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Who discovered the Grand Canyon? | Grand Canyon: Location, Formation & Facts
Grand Canyon: Location, Formation & Facts
By Kim Ann Zimmermann, Live Science Contributor |
February 26, 2013 06:38pm ET
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Grand Canyon viewed from Hopi Point, on the south rim. New evidence suggests the western Grand Canyon was cut to within 70 percent of its current depth long before the Colorado River existed.
Credit: National Park Service
The Grand Canyon is indeed a very big hole in the ground. It is 277 miles (446 km) long, up to 18 miles (29 km) wide and more than a mile (6,000 feet / 1,800 meters) deep. It is the result of constant erosion by the Colorado River over millions of years.
Where is the Grand Canyon?
The Grand Canyon is in the northwest corner of Arizona, close to the borders of Utah and Nevada. Most of the Grand Canyon lies within Grand Canyon National Park and is managed by the National Park Service, the Hualapai Tribal Nation and the Havasupai Tribe.
Map of the Grand Canyon National Park and region
Credit: National Park Service
The Colorado River, which flows through the canyon, touches seven states, but the Grand Canyon National Park is within the Arizona state borders. While Arizona is known as the Grand Canyon State, the attached Glen Canyon National Recreation Area is in Utah and the Lake Mead National Recreation Area borders the Grand Canyon in Nevada.
The canyon’s climate is semi-arid, with some sections of the upper plateau dotted with forests, while the canyon bottoms are a series of desert basins. More than 1,500 plant, 355 bird, 89 mammalian, 47 reptile, 9 amphibian and 17 fish species are found in park, according to the National Park Service .
The Grand Canyon is divided into the North Rim and the South Rim. The South Rim is open all year and receives 90 percent of the park’s visitors. The South Rim has an airport and rail service and is also close to many transportation hubs and the Arizona cities of William and Flagstaff, as well as Las Vegas, Nev.
The North Rim is located closer to Utah and has stunning views, but is not nearly as accessible as the South Rim. While only 10 miles (16 kilometers) separate the two rims if you could walk across the canyon, it is only reachable by hikers who tackle the 21 miles (33.8) of the North and South Kaibab Trails, or those who travel 220 miles (354 kilometers) by vehicle. The North Rim is often closed during inclement weather as the roads quickly become dangerous. [ Countdown: 7 Amazing Grand Canyon Facts ]
The Grand Canyon Skywalk, 4,000 feet above the floor in the Grand Canyon West area.
Credit: Laslo Varga
Grand Canyon Skywalk
One popular attraction is the Grand Canyon Skywalk, a horseshoe-shaped glass walkway that is 4,000 feet (1,220 meters) above the canyon floor in the Grand Canyon West area of the main canyon. Since opening in March 2007, about 300,000 visitors have walked the Grand Canyon Skywalk each year.
Commissioned and owned by the Hualapai Indian tribe, the skywalk is an engineering marvel conceived by David Jin, a Las Vegas-based investor who had been involved with tourism and the Hualapai Nation. The project sparked a great deal of controversy regarding the continued commercialization of this natural phenomenon, but proponents argued that it is part of a larger plan to address the tribe’s high unemployment and poverty rates. The tribe unsuccessfully sued Lin regarding management fees.
How was the Grand Canyon formed?
The specific geologic processes and timing that formed the Grand Canyon spark lively debates by geologists. The general scientific consensus, updated at a 2010 conference, holds that the Colorado River carved the Grand Canyon beginning 5 million to 6 million years ago.
However, recent advances in dating techniques have upended the notion of a uniformly young Grand Canyon. The new approach determines when erosion uncovered rocks in the canyon. The big picture: there were two ancestral canyons, one in the west and one in the east. And the western canyon may be as old as 70 million years. [For more on the Grand Canyon's formation, see New Clues Emerge in Puzzle of Grand Canyon's Age ]
Nearly 40 identified rock layers form the Grand Canyon’s walls. Because most layers are exposed through the Canyon’s 277-mile length, they afford the opportunity to study geologic evolution through time.
For thousands of years, the area has been continuously inhabited by Native Americans who built settlements within the canyon and its numerous caves. The Pueblo people considered the Grand Canyon ("Ongtupqa" in Hopi) a holy site and made pilgrimages to it.
