Daltrey (of The Who), Extreme, Elton John, Metallica, David Bowie, Annie Lennox, Tony Iommi (of Black Sabbath), Guns N' Roses, Elizabeth Taylor, George Michael, Def Leppard, Seal, Liza Minnelli (and also U2 via Satellite). The concert was broadcast live to 76 countries and had an estimated viewing audience of 1 billion people.
Appearances in lists of influential individuals Several popularity polls conducted over the past decade indicate that Freddie Mercury's reputation may in fact have been enhanced since his death. For instance, in a 2002 vote to determine whom the UK public considers the greatest British people in history, Mercury was ranked number 58 in the list of the "100 Greatest Britons", broadcast by the BBC.[106] He was further listed at the 52nd spot in a 2007 Japanese national survey of the 100 most "influential heroes".[107] Despite the fact that he had been criticised by gay activists for hiding his HIV status, author Paul Russell included Mercury in his book "The Gay 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Gay Men and Lesbians, Past and Present."[108] Other entertainers on Russell's list included Liberace and Rock Hudson. In 2006, Time Asia magazine named him as one of the most influential Asian heroes of the past 60 years: The article credited Mercury with having "duplicated in popular music what other Indians—such as Salman Rushdie and Vikram Seth – have done in literature: taking the coloniser's art form and representing it in a manner richer and more dazzling than many Anglophones thought possible."[8] In 2008, Rolling Stone' magazine ranked Mercury No.18 in its list of the "Top 100 Singers Of All Time".
Portrayal in film Brian May announced in a September 2010 BBC interview[109] that Sacha Baron Cohen, previously best known for his comedic characters Borat, Ali G and Brüno, had been chosen to play Mercury in a film about his life. The motion picture is being written by Peter Morgan, who had been nominated for Oscars for his screenplays The Queen and Frost/Nixon. The film, which is being co-produced by Robert De Niro's TriBeCa Productions, will focus on Queen's formative years and the period leading up to the celebrated performance at the 1985 Live Aid concert. Filming is due to begin sometime in 2011.
| Freddie Mercury |
The Jungle Book (1894) is a collection of stories by which English author? | Freddie Mercury: biography
Freddie Mercury was born Farrokh Bulsara on Thursday September 5th 1946 on the small spice island of Zanzibar. His parents, Bomi and Jer Bulsara, were both Parsee (Persian). His father, Bomi, was a civil servant, working as a High Court cashier for the British Government. Freddie's sister, Kashmira, was born in 1952. In 1954, at the age of eight, Freddie was shipped to St Peter's English boarding school in Panchgani, about fifty miles outside Bombay. It was there his friends began to call him Freddie, a name the family also adopted.
As St Peter's was an English school, the sports played there were typically English. Freddie loathed cricket and long-distance running, but he liked hockey, sprint and boxing. At the age of 10 he became a school champion in table tennis. Freddie was not only a good sportsman, his artistic skills were incomparable.
At the age of twelve he was awarded the school trophy as Junior All-rounder. He loved art, and was always sketching for friends or relatives.
He was also music mad and played records on the family's old record player, stacking the singles to play constantly. The music he was able to get was mostly Indian, but some Western music was available. He would sing along to either and preferred music to school work.
The principal headmaster of St Peter's had noticed Freddie's musical talent, and wrote to his parents suggesting that they might wish to pay a little extra on Freddie's school fees to enable him to study music properly. They agreed, and Freddie began to learn to play the piano. He also became a member of the school choir and took part regularly in school theatrical productions. He loved his piano lessons and applied himself to them with determination and skill, finally achieving Grade IV both in practical and theory.
In 1958, five friends at St Peter's - Freddie Bulsara, Derrick Branche, Bruce Murray, Farang Irani and Victory Rana - formed the school's rock'n roll band, the Hectics, where Freddie was the piano player. They would play at school parties, at annual fetes and school dances, but little else is known about them.
In 1962, Freddie finished school, returned to Zanzibar and spent his time with friends in and around the markets, parks and beaches. In 1964, many of the British and Indians, due to political unrest in Zanzibar, left their country, although not under forcible pressure, and among those driven out were the Bulsaras who migrated to England.
Initially they lived with relatives in Feltham, Middlesex, until they were able to find their own small, terraced house in the area. Freddie was seventeen, and had derided he wanted to go to art college, but needed at least one A level to ensure he could get in. In September 1964 he enrolled at the nearby Isleworth Polytechnic
During vacations he took a variety of jobs to earn some money; one was in the catering department at Heathrow Airport, a stone's throw from home, and the other was on the Feltham trading estate, where he had a job in a warehouse lifting and stacking heavy crates and boxes. His fellow workers commented on his 'delicate' hands, certainly not suited for such work, and asked him what he did. He told them he was a musician just 'filling in time', and such was his charm that those co-workers were soon doing the lion's share of his work.
He studied hard, although he preferred the aesthetic side of school life to the more mundane academic side, and easily achieved his Art A level, leaving Isleworth in the spring of 1966. His grade A pass and his natural skill ensured that he was readily accepted by Ealing College of Art and, in September 1966, Freddie began a graphic illustrating course at that college.
After Jimi Hendrix exploded onto the scene in 1967, and Freddie became an ardent fan, he spent time sketching and drawing his hero; drawings he would frame and use to decorate the walls of his flat in Kensington, rented by his friend Chris Smith, where Freddie had moved from the family home in Feltham. At that time Kensington was an important place to be for the art crowd - it was the base of the famous Biba boutique and the home of Kensington Market, frequented by the then 'in' crowd.
A fellow student at Ealing College was bass player Tim Staffell, with whom Freddie became good friends. As Tim's and Freddie's friendship became closer, Tim took him along to rehearsals of his band called Smile, with Brian May on the guitar and Roger Taylor on the drums. Freddie got on famously with Brian and Roger and loved the sound that Smile had achieved; he also had immense admiration and respect for Brian's guitar-playing. Inspired by Smile, Freddie began to experiment with music for the first time since leaving India.
He initially began to practice with Tim, another art student Nigel Foster, and with Chris Smith. "The first time I heard Freddie sing I was amazed," recounts Chris. "He had a huge voice. Although his piano style was very affected, very Mozart, he had a great touch. From a piano player's point of view, his approach was unique."
"Freddie and I eventually got to write little bits of songs which we linked together," adds Chris. "It makes sense when you consider Bohemian Rhapsody. It was an interesting way getting from one piece in a different key signature to another. But I don't think we actually finished anything. Freddie certainly taught me a lot at those sessions. He had great, natural sense of melody. I picked that up straight away. For me it was the most interesting aspect of what he was doing."
Freddie left Ealing College in June 1969, with a diploma in graphic art and design, and a few commissions for adverts in local newspapers. He moved into Roger Taylor's flat, and that summer opened a stall with Roger at Kensington Market, initially selling artwork by himself and fellow Ealing students, and later Victorian or whatever clothes, new and secondhand, he could lay his hands on.
In the summer of 1969 Freddie was introduced to a Liverpool band called Ibex, who had come to London to try to make a name for themselves. Ibex were a three-piece, with guitarist Mike Bersin, John 'Tupp' Taylor on bass and Mick 'Miffer' Smith on drums. They also brought with them their apprentice manager, roadie and general dogsbody Ken Testi; part-time bass player Geoff Higgins used to travel down for occasional gigs. Geoff would play bass when Tupp, a great Jethro Tull fan, wanted to play flute.
Freddie first met Ibex on 13th August 1969. Such was his enthusiasm, that just ten days later, he'd learned the band's set, brought in a few new songs, and had traveled to Bolton, Lancashire, for a gig with them - his debut public performance. The first date was 23rd August, and the occasion was one of Bolton's regular afternoon 'Bluesology' sessions, held at the town's Octagon Theatre. On the 25th August, Ibex appeared in the first 'Bluesology pop-in', an open-air event on the bandstand in Bolton's Queen Park, and the proceedings were covered in Bolton's 'Evening News'. This even featured an uncredited photograph of Freddie.
While Freddie's trip to Bolton with Ibex was photographed, Ibex's appearance at the Sink was recorded. This recording was made by Geoff Higgins; as he says, tape is chronic quality, but it demonstrates Ibex's love of Cream, Jimi Hendrix, as well as Freddie's favourite of the day, Led Zeppelin.
Somewhere between 9th September and the end of October 1969 Ibex underwent a mini upheaval - at Freddie's instigation. "I recall him canvassing the idea of calling the band Wreckage, but nobody was very enthusiastic," reveals Mike Bersin. "Then he phoned me one night and said, 'The others don't mind. How do you feel?' I said, 'If they agree, then fine'. When I spoke to the others about it, Freddie had phoned them all up and had the same conversation."
The name-change went hand-in-hand with the departure of drummer Mike 'Miffer' Smith. He was replaced by Richard Thompson, the former drummer in Brian May's 1984. Despite flashes of true potential, the end of the 1960s also marked the end of Wreckage. Gigs were few and far between, and while John Taylor, Richard Thompson and Freddie remained in London, Mike Bersin was committed to his college course in Liverpool, as he promised to his parents. Inevitably, the band petered out.
Freddie started to search for another band for himself. He found Sour Milk Sea after seeing a "Vocalist Wanted" advert in the 'Melody Maker'. The pomp and ceremony were impressive, and the band he was auditioning for knew he was the right man, especially when he got around to singing. Freddie had a great voice, with terrific range. But there was not only his voice that made his performances so attractive to people. "He knew how to front a show," - Ken Testi recalls. "It was his way of expressing that side of his personality. Everything he did on stage later in Queen, he was doing with Ibex at his first gig." It wasn't anything that could be developed. It was his charisma, his pure natural gift that was in perfect harmony with his voice, his appearance, his delicate taste and his musicianship in the wide sense of the word. The fact that he realized it himself made him absolutely fascinating!
They offered him the job, and in late 1969 Freddie became the lead singer with Sour Milk Sea. The other members of the band were Chris Chesney on vocals and guitar, bass player Paul Milan, Jeremy 'Rubber' Gallop on rhythm guitar and Rob Tyrell on drums. They did a few rehearsals, and then a few gigs in Oxford (Chris's home town).
Freddie and Chris, who was about seventeen at the time, became close friends and Chris moved into the house that Freddie shared with Smile in Ferry Road, Barnes. The other members of Sour Milk Sea were more than a little peeved Chris and Freddie spent so much time together, and felt rather insecure about the future of the band. After just two months Jeremy, who owned nearly all the equipment, derided to take it back and break up the band.
In April 1970 Tim Staffell decided to leave Smile, and Freddie join them as lead singer. Freddie decided to change the name of the band to Queen, he also changed his last name to Mercury.
The further biography of Freddie Mercury is to considerable degree a story of Queen .
In 1970 Freddie met Mary Austin. They lived together for seven years and remained good friends until his death.
In 1971 John Deacon joined the band and Queen were complete. Freddie designed the band's logo using their birth signs: two fairies for him (Virgo), two lions for Roger and John (Leo) and a crab for Brian (Cancer). Freddie was the author of the first Queen song that entered the British charts ( Seven Seas Of Rhye ), the first big hit ( Killer Queen ) and the most famous Queen song that was on the top of charts for 9 weeks ( Bohemian Rhapsody ). Freddie has always been considered the front-man of the band.
In 1975 Queen toured Japan. A crowd of screaming fans followed them everywhere. They were taken by surprise at the strength of their reception. Freddie fell in love with Japan and soon became a fanatical collector of Japanese art and antiquities.
On October 7th, 1979 Freddie performed with the Royal Ballet. He had never done any ballet before, but it was something he had always wanted to try. The songs he had chosen to perform to were Bohemian Rhapsody and Crazy Little Thing Called Love . Songs were played by the orchestra with Freddie doing live vocals. Freddie's first dance was Bohemian Rhapsody, and he performed with skill in front of a packed house of enthusiastic balletomanes, who loved him, and he received a standing ovation for both his cameo performances.
In 1980 Freddie changed his image. He cut his hair and grew a moustache. His fans began to send him gifts of nail polish and razor blades.
At the end of 1982 Queen all agreed they wanted to take break from each other. They announced they wouldn't be touring throughout 1983. Freddie had been thinking of making a solo album for some time, and at last he had time to do something about it. He booked studio time at Musicland in Munich and began work in early 1983. During that time he was introduced to Georgio Moroder, who was working on a re-release of the 1926 Fritz Lang silent science fiction film Metropolis. He wanted to put a contemporary musical score to the film. He asked Freddie to consider collaborating on a track for the film to which Freddie agreed. He had never before co-written with anyone outside Queen, and had not recorded anyone else's compositions, apart from Larry Lurex . The result of this co-operation was the song Love Kills .
In 1983 Freddie attended a performance of Verdi's Un Ballo In Maschera at the Royal Opera House sometime in May. It was the first time when he saw Spanish opera diva Montserrat Caballé, and the sheer power and beauty of her voice mesmerized him.
On September 10, 1984 Freddie's first solo single was released. It was the track he had co-written with Georgio Moroder for Metropolis, Love Kills.
The first single from his forthcoming solo album was I Was Born To Love You . It was released on April 9, 1985. Three weeks later Freddie's first solo album Mr. Bad Guy was released on CBS Records.
July 13, 1985 was a special day for Queen and Freddie. It was the day of their memorable performance at Live Aid, a tremendous show at Wembley Stadium in front of 72,000 people. Live Aid was also broadcast to over one billion people worldwide. Queen secured their place in history, as every media person, journalist, fan and critic unanimously agreed: Queen stole the show.
The early part of 1987 was very quiet for Queen, so Freddie took the opportunity to go into Townhouse Studios to do some solo work. It resulted in a remake of the classic Platters' song The Great Pretender . The single was released on February 23rd.
In March 1987 Freddie flew to Barcelona to meet Montserrat Caballé. He gave her a cassette with two or four songs. The Spanish opera diva liked these songs and even performed one of them at London's Covent Garden. Freddie was delighted. In early April, Freddie began work on the album he agreed to record with Montserrat Caballé.
At the end of May the island of Ibiza staged a huge festival at the outrageous Ku Club. Freddie agreed to be a guest of honour and closed the event with Montserrat Caballé singing the song he had written for her and her home city, Barcelona .
On October 8th, 1988 Freddie and Montserrat appeared at the huge open air La Nit festival in Barcelona. They performed three tracks from their forthcoming album - How Can I Go On , The Golden Boy and Barcelona , accompanied by Mike Moran on piano. The long-awaited album, Barcelona , finally come out on October 10th.
October 8th was the last time Freddie Mercury performed on stage. At the time, he was terribly ill with AIDS, although he didn't want people to know about it. He announced that fact the day before he died. Being ill he continued to compose and record songs and even took part in making videos. In my opinion, I'm Going Slightly Mad video is his masterpiece.
On November 24th, 1991 Freddie died peacefully at his home in London of AIDS-related bronchial pneumonia.
On April 20th, 1992 a tribute concert in Freddie's memory was held at Wembley Stadium, and many famous rock stars took part in it. But the best tribute to Freddie was the album Made In Heaven , released on November 6th, 1995 by the three remaining members of Queen. We can hear the last songs that Freddie composed and recorded.
Thank you Freddie. We love you.
Jacky Gunn & Jim Jenkins. As It Began.
Record Collector #199
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"Who wrote the book ""I'm a Stranger Here Myself: The Story of a Welsh Farm""?" | I'm a stranger here myself : the story of a Welsh farm (Book, 2011) [WorldCat.org]
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I thought you might be interested in this item at http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/809543186 Title: I'm a stranger here myself : the story of a Welsh farm Author: John Seymour Publisher: Newport : Carningli Books, 2011. ISBN/ISSN: 9780954564629 0954564626 OCLC:809543186
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The world's tallest grass can grow to 35 metres, what is it called? | Amazon.co.uk: Books
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John Seymour
John Seymour, the acknowledged founding father of the self-sufficiency movement, was an active campaigner for the countryside, the environment, and above all a sustainable, compassionate way of living. He wrote over 40 books and broadcast widely on television and radio. His farm in Wales and later Ireland welcomed visitors seeking guidance on a more self supporting life.
John lived back on his old Pembrokeshire farm with his daughter's family for his last years. He died on September 14, 2004 and is buried in the top field of his old farm in an orchard that he planted.
His legacy lives on, and his books 'The New Complete Book of Self-Sufficiency' and 'The New Self-Sufficient Gardener' are still best sellers. His more intimate books about his family's self-sufficient life include the classic 'The Fat of the Land', now in its 50th year in print, and its sequel 'I'm a Stranger Here Myself', which is back in print at last.
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In what movie did Elvis Presley play a Red Indian? | The official website of ELVIS at the MOVIES
"Elvis can act. So help me the boy's real good, even when he isn't singing."
The Los Angeles Times
Love Me Tender was Elvis Presley’s first motion picture.
It was a typical Western that takes place just after the completion of the Civil War. It’s plot sets up a love triangle involving two brothers. Elvis' character Clint Reno marries his older brother's sweetheart when the elder sibling fails to return from the war, but brother Vince unexpectedly shows up and naturally is not happy about the state of affairs on the family farm. The rivalry brings about tragic consequences.
In Love Me Tender, Elvis’s character dies. After the preview audiences reacted so badly to his character's fate, the film’s producers feared that this would cause a negative reaction on the films full release so re-wrote the ending showing a ghostly image of Elvis singing Love me Tender as the rest of the cast walk off into the Sunset.
The songs featured in the film were:
"LOVE ME TENDER"
"POOR BOY"
"WE'RE GONNA MOVE"
Musicians: Elvis Presley (vocals), Vita Mumolo (guitar), Red Robinson (drums), Chuck Prescott (bass), Ken Darby Trio (accompaniment and vocals).
A group of Hollywood session musicians backed Elvis for these four songs as it was thought that Elvis' real life backing musicians Scotty Moore, Bill Black and D.J. Fontana did not look like country musicians.
Loving You
"A furtive step on Presley's part in a screen career".
The Los Angeles Times
"Loving you" was Elvis Presley's second feature and first color film. It capitalized on the Elvis’ meteoric rise to superstardom by autobiographically depicting his real-life experiences.
It shed light on a few of the darker aspects of being famous, such as rabid fans that rob Elvis of his privacy and, even more telling, the tenuous relationship with a manipulative manager.
Loving You boasts beautiful color photography, excellent costuming, and a few of the Elvis’ outstanding performances.
The songs featured in the film were:
"GOT A LOT O'LIVIN' TO DO"
"PARTY"
"LOVING YOU"
This time Elvis’s original band members were used in the movie:
Guitars: Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, Bill Black, D.J. Fontana. Piano: Dudley Brooks, Gordon Stoker, Hoyt Hawkins, George Fields and the Jordanaires.
Dolores Hart made her film debut in "Loving You". She also appeared in Elvis' fourth movie, "King Creole". In 1963 she retired and became a nun. Delores Hart is now know as Mother Dolores at the convent of Regina Laudis in Bethlehem, Connecticut.
Jailhouse Rock 1957
Elvis (Vince Everett) is sent to prison after being convicted of Manslaughter following a bar brawl over a girl.
Whilst in prison Vince is taught guitar by his cellmate Hunk Houghton, (an ex small time country singer).
When Vince is released he tries to get a job in a local nightclub and impresses Peggy Van Alden (Judy Tyler), a record promoter with his audition.
After a series of failed attempts using the country style Hunk taught him, Vince adopts his own singing style and needless to say becomes rich and famous. Hunk is finally released from prison and comes to cash in on his old cellmates fame.
Vince takes him on doing menial tasks after an attempt to give him a break on a TV show fails.
Hunk frustrated by Vince's fame and bad attitude hits Vince in the throat and the singer is rushed to hospital. After recovering everyone rally’s round to see Vince get his voice back and realizes the error of his ways.
The songs featured in the film were:
"I WANT TO BE FREE"
"YOUNG AND BEAUTIFUL"
"TREAT ME NICE"
"BABY I DON'T CARE"
Again Elvis was allowed to use his original band members for the movie. Musicians included: Elvis Presley (vocals & guitar), Scotty Moore, "Tiny" Timbrell (guitars), Bill Black (bass), D.J. Fontana (drums), Dudley Brookes, Mike Stoller (piano), the Jordinaires (vocals).
King Creole 1958
“From the director of Casablanca”
Taken from the Harold Robbins novel "A Stone for Danny Fisher", King Creole is considered to be without doubt Elvis' greatest acting performance. A great story of a young rebel, Danny Fisher (Elvis) rowing up in the ghetto and seeking fame and fortune as a singer in the New Orleans Jazz clubs. Along the way he tangles with gangland boss Maxie Fields (Walter Matthau) and falls in love with Maxie Fields girlfriend Ronnie played, by Carolyn Jones
The songs featured in the film were:
"CRAWFISH"
"AS LONG AS I HAVE YOU"
Musicians: Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore (guitar), Bill Black (bass), D.J Fontana (drums), Kitty White and the Jordanaires (vocals).
GI Blues 1960
On August 18, a sneak preview was held in the Majestic Theatre in Dallas. Raymond Willie, the vice president of the distribution company sent a telegram to Paramount that stated "We have never witnessed such a marvelous reaction to any picture."
In an effort to cash in on Elvis' return from the army G.I Blues is roughly based on Elvis’ time in Germany. G.I Tulsa McLean (Elvis) is posted to Franfurt (sound familiar) and on arrival he and his unit place a bet with another unit that no one can spend the night with Lili (Juliet Prowse) a dancer at the Cafe Europa. Needless to say Elvis is chosen to melt the ice maiden, but is given several knock backs before she finally warms to his charms. Although it was just supposed to be a bet Tulsa also falls in love, but everything is almost ruined when Lili learns of the wager. All is explained in the end and everyone is happy giving the movie ending a huge feel-good factor.
The songs featured in the film were:
"TONIGHT IS SO RIGHT FOR LOVE"
"WHAT'S SHE REALLY LIKE"
"DOIN' THE BEST I CAN"
The musicians were:
Guitar: Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, Neal Matthews Jr., Elvis Presley.
Bass:Ray Siegel. Drums:D.J Fontana, Frank Bode, Bernie Mattinson.
Piano:Dudley Brooks. Accordian: Jimmie Haskell.
Vocal accompaniment by the Jordinaires.
Flaming Star 1960
“Originally planned as a vehicle for Marlon Brando”
Elvis Presley stars as Pacer Burton, son of a white father (John McIntire) and Native American mother (Dolores del Rio) who finds his loyalties tested in a war of attrition between a fierce Indian tribe, the Kiowas, and a group of racist white settlers on the Texas frontier in 1870.
Although his parents attempt to remain outside the fray, his father is eventually killed in an Indian attack on the settlement. A white man, enraged over the Indian attacks, kills Pacer's mother. Shunned by white society after the Indian attacks, Pacer elects to fight on the side of the Kiowas while his brother, Clint (Steve Forrest), stays with the settlers. When Clint rides into the Kiowa camp alone and kills their chief to avenge his father's murder, Pacer fights off the entire tribe to protect his brother, and Clint barely escapes with his life. After Pacer's girl, Roslyn Pierce (Barbara Eden), has tended to Clint's severe wounds, she's unsuccessful in trying to stop him from going off to try to save his brother's life.
Don Siegel was probably the best director Elvis ever worked with, and he draws a quietly smoldering performance from Elvis, who was still undeniably raw.
The songs featured in the film were:
"FLAMING STAR"
"A CANE AND A HIGH STARCHED COLLAR"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Howard Roberts, Tiny Timbrell (guitars), Myer Rubin (bass), Bernie Mattinson (drums), Dudley Brookes (piano), Jimmie Haskell (accordian), the Jordanaires (vocals).
Wild in the Country 1961
Elvis plays Glenn, who's had more than a couple of run-ins with the law—his mother has died and his father can't handle him, so he's paroled into the custody of his uncle, Rolfe (William Mims).
Everybody thinks that Glenn is trouble yet all the women are still interested in him. There is the standard good girl/bad girl split with Millie Perkins playing Betty Lee, the virtuous brunette who is Glenn's sweetheart, and Tuesday Weld as Noreen, the happy go lucky blonde flinging herself at him, who also happens to be family. She's Rolfe's daughter, and Rolfe is really pushing the kissing cousins thing—his scheme is to get Noreen married off to Glenn, in a hopelessly late effort to stanch the rumors. She's got a baby, fathered by a mysterious and missing husband—everybody talks about it with a nod and a wink, too polite to call them on the cover story, too gossipy not to roll their eyes.
In the occasionally precious Clifford Odets script, this comes across as James Dean by way of a Thomas Wolfe novel--and not a bad shot at respectable acting by Elvis. His monologue about his dead mother, delivered to sympathetic shrink Hope Lange, is one of the most affecting things the King ever did in a movie.
The songs featured in the film were:
"WILD IN THE COUNTRY"
"I SLIPPED, I STUMBLED, I FELL"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell (guitars), Myer Rubin (bass), Bernie Mattinson (drums), Dudley Brookes (piano), the Jordanaires (vocals).
Blue Hawaii 1961
The song Blue Hawaii was first introduced by Bing Crosby in the 1937 film
Waikiki Wedding.
Showcased by beautiful panoramic shots of Hawaii the film boasts one of the best selling soundtrack albums of all time. Elvis is in top form returning to the islands after a stint in the army to take up a position with a travel agent showing tourists around. Elvis' relaitionship with Maile Duval (Joan Blackman) is threatened when Elvis has to escort a bunch of amorous school girls around the island on a holiday as well as getting unwelcome attention from the glamorous teacher.
The songs featured in the film were:
"BLUE HAWAII"
"HAWAIIN WEDDING SONG"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Hank Garland, Tiny Timbrell (guitars), Bernie Lewis (steel guitar), Bob Moore (bass), D.J. Fontana, Bernie Mattinson, Hal Blaine (drums), Floyd Cramer, Dudley Brookes (piano), Boots Randolph (sax), George Field (harmonica), Fred Tavares, Alvino Rey (ukeleles)the Jordanaires and the Surfers (vocals).
Follow that Dream 1962
The song "A Whistling Tune" originally written for this movie was dropped, but later
re-recorded and used for the film Kid Galahad.
When the Kwimper family car runs out of gas on a new Florida highway and an officous state supervisor tries to run them off, Pop Kwimper digs in his heels and decides to do a little homesteading. He and his son Toby and their "adopted" children - Holly, Ariadne and the twins - start their own little community along a strip of the roadside.
The fishing is good and the living is easy until the mob sets up a gambling operation and the state supervisor sticks a sexy social worker on the Kwimpers in an effort to take away Ariadne and the twins.
The songs featured in the film were:
"WHAT A WONDERFUL LIFE"
"I'M NOT THE MARRYING KIND"
"SOUND ADVICE"
"ANGEL"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Hank Garland & Neal Mathews (guitars), Bob Moore (bass), D.J Fontana, Buddy Harman (drums), Floyd Cramer (piano), Millie Kirkham and the Jordanaires (vocals)
Girls Girls Girls 1962
A newcomer to the musicians was Barney Kessel, a widely popular electric jazz guitarist who would feature on several of Elvis' later film soundtracks.
Elvis stars as Ross Carpenter, a fishing guide.
Trouble arises for him when he has to get his dad's fishing boat out of hock by singing songs in a local night club. As usual, he is besieged by girls, including a little rich girl spending the summer by the shore, and Robyn, a tough club singer.
The songs featured in the film were:
"GIRLS, GIRLS, GIRLS"
"I DON'T WANNA BE TIED"
"A BOY LIKE ME, A GIRL LIKE YOU"
"EARTH BOY"
"THANKS TO THE ROLLING SEA"
"SONG OF THE SHRIMP"
"WE'RE COMIN' IN LOADED"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, Barney Kessel (guitars), Ray Seigel (bass), D.J. Fontana, Hal Blaine, Bernie Mattinson (drums), Dudley Brookes (piano), Boots Randolph (sax & vibes), the Jordanaires and the Amigos (vocals).
It Happened At the Worlds Fair 1963
The little boy who kicks Elvis in the leg is a very young Kurt Russell. He went on to play the part of Elvis in the 1979 film Elvis the Movie.
Mike (Elvis) and Danny (Gary Lockwood) fly a crop-duster, but because of Danny's gambling debts, a local sheriff takes custody of it.
Trying to earn money, they hitch-hike to the World's Fair in Seattle. While Danny tries to earn money playing poker, Mike takes care of a small girl, Sue-Lin, whose father has disappeared. Being a ladies' man, he also finds the time to court a young nurse, Diane (Joan O'Brien).
The songs featured in the film were:
"BEYOND THE BEND"
"TAKE ME TO THE FAIR"
"THEY REMIND ME TOO MUCH OF YOU"
"ONE BROKEN HEART FOR SALE"
"I'M FALLING IN LOVE TONIGHT"
"COTTON CANDY LAND"
"A WORLD OF OUR OWN"
"HOW WOULD YOU LIKE TO BE"
"HAPPY ENDING"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, Barney Kessel (guitars), Ray Siegel (bass), D.J Fontana, Hal Blaine, Bernie Mattinson (drums), Don Robertson (piano), Boots Randolph (sax), the Jordanaires and the Mello Men (vocals).
Fun In Acapulco 1963
Director Richard Thorpe also directed one of Elvis's previous films Jailhouse Rock in 1957
Elvis plays Mike Windgren, who is running away from an accident that happened when he was working with his family’s trapeze act.
He takes the job as a life guard and singer in a local hotel and while there catches the eye of Elsa Cardenas, a lady bullfighter. Elvis’ character falls for the beautiful Ursula Andress who plays hard to get.
The songs featured in the film were:
"FUN IN ACAPULCO"
"I'M GONNA LIKE IT HERE"
"MEXICO"
"THE BULLFIGHTER WAS A LADY"
"(THERE'S) NO ROOM TO RHUMBA IN A SPORTS CAR"
"BOSSA NOVA BABY"
"YOU CAN'T SAY NO IN ACAPULCO"
"GUADALAJARA"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, Barney Kessel (guitars), Ray Siegel (bass), D.J. Fontana, Hal Blaine (drums), Emile Radocchia (percussion), Dudley Brookes (piano), Anthony Terran, Rudolph Loera (trumpets), the Jordinaires and the Amigos (vocals).
Elvis managed to inject a Spanish feel to his vocals for these soundtrack recordings accompanied by the Amigos.
Kissin Cousins 1964
The filming of "Kissin' Cousins" was completed in a record time of seventeen days.
Production cost was $1.3 million.
Kissin' Cousins has Elvis appearing in a dual role as a soldier (Josh Morgan) and a hillbilly (Jodie Tatum.)
The story revolves around the armed forces attempts to take ownership of a backwoods mountain in order to build a military base, but the Tatum family who own and live on the mountain have resisted all previous attempts. The forces send in Josh Morgan (Elvis) when they discover he is a distant relative of the Tatum's.
The songs featured in the film were:
"KISSIN' COUSINS"
"ONE BOY, TWO LITTLE GIRLS"
"CATCHIN' ON FAST"
"ONCE IS ENOUGH"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Grady Martin, Jerry Kennedy, Harold Bradley (guitars), Bob Moore (bass), D.J. Fontana, Buddy Harman (drums), Floyd Cramer (piano), Boots Randolph, Bill Justis (sax), the Jordanaires (vocals).
Viva Las Vegas 1964
Among the guitarists at this session was Glen Campbell,
who later to become a famous recording star in his own right.
One of the best of Elvis’ movies which succeeds largely due to the chemistry between Elvis and the gorgeous Ann Margaret. Sporting the impossibly comic-book perfect names Lucky Jackson and Rusty Martin, the two stars forge a romance against the backdrop of the Vegas Grand Prix, which Elvis, naturally intends on winning. Typically as in most Elvis movies he needs to achieve his goal through hard work slaving as a hotel employee in order to raise enough cash to fix his racing car.
The songs featured in the film were:
YELLOW ROSE OF TEXAS/THE EYES OF TEXAS (Medley)"
"THE LADY LOVES ME"
"YOU'RE THE BOSS"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, Billy Strange, Alton Hendrickson, Glen Campbell (guitars), Bob Moore, Ray Siegal (bass), D.J. Fontana, Buddy Harman, Frank Carlson (drums), Roy Hart (percussion), Floyd Cramer, Artie Cane, Calvin Jackson (pianos), Oliver Mitchell, James Zito (trumpets), Randall Miller, Herb Taylor (trombones), Boots Randolph, William Green, Steve Douglas (sax), the Jordinaires, the Jubilee Quartet and the Carole Lombard Quartet (vocals)
Elvis was surrounded by the largest number of musicians he had ever worked with on a movie soundtrack.
Roustabout 1964
Elvis plays a coffee bar singer who has a fight and takes off on his motorcycle. He gets a job as a Roustabout in the carnival run by (Barbera Stanwyck) and falls for a pretty girl (Joan Freeman). His singing makes the rundown carnival a success but Elvis’ character soon decides to quit after a fight with a customer and his romance going badly. Elvis leaves to take up an offer from another carnival and with his departure the show takes a nose dive and soon the creditors are ready to close the carnival down. There is only one chance left, Joan goes after Elvis and persuades him to return and save the carnival. He does so, learning the meaning of hard work and true love.
The songs featured in the film were:
"ROUSTABOUT"
"THERES A BRAND NEW DAY ON THE HORIZON"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, Billy Strange (guitars), Bob Moore, Ray Siegal (bass), D.J. Fontana, Hal Blaine, Buddy Harman, Bernie Mattinson (drums), Floyd Cramer, Dudley Brookes (pianos), Boots Randolph, (sax), the Jordinaires & the Mello Men (vocals)
Girl Happy 1965
The song "The Meanest Girl in Town" was originally written for Bill Haley and the Comets and recorded by them in 1964 under the title "Yeah She's Evil".
Rusty Wells (Elvis) and his band quit the Nightclub where they work for a vacation in Fort Lauderdale, but end up being forced to look after their gangster boss' daughter who is staying at the same resort. At first she seems like a plain Jane, but soon reveals her true charms and Elvis and the boys have to come up with plenty of schemes to keep the local ‘Romeos’ away from her and keep the boss happy.
The songs featured in the film were:
"GIRL HAPPY"
"FORT LAUDERDALE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE"
"STARTIN' TONIGHT"
"CROSS MY HEART AND HOPE TO DIE"
"THE MEANEST GIRL IN TOWN"
"DO THE CLAM"
"I'VE GOT TO FIND MY BABY"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, Tommy Tedesco (guitars), Bob Moore (bass), D.J. Fontana, Buddy Harman, Frank Carlson (drums), Floyd Cramer, (piano), Boots Randolph, (sax), the Jordinaires, the Jubilee Four and the Carole Lombard Trio (vocals)
Tickle Me 1965
Writers Elwood Ullman and Edward Bernds had previously worked with The Three Stooges.
Elvis plays a singing Rodeo cowboy with a second job as a handyman at a beauty spa where all the women compete for his attentions, but he only has eyes for Jocelyn Lane.
The second half of the movie has a twist where the two lovers search for treasure in a haunted house. The film contains some slapstick comedy which offers a rare chance to see Elvis’ talent for comedy.
The songs featured in the film were:
"(It's a) Long Lonely Highway"
"It Feels So Right"
"SO CLOSE YET SO FAR"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Grady Martin, Charlie McCoy (guitars), Henry Strzelecki (bass), D.J. Fontana, Ken Buttrey (drums), Floyd Cramer, (piano), the Jordinaires (vocals)
Several new musicians were recruited for the film soundtrack session due to the unavailability of a number of the regulars.
Frankie and Johnny 1966
Frankie and Johnny was directed by Fred de Cordova, director of
Johnny Carson's "Tonight Show"
Elvis plays Johnny, a riverboat entertainer that has a big gambling problem with Donna Douglas as Johnny's girl, Frankie. In the story, a fortune teller tells Johnny how he can change his luck with a new lady luck played by Nancy Kovack and the fight begins between Johnny’s girl and Nelly Bligh.
The songs featured in the film were:
"COME ALONG"
"DOWN BY THE RIVERSIDE/WHEN THE SAINTS GO MARCHING IN"
"SHOUT IT OUT"
"PLEASE DON'T STOP LOVING ME"
"EVERYBODY COME ABOARD"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, Charlie McCoy (guitars), Bob Moore (bass), D.J. Fontana, Buddy Harman (drums),George Worth (trumpet), Richard Noel (trombone), Gus Bivona (sax), John Johnson (tuba), the Mello Men (vocals)
Easy Come Easy Go 1967
Jerry Scheff, who was to be part of Elvis' live band made his debut on bass at this session.
Elvis Presley plays a Navy frogman, who later as a civilian dives for buried treasure. Dodie Marshall plays a disco dancer and yoga student that ends up helping the former frogman. Pat Priest plays a playgirl and with the aid of her boyfriend (Skip Ward) tries to foil the recovery of the treasure chest. Pat Harrington plays the owner of a little club where Elvis sing.
The songs featured in the film were:
"EASY COME EASY GO"
"YOGA IS AS YOGA DOES"
"YOU GOTTA STOP"
"SHE'S A MACHINE"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, Charlie McCoy (guitars), Bob Moore, Jerry Scheff (bass), D.J. Fontana, Buddy Harman, Hal Blaine (drums), Michael Rubini (piano),Anthony Terran, William Hood, Mike Henderson, Butch Parker (horns) the Jordanaires (vocals)
Spinout 1966
Among the musicians in Spinout for the first time was guitarist James Burton who was to play such an influential role when Elvis later returned to live performances.
Elvis Presley plays Mike McCoy, the leader of a small time combo on the road. Millionaire Howard Foxhugh played by Carl Betz wants McCoy to sing solo for his daughter's birthday. Daughter Cynthia is aptly played by Shelley Fabares. Entering the plot further, Foxhugh wants the singer to drive his new race car in an up and coming race. Deborah Walley plays the drummer in the combo and has a mad crush for her boss, Elvis. Diane McBain plays an author looking for a subject for her next book; guess who? That’s right, Elvis.
Auto racing, light comedy and plenty of music helps McCoy dodge the girls
Spinout made an Elvis movie fun again. Also in cast are Will Hutchins, Dodie Marshall and Jimmy Hawkins.
The songs featured in the film were:
"SPINOUT"
"I'll BE BACK"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, James Burton (guitars), Bob Moore (bass), D.J. Fontana, Buddy Harman (drums), Floyd Cramer (piano),Boots Randolph (sax), the Jordanaires (vocals)
Double Trouble 1967
Guy Lambert (Elvis Presley) is the leader of a small combo touring Europe. Whilst in London, a wealthy heiress played by Annette Day falls in love with the singer. She plays Jill Conway who is sent away to Belgium to keep her away from Lambert, and also from finding out her uncle (John Williams) is trying to steal her inheritance. As the music tour is set in Europe Lambert ends up singing in Belgium and bumps into Jill. More trouble arises when Lambert is suspected of jewel smuggling and the story goes on.
The songs featured in the film were:
"DOUBLE TROUBLE"
"BABY, IF YOU GIVE ME ALL YOUR LOVE"
"COULD I FALL IN LOVE"
"LONG LEGGED GIRL"
"I LOVE ONLY ONE GIRL"
"THERE IS SO MUCH WORLD TO SEE"
"IT WONT BE LONG"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, Mike Deasy (guitars), Pete Drake (steel guitar), Bob Moore (bass), D.J. Fontana, Buddy Harman (drums), Floyd Cramer (piano),Charlie McCoy (harmonica),Boots Randolph (sax),Michael Henderson, Butch Parker, Richard Noel (horns) the Jordanaires (vocals)
Clambake 1967
The heir to an oil fortune Scott Hayward (Elvis) trades places with a water-ski instructor at a Florida hotel to see if girls will like him for himself, rather than his father's money.
The songs featured in the film were:
"CLAMBAKE"
"A HOUSE THAT HAS EVERYTHING"
"CONFIDENCE"
"THE GIRL I NEVER LOVED"
"HOW CAN YOU LOSE WHAT YOU NEVER HAD"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Chip Young, Charlie McCoy (guitars), Pete Drake (steel guitar), Bob Moore (bass), D.J. Fontana, Buddy Harman (drums), Floyd Cramer, Hoyt Hawkins (pianos),Norman Ray (sax), Millie Kirkham and the Jordanaires (vocals)
Stay Away Joe 1968
Joan Blondell who plays Glenda Callahan would appear 10 years later as Vi the waitress in Grease with John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John.
Joe Lightcloud (Elvis Presley) returns home after a successful run on the rodeo circuit. He intends to raise cattle for the U.S. government with his father (Burgess Meredith). Beer chugging, brawling and girl chasing are colorful parts of a welcome home barbecue. Elvis is slim, tanned; happy and charming.
The songs featured in the film were:
"STAY AWAY, JOE"
"ALL I NEEDED WAS THE RAIN"
"STAY AWAY"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Chip Young, Charlie Hodge (guitars), Pete Drake (steel guitar), Bob Moore (bass), D.J. Fontana, Buddy Harman (drums), Floyd Cramer, Larry Muhoberac (pianos), Boots Randolph (sax), Charlie McCoy (harmonica), the Jordanaires (vocals).
Speedway 1968
Elvis Presley sings his way around the race circuit as successful speedway driver Steve Grayson. All is fine and dandy until the tax return submitted by a wise-cracking Bill Bixby (as Steve's manager) is scrutinised by the IRS. Will Elvis be able to raise the $145,000 to pay his tax bill? Will he succeed with his advances on the IRS inspector Nancy Sinatra?
The songs featured in the film were:
"SPEEDWAY"
"YOUR TIME HASN'T COME YET BABY"
"HE'S YOUR UNCLE, NOT YOUR DAD"
"WHO ARE YOU? (WHO AM I?)"
"THERE AIN'T NOTHING LIKE A SONG"
"FIVE SLEEPY HEADS"
"SUPPOSE"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Tiny Timbrell, Donald Owens, Alwin Casey, Tommy Tedesco (guitars), Pete Drake (steel guitar), Bob Moore (bass), Hal Blaine, Buddy Harman (drums), Larry Knechtal, Don Randi, George Cast (pianos), Boots Randolph (sax),Roy Caton, Virgil Evans, Oliver Mitchell (trumpets), the Jordanaires (vocals)
Live a little Love a little 1968
A completely new set of musicians were assembled to record this soundtrack.
It is believed that Elvis dubbed his vocals in the same studios but without the band members.
Greg Nolan meets Bernice, and loses both his job and his apartment. However, Bernice manages to get him a new apartment, but it is so expensive that he has to get two full-time jobs.
Elvis is very convincing as a professional photographer.
The songs featured in the film were:
"WONDERFUL WORLD"
"A LITTLE LESS CONVERSATION"
"ALMOST IN LOVE"
Musicians: Elvis Presley (vocals), Joseph Gibbons, Neil Levang, Al Casey, Charles Britz (guitars),Larry Knetchal, Charles Berghofer (bass), Hal Blaine, Gary Coleman (drums), Don Randi (piano)
Charro 1969
Elvis fans were shocked when the publicity stills of Charro were released
showing a bearded Elvis for the first time.
Jess Wade (Elvis) is innocently accused of having stolen a cannon from the Mexican revolutionary forces and throughout the movie he tries to find the real culprits, a gang of criminals, in order to prove is innocence.
A boisterous outlaw he must break free from the notorious gang he once ran with in order to complete his reformation. The gang is not about to let him go that easily, as it seems there are some old scores to settle.
The songs featured in the film were:
CHARRO
LET'S FORGET ABOUT THE STARS
Musicians : Elvis Presley (vocals), Tommy Tedesco, Ralph Grasso, Howard Roberts (guitars), Carl O'Brien (drums), Don Randi (piano), Emile Radocchia (percussion), the Jordanaires (vocals).
The Trouble with Girls 1969
Again, Elvis overdubbed his vocals onto this soundtrack without meeting a
single one of the musicians who accompanied him.
Walter Hale (Elvis Presley) is the manager of a traveling show, a Chautauqua, in the 1920's. Amongst the entertainment, trouble starts to develop. Hale is troubled by a Worker's Union rep, played by the gorgeous Marlyn Mason and a college girl played by Nicole Jaffe, wants to go on the road with the show.
A female citizen kills a man in self defense and becomes the highlight of the Chautauqua.
The songs featured in the film were:
"ALMOST"
"CLEAN UP YOUR OWN BACKYARD"
"SWING LOW SWEET CHARIOT"
"SIGNS OF THE ZODIAC"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Gerald McGee, Morton Marker, Joseph Gibbons (guitars), Max Bennett (bass), Frank Carlson, John Guerin (drums), Don Randi (piano), Marilyn Mason & the Mello Men (vocals).
Change of Habit 1969
The film was originally to have been directed by Evangelist Billy Graham.
Here the Elvis plays a doctor working in an inner-city free clinic, playing host to three Catholic nurses (who are really nuns’ incognito), Elvis gets hung up on one of the nuns, played by Mary Tyler Moore.
Featuring Elvis at the peak of his phenomenal popularity, A Change of Habit is a hilarious romantic comedy.
The songs featured in the film were:
"RUBBERNECKIN"
"CHANGE OF HABIT LET US PRAY (2 versions)"
Musicians :
Elvis Presley (vocals), Dennis Budimer, Mike Deasy, Howard Roberts, Robert Bain (guitars), Joe Mondragon (bass), Carl O'Brien (drums), Roger Kellaway (piano), the Mello Men (vocals)
This Soundtrack for what was to be Elvis' last feature film found him for one last time dubbing his movie vocals alone in the studio.
| Stay Away, Joe |
In what country will you finf the port of Frey Bentos? | The official website of ELVIS at the MOVIES
"Elvis can act. So help me the boy's real good, even when he isn't singing."
The Los Angeles Times
Love Me Tender was Elvis Presley’s first motion picture.
It was a typical Western that takes place just after the completion of the Civil War. It’s plot sets up a love triangle involving two brothers. Elvis' character Clint Reno marries his older brother's sweetheart when the elder sibling fails to return from the war, but brother Vince unexpectedly shows up and naturally is not happy about the state of affairs on the family farm. The rivalry brings about tragic consequences.
In Love Me Tender, Elvis’s character dies. After the preview audiences reacted so badly to his character's fate, the film’s producers feared that this would cause a negative reaction on the films full release so re-wrote the ending showing a ghostly image of Elvis singing Love me Tender as the rest of the cast walk off into the Sunset.
The songs featured in the film were:
"LOVE ME TENDER"
"POOR BOY"
"WE'RE GONNA MOVE"
Musicians: Elvis Presley (vocals), Vita Mumolo (guitar), Red Robinson (drums), Chuck Prescott (bass), Ken Darby Trio (accompaniment and vocals).