García López de Cárdenas, an explorer from Spain, was the first European known to have viewed the Grand Canyon. As a member of the 1540 expedition of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, he led a party from Cibola, the Zuñi country of New Mexico, to find a river mentioned by the Hopi. After a 20-day journey he was the first white man to see the Colorado River and the Grand Canyon.
President Theodore Roosevelt, an avid outdoorsman, advocated for the preservation of the Grand Canyon area and hunted and took in the breathtaking scenery there on numerous occasions. However, it was a long journey for it to become the 15th national park.
Then-Senator Benjamin Harrison introduced unsuccessfully introduced bills in 1882, 1883 and 1886 to make it a national park. Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon Game Preserve by proclamation in 1906 and Grand Canyon National Monument in 1908.
The Grand Canyon National Park Act was finally signed by President Woodrow Wilson in 1919 and it was considered a major milestone by conservationists. The National Park Service, established in 1916, assumed administration of the park.
– Kim Ann Zimmermann, LiveScience Contributor
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| Francisco Vázquez de Coronado |
Name the Town and Country where Christopher Columbus was born? | Who Discovered the Grand Canyon
Who Discovered the Grand Canyon
07 Oct, 2012 Who discovered
0
The Grand Canyon is a large canyon with steep-sides located in the state of Arizona in the United States. The 446km (277 mi) long Grand Canyon is up to 29 km (18 mi) wide and has a maximum depth of about 1,800 m (6,000 ft). The impressive natural structure was carved by the Colorado River, which runs through the canyon. The Grand Canyon was made a National Monument in 1908 and eventually a National Park in 1919. It has long been a popular destination for local and international tourists and it remains one of the most popular tourist destinations in the country to this day. If you have ever wondered who discovered this popular landmark, keep reading to find out.
Who discovered the Grand Canyon?
Firstly, it must be said that Native Americans lived in the canyon and surrounding areas for thousands of years. It was even considered a holy site by one tribe. The first European to view the Grand Canyon is believed to be Spanish explorer García López de Cárdenas. He was sent by Francisco Vázquez de Coronado to search for the rumored “Seven Cities of Gold” (called “Cíbola”) and a large river reported to the north of this region with Native American guides and a group of soldiers. After about 20 days Cárdenas, who reached the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, had discovered the river. He sent men to try and reach the water, but they only made it a third of the way down and returned due to thirst. After a number of attempts he eventually abandoned attempts to reach the canyon floor. Amazingly, the Grand Canyon was not visited again by Europeans for more than 200 years!
Did you know?
The first expedition down the canyon came in 1869 and was led by Major John Wesley Powell. His group passed down the Colorado River into the Grand Canyon. Powell was the first to use the term Grand Canyon and before this time it was known as the Big Canyon.
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What year did England's lease on Hong Kong expire? | Why Did China Lease Hong Kong to Britain?
Why Did China Lease Hong Kong to Britain?
China
Why Did China Lease Hong Kong to Britain?
Hong Kong Harbor, taken sometime between 1900 and 1923, during British control of the island. Library of Congress Prints and Photos
By Kallie Szczepanski
Updated March 16, 2016.
The short answer to that question is that China lost Hong Kong to Great Britain in the Opium Wars , and later leased adjacent territories to the British under duress. Britain's reign over Hong Kong dates back to the 1842 Treaty of Nanking, which ended the First Opium War . But what is the longer answer?
Nineteenth-century Britain had an insatiable appetite for Chinese tea. However, the Qing Dynasty and its subjects did not want to buy anything that the British produced. The government of Queen Victoria did not want to use up any more of the country's reserves of gold or silver in buying tea, so it decided to forcibly export opium from the Indian Subcontinent to China. The opium would then be exchanged for tea.
China's government, not too surprisingly, objected to the large-scale importation of narcotics into their country by a foreign power. When just banning opium imports did not work, because British merchants simply smuggled the drug into China, the Qing government took more direct action.
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In 1839, Chinese officials destroyed 20,000 bales of opium. This move provoked Britain to declare war in order to protect its illegal drug-smuggling operations.