A group of Hollywood session musicians backed Elvis for these four songs as it was thought that Elvis' real life backing musicians Scotty Moore, Bill Black and D.J. Fontana did not look like country musicians.
Loving You
"A furtive step on Presley's part in a screen career".
The Los Angeles Times
"Loving you" was Elvis Presley's second feature and first color film. It capitalized on the Elvis’ meteoric rise to superstardom by autobiographically depicting his real-life experiences.
It shed light on a few of the darker aspects of being famous, such as rabid fans that rob Elvis of his privacy and, even more telling, the tenuous relationship with a manipulative manager.
Loving You boasts beautiful color photography, excellent costuming, and a few of the Elvis’ outstanding performances.
The songs featured in the film were:
"GOT A LOT O'LIVIN' TO DO"
"PARTY"
"LOVING YOU"
This time Elvis’s original band members were used in the movie:
Guitars: Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, Bill Black, D.J. Fontana. Piano: Dudley Brooks, Gordon Stoker, Hoyt Hawkins, George Fields and the Jordanaires.
Dolores Hart made her film debut in "Loving You". She also appeared in Elvis' fourth movie, "King Creole". In 1963 she retired and became a nun. Delores Hart is now know as Mother Dolores at the convent of Regina Laudis in Bethlehem, Connecticut.
Jailhouse Rock 1957
Elvis (Vince Everett) is sent to prison after being convicted of Manslaughter following a bar brawl over a girl.
Whilst in prison Vince is taught guitar by his cellmate Hunk Houghton, (an ex small time country singer).
When Vince is released he tries to get a job in a local nightclub and impresses Peggy Van Alden (Judy Tyler), a record promoter with his audition.
After a series of failed attempts using the country style Hunk taught him, Vince adopts his own singing style and needless to say becomes rich and famous. Hunk is finally released from prison and comes to cash in on his old cellmates fame.
Vince takes him on doing menial tasks after an attempt to give him a break on a TV show fails.
Hunk frustrated by Vince's fame and bad attitude hits Vince in the throat and the singer is rushed to hospital. After recovering everyone rally’s round to see Vince get his voice back and realizes the error of his ways.
The songs featured in the film were:
"I WANT TO BE FREE"
"YOUNG AND BEAUTIFUL"
"TREAT ME NICE"
"BABY I DON'T CARE"
Again Elvis was allowed to use his original band members for the movie. Musicians included: Elvis Presley (vocals & guitar), Scotty Moore, "Tiny" Timbrell (guitars), Bill Black (bass), D.J. Fontana (drums), Dudley Brookes, Mike Stoller (piano), the Jordinaires (vocals).
King Creole 1958
“From the director of Casablanca”
Taken from the Harold Robbins novel "A Stone for Danny Fisher", King Creole is considered to be without doubt Elvis' greatest acting performance. A great story of a young rebel, Danny Fisher (Elvis) rowing up in the ghetto and seeking fame and fortune as a singer in the New Orleans Jazz clubs. Along the way he tangles with gangland boss Maxie Fields (Walter Matthau) and falls in love with Maxie Fields girlfriend Ronnie played, by Carolyn Jones
The songs featured in the film were:
"CRAWFISH"
"AS LONG AS I HAVE YOU"
Musicians: Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore (guitar), Bill Black (bass), D.J Fontana (drums), Kitty White and the Jordanaires (vocals).
GI Blues 1960
On August 18, a sneak preview was held in the Majestic Theatre in Dallas. Raymond Willie, the vice president of the distribution company sent a telegram to Paramount that stated "We have never witnessed such a marvelous reaction to any picture."
In an effort to cash in on Elvis' return from the army G.I Blues is roughly based on Elvis’ time in Germany. G.I Tulsa McLean (Elvis) is posted to Franfurt (sound familiar) and on arrival he and his unit place a bet with another unit that no one can spend the night with Lili (Juliet Prowse) a dancer at the Cafe Europa. Needless to say Elvis is chosen to melt the ice maiden, but is given several knock backs before she finally warms to his charms. Although it was just supposed to be a bet Tulsa also falls in love, but everything is almost ruined when Lili learns of the wager. All is explained in the end and everyone is happy giving the movie ending a huge feel-good factor.
The songs featured in the film were:
"TONIGHT IS SO RIGHT FOR LOVE"
"WHAT'S SHE REALLY LIKE"
"DOIN' THE BEST I CAN"
The musicians were:
Guitar: Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, Neal Matthews Jr., Elvis Presley.
Bass:Ray Siegel. Drums:D.J Fontana, Frank Bode, Bernie Mattinson.
Piano:Dudley Brooks. Accordian: Jimmie Haskell.
Vocal accompaniment by the Jordinaires.
Flaming Star 1960
“Originally planned as a vehicle for Marlon Brando”
Elvis Presley stars as Pacer Burton, son of a white father (John McIntire) and Native American mother (Dolores del Rio) who finds his loyalties tested in a war of attrition between a fierce Indian tribe, the Kiowas, and a group of racist white settlers on the Texas frontier in 1870.
Although his parents attempt to remain outside the fray, his father is eventually killed in an Indian attack on the settlement. A white man, enraged over the Indian attacks, kills Pacer's mother. Shunned by white society after the Indian attacks, Pacer elects to fight on the side of the Kiowas while his brother, Clint (Steve Forrest), stays with the settlers. When Clint rides into the Kiowa camp alone and kills their chief to avenge his father's murder, Pacer fights off the entire tribe to protect his brother, and Clint barely escapes with his life. After Pacer's girl, Roslyn Pierce (Barbara Eden), has tended to Clint's severe wounds, she's unsuccessful in trying to stop him from going off to try to save his brother's life.
Don Siegel was probably the best director Elvis ever worked with, and he draws a quietly smoldering performance from Elvis, who was still undeniably raw.
The songs featured in the film were:
"FLAMING STAR"
"A CANE AND A HIGH STARCHED COLLAR"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Howard Roberts, Tiny Timbrell (guitars), Myer Rubin (bass), Bernie Mattinson (drums), Dudley Brookes (piano), Jimmie Haskell (accordian), the Jordanaires (vocals).
Wild in the Country 1961
Elvis plays Glenn, who's had more than a couple of run-ins with the law—his mother has died and his father can't handle him, so he's paroled into the custody of his uncle, Rolfe (William Mims).
Everybody thinks that Glenn is trouble yet all the women are still interested in him. There is the standard good girl/bad girl split with Millie Perkins playing Betty Lee, the virtuous brunette who is Glenn's sweetheart, and Tuesday Weld as Noreen, the happy go lucky blonde flinging herself at him, who also happens to be family. She's Rolfe's daughter, and Rolfe is really pushing the kissing cousins thing—his scheme is to get Noreen married off to Glenn, in a hopelessly late effort to stanch the rumors. She's got a baby, fathered by a mysterious and missing husband—everybody talks about it with a nod and a wink, too polite to call them on the cover story, too gossipy not to roll their eyes.
In the occasionally precious Clifford Odets script, this comes across as James Dean by way of a Thomas Wolfe novel--and not a bad shot at respectable acting by Elvis. His monologue about his dead mother, delivered to sympathetic shrink Hope Lange, is one of the most affecting things the King ever did in a movie.
The songs featured in the film were:
"WILD IN THE COUNTRY"
"I SLIPPED, I STUMBLED, I FELL"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell (guitars), Myer Rubin (bass), Bernie Mattinson (drums), Dudley Brookes (piano), the Jordanaires (vocals).
Blue Hawaii 1961
The song Blue Hawaii was first introduced by Bing Crosby in the 1937 film
Waikiki Wedding.
Showcased by beautiful panoramic shots of Hawaii the film boasts one of the best selling soundtrack albums of all time. Elvis is in top form returning to the islands after a stint in the army to take up a position with a travel agent showing tourists around. Elvis' relaitionship with Maile Duval (Joan Blackman) is threatened when Elvis has to escort a bunch of amorous school girls around the island on a holiday as well as getting unwelcome attention from the glamorous teacher.
The songs featured in the film were:
"BLUE HAWAII"
"HAWAIIN WEDDING SONG"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Hank Garland, Tiny Timbrell (guitars), Bernie Lewis (steel guitar), Bob Moore (bass), D.J. Fontana, Bernie Mattinson, Hal Blaine (drums), Floyd Cramer, Dudley Brookes (piano), Boots Randolph (sax), George Field (harmonica), Fred Tavares, Alvino Rey (ukeleles)the Jordanaires and the Surfers (vocals).
Follow that Dream 1962
The song "A Whistling Tune" originally written for this movie was dropped, but later
re-recorded and used for the film Kid Galahad.
When the Kwimper family car runs out of gas on a new Florida highway and an officous state supervisor tries to run them off, Pop Kwimper digs in his heels and decides to do a little homesteading. He and his son Toby and their "adopted" children - Holly, Ariadne and the twins - start their own little community along a strip of the roadside.
The fishing is good and the living is easy until the mob sets up a gambling operation and the state supervisor sticks a sexy social worker on the Kwimpers in an effort to take away Ariadne and the twins.
The songs featured in the film were:
"WHAT A WONDERFUL LIFE"
"I'M NOT THE MARRYING KIND"
"SOUND ADVICE"
"ANGEL"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Hank Garland & Neal Mathews (guitars), Bob Moore (bass), D.J Fontana, Buddy Harman (drums), Floyd Cramer (piano), Millie Kirkham and the Jordanaires (vocals)
Girls Girls Girls 1962
A newcomer to the musicians was Barney Kessel, a widely popular electric jazz guitarist who would feature on several of Elvis' later film soundtracks.
Elvis stars as Ross Carpenter, a fishing guide.
Trouble arises for him when he has to get his dad's fishing boat out of hock by singing songs in a local night club. As usual, he is besieged by girls, including a little rich girl spending the summer by the shore, and Robyn, a tough club singer.
The songs featured in the film were:
"GIRLS, GIRLS, GIRLS"
"I DON'T WANNA BE TIED"
"A BOY LIKE ME, A GIRL LIKE YOU"
"EARTH BOY"
"THANKS TO THE ROLLING SEA"
"SONG OF THE SHRIMP"
"WE'RE COMIN' IN LOADED"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, Barney Kessel (guitars), Ray Seigel (bass), D.J. Fontana, Hal Blaine, Bernie Mattinson (drums), Dudley Brookes (piano), Boots Randolph (sax & vibes), the Jordanaires and the Amigos (vocals).
It Happened At the Worlds Fair 1963
The little boy who kicks Elvis in the leg is a very young Kurt Russell. He went on to play the part of Elvis in the 1979 film Elvis the Movie.
Mike (Elvis) and Danny (Gary Lockwood) fly a crop-duster, but because of Danny's gambling debts, a local sheriff takes custody of it.
Trying to earn money, they hitch-hike to the World's Fair in Seattle. While Danny tries to earn money playing poker, Mike takes care of a small girl, Sue-Lin, whose father has disappeared. Being a ladies' man, he also finds the time to court a young nurse, Diane (Joan O'Brien).
The songs featured in the film were:
"BEYOND THE BEND"
"TAKE ME TO THE FAIR"
"THEY REMIND ME TOO MUCH OF YOU"
"ONE BROKEN HEART FOR SALE"
"I'M FALLING IN LOVE TONIGHT"
"COTTON CANDY LAND"
"A WORLD OF OUR OWN"
"HOW WOULD YOU LIKE TO BE"
"HAPPY ENDING"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, Barney Kessel (guitars), Ray Siegel (bass), D.J Fontana, Hal Blaine, Bernie Mattinson (drums), Don Robertson (piano), Boots Randolph (sax), the Jordanaires and the Mello Men (vocals).
Fun In Acapulco 1963
Director Richard Thorpe also directed one of Elvis's previous films Jailhouse Rock in 1957
Elvis plays Mike Windgren, who is running away from an accident that happened when he was working with his family’s trapeze act.
He takes the job as a life guard and singer in a local hotel and while there catches the eye of Elsa Cardenas, a lady bullfighter. Elvis’ character falls for the beautiful Ursula Andress who plays hard to get.
The songs featured in the film were:
"FUN IN ACAPULCO"
"I'M GONNA LIKE IT HERE"
"MEXICO"
"THE BULLFIGHTER WAS A LADY"
"(THERE'S) NO ROOM TO RHUMBA IN A SPORTS CAR"
"BOSSA NOVA BABY"
"YOU CAN'T SAY NO IN ACAPULCO"
"GUADALAJARA"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, Barney Kessel (guitars), Ray Siegel (bass), D.J. Fontana, Hal Blaine (drums), Emile Radocchia (percussion), Dudley Brookes (piano), Anthony Terran, Rudolph Loera (trumpets), the Jordinaires and the Amigos (vocals).
Elvis managed to inject a Spanish feel to his vocals for these soundtrack recordings accompanied by the Amigos.
Kissin Cousins 1964
The filming of "Kissin' Cousins" was completed in a record time of seventeen days.
Production cost was $1.3 million.
Kissin' Cousins has Elvis appearing in a dual role as a soldier (Josh Morgan) and a hillbilly (Jodie Tatum.)
The story revolves around the armed forces attempts to take ownership of a backwoods mountain in order to build a military base, but the Tatum family who own and live on the mountain have resisted all previous attempts. The forces send in Josh Morgan (Elvis) when they discover he is a distant relative of the Tatum's.
The songs featured in the film were:
"KISSIN' COUSINS"
"ONE BOY, TWO LITTLE GIRLS"
"CATCHIN' ON FAST"
"ONCE IS ENOUGH"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Grady Martin, Jerry Kennedy, Harold Bradley (guitars), Bob Moore (bass), D.J. Fontana, Buddy Harman (drums), Floyd Cramer (piano), Boots Randolph, Bill Justis (sax), the Jordanaires (vocals).
Viva Las Vegas 1964
Among the guitarists at this session was Glen Campbell,
who later to become a famous recording star in his own right.
One of the best of Elvis’ movies which succeeds largely due to the chemistry between Elvis and the gorgeous Ann Margaret. Sporting the impossibly comic-book perfect names Lucky Jackson and Rusty Martin, the two stars forge a romance against the backdrop of the Vegas Grand Prix, which Elvis, naturally intends on winning. Typically as in most Elvis movies he needs to achieve his goal through hard work slaving as a hotel employee in order to raise enough cash to fix his racing car.
The songs featured in the film were:
YELLOW ROSE OF TEXAS/THE EYES OF TEXAS (Medley)"
"THE LADY LOVES ME"
"YOU'RE THE BOSS"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, Billy Strange, Alton Hendrickson, Glen Campbell (guitars), Bob Moore, Ray Siegal (bass), D.J. Fontana, Buddy Harman, Frank Carlson (drums), Roy Hart (percussion), Floyd Cramer, Artie Cane, Calvin Jackson (pianos), Oliver Mitchell, James Zito (trumpets), Randall Miller, Herb Taylor (trombones), Boots Randolph, William Green, Steve Douglas (sax), the Jordinaires, the Jubilee Quartet and the Carole Lombard Quartet (vocals)
Elvis was surrounded by the largest number of musicians he had ever worked with on a movie soundtrack.
Roustabout 1964
Elvis plays a coffee bar singer who has a fight and takes off on his motorcycle. He gets a job as a Roustabout in the carnival run by (Barbera Stanwyck) and falls for a pretty girl (Joan Freeman). His singing makes the rundown carnival a success but Elvis’ character soon decides to quit after a fight with a customer and his romance going badly. Elvis leaves to take up an offer from another carnival and with his departure the show takes a nose dive and soon the creditors are ready to close the carnival down. There is only one chance left, Joan goes after Elvis and persuades him to return and save the carnival. He does so, learning the meaning of hard work and true love.
The songs featured in the film were:
"ROUSTABOUT"
"THERES A BRAND NEW DAY ON THE HORIZON"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, Billy Strange (guitars), Bob Moore, Ray Siegal (bass), D.J. Fontana, Hal Blaine, Buddy Harman, Bernie Mattinson (drums), Floyd Cramer, Dudley Brookes (pianos), Boots Randolph, (sax), the Jordinaires & the Mello Men (vocals)
Girl Happy 1965
The song "The Meanest Girl in Town" was originally written for Bill Haley and the Comets and recorded by them in 1964 under the title "Yeah She's Evil".
Rusty Wells (Elvis) and his band quit the Nightclub where they work for a vacation in Fort Lauderdale, but end up being forced to look after their gangster boss' daughter who is staying at the same resort. At first she seems like a plain Jane, but soon reveals her true charms and Elvis and the boys have to come up with plenty of schemes to keep the local ‘Romeos’ away from her and keep the boss happy.
The songs featured in the film were:
"GIRL HAPPY"
"FORT LAUDERDALE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE"
"STARTIN' TONIGHT"
"CROSS MY HEART AND HOPE TO DIE"
"THE MEANEST GIRL IN TOWN"
"DO THE CLAM"
"I'VE GOT TO FIND MY BABY"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, Tommy Tedesco (guitars), Bob Moore (bass), D.J. Fontana, Buddy Harman, Frank Carlson (drums), Floyd Cramer, (piano), Boots Randolph, (sax), the Jordinaires, the Jubilee Four and the Carole Lombard Trio (vocals)
Tickle Me 1965
Writers Elwood Ullman and Edward Bernds had previously worked with The Three Stooges.
Elvis plays a singing Rodeo cowboy with a second job as a handyman at a beauty spa where all the women compete for his attentions, but he only has eyes for Jocelyn Lane.
The second half of the movie has a twist where the two lovers search for treasure in a haunted house. The film contains some slapstick comedy which offers a rare chance to see Elvis’ talent for comedy.
The songs featured in the film were:
"(It's a) Long Lonely Highway"
"It Feels So Right"
"SO CLOSE YET SO FAR"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Grady Martin, Charlie McCoy (guitars), Henry Strzelecki (bass), D.J. Fontana, Ken Buttrey (drums), Floyd Cramer, (piano), the Jordinaires (vocals)
Several new musicians were recruited for the film soundtrack session due to the unavailability of a number of the regulars.
Frankie and Johnny 1966
Frankie and Johnny was directed by Fred de Cordova, director of
Johnny Carson's "Tonight Show"
Elvis plays Johnny, a riverboat entertainer that has a big gambling problem with Donna Douglas as Johnny's girl, Frankie. In the story, a fortune teller tells Johnny how he can change his luck with a new lady luck played by Nancy Kovack and the fight begins between Johnny’s girl and Nelly Bligh.
The songs featured in the film were:
"COME ALONG"
"DOWN BY THE RIVERSIDE/WHEN THE SAINTS GO MARCHING IN"
"SHOUT IT OUT"
"PLEASE DON'T STOP LOVING ME"
"EVERYBODY COME ABOARD"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, Charlie McCoy (guitars), Bob Moore (bass), D.J. Fontana, Buddy Harman (drums),George Worth (trumpet), Richard Noel (trombone), Gus Bivona (sax), John Johnson (tuba), the Mello Men (vocals)
Easy Come Easy Go 1967
Jerry Scheff, who was to be part of Elvis' live band made his debut on bass at this session.
Elvis Presley plays a Navy frogman, who later as a civilian dives for buried treasure. Dodie Marshall plays a disco dancer and yoga student that ends up helping the former frogman. Pat Priest plays a playgirl and with the aid of her boyfriend (Skip Ward) tries to foil the recovery of the treasure chest. Pat Harrington plays the owner of a little club where Elvis sing.
The songs featured in the film were:
"EASY COME EASY GO"
"YOGA IS AS YOGA DOES"
"YOU GOTTA STOP"
"SHE'S A MACHINE"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, Charlie McCoy (guitars), Bob Moore, Jerry Scheff (bass), D.J. Fontana, Buddy Harman, Hal Blaine (drums), Michael Rubini (piano),Anthony Terran, William Hood, Mike Henderson, Butch Parker (horns) the Jordanaires (vocals)
Spinout 1966
Among the musicians in Spinout for the first time was guitarist James Burton who was to play such an influential role when Elvis later returned to live performances.
Elvis Presley plays Mike McCoy, the leader of a small time combo on the road. Millionaire Howard Foxhugh played by Carl Betz wants McCoy to sing solo for his daughter's birthday. Daughter Cynthia is aptly played by Shelley Fabares. Entering the plot further, Foxhugh wants the singer to drive his new race car in an up and coming race. Deborah Walley plays the drummer in the combo and has a mad crush for her boss, Elvis. Diane McBain plays an author looking for a subject for her next book; guess who? That’s right, Elvis.
Auto racing, light comedy and plenty of music helps McCoy dodge the girls
Spinout made an Elvis movie fun again. Also in cast are Will Hutchins, Dodie Marshall and Jimmy Hawkins.
The songs featured in the film were:
"SPINOUT"
"I'll BE BACK"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, James Burton (guitars), Bob Moore (bass), D.J. Fontana, Buddy Harman (drums), Floyd Cramer (piano),Boots Randolph (sax), the Jordanaires (vocals)
Double Trouble 1967
Guy Lambert (Elvis Presley) is the leader of a small combo touring Europe. Whilst in London, a wealthy heiress played by Annette Day falls in love with the singer. She plays Jill Conway who is sent away to Belgium to keep her away from Lambert, and also from finding out her uncle (John Williams) is trying to steal her inheritance. As the music tour is set in Europe Lambert ends up singing in Belgium and bumps into Jill. More trouble arises when Lambert is suspected of jewel smuggling and the story goes on.
The songs featured in the film were:
"DOUBLE TROUBLE"
"BABY, IF YOU GIVE ME ALL YOUR LOVE"
"COULD I FALL IN LOVE"
"LONG LEGGED GIRL"
"I LOVE ONLY ONE GIRL"
"THERE IS SO MUCH WORLD TO SEE"
"IT WONT BE LONG"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Tiny Timbrell, Mike Deasy (guitars), Pete Drake (steel guitar), Bob Moore (bass), D.J. Fontana, Buddy Harman (drums), Floyd Cramer (piano),Charlie McCoy (harmonica),Boots Randolph (sax),Michael Henderson, Butch Parker, Richard Noel (horns) the Jordanaires (vocals)
Clambake 1967
The heir to an oil fortune Scott Hayward (Elvis) trades places with a water-ski instructor at a Florida hotel to see if girls will like him for himself, rather than his father's money.
The songs featured in the film were:
"CLAMBAKE"
"A HOUSE THAT HAS EVERYTHING"
"CONFIDENCE"
"THE GIRL I NEVER LOVED"
"HOW CAN YOU LOSE WHAT YOU NEVER HAD"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Chip Young, Charlie McCoy (guitars), Pete Drake (steel guitar), Bob Moore (bass), D.J. Fontana, Buddy Harman (drums), Floyd Cramer, Hoyt Hawkins (pianos),Norman Ray (sax), Millie Kirkham and the Jordanaires (vocals)
Stay Away Joe 1968
Joan Blondell who plays Glenda Callahan would appear 10 years later as Vi the waitress in Grease with John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John.
Joe Lightcloud (Elvis Presley) returns home after a successful run on the rodeo circuit. He intends to raise cattle for the U.S. government with his father (Burgess Meredith). Beer chugging, brawling and girl chasing are colorful parts of a welcome home barbecue. Elvis is slim, tanned; happy and charming.
The songs featured in the film were:
"STAY AWAY, JOE"
"ALL I NEEDED WAS THE RAIN"
"STAY AWAY"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Scotty Moore, Chip Young, Charlie Hodge (guitars), Pete Drake (steel guitar), Bob Moore (bass), D.J. Fontana, Buddy Harman (drums), Floyd Cramer, Larry Muhoberac (pianos), Boots Randolph (sax), Charlie McCoy (harmonica), the Jordanaires (vocals).
Speedway 1968
Elvis Presley sings his way around the race circuit as successful speedway driver Steve Grayson. All is fine and dandy until the tax return submitted by a wise-cracking Bill Bixby (as Steve's manager) is scrutinised by the IRS. Will Elvis be able to raise the $145,000 to pay his tax bill? Will he succeed with his advances on the IRS inspector Nancy Sinatra?
The songs featured in the film were:
"SPEEDWAY"
"YOUR TIME HASN'T COME YET BABY"
"HE'S YOUR UNCLE, NOT YOUR DAD"
"WHO ARE YOU? (WHO AM I?)"
"THERE AIN'T NOTHING LIKE A SONG"
"FIVE SLEEPY HEADS"
"SUPPOSE"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Tiny Timbrell, Donald Owens, Alwin Casey, Tommy Tedesco (guitars), Pete Drake (steel guitar), Bob Moore (bass), Hal Blaine, Buddy Harman (drums), Larry Knechtal, Don Randi, George Cast (pianos), Boots Randolph (sax),Roy Caton, Virgil Evans, Oliver Mitchell (trumpets), the Jordanaires (vocals)
Live a little Love a little 1968
A completely new set of musicians were assembled to record this soundtrack.
It is believed that Elvis dubbed his vocals in the same studios but without the band members.
Greg Nolan meets Bernice, and loses both his job and his apartment. However, Bernice manages to get him a new apartment, but it is so expensive that he has to get two full-time jobs.
Elvis is very convincing as a professional photographer.
The songs featured in the film were:
"WONDERFUL WORLD"
"A LITTLE LESS CONVERSATION"
"ALMOST IN LOVE"
Musicians: Elvis Presley (vocals), Joseph Gibbons, Neil Levang, Al Casey, Charles Britz (guitars),Larry Knetchal, Charles Berghofer (bass), Hal Blaine, Gary Coleman (drums), Don Randi (piano)
Charro 1969
Elvis fans were shocked when the publicity stills of Charro were released
showing a bearded Elvis for the first time.
Jess Wade (Elvis) is innocently accused of having stolen a cannon from the Mexican revolutionary forces and throughout the movie he tries to find the real culprits, a gang of criminals, in order to prove is innocence.
A boisterous outlaw he must break free from the notorious gang he once ran with in order to complete his reformation. The gang is not about to let him go that easily, as it seems there are some old scores to settle.
The songs featured in the film were:
CHARRO
LET'S FORGET ABOUT THE STARS
Musicians : Elvis Presley (vocals), Tommy Tedesco, Ralph Grasso, Howard Roberts (guitars), Carl O'Brien (drums), Don Randi (piano), Emile Radocchia (percussion), the Jordanaires (vocals).
The Trouble with Girls 1969
Again, Elvis overdubbed his vocals onto this soundtrack without meeting a
single one of the musicians who accompanied him.
Walter Hale (Elvis Presley) is the manager of a traveling show, a Chautauqua, in the 1920's. Amongst the entertainment, trouble starts to develop. Hale is troubled by a Worker's Union rep, played by the gorgeous Marlyn Mason and a college girl played by Nicole Jaffe, wants to go on the road with the show.
A female citizen kills a man in self defense and becomes the highlight of the Chautauqua.
The songs featured in the film were:
"ALMOST"
"CLEAN UP YOUR OWN BACKYARD"
"SWING LOW SWEET CHARIOT"
"SIGNS OF THE ZODIAC"
Musicians:
Elvis Presley (vocals), Gerald McGee, Morton Marker, Joseph Gibbons (guitars), Max Bennett (bass), Frank Carlson, John Guerin (drums), Don Randi (piano), Marilyn Mason & the Mello Men (vocals).
Change of Habit 1969
The film was originally to have been directed by Evangelist Billy Graham.
Here the Elvis plays a doctor working in an inner-city free clinic, playing host to three Catholic nurses (who are really nuns’ incognito), Elvis gets hung up on one of the nuns, played by Mary Tyler Moore.
Featuring Elvis at the peak of his phenomenal popularity, A Change of Habit is a hilarious romantic comedy.
The songs featured in the film were:
"RUBBERNECKIN"
"CHANGE OF HABIT LET US PRAY (2 versions)"
Musicians :
Elvis Presley (vocals), Dennis Budimer, Mike Deasy, Howard Roberts, Robert Bain (guitars), Joe Mondragon (bass), Carl O'Brien (drums), Roger Kellaway (piano), the Mello Men (vocals)
This Soundtrack for what was to be Elvis' last feature film found him for one last time dubbing his movie vocals alone in the studio.
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Drakes ship the Golden Hind(e) was originally called what? | SIr Francis Drake's Ship "The Golden Hinde" London July 2016 - YouTube
SIr Francis Drake's Ship "The Golden Hinde" London July 2016
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Published on Aug 4, 2016
The Golden Hinde- the Ship Sir Francis Drake Sailed Around the World In- London, Thames River, July 2016
Sir Francis Drake (c.1540-1596) was a famous English sailor, explorer, pirate, and slave trader in Elizabethan England. He was the 2nd person to sail around the world (after Ferdinand Magellan) from 1577 to 1580. He was the 1st captain to complete the entire voyage- the Portuguese-Spanish sea captain Magellan (c.1480-1521) died before his ships completed the voyage.
The galleon ship that Drake used to sail around the world was the Golden Hinde (also spelled Golden Hind). This ship was originally called the Pelican, but Drake renamed it in 1578, in the middle of his voyage. The ship was renamed in honour of Drake's patron, Sir Christopher Hatton, whose crest was a golden "hind", or female deer.
An exact replica of the Pelican/Golden Hind is permanently docked on the south bank of the Thames River in London, between the Southwark Bridge and the London Bridge. The ship is surprisingly small, especially considering the fact that it originally had a crew of more than 80 men.
Besides sailing around the world, Drake was known for his role as a naval commander and a pirate or privateer under Queen Elizabeth I. He helped to command the English ships that defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588, and he attacked many Spanish ships and settlements around the world. For example, he captured the Spanish town of Panama at one point, and captured several Spanish treasure ships during his career.
Drake was at the Rathlin Island Massacre in Ireland in 1575, where English colonists killed 600 Scots and Irish men, women, and children after they surrendered. He accompanied some of the earliest English slave trading expeditions to West Africa with his relative Sir John Hawkins. During his voyage around the world, he executed his co-commander Thomas Doughty in 1578. Many saw Doughty's execution as unjust.
Drake died from dysentery off the coast of Panama in 1595, after a failed attack on the Spanish Caribbean colony of Puerto Rico.
Tags: London, Thames River, Sir Francis Drake, Elizabethan Era, Queen Elizabeth I, pirate, privateer, explorer, navigator, Golden Hind, Golden Hinde, Pelican, circumnavigation of the globe, Magellan, England, Spain, Portugal, France, Europe, Age of Exploration, Age of Expansion, slave trade, Atlantic Slave Trade, transatlantic slave trade, Africa, West Africa, Caribbean, Asia, West Indies, Panama, Puerto Rico, Spanish Main, treasure ship, galleon, buccaneers, Spanish Armada, Rathlin Island Massacre, Ireland, Sir John Hawkins, Thomas Doughty, dysentery, Sir Christopher Hatton, Southwark, Southwark Bridge, London Bridge
Category
| Pelican (disambiguation) |
The Salk vaccine is one of two vaccines used throughout the world to combat what disease? | Golden Hind | Model Ship | STEPHENS & KENAU™
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SHIP DESCRIPTION
English Galleon – Sir Francis Drake
DETAILED HISTORY
The Golden Hind (or Golden Hinde) (pronounced /haɪnd/) was an English galleon best known for its global circumnavigation between 1577 and 1580, captained by Sir Francis Drake. She was originally known as the Pelican, but was later renamed by Drake mid-voyage in 1577, as he prepared to enter the Strait of Magellan, calling it the Golden Hind to compliment his patron, Sir Christopher Hatton, whose armorial crest (family coat of arms) was a golden ‘hind’ (the heraldic term for a female deer). Hatton was one of the principal sponsors of Drake’s world voyage.
History
Further information: Francis Drake
In 1577 Sir Francis Drake was chosen as the leader of an expedition intended to pass around South America through the Strait of Magellan and to explore the coast that lay beyond. The expedition was personally supported by Queen Elizabeth, which suited him well – he had official approval to benefit himself and the queen, as well as to cause the maximum damage to the Spaniards. This would eventually culminate into the Anglo–Spanish War. Before setting sail, Drake met the queen face-to-face for the first time and she said to him, “We would gladly be revenged on the King of Spain for divers injuries that we have received.”[1] The explicit object was to “find out places meet to have traffic.” Drake, however, devoted the voyage to piracy, without official admonishment in England.[2] He set sail in December with five small ships, manned by 164 men, and reached the Brazilian coast in the spring of 1578. His flagship, the Pelican, which Drake later renamed the Golden Hind, weighed only about 100 tons.[3]
On 1 March 1579, the Golden Hind took the Spanish galleon Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, which had the largest treasure captured to that date – over 360,000 Pesos.[4] The six tons of treasure took six days to transship.[5] Subsequently Drake sailed North, probably to around San Francisco Bay, claiming this land as ‘Nova Albion’, leaving on 23 July.[6] He then came back across the Pacific, reaching the Cape of Good Hope on 18 June 1580 and Sierra Leone on 22 July.[7] On 26 September 1580, Francis Drake took his ship into Plymouth Harbour with only 56 of the original crew of 100 left aboard.[8] Despite Spanish protests about his piratical conduct while in their imperial waters, Queen Elizabeth herself went aboard the Golden Hind, which was lying at Deptford in the Thames estuary, and personally bestowed a knighthood on him;[9] her share of the treasure came to almost £160,000 […] enough to pay off her entire foreign debt and still have £40,000 left over to invest in a new trading company for the Levant. Her return and that of other investors came to £47 for every £1 invested, or a total return of 4,700%.[10]
The table in the Middle Temple Hall (in the City of London) is reputed to have been made from the wood of the Golden Hind.
Replicas
The second replica in Brixham, England during low tideA modern full size authentic replica of the ship, also called the Golden Hinde, was built by traditional handcraft in Appledore, North Devon and launched in 1973. It has travelled more than 140,000 miles (225,000 km), a distance equal to more than five times around the globe. Like the original, it has circumnavigated the world. It first sailed, in 1973, to San Francisco to commemorate Sir Francis Drake’s claiming of California for Queen Elizabeth I. In 1979-1980, it retraced Drake’s around the world route. In 1981-1984, it berthed in Britain and was established as an educational museum. In 1984-1985, it circumnavigated the British Isles and then sailed to the Caribbean. In 1986, it sailed through Panama Canal to Canada for The World’s Fair in Vancouver. In 1987, it began a US tour, visiting ports in Washington, Oregon, and California. In 1988, it sailed back through the Panama Canal from California to Texas. In 1989, it visited ports on the Gulf of Mexico. In 1990-1991, it visited ports on the east coast of the US. In 1992, it returned to tour the UK. It has been featured in three films, Swashbuckler (1976), Shogun (1979) and Drake’s Venture (1980). Since 1996 it has been berthed at St Mary Overie Dock on Cathedral Street, in Bankside, Southwark, London, between Southwark Cathedral and Clink Street (51°30′25″N 0°5′25″W / 51.50694, -0.09028). It hosts visits from schools in which children can dress up as Tudor sailors and receive living history lessons about Elizabethan naval history.
A second replica has been permanently moored in the harbour of the sea port of Brixham in Devon (50°23′48″N 3°30′46″W / 50.39667, -3.51278) since 1963.
Izak J H Hough
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For whom did King Edward VIII give up the throne to marry? | 5 Things You Didn't Know About Wallis Simpson | Mental Floss
5 Things You Didn't Know About Wallis Simpson
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It takes quite a woman to get a man to give up the English throne just to marry her, but twice-divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson pulled off the trick in 1936 when she married King Edward VIII. Here are five things you might not know about the woman for whom Edward abdicated the throne.
1. She Was the First 'Woman of the Year'
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In 1936, Time honored Wallis Simpson's major coup of getting Edward to abdicate his throne by naming her "Woman of the Year," the first time the magazine had ever given its "Man of the Year" award to a woman. She didn't sneak past a field of slackers to get the honor, either; the other finalists included FDR, Mussolini, Eugene O'Neill, Chiang Kai-shek, British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin, Lou Gehrig, Jesse Owens, and Margaret Mitchell.
Why did the magazine choose to honor Wallis Simpson over so many people who changed the course of 20th century history? According to Time, "In the single year 1936 she became the most-talked-about, written-about, headlined and interest-compelling person in the world. In these respects no woman in history has ever equaled Mrs. Simpson, for no press or radio existed to spread the world news they made."
2. Their Wedding Cake Sold for Big Money—in 1998
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Remember the episode of Seinfeld where the fictional J. Peterman bought a slice of Edward and Wallis' 60-year-old wedding cake for $29,000? That little quirk didn't just spring from Jerry Seinfeld's head; it actually happened.
In 1998, Sotheby's held a large auction of the duke and duchess' personal effects, including a slice of cake in a box marked ""A PIECE OF OUR WEDDING CAKE WE WE 3-VI-37." (The "WE" stood for "Wallis and Edward.")
Sotheby's expected the cake curiosity to sell for $500-1000. The bidding for the slice of cake quickly became heated, though, and in the end California couple Benjamin and Amanda Yim forked over $29,000 for the well-aged baked good. Benjamin Yim explained his purchase by saying, "It is almost unimaginable to have such an item exist. It is something totally surreal. It represents the epitome of a great romance."
3. She Loved Pugs
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As a fellow pug fancier, I had to include this one. The duke and duchess owned a pack of pugs with great names: Disraeli, Davey Crockett, Black Diamond, Imp, Trooper, and Ginseng. Wallis didn't just love live pugs, though; she also had 11 pug-shaped pillows arranged at the foot of her bed. The pillows were replicas of a needlepoint done by actress Sylvia Sidney and sold for $13,800 after the duchess' death.
At least one funny story sprang from the duchess' lifelong love of pugs. Famed photographer Richard Avedon got an opportunity to photograph Edward and Wallis during a 1957 stay at the Waldorf Astoria. Avedon didn't want to take another bland, guarded picture of smiling members of the royal family, so he got creative. After remembering that the couple were dog lovers, he told a long, sad story about seeing a taxi run over a pup. He then snapped the picture right as their faces looked the most concerned. The photo, which now hangs in the National Portrait Gallery, is one of Avedon's more memorable works.
4. She Stayed in Hitler's Guestroom
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Wallis and Edward ran afoul of the rest of the royals (and much of the British government) during World War II. The Duke and Duchess of Windsor made a high-profile trip to Nazi Germany during 1937 to see how the German people lived under Hitler's regime; they even stayed with the Fuhrer as his personal guests. When tensions flared during the early days of World War II, the couple was still said to entertain fascist friends in their French home.
Others thought that the Nazis were gleaning information about French defenses from the loose-lipped duchess. Some of the rumors were pretty steamy: people speculated that German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop had been Wallis' lover during the mid-1930s and sent her 17 carnations a day as a reminder of how many times they slept together.
The British intelligence community became so worried that Wallis and Edward were Nazi sympathizers that they decided to make a preemptive strike against any future leaks. Edward received a new assignment—the relatively low-risk governorship of the Bahamas. The couple spent five years there in a Napoleon-like exile. Wallis hated life in the Bahamas and made frequent shopping trips to the U.S., which irked many British citizens who were having to deal with severe rationing and ongoing blackouts.
5. Madonna Wants to Play Her
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In February 2009, rumors started to circulate in the British press that Madonna wanted to make a musical about Wallis Simpson's life and play the starring role. Sources close to the singer reported that Madonna closely identified with Simpson following her divorce from director Guy Ritchie. Apparently Madonna identifies with the idea of a tabloid-mocked American marrying a British institution, but the project isn't in production yet.
| Wallis Simpson |
To the nearest hour, how long is a day on the planet Uranus? | BBC - Archive - Edward VIII - The king who gave up the throne for the woman he loved
Edward VIII | The king who gave up the throne for the woman he loved
About this collection
In January 1936, King George V died and his son Edward, Prince of Wales, became King. Just 11 months later, before his Coronation had even taken place, Edward renounced the throne due to his relationship with Wallis Simpson.
In this collection, we hear broadcasts that Edward made as Prince of Wales and during his brief reign. Friends of the prince join historians to share their insights into the uncrowned King and discuss how the abdication changed the course of the British monarchy. We also hear from the Duke and Duchess of Windsor themselves as they reflect on their lives and that momentous decision.
Features
Abdication of King Edward VIII
Farewell Speech from Windsor Castle
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What is the name of the passage of water between North and South Island, New Zealand? | About New Zealand - Travelling between the North and South Island | Wandering
About New Zealand
Travelling Between Islands
Travelling in New Zealand between the North and South Island
As you’ve probably figured out from looking at maps of New Zealand, most of the country is split into two big islands, literally named the North and South Islands. The body of water between the two islands is called Cook Strait. Cook Strait connects the Tasman Sea with the Pacific Ocean, and is located right next to Wellington, New Zealand’s capital. It’s known as one of the most dangerous and unpredictable bodies of water in the world, and is 22 kilometres wide at its narrowest point. It’s also famous for being one of the most beautiful ferry rides in the world, and is one of the highlights of a campervan rental holiday in New Zealand.
You can fly between the islands (there are domestic airports located throughout both islands) or, if you’re renting a campervan, your best bet is to take the Inter island ferry.
New Zealand Ferries Between The North and South Island
Sooner or later (almost) everyone who rented his camper van in Auckland lines up at the ferry terminal in Wellington. Why? Because the South Island is definitely more scenic than the North Island !
The journey from Wellington (North Island) to Picton (South Island) is unbelievably beautiful; a great part of it takes you right through the Marlborough Sounds. If you don’t want to miss the spectacular views this journey offers, make sure you book a daylight sailing on one of the New Zealand ferries. They are more expensive than the sailings at night, but you’ll see so much more – you might even see dolphins!
The main company that runs a ferry service between Wellington and Picton, is the Interislander . Actually, the Interislander operates three vessels, the Arahura, Aratere and Kaitaki. The journey covers 50 nautical miles (93 km or 58 miles) and takes about 3 hours to complete.
There’s an interactive map of the ferry route available on the website of the Interislander, with information about the points of interest that you’ll pass. As you’ll see on this map, the New Zealand ferries first head northwards on their route from the North Island to the South Island!
New Zealand ferries — Ferry terminals
The terminals of the New Zealand ferries are easy to find. The Interislander Ferry Terminal in Wellington is located on Aotea Quay beside the motorway on State Highway One. When your depart is early in the morning, spend the night at the Top 10 Hutt Park Holiday Park in Lower Hutt. This campsite is situated not too far from the ferry terminal.
Picton, on the South Island, is so small you cannot really miss the ferry terminals.
The Interislander website offers detailed maps of the location of both terminals.
Follow this link for timetables for the New Zealand interisland ferries.
New Zealand ferries — Fares & bookings
You will need to purchase a ticket for your motorhome and for the driver and passengers. The Interislander offers three different fare types to choose from: Easy Change, Saver Change and Web Saver.
The most flexible ticket (but also the most expensive) is the Easy Change. This is the best option when you’re travelling by camper van. You can book these tickets online, you’re allowed to make changes until departure time, and the tickets are fully refundable if you wish to cancel your journey. Book well in advance when you’re travelling during peak season and prefer daylight sailings. Online booking is possible, as are bookings by telephone (+64 4 498 3302 from outside NZ or 0800 802 802 freephone from within NZ). Make sure you have at hand: travel dates and times, number of passengers, make, model and dimensions of your camper van, and credit card details.
When you are spending more than just a few weeks in New Zealand, the Saver Change and the Web Saver fares are a cheaper option. Both have to be booked well in advance. Check out the Interislander website for full details of the fares.
The Kaitaki and Aratere ferries also offer the option to add on a Premium Plus Lounge pass. These are similar to airline lounges, with newspapers and magazines, comfortable seating, snacks and complimentary beverages and great service. It costs extra to use the Lounge but if you’re looking to travel in style while you enjoy the incredible views, it’s worth it. The Lounge is available to people aged 18 years and over.
New Zealand Ferries — Tips
The sailing from Wellington to Picton, across Cook Strait, can be a rough one. Eat a small piece of raw ginger root as a precaution; we guarantee it works wonders against sea sickness!
The ferries operate all year round but there are fewer sailings during the winter. If you are travelling in peak season (between December and February), you will definitely need to book your ferry crossing in advance.
When it’s already (or still) dark when you arrive in Picton, don’t rush off immediately in the direction of Nelson. The first part of the journey between Picton and Havelock, The Queen Charlotte Drive, is one of the most scenic routes you’ll follow on your New Zealand camper van vacation!
There are more New Zealand ferries operating between the North and the South Island than just the ones from the Interislander. Another one is Bluebridge Ferries . Check out their website for their timetable and fares.
Some campervan and motorhome rental companies act as agents for the ferry companies which means you can use the same company to book your ferry ticket as well as your campervan.
Bon voyage!
| Cook Strait |
Which US entertainer had a nickname derived from the words 'satchel mouth'? | New Zealand travel guide - Wikitravel
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New Zealand is a country of stunning and diverse natural beauty: jagged mountains, rolling pasture land, steep fiords, pristine trout-filled lakes, raging rivers, scenic beaches, and active volcanic zones. These islands are one of Earth's most peculiar bioregions, inhabited by flightless birds seen nowhere else such as a nocturnal, burrowing parrot called the kakapo and kiwi. Kiwi are not only one of the national symbols – the others being the silver fern leaf and koru – but also the name New Zealanders usually call themselves.
These islands are sparsely populated, particularly away from the North Island, but easily accessible. There are sparklingly modern visitor facilities, and transport networks are well developed with Airports throughout the country and well maintained highways. New Zealand often adds an adventure twist to nature: it's the original home of jet-boating through shallow gorges, and bungy jumping off anything high enough to give a thrill.
Māori culture continues to play an important part in everyday life and government and corporate symbolism with abundant opportunities for visitors to understand and experience both the history and present day forms of Māori life.
Understand[ edit ]
New Zealand has been called "God's own country" and the "Paradise of the Pacific" since the early 1800s.
New Zealand is sometimes known, both in the indigenous Māori language and by Pakeha, as Aotearoa, translated as the long white cloud.
Geography[ edit ]
Consisting of two main islands - imaginatively named North Island and South Island and many smaller ones in the South Pacific Ocean, this archipelago lies 1,600km (1,000 mi) south east of Australia .
New Zealand is the fifth largest wholly island nation on earth, its land area surpassed only by Australia, Indonesia, Japan and the Phillipines; NZ's maritime Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is fifteen times larger, being exceeded only by Australia in the preceding list.
Consequently and with a population of nearly 4.5 million in a country larger than the United Kingdom, many areas are sparsely settled.
Be sure to allow sufficient time to travel in New Zealand. Distances are larger than you probably think and many roads wind along the coast and through mountain ranges (particularly on the South Island ). It's rewarding to tour for three or four weeks on each of the main islands, although you can certainly see some of the highlights in far less time.
Australians often call NZ "The Shaky Isles" because of frequent seismic activity. Lying on the margin of the two colliding tectonic plates (the Pacific and Indo-Australian), earthquakes are common, particularly in the south west of the South Island and in the central North Island, and the North Island's scenery is marked by several active and dormant volcanic cones. The largest lake, Lake Taupo drained by NZ's longest river, the Waikato River, lies in a caldera created by a super-volcanic eruption which occurred approximately 26,500 years ago. The volcano underneath is considered dormant rather than extinct. Recording more than 14,000 earthquakes a year (with only about 150 usually felt) schoolchildren regularly undertake earthquake drills as in Japan.
Auckland , with a population of around 1.5 million people, is the largest city in Polynesia . Indeed, many small pacific nations, such as the Cook Islands , Niue and Tokelau , have more of their national population living in Metro Auckland than in their home islands! (
.) This makes for some interesting shopping and ethnic eating opportunities.
Settlement and history[ edit ]
New Zealand was the last significant land mass on earth to be settled by humans. East Polynesians reached New Zealand about 700 years ago in a series of tremendous oceanic canoe voyages to begin settlement of what was to become New Zealand - some 46,000 years after Australia. Their populations grew rapidly and led to the extinction of many unique species of flightless birds, including all 9 species of Moa, some of which grew to about 3.6m (12 ft) in height with neck outstretched and weighed about 230kg (510 lb) ! Over time their culture in these colder lands diverged into the unique Māori that the artists of Captain Cook recorded.
Dutch explorer Abel Tasman, in 1642, was the first non-Polynesian to sight the North West coast of the South Island of New Zealand.(There is a claim, disputed by most historians, that a Portuguese expedition led by Cristovao de Mendonça beat him to it over a hundred years before in 1521-1524). Tasman named his find Staten Landt (on the assumption that it was connected to Staten Island, Argentina at the south of the tip of South America) and this appeared on maps from as early as 1645.
His two ships stopped to take on fresh water in Golden Bay , but were attacked by Māori and four of his men and several Māori were killed there - causing him to name it "Murderer's Bay". Leaving the South Island by sailing up the west coast of the North Island, he mapped a small portion of the coastline; Dutch cartographers re-named this known part as Nova Zeelandia.
As part of a dedicated voyage of scientific discovery, Yorkshireman James Cook, a Captain of the Royal Navy, circumnavigated the North, South and Stewart islands in 1769 and charted their coasts. A few people of European and US origin, mostly sealers, whalers, traders and missionaries, settled during the next 80 years, some taking local wives.
In 1840, with the assistance of missionaries, Māori signed different versions of the Treaty of Waitangi and there have been arguments as to the meaning of the Maori version ever since. More intensive European (Pākehā) settlement began that same year. Initially annexed to the colony of New South Wales , New Zealand was split off to form a separate colony in 1841. A series of land wars between 1843 and 1872, coupled with political manoeuvring and the spread of European diseases, broke Māori resistance to Pākehā land settlement, but left lasting grievances. In recent years the government has sought to address long standing Māori grievances, but this is a complicated and rancorous process. In 2005, the Māori Party was formed, in part in response to the Government's law on the Foreshore and Seabed but also to promote an independent Māori perspective at a political level.
When the six British colonies federated to form Australia in 1901, New Zealand decided not to join the federation. Instead, the British colony of New Zealand became a self-governing dominion in 1907. It was offered complete independence under the 1931 Statute of Westminster, although it did not adopt this until 1947. All remaining constitutional links with the United Kingdom were severed with the passing of the New Zealand Constitution Act by both parliaments in 1986, though Queen Elizabeth II in right of New Zealand remains the Head of State (with a local Governor-General (appointed only after local advice) as her representative in New Zealand.
New Zealand supported the United Kingdom militarily in the Boer War of 1899–1902, as well as both World Wars. It also participated in wars in Malaya, Korea and Vietnam under various military alliances, including the ANZUS treaty with Australia and the United States. More information about New Zealand's military history can be found at the National Army Museum .
New Zealand's population has strongly opposed the testing and use of nuclear weapons. The prospect of nuclear armed US warship visits meant that its Parliament enacted anti-nuclear legislation in the mid-1980s. After consultations with Australia, the US announced that it was suspending its treaty obligations to New Zealand until US Navy ships were re-admitted to New Zealand ports, stating that New Zealand was "a friend, but not an ally". Military relations were not repaired until 2010.
New Zealand is now a socially enterprising, vigorous and independent nation with a widely-travelled and well-educated population of more than 4 million.
More than one million New Zealanders were born overseas. Of the other 3 million native "Kiwis", one in four (one in three between ages 22 and 48) have recently left "Godzone" for more favourable economic opportunities abroad (often to Australia where "Kiwis" uniquely don't need a visa).
People[ edit ]
The Realm of New Zealand
This former British colony has a population mainly of European descent but with an important indigenous Māori minority, a rapidly growing Asian minority, and smaller minorities of Polynesians, and people from the Americas and Africa.
This page is mainly about the core of New Zealand; see our separate pages about other parts of the Realm of New Zealand: Cook Islands , Niue , Tokelau , Ross Dependency .
Time zones[ edit ]
The Chatham Islands , 800km (500 mi) east of Christchurch, keep Chatham Islands Standard Time (CIST) by adding twelve hours and forty-five minutes to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) resulting in UTC+12:45.
The main islands are 12 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+12 = NZST = New Zealand Standard Time) and 20 hours ahead of Pacific Standard Time (PST).
Daylight Saving (UTC+13 = NZDT = New Zealand Daylight Time) begins on the last Sunday in September and ends on the first Sunday in April.
Sport[ edit ]
Some visitors think the national religion in New Zealand is rugby union!
The all-conquering national team, the All Blacks, generally play matches at home during June through to September, mainly in The Rugby Championship (formerly the Tri Nations) against South Africa , Australia and Argentina .
The two main rugby union competitions are Super Rugby (a regional competition incorporating regional teams from South Africa and Australia) and the domestic ITM Cup (formerly the National Provincial Championship from 1976 to 2005, and Air New Zealand Cup from 2006 to 2009). The Super Rugby season begins in February and normally ends in August (in Rugby World Cup years, the season ends in July); the ITM Cup starts in July and runs through to October.
Other popular sports include soccer, rugby league and netball in winter, and cricket in summer.
Climate[ edit ]
New Zealand has a temperate climate - winters are fairly cold in the south of the South Island but mild in the north of the North Island. The nature of the terrain, the prevailing winds and the length of the country lead to sharp regional contrasts. Maximum daytime temperatures sometimes exceed 30°C (86°F)and only fall below 0°C (32°F) in the elevated inland regions. Generally speaking, rainfall and humidity is higher in the west than the east of the country due to the north-south orientation of the mountain ranges and the prevailing westerly/north westerly winds.
Part situated in the Roaring Forties, unsheltered areas of the country can get a bit breezy, especially in the centre, through Cook Strait and around Wellington . The winds seem to be stronger around the equinoxes. In the winter, southerly gales can be severe but they also bring snow to the ski-fields and are usually followed by calm clear days.
Temperatures in (°C)
19
21
New Zealand is one of the most difficult countries in the world in which to forecast the weather. Although the weather is changeable, there is certainly more sunshine and warm temperate temperatures to enjoy in summer. It is not uncommon, especially on the South Island, to experience four seasons in one day.
New Zealand is a small country surrounded by ocean. A complicating, but often beneficial factor on the day to day weather, is the steep mountain range running down the spine of New Zealand orientated in a southwest-northeast direction. These mountains often shelter eastern parts of the country from an onslaught of westerly winds and rain.
The weather is mostly influenced by fast moving weather systems in the strong westerly winds, which are often referred to as the roaring forties, that predominate over southern parts of the country and seas to the south. There tends to be a seven day cycle associated with these westerlies as a cold front sweeps over the country associated with a couple of days rain, somewhere over the country. Often though these westerlies are disrupted by large high pressure systems or by storm systems.
During the summer and early autumn months from about December to April, the westerlies tend to move south giving more settled weather. Always be prepared for a change though. Also, during this time, random weather systems from the tropics can make their presence felt, mainly over the North Island, with a period of warm wet windy weather.
In the Winter, May to August, the weather tends to be more changeable. Cold fronts often bring a period of rain to western areas followed by a cold wind from the south bringing snow to the mountains and sometimes to near sea level over eastern parts of the South Island. When the weather turns cold and wet in the east, to the west of the mountains it will be fantastic. At this time of the year it is not uncommon for high pressure systems and clear skies to park over the whole country for long periods bringing crisp frosty nights and mornings followed by cool sunny days.
In spring, from August to November, the westerly winds are typically at their strongest – these are called the equinoctial westerlies. It tends to rain more in western areas, and especially on the South Island, at this time, while in the east, warm dry winds can give great cycling weather. Once again though, a cold front and its accompanying south winds can give you a taste of winter at any stage.
The Metservice has weather forecasts.
New Zealand is a very diverse country with many different regions that are well worth seeing.
Regions, major cities and other destinations in NZ
Cities[ edit ]
Here are nine of the most prominent settlements from north to south:
Auckland — "The City of Sails", the largest conurbation, with over a million in the metropolitan area
Hamilton — 128 km (80 mi) south of Auckland and leafy capital of the rich and fertile Waikato on the banks of the mighty Waikato River
Rotorua — famous for Māori culture, geysers and beautiful hot pools.
Napier — "Art Deco capital of NZ", destroyed by an earthquake in 1931 and rebuilt in this style. Famous as a wine region, especially Bordeaux style reds and Cape Kidnappers. Renowned golf course, gannet breeding grounds and wildlife sanctuary.
Cable car above Wellington
Wellington — the national capital, known as "The Windy City" - Parliament, the Beehive and the wonderful, totally free and exciting Te Papa museum.
Nelson — safe and friendly, with New Zealand's highest sunshine hours, surrounded by coastal and mountain scenery, three national parks, vineyards and orchards. Well known for its thriving arts culture and varied cuisine emphasising local produce.
Christchurch — still the "Garden City" and the "Air Gateway" to Antarctica even after the recent and continuing earthquakes. The third largest conurbation with a neat International Airport
Queenstown — adrenalin and adventure capital of the world, where you can ski, skydive, bungy jump, jet-boat, and thrill yourself to your heart's content
Dunedin — the "Edinburgh of the South", proud of its Scots heritage, chocolate factory, Southern Albatross colony and its wonderful tramping tracks all within a short drive from the CBD
Other destinations[ edit ]
New Zealand has a wealth of national parks, rural areas and other out-of-the-way places that are worth a visit. Nine of the best are listed below (in alphabetical order); you'll find many more as you browse our pages!
Abel Tasman National Park — golden sand beaches, kayaking and the Abel Tasman Coastal Track
Get in[ edit ]
Arrivals are by air or occasionally by sea (cruise ships into Auckland, Wellington, Nelson or Christchurch and the occasional private yacht. It is still just possible to book or even hitch a ride on the regular freighter circuits).
By plane[ edit ]
New Zealand is a long way from anywhere else in the world, so for most visitors, the only practical way to enter New Zealand is by air. Even the shortest flights between Australia and New Zealand take over 3 hours.
In order of traffic, international gateways are at Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington, Queenstown and Dunedin. Auckland services more than 20 destinations and a dozen airlines, and there are direct connections from Christchurch to Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane and Singapore . The others are largely restricted to flights from Australia. If you take a flight via Australia, make sure that you have a transit visa, if you need one , or you'll be turned back.
Due to its large Polynesian and Melanesian expatriate communities, New Zealand has extensive direct flight options to and from South Pacific nations such as Samoa , Fiji , Tonga and the Cook Islands .
Departure tax is included in the ticket price if flying out of Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch. If you are departing internationally from other centres, you must pay $25 at the Bank of New Zealand counter or kiosks. Children under 12 are exempt, but still have to obtain an exemption sticker from the bank. If you don't have the sticker, you can check in, but you will not be allowed to progress through security. The departure fee can be paid by credit card, cash or a mixture. Use the opportunity to get rid of the last of your notes and coin, and pay the difference by credit.
Passports, visas and documentation[ edit ]
Minimum validity of travel documents
New Zealand citizens (and permanent residents) and Australian citizens (and permanent residents) need only present a passport which is valid on the dates they arrive in and depart from New Zealand.
If you are another national entering NZ as a visitor, student or temporary worker, you must present a passport valid either for at least 3 months beyond the date you intend to depart NZ, (or for 1 month beyond the date you intend to depart NZ if the issuing government has consular representation in NZ that is able to issue and renew travel documents - you should check with your passport issuing authority before travelling).
More information about the minimum validity of travel documents is available at Immigration New Zealand .
Foreign nationals of the following countries/territories can enter New Zealand visa-free as a visitor as long as they present a valid passport:
Indefinitely: Australia (both Australian citizens and permanent residents)
For up to 6 months: United Kingdom (British citizens and other British passport holders who produce evidence of the right to reside permanently in the UK)
For up to 3 months: All European Union member states, Andorra , Argentina , Bahrain , Brazil , Brunei , Canada , Chile , Hong Kong SAR (including British National (Overseas) passports), Iceland , Israel , Japan , Kuwait , Liechtenstein , Malaysia , Mexico , Monaco , Norway , Oman , Qatar , San Marino , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , South Africa , South Korea , Switzerland , Taiwan , Uruguay , United Arab Emirates , United States and Vatican City
With the exception of Australian citizens and permanent residents, entry as a visitor does not permit employment in New Zealand.
For more information, check the list of Visa Free Countries . All these visa waivers, including the one for Australians, can be refused. In particular, potential visitors with criminal records or who have been refused entry to or deported from any country should check with Immigration New Zealand if they need to apply for a visa.
Visitors from countries not in the visa-free list or those wishing to stay longer than the maximum visa-free period for their nationality will need to apply for an appropriate visa. Check the Immigration New Zealand web page for details.
If you require a visa to enter New Zealand, you might be able to apply for one at a British embassy, high commission or consulate in the country where you legally reside if there is no New Zealand diplomatic post. For example, the British embassies in Belgrade and Tripoli accept New Zealand visa applications. British diplomatic posts charge £50 to process a New Zealand visa application and an extra £70 if Immigration New Zealand requires the visa application to be referred to them. Immigration New Zealand can also decide to charge an additional fee if they correspond with you directly.
If entering NZ as a visitor you must be able to show a ticket to an onward destination (or evidence of onward travel arrangements such as a private jet or yacht) or you will be refused entry if you do not immediately agree to buy such a ticket at that airport.
For those who need a visa and are travelling in a group (having the same travel plans and itinerary), it may be better to apply for the considerably cheaper Group visa . When applying for such a visa, apart from individual application forms, a separate group visa application form (only one form for the entire group) should also be submitted.
Quarantine[ edit ]
New Zealand has very strong bio-security laws.
New Zealand's economy is based on agriculture and importing even small quantities of food, as well as unprocessed animal or plant materials is tightly controlled. These restrictions are designed to prevent the introduction of foreign animal and plant diseases and pests. Do not think you can get away with bringing items in by not making a truthful declaration, all hand and checked luggage will be x-rayed on arrival and checked with specially trained sniffer dogs as part of the entry procedures.
Take care with any items of food that you have obtained during your travel, many people have been caught and heavily fined after they did not declare fruit, etc they were given as part of an in-flight meal and kept for later consumption. The best advice is to declare any items you think may cause problems - bio-security control border staff may confiscate and destroy the item, but you will not have to pay a fine or face criminal prosecution and a jail term. Even if you haven't declared an item on your arrival card, you can still advise staff of any items of contraband when you get to the customs and quarantine check without incurring a fine. If you have difficulty with the arrival card, most airline staff are able to assist you before arrival.
There are air-side amnesty bins available to cater for accidental importation. Items that must be declared include: any kind of food; any plant material; any animals, animal material or biological specimens; dirty or soiled sports gear, footwear, and used camping gear and anything that may have been in contact with soil, been used on a farm or has been used with animals. If declared, the owners of dirty items are often required to clean them thoroughly. Expect random inspections by sniffer-dogs - you may need to have your luggage inspected if you have had food in it recently that the dogs can smell.
Commercially-packaged or processed food is usually allowed through, but you can still be fined if you do not declare them. If you are unsure, it is always best to declare any questionable items as the immigration officers will be able to tell you what needs to be cleaned or disposed of before entry. Some items, such as wooden souvenirs, may be taken for sterilization or fumigation before being released to you after payment of a fee.
On the spot fines of $400 are issued for not declaring controlled items. The law provides for deliberate breaches to receive a fine of up to $100,000 or a prison term of up to five years.
Importation or possession of most recreational drugs, including cannabis, is illegal and results in arrest. If found guilty, you will be heavily fined and/or imprisoned, after which you will be deported and prohibited from coming back to NZ.
By plane[ edit ]
Domestic flights in New Zealand are often cheaper than driving or taking the train, especially if a crossing between the North and South Islands is required.
Airlines operate an electronic ticket system. You can book on-line, by telephone, or through a travel agent. Photo ID will be needed for travel.
Check-in times are usually at least 30 minutes prior to flight departure. Cabin baggage and personal scanning is routinely conducted on services from the major airports that have jet landings. Nelson and other regional airports are still without these security theatricals.
Air New Zealand has the most extensive domestic network, serving most cities over 20,000 people, with jet services between main centres and smaller aircraft elsewhere. Free economy baggage allowance is 7kg carry-on with 1 piece of checked baggage weighing 23kg costing $10 if pre-booked. Flights are reliable except when weather plays a factor.
Virgin Australia flies between Australia and many major cities in New Zealand. They code share with Air New Zealand for the domestic routes.
Jetstar is a budget no-frills carrier, filling most Qantas routes. Jetstar offers flights between various major centres in New Zealand
air2there , Sounds Air and Webjet New Zealand which offer a range of low-cost flights between the lower North and upper South islands.
Canterbury Aviation Provides point to point private charter flight services to destinations throughout New Zealand any day of the week within daylight hours. Enjoy your adventure in New Zealand without flight connections or waiting times - increased flexibility and departure times to suit you.
Sunair offers flights between various regional North Island centres. Kiwi Regional Airlines offers flights between Hamilton, Dunedin, Nelson and Queenstown. Air Chathams offers flights between the Chatham Islands, Pitt Island and the mainland cities.
Wellington Airport is particularly prone to the effects of high wind. Sometimes flights can be cancelled for several hours and even on calmer days.
Auckland, Christchurch, Queenstown and Wellington airports have timetabled buses to the airport. Regional airports generally have only on-demand shuttle services and taxis.
By bike[ edit ]
You can bring your own bike, as well as hire a bike in some of the larger cities.
Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch have special facilities for re-assembling bikes that have been crated.
You must wear a helmet while riding, otherwise you will be fined on the spot. When hiring a bike you should be supplied with a helmet. Remember to ride on the left. You cannot ride on motorways in New Zealand, so be aware that the only bridge over the Auckland Harbour is a motorway, so you'll have to take a ferry or cycle around the harbour.
Riding bikes in New Zealand can be fun, but be aware that because of the geography and small number of people cycling between towns there are very few cycle lanes and limited shoulder space on roads.
Most "Kiwis" are good drivers but do not allow sufficient clearance when passing you. Be prepared for the large distances between towns and cities and the generally windy weather. While some areas of New Zealand are flat, most tourists cycling in New Zealand will find that they need to be able to cope with long periods of cycling up hills, especially in the Coromandel. Be prepared for any weather, and to experience four seasons in one day.
Several tour operators incorporate cycling, with tours such as Pedal Tours as well as specialist cycle tour companies like Adventure South and Natural High .
There is now a network of cycleways being built around New Zealand, with some safe and beautiful routes.
By bus[ edit ]
Buses are a relatively cheap and environmentally friendly way to get around New Zealand; however, services even between major towns are usually only once per day. Most roads in New Zealand are quite narrow and winding (when compared to the highways of the USA), and travelling a long distance in a bus can be a safe and relaxing way to travel. Booking in advance on some lines can get you great bargains.
Atomic Shuttles operate a no-frills shuttle service in parts of the South Island.
Backpacker buses: KiwiExperience Backpacker Bus , Stray Travel Bus and MagicBus offer bus trips around New Zealand where you can get on and off as you please.
Flying Kiwi Adventures, [1] . New Zealand’s original adventure bus tour company. Trips range from 3-27 days and cover both islands. The tours focus on enjoying the outdoor beauty and excitement of New Zealand with numerous hiking, cycling and activity options. There are also options to take extended breaks in your favourite places. Discounts are available for holders of YHA, VIP, ISIC and NOMADs cards. edit
InterCity, ( [email protected] ), [2] . New Zealand’s national bus company, with services connecting over 600 destinations nationwide. Operates InterCity, Newmans Coach Lines and also operates a modern fleet of vessels and coaches to operate GreatSights New Zealand , Fullers GreatSights Bay of Islands and awesomeNZ.com . Tickets can be purchased from the InterCity ticket counters at bus stations or i-SITE information centres and a discount is given to students or youth-hostel membership card holders (eg: BBH, YHA, Nomads, ISIC). Fares start from $1 (plus a booking fee) on all InterCity’s national services. edit
Travelpass - A transport pass offered by InterCity. Brings together an extensive range of “hop on and off” fixed itinerary passes, based on the most popular touring routes throughout New Zealand. National passes include the Interislander ferry as well as a scenic boat cruise in Milford Sound. Passes are valid for 12 months.
flexipass - Utilising the combined national networks of InterCity, Newmans and GreatSights, flexipass is sold in blocks of time, just like a prepaid phone card, and enables the holder to travel anywhere on the company’s network. Passes start at 15 hrs, which is enough to travel from Auckland to Wellington in the North Island. flexipass hours can also be used to travel on the Interislander ferry [3] and on Fullers GreatSights Bay of Islands dolphin watching cruises and tours [4] to Cape Brett and the famous "Hole in the Rock". Passes can also be on sold and are valid for 12 months.
Kiwi Experience, [5] . New Zealand's first hop-on/hop-off bus travel company, Kiwi Experience offers 32 different travel passes across their travel network on both the North and South Islands. Bus passes start from 2 days tours up to 29 days and must be used within a 12 month period. Kiwi Experience also offers 'guaranteed accommodation' for the first night at every destination, as well as a 'best price' guarantee on activities and a range of exclusive discounts . edit
ManaBus use New Zealand built Volvo coaches with free Wi-Fi and only offer services in the North Island. A modern flushing toilet is fitted on each coach with hand washing facilities. Electric power sockets are provided at every seat. Unlike South Island bus services, drivers are forbidden to pick up or drop off passengers other than at timetabled stops. Their luggage policy is also unusually restrictive in allowing only one piece of luggage weighing up to 15kg and no bigger than a standard sized suitcase to be transported in the luggage compartment free of charge. On their website in November 2014 was written: "Passengers wishing to travel with more luggage than included in their Luggage Allowance may have items refused or off-loaded, depending on the availability of space." ☎ +64 9 367-9140 M-F 07:30–18:30.
Nakedbus.com, [6] . With fares starting from $1 (plus booking fee) and a nationwide NZ network with stops all across the north and south island nakedbus.com can be the cheapest option for travellers who plan ahead. nakedbus.com offers free Wi-Fi on selected services. They have daily bus services with flexible times, making busy travel easy and stress-free. On top of their already cheap prices, nakedbus.com have a price beat guarantee, which means they will beat any competitor on price. Be prepared to wait for 3 hours for bus to show up. They have luggage size and weight restriction and may charge you $15 extra for a big bag. From $1 (+ booking fee). edit
ManaBus.com, [7] . ManaBus.com operates some of New Zealand’s most modern, high quality and fuel-efficient coaches equipped with air conditioning, free Wi-Fi and disabled access. Connecting seven key regions of the North Island, Manabus.com delivers comfortable, affordable services, direct to city centres and with no hidden charges. It’s the new, great value alternative to air, train and car travel. From $1 (+ booking fee). edit
West Coast Shuttle provide daily transport from Greymouth to Christchurch (via Arthur's Pass) return. They provide comfortable travel at affordable prices.
Choosing a pass. If you are travelling all over New Zealand the cheapest way should be buying an InterCity Flexipass and/or a Nakedbus passport. InterCity Flexipass is hours based which saves more for short distance trips; Nakedbus passport is fixed price for the same number of stops which saves more on long diatance trips; the Nakedbus commuter pass which provides 50% off looks good on the first sight, but every time you book there is a $5 booking fee plus $5 per luggage, which makes it not very attractive especially on short distance trips (InterCity does not charge luggage fee and you don’t need to pay booking fee each time when using Flexipass). Bear in mind that InterCity has better coverage of destinations than Nakedbus, therefore it is very likely that even you choose a Nakedbus passport it turns out that you will need to ride on InterCity for some trips anyway. If you don’t want to do too many calculations the simplest way is go for the InterCity Flexipass, which will usually be very close to the ideal (hybrid using Nakedbus stop based passport for long trips and InterCity Flexipass for short trips). edit
You can reach most of New Zealand's sights in a normal, two-wheel-drive car or camper van. The volume of traffic is normally low and drivers are usually courteous.
Traffic drives on the left in New Zealand.
Outside of cities roads are usually only one lane in each direction and undivided. Typical New Zealand highways are one lane in each direction, so allow time to be caught behind slower moving traffic until it is safe to overtake. Expect drivers behind you to become impatient if you don't keep up with the speed limits, so pull over and let them pass when it's safe to do so.
To legally drive in New Zealand you need to be at least 16 years of age and hold a valid drivers licence from your home country. If you plan on staying and driving for more than a year, you need to get a New Zealand licence.
Rideshare[ edit ]
Rideshare and carpooling is increasing in New Zealand as petrol prices rise and people recognise the social and environmental benefit of sharing vehicles and travelling with others. While some systems are quite informal, others have trust systems which give greater security when choosing a ride.
RoadMate is a free carpooling app connecting drivers with empty seats to people travelling the same way for a one-off journey or a daily commute.
Rental[ edit ]
Car rental firms range from the familiar multi-national big brands through to small local car rental firms. The advantage of the big name rental firms is they can be found throughout New Zealand and offer the biggest and newest range of rental vehicles. The disadvantage is that generally they are the most expensive. Occasionally rental firms offer free rental in the direction from south to north due to the majority of tourists travelling in the opposite direction, creating a deficit of cars in the north.
At the other end of the scale are the small local operators who typically have older rental cars. Whilst you may not end up driving this year's latest model the advantage is that the smaller car rental firms can be substantially cheaper, so leaving you more money to spend on the many exciting attractions New Zealand offers. Between these extremes you will find a wide range of NZ car rental firms catering to different needs and budgets.
Other things to note are that you drive on the left in New Zealand and that most car hire firms require you to be over 20, hold a full licence and you need an International licence or certified translation if not in English.
Self drive holidays are a great way to travel around New Zealand as they offer independence, flexibility and opportunities to interact with the locals. A number of companies offer inclusive self drive holidays with rental car & accommodation, pre-set itineraries or customised to suit your interests.
Apex Rentals Apex offers a comprehensive range of new and late model vehicles to suit all budgets.
Purchase and sale[ edit ]
If you want to have a extended holiday in New Zealand, and you would prefer to have your own transport it may be cheaper to buy a car or van and resell it just before leaving. If you use this method travel across Cook Strait can be expensive. If purchasing a car for $500 or less it may be cheaper to buy and sell a car in each island separately. In addition to the usual ways to look for a car (newspapers, accommodation noticeboards, car markets etc) New Zealand's biggest on-line auction website Trademe [8] has many listings. You can also try the backpackers car market [9] where there are usually people selling their cars off cheaply. Car auctions can also be a suitable option if you are looking to buy a car. Turner's Auctions [10] have regular auctions and are in larger cities. Look out for "Repo" auctions, where the cars being sold are as a result of repossession. Should any previous ownership problems have existed, these will have been resolved before auction commences.
The following things need to be checked in order to safely purchase a vehicle in New Zealand:
there is no debt on the vehicle. In NZ, if a loan of money is used to purchase a vehicle, then the debt is associated with that vehicle even if it is sold, in which case the new owner then has the problem of the debt. Selling a vehicle with debt associated with it in NZ is illegal. Checking for debt is an easy process as a central register is kept. Carjam is an inexpensive service [11] . PPSR is the official register of security interests in New Zealand [12]
the vehicle has not been stolen. Contact the police with the registration plate and VIN (vehicle identification number).
legally, the vehicle must have a Warrant of Fitness valid for at least 30 days (unless advertised "as is, where is"). The expiry date will be written on the inside of the car window sticker.
the Registration expiration date is not in the past. This label is usually on the left side of the car windscreen
the vehicle needs a physical check for faults, there are companies in main centres that provide this service.
When you sell a vehicle it is very important to go to a Postshop outlet to record the transfer otherwise any subsequent speeding fines, parking tickets, etc will be recorded in your name.
Car insurance is not compulsory in New Zealand but at least third party insurance is recommended. Diesel vehicles have additional requirements, as diesel is significantly cheaper than petrol but there are additional charges based on distance travelled.
By motorcycle[ edit ]
New Zealand is a motorbike rider's dream country! Motorcycle rentals of many makes are available throughout New Zealand.
South Pacific Motorcycles offer motorbike rental and motorbike tours (Harley-Davidson, BMW, Honda, Triumph & other late-model motorcycles)as well as self-guided motorcycle tours and based in Christchurch in the South Island, motorcyclists have easy access to some of the best motorcycling in the world.
Just Ride Motorbike Tours & Rentals based out of Auckland, have a range of short duration "mini tours" that can fit in with your other holiday plans, as well as longer guided tours throughout the North and South Island. With a range of Triumph, Aprilia, Motto Guzzi and Ducati motorcycles they focus on the joy of riding the bike as much as the enjoyment of the countryside.
By hitch hiking[ edit ]
Hitch hiking around New Zealand is generally quite easy. However, it is illegal to hitch hike on the few motorways (except on the on-ramps) and illegal for motorists to stop there to pick you up. Try to get out of the middle of town, especially where public transport operates. Wear your pack and look like you're touring the country rather than just a local looking for a lift.
You have as much chance of being picked up by another tourist as a local, particularly in tourist areas. Alternatives for travellers include organizing shared rides through hostels, or using an on-line ridesharing resource like Jayride [13] which aims to make the process safer.
See also: Train travel in New Zealand
Both Auckland and Wellington have commuter rail services. These services are operated by AT Metro in Auckland and Tranz Metro in Greater Wellington .
Inter-city rail passenger services are operated by KiwiRail Scenic Journeys [14] . The focus is on popular tourist trains, which pass through spectacular scenery and have a running commentary, panoramic windows and an open-air viewing carriage.
The Northern Explorer - between Auckland and Wellington. This modern train now runs 3 days a week all year, Southbound on Monday, Thursday and Saturday and Northbound on Tuesday, Friday and Sunday. One of the world's most scenic rail journeys.
The Capital Connection - Commuter service leaves from Palmerston North to Wellington in the morning, returning in the evening.
The TranzAlpine - from Christchurch to Greymouth and return daily. Classed as one of the world's great train journeys, this trip crosses the South Island, passing through spectacular mountain scenery, some of which is inaccessible by road, as well as the 12 km Otira tunnel. Many visitors disembark at Arthur's Pass National Park and spend four hours exploring the mountains before catching the return train.
Trains run at low speed, sometimes dropping to 50 km/h in the summer due to the lack of track maintenance following privatisation in the 1990s. Most New Zealanders prefer to drive or fly, as train fares are comparatively expensive. Trains are more suited to tourists as they are more scenic and more comfortable than other forms of travel. Very modern carriages equip all KiwiRail Scenic trains with automated commentary and most other features found on long distance trains.
Book online at [15] Cheapest fares only shown online when using a New Zealand IP address. Wait till you arrive, use a proxy service or book by phone.
By boat[ edit ]
To get your car between the North and South Islands you will need to take a ferry across Cook Strait. There are several sailings daily between Wellington and Picton , but be prepared for a delay or a change in sailing times if the weather is stormy. Two companies run ferries here; Bluebridge and the Interislander .
Harbour ferries, for commuters, operate in Auckland and Wellington. A number of communities are served by boat, rather than road, while charter boats are available for expeditions in several places. There are regular sightseeing cruises in several tourist destinations, particularly in the Southern Lakes and Fiordland area.
International Charter Group handles Yacht charter and sailing, from bare boat to crewed in New Zealand.
Wild lupins growing on Lake Ohau near the Southern Alps on the South Island.
Milford Sound
Mountains, lakes and glaciers[ edit ]
It can be said that in New Zealand it's the countryside that's magnificent, and perhaps no more so than the Southern Alps of the South Island. In the Mackenzie Country of Canterbury , the snow-capped jagged peaks rising above turquoise lakes have provided the inspiration for many a postcard. Tucked in behind is the country's highest peak, Aoraki Mount Cook . The lakes and mountains continue south, becoming a stunning backdrop for the towns of Wanaka , Queenstown and Glenorchy .
Another region where mountain meets water with striking effect is Fiordland National Park where steep, densely forested mountains rise from the sea. The most accessible, and possibly most beautiful spot, is Milford Sound . The road in is spectacular and the view even more so when you arrive.
Glaciers may not be the first thing that comes to mind when you think of an island in the South Pacific, but New Zealand has several. The most notable are the Fox and Franz Josef glaciers in Westland National Park . These glaciers are unique in how close they get to sea level and are sustained by the enormous amount of precipitation that falls on New Zealand's west coast.
Volcanoes and geysers[ edit ]
New Zealand is a geological hotspot and has many dormant and active volcanoes, geysers and hot springs. The best place to start is Rotorua , where the smell of sulphur lets you know you're close to the action. The surrounding countryside has many parks with geysers and hot springs, and Mount Tarawera, the site of one of New Zealand's more famous eruptions, lies a short drive away.
South of Rotorua is Taupo and Lake Taupo, which was formed in a massive volcanic explosion thousands of years ago. Beyond Lake Taupo is Tongariro National Park , dominated by its three volcanoes, Tongariro, Ngauruhoe and Ruapheu. All three mountains are still active (Ruapehu last erupted in 2007) and Ruapehu has a crater lake that can be viewed with a bit of hiking. Ngauruhoe is famous for filling in as Mt. Doom in the Lord of the Rings trilogy.
North of Rotorua is Whakatane , with tours to White Island, a volcanic island just off the coast. The island is truly a different world with its smoke plume, green crater lake and the pohutukawa trees clinging to a fragile existence on the volcanic rock.
Flora and fauna[ edit ]
Being so remote, New Zealand has very unique plants and animals. One of the most impressive is the kauri tree, one of the biggest species of tree in the world. Few of these giants are left (a result of overlogging), but a visit to the Waipoua Forest in Northland will afford a glimpse.
The beaches of the South Island, particularly The Catlins and the Otago Peninsula, are good places to see marine animals such as penguins, seals and sea lions in their natural habitat. The Otago Peninsula is also noted for its albatross colony.
Unfortunately, many of New Zealand's most unique animals are endangered and can only really be seen in captivity. This includes the kiwi, a common national symbol, the flightless takahe and the tuatara (a small lizard-like reptile believed to have existed at the time of the dinosaurs).
New Zealand's National Parks are maintained by the Department of Conservation (DOC) and various local governments. Access is usually free but may be restricted in some parks during some parts of the year due to weather (avalanche risk) or farming (lambing season). It is best to check with local tourist information centres for up to date information on park access.
Proposals to eradicate or otherwise heavily manage non-native animals are contentious issues in New Zealand. The most common pest management tools are poisonous baits. These are delivered through ground bait stations or, more cost effectively (though controversially), by helicopter drops. Department of Conservation and OSPRI/TBfree NZ provide pesticide summaries that include warnings, maps of the areas affected, and which poisons have been used. These pest summaries are updated regularly on their websites.
Urban fare[ edit ]
While the countryside is the main attraction of New Zealand, you'll need to visit a few cities to see the truth of that. Auckland is a pleasant city with its waterfront districts like the Viaduct Harbour and Mission Bay, old volcanoes (Mt Eden and One Tree Hill), a handful of museums and the Sky Tower, the tallest free-standing building in the Southern Hemisphere. The more interesting architecture and the fine Te Papa museum can be found in Wellington , the nation's capital. Napier is worth a stop for its Art Deco CBD, and Christchurch was interesting for its English character along the banks of the River Avon before the destruction wreaked by earthquakes. Nelson is the arts, crafts, pottery and craft brewing capital and has the only European style cathedral left standing (called "Christ Church Cathedral"); it doesn't hurt that Nelson has great beaches and is surrounded by three national parks.
Talk[ edit ]
English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language are the official languages of New Zealand. English is universal and is officially written with Commonwealth (British) spelling.
New Zealand English is one of the major varieties of English and is different enough from other forms to justify the publication of the Oxford New Zealand English dictionary.
Word usage may also differ occasionally, in potentially embarrassing ways for the traveller. Several words that Americans may consider offensive, or have euphemisms for, are considered acceptable usage. For example: A New Zealand bathroom refers to a room containing a bath while the other facilities (containing a WC) that an American might refer to as a bathroom or washroom are known as a toilet or "loo". The American habit of "bleeping" swear words from broadcasts is considered quaint and rarely done in local programming. The New Zealand broadcasting media are unusually tolerant of swear words when used in context.
The New Zealand accent is somewhat nasalised with flattened vowel sounds and vowel shifting. New Zealanders consider their accent to be markedly different from the Australian one and are often offended when mistaken for or confused with Australians. New Zealand terminology and slang are also different from Australian usage. Americans find New Zealand accents easy to understand, so do Australians and Brits. Some European languages find it slightly harder and Asians may find it rather hard to understand; New Zealanders are quite happy, however, to repeat what they just said if necessary.
Māori is spoken by a minority of both Māori and language learners. Māori is available as a language to study in at many educational institutes. The Māori language is spoken by some, but by no means all, Māori plus a few non-Māori, especially in the far north and east of the North Island. Many place names are in Māori and for the traveller some knowledge of Māori pronunciation is could useful but is not essential as European and Māori pronunciations of the same place can be quite different.
New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL) was given status in 2005 as an official language of the country. It has its roots in British Sign Language (BSL), and is also closely related to Auslan (Australian Sign Language). Users of BSL or Auslan may find NZSL intelligible, as they share a large portion of vocabulary, plus the same two-handed manual alphabet. On the other hand, users of languages in the French Sign Language family, which also includes American and Irish Sign Languages, will not be able to understand NZSL. The vocabulary is quite different, and languages in that family use a one-handed manual alphabet.
Common expressions[ edit ]
Generally, New Zealand English expressions follows British English. However, New Zealand English has also borrowed much from Māori and there are a number of other phrases that are not commonly encountered elsewhere or may confuse the visitor.
Bach (pronounced "batch") - Holiday home; often by the beach and comprised of fairly basic accommodation. In the South Island often called a crib.
Pot Luck - (see also; "Ladies a plate") means each attendant of the event should bring a plate of food to share with the other guests.
BYO - Bring Your Own. An addition to the name of a restaurant that may not have a liquor licence means that it is okay to bring your own wine to enjoy with your food, but they often charge a small corkage fee.
Clayton's - (rarely used) Describing something as a Clayton's means that the item lacks full functionality or is a poor imitation of the real thing. From the name of the unsuccessful non-alcoholic whisky that was briefly marketed during the late 1970s/early 1980s under the catch phrase The drink you're having when you are not having a drink.
Dairy - Convenience store; corner shop, one few outsiders understand though heavily used by locals and find problems when travelling overseas and are surprised when asking where the dairy is.
Entry by gold (or silver) coin (donation) - The admission charge to an event, exhibit, gallery or museum is by making a payment of a coin in the appropriate metal, often in the donation box at the door. The gold coins in NZ are the $1 and $2 coins, while silver are the 20c and 50c coins, and the 10c coin is copper. (See also "Koha" below).
Half Pie - (rarely used) Usually a job or task not performed to satisfaction (cf Māori Pai = good)
Jandals - Flip-flops to most of the world.
Kiwi - Almost universally used for a "New Zealander"; named after an endangered flightless bird that lays the largest egg relative to body size and is one of the national emblems. This is not a derogatory term with many New Zealanders happily referring to themselves as Kiwis. However some will prefer the term "New Zealander".
Glidetime - Flexible working hours, often worked by public servants. Under this system, workers can start and finish work at hours of their choosing between 07:00 and 18:00, although they must work the core hours of 09.30-12:00 and 14:00-15.30 and average 40 hours per week. Also the name of a comedy play about such workers. Flexitime is the term more often used.
If you don't understand, just ask and then most "Kiwis" will explain...
Barbie - Short for barbecue
Sweet as! - Cool, good thing, No problem. Often abbreviated to just 'sweet'.
Māori words and expressions[ edit ]
Kia Ora - Hello, welcome, literally good health. Often used as an utterance of agreement, especially during speaking at a hui.
Haere Mai - A greeting to a person arriving, while Haere Ra is a salutation to one leaving.
Hui - A meeting or gathering to discuss and debate issues in traditional Māori fashion.
Iwi - A Māori tribe or people, sometimes known as a Waka (canoe), as some iwi are named after the ocean going canoes that brought their ancestors to New Zealand.
Koha - A Māori term for gifts or donations. Often an exchange of gifts takes place. (Sometimes the admission signs say, "Entry Koha", meaning gold coin or what you feel like donating.)
Kai - Food. Common with both Māori and non-Māori.
Marae - A traditional Māori meeting or gathering place. Also a community centre.
Pākehā - The Māori word for New Zealanders of non-Māori descent, generally thought to have arisen from a Māori story about spirit creatures called 'pakepakeha'. Many New Zealanders do not refer to themselves as Pākehā with some finding it offensive, others however see the name as part of their unique identity.
Powhiri - A Māori ceremonial welcome. Especially to a marae, but now also may take place at the start of a conference or similar large meeting in New Zealand.
Whanau - A Māori (extended) family. Kinfolk. Used often in advertising to alliterate with friends such as 'friends and whanau'.
Wharenui - literally big house, is the meeting house on a marae.
Wharekai - literally food house, is the dining room and/or kitchen on a marae.
Wharepaku - literally Small house - Toilet
Buy[ edit ][ add listing ]
20 New Zealand Dollars (NZD)
Currency used in New Zealand is the New Zealand Dollar (NZD). Other currencies are not readily accepted other than at some of the larger hotels and at banks throughout New Zealand. Attempting to make a transaction in a foreign currency may result in some light hearted bemusement.
The smallest coin is 10c, since New Zealand reduced the size of its silver (cent) coins in 2006, and eliminated the 5c piece. The 10c piece is a coppery colour similar to a U.S. or UK penny. The 20c piece is silver with a Māori carving depicted, as is the 50c piece with captain James Cook's ship the Endeavour. The gold $1 features a kiwi, whilst the $2 features a heron. Banknotes come in $5 (orange with Sir Edmund Hillary), $10 (blue with Kate Sheppard), $20 (green with Queen Elizabeth II), $50 (purple with Sir Apirana Ngata), and $100 (red with Lord Rutherford of Nelson).
On Christmas Day, Good Friday, Easter Sunday, and before 1PM on Anzac Day (25 April), all but a few essential businesses must be closed. While many traders flout this regulation, the matter has for many years been being reviewed by the government. If you are in New Zealand on one of these days, ensure you have all your needs met prior to the date.
Electronic banking/purchasing[ edit ]
New Zealanders are amongst the highest users of electronic banking services in the world. Automatic teller machines (ATMs), locally known as 'the hole in the wall', are available in just about every town, even those without a bank. Most shops have Eftpos (Electronic Funds Transfer at Point Of Sale) terminals for debit and credit cards, so most purchases can be made electronically. Credit cards, especially Diners Club and AMEX (due to the large fees they force on retailers), are not accepted by some merchants with Eftpos, especially smaller food retailers such as dairies, takeaways and cafes that do not serve alcohol. Also smaller retailers may often set a minimum purchase of around $10 when obtaining cash, if they agree to provide cash. Banks offer a wide range of telephone and Internet banking services. If you are going to be in New Zealand for a while it may be convenient to open a New Zealand bank account and set up a local debit card, to avoid carrying a lot of cash around.
New Zealand is a user of the CHIP and PIN credit card system which uses an electronic chip in the card and the holder's PIN number to allow a transaction to go through. Most merchants also accept the swipe and sign method which is mostly used by U.S. credit card holders; as they have not yet adapted to the CHIP and PIN system. However, automated machines may not accept credit cards without a chip. Therefore, it is recommended that you have enough cash on hand to make purchase. These mainly appear in rural areas. If you are using a credit card with a magnetic strip (no chip embedded) at a staffed stand, then you shouldn't have problems using your credit card. After your card is swiped; the terminal will prompt you for your PIN. Just press "ENTER" and your transaction should be approved. After signing the printed receipt, the clerk is required to check that your signature on your credit card matches that of a valid identification before he/she can complete the transaction. This is to minimize fraud. A driver license or passport, from your home country, will suffice.
Note: New Zealand cards can be set to have up to 3 accounts loaded hence the terminal will prompt "Cheque - Savings - Credit". Overseas cards will need to use the "Credit" option, regardless of card type.
Note: The Discover credit card is accepted by a limited number of merchants in Auckland. It is not known whether Discover is accepted in other parts of New Zealand.
Price negotiation[ edit ]
Because of strong advertising laws, the displayed price is normally the purchase price for most goods sold in New Zealand. The principle The price stated is the price you pay is strongly ingrained in New Zealand culture.
Most retailers will not negotiate on price, though some have a formal policy of matching the competition and will match or even discount their prices for you if you can find a better price for the exact same product elsewhere. However, this seems to be changing as there are stories about people finding appliance and electronics stores very willing to negotiate on price in order to get business, especially if you're looking at high-end items or have a shopping list of multiple high-priced items. Some places you have to ask for a discount, while others have salespeople that offer discounts on pricey goods as soon as they approach you. Other than high end appliance stores haggling is generally viewed as extremely rude. As a customer you are seen as wasting a shopkeeper's time because it is assumed that they have priced the good at a reasonable price and as a shopkeeper you would be wasting the customer's time if you overpriced the item expecting customers to haggle.
If you are in New Zealand for an extended period of time, the website Trademe provides a similar business model to overseas giant Ebay. However Trademe has a greater focus on Direct Debit based trading and minimal to no fees required upon an item's initial listing.