The First Opium War lasted from 1839 to 1842. Britain occupied the island of Hong Kong on January 25, 1841, and used it as a military staging point. China was defeated in the war, and had to cede Hong Kong to Britain in the aforementioned Treaty of Nanking. Hong Kong became a Crown Colony of the British Empire .
Status Changes of Hong Kong, Kowloon and the New Territories
At this point, you may be wondering, "Wait a minute, Britain just grabbed Hong Kong. Where did the lease come in, then?"
The British grew increasingly worried about the security of their free port at Hong Kong during the second half of the 19th century. It was an isolated island, surrounded by areas still under Chinese control. The British decided to make their authority over the area official with a legally binding lease.
In 1860, at the end of the Second Opium War, the UK gained a perpetual lease over the Kowloon Peninsula, which is the mainland Chinese area just across the strait from Hong Kong Island. This agreement was part of the Convention of Beijing that ended that conflict.
In 1898, the British and Chinese governments signed the Second Convention of Peking, which included a 99-year lease agreement for the islands surrounding Hong Kong, called the "New Territories." The lease awarded control of more than 200 surrounding small islands to the British. In return, China got a promise that the islands would be returned to it after 99 years.
On December 19, 1984, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration, in which Britain agreed to return not only the New Territories but also Kowloon and Hong Kong itself when the lease term expired. China promised to implement a "One Country, Two Systems" regime, under which for fifty years Hong Kong citizens could continue to practice capitalism and political freedoms forbidden on the mainland.
So, on July 1, 1997, the lease ended and the government of Great Britain transferred control of Hong Kong and surrounding territories to the People's Republic of China . The transition has been more or less smooth, although human rights issues and Beijing's desire for greater political control cause considerable friction from time to time.
| 1997 |
In what year was Charles 1 executed? | Exploring Chinese History :: East Asian Region :: Hong Kong
- Hong Kong -
Hong Kong, administrative region of China, consisting of a mainland portion located on the country's southeastern coast and more than 200 islands. Hong Kong is bordered on the north by Guangdong Province and on the east, west, and south by the South China Sea. Hong Kong was a British dependency from the 1840s until July 1, 1997, when it passed to Chinese sovereignty as the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR).
The British control of Hong Kong began in 1842, when China was forced to cede Hong Kong Island to Britain after the First Opium War. In 1984 Britain and China signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration, which stipulated that Hong Kong return to Chinese rule in 1997 as a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China. The Joint Declaration and a Chinese law called the Basic Law, which followed in 1990, provide for the SAR to operate with a high degree of economic autonomy for 50 years beyond 1997.
The total land area of Hong Kong is small, comprising only 1076 sq km (415 sq mi). The surrounding territorial waters cover 1830 sq km (707 sq mi). Hong Kong's mainland portion consists of the urban area of Kowloon and a portion of the New Territories, a large area that became part of Hong Kong in 1898. Lantau Island (also called Tai Yue Island), ceded to Hong Kong as part of the New Territories but often considered separate from that region, is the largest island. Hong Kong Island, across Victoria Harbor from Kowloon and about 10 km (about 6 mi) east of Lantau, houses the SAR government and the chief business district, known as Central.
Despite Hong Kong's small size, the topography is varied and rugged because it is largely comprised of folded mountains. There are more than 20 peaks over 500 m (over 1640 ft), and the tallest, Tai Mo Shan in the New Territories, rises to 957 m (3140 ft). Hong Kong's greatest asset is its deep and well-protected harbor between Hong Kong Island and Kowloon. Level land for development is scarce. Less than 15 percent of the land is developed because of the rugged terrain. Land reclamation schemes began in the mid-19th century and they continue to be important means of acquiring new land for urban development. Examples of reclaimed land include stretches of coastline on either side of Victoria Harbor.
The only significant river is the Sham Chun, a small river that forms the northern border with Guangdong; all other drainage is comprised of small streams. The lack of sufficient drinking water is a serious problem; more than 80 percent of Hong Kong's potable water comes from Guangdong.