Taxes and fees[ edit ]
Unless otherwise explicitly stated, NZ prices include GST (Goods and Services Tax, or sales tax) of 15%.
Some shops, especially in tourist destinations, will ship purchases overseas, as exported goods are not subject to GST. Ask about this service before making your purchase. Goods purchased and taken with you will be subject to GST.
"Visitors to New Zealand must pay GST on all goods and services that they buy in New Zealand. There is no refund of GST available when you leave New Zealand." [16]
On public holidays, some establishments such as cafes may charge a holiday surcharge in the region of 15%, supposedly to cover the cost of employing staff who are working on the holiday. This is a recent development because current holiday legislation requires workers who work on public holidays to be paid at one-and-a-half times their normal wage and be given a equal time off in lieu as a minimum. The legality of this surcharge is questionable if not advertised openly or notified at the time of placing an order and might be challenged if you're feeling brave. This surcharge is already beginning to go out of fashion, as shops generally do a roaring trade on holidays and many consumers don't appreciate this development.
Tipping[ edit ]
In lodgings, restaurants, and bars the prices charged include the services provided and tips are not expected, though the practice is becoming more common, especially bars, cafes, and restaurants that cater for tourists. However, do not be surprised or offended if you receive bemused looks or if your tip is initially refused or questioned as tipping is still a relatively new phenomenon and it is also a form of courtesy in New Zealand culture to first decline such a gesture before accepting it. For some New Zealanders their unfamiliarity with tipping can make them ill-at-ease with it when travelling in countries where it is practised. It can be viewed very negatively by New Zealanders as being made to 'pay twice', or as a form of bribery. Staff in some establishments may risk their job in accepting a tip, although this is relatively uncommon. In the major cities, tipping tends to be embraced by workers, especially over the summer when students wait tables for part-time work. Tipjars may be placed on counters, but these are for loose change and although it is appreciated, you are not expected to place coins in them. It is common practice and polite to donate your spare change from the meal to what ever charity has a collection jar on the counter, and this acts as the standard substitute for tipping.
Eat[ edit ][ add listing ]
New Zealand has a distinctive cafe culture, with arguably some of the best espresso on the planet. Cafes often have excellent food, serving anything from a muffin to a full meal.
In smaller towns food is always available at the local pub/'hotel'/'bistro', although the quality tends to be of the burger-and-chips variety.
Fast food/convenience food is fairly easy to come by. Petrol stations often sell pies that can be heated in-store. Fast food is available everywhere, most of the larger chains are represented. There are a number of local burger chains as well, Burger Wisconsin and Burger Fuel are both worth trying.
Fish and chips are a local speciality. The fish is often extremely good quality, often supplied by local fishermen. The style is somewhat different to the English style: chips tend to be crisper, and vinegar is never used as a dressing. The menu consists of battered fish portions deep fried in oil together with chunky cut potato chips as well as a range of other meats, seafood, pineapple rings and even chocolate bar. A good meal can often be had for under $5, a bad one for the same price.
Cuisine[ edit ]
New Zealand's cultural majority, mainly British, do not have a definitive and recognisably distinct cuisine that differs markedly from the traditional British cuisine. However there are a number of small differences
Roast kumara - the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) roasted in the same manner as potatoes and often served instead of or alongside. May also be deep fried like potato chips and known as kumara chips - nice served with sour cream but rarely done well as kumara cooks at a different temperature than potatoes, so it needs a skilled chef for the dish to be done perfectly.
Pavlova, or pav, a cake of whipped egg whites baked to have a crusty meringue-like outside but soft in the middle, topped with whipped cream and decorated with sliced fruit. The dessert is also common in Australia, there is debate between the two countries as to where it was first invented, but it is generally thought to be Australia.
ANZAC biscuits - Plain hard biscuits made primarily from oatmeal bound with golden syrup. Originally made for and by ANZAC troops during the First World War. Also found in Australia.
Pies - New Zealanders eat large numbers of non-flakey-pastry meat pies containing things like beef, lamb, pork, potato, kumara, vegetables, and cheese. Some companies now market ranges of "gourmet" pies and there is an annual competition for the best pie in a variety of catagories.
Kiwifruit - A plum-sized green fleshed fruit, with fine black seeds in the flesh, originating from China, selectively bred in New Zealand, and first known to the home gardener as the Chinese Gooseberry. Now commercially farmed, with production centred on Te Puke but in many orcharding areas. Slices often served on pavlova. Known by its full name of kiwifruit and never shortened to kiwi in New Zealand, as kiwi are endangered birds or New Zealanders.
Whitebait - The translucent sprat or fingerlings of native freshwater fish species that migrate from spawning in the sea each year. After being caught in coastal river mouth set or hand nets during November/December, this highly sought after delicacy is rushed to all ends of the country. Served in a fried pattie made from an egg based batter. May be seasonally available from a local fish and chip shop. Is served without gutting or deheading.
Māori also have a distinctive cuisine:
The hangi or earth oven is the traditional way that Māori cook food for large gatherings. Meat, vegetables and sometimes puddings are slowly steam-cooked for several hours in a covered pit that has previously been lined with stones and had a hot wood fire burn down in it.
Kaimoana (literally: sea food) - particularly shellfish gathered from inter-tidal rocks and beaches as well as crayfish (rock lobster) and inshore fish caught on a line or with nets. Species such as paua (blackfoot abalone) and toheroa have been overfished and gathering restrictions are strictly enforced, while green mussels are commercially grown and sold live, or processed, in supermarkets. WARNING While it is extremely common to see people collecting shellfish, crustaceans and other kaimoana, there are a number of rules to be aware of, eg: minimum sizes or daily catch limits, which are usually posted on signs at the approaches to the collecting area. These rules are strictly enforced. If in doubt, check with a local. Rules may be seasonal or all-year catch limits set by the Ministry of Fisheries, or they may be that certain areas are reserved solely for tangata whenua (local Māori iwi), or a combination. At times, areas may have a prohibition for health reasons.
In addition to the above, New Zealand cuisine has taken a decidedly international turn over the past decade. Sushi is becoming increasingly popular (albeit in a somewhat different form to the Japanese original), as are many of the cuisines of the pacific rim.
Drink[ edit ][ add listing ]
New Zealanders have a reputation for enjoying their beer. Although there are now only three major breweries, there are many regional brands, each with their own distinctive taste and staunch supporters.
Take care when and where you indulge in public. New Zealand has recently introduced liquor ban areas--that means alcoholic drinks cannot be consumed or even carried in some streets, such as city centres and popular beaches, at certain times of the day or night. Police can instruct you to empty bottles and arrest you if you do not comply.
The New Zealand wine industry has developed into a significant export industry. New Zealand is now known as one of the top producers of Sauvignon Blanc. The Hawkes Bay region is well known for its Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, Chardonnay and more recently Viognier varieties. Marlborough is the largest wine producing region and famous for its Sauvignon Blanc. Waipara in North Canterbury specialises in Riesling and Pinot Gris. Further south in Central Otago, Pinot Noir is produced in the most concentrated of styles. Many vineyards now offer winery tours, wine tasting and sales from the vineyard.
The minimum legal purchase age for alcohol in New Zealand is 18, and can only be supplied to under-18s via a parent or legal guardian. It is universal policy for bars and retailers to ask for photo identification from any patron who looks under the age of 25, and the only forms of identification accepted are a valid New Zealand or overseas passport, a valid New Zealand driver licence, or a valid Hospitality Association of New Zealand (HANZ) 18+ card.
Coffee houses are a daytime venue in many of the larger cities and tourist destinations. The cafe culture is notable in the CBD of Wellington, where many office workers have their tea breaks. Most coffee styles, cappuccino, latte, espresso/short black, long black, flat white, vienna etc, are usually available. Flat whites are probably the most popular. Cappuccinos are usually served with a choice of cinnamon or chocolate powder sprinkled on top. Its usual to request which one you want. Fluffies are a small frothed milk for children, sprinkled with chocolate powder.
Bottled water, both flavoured and unflavoured, is available in most shops. Not that there is anything wrong with the tap water, it is just that some town supplies are drawn from river water and chlorinated. Most town supplies are fluoridated. If you do not want to pour your money down the drain, fill your own water bottle from the tap, unless you find it is too heavily chlorinated for your taste.
Tap water in New Zealand is regarded as some of the cleanest in the world; it is safe to drink from in all cities, most come from artesian wells or freshwater reservoirs - however, some are from rivers which can be chlorinated to be made safe but do not taste very nice. Some of the water in Auckland comes from the Waikato river, a long river that has its source in Lake Taupo in the centre of the North Island. But by the time it reaches Auckland, it has been treated so that the quality is no worse than that of the Thames in London or the Hudson in New York. Auckland water is also drawn from run-off reservoirs in the Waitakere and Hunua Ranges. Tap water in places such as Christchurch and Hastings is not chlorinated at all as it is drawn from the pure artesian aquifers of the Canterbury and Heretaunga plains.
L & P or Lemon & Paeroa is a sweet carbonated lemonade style drink said to be "world famous in New Zealand". It is a sold in a brown plastic bottle with a yellow label similar to the traditional brown glass bottles it used to be sold in. Generally one for the kids or parties as it mixes quite well with whisky. It is now manufactured in Auckland by Coca-Cola.
New Zealand offers a wide range of accommodation.
International quality hotels can be found in the major cities.
New Zealand is also known for its luxury lodges, small professionally run, personally hosted, often architecturally designed lodgings with between 3 and 10 rooms only. With rooms priced between $300 and $800 per night (or more for the top of the market lodges), they offer excellent food and wine, superb comfort, the attention of your New Zealand hosts, assistance with travel and activities and terrific locations, whether a wilderness setting, quiet urban retreat, river, lake or beach side location. There are a network of at least 100 such accommodations around the country. Per capita, that's probably the highest in the world. They tend to be situated away from cities, though some are right in the heart of the major centres, and can be difficult to get to. At the very top-end, helicopter transfers and private jets help the luxury traveller move between the lodges they've chosen for their visit.
Motels of a variety of standards from luxury to just adequate can be found on the approaches to most towns.
There is a wide range of backpackers accommodation around the country. BBHNZ or Budget Backpacker Hostels NZ is the largest network with more than 275 hostels throughout the country in 2014. Other hostels include a network of Youth Hostels that are members of the Youth Hostels Association (48 in 2014), and a network of Nomads Hostels .
Bed and Breakfasts are popular with visiting Brits and Swiss as well as homestays, farmstays and similar lodgings - some of which are in the most unlikely places.
For gay and lesbian travellers there are many 'Gaystay' accommodations throughout New Zealand, in the form of B&B's, homestays, farmstays, lodges and clothing optional naturist retreats. A search of the words 'gaystay new zealand' will bring up the appropriate information.
For uniquely New Zealand accommodation, there are Māori homestays and tourist-catering marae stays.
There are a number of commercial camping grounds around the country, as well as camping sites within all of the national parks. One way that many tourists travel around New Zealand is in a self-contained campervan, a motorised caravan or large minibus, that can be driven by anyone who holds an ordinary car driver's licence.
If you are travelling into the backcountry on foot, the Department of Conservation has many backcountry huts that can be used under a permit system. Be aware that these may not be available in peak times (but you may still camp at a hut and use its facilities for a reduced rate).
Free camping is also available in many places. Unless there is a "no camping" sign it is common to find a tent or hammock pitched for the night in many picnic areas or in a grove of trees off the road. Cycle tourists especially will rarely need to pay for camping, only for showers and laundry. Multi-day camping in these areas is often frowned upon, and in conservation areas camping outside designated areas may attract a fine. A map of over 1500 legitimate camping sites is the I Respect NZ Map [17] .
New Zealand was one of the first countries in the world after the UK to develop a dense WWOOF network. WWOOF is a world wide network where travellers ("WWOOFers") stay as volunteers on farms and receive food and accommodation in exchange for half a days help for each night they stay. The Nelson Tasman region in the South Island is particularly rich in WWOOFing possibilities. HelpX , which is similar to WWOOF but is not restricted to just organics, originated and has its largest country network in New Zealand.
Couchsurfing is popular in New Zealand with most major centres sporting active forums and groups as well as having hosts all around the nation.
Learn[ edit ]
For many years, New Zealand schools and universities have educated foreign students from the countries of Southeast Asia and education has now become a major source of export earnings for the country. In recent years English language schools have been established for students from the region, particularly South Korea and China , but also many other countries.
Education in New Zealand is compulsory from age 6 to 16 years, though almost all children begin attending school at age 5 and often stay at school for 13 years, until 17 or 18 years old. Primary schooling is from Year 1-6 (formerly J1-Standard 4), intermediate schooling is Year 7 and 8 (formerly forms one and two), while secondary schooling is from Year 9-13 (formerly forms 3 to 7). In some primary and secondary schools one or both of the intermediate years may be combined with either the primary or secondary years. There are also Middle Schools which cover the intermediate years and the first two years of secondary, but these are rare.
Secondary schools are also called high schools (generally Years 9-13) and colleges (generally Years 7-13). A college does not refer to universities in New Zealand unlike in some other countries, though some specialised single-subject tertiary training-centres may also be called colleges.
Primary, intermediate and secondary compulsory schooling is free for citizens and permanent residents, although some nominal fees are generally charged to cover consumable materials. Tertiary education is state assisted, with part of the tuition costs funded by the state. International students will need to pay for their education; in some cases this includes a national profit margin.
The Ministry of Education has established a Code of Practice that New Zealand educational institutions enrolling international students need to abide by. This Code of Practice includes minimum standards for the 'PC 'pastoral care of international students. Primary school students, or those age 10 or under, need to either live with a parent or else board in a school hostel. Additionally, older students, who are under age 18, may live in homestays, temporary accommodation or with designated caregivers. Where the institution arranges accommodation for students older than age 18 the code of practice applies to their accommodation situations also.
New Zealand citizens, permanent residents and refugees can receive financial assistance through loans and allowances, to pay the tuition fees and to attend tertiary education at Universities, Polytechnics, Whananga ( Māori operated universities/polytechnics) and Private Training Providers. Overseas students will need to pay the full tuition fees and their own living costs while studying at a New Zealand institution.
Overseas students need to have a student visa and a reasonable level of cash to spend in order to undertake a course of study at a New Zealand based educational institution. Visas are generally valid for the duration of the course of study and only while the student is attending the course of study. New Zealand educational institutions will inform the appropriate immigration authorities if a student ceases to attend their enrolled courses, who may then suspend or cancel that student's visa. Educational institutions often also exchange this enrollment and attendance data electronically with other government agencies responsible for providing student assistance.
Work[ edit ]
To work in New Zealand you need to be a citizen or current permanent resident of either New Zealand or Australia, or else have a work permit or appropriate visa. If you are intending to work in New Zealand you should obtain a work permit along with any tourist visas you might apply for.
You will also need to have a New Zealand bank account, as the vast majority of employers pay using electronic banking rather than in cash; an Inland Revenue Tax Number, as witholding tax or income tax will be deducted from your wages by your employer; and a tax declaration form, as tax will be deducted at the no declaration rate of 45% unless you have a tax code. More information about New Zealand's tax system, including appropriate forms, can be obtained from Inland Revenue [18] .
The process of applying for an IRD number is between 8-10 working days. You will need to fill in the IRD number application form, and provide a photocopy of a passport or New Zealand birth certificate. It is possible to apply for the IRD number, then call the department around a week later to request the number by phone, however this will depend on the workload of the processing centres at the time. Calling the IRD requires several forms of ID, it is ideal to be able to provide your passport number and full address when requested.
New Zealand operates a simplified tax system that tends to collect more tax than people need to pay because employers pay their worker's tax when they pay their workers. The obligation is then on the worker to claim overpaid tax back, rather than declaring their income and paying any extra tax. Be careful though, if you choose to work in New Zealand and you stay more than 183 days in any 12-month period, your worldwide income could be taxed. New Zealand has double taxation agreements with several countries to stop tax being paid twice. A safe rule of thumb is to pay all tax demands and not seek claims for redress on any matter.
Being a foreigner means that your New Zealand income is subject to local income tax at the fullest levels. Although many people believe that they can collect all their tax back when they leave the country, this is not true. It may be the case that filing an income tax return may result in a small refund if working for only part of the year; however, this is not likely the case. Tax in all its forms in New Zealand amounts to around half of a worker's income.
Short term[ edit ]
Seasonal work in fruit picking and agriculture is sometimes available for tourists such as backpackers. More information about seasonal fruit picking work can be found at Pick NZ [19] .
New Zealand has a number of reciprocal Working Holiday Schemes, which allow people between 18 and 30 to travel and work in New Zealand for up to one year and vice versa. At present young citizens of a number of countries from Europe, South America, North America and Asia can apply. These schemes are enormously popular and in many instances participants can apply to stay in New Zealand longer once they have completed their one year stay. Information on all the various schemes and application details can be found at: [20]
Long term[ edit ]
If you want to stay in New Zealand long term, you should apply well ahead of time. New Zealand operates a points system for assessing applicants.
Refugee applications should be made before arrival since NZ has a formal refugee induction programme.
Those who turn up in a New Zealand airport arrival lounge without papers, claiming refugee status, may find themselves put on a return flight to their country of origin or in jail awaiting the outcome of legal proceedings.
For those considering long term stay in Christchurch the Canterbury Development Corporation has helpful information on living and working in Christchurch.
Stay safe[ edit ]
The emergency telephone number in New Zealand is 111.
Ambulance, Fire, Police, Coastguard and Marine and Mountain Rescue can all be rapidly contacted via this one, FREE, emergencies only number.
This number (or 112 or 911) also works from mobiles - even when there is no credit available and even if no SIM card is present at all!
*555 can also be called for non-emergency traffic incidents from mobiles.
Full instructions are on the inside front cover of every telephone book.
0800161610 - Deaf emergency fax (connects to police)
0800161616 - Deaf emergency textphone/TTY (connects to police)
0800764766 - Poisons and hazardous chemicals emergency
0800611116 - medical advice ("Healthline", run by the Ministry of Health)
0800808400 - railway emergencies (KiwiRail Network)
Crime and security[ edit ]
The level of crime in New Zealand is similar to other western countries. Dishonesty offences, such as theft, are by far the most frequent type of crime. Travellers should take simple, sensible precautions such as putting valuables away out of sight or in a secure place and locking doors of vehicles, even in remote locations, as much of this crime is opportunistic in nature.
Violent crime in public places is generally associated with alcohol or illicit drug consumption. Rowdy bars or drunken crowds in city centres, or groups of youths in the suburbs, are best avoided, especially late at night and in the early morning. New Zealand has one of the lowest recorded rates of gun crime in the world.
There are occasional disturbing high profile media reports of tourists being targeted in random violent robberies and/or sexual crimes. These crimes tend to happen in more isolated places, where the chances of the offender being observed by other people are low. The chance of falling victim to such misfortune is still low. Although crime statistics reflect an increase in violent crime, the increase is entirely explained by increased detection of family violence, a key focus area for Police. Tourists are unlikely to be affected, as such crimes usually take place in New Zealanders' own homes.
The New Zealand Police , a national body, are generally polite and helpful. They regularly conduct drink-drive blitzes, often setting up screening checkpoints all around an area, including all lanes of motorways. Being caught drinking and driving will result in being invited to accompany the officer to a police station, or a roadside Booze Bus for an evidential breath test, blood test, or both. Being found with excess breath alcohol, or refusal to undertake testing will result in an arrest, appearance in Court, with a possibility of time in prison, as well as a hefty fine and disqualification from driving. Fixed and mobile speed cameras as well as hand held and car speed detectors are used frequently.
The police do not routinely bear guns. Although all police officers are trained to handle firearms, these are normally openly carried only when the situation requires such weapons, such as an armed offender. Usually, the police carry only batons, offender control pepper spray and tasers. However, first response patrols generally have recourse to firearms locked in their vehicle.
Natural hazards[ edit ]
Severe weather is by far the most common natural hazard encountered in New Zealand. Although New Zealand is not subject to the direct hit of tropical cyclones, stormy weather systems, from both the tropics and the polar regions, can sweep across New Zealand at various times of the year. There is generally a seven to ten day cycle of a few days of wet or stormy weather followed by calmer and drier days as weather systems move across the country. The phrase four seasons in one day is a good description of New Zealand weather, which has a reputation for both changeability and unpredictability. The phrase is also a popular Kiwi song.
Weather forecasts are generally reliable for overall trends and severe weather warnings should be heeded when broadcast. However both the timing and intensity of any weather events should be assessed from your own location.
You should always seek advice from the Department of Conservation when trekking in alpine areas. There are annual fatalities of both foreign nationals and New Zealanders caught unaware by the weather.
There are other natural hazards you may encounter, though far more rarely:
Strong earthquakes - New Zealand, being part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, sits astride a tectonic plate boundary and experiences large numbers (about 14,000/year) of small earthquakes every year, a few (about 200/year) are noticeable and the occasional one causes damage and sometimes loss of life. The last big one causing serious loss of life was on 22 February 2011 10 km south east of Christchurch. It was a 6.3 magnitude with the depth a only 5 km, the death toll was 185. The latest quake news is reported by GeoNet [21] .
Volcanic eruptions - New Zealand has a number of volcanoes that are classified as active or dormant. Volcanic activity is monitored by GeoNet.
There are almost no poisonous or substantially dangerous animals. The katipo and redback are the only two venomous spiders and bites from both species are extremely rare. Serious reactions are uncommon and unlikely to develop in less than three hours, though you should always seek help at your nearest hospital, medical centre, or doctor. The white-tailed spider can also deliver painful bites but is not considered dangerous to humans. No large mammalian predators are present and no large predatory reptiles. Certain species of Weta (an insect, that looks a bit like a huge grasshopper or cricket) can deliver a painful but harmless bite.
Stay healthy[ edit ]
New Zealand has a very high level of ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer, around 40% more intense than you will find in the Mediterranean during the summer. Sunglasses and sunscreen are highly recommended, especially if you are of Celtic descent.
Visiting the doctor will cost about $60 and may vary between practices and localities. The New Zealand public hospital system is free of charge to Australian, British and New Zealand citizens but will charge other nationals for treatment received. An exception to this is in the case of any accident when the Accident Compensation Commission (ACC) will pick up the tab. Travel insurance is highly recommended.
New Zealand has high and equitable standards of professional health care comparable with Sweden or Australia. Tap water is drinkable but precautions should be taken against Giardia when tramping.
Social behaviour[ edit ]
New Zealanders are courteous in general, although relatively distant, thus are not easily offended. However, if you get the chance to get to know some of them better, a whole new set of complicated social rules comes into play. In general they are a very warm, sociable and forgiving people. However, many New Zealanders (especially those who have not lived in foreign countries for an extended period of time) are unaware of the peculiarities of their culture. Keep these generalisations in mind:
Be polite. Always say please and thank you. For example, at a cafe, if you wanted a second fork, it would be considered perfectly ordinary to say to a staff member, "Excuse me, sorry, could I please have another fork? Thank you."
It is polite to offer to help out, for example with washing the dishes after a meal. Your initial offer will likely be be denied, at which point you should immediately ask "Are you sure?". Offering once and then failing to ask "Are you sure?" is considered cheeky at best, rude at worst.
The reverse is true: if something is offered to you, the person offering does not necessarily want you to take it.
If staying for more than a few days at someone's house, if they are younger than 30-35 it is considered polite to leave a token amount of money, say $20, to 'cover the power bill', especially if you are the guest at a shared flat/apartment/house.
Speech is often understated. "It's all right" often means it is the best thing ever, depending on the tone of voice. "It was average" generally means it was poor. "He was a bit rude" often means he was extremely rude.
New Zealand society is understood by New Zealanders to be classless and egalitarian; this is mostly true, and largely functions by avoiding having discussions about money or by showing wealth. New Zealanders, even wealthy New Zealanders, tend to behave in a somewhat frugal manner. Don't talk about or show off your money, property, rent or income.
Same-sex marriage became permitted by law on 19 Aug 2013.
Māori culture[ edit ]
Māori cultural experiences are popular tourist attractions, and are enjoyed by many people. However, as with any two cultures encountering one another, there is room for misunderstanding. Some tourists have found themselves more confronted than they expected by ceremonial challenges and welcomes. These are serious occasions. Avoid chatter and laughter until it is clear that you are welcome to do so. There is plenty of time to relax later in the proceedings, for example when the hangi (food) is lifted from the ground.
Internet[ edit ]
Internet access is expensive and metered. It's available in cyber cafes and there are many of these in the major cities but avoid cyber cafes without using a trusted and reliable Anti-virus application. Hourly rates are usually in the range of $4-8, with cheaper rates of around $2-4 at cyber cafes within the main city centres.
Many public libraries have public Internet access. There may be a charge - although that is changing. The Auckland City Public Library 1gb a day at no charge. Some providers, such as the Christchurch City Library network, offer free access only to some sites such as Google, the BBC and Al Jazeera and those in the ".nz" top level domain. Nelson Library [22] has unlimited free Wi-Fi and 23 free terminals.
The Aotearoa People's Network (APN) has been working to bring Internet access (both wired and Wi-Fi) to all libraries and these connected libraries are good places to check your e-mail and do some research.
Vouchers for Wi-Fi access can be bought from many Starbucks cafes, and many McDonalds have free Wifi for paying customers. It is becoming more common for Wi-Fi to be provided at hotels and motels using vouchers, but it is seldom free as part of your room rate. Wireless Hotspots are located in many cities and towns all over New Zealand from dedicated Wireless providers from whom you can buy connect time. Many camping holiday parks also have such services available.
Both the airport and CBD in Wellington have free Wi-Fi but the airports at Christchurch and Auckland both charge a fee for wireless service in their terminals.
Telephone[ edit ]
New Zealand has a well developed and ubiquitous telephone system. The country's main phone company, Spark (previously Telecom), claims (as of 2009) to have about 4000 payphones in NZ which can be easily identified by their yellow and blue colours. All of them accept major credit cards and a variety of phonecards available from retailers. You may have to look hard for a payphone that accepts coins. Free Wi-Fi also.
The country code is 64. New Zealand telephone numbers can be looked up online .
The emergency telephone number from all telephones is 111
(you may need to use a prefix, usually 1, to get an outside line from business systems). An emergency services call is normally answered with a voice request to choose Police, Fire or Ambulance; respond as appropriate and you will then be switched to the requested service. (Other common international emergency numbers like 112, 911 and 999 may also work, but don't rely on it.)
Mobile telephone coverage is effectively only national near urban areas. The mountainous terrain means that, outside these urban areas, and especially away from the main highway system, coverage has huge dead patches.
Do not rely on mobile phones in hilly or mountainous terrain - especially in the South Island.
Mobile telephone users can call *555 only to report Non-emergency traffic safety incidents, such as a breakdown, road hazard or non-injury car crash, to the Police.
Carriers[ edit ]
There are currently three major mobile carriers in New Zealand, with some sub-brands.
Spark operates a 4G and 3G (UMTS) network, nationwide on 850MHz with supplementary 2100MHz in metropolitan areas (the same frequencies as Telstra in Australia and AT&T in the US).
Vodafone NZ operates a 4G LTE network on 700MHz, 1800MHZ and 2600MHz frequencies with wide coverage in over 54 centres, a nationwide 3G (UMTS) network on 900MHz with supplementary 2100MHz coverage, and a GSM network on 900MHz/2100MHz. Vodafone sell a visitor SIM package for travelers.
2degrees operates a 4G LTE (1800MHz and 700MHz in cetral Auckland) and UMTS (3G) network (2100MHz) in most towns with a population of over 1000, with supplementary GSM coverage provided elsewhere by Vodafone.
Skinny Direct In 2016 Skinny Mobile (a no frills provider - wholly owned by Spark) introduced Skinny Direct. Skinny Direct is an online mobile platform offering relatively large data packages, NZ minutes and text in New Zealand, at relatively low prices.
Airports and shopping malls will have stores from Spark and Vodafone available for purchasing access and getting information about their networks. Prepay SIM card packs from Spark, Vodafone or 2degrees cost between $5-30, some come with pre-loaded credit.
Postal mail[ edit ]
The national post office is New Zealand Post [23] . If you are staying in one place for a while, you can rent a PO Box from them. NZ Post also offer overnight and same day courier services across New Zealand. [24]
New Zealand Post (Poste Restante), Is available at Post offices across the country. This is an inexpensive service for receiving letters and parcels while you are visiting New Zealand from overseas. edit
New Zealand Post (Counter delivery), Is available nationally at local PostShop and some PostCentre outlets. Use the Counter delivery service if you need a short term mailing address of up to three months. edit
Postcards cost 50c to send within New Zealand (2-3 days) and $1.90 to send internationally (3-10 days). Letters up to DL size (130mm×235mm) cost the same as postcards within New Zealand and to Australia and the South Pacific, with letters to other destinations costing $1.90 for economy service (10-25 days), and $2.30 for standard service (6-10 days).
TV[ edit ]
Free-to-air digital television has been rolled out and three of the channels are available in HD. Cable television is not well developed, but direct broadcast satellite technology is available across the nation, with both free-to-air ( Freeview Satellite ) and pay television (through the Sky network).
One reason often advanced for the continued health, vigour and sheer variety of hobbyist clubs and sport throughout NZ is the mind-numbing banality of most of the Freeview programming. Visitors from Australia and Britain are perplexed by the almost complete lack of documentaries and current affairs programmes and locally produced drama. Even the All Blacks games are not available as they are being played without a seriously expensive Sky subscription.
Two exceptions to the low-brow line-up are
the Al Jazeera English channel broadcasting news and documentaries and available 24h and
Māori Television which often shows non-US films with subtitles at weekends
All hotels and motels will have either Freeview or some Sky channels.
Teletext no longer provides an information service, but page 801 provides a caption text service for some TV programs which allows hearing impaired people to read subtitles.
Radio[ edit ]
New Zealand has a large number of radio stations, on both AM and FM, with at least one local station and a number of nationwide network stations broadcast in each major city or town.
National Radio is a government funded, non-commercial, spoken features style national network with some music. It broadcasts news and detailed weather forecasts, generally hourly, with detailed mountain and marine forecasts a couple of times a day on both AM and FM (around 101MHz FM). Operated by Radio New Zealand .
Concert is a government funded, non-commercial, classical music national network.
There are a number of FM visitor information stations around the country.
This country guide is an outline and needs more content. It has a template , but there may not be enough information present. If there are Cities and Other destinations listed, they may not all be at usable status or there may not be a valid regional structure and a "Get in" section describing all of the typical ways to get here. Please plunge forward and help it grow !
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In a Shakespeare play, who murders 'King Duncan'? | SparkNotes: Macbeth: Plot Overview
Plot Overview
Context
Character List
The play begins with the brief appearance of a trio of witches and then moves to a military camp, where the Scottish King Duncan hears the news that his generals, Macbeth and Banquo, have defeated two separate invading armies—one from Ireland, led by the rebel Macdonwald, and one from Norway. Following their pitched battle with these enemy forces, Macbeth and Banquo encounter the witches as they cross a moor. The witches prophesy that Macbeth will be made thane (a rank of Scottish nobility) of Cawdor and eventually King of Scotland. They also prophesy that Macbeth’s companion, Banquo, will beget a line of Scottish kings, although Banquo will never be king himself. The witches vanish, and Macbeth and Banquo treat their prophecies skeptically until some of King Duncan’s men come to thank the two generals for their victories in battle and to tell Macbeth that he has indeed been named thane of Cawdor. The previous thane betrayed Scotland by fighting for the Norwegians and Duncan has condemned him to death. Macbeth is intrigued by the possibility that the remainder of the witches’ prophecy—that he will be crowned king—might be true, but he is uncertain what to expect. He visits with King Duncan, and they plan to dine together at Inverness, Macbeth’s castle, that night. Macbeth writes ahead to his wife, Lady Macbeth, telling her all that has happened.
Lady Macbeth suffers none of her husband’s uncertainty. She desires the kingship for him and wants him to murder Duncan in order to obtain it. When Macbeth arrives at Inverness, she overrides all of her husband’s objections and persuades him to kill the king that very night. He and Lady Macbeth plan to get Duncan’s two chamberlains drunk so they will black out; the next morning they will blame the murder on the chamberlains, who will be defenseless, as they will remember nothing. While Duncan is asleep, Macbeth stabs him, despite his doubts and a number of supernatural portents, including a vision of a bloody dagger. When Duncan’s death is discovered the next morning, Macbeth kills the chamberlains—ostensibly out of rage at their crime—and easily assumes the kingship. Duncan’s sons Malcolm and Donalbain flee to England and Ireland, respectively, fearing that whoever killed Duncan desires their demise as well.
Fearful of the witches’ prophecy that Banquo’s heirs will seize the throne, Macbeth hires a group of murderers to kill Banquo and his son Fleance. They ambush Banquo on his way to a royal feast, but they fail to kill Fleance, who escapes into the night. Macbeth becomes furious: as long as Fleance is alive, he fears that his power remains insecure. At the feast that night, Banquo’s ghost visits Macbeth. When he sees the ghost, Macbeth raves fearfully, startling his guests, who include most of the great Scottish nobility. Lady Macbeth tries to neutralize the damage, but Macbeth’s kingship incites increasing resistance from his nobles and subjects. Frightened, Macbeth goes to visit the witches in their cavern. There, they show him a sequence of demons and spirits who present him with further prophecies: he must beware of Macduff, a Scottish nobleman who opposed Macbeth’s accession to the throne; he is incapable of being harmed by any man born of woman; and he will be safe until Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane Castle. Macbeth is relieved and feels secure, because he knows that all men are born of women and that forests cannot move. When he learns that Macduff has fled to England to join Malcolm, Macbeth orders that Macduff’s castle be seized and, most cruelly, that Lady Macduff and her children be murdered.
When news of his family’s execution reaches Macduff in England, he is stricken with grief and vows revenge. Prince Malcolm, Duncan’s son, has succeeded in raising an army in England, and Macduff joins him as he rides to Scotland to challenge Macbeth’s forces. The invasion has the support of the Scottish nobles, who are appalled and frightened by Macbeth’s tyrannical and murderous behavior. Lady Macbeth, meanwhile, becomes plagued with fits of sleepwalking in which she bemoans what she believes to be bloodstains on her hands. Before Macbeth’s opponents arrive, Macbeth receives news that she has killed herself, causing him to sink into a deep and pessimistic despair. Nevertheless, he awaits the English and fortifies Dunsinane, to which he seems to have withdrawn in order to defend himself, certain that the witches’ prophecies guarantee his invincibility. He is struck numb with fear, however, when he learns that the English army is advancing on Dunsinane shielded with boughs cut from Birnam Wood. Birnam Wood is indeed coming to Dunsinane, fulfilling half of the witches’ prophecy.
In the battle, Macbeth hews violently, but the English forces gradually overwhelm his army and castle. On the battlefield, Macbeth encounters the vengeful Macduff, who declares that he was not “of woman born” but was instead “untimely ripped” from his mother’s womb (what we now call birth by cesarean section). Though he realizes that he is doomed, Macbeth continues to fight until Macduff kills and beheads him. Malcolm, now the King of Scotland, declares his benevolent intentions for the country and invites all to see him crowned at Scone.
More Help
| Macbeth |
A 'plant' in snooker involves a minimum of how many balls? | The real Duncan and Macbeth - Kings of Scotland
By Ben Johnson | Comments
Duncan and MacBeth - famous names thanks to Shakespeare and the Scottish Play, 'Macbeth'. But how historically accurate is Shakespeare's story, if at all?
For centuries, the clans had been waging war on each other. Viking warriors had been raiding the coasts of Scotland. King Malcolm of Scotia, king of the Scots and Picts, routed the Angles of Lothian in the Battle of Carham in 1018 and became the most powerful man in Scotland.
When King Owen of the Britons of Strathclyde died later that year without issue, Duncan (Malcolm's grandson) became the rightful heir through marriage. Malcolm was therefore able to unite the Four Kingdoms of Scotland under one throne. Scotland in the early 11th century had finally become a single nation.
Duncan - King of Scotland 1034 - 40
Duncan became King of Scotland upon the death of Malcolm in 1034. He was a much weaker character than Malcolm and a terrible leader. He led a disastrous campaign into Northumbria and was forced to retreat ignominiously back to Scotland.
His cousin MacBeth, chief of the northern Scots, also had a claim to the throne through his mother. MacBeth formed an alliance with his cousin the Earl of Orkney, and they defeated and killed Duncan near Elgin in 1040.
MacBeth - King of Scotland 1040 - 57
Mac Bethad mac Findláich or MacBeth as he is known in English, the Mormaer of Moray, claimed the throne on his own behalf and that of his wife Grauch, and after the death of Duncan made himself king in his place. Respected for his strong leadership qualities, MacBeth was a wise king who ruled successfully for 17 years. He lived in a fortified castle at Dunsinane north of Perth. His rule was secure enough for him to go on a pilgrimage to Rome in 1050. However the peace was not to last: Duncan's son Malcolm had fled to Northumbria after the defeat of his father and had never given up his claim to the throne. In 1054 with the support of Earl Siward, he led an army against MacBeth, defeating him at the battle of Dunsinnan. MacBeth remained king, restoring Malcolm's lands to him. But in 1057 at Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire on 15th August, MacBeth was finally defeated and killed and Malcolm became King.
Shakespeare's 'Macbeth'
Shakespeare's 'Macbeth', written nearly 400 years ago, is widely accepted as one of his great tragedies and rated alongside 'Hamlet', 'King Lear' and 'Julius Caesar'. But how historically correct is it?
It is generally accepted that Shakespeare wrote the play sometime between 1604 and 1606, when there was a new king on the throne, King James I and VI of Scotland . Shakespeare would have gained approval for a Scottish play from the new King. Especially one with witches in it, for it was well known that the King was interested in witches, witchcraft and the supernatural (in 1597 James had written a book on spirits and witchcraft called 'Daemononlogie').
Shakespeare appears to deliberately mix fact and fiction in the play. Apparently using Holinshed's 'Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland' (1587) as his source, Shakespeare sets the battle between Duncan and MacBeth in 1040 at Birnam Hill in Perthshire, rather than near Elgin where it actually took place. In the play MacBeth dies at Dunsinane whereas in reality it was at Lumphanan where he was defeated and killed in 1057.
Shakespeare's play takes place over a year whereas in reality, MacBeth ruled for 17 years.
Charles Kean and his wife as Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, in costumes aiming to be historically accurate (1858)
As for the personalities of the two main characters, Duncan and MacBeth, again Shakespeare's portrayal is not historically correct. In the play Duncan is portrayed as a strong, wise and elderly king whereas in reality he was a young, weak and ineffective ruler. Shakespeare's Macbeth has virtually no legitimate claim to the throne whereas the real MacBeth had a respectable claim through his mother's side - indeed both MacBeth and his wife were descended from Kenneth MacAlpin. Shakespeare also gives MacBeth the title 'Thane of Glamis' but in fact Glamis was not known as a thanage in the 11th century.
In Shakespeare's play, MacBeth's friend Banquo is shown as a noble and loyal man, resisting evil, a contrast to the character of Macbeth. In Holinshed's 'Chronicles' however, Banquo is shown as exactly the opposite: he is an accomplice in MacBeth's murder of Duncan. The new king, James I and VI of Scotland, claimed ancestry from Banquo through the Stewart line of kings. To have shown Banquo as a murderer of kings would not have pleased James! Indeed there is debate as to whether or not Banquo actually existed at all in history.
All in all, the confusing mix of fact and fiction which runs through the play is bewildering.
However it has to be asked - who, outside of Scotland, would have heard of these two Scottish kings had it not been for Shakespeare and the 'Scottish Play'?
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In the movie 'The Longest Day' who played the part of General Norman Cota? | PNG Military Museum
World War II
At the outbreak of World War II, he was the G-2 Officer (Intelligence) and then G-3 Officer (Plans and Training) of the 1st Infantry Division, in which he served from March 1941 until June 1942. In June, he was promoted to the division's Chief of Staff, a role he held until February 1943. In February 1943, right after his involvement and success in The North African Invasion Operation Torch, under the command of Major General, Terry de la Mesa Allen, Sr., he proposed a report of an assault division on what would become part of Operation Husky, the allied invasion of Sicily. Having the leadership needed for the moment, he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General and was quickly sent to the United Kingdom where he served as the United States adviser to the Combined Operations Division of the European Theater of Operations. As an advisor, he helped to observe and supervise in the training of landing operations.
Preparing to invade France
As a major advisor in Operation Overlord, he was made Assistant Division commander of the 29th Infantry Division designated to land at Omaha Beach during the Battle of Normandy. During D-Day planning, he was opposed to daylight landings, believing pre-dawn landings would stand a better chance of success; he did not get his way.
Cota was not alone in his opposition to daylight landings. General Leonard T. Gerow, commander of the entire V Corps, and Admiral John L. Hall, Jr., commander of Amphibious Force "O" (the naval force responsible for delivery of the US 1st Infantry Division to the beach), both fought to change the Operation Overlord plan, pleading for a night time assault. In spite his suggestions, with time running out and bad weather conditions at the designated invasion sites, prompt the high command little choice.
A year before the invasion, at the Conference on Landing Assaults, Cota made his argument in favor of striving for tactical surprise:
. . . It is granted that strategical surprise will be impossible to attain. Tactical surprise is another thing however... . tactical surprise is one of the most powerful factors in determining success. I therefore, favor the night landing. I do not believe the daylight assault can succeed.
However, the high command concluded that naval and air bombardment would effectively neutralize (at least) or eradicate (at best) the enemy opposition. This reliance on technology, rather than maneuver and surprise, was a salient characteristic of the American approach to amphibious operations. By contrast the British historically had relied on surprise and flanking maneuver. The plan for Omaha, however, essentially called for hurling infantry directly into a prepared enemy position — a position that was enhanced by the concave shape of the beach (effectively promoting enemy crossfire into the "basin" of the concavity), by natural and man-made articles, by bad weather and other factors. The assumption was effectively that American technology would vitiate the need for surprise.
Most D-Day commanders assured their men that the Germans would be annihilated by the Allies' pre-invasion firepower, and that the defenders were in any case outnumbered, inexperienced and demoralized. All of these assessments were revoltingly inaccurate. On the afternoon of June 5 Cota gave one of the few accurate assessments to the soldiers of the 29th Infantry Division:
. . . The little discrepancies that we tried to correct [in the amphibious training center] are going to be magnified and are going to give way to incidents that you might at first view as chaotic. The air and naval bombardment and the artillery support are reassuring. But you're going to find confusion. The landing craft aren't going in on schedule and people are going to be landed in the wrong place. Some won't be landed at all. The enemy will [to some degree prevent] our gaining "lodgement." But we must improvise, carry on, not lose our heads.
While Cota had a far less sanguine view of the plan than did the higher command, even he underrated the extent of the near-catastrophe that awaited V Corps (commanded by General Gerow and composed of the 29th Infantry Division and the famous "Big Red One" 1st Infantry Division) on Omaha beach and the 4th Infantry Division on Utah beachhead.
Omaha Beach
Cota landed with a part of the 116th Infantry Regiment of the 29th Division, in the second wave, approximately one hour after H-Hour, on the Omaha sector known as Dog White. His boat (an LCVP) was under heavy machine gun fire as well as mortar and light artillery fire; three soldiers (including most likely at least one officer) were killed immediately upon leading the disembarkation.
Cota was one of the highest ranking officers on the beach that day. He is famous for personally directing the attack, motivating the shell-shocked, pinned-down survivors into action, and opening one of the first vehicle exits off the beach. Two famous quotes are attributed to him during this time.
In a meeting with Max Schneider, commander of the 5th Ranger Battalion, Cota asked “What outfit is this?” Someone yelled "5th Rangers!". To this, Cota replied “Well, goddamn it then, Rangers, lead the way!”. "Rangers lead the way" became the motto of the Rangers.
He is also quoted as saying to his troops, "Gentlemen, we are being killed on the beaches. Let us go inland and be killed." Interestingly, in The Longest Day, Cota renders the similar encouragement that was, as the evidence best suggests, actually delivered by Colonel George A. Taylor: "There are only two kinds of people who are staying on this beach: those who are already dead and those that are gonna'die. Now get off your butts, your the fight'in 29th.
Liberation of Paris
With the coast of Normandy eventually secured, the allied forces began to make momentum toward Paris, France. Cota would be given command of the 28th Infantry Division. It was during this time, that most main U.S. Army units, except the 28th. infantry division, were in the field of action. About to receive their field orders, at the last minute, Cota and the 28th Division were requested to march and represent the U.S. Army in the celebration of the liberation of the City of Paris. It was a shining moment for him and his division. Later that year, while on the field, he would be promoted to the rank of Major General.
Hurtgen Forest
As the commander of the 28th Infantry Division, Major General Cota was involved in the Battle of Hurtgen Forest. Gen. Cota's 28th. "Pennsylvania's Bloody Bucket" Division, sustained heavy losses. He and his men did all they could to slow or hold off the direct German assault.
During this battle it is documented that even Gen. Cota's Son, U.S. Army Air Corps Fighter Pilot, Leut.Col. Norman Cota, Jr. had provided some overhead army aircorps RECON assistance on behalf of his father's challenged and beleaguered division.
It has been first suggested by some historians, that military error of blame between him and the allied high command occurred regarding an incident of stolen intelligence equipment, thus underestimating the German assault plan on the battleline and towards his division, but decades later, Cota's then superior officer, General Omar Bradley said that the missing intelligence equipment in question was not the cause at all, later it was found undisturbed, safe and sound.
Court martial and execution of Slovik
He also reviewed and approved the death sentence handed down by a court martial on Eddie Slovik, the only U.S. soldier to be executed for desertion since the American Civil War. Cota is said to have approved the sentence because he was (moved and) appalled by the bluntness of Slovik's confession.
Post-war
Cota received the Distinguished Service Cross for his heroism on Omaha Beach. In 2004 a movement arose to have the Army reconsider upgrading Cota's decoration to the nation's highest award for bravery, the Medal of Honor. Both Gen. Cota and his high commanding officer, Dwight D. Eisenhower knew one another from early West Point Days while playing football. They would become and remain good friends with one another. Cota retired from the Army in 1946 at the official rank of Major General. He died in Wichita, Kansas, on October 4, 1971 and is buried in the post cemetery at the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York.
Courtship and marriage
He courted and later married first in 1919, Constance Martha Alexander in New York City, who was a writer-teacher and distant cousin to Eleanore Butler Alexander, the spouse of Theodore Roosevelt Jr.. Both Cota and Roosevelt were also distantly related and directly interacted with one another during WWII. He would marry second around 1964, Alice Weeks-McCutcheon.