Hong Kong's climate is subtropical and monsoonal. The average daily temperature range is 26° to 31° C (78° to 87° F) in July and 13° to 17° C (55° to 63° F) in February. Rainfall averages 2159 mm (85 in) a year. Summers, which last from May to September, are long, hot, and humid. Typhoons regularly cross Hong Kong in summer and autumn. These powerful storms bring violent winds and extremely heavy rains that occasionally cause flooding and landslides. The winter, lasting from December to March, is cool and drier.
The heavy rainfall washes away many nutrients from the soil, making it generally thin, poor, and unsuitable for intensive agriculture. Moreover, there is little available land for farm cultivation. Most of the original forest vegetation was long ago cut or burned and replaced with grasses or planted tree species such as pine and eucalyptus. Wooded hills now account for about one-fifth of the land area, whereas grasslands, badlands, and swamps make up more than one-half.
Hong Kong, in association with the World Wide Fund for Nature, maintains an important marsh reserve for birds, Mai Po, along Hau Hoi Bay (also called Deep Bay) and the river boundary with Guangdong. Mai Po attracts about 260 bird species, among them numerous ducks, wading birds, kingfishers, warblers, and marsh harriers. The reserve is an important stopping point for migratory birds flying between Siberia and tropical Southeast Asia and Australia. In addition to birds, Hong Kong also has numerous small mammals and reptiles.
At the time of the 1991 census, Hong Kong had a population of 5,674,114. The estimated 1996 population was 6,305,413, indicating a population density of about 5860 persons per sq km (about 15,194 per sq mi). The population is unevenly distributed, however, with the greatest concentrations of people in Kowloon and across the harbor on Hong Kong Island. Some districts, such as Mong Kok in Kowloon, have population densities of about 40,000 persons per sq km (about 100,000 per sq mi), among the highest urban densities in the world. Although birth and death rates are comparatively low in Hong Kong, migration from other parts of China creates a high population growth rate, and migrants now make up about 40 percent of the population.
About 98 percent of the people are ethnic Han Chinese. Of these, 90 percent speak the Cantonese dialect of Chinese and come from southern China, or are descendants of people who originated there. The remaining 10 percent of Han Chinese come from other regions of China and speak other Chinese dialects. About 2 percent of the total population come from or have ancestors who came from foreign countries, most from Southeast Asia. Many people practice ancestral worship, owing to the influence of Confucianism, but all major religions are represented. Chinese and English are Hong Kong's official languages.
From 1984 to 1997, due to the uncertainty of the transition back to China, thousands of well-educated and wealthy Hong Kong citizens moved to countries such as Australia, Canada, and the United States, where they obtained permanent residency status or citizenship. However, many returned to Hong Kong after their initial emigration, and they will likely remain there as long as conditions remain stable.
In 1973 the Hong Kong government began a massive program of housing construction and industrial relocation in the New Territories. The program is an attempt to lessen the crowding of Kowloon and the Central district of Hong Kong Island, and to reduce the demand for transportation by building planned communities near employment centers. Since many people in Hong Kong prefer living near their workplace, this approach has helped to accommodate Hong Kong's large population on its small area of land. By 1990 almost 3 million people, about half of Hong Kong's total population, were living in public housing. Many were in planned towns in the New Territories.
Education is free and compulsory for all children from the ages 6 to 15, and adult literacy is over 90 percent. Only a small percentage of high school graduates attend college or university on a full-time basis, however. There are seven colleges and universities, including two polytechnic schools. The largest and oldest institution of higher learning is the University of Hong Kong, founded in 1911, with more than 10,000 students. The Hong Kong Academy of Performing Arts offers courses in dance, music, theater, and technical arts. There are also more than a dozen technical institutes, technical colleges, and teacher-training colleges, which have large numbers of part-time students.
Hong Kong has a variety of cultural attractions and activities. The Hong Kong Arts Festival and the Hong Kong International Film Festival are annual events. Professional music companies include the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra, the Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra, and the Hong Kong Dance Company. The territory has a thriving film and television industry. One of Hong Kong's most popular actors is Jackie Chan, who is known for his starring roles and stunts in action movies.
Hong Kong's prosperous economy is reflected in the lifestyle of its people. They have one of the highest standards of living in all of Asia, and it is more than 30 times higher than China's average standard of living. In 1994 Hong Kong's per capita gross domestic product (GDP) was $21,650, although much of the wealth is concentrated into relatively few hands.
Hong Kong's position as one of the world's most important economic centers is based on several factors. It is located midway between Japan and Singapore, and it lies astride the main shipping and air routes of the western Pacific. It also has long served as a major port of entry and trade for China, which uses Hong Kong as a primary link to the world economy. Furthermore, Hong Kong has a favorable atmosphere for business and trade. Despite the uncertainty associated with its return to China, which has a Communist government, Hong Kong continues to thrive economically and attract new migrants. Hong Kong's economy has always been based upon commerce, trade, and shipping, and today it vies with Singapore as the world's largest container port. Industry and tourism are also important, and agriculture continues to provide a significant share of the territory's food and flower supplies, although Hong Kong must import the majority of its food.
Farming is a declining sector, because of the shortage of suitable farmland. There are now less than 2000 hectares (5000 acres) under cultivation for vegetables and flowers, although these produce about one-quarter of the fresh vegetables consumed. Increasingly, farmers are growing premium food and flower varieties, which fetch higher market prices than the traditional rice crop. Pig farming is also important. Hong Kong's fishing fleet is significant and contributes about two-thirds of the live and fresh marine fish consumed each year.
Manufacturing developed rapidly in the 1950s and grew to become the most important economic sector in the early 1980s, when manufacturing employment reached nearly 905,000. It quickly declined in the following decade, however, as Hong Kong manufacturers began shifting the location of their production facilities to neighboring Guangdong Province, where labor costs were much lower. By the early 1990s industrial employment had declined to less than 575,000. Manufactured products include clothing, textiles, toys, plastics, electronics, and watches and clocks. However, these products are gradually being replaced by manufactures that require a more highly educated and skilled labor force to produce.
Hong Kong is among the leading trading centers in the world, and shipping and trade continue to be important aspects of its economy. The market is generally open and favorable to trade, and Hong Kong has been successful at balancing its imports and exports. Many of its exports are actually re-exports, products that are manufactured in other parts of China, or in Japan, Taiwan, the United States, or South Korea but distributed through Hong Kong. These products include clothing, textiles, telecommunications and recording equipment, electrical machinery and appliances, and footwear. Imports consist largely of consumer goods, raw materials, transportation equipment, and foodstuffs. Extensive trade occurs with other regions of China. In addition, Hong Kong's leading international trading partners are the United States and Japan.
The unit of currency is the Hong Kong dollar (7.73 Hong Kong dollars equal U.S.$1; 1996). The Hong Kong Monetary Authority performs the functions of a central bank and authorizes three commercial banks-the Bank of China, HSBC (formerly the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation), and the Standard Chartered Bank-to issue Hong Kong dollars. The terms of the Sino-British Joint Declaration of 1984 allow Hong Kong to continue issuing its own currency until the year 2047.
Tourism is one of Hong Kong's most important service activities and it is the third largest source of foreign exchange earnings. In the early 1990s, nearly 9 million tourists visited Hong Kong each year, spending more than $7 billion annually. Most visitors came from Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, and other locations in East and Southeast Asia. Many European and North American tourists also visited.
In addition to its excellent deepwater port and extensive maritime connections, Hong Kong has one of Asia's main airports, the Hong Kong International Airport. Located on the islet of Chek Lap Kok off Lantau Island, the airport opened in 1998, replacing the old Kai Tak International Airport. There is passenger and freight rail service to Guangzhou.
Hong Kong has an extensive network of roads in the New Territories, in Kowloon, and on Hong Kong Island. This network is supplemented by the Mass Transit Railway (MTR), which connects Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, and the New Territories. The MTR serves nearly 800 million passengers annually. A 33-km (21-mi) long electric trolley line operates on Hong Kong Island, and ferries shuttle between the mainland, Hong Kong Island, and all other major outlying islands.
Prior to July 1, 1997, Hong Kong was a British dependent territory. As such, a British-appointed governor, representing the British crown, headed the Hong Kong government and exercised authority over civil and military matters. The governor presided over a 14-member Executive Council that advised him on all important matters. A 60-member Legislative Council (Legco)-which under Hong Kong's last British governor, Chris Patten, was in part popularly elected-enacted laws and oversaw the budget.