Portrayals
The character of General Cota is played by the actor Robert Mitchum in the movie The Longest Day. Mitchum delivers the famous last line of the film, as Zanuck has Cota order a young soldier driving a jeep to "run me up that hill, son."
Actor Robert Ryan, who played in the movie "The Longest Day", would return in the movie "Battle of the Bulge". He (Cota) was under the fiction name of "General Grey." In the movie "Saving Private Ryan", though not officially mentioned, he is mistakenly portrayed by the actor Ted Danson, when he (Cota) appears to his company men during a German sniper incident, where he gives them advice and instructions. This idea/portion was 'borrowed' from "Citizen Soldier" by Stephen Ambrose, who served as film consultant for the film.
Medal of Honor consideration
Though he was given many medal commendations during his career in the U.S. Army, especially during his heroic involvement at "Omaha Beach" during D-Day, he was not given The Medal Of Honor. Over the years, many war historians, and former World War II veterans have thought otherwise. Recently, a petition was filed on behalf of various former veterans and friends to the U.S. Army to re-consider granting him that highest honor. At present, the granting upgrade posthumous, of The Medal of Honor for Major General Cota is "Pending", and under review.
PNG Military Museum © 2009
| Robert Mitchum |
What is the name of the professor in the board game Cluedo? | Major General Norman "Dutch" Cota - Actor-Performer, Robert Mitchum, Portrays General Cota in "The Longest Day".
Major General Norman "Dutch" Cota - Actor-Performer, Robert Mitchum, Portrays General Cota in "The Longest Day".
Started by Alfred "Ed Moch" Cota on Tuesday, August 19, 2014
Participants:
Alfred "Ed Moch" Cota
8/19/2014 at 7:57 AM
For any actor or performer, portraying an actual person ca be an acting challenge. It can be a golden moment or a bust, depending on what you know of the character. In the epic movie classic, "The Longest Day", based on the book from, Cornealius Ryan, the depiction of General Cota Sr., was a challenge for the book and the movie too. Having both a noted Family Military and Show Business tree, you would think, he would of grasped to assist or consult about his real involvement in World War II... he chose to remain out of the limelight. In so doing... it did make it difficult for his character to be fully portrayed, but it was just the same.
Originally.. the part of General Cota Sr., was to be played by Actor-Performer, Henry Fonda... which turned out to be a distant cousin, but due to a Major Shakeup at Twentieth Century Fox Studios and the over-budgeting and delays of the movie, "Cleopatra", the epic war movie was re-cast and made into an All Star Cast and Cameo of old and new actors and performers.
In spite the fact of Fonda, being A Distant Cousin, he was re-cast to portray, General Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (III). I would find that Mr. Fonda was also a much Closer Cousin to General Roosevelt, which in my opinion, seemed fine with me. With the re-cast of Robert Mitchum, being A Distant Cousin also... I thought in both Hollywood looks and a resemblance to General Cota, this seemed to work out well also.
Edward Moch (aka: Ajfred Cota)
Actor-Director
Though I never met Robert Mitchum... I do run and keep in touch at times with some members of "The Mitchum Family".
| i don't know |
In golf, how many strokes are played on a par five hole to achieve an 'eagle'? | What Do Birdies, Bogeys and Pars Mean in Golf?
By Brent Kelley
Updated July 24, 2016.
So you're new to the game of golf and you keep hearing references to birdies and bogeys , eagles and pars . What are those things, anyway? What do those golf scoring terms mean?
Glad you asked. They are terms that describe different types of scores on an individual golf hole .
Start With Par, Go From There
Start with par, because all golf scoring terms are defined in relation to par. "Par" refers to the number of strokes an expert golfer is expected to need to complete the play of one hole on a golf course .
Golf holes of different lengths will require more or fewer strokes by a golfer. And regardless of length, the par number of a hole always allows for two putts. So a 150-yard hole is one on which the expert is expected to hit the green with his tee shot , take two putts , and, therefore, require three strokes to finish that hole. Such a hole is therefore called a par-3 .
A very good golfer - or a very lucky golfer - might complete a hole in fewer strokes than the par.
continue reading below our video
Golf Scoring Terms
And of course, most of us aren't "experts" at golf, and so on most holes we'll need more strokes than the par.
That's where those other terms - birdies, eagles, bogeys, et.al. - come into play. They describe a golfer's performance on a hole in relation to the hole's par:
A birdie is 1-under par
A bogey is 1-over par
An eagle is 2-under par
A triple bogey is 3-over par
Given that a par-5 hole is the highest par most golfers will ever see, there is a limit to how far under par a golfer can go. But a hole-in-one - knocking the ball in the hole with your first shot - is also called an "ace." ( On a par-5 hole, making an ace means a golfer is 4-under on that hole and, yes, golfers have a term for that, too: condor.)
Scores over par can keep going up, and you just keep adding to the prefix, as in quadruple bogey , quintuple bogey, and so on. Here's hoping that's knowledge you'll never need.
The Actual Number of Strokes That Result in These Golf Scores
Here's what these most-common golf scoring terms mean for holes with pars of 5, 4 and 3, in the actual number of strokes:
| David's Mighty Warriors |
In what card game would you see Stamen, Blackwood and Gerber? | Stableford Golf Game Explained
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Stableford
Each month we will try to bring to you straightforward examples of popular - and not so popular - games on the course; games that will make your rounds more challenging and fun to play. In this next installment of Game of the Month, we'll tackle a classic game: 'Stableford.'
Stableford isn't played very often anymore (like knickers, some feel it should remain in the nineteenth century), but in a sport where people trek across the Atlantic to see 'the old course,' a game of Stableford may bring a bit of classic excitement to your round.
In Stableford, you play against everyone else in your foursome (or if you have multiple foursomes, everyone else who is playing that day). The game is based on a point system, where the points you earn are determined by your score on the hole. Every point is worth a set monetary amount (some people play 10 cents, some people play ten dollars) that is decided in advance of the game. How many points is a hole worth? Over time, variations on the game have arisen, and so we list three below:
Stableford Variants
0 Points
hole are doubled)*
*Before you tee off, each golfer declares two joker holes - one on the front nine and one on the back nine.
Since most people have a hard time shooting double eagles and eagles, golfers often play Stableford (especially classic Stableford) using their full handicaps.
Using your Handicap
Once you have a handicap, you can use it to play Stableford (or any other 'hole by hole' type of game) to make the game between friends of different skill levels more competitive and fun. On every course scorecard, you will see a line called 'HDCP.' HDCP stands for Handicap, and rates the difficulty of each hole (1 being the hardest, 18 the easiest).
For most games (e.g. Match & Medal), you give the difference in handicaps as strokes. For example, if two friends with handicaps of 10 and 22 play a match, then the less skillful player will receive 12 strokes - one on each of the twelve hardest holes (as defined by the HDCP row). If the difference between players is 20 strokes, the less skillful player would receive 2 strokes on 2 holes, and 1 stroke on 16 holes. If you play a game with more than two golfers, then everyone plays off the lowest handicap golfer. Once you subtract the strokes given to you, the result is a 'net score' that takes into account your handicaps.
However there are a few games, such as Stableford, where players may choose to use their full handicaps. In the example above, the golfer with a 10 handicap would receive a stroke on each of the ten hardest holes, while the golfer with a 22 handicap would receive 2 strokes on the 4 hardest holes and 1 stroke on the remaining 14. In a game like Stableford this allows them to calculate the appropriate number of points earned on each hole.
In Stableford, the golfer at the end of 18 holes who has the most points is declared the winner. The other players pay the winner the difference between their points multiplied by the value of each point (decided upon ahead of time). Some golfers like to add pressure to the match by requiring third place to pay both second (the difference between the point totals for third and second multiplied by the point value) and first, and for fourth place to pay the other three players. This type of Stableford can quickly become very expensive!
In the example below we display a simplified Classic Stableford game between two players. Note that both golfers are using their full handicaps (Jack takes a stroke on the hardest 13 holes and Tom takes 25 strokes):
The red numbers on the scorecard indicate cumulative point totals for each player. For example, on the 4th hole Jack shoots a bogey. But because it is the 11th hardest hole on the course he receives a stroke, giving him a net par (worth 0 points) and keeping his point total static at -2. After 18, Tom wins the match by 10 points. If the twosome were playing for $1 a point, Jack would owe Tom $10.
Next time you play golf, try a game of Stableford - a classic game for a classic golfer.
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What breed was John Steinbeck's dog Charley? | John Steinbeck's Poodle, Charley - America Comes Alive
World War II
Welcome to America Comes Alive!, a site I created to share little-known stories of America's past. These stories are about Americans - people just like you - who have made a difference and changed the course of history. Look around the site and find what inspires you. Kate Kelly
John Steinbeck’s Poodle, Charley
By 1960 John Steinbeck (1902-1968) had achieved both fame and fortune. He and his third wife, Elaine, split their time primarily in New York City and Sag Harbor, and most of their trips were
to Europe.
Because Steinbeck had been ill the previous year, he began to re-consider how he wanted to spend the next few years. He decided he wanted to re-acquaint himself with his own country, and he planned to take several months to go on his own, criss-crossing the country “in search of America.” He took with him his ten-year-old standard poodle, Charley. The book that resulted was Travels with Charley: In Search of America.
Charley was an eager traveler and loved road trips. At a time when camper trucks were a bit unusual, Steinbeck decided this was the ideal way for him to travel so he commissioned a specially-built truck that he then proceeded to outfit with necessary equipment and supplies. During the planning and packing, Steinbeck writes that Charley was in a state of mild hysteria, worrying that perhaps he wasn’t on the passenger manifest.
“During the weeks of preparation he was underfoot the whole time and made a damned nuisance of himself. He took to hiding in the truck, creeping in and trying to make himself look small.”
Of course, Charley was part of the plan all along. Steinbeck wanted him along, and Elaine felt that it was better that her husband have some type of companion along rather than traveling solo. Elaine planned to meet up with them at a couple of stops along the way.
Travels with Charley: In Search of America
Rocinante
Before they departed, Steinbeck christened the truck “Rocinante,” after Don Quixote’s trusty horse. Charley rode shotgun in the truck, and his method for alerting Steinbeck that it was time for a rest stop was a “Ftt” sound that was generally effective. The two would stop and Charley would find an unsuspecting bush or tree to anoint, and Steinbeck would poke around a bit to see if anyone or anything interested him.
While Charley is an ever-present companion, he does not participate in many activities that are described in the book. One passage in the book, however, is priceless for dog owners: Steinbeck’s description of how Charley wakes him in the morning.
“Charley likes to get up early, and he likes me to get up early, too. And why shouldn’t he? Right after his breakfast he goes back to sleep. Over the years he has developed a number of innocent-appearing ways to get me up. He can shake himself and his collar loud enough to wake the dead. If that doesn’t work he gets a sneezing fit. But perhaps his most irritating method is to sit quietly beside the bed and stare into my face with a sweet and forgiving look on his face; I come out of deep sleep with the feeling of being looked at. But I have learned to keep my eyes tight shut. If I even blink he sneezes and stretches, and that night’s sleep is over for me. Often the war of wills goes on for quite a time, I squinching my eyes shut and he forgiving me, but he nearly always wins. He likes traveling so much he wanted to get started early, and early for Charley is the first tempering of darkness with the dawn.”
Though Charley suffered two bouts of prostatitis that required vet care and a pause in the journey, Steinbeck makes it clear that Charley is an asset. When Steinbeck does get a conversation going it often begins with the dog.
Most Memorable Trip Scene
The most memorable and historic moments described in Travel with Charley occur near the end of the trip when Steinbeck visited New Orleans. He is there when protesters (white parents who became known as the Cheerleaders) showed up daily to shout their disapproval of school integration. Four African-American girls, including Ruby Bridges, were escorted to school by federal marshals, amidst taunting of racial epithets and physical effort to interfere. The crowd stayed around to shout just as many invectives at the white children who arrived intending to
attend an integrated school. The scene is a reminder of our country’s continued struggle with race issues.
From New Orleans, Steinbeck and Charley turn north and are glad to return to New York and home. There is no afterward that explains Charley in retirement, but we can rest assured that he was an able companion on the trip and lived out the rest of his years with the Steinbecks.
The Book Today
Reading the book today is a disappointment. While there is some interesting commentary on our country and a few apt descriptions, of places he visited or things he saw, much of it is Steinbeck’s ruminations during his travel. The time spent with the book often feels like listening to the complaints of a crotchety old uncle. Much of the time Steinbeck has difficulty getting people to talk to him… something I absolutely don’t understand. If you look pleasant and interested, most Americans will be happy to tell you some of their story.
While Steinbeck’s early work was a gift to America for enlightening us to the plight of those caught up in the Depression, and his novels contained characters readers will never forget, he had clearly gone through some sort of a change—perhaps health-related or perhaps great affected by the blacklisting era that affected many of his friends; he was not blacklisted but was a constant target of the IRS.
At any rate, something put him in a different state of mind during these later years. That said, the parts involving Charley are still everything a dog owner would want.
| Poodle |
The male of what species explodes his internal genitalia on mating - then dies? | John Steinbeck | The Bark
John Steinbeck
Barnaby Conrad
I treasure the last time I saw John Steinbeck. We met for lunch in San Francisco while he was on the final lap of driving his camper around the United States, the basis of his best-selling book Travels with Charley. We were at Enrico’s sidewalk care, and Charley, the big Poodle, sat obediently in a corner near our table. With us was Howard Gossage, the innovative advertising man who, among other things, had given the world the current rage, Beethoven sweatshirts. Oh, to have had a tape recorder and been able to catch the sound as well as the words on the following dialogue, because John growled out his sentences in ursine grunts while Howard’s congenital stammer heightened rather than hampered his wit.
“Look at that dog over there,” said John. “Yesterday in the great redwoods of Muir Woods he lifted his log on a tree that was twenty feet across, three hundred feet high and a thousand years old. Howard, Howard! What’s left in life for that poor dog?”
Howard thought of the terrible dilemma for a moment and then said, “Well, J-J-John, he could always t-t-teach!”
Nobel prize-winner John Steinbeck had a great affinity for domestic animals, as can be seen in many of his novels and short stories, but nowhere is his love and understanding of dogs more apparent than in his picaresque and picturesque Travels with Charley. I recently re-read the book and was dazzled by it and fascinated by the eponymous dog, Charley.
Early in the 1960s, Steinbeck, who had left California and was living on Long Island, New York, was feeling restless, with a growing and insistent urge to renew his acquaintance with America—all of America. Accordingly, he bough a small, one-man camper truck, which he christened Rocinante, after Don Quixote’s horse. He outfitted it for a long and serious hegira that would last for sixteen weeks and result in a classic literary work. At first he was going to do it all alone, but then he asked his wife if he could take along their beloved big Poodle for companionship.
“That’s a good idea,” she said. “If you get into trouble, Charley can go for help.”
“Elaine,” John answered sternly, “Charley isn’t Lassie?”
But John, at the age of 58, was somewhat worried about traveling alone off the beaten path, and he was delighted that his dog would be with him. Tough gentle in disposition, Charley was, according to Steinbeck, “a good watch dog—has a roar like a lion, designed to conceal from night-wandering strangers the fact that he couldn’t bite his way out of a cornet de papier.”
Day by day as Steinbeck prepared his camper for the long swing around America, Charley grew more excited—and more worried about being left behind; like so many watchful canine companions, he could read the signs of departure, “long before the suitcases come out.” But this time Charley would not be left behind. Finally they set out, Charley sitting in the front seat, his head almost as high as the six-foot Steinbeck.
For the next sixteen weeks the pair would travel around the United States, eating and sleeping together in the little camper, Steinbeck recording his impression of the places and people he encountered. Charley loved the traveling and would take a great interest in the scenery as well as the people and animals they encountered.
There are so many wonderful happenings in this delightful odyssey. I had not read the book in thirty years, and I was amazed at how informative, fresh, funny and often profound it is. I was sorry when Rocinante finally came to the end of its voyage of discovery, but in reading I learned a great deal about America, as well as John Steinbeck. And perhaps best of all, I came to know and love a remarkable Poodle.
| i don't know |
Which country has the northernmost point of Africa? | Ras ben Sakka, the northernmost point of Africa in Morocco - Virtual Globetrotting
Virtual Globetrotting
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Anonymous
@ 2007-04-03 07:47:23
rogerbruton
@ 2012-05-21 02:37:51
I think someone has just not checked this!!! It's pointing to the wrong country!!! But Cap Blanc is **NOT** the most northerly point - it is Ras Ben Sakka in TUNISIA!!!!
| Tunisia |
Born Erik Weisz in Budapest Hungary. By what name did he become famous? | Tunisia Profile - Geography, Demographics, Culture
Population: 10,589,025 (July 2010 estimate)
Capital: Tunis
Bordering Countries: Algeria and Libya
Land Area: 63,170 square miles (163,610 sq km)
Coastline: 713 miles (1,148 km)
Highest Point: Jebel ech Chambi at 5,065 feet (1,544 m)
Lowest Point: Shatt al Gharsah at -55 feet (-17 m)
Tunisia is a country located in northern Africa along the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Algeria and Libya and it is considered the northernmost country of Africa. Tunisia has a long history that dates back to ancient times. Today it has strong relations with the European Union as well as the Arab world and its economy is largely based on exports.
Tunisia has recently been in the news due to increasing political and social upheaval . In early 2011, its government collapsed when its president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali was overthrown. Violent protests ensued and most recently officials were working to regain peace in the country. Tunisians revolted in favor of a democratic government.
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What are the Seven Wonders of the World
History of Tunisia
It is believed that Tunisia was first settled by the Phoenicians in the 12th century B.C.E. After that, by the 5th century B.C.E., the city-state of Carthage dominated the region that is Tunisia today as well as much of the Mediterranean region. In 146 B.C.E., the Mediterranean region was taken over by Rome and Tunisia remained a part of the Roman Empire until it fell in the 5th century C.E.
Following the end of the Roman Empire, Tunisia was invaded by several European powers but in the 7th century, Muslims took over the region. At that time, there was a large amount of migration from the Arab and Ottoman worlds, according to the United States Department of State and by the 15th century, Spanish Muslims as well as Jewish people began migrating to Tunisia.
In the early 1570s, Tunisia was made a part of the Ottoman Empire and it remained as such until the 1881 when it became occupied by France and was made a French protectorate. Tunisia was then controlled by France until 1956 when it became an independent nation.
After gaining its independence, Tunisia remained closely connected to France economically and politically and it developed strong ties with western nations, including the United States . This led to some political instability in the 1970s and 1980s. In the late 1990s though, Tunisia's economy began to improve, although it was under authoritarian rule that led to severe unrest in late 2010 and early 2011 and the eventual overthrow of its government.
Government of Tunisia
Today Tunisia is considered a republic and it was goverend as such since 1987 by its president, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali . President Ben Ali was overthrown in early 2011 however and the country is working to restructure its government. Tunisia has a bicameral legislative branch that is comprised of the Chamber of Advisors and the Chamber of Deputies. Tunisia's judicial branch is made up of the Court of Cassation. The country is divided into 24 governorates for local administration.
Economics and Land Use of Tunisia
Tunisia has a growing, diverse economy that is focused on agriculture, mining, tourism and manufacturing. The main industries in the country are petroleum, the mining of phosphate and iron ore, textiles, footwear, agribusiness and beverage. Because tourism is also a large industry in Tunisia, the service sector is also large. The main agricultural products of Tunisia are olives and olive oil, grain, tomatoes, citrus fruit, sugar beets, dates, almonds, beef and dairy products.
Geography and Climate of Tunisia
Tunisia is located in northern Africa along the Mediterranean Sea. It is a relatively small African nation as it covers an area of just 63,170 square miles (163,610 sq km). Tunisia is located between Algeria and Libya and it has a varied topography. In the north, Tunisia is mountainous, while the central part of the country features a dry plain. The southern part of Tunisia is semiarid and becomes arid desert closer to the Sahara Desert . Tunisia also has a fertile coastal plain called the Sahel along its eastern Mediterranean coast. This area is famous for its olives.
The highest point in Tunisia is Jebel ech Chambi at 5,065 feet (1,544 m) and it is located in the northern part of the country near the town Kasserine. Tunisia's lowest point is Shatt al Gharsah at -55 feet (-17 m). This area is in the central part of Tunisia near its border with Algeria.
The climate of Tunisia varies with location but the north is mainly temperate and it has mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers. In the south, the climate is hot, arid desert. Tunisia's capital and largest city, Tunis, is located along the Mediterranean coast and it has an average January low temperature of 43˚F (6˚C) and an average August high temperature of 91˚F (33˚C). Because of the hot desert climate in southern Tunisia, there are very few large cities in that region of the country.
To learn more about Tunisia, visit the Tunisia page in the Geography and Maps section on this website.
References
Central Intelligence Agency. (3 January 2011). CIA - the World Factbook - Tunisia. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ts.html
Infoplease.com. (n.d.). Tunisia: History, Geography, Government, and Culture - Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108050.html
United States Department of State. (13 October 2010). Tunisia. Retrieved from: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5439.htm
Wikipedia.org. (11 January 2011). Tunisia - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia
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In the novel 'Call of the Wild' by Jack London, what was the dogs name? | SparkNotes: The Call of the Wild: Character List
The Call of the Wild
Jack London
Plot Overview
Analysis of Major Characters
Buck - A powerful dog, half St. Bernard and half sheepdog, who is stolen from a California estate and sold as a sled dog in the Arctic. Buck gradually evolves from a pampered pet into a fierce, masterful animal, able to hold his own in the cruel, kill-or-be-killed world of the North. Though he loves his final master, John Thornton, he feels the wild calling him away from civilization and longs to reconnect with the primitive roots of his species.
Read an in-depth analysis of Buck.
John Thornton - Buck’s final master, a gold hunter experienced in the ways of the Klondike. Thornton saves Buck from death at the hands of Hal, and Buck rewards Thornton with fierce loyalty. Thornton’s relationship to Buck is the ideal man-dog relationship: each guards the other’s back and is completely devoted to the other. The strength of their bond is enough to keep Buck from acting on the forces he feels are calling him into the wild.
Read an in-depth analysis of John Thornton.
Spitz - Buck’s archrival and the original leader of Francois’s dog team. Spitz is a fierce animal—a “devil-dog,” one man calls him—who is used to fighting with other dogs and winning. He meets his match in Buck, however, who is as strong as Spitz and possesses more cunning. Spitz is an amoral being who fights for survival with all of his might, disregarding what is right and wrong.
Francois - A French Canadian mail driver who buys Buck and adds him to his team. Francois is an experienced man, accustomed to life in the North, and he impresses Buck with his fairness and good sense.
Perrault - A French Canadian who, together with Francois, turns Buck into a sled dog for the Canadian government. Both Perrault and Francois speak in heavily accented English, which London distinguishes from the rest of the novel’s dialogue.
Hal - An American gold seeker, Hal comes to Canada with his sister, Mercedes, and her husband, Charles, in search of adventure and riches. The three buy Buck and his team and try to drive them, but their inexperience makes them terrible masters, as they run out of food during the journey and bicker among themselves. Hal and his companions are meant to represent the weakness of overcivilized men and to embody the man-dog relationship at its worst.
Read an in-depth analysis of Hal.
Mercedes - Charles’s wife and Hal’s sister. Mercedes is spoiled and pampered, and her unreasonable demands slow her, Hal, and Charles on their journey and contribute to its disastrous ending. Her civilized manner, however, contrasts that of her unprepared brother and husband in that she initially feels sympathetic for the worn-out sled team. Her behavior, London suggests, demonstrates how civilized women are unsuited for life in the wild, having been spoiled and babied by the men around them.
| Buck |
In what HG Wells book did we meet the Eoli and the Morlocks? | Call of the Wild Characters | GradeSaver
Another member of the team, Billie's brother. Unlike Billie, Joe is always snarling and defensive.
Pike
Another member of the team, often referred to as "the malingerer." He rarely gets up on time, and he will steal food and generally undermine the expedition. When Buck becomes leader, he forces Pike to shape up and become a helpful member of the team.
Dub
Another member of the team. He is an awkward blunderer who gets blamed for Buck's thievery.
Dolly
Another member of the team, Dolly goes mad after being bitten by wild huskies, tries to attack Buck, and is killed by Francois.
Skeet
A motherly Irish setter who belongs to John Thornton. She nurses Buck through his recovery and engages him in play.
Nig
A huge black dog who belongs to John Thornton. He has laughing eyes and a good nature.
Lone wolf
The "wild brother" that Buck meets in the forest. He understands Buck's wild nature.
Judge Miller
Buck's original owner. He is presumably a sedate and prosperous man with a large family.
Manuel
The gardener's helper on Judge Miller's estate. He kidnaps and sells Buck to fund his gambling habit.
Red sweater
Also known as the man with the club. He metes out discipline to all dogs that will be sold for sledding. Ruthless in his repeated beatings of unruly creatures such as Buck, he maintains composure and control. He does not beat out of cruelty, it seems. Rather, he looks to teach these dogs the lessons that will allow them to survive in this harsh environment. Buck never forgets the law of the club.
Francois
A Canadian Frenchman, the original dogsled driver. He is knowledgeable and understanding of his dogs, but still very strict.
Perrault
Francois's superior and an agent of the Canadian government. He is admired by Buck for his fearlessness in blazing their trail, disregarding the threat of ice that might break.
Hal
A young man of nineteen or twenty who purchases Buck and his team once they have used up their usefulness to the government. He has ambitions to find gold, but his incompetence and laziness are out of place in the harsh environment. He has no understanding of the dogs, and mistreats them terribly.
Charles
Hal's brother-in-law, a weak figure who does not say much. He basically follows Hal around and does what he is told.
Mercedes
Sister of Hal, wife of Charles. She is exceedingly self-centered, and spends most of her time crying and complaining.
John Thornton
The man who rescues Buck from Hal's cruelty. He is by far the most admirable human character in the story, kind but full of the uncompromising strength that is necessary to survive on the trail. John is the ideal master because his nature is so dog-like.
Pete
One of John Thornton's partners.
Hans
One of John Thornton's partners.
"Black" Burton
A notorious troublemaker, he picks a fight in a bar and John Thornton steps in.
Matthewson
The man who bets John that Buck cannot pull a ton of weight.
Jim O'Brien
The man who loans John the money to make the bet against Matthewson.
Yeehats
The group of Valley Indians that raids the camp of John Thornton and his companions and kills them. They are terrorized when Buck returns and kills most of them. From then on they speak of a dog inhabited by the devil that roams the forest.
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Charles Bingley was a character in what classic Jane Austen novel? | Charles Bingley | The Jane Austen Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
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Bingley and his sisters hail originally from the north of England [1] , but they probably spend most of their time in London since there is still one sister to marry off. Bingley inherited £100,000 from his father, who had wished to purchase an estate [2] .
Move to Netherfield
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Bingley decided to rent Netherfield Park , an estate located in Hertfordshire near Longbourn , Lucas Lodge , and the town of Meryton . He had £5,000 a year, a huge sum. This made him an attractive marriage prospect for the Bennet girls, as proclaimed by Mrs. Bennet [1] , who had the news from Mrs. Long . Bingley was immediate called upon by members of the village who were most interested in marrying off daughters, like Mr. Bennet and Sir William Lucas [3] . Mr. Bingley brought his two sisters and brother-in-law to Netherfield, and was also joined by Mr. Darcy , his close friend.
Bingley first made acquaintance with the Bennet sisters during a public ball at Meryton, and he was very taken with Jane. Bingley was rather aghast at the aloofness of his friend Mr. Darcy, and how he would refuse to dance with anyone but Bingley's sisters, Caroline and Louisa [4] .
He was pleased with his neighbors, and he said he never met pleasanter people or prettier women in his life, and that there was a promising lack of stiffness and snobbery [2] . This is in direct contrast to Mr. Darcy, however, who saw a collection of people in whom there was little beauty, and no fashion. Both Miss Bingley and Mrs. Hurst agreed with him, but thought Jane a sweet girl, thinking nothing of it. Mr. Bingley saw this as encouragement and a commendation [2] .
Anna Chancellor, Crispin Bonham-Carter, and Lucy Robinson as Miss Bingley, Mr. Bingley, and Mrs. Hurst in the 1995 mini-series
Jane's Sickness
When Jane caught cold due to riding through the rain for a visit with his sisters, Mr. Bingley generously gave her a room. He was very anxious about her health, and Elizabeth thought more of him for it [5] .
Departure from Netherfield
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Mr. Bingley had been fostering a tendresse' for Miss Bennet. His sisters, horrified at the thought of being connected to the Bennet family by marriage, convinced him to leave Hertfordshire. He had every intention of returning [6] , but Mr. Darcy did everything he could to dissuade his friend from such an engagement. He concealed information about Jane being in London. Mostly, Mr. Darcy did it because he believed Jane to be indifferent [6] .
Notes and references
| Pride and Prejudice |
15Â Which city is the setting for Shakespeare's (comedy) play 'Measure for Measure'? | Character profile for Fitzwilliam Darcy from Pride and Prejudice (page 1)
[close] Mr. Darcy
Mr. Darcy is a wealthy gentleman with an income of at least 10,000 a year,[2] and the proprietor of Pemberley, a large estate in Derbyshire, England. Darcy slights Elizabeth Bennet at their first meeting, but then is attracted to her, and later begins to court her (in his own way) while struggling against his continued feelings of superiority. Ironically, when Darcy realizes his friend Bingley is seriously courting Elizabeth's elder sister Jane, he disapproves, and subtly persuades Bingley that Jane does not return his feelings. He later explains this seeming hypocrisy by asserting "I was kinder to [Mr.Bingley] than to myself". Oblivious to him, Darcy's interference in Bingley and Jane's budding relationship has caused Elizabeth to dislike him intensely.
It is when she defiantly rejects his proposal of marriage that Darcy is awakened; he is stunned, and shocked into a new reality of how his behaviour is perceived by others, particularly Elizabeth. Now he reconsiders all, and then commit …more
[close] Mr. Darcy is a wealthy gentleman with an income of at least £10,000 a year,[2] and the proprietor of Pemberley, a large estate in Derbyshire, England. Darcy slights Elizabeth Bennet at their first meeting, but then is attracted to her, and later begins to court her (in his own way) while struggling against his continued feelings of superiority. Ironically, when Darcy realizes his friend Bingley is seriously courting Elizabeth's elder sister Jane, he disapproves, and subtly persuades Bingley that Jane does not return his feelings. He later explains this seeming hypocrisy by asserting "I was kinder to [Mr.Bingley] than to myself". Oblivious to him, Darcy's interference in Bingley and Jane's budding relationship has caused Elizabeth to dislike him intensely.
It is when she defiantly rejects his proposal of marriage that Darcy is awakened; he is stunned, and shocked into a new reality of how his behaviour is perceived by others, particularly Elizabeth. Now he reconsiders all, and then commits to go out of his way to demonstrate his respect and devotion for her. He tempers his pride, re-evaluates his feelings on the relationship between Bingley and Jane, and acts to save Elizabeth's youngest sister Lydia from disgrace at the hands of his bitter enemy, George Wickham: after these two have run away together, Darcy convinces him to marry her. His rescue of Lydia from disgrace was not done to win Elizabeth but to ease her distress, because he attempts to keep her from knowing about it. He does it in spite of being required to deal not only with George Wickham, but with a former companion to his sister who betrayed her trust. The novel suggests that it may have cost him a year's income. (This contrasts sharply with a situation in Jane Austen's Mansfield Park, where Mr. Crawford proposes to Fanny Price immediately after doing a favour for her that cost him very little.) Darcy's second proposal to Elizabeth, against the express wishes of his aunt, Lady Catherine, completes the novel's climax; she accepts him, much to the delight of her mother, and the novel concludes with her becoming Mrs. Darcy.
Darcy is depicted within the novel as a seemingly cold and aloof man with a large sense of personal pride that frequently expresses itself as arrogance. His apparently distant manner and contempt for those around him earns the disdain of both Elizabeth and many of the other characters over the course of the narrative, particularly in light of the claims of George Wickham, who insists that Darcy has wronged him in the past and who, because of his approachable and charming nature, is automatically given the benefit of the doubt over Darcy. It is eventually revealed, however, that these first impressions are erroneous, as Darcy's seemingly arrogant character masks a sincerely generous and upright nature, and that it was in fact he who was wronged by Wickham, whose own character is revealed to be untrustworthy and duplicitous. Even such matters as his interference in the relationship between Jane and Bingley are presented and re-interpreted as being motivated by genuine concern for the feelings of his friend rather than out of malicious intent.
edit descriptions of this character
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Vodka, Galliano and orange juice make up which cocktail? | Italian
© Carey Jones
If you have any Galliano, the sweet, herbal Italian liqueur, lurking in your liquor cabinet, you'll know. Because there's no way this tall, skinny bottle and its Day-Glo yellow contents can ever get lost. Wildly popular back in the '70s (yes, we know that's hardly an endorsement), Galliano has graced plenty of sub-par cocktails, but today's talented bartenders have started to redeem its reputation.
Made from neutral alcohol steeped with a wide range of herbs and spices (juniper, anise, vanilla, and getting more obscure from there), Galliano has a distinctive vanilla sweetness that sets it apart from other herbal liqueurs, so when you're mixing with it, no simple syrup or other sweeteners are required. It's also full-throttle, at 42.5% ABV, a nudge higher than your standard spirit. It’s boozy like Sambuca, rather than gentler like an amaro.
Easy: Galliano and Root Beer
When we take a sniff of Galliano, the herbal-earthy-vanilla aroma has us thinking one thing: root beer. So if you're going for a simple mixer, try it out; the Galliano slides in seamlessly, just intensifying all those root beer flavors we already love.
Instructions: Add an ounce and a half of Galliano to a tall glass with ice. Fill with four ounces of root beer (we like IBC). Garnish with a lemon wheel.
Intermediate: Galliano Old-Fashioned
Clocking in at over 40% alcohol, Galliano is as boozy as a spirit, which is why we envisioned it in the most classic of cocktails: the Old Fashioned. Since its herbal sweetness would be a little overwhelming on its own, we're pairing it with equal parts bourbon, which works nicely with Galliano's vanilla flavors while smoothing out its edges somewhat. Since Galliano is on the sweeter side, no sugar is necessary—but don't leave out the bitters, they're key to such a simple cocktail.
Instructions: In a mixing glass with ice, combine an ounce of bourbon, an ounce of Galliano, 2 dashes of orange bitters and 2 dashes of Angostura. Give that a good, long stir, then strain into a rocks glass with fresh ice. Garnish with an orange and a lemon peel, twisting them on top of the glass to release their oils on the top.
Advanced: Harvey Wallbanger
The Harvey Wallbanger may win an award for the best-worst cocktail name in history. But it's a Galliano classic (inasmuch as any cocktail from the '70s is classic). Use good orange juice here—fresh-squeezed, if you can. Orange is the dominant flavor, with the Galliano sneaking around the edges and the result is something like an herbaceous Creamsicle.
Instructions: In a cocktail shaker with ice, combine an ounce and a half of vodka, half an ounce of Galliano, and two ounces of orange juice. Dash in some orange bitters. Shake all that up and strain into a coupe glass. Garnish with an orange wedge and/or brandied cherries.
NOTE: You can also just stir together all ingredients in a tall glass with ice, no shaker required; we just like the elegance of this cocktail glass, and if you're going to serve it sans-ice, it needs an icy shake first.
| Harvey Wallbanger |
Sildenafil citrate is better known by what name? | Harvey Wallbanger - Mix That Drink
Mix That Drink
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Harvey Wallbanger
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If you grew up in the ’70s/’80s, the first you heard of a Harvey Wallbanger may have been as a pun on a sitcom. This cocktail was in vogue for a while in the ’70s, but it faded into obscurity after that.
It’s basically a screwdriver with Galliano, a liqueur which tastes mainly like vanilla with anise, but also has citrus and other herbal notes – a very complicated flavor. It’s definitely something you have to try before you’ll know if you like it, so if you’ve never had Galliano, you may want to order a Harvey Wallbanger at a bar before buying the Galliano to make it at home.
Legend has it this drink was named for a Manhattan Beach surfer named Harvey who loved it to much, he got drunk on it all the time and ran into walls.
Recipe
1/2 ounce Galliano
4 ounces Orange Juice
Fill a frosty highball glass with ice, then pour the vodka and orange juice over it, then float the Galliano on top.
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Who stars as Princess Diana in the 2013 film Diana? | Diana (2013) - IMDb
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During the last two years of her life, Princess Diana embarks on a final rite of passage: a secret love affair with Pakistani heart surgeon Hasnat Khan.
Director:
Stephen Jeffreys , Kate Snell (inspired by the book 'Diana Her Last Love' by)
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Storyline
During the last two years of her life, Princess Diana embarks on a final rite of passage: a secret love affair with Pakistani heart surgeon Hasnat Khan.
The legend is never the whole story See more »
Genres:
Rated PG-13 for brief strong language, some sensuality and smoking | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
20 September 2013 (UK) See more »
Also Known As:
Caught in Flight See more »
Filming Locations:
$67,754 (USA) (1 November 2013)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
Naomi Watts wore some of Diana's actual clothing and also donned a a prosthetic nose, according to Vanity Fair. See more »
Goofs
When Diana is alone playing Beethoven's "Moonlight Sonata", the notes she is playing do not match the pitches we are hearing, and one of the bars contains 5 beats, not the usual 4. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
Reporter: It is not the horror of landmines that is making the headlines back home, but reports of the Princess's romance with Dodi Fayed. Speculation fueled by the arrival last night of a car similar to that owned by the Princess.
(Finland) – See all my reviews
I went to see this movie almost without any expectations. Granted, in my mind, Naomi Watts's performance in "Mulholland Dr." was exceptional, but that was over ten years ago, so I made a deliberate effort not to compare the roles. I had not seen any reviews and did not know anything about the movie, except its title character. I knew the main outlines of Diana's life and had seen some of her interviews, although I was more familiar with her death. Thus I had no opinion of Diana herself, except that I had heard a little of her famous charity work. With these things in mind I went to the theater. To me the movie was excellent. The atmosphere was enchanting and at times haunting. Watts played Diana like a shape shifter, matching her every move when the character presented herself to the media, while breaking her facade in private. She portrayed tons of difficult emotion that had to convey an aristocratic filter created by the character's upbringing. Diana's life was presented as a complex mixture of personal and public, feelings and constraints, that lead to her being slowly crushed by the outside pressures she could not control. The movie's purpose was obviously apolitical and tried to convey Diana's driving force that was interpreted in the movie as love. It succeeded in this very convincingly. The credit for this goes not only to Watts, but also the director Oliver Hirschbiegel (who, I now notice, directed "Der Untergang", an exceptional film in its own right) and Naveen Andrews, who played his role with credibility and originality. Altogether I found the movie to be on-par with the best biographical dramatizations in film, even coming close to "King's Speech".
Now that I had seen the film, and had been thoroughly impressed by it, imagine my surprise when I tuned in on IMDb. At this moment the score was 4.9. I immediately noticed a pattern. Of all the 2900 voters 446 (15.4 %) had voted 1. In fact the value 1 dominated the chart, being the most frequent vote of all the values. I interpreted this is a symptom of pure ignorance. Obviously the movie is not the worst of all time, like for example "The Room", "Manos: The Hands of Fate" or "Plan 9 from Outer Space". There in fact seems to be an almost organized effort to trash the movie. I do not think this has much to do with the film itself, but is a continuation of the politicization of Diana's life. I would recommend, when reading reviews, to recognize the critics who judge the film based on their own preconceived notions and those who judge the film on its own merits.
My score for "Diana" is between 8 and 9, which rounds it up to 9.
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| Naomi Watts |
The Great Blue Hole is a large submarine sinkhole off the coast of which Central American country? | Diana film review: 'Squirmingly embarrassing, atrocious and fabulously awful' | Daily Mail Online
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It enjoyed a glittering premiere in central London last night, but within hours critics had panned the controversial new film about Princess Diana.
In a string of one-star reviews today the biopic has been called 'fabulously awful' and 'squirmingly embarrassing, atrocious and intrusive'.
Another critic said the much-loved Princess of Wales 'has been recast as a sad-sack singleton that even Bridget Jones would cross the street to avoid'.
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Familiar: Naomi Watts played Diana and looks similar to the Princess (right in 1996), but critics said the well-liked actress did her best with an 'embarrassing script'
The film, directed by Oliver Hirschbiegel, charts Diana's romance with Dr Hasnat Khan, which ended shortly before her death alongside Dodi Fayed in a Paris car crash in 1997.
Naomi Watts, who plays the title role of Diana, got a warm reception as she looked suitably regal in a floor-length white gown and diamonds while waving at fans.
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But the majority of the British press, aside from the Daily Express who called it a 'must see', branded her film a disaster.
Plot: The film focuses on the last two years of the life of Diana, Princess of Wales before she died 16 years ago - but has been called 'atrocious' and 'fabulously awful'
'Dire': The Daily Mail's damning assessment of the Diana biopic in today's newspaper
Says it all: The Independent said they were confused by the film and Naomi Watts 'doesn't really resemble the character she is playing, and the film shifts wildly in tone'
Damning: Guardian critic Peter Bradshaw wrote 'poor Princess Diana' referring to an 'excruciatingly well-intentioned, reverential and sentimental biopic about her troubled final years'
The Daily Mail's critic Christopher Tookey said it was 'dire' and 'Barbara Cartland meets Hollywood'.
No good: The Sun panned the premiere for inviting a 'galaxy of Z-listers' and the film for being planin 'rubbish'
'It never succeeds in being moving, or even involving. It’s not even enjoyably bad,' he wrote today.
A review in The Times, which gave the film one star out of five, praised Watts for 'doing her level best with a squirmingly embarrassing script' but added that 'this film is still atrocious and intrusive'.
It said the film 'bumps up romance and trivia at the expense of some serious comment about the Royal Family's control of her access to her sons, who hardly feature, and Diana's disturbed behaviour'.
Guardian critic Peter Bradshaw wrote 'poor Princess Diana'.
He continued: 'I hesitate to use the term 'car crash cinema'. But the awful truth is that, 16 years after that terrible day in 1997, she has died another awful death.
'This is due to an excruciatingly well-intentioned, reverential and sentimental biopic about her troubled final years, laced with bizarre cardboard dialogue - a tabloid fantasy of how famous and important people speak in private.'
In his one-star review, Mirror critic David Edwards writes that it can 'only be described as a fabulously awful film'.
He said the much-loved Queen of Hearts 'has been recast as a sad-sack singleton that even Bridget Jones would cross the street to avoid' while adding that the film is 'a cheap and cheerless effort that looks like a Channel 5 midweek matinee'.
Centre stage: Naomi poses in her stunning white dress on the red carpet in Central London - but the film got a much cooler reception
It has been one of the most highly anticipated movies of the year and is finally set for release on September 20 - but the British press has warned not to expect much
The film's 'many sudden shifts in mood' are frustrating, according to The Independent, which adds that it could have been stronger if it had not been 'lumbered with the baggage that the real Diana brings and had simply told a fictional story about a love affair between a princess and an outsider. That, though, would have defeated the purpose'.
WHAT THE PAPERS SAY: MAJORITY OF FLEET STREET DAMNS 'DIANA'
'The bottom of the royal barrel has been scraped once too often' - Daily Mail
'16 years after that terrible day in 1997, she has died another awful death' - The Guardian
'Wesley Snipes in a blonde wig would be more convincing' - Daily Mirror
'Squirmingly embarrassing, atrocious, intrusive: really, that's enough said' - The Times
'I don't think I need a ouija board to guess what the Princess of Wales might make of it' - The Sun
'Watts wears the clothes well, but the real Princess is always missing' - Daily Telegraph
It goes on: 'However, Diana works well enough as a dark romantic drama and is far less exploitative than it might have been. Naomi Watts gives an intense and volatile performance as the princess.
'The problem, though, is that she doesn't really resemble the character she is playing, and the film shifts wildly in tone.'
But there was some backing for the film.
The Daily Express said it is 'a must see this autumn (which) will leave the audience in tears'.
While Royal Editor of the London Evening Standard, Robert Jobson, said: 'It is a very watchable film - and certainly not the turkey some had dismissed it as even before its release.
'Watts may not be the perfect carbon copy of the late Diana - but as a charming, impossible but ultimately tragic love story it works and I thoroughly recommend it'.
Controversially last month the actress admitted she believes Princess Diana gave her ‘permission’ from beyond the grave to play her in the new film about her love life.
‘It felt like I was spending a lot of time with her. There was one particular moment when I felt her permission was granted. That won’t sound right in print, I know,’ she said at the time.
Call from beyond: Naomi found herself asking for 'permission' to play Princess Diana in the new biopic
Iconic: Naomi (left) wears replicas of many of Diana's best known outfits in the film, such as this dress from a tour of Australia in 1996
Barbara Cartland meets Hollywood in dire Diana tale: CHRISTOPHER TOOKEY gives his verdict on the controversial biopic
The wig and prosthetic nose that helped transform her into Princess Diana were gone.
But Naomi Watts seemed to stay true to her royal character on the red carpet last night – by choosing a white dress rather similar to one of Diana’s own.
Of course, the actress opted for a rather more risque version of the gown as she attended the premiere of the Diana film, showing off a split to the thigh and revealing keyhole neckline.
But there was still no doubting its resemblance to a white lace dress worn by the Princess of Wales just a year before her death. Miss Watts, 44, completed her look with diamond chandelier earrings, a black clutch and black peep-toe stilettoes.
She was joined at the London screening by Naveen Andrews, who plays her on-screen lover Dr Hasnat Khan. The film chronicles Diana’s two-year affair with the dashing heart surgeon – the man she called Mr Wonderful.
Also posing on the red carpet were Douglas Hodge, who portrays Diana’s butler Paul Burrell, and Cas Anvar, who plays Dodi Fayed, the man with whom she died in a Paris car crash in 1997.
Below, the Mail’s CHRISTOPHER TOOKEY gives his verdict on the already controversial biopic.
Naomi lacks the star quality of Diana, and her innate glamour
The real-life, two-year affair between Princess Diana and heart surgeon Hasnat Khan, whom she called ‘Mr Wonderful’, broke down because he couldn’t stand the media intrusion.
As a Pakistani Muslim, he probably didn’t fancy all those racist death threats he was getting, either.
Not that they’re mentioned in this movie, which is interested in only one thing: a princess in love.
Sixteen years after the break-up and Diana’s premature death, the media intrusion continues.
I came out of the World Premiere of this Anglo-French-Croatian–Swedish-Belgian europudding feeling sorry for the pointedly absent Mr Khan, who has never courted publicity or tried to make money by telling his side of the love story.
Diana the movie is not as tacky or sensationalist as one might fear. One of the producers, whom I know and like, is Douglas Rae, who made Mrs Brown. He steers it away from the crassness that has made various TV specials and mini-series about Diana so ridiculous.
The trouble is that in being so careful and eager not to offend, the film is a more than a little tedious, with a lightweight, romantic storyline that fails to surprise, let alone sustain a movie that lasts nearly two hours.
It has the slightness of a Barbara Cartland novella, but the love affair is treated with ponderous solemnity, as though it were another Gone With The Wind. It’s slow and terribly, terribly dull.
Naomi Watts is the sixth and easily the best actress to play Princess Diana. Every effort has been made to dress and make her up to look like Diana, but Watts is noticeably at least five inches too short, nowhere near as athletic in her build, and eight years too old.
Most of all, Naomi lacks the star quality of Diana, her ability to look photogenic from every angle, her miraculous ability to wear clothes and make them look the best they ever could be. What she lacks, fatally, is glamour.
Naveen Andrews resembles not so much Mr Khan, but Bollywood’s idea of what Khan should have looked like: a dishy doc and smouldering love god, not the overworked, paunchy medic Diana admired. It’s counter-productive, of course. Changing him into the kind of guy you see in a Vogue fashion spread makes the affair less interesting, not more.
Stephen Jeffreys’ script inadvertently turns the good doctor into a petulant, unsympathetic figure, unwilling to put love before career.
He is much given to windy inanities such as ‘you don’t perform the operation, the operation performs you’. Frankly, he doesn’t seem all that bright.
The film is based on Diana: Her Last Love, a 2001 book by Kate Snell. Mr Khan has dismissed the book as ‘based on gossip’ and full of inaccuracies.
He also claims that Diana ended the relationship and not he, which is different from the way the break-up is depicted in the book and in this film.
Paul Burrell, Diana’s oleaginous butler (played boringly straight in the movie by Douglas Hodge), confirms the doctor’s version.
Naomi Watts as Diana and Naveen Andrews as Hasnat Khan. The film is based on Diana: Her Last Love, a 2001 book by Kate Snell. Mr Khan has dismissed the book as 'based on gossip' and full of inaccuracies
According to the film, Diana remained in love with Khan until her death, and her canoodling with Dodi Fayed (Cas Anvar) was designed to make Khan jealous.
A touch of Diana’s own deviousness might have helped the screenplay. Everything is upfront and dramatic, with everyone saying exactly how they feel.
The dialogue is not subtle, and tends towards the expository. ‘You’re the most famous woman in the world,’ says Diana’s lover, repeatedly. To which you half-expect Diana to reply icily ‘I am well aware of that’.
It’s directed without panache, lightness of touch or the slightest aptitude for romance, by the German Oliver Hirschbiegel.
Diana’s innate kindness, concern for the helpless and successful campaign for the outlawing of land mines does come through loud and clear.
But even her friends have acknowledged that she could be self-centred, neurotically needy and manipulative. She could also be ruthless.
The movie airbrushes those aspects of her out almost completely, which makes her seem less human, not more.
Even though the film is unquestioningly on her side, her crude attempts to manipulate the media and paparazzi become less and less attractive, and her leading on of Dodi Fayed to make the man she loves jealous makes her look not romantic, but cruel.
Naveen Andrews resembles not so much Mr Khan, but Bollywood's idea of what Khan should have looked like: a dishy doc and smouldering love god, not the overworked, paunchy medic Diana admired
I was left thinking that the only truly tragic element in the film was not her doomed romance with a heart surgeon, but her hubristic belief that she was clever enough to manipulate the media, a recklessness that resulted in her premature death. If the film had been about that, it might have been a lot more interesting.
Royal-watchers will be disappointed at how little the royals figure in the movie. William and Harry barely appear at all, and the rest of the royal family is kept off-screen, even Prince Charles. By concentrating on her love life, the film makes her alienatingly distant from the children she also claimed to love.
This film is conclusive evidence that the bottom of the royal barrel has been scraped once too often. If you’re in the mood for schlocky romance, it just about passes the time; but it never succeeds in being moving, or even involving. It’s not even enjoyably bad.
Personally, I would have found more entertainment in David Icke’s more outlandish claims about the royal family, which is that they are all 12ft lizard people masquerading in human form. Now that, I’d like to see dramatised.
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What was the operational name of the Battle of Iwo Jima? | Operation Detachment: The Battle for Iwo Jima February - March 1945
Operation Detachment: The Battle for Iwo Jima February - March 1945
Introduction
"Victory was never in doubt. What was in doubt in all our minds was whether there would be any of us left to dedicate our cemetery at the end." Major General Graves B Erskine, Commander, 3rd Marine Division
Towards the end of 1944, the Allied forces were successfully pushing the Japanese back from their earlier conquests. In Burma, the British 14th Army had advanced across the Burma-Indian border and was pushing the Japanese Army down the Irrawaddy River, while the American advance across the Pacific had brought it to the inner ring of Japanese defences before the mainland. General Douglas MacArthur had advanced across the Solomon Islands, New Guinea and had invaded Leyte in the Philippines in October. The US Navy and Marine Corps under Admiral Chester Nimitz had continued their 'island hopping' campaign that had begun at Guadalcanal in 1942 and continued through Tarawa (1943), the Mariana Islands (1944), Peleliu (1944) and was to reach its climax at Okinawa (1945).
After the capture of the Mariana Islands, the US 20th Air Force could mount a large-scale campaign against the industrial centres of Japan. The only obstacle to this was the strategically important island of Iwo Jima that housed two airfields, with a third under construction, as well as a radar station that could give up to two hours warning of an impeding raid. The Air Force needed to eliminate the fighter threat to their bombers and neutralise the radar station there. The island would also be useful as a refuge for damaged aircraft returning from raids, as a base for air-sea rescue flying boats and for P-51 long-range fighters to escort the B-29 bombers. On 3rd October 1944, the Joint Chiefs of Staff issued a directive to Admiral Nimitz to take Iwo Jima. The battle, which was described as the "most savage and costly battle in the history of the Marine Corps" (Lt Gen Holland M Smith), pitted three Marine divisions against 21,000 well-entrenched Japanese defenders.
The Americans Prepare
"It was an operation of one phase and one tactic . . . until the mission was completed it was a matter of frontal assault maintained with relentless pressure." Lt Gen Holland M Smith, Commander, Fleet Marine Force Pacific
The US invasion force would consist of the 3rd, 4th and 5th Marine Divisions from the US V Amphibious Corps under Major General Harry Schmidt with over 70,000 men, many of whom were veterans of previous battles. The plan called for the Marines to land on a two-mile stretch of beach on the southeast coast of the island between Mount Suribachi and the East Boat Basin. The beaches were divided into seven sections, each of 550 yards (503 metres).
The 3rd Marine Division sailed from Guam, which it had taken from the Japanese garrison in August 1944, while the 4th and 5th Marine Divisions sailed from Hawaii. While the invasion had been delayed twice by the huge requirements of General MacArthur's Philippines campaign, it had to be completed as quickly as possible to release resources for the invasion of Okinawa (Operation Iceberg), which was scheduled to begin on the 1st April 1945. On February 15th, the invasion force left Saipan and was soon spotted by Japanese naval patrol aircraft, which alerted the Iwo Jima garrison.
The American landings would take place on a two-mile stretch of beach between Mount Suribachi and the East Boat Basin on the southeast coast. The beaches were divided into seven landing zones, each of 550 yards (503 metres). Moving northeast from Mount Suribachi the beaches and the initial assault forces were:
Green Beach - 1st and 2nd Battalions, 28th Marine Regiment
Red Beach 1 - 2nd Battalion, 27th Marine Regiment
Red Beach 2 - 1st Battalion, 27th Marine Regiment
Yellow Beach 1 - 1st Battalion, 23rd Marine Regiment
Yellow Bach 2 - 2nd Battalion, 23rd Regiment
Blue Beach 1 - 1st and 3rd Battalions, 25th Marine Regiment
Blue Beach 2 - None
As Blue Beach 2 lay directly under known enemy gun positions in the Quarry, it was decided that both the 1st and 3rd Battalions, 25th Marine Regiment should land on Blue Beach 1. The 28th Marines would attack straight across the island from their landing zone and after reaching the northwest coast, turn southwest and isolate Mount Suribachi. They would then assault and secure it. The 27th Marines coming ashore on the Red Beaches would also drive northwest to the opposite coast but then turn northeast. The 23rd Marines would attack inland to capture Airfield No. 1 and then move northeast towards Airfield No. 2 while the 25th Marines would land and almost immediately move northeast to attack the high ground around the Quarry (see historical note below).
The Japanese Prepare
"I don't know who he is, but the Japanese General running this show is one smart bastard." Lt General Holland M Smith, Commander, Fleet Marine Force Pacific
The Japanese High Command had astutely noted the strategic importance of Iwo Jima as early as March 1944. They started to reinforce the island and diverted the 145th Infantry Regiment (Colonel Masuo Ikeda) that was originally intended to reinforce Saipan to the island before the American attack. They also sent the 109th Division, which consisted of the 2nd Mixed Brigade (Major General Sadasue Senda), 26th Tank Regiment (Lieutenant Colonel [Baron] Takeichi Nishi), 17th Mixed Infantry Regiment (Major Tamachi Fujiwara), divisional artillery brigade (Colonel Chosaku Kaido) as well as additional combat support battalions (anti-aircraft, artillery and machine gun). The naval force consisted mainly of anti-aircraft, communications, supply and engineering units, was commanded by Rear Admiral Toshinosuke Ichimaru (who also commanded the 27th Air Flotilla). The total garrison strength at the time of Operation Detachment was 21,060.
Lt General Tadamichi Kuribayashi had been assigned to command the garrison of Iwo Jima in May 1944. He had served in the United States as a deputy defence attach� and considered the USA the "last country in the world that Japan should fight." When he arrived he immediately began to reorganise the chaotic defences that were in place and with the arrival of additional troops and Korean labourers began a huge construction programme that included tunnels, caves, gun emplacements, pillboxes, bunkers and command posts, many of which were mutually supporting and linked by a vast underground communications system. Many were so well constructed that the intensive naval shelling and aerial bombing in the weeks before the attack simply failed to damage them. A lot of these fortifications were dug into the soft pumice-like volcanic rock, which mixed well with cement to provide additional reinforcement. Supply areas, ammunition stores and medical facilities were all constructed within the underground tunnel system and when the fighting was at its height, many Marines reporting hearing voices emanating from the ground below them. The tunnel system was so extensive that many of the troops that were defending Mount Suribachi managed to escape to the north before the volcano fell. Kuribayashi had studied traditional Japanese defensive tactics that emphasised halting the invader on the beach and realised that they had usually failed and the traditional 'banzai' charge, unless unleashed with care and precision, was a waste of men and resources. He looked at the tactics used by Lt General Sadae Inoue at Peleliu, who had abandoned the old style, and concentrated on a battle of attrition in order to wear down the enemy. Kuribayashi decided he too would adopt these tactics - the Americans would eventually take the islands but he would extract a fearful price. As the geography of Iwo Jima virtually dictated where the Marines would have to land (the only possible landing site being that already described), Kuribayashi set his defences accordingly. In addition, he acted on advice from his Staff Officer, Major Yoshitaka Horie to use the majority of anti-aircraft guns in the ground role as the Americans were bound to have such overwhelming air superiority that any guns that revealed themselves would be quickly destroyed. Many of his Staff Officers seem to have objected to this and used their anti-aircraft guns in both roles and many were put out of action quickly.
D-Day: 19 February 1945
"This is going to be a rough one, we could suffer as many as fifteen thousand casualties here." Lt Gen Holland M Smith, Commander, Fleet Marine Force Pacific
Before the invasion commenced, the commander of the V Amphibious Corps, Major General Harry Schmidt had requested ten days of continuous shelling from Rear Admiral William Blandy's Task Force 52 (the Support Force) but was turned down by Admiral Harry Hill as there would be insufficient time to rearm the ships before D-Day. Schmidt requested nine and was offered a mere three, with Spruance commenting, "I know that your people will get away with it". This was to have a hollow ring about it as the battle went on. In fact, Lt General Holland M Smith was to be scathing about the support afforded by the Navy in many of the amphibious assaults throughout the Pacific Campaign after the war. Two of the three days (the first and the third) allotted to gunfire support were marred by poor weather and on the second day as frogmen of the underwater demolition teams were reconnoitring the beach, both the USS Pensacola and the USS Leutze were hit by shore batteries, as were all twelve gunboats which were part of the support screen for the frogmen. D-Day however, dawned bright and clear with unlimited visibility. The US Navy task force off Iwo Jima was joined by Task Force 58 under Admiral Marc Mitscher , which had just conducted a series of raids against the Japanese mainland and consisted of sixteen aircraft carriers, eight battleships and fifteen cruisers, as well as Admiral Raymond Spruance in his flagship USS Indianapolis . The battleships and cruisers started to pound the island and were augmented by carrier-based aircraft mounting airstrikes. At this point, thousands of Marines began to disembark from troopships and LVTs. They were to be covered by sixty-eight LVT(A)s that were well-armoured amphibious tracked vehicles that mounted a 75mm howitzer and three machineguns. Despite the reconnaissance and beach samples from the frogmen that indicated the assault forces would have some trouble getting off the beach, the planners had considered that it would provide a minor obstacle only. Unfortunately, the initial assault wave encountered fifteen foot high terraces of soft volcanic ash that were to frustrate their advance inland and so the advance by the Marines, tanks, and LVTs ground to a halt on the shoreline. These were being followed by successive waves every five minutes or so, and the situation quickly deteriorated. Added to that, the Marines came up against the island's hydrography, which, on the steep beach, consisted of a plunging surf and strong undertow. Such forces soon seriously damaged many Higgins Boats. Admiral Hill and his chief Beachmaster, Captain Carl E 'Squeaky' Anderson had adopted the experimental 'Marston matting' (used to fabricate expeditionary airfield runways) to improve trafficability off the beach and while it worked well initially, it soon became chewed up as hundreds of tracked vehicles tried to manoeuvre off the beach. Added to that, the Japanese had not mined the beach itself but had spared no effort in mining the beach exits, which again hindered the assault forces.
By late morning, Admiral Harry Hill had some 6,000 men ashore and the bulldozers that had arrived with the early waves were battling with the terraces. Some elements had indeed managed to get off the beach and start to work their inland, but it was at this point Kuribayashi, despite his initial plan to wait until the Marines had reached Airfield One, decided to unleash the full fury of his concentrated artillery fire on the tempting targets struggling on the beach. Added to this, a sizeable element of beach defenders had survived the Navy's rolling barrage and added their weight to the fire. As one marine battalion commander remarked, "You could've held up a cigarette and lit it on the stuff going by".
Despite this, the Marines kept themselves in good order and started to move off the beaches in force. On Green Beach, the extreme left hand landing zone, the terrain was not so difficult here and Colonel Harry B Liversedge's 28th Marine Regiment (5th Marine Division, commanded by Major General Keller E Rockey) started their advance across the island to isolate Mount Suribachi. They were watched by Colonel Kanehiko Atsuchi and over 2,000 men in the independent command that defended Mount Suribachi in well-concealed positions all the way from the lower slopes to the mount. The 1st Battalion (1/28) pressed on towards the opposite coastline but ran straight into the 312th Independent Infantry Battalion under Captain Osada and fierce fighting erupted in and around a complex of pillboxes and bunkers. Some were destroyed but many bypassed in the dash to isolate Mount Suribachi and at around 10.35 the leading elements of B Company reached the coast. To their right on Red Beaches 1 and 2, the 27th Marines under Colonel Thomas A Wornham (5th Marine Divvision) were having great difficulty in moving off the beaches and were being hampered by the Japanese artillery fire. To their right, the 23rd Marines under Colonel Walter W Wensinger (4th Marine Division under Major General Clifton B Cates) had run into a series of blockhouses and pillboxes manned by Major Matsushita's 10th Independent Anti-Tank Battalion and Captain Awatsu's 309th Infantry Battalion. It was here that Sgt Darren Cole became the first of twenty-seven Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients by single-handedly knocking out five pillboxes armed with just a pistol and grenades, before he himself was killed by a hand grenade. Finally, on the extreme right, Colonel John R Lanigan's 25th Regiment (4th Marine Division) advanced straight ahead to avoid the immediate danger from the high ground of the Quarry to their right.
As the day wore on, the Marines continued to advance slowly with a number of tanks from the 4th Tank Battalion pressing inland and only halting after they had reached a large minefield. The 3/25 (Lt Col Justice M Chambers) turned right and began their assault on the Quarry in the afternoon. Japanese resistance was strong and casualties were heavy. The 28th Marines continued to consolidate their positions at the base of Mount Suribachi and were reinforced by a number of Sherman tanks that gave invaluable help in destroying a number of pillboxes and by evening, Mount Suribachi had been securely isolated from the rest of the island. An assault on the volcano would come soon enough. The 27th and 25th Marines gradually extricated themselves from the beaches and started to make their way towards Airfield No. 1 while Seebees (from CB - Construction Battalion) performed miracles on the beaches clearing away the debris to allow the following waves to continue landing (Turner had had to halt the landings as the beaches had become too congested) and carving routes out of the terraces. Most of the Seebees were volunteers from the civilian construction industry and were in their 40s or 50s. Hence the Marine joke: "Protect your Seebees. One of them could be your dad." Despite this they suffered heavy casualties on D-Day. Eventually the Marines reached the southern perimeter of Airfield No. 1 where the Japanese mounted a fierce defence and settled in for the night. The Japanese on the other hand were adept at night-time infiltration tactics and continually sought to probe for weaknesses in the Marine line while keeping a constant barrage of artillery fire.
D+1: 20 February 1945
". . . Iwo Jima can only be described as a nightmare in hell." Robert Sherrod, Combat Correspondent for Time-Life
Bad weather and strong winds produced a four-foot surf that disrupted the follow-on landings. It ecame so bad that even the larger landing ships, such as LSTs and LSMs had difficulty in maintaining position on the beach. Cables tied to wrecked or abandoned equipment such as LVTs or tanks simply snapped under the strain. Smaller craft had even worse time of it, and as a result, Schmidt's desire to land a regiment (21st under Colonel Hartnoll J Withers) from the 3rd Marine Division (Major General Graves B Erskine) could not be accomplished. Meanwhile, the 28th Marines were now faced with the prospect of having to storm Mount Suribachi while the remainder of the assault force looked to continuing the advance to capture Airfields Nos. 1 and 2. The 28th Marines, under the cover of naval gunfire and carrier airstrikes started to advance on a broad front but by noon had only advanced some 75 yards in the face of a fierce defence by the Japanese. Even though a number of tanks had become available to support the advance, the Japanese still held an enormous height advantage in their well-concealed positions. The Marines therefore dug in to await reinforcements and additional support to continue the attack the next day. The Japanese were determined that the Americans should have no respite and commenced an artillery barrage all along the front.
Meanwhile, the other three regiments commenced their attack towards Airfield No. 1 with the right flank anchored on the Quarry and the left flank swinging northeast to straighten the line. Additional support arrived in the afternoon in the form of the brand new battleship, the USS Washington , which commenced bombardment of the Quarry with its 16in guns and caused a number of landslides, which blocked several caves. Despite fierce resistance, the Marines had captured most of Airfield No. 1 by mid-afternoon and had straightened their line out, although they had still not reached the intended D-Day 0-1 line. This was a blow to Kuribayashi who had not expected such a rapid advance, but he took comfort that the Marines had yet to reach his main defensive line and the bad weather was still hampering operations. As the second day drew to a close, heavy rain began to fall adding to the Marines' misery.
D+2: 21 February 1945
"Each man should think of his defence position as his graveyard, fight until the last and inflict much damage to the enemy." Lt General Tadamichi Kuribayashi
Despite the weather conditions, which continued into Wednesday, the 28th Marines planned to begin their final assault on Mount Suribachi while the remainder, from west to east, the 28th, 27th, 23rd and 24th Marines, would advance northwards across a broad front. Even such simple plans however, rarely develop as the commander wants and the weather quickly deteriorated to such a point that Admiral Turner was forced to close the beaches down again to everything except emergency traffic. The bad weather also disrupted the Marines' assault, which began at 08.00 as it turned the soft volcanic ash into a sticky glue-like substance that hampered all movement. The 28th Marines launched their attack on Mount Suribachi at 08.45 and were supported by an intense artillery barrage, naval gunfire and airstrikes. The advance met heavy opposition as well as the Marines' own barbed wire obstacles as it was assumed that tanks would be available from the start but were delayed due to fuelling problems. The late arrival of tanks and half-tracks mounting 75mm guns helped their progress and the Marines gradually advanced around the base of the volcano. The 4th and 5th Marine Divisions started their advance northward supported by artillery, naval gunfire and carrier aircraft and ran into a network of well-hidden pillboxes and bunkers. The 5th Marine Division made reasonable progress supported by tanks and finally reached the D-Day 0-1 line but the 4th Marine Division could only advance some fifty yards in the rugged terrain around the Quarry and was suffering heavy casualties as it gradually cleared out the Japanese caves, pillboxes, bunkers, tunnels and blockhouses.
General Schmidt once again disembarked the 21st Marines (3rd Marine Division) and with a lull in the weather, they managed to land on Yellow Beach. Late in the day, the ships of the Task Force became the target of one of the earliest kamikaze attacks of the war. Around fifty Japanese aircraft from the 2nd Milate Special Attack Unit (Katori Airbase), having refuelled at Hachijo Jima (125 miles south of Tokyo), approached the Task Force from the northwest. They were picked up on radar by the USS Saratoga, which could only dispatch six fighters as it was waiting to land aircraft. The fighters managed to shoot down two Zeros but a number continued through the low cloud and ploughed into the Saratoga with two hitting the side of the ship turning the hangers into a fireball while another crashed through the flight deck about 100 yards from the bow. Fire control teams battled hard to bring the fires under control and the carrier, under escort, limped back to Pearl Harbor, playing no further part in the Pacific Campaign. Her aircraft were recovered by the USS Wake Island and USS Natoma Bay. Another aircraft, a 'Betty' twin-engined bomber, hit the USS Bismarck Sea while its flight deck was crowded with aircraft and the ensuing explosion caused uncontrollable fires. The crew abandoned ship and a few minutes later an explosion blew off the entire stern of the ship. She rolled over and sank. Three other ships (USS Lurga Point, USS Keokuk and LST 477) were also damaged in the attack and 358 men were killed. It would be a foretaste of the carnage that was to happen off Okinawa, accentuated by the American practice of fitting wooden flight decks on their carriers. The three Royal Navy aircraft carriers of Task Force 57 that participated in the invasion of Okinawa were able to continue operations after such kamikaze attacks despite suffering damage, due to the British use of reinforced steel flight decks, a practice the US Navy took up after World War Two after their experience of the kamikaze.
D+3: 22 February 1945
"The Americans are beginning to climb the first terraces towards our defences. Now they shall taste our steel and lead." Col Kanehiko Atsuchi, Cmdr, Mount Suribachi
Thursday saw no improvement in the weather and so the 28th Marines prepared to slog it out with the Japanese defenders (Colonel Atsuchi still having some 8 - 900 men) as the Sherman tanks were mired in mud and the Navy decided it could not provide close air support. Throughout the day the Marines attacked the Japanese positions on the lower slopes of Mount Suribachi but there was little room for manoeuvre and it was difficult to se fire support from tanks and artillery to best advantage as the lines were so close. By mid-afternoon the Marines had surrounded the base after heavy fighting and many Japanese were moving through the Marine lines by means of the extensive tunnel network to join Kuribayashi's forces in the north. Those that remained were moving back up the volcano to the higher slopes. The final assault would have to wait.
on Iwo Jima
The advance to the north continued with Schmidt placing the 21st Marines (3rd Marine Division) in the centre of the line between the 4th and 5th Marine Divisions just in front of Airfield No. 2 where Colonel Masuo Ikeda's 145th Infantry Regiment manned the strongest part of the Japanese defences. The 21st Marines had a baptism of fire as they attacked towards the southern end of the airfield and the day's gains were a mere 250 yards (229m). Many units were now suffering the effects of the bad weather, lack of sleep, a lack of regular hot food and heavy casualties. O the far right of the line, the 3/25 under 'Jumpin' Joe' Chambers continued to attack the Quarry, utilising rocket firing trucks and the Japanese mounted a series of counterattacks that were repulsed with difficulty. The weather continued to get worse as the icy rain and thick mist prevented the Navy from providing any support and so the fighting died down. The weather was also hampering the evacuation of casualties, as LSTs could not land on the beaches. The 4th Marine Division's cemetery was inaugurated near Airfield No. 1. Lt Gen Holland M Smith was counting the cost meanwhile of three days of battle with the 4th and 5th Marine Divisions suffering 4,574 casualties and the 0-1 line was only now being approached. Although the Americans didn't know it, worse was yet to come.
D+4: 23 February 1945
"Those of us who are left fully realise that our hopes of repelling the Americans or living to return to our homeland and loved ones are out of the question. We are doomed. But we will fight to the last man." Major Yonomata
The weather improved greatly and so Maj Gen Harry Schmidt and Maj Gen Clifton Cates moved their headquarters ashore (Maj Gen Keller Rockey coming ashore the previous day). They decided the let the 3rd Marine Division maintain the centre with the 5th on its left flank and the 4th on the right flank. The Navy would continue to provide support and the tanks of all three divisions would be combined into a single command under Lt Col William Collins (5th Marine Division). A major offensive would be commenced the next day in an attempt to break the stalemate, but for the time being, D+4 would be a day of consolidation and replenishment. The exception to this was around Mount Suribachi. With the improvement in the weather the 28th Marines mounted a final assault and finding opposition surprisingly light, sent out a forty man patrol under Lt Hal Schrier, which moved up the northern slopes towards the summit and engaged a number of Japanese who attacked them with hand grenades. Finally at 10.20hrs the Stars and Stripes were raised on a length of pipe with Leatherneck photographer Lou Lowery recording the moment. The shout quickly went around the southern half of the island "the flag is up!" and troops cheered while vessels sounded their sirens. At around noon, a larger flag replaced the smaller one and the moment was recorded by Associated Press cameraman Joe Rosenthal and has since become one of the most famous pictures of World War II (see historical note below). D+5: 24 February 1945
"This is like fighting on a pool table." 1st Lt Raoul J Archambault, K Co, 3/21
The American offensive reopened with a huge barrage all along the frontline, which included the battleship USS Idaho and the cruiser USS Pensacola. The attack was spearheaded by the 21st Marines (3rd Marine Division) who were located between the two airfields who were to be supported my tanks. But Colonel Ikeda had anticipated this and had laid a large number of mines along the taxiways of both airfields and had covered them with antitank guns. The first two tanks were disabled by mines and so it was down to the Marines to take out the bunkers and pillboxes with explosives and flamethrowers. The Marines charged the high ground in a scene reminiscent from World War 1 and many of the Japanese rose to meet them in a frenzy of close quarter combat. The Marines gradually overcame Japanese resistance and occupied the high ground, but were dangerously short of ammunition. However, they were resupplied by the redoubtable Seebees who came forward in tractors towing loaded trailers of food, water and ammunition. On the right flank, the 24th Marines (4th Marine Division) were fighting for an escarpment just south of the main runway of Airfield No. 2 called 'Charlie Dog Ridge'. The Marines fought and battled their way to the top suffering serious casualties in the process. This finally brought the Marines to the 0-1 line, although less than half the island had been captured and the battle would have a long way to run.
D+6: 25 February 1945
"In the last and final analysis, it is the guy with the rifle and machine gun who wins and pays the penalty to preserve our liberty." James Forrestal, Secretary of the Navy
Sunday was to be no day of rest for the Marines. The attack to the north across the plateau towards the unfinished Airfield No. 3 and the village of Motoyama would continue to not only split the enemy in two, but put the Marines in a position to clear the western side of the island which had accessible beaches that were desperately needed in order to clear the backlog of supplies and equipment still on transports. With Operation Iceberg (the invasion of Okinawa) only two months off these transports would be urgently required for that but at the moment could not unload as the Japanese still held the commanding heights near to Airfield No. 2 from which they could shell the western beaches. Despite this, the southern end of the island was now a hive of activity with over 2,000 Seebees rebuilding and converting the runways of Airfield No. 1 so it could handle B-29 Superfortresses, P-51 Mustangs and P-61 Black Widow night fighters. On the coast by Mount Suribachi, a seaplane base was being built to handle the Catalina and Coronado flying boats that would undertake rescue missions between Marianas and Japan, while a huge collection of Nissan huts, tents, workshops, supply dumps and equipment stockpiles had sprung up on ground that had seen bloody combat only a short time ago.
by Sherman tank, Iwo Jima
The advance in the centre reopened with the 9th Marines, having taken over from the 21st Marines, attacking towards the high ground at one end of Airfield No. 2 supported by some 26 Sherman tanks as well as artillery, naval gunfire and air support. They immediately ran into a fusillade of antitank, mortar and artillery fire and three tanks were quickly knocked out. The 9th Marines were to find out the hard way about the ferocity of the Japanese defence. The main defensive feature was a 360ft rocky ridge named 'Hill Peter'. The 1st Battalion repeatedly stormed the hill but could only advance some 200yds. The 2nd and 3rd Battalions had better luck and advanced to the north around 'Hill Peter', which remained in enemy hands. The 5th Marine Division was around 400yds ahead of the 3rd on the left flank and so could afford to spend the time consolidating its position and wait for the 3rd to catch up. On the right flank, the 4th Marine Division faced a collection of four formidable defensive positions just to the east of Airfield No. 2 that would collectively become known as the 'Meatgrinder'. The first was Hill 382 (named after the elevation above sea level) that had an extensive collection of pillboxes, caves, dug-in tanks, enfiladed artillery positions and bunkers on it. Four hundred yards to the south lay a shallow depression known as the 'Amphitheater' and just to the east of that was a hill called the 'Turkey Knob' on top of which was a huge blockhouse and an observation post. The fourth obstacle was the village of Minami, little more than rubble-strewn ruins destroyed by naval gunfire and studied with gun emplacements. This area was defended by Maj General Senda and his 2nd Mixed Brigade that included Baron Nishi's 26th Tank Regiment, now largely fighting on foot. The 23rd and 24th Marines, knowing little of what was up ahead, initially attacked the Hill 382 but hardly advanced after fighting all day, even after tank support arrived as the Sherman tanks were finding it difficult going in the deep volcanic ash.
D+7: 26 February 1945
"Easy Company started with 310 men. We suffered 75 percent casualties. Only fifty men boarded the ship after the battle. Seven officers went into battle with me. Only one - me - walked off Iwo." Capt Dave Severence, E Company, 28th Marines.
Monday dawned bright but chilly and the American offensive started once again with the 9th Marines attacked 'Hill Peter' but were once again frustrated in their advance. On the left flank, the 5th Marine Division turned their attention to Hill 362A that was some 600yds south of the village of Nishi and surrounded by an extensive system of defences. Tanks from the 5th Tank Battalion attacked and advanced some 100yds while the 27th Marines (on the left of the 26th Marines) advanced along the west coast assisted by naval gunfire. The 25th Marines replaced the 24th Marines in the battle for Hill 382 in the 'Meatgrinder' and their initial attack advanced over 100yds before it was halted by machine gun fire from the 'Amphitheater' and 'Turkey Knob'. The 23rd Marines had moved through a minefield at the edge of the airfield and as they approached a ruined radio station at the foot of the hill, they were met by an intense artillery barrage and machine gun fire that stopped the advance in its tracks. It was obvious that the Marines had come up against the Japanese main defensive line and that the Japanese would be retreating no further.
D+8: 27 February 1945
"I am not afraid of the fighting powers of only three American Marine Divisions if there are no bombardments from aircraft and warship. This is the only reason we have to see such miserable conditions." Lt General Tadamichi Kuribayashi
Once again, the 9th Marines attacked 'Hill Peter' and 'Hill Oboe' with the 1st and 2nd Battalions advancing against intense machine gun and mortar fire. Elements of the 1st managed to reach the top but were pinned down by fire coming from bypassed position to their rear. Another concerted effort was made in the early afternoon and the beleaguered Marines were relieved with 'Hill Peter' being taken and the Marines reaching the crest of 'Hill Oboe'. Finally, Airfield No. 2 fell into American hands. On the right flank, the 4th Marine Division seemed to be bogged down against the formidable defences of the 'Meatgrinder'. Five battalions were committed against the 'Turkey Knob' and Hill 382 with support from rocket firing trucks. The battle seesawed backwards and forwards all day and at one point some Marines managed to make it to the top of the Hill but a shortage of ammunition and vicious enemy counterattacks forced them to retreat. However, the Marines managed to complete an encircling action around the base of the hill after intense close quarters combat and decided to consolidate their gains. Further north, the tanks began to find the going very tough and tankdozers (tanks with bulldozer blades fitted) were constantly in action, but the battle was beginning to turn into an infantry-based war of attrition with casualties mounting by the hour. During the night the Japanese attempted to drop supplies to the garrison. In the only attempt of the battle to support the troops on Iwo Jima a number of Japanese planes dropped some supplies, including ammunition and medical supplies. Three of the aircraft were shot down by carrier based night fighters but the attempt was a morale boost for the beleaguered garrison.
D+9: 28 February 1945
"There was nothing spectacular about the day's action, but death was everywhere and heroism was commonplace." Marine Correspondent
The last day of February saw an upturn in the fortunes of the 3rd Marine Division in the centre of the line. The 21st Marines took over from the battered 9th and under an intense naval and artillery barrage started their attack at 09.00, initially making good progress. At one point they encountered a number of 'Ha Go' tanks from baron Nishi's 26th Tank Regiment but they were dealt with relatively quickly by bazookas and supporting aircraft. By the afternoon, the Japanese had recovered and resistance became very heavy. The Marines called a second massive artillery barrage in and were soon underway again. The Marines soon entered and cleared the ruins of Motoyama village and the 3/21 continued the advance and took up position on some high ground overlooking the unfinished Airfield No. 3. Meanwhile the 1st and 2nd Battalions had to contend with a mass of bypassed positions and were soon slugging it out in close quarter fighting with demolitions and flamethrowers. Eventually however, the flanks were secured.
On the left flank, the 5th Marine Division was still confronted with Hill 362A, a veritable fortress with antitank guns, mortars, machine guns, pillboxes and bunkers. Two battalions of the 27th Marines (1st and 3rd) assaulted the hill with the support of tanks and rocket firing trucks. While some elements reached the top, they were driven back by counterattacks and the gains for the day were limited to an advance of 300yds. In an amazing display of pyrotechnics a shell hit an ammunition dump near Airfield No. 1 that lit up most of southern Iwo Jima and meant that the 5th Marine Division lost nearly a quarter of its ammunition supplies.
On the right flank, the stalemate at the 'Meatgrinder' continued with the 4th Marine Division attacking with its 25th Marines against the 'Turkey Knob'. The 1st Battalion tried to sweep around in a flanking manoeuvre but heavy fire from the Japanese defenders foiled the attempt. By late afternoon the Marines had had to pull back to the very same lines that they had started from.
D+10: 1 March 1945
"Fight the battle with the troops you have." Lt General Holland M Smith to Major General Graves B Erskine
By this point, the combat efficiency of the three Marine divisions was becoming a matter of grave concern. Many units were suffering badly from the effects of the prolonged exposure to such intense combat and in many instances command at a company level had passed from Captain to Lieutenant to Sergeant. General Erskine was concerned that an entire regiment (3rd Marines) was still onboard troopships while the 4th and 5th Marine Divisions had all their combat elements on the island. In fact, the 3rd Marines were never landed on Iwo Jima and it remained a contentious issue between Erskine and Smith for many years. Smith's reasoning has never been properly explained, although reasons for keeping the 3rd Marines back have been floated through the years such as keeping a reserve in case of a serious reversal, that Smith didn't think there was enough room on the island for another 9,000 men or that he wanted to keep a fresh formation for Okinawa. Another contentious issue was the use of battle replacements, instead of organic replacements. "The great majority of the battle replacements were recruits who had gone through Parris Island in the summer of 1944, where they fired for qualification once." (John Lane, 25th Marines, 4th Marine Division)
After looking down on the unfinished Airfield No. 3, the 3rd Marine Division moved forward at first light with the 21st Marines leading the way, after a short but intense artillery barrage. Resistance was surprisingly light and as the 2nd and 3rd Battalions advanced, the 1st Battalion mopped up the bypassed enemy positions. In the afternoon, tanks moved forward to support the advance and after the Marines had advanced across the airfield they came up against the base of Hills 362B and 362C, another two strongpoints the same elevation as Hill 362A. The Marines decided to dig in and consolidate the gains of the day - some 600yds for a cost of over 200 casualties. A good day on Iwo Jima.
Meanwhile on the left flank, the 5th Marine Division's 28th Regiment was back in the line and set to attack Hill 362A. After an intense barrage, the 28th stormed the hill and took it, but the Japanese had evacuated it and established a position some 200yds further on Nishi Ridge. The rest of the day was spent mopping up bypassed positions but the cost to the effort was very high. On the right flank, the 4th Marine Division continued to concentrate their efforts on Hill 382 with the 24th Marines replacing the 23rd. The 24th Marines once again launched themselves into the attack but the advance was stalled by a hail of machine gun and mortar fire. It was helped by an intense artillery and naval gunfire barrage which kept the Japanese in their shelters but they quickly re-emerged to continue their defence and the advance stalled once again.
D+11: 2 March 1945
"Oh God, not another Ridge." Marine, 5th Marine Division.
On the right flank, the 25th Marines kept up pressure on both the 'Turkey Knob' and Hill 382. The 1st Battalion attempted pre-dawn infiltrations but they were driven back by mortar and machine gun fire. A number of Sherman tanks and flamethrower tanks (nicknamed 'Zippos') moved up in support and pounded the blockhouse at the top of the 'Turkey Knob' but the Japanese simply retired to the depths of their tunnels to wait out the barrage. The 26th Marines, after some intense fighting, managed to secure a foothold on Hill 382 (2nd Battalion) after a three-pronged attack following a short but sharp artillery barrage. In many instances artillery could not be used due to the closeness of the combatants and the Marines had to use small arms, explosives, grenades and flamethrowers to prise the Japanese out of their positions. In the centre, the hopes of the 3rd Marine Division of making a rapid dash to the sea were rapidly fading in the face of determined Japanese resistance. The division had still to take Hills 362B and C but pressed forward towards the unfinished Airfield No. 3 and the base of Hill 362B with the support of tanks. The open ground of the airfield gave virtually no cover from the Japanese artillery and the 9th Marines came up against the defences of Baron Nishi's command and progress remained slow. On the left flank, the 5th Marine Division were encountering fewer and fewer manmade obstacles as the ground became rougher and there were plenty of ravines, canyons, valleys and draws so that this natural defensive cover was all the Japanese needed. Nishi Ridge lay some 200yds beyond Hill 362A and the 5th Engineers had to come forward and fill an antitank ditch in order for the attack to proceed. The 26th and 28th Marines then had the task of clearing the remainder of Hill 362A, after which they advanced to the base of Nishi Ridge.
D+12: 3 March 1945
"Iwo Jima is the most heavily fortified and capably defended island in the world. It will be a tough fight." Vice Adm Richmond K Turner, Cmndr, Task Force 51
By this point, the Americans were in control of some two-thirds of Iwo Jima but the combat efficiency of many units was becoming an ever more pressing problem. Casualty figures were starting to assume tragic proportions with some 16,000 casualties on the American side (over 3,000 killed) with some 14,000 casualties on the Japanese side. The campaign had become one more akin to the First World War - a war of attrition. The 5th Marine Division (Maj Gen Rockey) realigned its front to include Hill 362B, thus allowing the 3rd Marine Division to concentrate on advancing to the northeast coast and attack Hill 357, some 500yds to the east. The 9th Marines advanced against an in-depth defence line of caves, pillboxes, bunkers and trenches, which forced the advance to slow to a crawl, but with tank support, the 1st and 2nd Battalions attacked and stormed Hill 357 and spent the rest of the day consolidating their positions. The 2nd Battalion even repulsed a major counterattack after intense close quarter fighting. The 5th Marine Division continued their offensive along the northwest coast with the 26th Marine attacking Hill 362B and the 28th Marines attacking Nishi Ridge. Both regiments suffered heavily (particularly the 26th) but both achieved a measure of success with the 26th reaching the summit of Hill 362B and the 28th Marines taking Nishi Ridge. It was a great boost to the division. The 4th Marine Division renewed its attacks on the 'Meatgrinder' and in attempt to gain some element of surprise, attacked without the benefit of artillery support. The 24th Marines attacked Hill 382 while the 23rd Marines assaulted the complex formed by the 'Turkey Knob', the 'Amphitheater' and Minami Village. The 24th Marines managed to advance some 350yds and surround Hill 382 but both regiments were brought to a halt by fire from the blockhouse on the 'Turkey Knob'.
D+13: 4 March 1945
"The minute we land, we're going to be in the middle of it, and we're never going to be out of it until the battle is all over . . . There isn't a safe spot on the island." Anonymous Marine
The last few days had seen good weather, but as D+13 dawned, a grey mist hung over the island and drizzle filled the sky. The air support and naval bombardments were cancelled due to poor visibility and so the Marines had to see to their own devices. The 4th Marine Division once again concentrated on the 'Meatgrinder' with tanks and rocket firing trucks taking every opportunity to blast the enemy positions in and around the 'Amphitheater'. The 5th Marine Division continued to attack in the north with the support of flamethrower tanks. The 3rd Marine Division in the centre had taken some nine days of bitter fighting to advance 3,000yds from the edge of Airfield No. 2 until their current positions. General Erskine even delayed their attack until late morning until fresh troops could be brought up, but their impact was negligible and the lines remained very similar to those at dawn. D+13 however saw the first B29 Superfortress to land on Iwo Jima - the very reason the battle was being waged. 'Dinah Might' was returning from a raid near Tokyo with her bomb bays jammed open and the reserve fuel tank transfer valve malfunctioning. Lt Raymond Malo had two choices, ditch in the sea or attempt to land on Iwo Jima. The latter option seemed the most attractive. The Superfortress circled the island twice and then put down on Airfield No. 1. The aircraft was quickly moved to the Suribachi end of the runway and repairs affected. The arrival had not gone unnoticed by the Japanese who brought a steady rate of artillery fire down on the airfield. About half-an-hour later the bomber was on it way again with a parting goodbye of weak Japanese antiaircraft fire. The floodgates were opened and very soon, Iwo Jima was taking up to twenty-five flights each day and the large-scale evacuation of wounded by air began. Lt General Kuribayashi finally realised that the Americans had firmly gained the upper hand and radioed Tokyo that the result was no longer in doubt. It was just a matter of time. What was apparent however was that many American planners had underestimated both the determination of the Japanese and the strength of their defences, just as they had done in most other Pacific battles.
D+14: 5 March 1945
"Our strongpoints may be able to fight delaying actions for several more days. Even when the strongpoints fall, we hope the survivors will continue to fight to the end." Lt General Tadamichi Kuribayashi
D+14 saw the Marine frontline run almost along the position designated for D+1. The Japanese still held an excellent advantage as, even though they were now much smaller in number and short of food, water and ammunition, the terrain to the north was very rough and provided superb defensive cover. The Motoyama Plateau, which was the flat area in the centre of the island where the third airfield had been started gave way to an almost moonlike terrain of hills, valleys, ravines and canyons. Tanks were finding the going extremely tough and every cave or hillock held a defensive position. Any movement would draw fire from a number of different directions and an advance of a couple of hundred yards was good going. The Seebees continued to work on Airfield No. 1 now secure from the worst of the enemy shelling. Around it lay a collection of huts, shacks, tents and compounds that resembled a shanty town - ground that had been so recently a bloody battlefield on a par with the Somme and Passchendaele. Despite the 5th being a day of rest for the Marines, the Japanese continued their incessant shelling. New supplies were brought up to the front, tanks and vehicles were serviced, replacements absorbed (the veterans doing what they could to prepare them for the coming onslaught) and fresh coffee and doughnuts arrived from the bakery near Airfield No. 1. Even the Army started arriving, being assigned the task of garrisoning the island once it was secure.
D+15: 6 March 1945
"There is a quiet deadly stillness in the air, the tension is strong, everyone is waiting. Some will die - how many, no one knows. God knows, enough have died already." Dale Worley (diary)
The day's pre-assault bombardment was one of the heaviest so far in the battle for Iwo Jima with some 132 guns firing some 22,500 shells in just over an hour. Added to that, a battleship, a cruiser and three destroyers added some 450 shells while Corsairs and Dauntless carried out ground attacks with bombs and napalm. The assault was staggered with the 5th Marine Division in the west attacking at 8.00am while the 4th Marine Division in the east attacked at 9.00am. Resistance was as strong as ever. The 27th Marines (5th Division) and 21st Marines (3rd Division) attacked in the west but soon ran into trouble despite being supported by flamethrower tanks. An element of the 21st Marines led by Lt William Mulvey reached the top of another ridge, to see what General Schmidt had been after for so long - the sea. The ocean was no more than a quarter of a mile away but the Japanese decided to remind the Americans that a quarter of a mile could still be a long way by pinning them down with mortar and machine gun fire. Although reinforcements tried to get through they were beaten back and Mulvey and his group had to wait until later in the day until they could make their way back to their lines. The day had seen advances of on average, around 200yds, the best being 350yds by 3/24. Even the Army joined in, with the 506th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion shelling enemy positions on Kangoku and Kama Rocks, two groups of small islands situated 1.5 and 0.5 miles off the northwest coast.
D+16: 7 March 1945
"After we had advanced about seventy-five yards, I observed a dark, jagged rock formation directly to our front. All hell broke loose after we had advanced another twenty yards or so. Intense machine gun fire and grenades seemed to be the order of the day." Lt O'Bannon, 2nd Battalion, 9th Marines
In order to break the stalemate, General Erskine planned to have the 9th Marines undertake an attack in the early hours of D+16. It would be spearheaded by the 3rd Battalion under Lt Col Harold Boehm with the 1st (Major William Glass) and 2nd (Lt Col Robert E Cushman) Battalions making diversionary attacks to their right. The objective was to advance straight ahead and capture Hill 362C, the last obstacle between the 3rd Marine Division and the sea. The Marines moved out at 05.00 (after the Navy had inadvertently fired a starshell) with a smokescreen to cover their movement. All went well for some thirty minutes as the Marines bypassed enemy positions but an observant machine gunner opened up on the left flank. Although he was swiftly dealt with, the Japanese were now aware something was afoot and began to mount increasing resistance. At 06.00, Boehm radioed that his men were at the top of Hill 362C, many enemy positions had been eliminated and casualties were light. Erskine was delighted. The euphoria was short-lived however, as Boehm realised that they were in fact on Hill 331 not Hill 362C, which was another 250yds further on. He decided to press forward now that their position was known and although Japanese resistance was fierce, both in front and from a number of bypassed positions, the Marines burned and blasted their way onwards and by 14.00 elements of K Company had reached the objective.
The other two battalions had also achieved surprise, but by 07.30 Japanese resistance had become so fierce that the two battalions had been cut off. They had unfortunately stumbled across the remains of Baron Nishi's 26th Tank Regiment, a crack outfit. Tanks were brought up to try and extricate the two units but were repeatedly defeated by the terrain. B Co / 1st Btn managed to extricate themselves at dusk with many Marines carrying wounded comrades on their backs. The company commander, Lt John Leims, himself rescued many of his men in the growing darkness, for which he received the Medal of Honor. Two of Colonel Cushman's companies remained surrounded in the pocket (hence the nickname 'Cushman's Pocket') and had to remain in place until the following day.
The 5th Marine Division saw a steady advance with the 26th Marines advancing north of Nishi Village. As the advance elements topped a ridge they were surprised by the lack of resistance that they encountered. At that moment the Japanese blew up their local command post in an explosion that demolished the ridge and was heard clearly as far away as Mount Suribachi. It killed some forty-three Marines and wounded many others. The 28th Marines made steady progress in the rough terrain near the coast and managed to advance some 500yds, supported by gunfire from destroyers. The 4th Marine Division deployed its 23rd and 24th Marine Regiments to the east where they swung to the south moving the enemy towards the 25th Marines. Trapped between them were the 1,500 troops of General Senda and Captain Inouye (Imperial Japanese Navy). Seeing the hopelessness of the situation the two officers led a banzai charge (which was forbidden by Lt General Kuribayashi) which managed to reach the Marine lines where fierce hand-to-hand fighting took place into the early hours.
D+17: 8 March 1945
"We cannot hallow this ground - the brave men living and dead, who struggled here have consecrated it far above our powers to add or detract." Abraham Lincoln
The day saw steady if not spectacular progress. The 3rd Marine Division still had 'Cushman's Pocket' to overcome, the 4th Marine Division was still battling for the 'Turkey Knob' while the 5th Marine Division continued its advance northeast. A Japanese rocket found its mark on the 2/23 Command Post killing the communications officer and wounding six others. Two Marines won the Medal of Honor - Pfc James LaBelle who threw himself on a hand grenade to save his comrades and Lt Jack Lummus, a former professional football player, who knocked out two enemy emplacements single handed. In urging his men forward however, he stepped on a mine and lost both legs. He continued to urge his men on before being taken back to the 5th Marine Division hospital where he sadly died from shock and loss of blood. Before leaving Camp Pendleton in California for Hawaii, Jack had been dating Mary Hartman, a Nebraska girl who had moved to Hollywood to work. They planned to marry upon his return. She finally returned to his hometown of Ennis, Texas in 1987. "I follow a rock road through Ennis Myrtle Cemetery. I spotted a small replica of the Medal of Honor next to a flat tombstone. On the granite was engraved Jack's name and the dates October 22nd 1912 - March 8th 1945. Once a year now I visit the grave. A gnarled old elm tree shades me as I sit remembering. When I leave, I place a single rose on the grave marker. I have found Jack at last."
D+18: 9 March 1945
"When you go home, tell them of us and say: 'For their tomorrows, we gave our todays.'" John Maxwell Edmonds
Finally, the breakthrough came on D+18 when a 28-man patrol led by Lt Paul Connally reached the northeast coast. The men stood and stared, hardly believing that they had finally split the Japanese into two. Connally filled his canteen with seawater and sent it to his CO, Colonel Withers who passed it onto General Erskine. The cost to get this far for the 3rd Marine Division had been enormous - over 3,500 casualties. That night, the first major firebombing raid by B29 Superfortresses from the Marianas took place over Tokyo. Around a quarter of Tokyo's buildings were destroyed, just over 1 million people were left homeless, over 83,000 people were killed and almost 41,000 wounded.
D+19: 10 March 1945
"The enemy's bombardments are very severe, especially the bombing and machine gun fire against Divisional Headquarters - so fierce that I cannot express or write it here. The troops are still fighting bravely and holding their positions thoroughly." Lt General Tadamichi Kuribayashi
It was now clear that the battle was reaching its finale with the Japanese forces now divided but still resisting bitterly in Cushman's Pocket and the Meatgrinder. They were however being ground down but in the northeast, where Lt General Kuribayashi had made is headquarters was Japanese resistance still as effective as ever. This was to be the last section of the island to fall and the Marines had already nicknamed the area 'The Gorge' or 'Death Valley' and some 1,500 Japanese were still deeply entrenched in their positions. Kuribayashi had predicted the battle to perfection and waited for the Marines to come and dig him out.
D+20 - D+35: 11 March 1945 - 26 March 1945
"The fight is still raging. It has developed into hand-to-hand fighting with bayonets and grenades." Dale Worley
As the final part of the campaign on Iwo Jima began, the War Department released the up-to-date casualty figures in the United States. Needless to say, they caused consternation in America and fuelled the rhetoric of the pro-MacArthur lobby. In an attempt to placate public opinion, the island was declared secure on the 14 March 1945 in a ceremony many saw as cynically premature. As one Marine put it, "if this damn place has been secured, where the hell is all this gunfire coming from?" Even the words of General Schmidt's personal officer were drowned out by an artillery barrage directed against 'Cushman's Pocket'. The Japanese had been confined to three areas - 'Cushman's pocket', 'The Gorge' and the east coast. The bulk of the fighting would be done by Marine infantry with flamethrowers, explosives and small arms against a desperate Japanese defence. The bulk of the Navy left for Guam, while the air support was continued by the P51 Mustangs with their machine guns, bombs and rockets. Airfield No. 1 was very busy with the evacuation of the wounded and transportation of replacements gradually ceding priority to the landing of damaged B29 Superfortresses. There was even a rumour that the war in Europe had ended, but this was quickly revealed to be a hoax.
The 3rd Marine Division slowly ground down the defenders in 'Cushman's Pocket' during fierce fighting. Baron Nishi, who it is believed, had been partially blinded during the fighting, led a determined resistance against the Marines with dug-in tanks and fortified caves until resistance finally ended on 16 March. The fate of Baron Nishi remains unclear as his body was never identified and none of his staff remained alive to tell what happened.
The 4th Marine Division continued to battle General Senda, who held a small area of land between the village of Higashi and the coast with a few hundred men. The Americans tried to arrange for loudspeakers to broadcast to the Japanese to appeal to them to lay down their arms and prevent anymore needless bloodshed, but the generators failed to work and the Marines had to dig the Japanese out one-by-one suffering heavy casualties in the process. The struggle lasted four more days while the body of General Senda was never found.
Meanwhile the 5th Marine Division regrouped and prepared to take on the last major bastion of Japanese resistance on the island - 'The Gorge'. On the 17 March, Admiral Nimitz issued a bulletin stating that Iwo Jima was now secure and Japanese resistance was at an end. Of course, this didn't go down to well with the Marines - "This morning the island was officially secured. They ran the flag up at the base of Hot Rocks. We are still fighting, but it's called 'mopping up operations'." (Dale Worley) In fact another nine days of bloody fighting were ahead along with almost 2,000 casualties. 'The Gorge' was in fact only some 700yds long and 3 - 500yds wide but Lt General Kuribayashi had concentrated the remains of his garrison there (around 500 men) and prepared his last stand.
The 28th Marines took up position on the cliffs overlooking 'The Gorge' while the remainder of the division attacked in the centre and from the east. In brutal fighting, the Marines gradually forced the Japanese back into a smaller and smaller pocket of resistance. The cost was staggering though, with the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 27th Marines badly mauled (the 2nd was in fact withdrawn) in the struggle. A huge blockhouse barred the way for quite a time despite repeated pounding by tanks and demolition reams and it finally took an explosive charge of some 8,500lbs to destroy it. On D+32 (23 March 1945), a final message was received by Major Horie on Chichi Jima: "All officers and men of Chichi Jima - goodbye from Iwo."
By the end of D+33, the Japanese had been squeezed into an area of around fifty square yards and the final act in a long and drawn out saga was approaching. The Americans once again tried to persuade the Japanese to surrender but to no avail. With the fighting gradually coming to an end, the remaining few defenders from 'The Gorge' and positions along the west coast, around 2 - 300 in number silently infiltrated the American lines in the early hours of 26 March and headed for the bivouac area not far from Airfield No. 2. Led by sword wielding officers and armed with an assortment of machine guns, rifles and grenades, the Japanese launched a well-planned and coordinated three-pronged attack, not a last-ditch banzai charge, against a mixture of Marine shore parties, Air Force crewmen, AA gunners and Seebees. The Japanese attacked them with determination and the noise from the confrontation brought Marines from nearby Pioneer Battalions and an all-Negro shore party. Lt Harry Martin of the 5th Pioneer Battalion organised a hasty defence line, rushed into the fight to rescue wounded men and launched a counterattack that momentarily repelled the attackers. The Japanese however returned with an even greater fury an in the confused melee, other American personnel came and joined the frantic struggle. Lt Martin was also killed, earning him the final Medal of Honor of the battle. By dawn a detachment from the Army's 147th Infantry had arrived on the scene with tanks but by then it was mostly over. The daylight revealed some 44 airmen killed, another 88 injured, 9 Marines killed, another 31 wounded. Of the Japanese attackers, some 262 lay dead with another 18 captured. Even though it was rumoured that General Kuribayashi (he had been promoted to full General on the 17 March) had led the charge, his body was never found.
As the Marines began to leave Iwo, many felt these emotions, "I stood on the rail of the ship as it pulled out. As we left I thought of my friends that had fallen and were buried there. I felt like we were leaving them back there alone, that we were deserting them. We are Marines, fighting men, that are supposed to be hard, with no feelings, but we have them. We talk of our fallen buddies as though they were transferred - we sound indifferent, but when we are alone we would cry. A buddy is something precious, and to lose that buddy is a hard blow."
Conclusion
"Among the Americans who fought on Iwo Jima, uncommon valor was a common virtue." Admiral Chester Nimitz, CINCPAC
With the final attack on the 26 March, organised Japanese resistance was finally at an end. Fighting would continue in small skirmishes well into June when the last few Japanese were captured (such as Lt Musashino, commander of the 2nd Mixed Brigade's Pioneer Company) by the US Army. Airfield No. 2 was expanded and the infrastructure of the island greatly improved. In the last few months of the war, the island underlined the reason for its capture as P51 Mustangs joined the B29 Superfortresses on the final leg of their journey to Japan and some 2,400 Superfortresses, with crews totalling over 70,000 landed on the island who might have otherwise have had to ditch in the sea.
The Americans had completely underestimated the timescale and cost of the operation as well as the determination and preparedness of the enemy. What had been envisaged as a short, decisive battle became the costliest battle in the history of the US Marine Corps and the role played by Lt General Kuribayashi cannot be underestimated in this. He had planned the defence of the island and foreseen how the campaign would unfold to perfection and was the only commander to inflict greater casualties on the Marines than what was suffered by the garrison The Marines suffered some 23,157 casualties (5,885 killed) and the US Navy suffered some 2,798 casualties (881 killed). For the Japanese, out of an estimated garrison strength of 21,060 personnel, some 216 Navy and 867 Army personnel were taken prisoner, leaving one to conclude that 19,977 were killed. Twenty-seven American personnel (22 Marines, 4 Navy corpsmen and 1 Naval Officer) received the Medal of Honor (13 posthumously), a third of the total awarded to the US Marine Corps in World War Two. The intensity of the combat on Iwo Jima was a stern warning of what was to come on Okinawa and what may well have awaited the Allies in an invasion of the Japanese mainland. Such an operation was already in its advanced planning stages, had been codenamed Operation Downfall and was due to take place in November 1945, the initial phase of which (itself codenamed Operation Olympic) was the island of Honshu. The enormity of the final casualty lists from Iwo Jima made it a priority that if an alternative means of ending the war could be found, then it should be pursued. That means came in the form of the Manhattan Project and the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Japanese formerly surrendered on the battleship USS Missouri anchored in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945. The Second World War had finally come to an end.
"When you go home, tell them of us and say: 'For their tomorrows, we gave our todays'."John Maxwell Edmonds
Closing In - Marines in the Seizure of Iwo Jima , Alexander, Joseph H., Marine Corps Historical Centre, Washington DC, 1994. [see more..]
Alexander, Joseph H. Storm Landings, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, MD, 1997. A detailed account of the major amphibious assaults of the Pacific War.
Iwo Jima and Okinawa , Black, Wallace B. , Prentice Hall, London, 1993
Flags of our Fathers , Bradley, James. , Pimlico, London, 2000
Eagle Against The Sun, Spector, Ronald, Cassell Military, London, 2001.
A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II , Weinberg, Gerhard L, Cambridge University Press, 1994
World War II , Matanle, Ivor, Godalming, 1995 (Second Edition).
The Pacific Campaign , Vat, Dan van der, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1991.
Iwo Jima, 1945 , Wright, Derrick, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2001, Campaign Series No. 81
The Battle for Iwo Jima , Wright, Derrick, Sutton Publishing, London, 1999
Iwo Jima: Legacy of Valor , Ross, Bill D. , Vintage Books, New York, 1986
Iwo Jima , Newcombe, Richard F., Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York, 1965
Never in Doubt: Remembering Iwo Jima , Kessler, Lynn. (Ed) , Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, MD, 1999.
Marshall, Don. 'Iwo Jima' in After the Battle, Number 82, pp. 1 - 37.
| Battle of Iwo Jima |
Who in books and films was the man of bronze? | HyperWar: USMC Operations in WWII: Vol IV--Western Pacific Operations [Chapter VI-1]
Chapter 1
Background to DETACHMENT 1
The autumn of 1944 saw the Allies poised for a major thrust both in Europe and in the Pacific. On the European Continent, the Allies had liberated almost all of France and stood ready to advance into Germany; in fact, the German western border and the heavily fortified Siegfried Line had already been breached; on the Eastern Front, the Russians had recaptured almost all Russian territory, had driven deep into the Balkans, and were engaged in cutting off sizable German forces in the Baltic countries after an advance into East Prussia. It was evident that Germany, now fighting by herself, having been abandoned by nearly all of her former allies, could stave off the collapse of the Third Reich for only a limited time.
In the Pacific Theater, the year of 1944 had gone badly for the Japanese also. Starting with the American offensive against the Gilberts in November 1943, the inexorable advance across the Pacific had taken American forces 3,000 miles westward by the end of the year. The conquest of Saipan, more than any other reverse, had brought home to Japanese leaders the realization that there no longer was any chance of a Japanese victory. Loss of the Marianas, accompanied by the Battle of the Philippine Sea which all but destroyed Japanese naval aviation, left the Japanese home islands open to American attack. Capture of Peleliu and Ulithi protected the American right flank for a thrust into the Philippines. By late October 1944, American forces had not only gained a foothold on Leyte, but had also inflicted disastrous punishment on the Imperial Navy during the Battle for Leyte Gulf.
The beginning of 1945 saw American forces in possession of most of Leyte and with a solid foothold on Luzon. The enemy naval forces, rendered largely impotent by the reverses they had suffered during the previous year, were no longer able to interfere successfully with American operations in the Philippines, whose liberation had become merely a matter of time.
The Allied advance by early 1945 had carried friendly forces deep into enemy territory in a line extending from an area east of the Kurile Islands southward and westward to a point separating the Mariana and Volcano Islands,
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thence westward to the Philippines, where the line turned to the southeast and continued southwestward towards New Guinea and Australia (see Map I, Map Section) . Even though many thousands of enemy troops remained on bypassed islands such as New Britain, Kavieng, Wake, Marcus, and Yap, these erstwhile Japanese strongholds had been so effectively isolated and neutralized by American air power and submarines that they remained merely a nuisance. With the capture of the Mariana Islands during the summer of 1944, the United States had obtained a strongpoint from which the further assaults towards the Japanese home islands could be launched. As an added steppingstone towards the ultimate invasion of Japan, an advance from the Marianas to the Ryukyus appeared logical. It was also considered necessary to secure a foothold in the Nanpo Shoto. The island finally selected for invasion within the Nanpo Shoto was barely more than a speck of dust and volcanic ashes in the Pacific. Little known to the outside world until 1945, its name was destined soon to be on the lips of thousands of men and women throughout the free world and Japan. That island was Iwo Jima.
History and Importance of the Bonin Islands 2
From the entrance to Tokyo Bay, a chain of islands, known as the Nanpo Shoto, extends southward for about 750 miles to within 300 miles of the Mariana Islands. The Nanpo Shoto consists of three major groups of islands: the Izut Shoto, the Bonin Islands, also known as the Ogasawara Gunto, and the Volcano Islands, known to the Japanese as the Kazan Retto. Among the latter group of islands lies Iwo Jima, located about 670 miles south of Tokyo, 700 miles north of Guam and nearly halfway between Tokyo and Saipan.
Iwo Jima, translated into English, means Sulphur Island, named for the sulphur deposits that extend to the very surface of the island. Iwo's shape has alternately been compared to that of a pork chop, a dripping ice-cream cone, or an elongated sea shell of the type commonly found on ocean beaches of the mid-Atlantic and southern United States. From northeast to southwest, the island measures less than five miles across; the width varies from approximately two and a half miles in the northern part to only one-half mile in the southern portion. Altogether, Iwo Jima occupies less than eight square miles.
There was little about Iwo Jima or the remainder of the Volcano-Bonin Islands to make them attractive to foreigners in search of areas that could be colonized. In the mid-Sixteenth Century a Spanish navigator sighted the Volcano Islands but thereafter Europeans paid little attention to them. As the century drew to a close, a Japanese explorer discovered
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the Bonin Islands and found them to be uninhabited. They remained this way until the early part of the Nineteenth Century, when an assortment of British and American whaling captains sailed into the waters surrounding the islands. A group of colonists, consisting of Englishmen, Portuguese, Italians, Hawaiians, and an American named Nathaniel Savory, who hailed from New England, set out from Hawaii and settled on Chichi Jima under British sponsorship.
In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry stopped at Chichi Jima and, impressed by the possible use of the island as a coaling station for U. S. Navy vessels, urged the government to purchase a strip of land on the island on which warehouses could be erected. Congress at the time showed little interest in such a venture, and in the end the project was abandoned.
While none of the European powers showed any interest in the largely barren and forbidding island of Iwo Jima, the Japanese had different ideas. Shortly after Perry's visit to Japan in 1853, the Japanese sent officials and colonists to the Volcano-Bonins. Eight years later, Japan laid formal claim to these islands. By 1891, following increased colonization, all of the islands in the Nanpo Shoto had come under the direct jurisdiction of the Tokyo Prefecture and thus became an integral part of the Japanese homeland. A ban on foreign settlement all but stamped out outside influence in the islands with only one exception: on Chichi Jima, the descendants of Nathaniel Savory and his group still celebrated Washington's Birthday and the Fourth of July; on these occasions they proudly displayed Old Glory, an act hardly in keeping with Japanese policy. 3
By 1943, Japanese colonization of Iwo Jima had resulted in the settlement of almost 1,100 Japanese civilians on the island. Most of these Japanese were either employed at a sugar mill located in the northeastern portion of the island or a sulphur mine and refinery located in the same general area. The inhabitants of Iwo Jima lived in five villages or settlements scattered over the northern half of the island. The northernmost of these was Kita, located in the north central part of Iwo. The village of Nishi was situated in the northwestern part of the island, while Motoyama, the largest built-up area on Iwo, was located in close proximity to the sulphur mine and refinery. The remaining two villages, Higashi and Minami, were located in the northeastern part of the island. (See Map 24 ).
Only the northern part of Iwo Jima had soil permitting some gardening. Vegetables, sugar cane, and dry grains were raised for local consumption. Rice and all other manufactured consumer items had to be obtained from Japan proper. The inhabitants of Iwo were able to supplement their diet through fishing. In this connection it must be pointed out that one of the most serious impediments to large-scale settlement of the island was the total absence of any source of fresh water, such as a lake or a river. Since the island also lacked wells, water had to be obtained
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Map 24: Iwo Jima (Sulphur Island)
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exclusively from rain carefully collected in concrete cisterns. At times, Iwo Jima was supplied with potable water by tankers. Some effort was also made to augment precious water supplies through the distillation of sea water.
While the northern part of the island was hardly designed to become a tourist attraction, the southern half of Iwo Jima was ugly beyond description. Near the narrow southern tip of Iwo, dominating the entire island, stands Mount Suribachi, an extinct volcano, which rises to an elevation of about 550 feet. To the north of Suribachi, inland from the beaches, the ground terraces successively upward to form a broad tableland occupying most of the central section of the island. The area between the northern base of Suribachi and the dome-shaped northern plateau is covered by a deep layer of black, volcanic ash so soft and so much subject to drifting that even walking becomes a problem. Wheeled vehicles cannot negotiate such ground; tracked vehicles can move across it only with difficulty.
The northern plateau consists of several elevations; the highest of these is Hill 382, located just east of Motoyama Airfield No. 2, halfway between Motoyama and Minami; two other hills reach a height of 362 feet. Much of this terrain consists of rough and rocky ground, interspersed with deep gorges and high ridges. Sulphur vapor permeates the entire area with a characteristic smell of rotten eggs. The ground itself is hot in this part of the island; the veils of vapor only serve to accentuate the impression of a ghostly landscape.
The beaches of Iwo Jima from Kitano Point, the northernmost tip of the island, to Tachiiwa Point, two miles to the southeast, are steep and narrow with many rocky shoals offshore. They border terrain that rises sharply towards the northern plateau. Rough and broken ground is typical of all beaches on northern Iwo Jima, in numerous instances with cliffs that drop off sharply towards the water's edge. Beaches along the southwestern and southeastern shores of the island vary in depth from 150 to 500 feet and generally are free from rocks offshore. The terrain would be level, rising gradually towards the interior, if it were not for the existence of sand terraces created by the action of waves. These terraces, which differ in height and width, are undergoing a constant change depending on the surf and winds. Surf conditions at Iwo are unfavorable, even under normal conditions. The island does not possess any anchorage or other inlets to protect ships from the fury of the sea. Steep beaches bring breakers close to the shore, where they can mete out severe punishment to small craft that are inward bound or beached. Winds hitting the shore from the sea serve to increase the fury of the waves.
The climate of Iwo Jima is subtropical with a cool season extending from December through April and a warm season from May through November. Temperatures are moderate, with an average ranging between 63 and 70 degrees during the cool period and 73 through 80 degrees during spring, summer, and autumn. Annual rainfall averages 60 inches, with February the driest month and May the wettest.
The desolation of the island is further accentuated by the sparse vegetation.
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A few coarse grasses and gnarled trees are engaged in a perennial struggle for survival. An officer in the Imperial Japanese Army, formerly stationed on Iwo, has described it as an "island of sulphur, no water, no sparrow, and no swallow." 4 The only living thing on Iwo, aside from the Japanese, was a bird resembling the American rail, a wading bird related to the cranes, but of medium size.
The above description of Iwo Jima, hardly complimentary in essence, may easily give rise to the question how an island of such poor proportions could assume the strategic importance that both the Japanese and Americans placed on it by the summer of 1944. At least one American, speaking to a Navy Chaplain, expressed the sentiment that "after God got through making the world, he must've took all the dirty ash and rubble left over and made Iwo Jima." 5 Yet the island was destined to witness one of the epic amphibious assaults of World War II, followed by a month-long running battle that cost the assault force heavily in men and equipment and at the same time resulted in the complete destruction of the enemy garrison. The factors that made this otherwise worthless pile of rock and black sand such Smith a prize to friend and enemy alike, require a detailed explanation. Only then can the struggle between 23,000 Japanese and an assault force initially of 60,000 men, combatting each other at closest quarters on this inhospitable island, be readily understood.
Japanese Defensive Preparations In the Bonin-Volcano Islands 6
Japanese military interest in the Volcano-Bonin Islands first arose in 1914, coincident to the outbreak of World War I. Even though the Japanese home islands were never threatened during that war, which Japan entered on the side of the Allies, a few defenses were prepared on Chichi Jima, an island in the Bonin-Volcano Group about 175 miles north-northeast of Iwo Jima. On 10 August 1920, the Chichi Jima Branch, Army Fortification Department, was formally established, followed by the construction of fortifications beginning in June 1921. As a result of the Naval Arms Limitation Agreement, concluded on 6 February 1922, work on the fortifications was halted. 7 Since all of the action had occurred elsewhere, the Japanese garrison on Chichi Jima led a peaceful existence and never fired a shot in anger.
During the postwar period and
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throughout the twenties and thirties, the status of Chichi Jima did not undergo any appreciable change. Though a small garrison remained on the island, no additional installations were constructed. On Iwo Jima, the presence of any military installation was even less conspicuous, though by 1937 a wooden sign had been erected by the Imperial Navy, bearing a legend in both Japanese and English, clearly cautioning the careless trespasser from recording or photographing such installations as he might encounter on the island.
At the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor an Army force of about 3,700-3,800 men garrisoned Chichi Jima. In addition, about 1,200 naval personnel manned the Chichi Jima Naval Base, a small seaplane base, the radio and weather station, and various gunboat, subchaser, and minesweeping units. 8 On Iwo Jima, the Imperial Navy had constructed an airfield about 2,000 yards northeast of Mount Suribachi. Initially stationed on this field were 1,500 naval aviation personnel and 20 aircraft. 9
In the wake of the American seizure of the Marshalls and devastating air attacks against Truk in the Carolines during February 1944, the Japanese military leadership was forced to conduct an agonizing reappraisal of the military situation. All indications pointed to an American drive towards the Marianas and Carolines. To counter such a move, it became necessary to establish an inner line of defense extending generally northward from the Carolines to the Marianas, and from thence to the Volcano-Bonin Islands. In March 1944, the Thirty-First Army, commanded by General Hideyoshi Obata, was activated for the purpose of garrisoning this inner line. The commander of the Chichi Jima garrison was placed nominally in command of Army and Navy units in the Volcano-Bonin Islands.
Following the American seizure of most of the Marshalls, both Army and Navy reinforcements were sent to Iwo Jima. Five hundred men from the naval base at Yokosuka and an additional 500 from Chichi Jima reached Iwo during March and April 1944. At the same time, with the arrival of reinforcements from Chichi Jima and the home islands, the Army garrison on Iwo Jima had reached a strength of over 5,000 men, equipped with 13 artillery pieces, 200 light and heavy machine guns, and 4,552 rifles. 10 In addition, the defense boasted 14 120mm coast artillery guns, 12 heavy antiaircraft guns, and 30 25mm dual-mount antiaircraft guns. 11
The loss of the Marianas during the summer of 1944 greatly increased the importance of the Volcano-Bonins for the Japanese, who were fully cognizant
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that the loss of these islands would facilitate American air raids against the home islands. Such raids, beyond any doubt, would raise havoc with the entire Japanese war production program, and deal a severe blow to civilian morale.
Final Japanese plans for the defense of the Volcano-Bonins were overshadowed by the fact that the Imperial Navy had already lost most of its naval strength and no longer constituted a major factor in frustrating possible American landings. Moreover, aircraft losses throughout 1944 had been so heavy that, even if war production was not materially slowed by American air attacks, combined Japanese air strength was not expected to increase to 3,000 aircraft until March or April of 1945. Even then, these planes could not be used from bases in the home islands against Iwo Jima because their range did not exceed 550 miles; besides, all available aircraft had to be hoarded for possible use on Formosa and adjacent islands where land bases were available in close proximity. 12
In a postwar study, Japanese staff officers described the strategy applied in the defense of Iwo Jima in the following terms:
In the light of the above situation, seeing that it was impossible to conduct our air, sea, and ground operations on Iwo Island toward ultimate victory, it was decided that in order to gain time necessary for the preparation of the Homeland defense, our forces should rely solely upon the established defensive equipment in that area, checking the enemy by delaying tactics. Even the suicidal attacks by small groups of our Army and Navy airplanes, the surprise attacks by our submarines, and the actions of parachute units, although effective, could be regarded only as a strategical ruse on our part. It was a most depressing thought that we had no available means left for the exploitation of the strategical opportunities which might from time to time occur in the course of these operations. 13
Even before the fall of Saipan in June 1944, Japanese planners knew that Iwo Jima would have to be reinforced materially if it were to the held for any length of time, and preparations were made to send sizable numbers of men and quantities of materiel to that island. In late May, Lieutenant General Tadamichi Kuribayashi was summoned to the office of the Prime Minister, General Hideki Tojo, who informed the general that he had been chosen to defend Iwo Jima to the last. Kuribayashi was further apprised of the importance of this assignment when Tojo pointed out that the eyes of the entire nation were focused on the defense of Iwo. Fully aware of the implications of the task entrusted to him, the general accepted. By 8 June, Kuribayashi was on his way to his toughest and final assignment, determined to convert Iwo Jima into an invincible fortress that would withstand any type of attack from any quarter.
The Japanese could hardly have selected an individual better qualified to lead the defense of Iwo Jima. As a member of a Samurai family, the 54-year-old Kuribayashi already had a distinguished military career behind him at the time he received the Iwo assignment.
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In the 30 years in which he had served the Empire, the general had seen much of the world. During the late twenties, as a captain, Kuribayashi had spent two years in the United States performing attache duties. In the course of his travels in America, he gained a keen appreciation of American economic power, as expressed in a letter to his wife:
The United States is the last country in the world that Japan should fight. Its industrial potentiality is huge and fabulous, and the people are energetic and versatile. One must never underestimate the American's fighting ability. 14
Following his travels in the New World, Kuribayashi served in the Japanese cavalry. In August 1936, as a lieutenant colonel, he commanded a cavalry regiment. For the next two years, by then a colonel, he served in the Ministry of War. In 1940, he was promoted to brigadier general and given command of a cavalry brigade. Following the Pearl Harbor attack, he participated in the occupation of Hong Kong as chief of staff of the Twenty-Third Army. In 1943, General Kuribayashi, by then a major general, was recalled to Tokyo, where he commanded the Imperial Guards until his appointment as commander of the Iwo Jima Garrison. 15
General Kuribayashi arrived on Iwo Jima between 8 and 10 June. As a result, he was on the island when TG 58.1 and TG 58.4, consisting of seven aircraft carriers under the command of Rear Admiral Joseph J. Clark, unleashed their first strike against the Bonins, which resulted in the destruction of 10 Japanese fighters in the air and a possible 70 planes on the ground in two days of operations. In addition, 21 seaplanes were destroyed on Chichi Jima. On 24 June 1944, the American carriers under Admiral Clark again struck at Iwo. This time, 80 Japanese fighters rose to challenge the intruders. When the smoke of battle over Iwo cleared nearly half of the Japanese fighters had been destroyed. One of the Japanese fighter pilots who survived the fierce dogfights over lwo Jima that day commented:
The loss of forty planes and pilots in a single action staggered me. Equally disturbing was the sight of our inexperienced pilots falling in flames, one after the other, as the Hellcats blasted our outmoded Zeros from the Sky. How much like Lae the battle had been! Except that now the obsolescent planes were Zeros, and the inexperienced pilots were Japanese. The war had run full circle. 16
The loss of the 40 sorely needed fighters on 24 June was not the only disaster that befell Rear Admiral Teiichi Matsunaga, commanding the Japanese naval forces on Iwo. Not one of 20 torpedo bombers he sent out against the American carriers returned to the island. A third wave of 41 aircraft dispatched against the task force not only failed to inflict any damage on the carriers, but in the process nearly half of the Japanese planes were shot out of the sky.
On the evening of 2 July, Japanese radio monitors on Iwo Jima noted a sudden increase in their adversary's
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radio traffic. Though the Japanese were unable to decipher the code, the strength of the signals indicated to experienced monitors that an American force was in fairly close proximity to Iwo Jima. Early the following morning, American carrier-based aircraft once again raided the island. While the 40 Japanese fighters remaining on Iwo took to the air to intercept the attacking American planes and soon became engaged in heavy dogfights, a squadron of bombers pounced on the island and bombed the airstrip in five waves. Not a single fighter opposed them, since all of the Zeros had been diverted by the American fighters. At the end of the day it became apparent that once again the Japanese had lost half of their remaining fighters, which left only 20 of the original 80. The air battle over Iwo continued on 4 July. At the end of the day, only nine Zeros, most of them badly damaged, returned to Iwo. This left Japanese aviation on the island with nine damaged fighters and eight torpedo bombers which had somehow escaped the holocaust in their revetments.
On the following day, this remnant of Japanese naval aviation on Iwo was dispatched on a final mission: to seek out the American naval task force and destroy as many carriers as possible. The fighter pilots were admonished to stay with the eight torpedo bombers and avoid combat with intercepting American fighters at all costs. It was made clear to both fighter and bomber pilots that they were engaged in a one-way mission from which they were not expected to return. When the attack force approached Admiral Clark's carriers it proved no match for the intercepting fighters. The slow, sluggish Japanese bombers, heavily loaded with their torpedoes, were shot down one after the other by the attacking Hellcats. One of the few Japanese pilots to survive this action reported that in less than a minute seven of the bombers had been destroyed by American fighters. Late on 5 July, four dispirited Japanese fighter pilots and one bomber pilot returned to Iwo.
In addition to the annihilation of virtually all Iwo-based aircraft, another ordeal was in store for the Japanese garrison. On the day following the unsuccessful bombing mission, a U. S. naval force boldly appeared within sight of the island and subjected the Japanese to a naval bombardment from point-blank range. What it felt like to be on the receiving end of such a bombardment has been recorded by one of the Japanese:
For two days we cowered like rats, trying to dig ourselves deeper into the acrid volcanic dust and ash of Iwo Jima. Never have I felt so helpless, so puny, as I did during those two days. There was nothing we could do, there was no way in which we could strike back. The men screamed and cursed and shouted, they shook their fists and swore revenge, and too many of them fell to the ground, their threats choking on the blood which bubbled through great gashes in their throats. Virtually every last structure on Iwo Jima was torn to splintered wreckage. Not a building stood. Not a tent escaped. Not even the most dismal shack remained standing. Everything was blown to bits. The four fighter planes which had returned from our last sortie were smashed by shells into flaming pieces of junk. 17
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For several days the survivors of the bombardment remained in a state of shock from their ordeal and frantic calls for reinforcements went out in view of what appeared to be an imminent invasion of the Island. When several Japanese transport ships appeared on the horizon, the garrison rejoiced, only to fall into deeper gloom and frustration when American submarines torpedoed these ships before their very eyes. Lookouts posted atop Mount Suribachi scanned the ocean for signs of the approaching invasion fleet, and false alarms were frequent.
Much to the surprise of the Japanese garrison on Iwo, an American invasion of the island did not materialize during the summer of 1944. There was little doubt that in time the Americans would be compelled to attack the island. General Kuribayashi, who had personally witnessed Admiral Clark's second air strike against Iwo, as well as the naval bombardment in early July, was more determined than ever to exact the heaviest possible price for Iwo when the invaders came. Without naval and air support, it was a foregone conclusion that Iwo could not hold out indefinitely against an invader possessing both naval and air supremacy.
As a first step in readying Iwo for a prolonged defense, the island commander ordered the evacuation of all civilians from the island. This was accomplished by late July. Next came an overall plan for defense of the island. Lieutenant General Hideyoshi Obata, Commanding General of the Thirty-First Army, early in 1944 had been responsible for the defense of Iwo prior to his return to the Marianas. At the time, faithful to the doctrine that an invasion had to be met practically at the water's edge, Obata had ordered the emplacement of artillery and the construction of pillboxes near the beaches. General Kuribayashi had different ideas. Instead of a futile effort to hold the beaches, he planned to defend the latter with a sprinkling of automatic weapons and infantry. Artillery, mortars, and rockets would be emplaced on the foot and slopes of Mount Suribachi, as well as in the high ground to the north of Chidori airfield.
A prolonged defense of the island required the preparation of an extensive system of caves and tunnels, for the naval bombardment had clearly shown that surface installations could not withstand extensive shelling. To this end, mining engineers were dispatched from Japan to draw blueprints for projected underground fortifications that would consist of elaborate tunnels at varying levels to assure good ventilation and minimize the effect of bombs or shells exploding near the entrances or exits.
At the same time, reinforcements were gradually beginning to reach the island. As commander of the 109th Infantry Division, General Kuribayashi decided first of all to shift the 2d Independent Mixed Brigade, consisting of about 5,000 men under Major General Kotau Osuga, from Chichi to Iwo. With the fall of Saipan, 2,700 men of the 145th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Colonel Masuo Ikeda, were diverted to Iwo. These reinforcements, who reached the island during July and August 1944, brought the strength of the garrison up to approximately 12,700
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men. Next came 1,233 members of the 204th Naval Construction Battalion, who quickly set to work constructing concrete pillboxes and other fortifications.
On 10 August, Rear Admiral Toshinosuka Ichimaru reached Iwo, shortly followed by 2,216 naval personnel, including naval aviators and ground Crews. 18 The admiral, a renowned Japanese aviator, had been crippled in an airplane crash in the mid-twenties and, ever since the outbreak of the war, had chafed under repeated rear echelon assignments. More than pleased with finally having been granted a combat assignment, Ichimaru penned a poem which began:
Grateful to his Majesty for giving me
A chance to fight on the foremost front.
I depart with buoyant heart,
Filled with joy and exultation. 19
Next to arrive on Iwo were artillery units and five antitank battalions. Even though numerous supply ships on route to Iwo Jima were sunk by American submarines and aircraft, substantial quantities of materiel did reach Iwo during the summer and autumn of 1944. By the end of the year, General Kuribayashi had available to him 361 artillery pieces of 75mm or larger caliber, a dozen 320mm mortars, 65 medium (150mm) and light (81mm) mortars, 33 naval guns 80mm or larger, and 94 antiaircraft guns 75mm or larger. In addition to this formidable array of large caliber guns, the Iwo defenses could boast of more than 200 20mm and 25mm antiaircraft guns and 69 37mm and 47mm antitank guns. The fire power of the artillery was further supplemented with a variety of rockets varying from an eight-inch type that weighed 200 pounds and could travel between 2,000-3,000 yards, to a giant 550-pound projectile that had a range of more than 7,500 yards. 20 Altogether, 70 rocket guns and their crews reached Iwo Jima. As a result of American attacks against Japanese shipping, a number of artillery pieces were lost. Others reached Iwo, but their crews, traveling on other ships, drowned en route. In several instances, guns and crews arrived intact, only to discover that vital optical sights, shipped on other vessels, had been lost. Large shipments of barbed wire, essential for the defense of Iwo, never reached the island; the ships carrying this vital commodity were sunk en route.
In order to further strengthen the Iwo defenses, the 26th Tank Regiment, which had been stationed at Pusan, Korea after extended service in Manchuria, received orders for Iwo. The officer commanding this regiment was Lieutenant Colonel Baron Takeichi Nishi. Like Kuribayashi, he was a cavalryman, had travelled extensively abroad, and in the 1932 Olympics at Los Angeles had won a gold medal in the equestrian competitions. The regiment, consisting of 600 men and 28 tanks, sailed from Japan in mid-July on board
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the Nisshu Maru. As the ship, sailing in a convoy, approached Chichi Jima on 18 July 1944, it was torpedoed by an American submarine, the USS Cobia. Even though only two members of the 26th Tank Regiment failed to survive the sinking, all of the regiment's 28 tanks went to the bottom of the sea. It would be December before these tanks could be replaced, but 22 finally reached Iwo Jima. Initially, Colonel Nishi had planned to employ his armor as a type of "roving fire brigade," to be committed at focal points of combat. The rugged terrain precluded such employment and in the end, under the colonel's watchful eyes, the tanks were deployed in static positions. They were either buried or their turrets were dismounted and so skillfully emplaced in the rocky ground that they were practically invisible from the air or from the ground.
For the remainder of 1944, the construction of fortifications on Iwo also went into high gear. The Japanese were quick to discover that the black volcanic ash that existed in abundance all over the island could be converted into concrete of superior quality when mixed with cement. Pillboxes near the beaches north of Mount Suribachi were constructed of reinforced concrete, many of them with walls four feet thick. At the same time, an elaborate system of caves, concrete blockhouses, and pillboxes was established. One of the results of American air attacks and naval bombardment in the early summer of 1944 had been to drive the Japanese so deep underground that eventually their defenses became virtually immune to air or naval bombardment.
While the Japanese on Peleliu Island in the Western Carolines, also awaiting American invasion, had turned the improvement of natural caves into an art, the defenders of Iwo literally developed it into a science. Because of the importance of the underground positions, 25 percent of the garrison was detailed to tunneling. Positions constructed underground ranged in size from small caves for a few men to several underground chambers capable of holding 300 or 400 men. In order to prevent personnel from becoming trapped in any one excavation, the subterranean installations were provided with multiple entrances and exits, as well as stairways and interconnecting passageways. Special attention had to be paid to providing adequate ventilation, since sulphur fumes were present in many of the underground installations. Fortunately for the Japanese, most of the volcanic stone on Iwo was so soft that it could be cut with hand tools.
General Kuribayashi established his command post in the northern part of the island, about 500 yards northeast of Kita village and south of Kitano Point. This installation, 75 feet underground, consisted of caves of varying sizes, connected by 500 feet of tunnels. Here the island commander had his own warroom in one of three small concrete enclosed chambers; the two similar rooms were used by the staff. A communications blockhouse protruded above the ground level. This structure was 150 feet long, 70 feet wide; the roof had a thickness of 10 feet with walls five feet wide. The blockhouse was manned by 70 radio operators who worked in shifts. Farther south on Hill 382, the second
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highest elevation on the island, the Japanese constructed a radio and weather station. Nearby, on an elevation just southeast of the station, an enormously large blockhouse was constructed which served as the headquarters of Colonel Chosaku Kaido, who commanded all artillery on Iwo Jima. Other hills in the northern portion of the island were tunnelled out, All of these major excavations featured multiple entrances and exits and were virtually invulnerable to damage from artillery or aerial bombardment. Typical of the thoroughness employed in the construction of subterranean defenses was the main communications center south of Kita village, which was so spacious that it contained a chamber 150 feet long and 70 feet wide. This giant structure was similar in construction and thickness of walls and ceilings to General Kuribayashi's command post. A 500- foot-long tunnel 75 feet below the ground led into this vast subterranean chamber. 21
Perhaps the most ambitious construction project to get under way was the creation of an underground passageway designed to link all major defense installations on the island. As projected, this passageway was to have attained a total length of almost 17 miles. Had it been completed, it would have linked the formidable underground installations in the northern portion of Iwo Jima with the southern part of the island, where the northern slope of Mount Suribachi alone harbored several thousand yards of tunnels. 22 By the time the Marines landed on Iwo Jima, more than 11 miles of tunnels had been completed. 23
A supreme effort was required of the Japanese personnel engaged in the underground construction work. Aside from the heavy physical labor, the men were exposed to heat varying from 90 to 120 degrees Fahrenheit, as well as sulphur fumes that forced them to wear gas masks. In numerous instances a work detail had to be relieved after only five minutes. When renewed American air attacks struck the island on 8 December 1944 and thereafter became a daily occurrence until the actual invasion of the island, a large number of men had to be diverted to repairing the damaged airfields.
While Iwo Jima was being converted into a major fortress with all possible speed, General Kuribayashi formulated his final plans for the defense of the island. This plan, which constituted a radical departure from the defensive tactics used by the Japanese earlier in the war, provided for the following major points:
In order to prevent disclosing their positions to the Americans, Japanese artillery was to remain silent during the expected prelanding bombardment. No fire would be directed against the American naval vessels.
Upon landing on Iwo Jima, the Americans were not to encounter any opposition on the beaches.
Once the Americans had advanced about 500 yards inland, they were to be taken under the concentrated fire of automatic weapons stationed in the vicinity of Motoyama airfield to the north,
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as well as automatic weapons and artillery emplaced both on the high ground to the north of the landing beaches and Mount Suribachi to the south.
After inflicting maximum possible casualties and damage on the landing force, the artillery was to displace northward from the high ground near the Chidori airfield.
In this connection, Kuribayashi stressed once again that he planned to conduct an elastic defense designed to wear down the invasion force. Such prolonged resistance naturally required the defending force to stockpile rations and ammunition. To this end the island commander accumulated a food reserve to last for two and a half months, ever mindful of the fact that the trickle of supplies that was reaching Iwo Jima during the latter part of 1944 would cease altogether once the island was surrounded by a hostile naval force.
Opposition to General Kuribayashi's unorthodox defense plan, which reflected changes in earlier Japanese military doctrine, was not long in developing. It must be noted that the defensive form of combat in itself was distasteful to the Japanese, who early in the war had been loath to admit to themselves that the Imperial Army would ever be forced to engage in this form of combat. In fact, "so pronounced was their dislike for the defensive that tactical problems illustrating this type of combat were extremely rare." 24 According to standard Japanese doctrine, the object of the defensive was to inflict on the superior hostile forces such losses by firepower - disposed appropriately on the terrain and behind man-made works - that the initial disparity of forces became equalized to the point of eventually permitting the defense force to go over to the offensive.
As far as the objective in defending Iwo Jima was concerned, General Kuribayashi's plan adhered closely to the prevalent doctrine. It was the manner of execution that aroused the displeasure of some of his subordinates, for during the period following the American capture of Guadalcanal and up until the end of the fighting on Saipan, it had become almost standard procedure for the Japanese to defend the beaches in an attempt to drive the invader back into the sea. Once the position of the defending force on an island had become untenable, a brave banzai charge, in which the defenders sought victory in death, usually terminated all organized resistance. Kuribayashi's intent of conserving his manpower and not staking all on a defense of the beaches or futile banzai charges was the epitome of the revised Japanese doctrine, already employed at Biak in the Southwest Pacific, to some extent in the Palaus, and very extensively on Luzon in the Philippines.
The most vociferous opposition to General Kuribayashi's plan of defense, strangely enough, came from his own chief of staff, Colonel Shizuichi Hori, a former instructor at the Japanese Military Academy. The latter was strongly supported by General Osuga, commander of the 2d Independent Mixed Brigade. In an unusual display of solidarity between Army and Navy, Captain Samaji Inouye, commanding the Naval Guard Force, sided with the two
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Army dissidents. According to one source who was stationed on Iwo during the summer of 1944:
Arguments raged in July, August, and September. Arguments were not confined to Iwo command alone, but taken to Tokyo's Army and Navy staffs. In August Tokyo asked Nazi German General Staff's opinion. Germany replied that waterfront repulse was unfeasible under overwhelming American shelling and bombings according to German experience. It was not that German reply was the decisive factor. But anyway, supporters of the waterfront idea gradually dwindled. Kuribayashi made some compromise and the hot arguments ended in September. 25
Finally, in December 1944, General Kuribayashi decided to restore unity to his command. He dismissed Colonel Hori as chief of staff of the 109th Division and replaced him with Colonel Tadashi Takaishi. General Osuga, commander of the 2d Independent Brigade, was succeeded by Major General Sadasue Senda, an experienced artilleryman who had seen combat in Manchuria and China. Altogether, a total of 18 officers were replaced.
During the final months of preparing Iwo Jima for the defense, General Kuribayashi saw to it that the strenuous work of building fortifications did not interfere with the training of units. As an initial step towards obtaining more time for training, he ordered work on the northernmost airfield on the island halted. In an operations order issued in early December, the island commander set 11 February 1945 as the target date for completion of defensive preparations and specified that personnel were to spend 70 percent of their time in training and 30 percent in construction work.
Despite intermittent harassment by American submarines and aircraft, additional personnel continued to arrive on Iwo until February 1945. By that time General Kuribayashi had under his command a force totalling between 21,000 and 23,000 men, including both Army and Navy units. 26
General Kuribayashi made several changes in his basic defense plan in the months preceding the American invasion of Iwo Jima. The final stratagem, which became effective in January 1945, called for the creation of strong, mutually supporting positions which were to be defended to the death. Neither large scale counterattacks, withdrawals, nor banzai charges were contemplated. The southern portion of Iwo in the proximity of Mount Suribachi was organized into a semi-independent defense sector. Fortifications included casemated coast artillery and automatic weapons in mutually supporting pillboxes. The narrow isthmus to the north of Suribachi was to be defended by a small infantry force. On the other hand,
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this entire area was exposed to the fire of artillery, rocket launchers, and mortars emplaced on Suribachi to the south and the high ground to the north.
A main line of defense, consisting of mutually supporting positions in depth, extended from the northwestern part of the island to the southeast, along a general line from the cliffs to the northwest, across Motoyama Airfield No. 2 to Minami village. From there it continued eastward to the shoreline just south of Tachiiwa Point. (See Map 25 ). The entire line of defense was dotted with pillboxes, bunkers, and blockhouses. Colonel Nishi's immobilized tanks, carefully dug in and camouflaged, further reinforced this fortified area, whose strength was supplemented by the broken terrain. A second line of defense extended from a few hundred yards south of Kitano Point at the very northern tip of Iwo across the still uncompleted Airfield No. 3, to Motoyama village, and then to the area between Tachiiwa Point and the East Boat Basin. This second line contained fewer man-made fortifications, but the Japanese took maximum advantage of natural caves and other terrain features.
As an additional means of protecting the two completed airfields on Iwo from direct assault, the Japanese constructed a number of antitank ditches near the fields and mined all natural routes of approach. When, on 2 January, more than a dozen B-24 bombers raided Airfield No. 1 and inflicted heavy damage, Kuribayashi diverted more than 600 men, 11 trucks, and 2 bulldozers for immediate repairs. As a result, the airfield again became operational after only 12 hours. Eventually, 2,000 men were assigned the job of filling the bomb craters with as many as 50 men detailed to each bomb crater. The end of 1944 saw' American B-24 bombers over Iwo Jima almost every night while U. S. Navy carriers and cruisers frequently sortied into the Bonins. On 8 December, American aircraft dropped more than 800 tons of bombs on Iwo Jima, which shook the Japanese up but did very little real damage to the island defenses. Even though frequent air raids interfered with the Japanese defensive preparations and robbed the garrison of much badly needed sleep, progress of the work was not materially slowed.
Despite the air raids, which became a daily occurrence in December, and increasing isolation from the homeland, morale remained high among members of the Iwo garrison. Japanese national holidays, such as the birthday of Emperor Meiji on 11 February, were celebrated with rice cake and an extra ration of sake. At the same time, the Iwo Jima defenders, gathered in small groups near their battle stations, listened to a Tokyo broadcast in which a song, especially dedicated to the defense of Iwo, was released to the public. Many of the men wore white headbands, similar to the ones worn by kamikaze pilots, to demonstrate their determination to die in defense of the island. Inside the pillboxes, for all to see and burn into their minds, were copies of the "Courageous Battle Vow, " which pledged all to dedicate themselves to the defense of Iwo, and to fight to the last with any and all weapons at hand. The pledge appropriately ended with the following words:
Each man will make it his duty to kill
--459--
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Who was Stan Laurels partner? | Stan Laurel - Biography - IMDb
Stan Laurel
Biography
Showing all 75 items
Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (2) | Spouse (5) | Trade Mark (5) | Trivia (42) | Personal Quotes (13) | Salary (4)
Overview (4)
5' 8" (1.73 m)
Mini Bio (2)
Stan Laurel came from a theatrical family, his father was an actor and theatre manager, and he made his stage debut at the age of 16 at Pickard's Museum, Glasgow. He traveled with Fred Karno 's vaudeville company to the United States in 1910 and again in 1913. While with that company he was Charles Chaplin 's understudy, and he performed imitations of Chaplin. On a later trip he remained in the United States, having been cast in a two-reel comedy, Nuts in May (1917) (not released until 1918). There followed a number of shorts for Metro, Hal Roach Studios, then Universal, then back to Roach in 1926. His first two-reeler with Oliver Hardy was 45 Minutes from Hollywood (1926). Their first release through MGM was Sugar Daddies (1927) and the first with star billing was From Soup to Nuts (1928). Their first feature-length starring roles were in Pardon Us (1931). Their work became more production-line and less popular during the war years, especially after they left Roach and MGM for Twentieth Century-Fox. Their last movie together was The Bullfighters (1945) except for a dismal failure made in France several years later ( Utopia (1951)). In 1960 he was given a special Oscar "for his creative pioneering in the field of cinema comedy". He died five years later.
( 23 August 1926 - 28 September 1935) (divorced) (2 children)
Trade Mark (5)
Usually played a childishly innocent man who always looked up to his good friend Oliver Hardy , whether it was deserved or not. Common schticks included crying in cases of great predicaments, taking instructions literally at all times and mixing up his lines. He and Hardy often had a scene in their films where they would get into a fight with another person that consisted solely of destroying property. The duo would destroy something the opponent values while the opponent ooks on and does not resist. When they are done, the opponent does the same to them, while they refrain from resisting, and so on.
Wide, "hanger-in-my-mouth" smile, spiky hair sported in all of his films, and of course, the "whiny face" for which he is famous.
Completely vacant stare into the camera, accentuated by white pancake makeup.
Gaze into the camera with arms up and palms out in a "What now?" gesture.
Subtle substitution of the word "me" for "my", as in the line from Way Out West: "Wait a minute while I spit on me hands."
Trivia (42)
His light blue eyes almost ended his movie career before it began. Until the early 1920s, filmmakers used black-and-white Orthochromatic film stock, which was "blue blind". Hal Roach cameraman George Stevens (the same George Stevens who would later become an acclaimed producer/director) knew of panchromatic film and was able to get a supply of it from Chicago. This new film was sensitive to blue and recorded Laurel's pale blue eyes in a more natural way. Stevens became Laurel's cameraman on his short films at Roach. When Laurel teamed with Oliver Hardy , the team made Stevens their cameraman of choice.
Had two children with his first wife, Lois: a daughter, Lois Laurel ; and a son, Stanley Robert (born May 7, 1930; died May 16, 1930), who was born two months prematurely and died nine days later.
Laurel first appeared with his future partner, Oliver Hardy , in The Lucky Dog (1921), which was filmed in 1919, but not released until 1921.
He always thought that his "whining face" was humiliating, but the producers forced him to do it in most of his movies since the public loved it.
Interred at Forest Lawn (Hollywood Hills), Los Angeles, California, USA.
Suffered a nervous breakdown on the death of his longtime film partner and friend, Oliver Hardy , and according to his friends, never fully recovered.
Turned down a cameo role in Stanley Kramer 's gigantic farce It's a Mad Mad Mad Mad World (1963).
Had always been a huge fan of westerns, and after he became a success, his company, Stan Laurel Productions, financed a series of low-budget musical westerns starring singing cowboy Fred Scott . The films were made for and released by the independent Spectrum Pictures rather than Hal Roach Studios, which made Laurel's and Oliver Hardy 's films, or MGM, which released them. The Scott westerns seldom, if ever, made any money, but Laurel's enthusiasm for them never waned until his accountants showed him that they were getting to be a major drain on his finances, at which time he reluctantly dropped his participation.
Subject on one of five 29¢ US commemorative postage stamps celebrating famous comedians, issued in booklet form 29 August 1991. He is shown with his partner Oliver Hardy . The stamp designs were drawn by caricaturist Al Hirschfeld . The other comedians honored in the set are Edgar Bergen (with alter ego Charlie McCarthy); Jack Benny ; Fanny Brice ; and Bud Abbott and Lou Costello .
Appears on sleeve of The Beatles ' album "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band".
He and Mae Laurel lived as a common-law couple, as Mae was legally married to someone in her native Australia when she met Stan in 1918. They parted in 1925 by mutual consent and Mae returned to Australia.
At the time of Oliver Hardy 's death in 1957, Stan was too ill to attend his late partner's funeral.
Had said that out of all the impersonations done of him, he liked actor Dick Van Dyke 's the best. Van Dyke even got to perform that impersonation on one of the episodes of The Dick Van Dyke Show (1961) and after it premiered, he called Laurel to ask his opinion. Laurel said he liked everything but one detail, the hat wasn't right. Van Dyke said he found Laurel's number in a Santa Monica, California, phone book.
His and Oliver Hardy 's films had and still have great success in Italy where they are known as "Stanlio e Ollio".
He was voted, along with comedy partner Oliver Hardy , the 45th Greatest Movie Star of all time by Entertainment Weekly.
The death of his partner Oliver Hardy left him a broken man, so much so that he fell into a deep depression and swore never to do comedy again. He didn't. In the eight years between Hardy's death and his own, he repeatedly turned down offers to do public appearances.
He and Oliver Hardy have been and continue to be very popular in Germany under the name of "Dick und Doof" (Fatty and Stupid).
Fell off a platform and tore ligaments in his right leg during the filming of Babes in Toyland (1934).
An extra named John Wood from the film Babes in Toyland (1934) sued him and his stunt double, Ham Kinsey , claiming back injuries after Laurel and Kinsey threw him in the ducking pond on the set. The lawsuit specified $40,500 in damages, but was settled out-of-court.
Is portrayed by Jim Plunkett in Harlow (1965).
In his later years, he was a close friends with Dick Van Dyke . Dick delivered the eulogy at Stan's funeral.
He was greatly admired by Jerry Lewis . When Lewis had his own production company in the early 1960s, he repeatedly tried to hire Stan for his creative team. Stan refused, despite the impressive salary. According to Lewis, he would send scripts to Stan who would read them and write suggestions in the margins.
Is portrayed by Matthew Cottle in Chaplin (1992).
Stan was greatly admired by Peter Sellers . Sellers claimed that the "Laurel" character was his inspiration when he created the "gardener" character in Being There (1979).
While rarely credited as a writer or director, he was the driving creative force behind the team of he and Oliver Hardy --whenever Hardy was asked a question about a gag, story idea, plotline, etc., he always pointed to Laurel and said, "Ask Stan." Laurel often worked well into the night, writing and editing their films.
In his later years, he was arguably the most approachable of all movie stars, keeping his phone number in the phone book, welcoming all sorts of visitors, and responding to his fan mail personally.
His partner Oliver Hardy was an inveterate golfer, often setting up his own little putting green on the set so he could practice between takes. Laurel once joked to a reporter interviewing him that golf was Hardy's only "bad habit". When the reporter asked if he had any bad habits, Laurel--who had been married and divorced five times--replied, "Yes, and I married them.".
Suffered a stroke in June 1955.
Although Stan is recorded as being born in Ulverston Cumbria, he never knew it. He was actually born in Ulverston Lancashire. Ulverston became part of Cumbria under the "Local Government Act 1972" and became part of Cumbria two years later in 1974; nine years after Stan died.
A comedian until the very last, Stan Laurel, just minutes away from death on February 23, 1965, told his nurse he would not mind going skiing right at that very moment. Somewhat taken aback, the nurse replied that she was not aware that he was a skier. "I'm not," said Stan, "I'd rather be doing that than have all these needles stuck into me!" A few minutes later, the nurse looked in on him again and found that Stan had quietly passed away.
He was a staunch Democrat.
He was a heavy smoker until he suddenly gave up when he was about seventy.
Laurel insisted that the quote attributed to him, "You know my hobbies; I married them all." was actually dreamed up by the publicity department.
Because the Roach studio was smaller than the majors, the indoor sets were relatively close to each other, and the actors often visited other sets between takes. Matthew "Stymie" Beard picked up Stan's Irish children's derby and wore it whenever Stan put it down. Stan eventually gave Stymie a hat, which became Stymie's trademark as much as it was Stan's.
Stan removed the heels from his shoes while filming. It helped him accent his already humorous walk.
Stan's famous hairstyle was created by accident. He and Babe had shaved their heads to play convicts in The Second 100 Years (1927), and it grew back very unevenly and refused to stay down. Others on the Roach lot laughed, so Stan began to cultivate the new look. Offscreen, he combed it straight back, as did Oliver Hardy .
The character Mickey in Maurice Sendak 's book "Mickey in the Night Kitchen" is a caricature of Stan Laurel, while the bakers are caricatures of Oliver Hardy .
He was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7021 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on February 8, 1960.
In Germany, Stan and Ollie were known as Dick und Doof.
In Holland, Stan and Ollie were known as Dikke und Dunne.
In Spain, Stan and Ollie were known as El Gordo y El Flaco.
David Jason is one of his, along with Oliver Hardy's biggest fans. When Jason put on weight after playing Pop Larkin in The Darling Buds of May (1991), he couldn't fit into a dinner jacket for the BAFTA Awards; he claimed he looked like Hardy wearing something belonging to Laurel.
Personal Quotes (13)
If any of you cry at my funeral, I'll never speak to you again!
A friend once asked me what comedy was. That floored me. What is comedy? I don't know. Does anybody? Can you define it? All I know is that I learned how to get laughs, and that's all I know about it. You have to learn what people will laugh at, then proceed accordingly.
[on Oliver Hardy 's death] The world has lost a comic genius. I've lost my best friend.
Crazy humor was always my type of humor, but it's the quiet kind of craziness I like. The rough type of nut humor like The Marx Brothers I could never go for.
[about the eight films he and Oliver Hardy made at 20th Century-Fox in the 1940s] We had no say on those films, and it sure looked it.
What business do we have telling people who to vote for? They probably know more about it than we do.
[on Dick Van Dyke ] Dick is a very clever comic, very talented, he does resemble me facially but thats about all, firstly, he is much taller and his mannerisms are entirely his own style. I enjoyed very much meeting him, a very interesting chap.
[on the death of Oliver Hardy ] Ben Shipman called me the day before and told me Babe had taken a turn for the worse and the end was expected any hours, even knowing this, the final news came as a shock to me. However, I think it was a blessing - poor fellow must have been really suffering (they discovered recently he had a bad cancer condition), so under the circumstances there was no hope of his ever recovering. What a tragic end to such a wonderful career.
[on Charles Chaplin ]: Just the greatest.
[on a comic he refused to name]: Very funny when he's not being dirty. I can't stand him.
People have always loved our pictures. I guess that's because they saw how much love we put into them.
[on Oliver Hardy ] He really is a very funny fellow, isn't he?
I don't deserve to be mentioned in the same sentence with Charles Chaplin .
Salary (4)
| Oliver Hardy |
What kind of food is Cullen Skink? | Arthur Stanley Jefferson (1890 - 1965) - Genealogy
Arthur Stanley Jefferson
in Santa Monica, Los Angeles, California, United States
Immediate Family:
June 16 1890 - Ulverston, Lancashire, England
Death:
Feb 23 1965 - Santa Monica, California, United States
Parents:
Arthur J Jefferson, Margaret Anne Jefferson
Wife:
Lois Jefferson, Virginia Ruth Laurel, Vera Ivanova Laurel
Children:
Lois Laurel-Hawes, Stanley R. Laurel
Siblings:
1901 - 8 Dockwray Sq, North Shields, Northumberland, England
Parents:
June 16 1890 - Ulverston Lancaster
Death:
Feb 23 1965 - Santa Monica, California,
Parents:
Aug 23 1926 - Los Angeles, California, United States
Wife:
brother
About Stan Laurel
Best remembered as the first half of the comedy team Laurel and Hardy, Stan Laurel's film acting career stretched between 1917 and 1951 and included a starring role in the Academy Award winning film The Music Box (1932). In 1961, Laurel was given a Lifetime Achievement Academy Award for his pioneering work in comedy. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7021 Hollywood Blvd.
He was born Arthur Stanley Jefferson on June 16, 1890 in his grandparents' house at 3 Argyle Street, Ulverston, Lancashire, England. His parents, Arthur and Margaret ("Madge") Jefferson, were both active in the theatre and always very busy. In his early years, he spent much time living with his grandmother Sarah Metcalfe.
Naturally inclined toward a life in the theater, he returned to work with his parents at his father's Metropole Theatre in Glasgow, Scotland after completing his required studies at English schools in Bishop Auckland and Tynemouth. Laurel made his stage debut at the age of 16 - much to chagrin of his father, who wanted Laurel to go into the management side of the business - and was soon a member of a touring company. Later, he joined Fred Karno's group of traveling performers where he eventually became an understudy to none other than Charlie Chaplin . In 1910, the company embarked on a U.S. tour and young Laurel went with them, only to later go out on his own with several other actors, writing and performing his own original material that included a sketch called "The Nutty Burglars." It was around this time that he changed his last name to Laurel and teamed with his common-law wife at the time, Mae Dahlberg , a vaudevillian actress with whom he co-starred in his first short silent film, Nuts in May (1917).
It was a period of transition for Laurel, as he vacillated between the smoke-filled stages of vaudeville and the early sound stages of Hollywood, where he appeared in an early, pre-Laurel and Hardy film that also featured Oliver "Babe" Hardy , titled The Lucky Dog (1921). Eventually, Laurel committed himself to cinema fulltime, when he signed a 12-picture contract with producer-director Joe Rock. The deal, however, held one most unusual stipulation - that Mae Dahlberg, who many felt had become a hindrance to Laurel's career, would not appear in any further films alongside her "husband." Additionally, a separate deal was made with Dahlberg that included several thousand dollars and a one-way ticket to her homeland of Australia. Both Laurel and Dahlberg accepted their respective offers. When his deal with Rock came to an end, Laurel next went to work at the hugely influential Hal Roach Studios. Initially, Laurel intended to work for Roach primarily as a writer and director on such films as Yes, Yes Nanette (1925), which starred his future performing partner, Hardy. Fate stepped in, however, when after Hardy suffered a minor accident, Laurel was enlisted to help out with acting duties as a temporary member of Roach Studios' Comedy All Star Players.
Laurel began sharing screen time with Hardy in several two-reel shorts, including their first onscreen pairing for Roach Studios, 45 Minutes from Hollywood (1926), followed by Duck Soup (1927) - long thought lost until its rediscovery in 1974 - and Slipping Wives (1927), in which a neglected wife entangles handyman Laurel in a scheme to make her artist husband jealous. Stan and Ollie soon became fast friends, and at the suggestion of the studio's supervising director Leo McCarey, they began being paired specifically as a team. It was under the guidance of McCarey that Laurel and Hardy began to sculpt their winning formula in shorts such as Sugar Daddies (1927) and With Love and Hisses (1927). Although the act evolved rapidly, their trademark costumes of ties and bowler hats did not appear until their eighth film Do Detectives Think? (1927), and McCarey and Roach would both later cite Putting Pants on Philip (1927) as the first official "Laurel and Hardy" film. By the end of that year, the silent comedy team had caught on so well with the public that there was no turning back, yet no one except the nurturing Roach would have allowed them the time and leeway they needed for their creative growing pains to play out. A rarity among his contemporaries, Roach understood comedy and gave his people the freedom to get things just right, saving the pair from the kind of major studio meddling that so blunted the genius of Buster Keaton at the height of his genius.
Laurel and Hardy each beautifully complemented the other's screen presence, with their opposite personality and physical traits somehow creating a perfect match. On their way to becoming Hollywood's greatest acting team of the silent era, they appeared in dozens of classics that included From Soup to Nuts (1928) and Leave 'Em Laughing (1928). Inherently good natured, although clearly not the smartest guys in any given room, they somehow maintained their decency in a callous world that constantly inflicted its cynicism upon them. And audiences loved them for it. Despite suffering defeats at the cruel hands of fate, Stan and Ollie dusted themselves off to face whatever calamity befell them with renewed optimism, lampooning life's difficulties in a way that appealed to children and scholars alike in films such as Habeas Corpus (1929). Stanley, the bungling simpleton, seemed to always get under his portly partner's skin, whether it was due to sabotaging his painstakingly laid plans, or simply knocking him off a perched ladder. So convincing was their tempestuous onscreen relationship, that for years Stan's daughter Lois harbored a grudge against the imposing Hardy for bullying her frail daddy.
Unlike so many of their silent-era contemporaries, the advent of sound - or the "talkies" - did not toll the funeral bell for the careers of Laurel and Hardy. Nor did they feel compelled to alter their approach to their material to any large degree, as Stan and Oliver's voices thankfully matched their established onscreen personalities quite well. Additionally, the inclusion of sound effects only served to punctuate their brand of physical comedy. With Unaccustomed as We Are (1929) Laurel & Hardy officially entered the realm of pictures with sound and audiences could not have been more thrilled. Within two short years, they made their feature-length film debut with Pardon Us (1931) for Roach, although they would still continue their prodigious output of shorts concurrently until 1935. An early milestone of the comedy duo's talkies came with The Laurel-Hardy Murder Case (1930) in which Oliver employed his famous catchphrase "Here's another nice mess you've gotten us into" for the first time; over the years the line would be mistakenly quoted as "Here's another fine mess you've gotten us into" by even the most knowledgeable of film fans.
Certainly, a critical high point came when The Music Box (1932), arguably their best short, won the first Academy Award ever given in the category of Best Short Subjects (Live Action Comedy). Though it is the features of this period - especially Sons of the Desert (1933) and Babes in Toyland (1934) - that are best remembered, the shorts, less flawed by extended lulls in the action and at times rudderless plots, represented their highest artistic achievement. When Roach eventually abandoned shorts as commercially impractical, 'The Boys' nonetheless continued making funny films through the end of the decade, benefiting from the creative contributions of veteran silent comedian Harry Langdon who received screenplay credit on Blockheads (1938), The Flying Deuces (1939), A Chump at Oxford (1940), and Saps at Sea (1940). In all, Laurel and Hardy appeared in over 70 films for Roach between the years 1926 and 1940, excelling in a rare studio environment that allowed unfettered creative freedom. Such free reign, however, did come at a price.
After a bitter disagreement over the direction of Babes in Toyland, Laurel and Roach's professional relationship became increasingly frayed. After a series of dust-ups, work stoppages, and threatened lawsuits, Laurel and Hardy finally jumped ship and took their comedic wares to larger studio operations. Unfortunately, neither 20th Century-Fox nor MGM were willing to cede as much creative control to the boys as Roach had. From 1941-45, Laurel and Hardy appeared in a total of eight films for the two studios, but as they became increasingly dissatisfied with being regarded merely as work-for-hire actors, the comedy team abandoned film in lieu of a return to their artistic roots on the stage. After performing in theatrical venues throughout Europe for the remainder of the 1940s, Laurel and Hardy were lured back to cinema for the French-Italian co-production Atoll-K - released in the U.S. years later as Utopia (1951). From the beginning, Atoll-K was plagued by problems that included a substantial language barrier, a weak script and inexperienced director, as well as the increasingly poor health of its stars. The film - which took nearly a full year to complete - proved to be a critical disaster upon its release. Sadly, it would also mark the final feature film collaboration between Laurel and Hardy.
Following an extended recuperation period, Laurel returned to the stages of Great Britain and Western Europe with Hardy for an extended series of well-regarded performances of various sketches written by Laurel. Then, in late 1954, the iconic comedy team made their first and only American television appearance when they were surprised in an episode of This is Your Life (NBC, 1952-1961). While the installment of the popular biography program reignited public interest in them and talk of a Laurel and Hardy television series ensued, the rapidly declining health of both comedians scuttled any such plans. Despite a weight-loss regimen prescribed by his doctors, Oliver Hardy died after a series of strokes in 1957. In the years that followed the death of his longtime friend, a devastated Laurel refused to perform onscreen, although he reportedly contributed various gags and comedic bits via correspondences with several filmmakers. In 1960, Laurel received an honorary Academy Award for his many contributions to film comedy. However, even these lofty accolades would not be enough to draw him out of retirement, as evidenced by his turning down a cameo role in director Stanley Kramer's comedy spectacular It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963). The aging comedian quietly lived out his remaining days in Santa Monica, CA with his fourth wife, Ida. In those later years he was known to graciously receive visits from celebrity fans that included Jerry Lewis and Dick Van Dyke , during which he would pass along Golden Age anecdotes and comedy wisdom. Stan Laurel passed away on Feb. 23, 1965 at the age of 74.
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What is classified by the A B O system? | ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
by M. Schroeder and M. Jensen
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
Definition:
Blood group system
A series of antigens exhibiting similar serological and physiological characteristics, and inherited according to a specific pattern.
Importance of the ABO system:
Most important (clinically significant) Blood Group System for transfusion practice
Why?
This is the only blood group system in which antibodies are consistently, predictably, and naturally present in the serum of people who lack the antigen. Therefore ABO compatibility between donor and recipient is crucial since these strong, naturally occurring A and B antibodies are IgM and can readily activate complement and cause agglutination. If ABO antibodies react with antigens in vivo, result is acute hemolysis and possibly death.
Indications for ABO grouping:
ABO grouping is required for all of the following individuals:
Blood Donors-since it can be life threatening to give the wrong ABO group to the patient.
Transfusion recipients-since we need to know the donor blood is ABO compatible.
Transplant Candidates and Donors-ABO antigens are found in other tissues as well. Therefore the transplant candidates and donors must be compatible.
Prenatal Patients-To determine whether the mothers may have babies who are suffering from ABO-HDN. It is also beneficial to know the ABO group should she start hemorrhaging.
Newborns (sometimes) If the baby is demonstrating symptoms of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn, the ABO group needs to be determined along with Rh and others.
Paternity testing Since the inheritance of the ABO Blood Group System is very specific, this serves as one of the first methods to determine the likelihood that the accused father is the father or not.
Discovery of the ABO system:
In 1900 Karl Landsteiner reported a series of tests, which identified the ABO Blood Group System. In 1910 he won Nobel prize for medicine for this discovery. He mixed the serum and cells of all the researchers in his lab and found four different patterns of agglutination. From those studies he developed what we now know as Landsteiner's rules for the ABO Blood Group:
A person does not have antibody to his own antigens
Each person has antibody to the antigen he lacks (only in the ABO system)
Below are the four blood groups and the antigens and the expected, naturally-occurring antibodies present.
BLOOD GROUP
Incidence (%) of ABO Blood Groups in the US Population
ABO Group
4
ABO Typing
ABO typing involves both antigen typing and antibody detection. The antigen typing is referred to as the forward typing and the antibody detection is the reverse typing
The forward typing determines antigens on patient's or donor's cells
a. Cells are tested with the antisera reagents anti-A, anti-B, (and in the case of donor cells anti-A,B)
b. Reagents are either made from hyperimmunized human sources, or monoclonal antibodies.
c. One advantages of the monoclonal antibodies are the antibody strength.
d. Another advantage of monoclonals: human source reagents can transmit infectious disease (hepatitis).
Reverse typing determines antibodies in patient's or donor's serum or plasma
a. Serum tested with reagent A1 cells and B cells
b. Reverse grouping is also known as backtyping or serum confirmation
Routine ABO Typing
Reaction of Cells Tested With
Red Cell ABO Group
Reaction of Serum Tested Against
Reverse ABO Group
AB
Discrepancies in ABO typing
Results of forward and reverse typing must agree before reporting out blood type as seen in the about table.
If forward and reverse do not agree, must identify cause of discrepancy.
If cannot resolve discrepancy, must report out blood type as UNKNOWN and give group O blood
Characteristics of ABO antigens:
ABO antigens are glycolipid in nature, meaning they are oligosaccharides attached directly to lipids on red cell membrane. These antigens stick out from red cell membrane and there are many antigen sites per red blood cell (approximately 800,000)
Besides their presence on red blood cells, soluble antigens can be present in plasma, saliva, and other secretions. These antigens are also expressed on tissues other than red cells. This last fact is important to consider in organ transplantation.
ABO antigens are only moderately well developed at birth. Therefore ABO-HDN not as severe as other kinds of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn. .
Characteristics of ABO antibodies:
These are expected naturally occurring antibodies that occur without exposure to red cells containing the antigen. (There is some evidence that similar antigens found in certain bacteria, like E.coli, stimulate antibody production in individuals who lack the specific A and B antigens.)
Immunoglobulin M antibodies, predominantly
They react in saline and readily agglutinate. Due to the position of the antigen and the IgM antibodies it is not necessary to overcome the zeta potential.
Their optimum temperature is less than 30oC, but reactions do take place at body temperature
Not only are these antibodies expected and naturally occurring, they are also commonly present in high titer, 1/128 or 1/256.
They are absent at birth and start to appear around 3-6 months as result of stimulus by bacterial polysaccharides. (For this reason, newborn blood is only forward typed.)
ABO INHERITANCE
actual genetic information for a trait carried on each chromosome (ex. O/O or A/O)
dominant:
the expressed characteristic on one chromosome takes precedence over the characteristic determined on the other chromosome (ex. A/O types as A)
co-dominant:
the characteristics determined by the genes on both chromosomes are both expressed - neither is dominant over the other (ex. A/B types as AB)
recessive:
the characteristic determined by the allele will only be expressed if the same allele is on the other chromosome also (ex. can type as O only when genotype is O/O)
ABO Genes
The A and B genes found on chromosome #9. We inherit one gene (allele) from our father and one from our mother. The two co-dominant alleles are A or B. Anytime an individual inherits an A or B gene it will be expressed.
The O gene signifies lack of A or B antigens. It is not expressed unless this gene is inherited from both parents (OO). Therefore the O gene is recessive.
Below is the example of two individuals who are A. One inherited only one A gene along with an O gene and is therefore heterozygous. The other inherited 2 A genes and is homozygous for A.
1 = A/A
Can Contribute Only an A Gene to Offspring
Can Contribute A or O Gene to Offspring
Inheritance Patterns
We can't determine genotypes of A or B people unless family studies are done. Some basic rules of ABO inheritance are as follows:
A/A parent can only pass along A gene
A/O parent can pass along either A or O gene
B/B parent can only pass along B gene
B/O parent can pass along either B or O gene
O/O parent can only pass along O gene
AB parent can pass along either A or B gene
ABO phenotypes and genotypes
1. Group A phenotype = A/A or A/O genotype
2. Group B phenotype = B/B or B/O genotype
3. Group O phenotype = O/O genotype
4. Group AB phenotype = A/B genotype
Offspring possibilities
Possibilities of an A/O mating with a B/O: (Children's genotypes in purple)
Mother's Genes
BO
BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE ABO SYSTEM
The ABO antigens are terminal sugars found at the end of long sugar chains (oligosaccharides) that are attached to lipids on the red cell membrane. The A and B antigens are the last sugar added to the chain. The "O" antigen is the lack of A or B antigens but it does have the most amount of next to last terminal sugar that is called the H antigen.
Production of A, B, and H antigens
The production of A, B and H antigens are controlled by the action of transferases. These transferases are enzymes that catalyze (or control) addition of specific sugars to the oligosaccharide chain. The H, A, or B genes each produce a different transferase, which adds a different specific sugar to the oligosaccharide chain.
To understand the process let's look at the sequence of events:
Precursor chain of sugars is formed most frequently as either Type 1 or Type 2 depending on the linkage site between the N-acetylglucosamine (G1cNAc) and Galactose (Gal).
H gene causes L-fucose to be added to the terminal sugar of precursor chain, producing H antigen (shown in this diagram of a Type 2 H antigen saccharide chaine).
Either A gene causes N-acetyl-galactosamine to be added to H substance, producing A antigen, (shown in this diagram) or
B gene causes D-galactose to be added to H substance, producing B antigen.
If both A and B genes present, some H-chains converted to A antigen, some converted to B antigen.
If H gene absent (extremely rare), no H substance can be formed, and therefore no A or B antigen. Result is Bombay blood group.
Bombay blood group:
The Bombay blood group lacks H gene and therefore cannot make H antigen (H substance). Since the H substance is the precursor for the A and B antigens, these antigens also are not made. The cells type as O and the serum has anti-A, anti-B, and anti-H since the individual lacks all of these antigens. Anti-H agglutinates O cells. The only cells Bombay individuals do not agglutinate are from other Bombay blood people since they lack the H antigen,
Subgroups of A and B
The subgroups of A and B are caused by decreased amounts of antigen on the red blood cells. They are inherited conditions.
The most common are subgroups of A. Approximately 80% of the A's and AB's have a normal expression of A1. Most of the other 20% are either A2 or A2B. This subgroup has fewer H chains converted to A antigen � result is more H chains on red cell, and fewer A antigens.
A small percentage of the individuals
There are other, weaker subgroups of A exist: A3; Aint; Am, Ax; Ael. Each has a different pattern of reacting with anti-A, anti-A, and various antibody-like substances called lectins.
Lectins
Lectins are extracts of seeds of plants that react specifically with certain antigens. The two most common lectins used in Blood Bank are:
Ulex europaeus, or lectin H, which agglutinates cells that have H substance.
Dolichos biflouros, or lectin A1, which agglutinates cells with A1.
Lectin-H reacts strongest with O cells, which has a high concentration of H antigen, and weakest with A1 cells, which have a low concentration of H.
Lectin
often in serum
Problems with Ax:
Because Ax cells initially type as O and serum usually has anti-A1, (along with anti-B), patient forwards and reverses as O. Unfortunately when Ax is transfused into an O individual, the naturally occurring anti-A,B will react with the donor cells causing a transfusion reaction. Therefore: To prevent Ax from being erroneously typed as O, confirm all group O donors with anti-A,B.
OBJECTIVES � ABO SYSTEM
Explain why the ABO system is the most important for blood transfusion practice.
List the situations in which an ABO type would be required.
Describe 6 significant characteristics of ABO antigens.
Describe 6 characteristics of ABO antibodies.
Explain how the ABO system was discovered.
State Landsteiner's rules.
List the blood groups in the ABO system, the antigen(s) present on the e cell in each blood group and the antibody(ies) in the serum for each, for adults.
State the differences in ABO antigens and antibodies in newborns.
State which ABO groups could safely receive a red cell transfusion from donors of each of the following blood types: A, B, AB, O
State which ABO groups could safely receive a plasma transfusion from donors of each of the following blood types: A, B, AB, O
Explain how ABO blood types are determined.
Explain what is meant by forward and reverse grouping, backtyping, and serum confirmation.
Explain what an ABO discrepancy is, and what must be done if the discrepancy cannot be resolved
State the incidence of each ABO blood group in the Caucasian population, and how the percentages differ in the Black and Oriental populations.
Define each of the following and give an example of each within the ABO system:
a.gene
| Human blood group systems |
What plant does the Colorado beetle attack? | ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
by M. Schroeder and M. Jensen
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
Definition:
Blood group system
A series of antigens exhibiting similar serological and physiological characteristics, and inherited according to a specific pattern.
Importance of the ABO system:
Most important (clinically significant) Blood Group System for transfusion practice
Why?
This is the only blood group system in which antibodies are consistently, predictably, and naturally present in the serum of people who lack the antigen. Therefore ABO compatibility between donor and recipient is crucial since these strong, naturally occurring A and B antibodies are IgM and can readily activate complement and cause agglutination. If ABO antibodies react with antigens in vivo, result is acute hemolysis and possibly death.
Indications for ABO grouping:
ABO grouping is required for all of the following individuals:
Blood Donors-since it can be life threatening to give the wrong ABO group to the patient.
Transfusion recipients-since we need to know the donor blood is ABO compatible.
Transplant Candidates and Donors-ABO antigens are found in other tissues as well. Therefore the transplant candidates and donors must be compatible.
Prenatal Patients-To determine whether the mothers may have babies who are suffering from ABO-HDN. It is also beneficial to know the ABO group should she start hemorrhaging.
Newborns (sometimes) If the baby is demonstrating symptoms of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn, the ABO group needs to be determined along with Rh and others.
Paternity testing Since the inheritance of the ABO Blood Group System is very specific, this serves as one of the first methods to determine the likelihood that the accused father is the father or not.
Discovery of the ABO system:
In 1900 Karl Landsteiner reported a series of tests, which identified the ABO Blood Group System. In 1910 he won Nobel prize for medicine for this discovery. He mixed the serum and cells of all the researchers in his lab and found four different patterns of agglutination. From those studies he developed what we now know as Landsteiner's rules for the ABO Blood Group:
A person does not have antibody to his own antigens
Each person has antibody to the antigen he lacks (only in the ABO system)
Below are the four blood groups and the antigens and the expected, naturally-occurring antibodies present.
BLOOD GROUP
Incidence (%) of ABO Blood Groups in the US Population
ABO Group
4
ABO Typing
ABO typing involves both antigen typing and antibody detection. The antigen typing is referred to as the forward typing and the antibody detection is the reverse typing
The forward typing determines antigens on patient's or donor's cells
a. Cells are tested with the antisera reagents anti-A, anti-B, (and in the case of donor cells anti-A,B)
b. Reagents are either made from hyperimmunized human sources, or monoclonal antibodies.
c. One advantages of the monoclonal antibodies are the antibody strength.
d. Another advantage of monoclonals: human source reagents can transmit infectious disease (hepatitis).
Reverse typing determines antibodies in patient's or donor's serum or plasma
a. Serum tested with reagent A1 cells and B cells
b. Reverse grouping is also known as backtyping or serum confirmation
Routine ABO Typing
Reaction of Cells Tested With
Red Cell ABO Group
Reaction of Serum Tested Against
Reverse ABO Group
AB
Discrepancies in ABO typing
Results of forward and reverse typing must agree before reporting out blood type as seen in the about table.
If forward and reverse do not agree, must identify cause of discrepancy.
If cannot resolve discrepancy, must report out blood type as UNKNOWN and give group O blood
Characteristics of ABO antigens:
ABO antigens are glycolipid in nature, meaning they are oligosaccharides attached directly to lipids on red cell membrane. These antigens stick out from red cell membrane and there are many antigen sites per red blood cell (approximately 800,000)
Besides their presence on red blood cells, soluble antigens can be present in plasma, saliva, and other secretions. These antigens are also expressed on tissues other than red cells. This last fact is important to consider in organ transplantation.
ABO antigens are only moderately well developed at birth. Therefore ABO-HDN not as severe as other kinds of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn. .
Characteristics of ABO antibodies:
These are expected naturally occurring antibodies that occur without exposure to red cells containing the antigen. (There is some evidence that similar antigens found in certain bacteria, like E.coli, stimulate antibody production in individuals who lack the specific A and B antigens.)
Immunoglobulin M antibodies, predominantly
They react in saline and readily agglutinate. Due to the position of the antigen and the IgM antibodies it is not necessary to overcome the zeta potential.
Their optimum temperature is less than 30oC, but reactions do take place at body temperature
Not only are these antibodies expected and naturally occurring, they are also commonly present in high titer, 1/128 or 1/256.
They are absent at birth and start to appear around 3-6 months as result of stimulus by bacterial polysaccharides. (For this reason, newborn blood is only forward typed.)
ABO INHERITANCE
actual genetic information for a trait carried on each chromosome (ex. O/O or A/O)
dominant:
the expressed characteristic on one chromosome takes precedence over the characteristic determined on the other chromosome (ex. A/O types as A)
co-dominant:
the characteristics determined by the genes on both chromosomes are both expressed - neither is dominant over the other (ex. A/B types as AB)
recessive:
the characteristic determined by the allele will only be expressed if the same allele is on the other chromosome also (ex. can type as O only when genotype is O/O)
ABO Genes
The A and B genes found on chromosome #9. We inherit one gene (allele) from our father and one from our mother. The two co-dominant alleles are A or B. Anytime an individual inherits an A or B gene it will be expressed.
The O gene signifies lack of A or B antigens. It is not expressed unless this gene is inherited from both parents (OO). Therefore the O gene is recessive.
Below is the example of two individuals who are A. One inherited only one A gene along with an O gene and is therefore heterozygous. The other inherited 2 A genes and is homozygous for A.
1 = A/A
Can Contribute Only an A Gene to Offspring
Can Contribute A or O Gene to Offspring
Inheritance Patterns
We can't determine genotypes of A or B people unless family studies are done. Some basic rules of ABO inheritance are as follows:
A/A parent can only pass along A gene
A/O parent can pass along either A or O gene
B/B parent can only pass along B gene
B/O parent can pass along either B or O gene
O/O parent can only pass along O gene
AB parent can pass along either A or B gene
ABO phenotypes and genotypes
1. Group A phenotype = A/A or A/O genotype
2. Group B phenotype = B/B or B/O genotype
3. Group O phenotype = O/O genotype
4. Group AB phenotype = A/B genotype
Offspring possibilities
Possibilities of an A/O mating with a B/O: (Children's genotypes in purple)
Mother's Genes
BO
BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE ABO SYSTEM
The ABO antigens are terminal sugars found at the end of long sugar chains (oligosaccharides) that are attached to lipids on the red cell membrane. The A and B antigens are the last sugar added to the chain. The "O" antigen is the lack of A or B antigens but it does have the most amount of next to last terminal sugar that is called the H antigen.
Production of A, B, and H antigens
The production of A, B and H antigens are controlled by the action of transferases. These transferases are enzymes that catalyze (or control) addition of specific sugars to the oligosaccharide chain. The H, A, or B genes each produce a different transferase, which adds a different specific sugar to the oligosaccharide chain.
To understand the process let's look at the sequence of events:
Precursor chain of sugars is formed most frequently as either Type 1 or Type 2 depending on the linkage site between the N-acetylglucosamine (G1cNAc) and Galactose (Gal).
H gene causes L-fucose to be added to the terminal sugar of precursor chain, producing H antigen (shown in this diagram of a Type 2 H antigen saccharide chaine).
Either A gene causes N-acetyl-galactosamine to be added to H substance, producing A antigen, (shown in this diagram) or
B gene causes D-galactose to be added to H substance, producing B antigen.
If both A and B genes present, some H-chains converted to A antigen, some converted to B antigen.
If H gene absent (extremely rare), no H substance can be formed, and therefore no A or B antigen. Result is Bombay blood group.
Bombay blood group:
The Bombay blood group lacks H gene and therefore cannot make H antigen (H substance). Since the H substance is the precursor for the A and B antigens, these antigens also are not made. The cells type as O and the serum has anti-A, anti-B, and anti-H since the individual lacks all of these antigens. Anti-H agglutinates O cells. The only cells Bombay individuals do not agglutinate are from other Bombay blood people since they lack the H antigen,
Subgroups of A and B
The subgroups of A and B are caused by decreased amounts of antigen on the red blood cells. They are inherited conditions.
The most common are subgroups of A. Approximately 80% of the A's and AB's have a normal expression of A1. Most of the other 20% are either A2 or A2B. This subgroup has fewer H chains converted to A antigen � result is more H chains on red cell, and fewer A antigens.
A small percentage of the individuals
There are other, weaker subgroups of A exist: A3; Aint; Am, Ax; Ael. Each has a different pattern of reacting with anti-A, anti-A, and various antibody-like substances called lectins.
Lectins
Lectins are extracts of seeds of plants that react specifically with certain antigens. The two most common lectins used in Blood Bank are:
Ulex europaeus, or lectin H, which agglutinates cells that have H substance.
Dolichos biflouros, or lectin A1, which agglutinates cells with A1.
Lectin-H reacts strongest with O cells, which has a high concentration of H antigen, and weakest with A1 cells, which have a low concentration of H.
Lectin
often in serum
Problems with Ax:
Because Ax cells initially type as O and serum usually has anti-A1, (along with anti-B), patient forwards and reverses as O. Unfortunately when Ax is transfused into an O individual, the naturally occurring anti-A,B will react with the donor cells causing a transfusion reaction. Therefore: To prevent Ax from being erroneously typed as O, confirm all group O donors with anti-A,B.
OBJECTIVES � ABO SYSTEM
Explain why the ABO system is the most important for blood transfusion practice.
List the situations in which an ABO type would be required.
Describe 6 significant characteristics of ABO antigens.
Describe 6 characteristics of ABO antibodies.
Explain how the ABO system was discovered.
State Landsteiner's rules.
List the blood groups in the ABO system, the antigen(s) present on the e cell in each blood group and the antibody(ies) in the serum for each, for adults.
State the differences in ABO antigens and antibodies in newborns.
State which ABO groups could safely receive a red cell transfusion from donors of each of the following blood types: A, B, AB, O
State which ABO groups could safely receive a plasma transfusion from donors of each of the following blood types: A, B, AB, O
Explain how ABO blood types are determined.
Explain what is meant by forward and reverse grouping, backtyping, and serum confirmation.
Explain what an ABO discrepancy is, and what must be done if the discrepancy cannot be resolved
State the incidence of each ABO blood group in the Caucasian population, and how the percentages differ in the Black and Oriental populations.
Define each of the following and give an example of each within the ABO system:
a.gene
| i don't know |
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