Under Chinese rule, a chief executive, appointed to a maximum of two five-year terms, heads the government of the Hong Kong SAR. In December 1996 a committee of 400 members, all appointed by China, selected Tung Chee-hwa as the SAR's first chief executive. The chief executive presides over the Executive Council, whose members assist the chief executive in policy-making decisions. The lawmaking body of the Hong Kong SAR is a 60-member Legislative Council. A Provisional Legislative Council of 60 members, who were appointed by China, initially served as Hong Kong's legislature. Elections for the First Legislative Council were held in May 1998. Twenty members from five geographic constituencies were directly elected under a system of proportional representation, where legislative seats are awarded to a political party in proportion to the number of popular votes it receives. The remaining members were appointed or indirectly elected, with 10 members chosen by an electoral college and 30 members selected through functional constituencies representing a variety of business, community, and social interests. In future legislative elections, the number of directly elected representatives will increase. The judiciary is independent and laws are based on English common law and the rules of equity. Judges are appointed by the chief executive.
The first permanent settlement in what is today Hong Kong probably occurred about 2000 years ago during the Han dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Little growth took place until the 19th century, owing to China's imperial policy of inward development, with a focus away from developing the resources of coastal areas. Also, despite Hong Kong's proximity to the port city of Guangzhou, all foreign trade with China was controlled through a small Chinese merchant guild in Guangzhou known as the Co-hong, and contact with foreigners was highly restricted.
The British, who wished to expand their trading opportunities along China's coast, became interested in Hong Kong in the early 19th century. They also desired a location to serve as a naval re- supply point, similar to the role Singapore was playing at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. The trade of opium, a highly profitable product for British merchants and eventually an illegal import into China, led to the Opium Wars and Britain's acquisition of Hong Kong. In 1839 the Chinese Special Commissioner imprisoned some British merchants in Guangzhou and confiscated opium warehouses. The merchants were released, but the British foreign secretary, Lord Palmerston, dispatched naval forces and war ensued. The British had a superior naval force and won easily, occupying Hong Kong Island in 1841.
One year later, China and Britain signed the Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking) which ceded Hong Kong Island and adjacent small islands in perpetuity to Britain. Treaty disputes and other incidents led to the Second Opium War in 1856, also won by Britain. The conflict ended with the ratification of the Treaty of Tianjin in 1860. Among other provisions, this treaty ceded 10 sq km (4 sq mi) of the Kowloon Peninsula to Britain, thereby allowing the British to establish firm control over the excellent natural harbor between Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula. In 1898 China leased the New Territories to Britain for 99 years, adding more than 900 sq km (350 sq mi) of land and considerable territorial waters to Hong Kong.
Hong Kong grew slowly during the 19th century, although gaining the New Territories added a substantial rural population. By 1900 there were perhaps as many as 100,000 people. The territory began to grow more rapidly in the 20th century as employment in Hong Kong's developing light industries attracted Chinese immigrants. Instability in China associated with the Republican Revolution of 1911 and World War I (1914-1918) also stimulated Chinese to move to Hong Kong. This wave of population growth was halted during World War II (1939-1945) when Japanese forces invaded and occupied Hong Kong for almost four years. After the war Hong Kong had a population of about 600,000 people. A new wave of population growth occurred when Chinese immigration resumed after World War II and a growing civil war in China further prompted migrants to move to Hong Kong. By 1947 the population had reached about 1.8 million.
Hong Kong's greatest growth and development occurred after the Communist takeover of China in 1949, when the commercial and shipping functions of Guangzhou and Shanghai shifted to Hong Kong. In addition, new industrial investments based on low-cost and productive labor led to rapid expansion of industrial employment. Although officially cut off from easy ties with China during the early decades of the Communist regime, trade and travel between Hong Kong and China in fact flourished. Hong Kong served as China's window to the world during the Chinese administration of Mao Zedong. After Mao's death in 1976, Hong Kong's role as a banker to China, and as its supplier of information, technology, and capital, intensified.
In the 1980s the impending 1997 expiration of Britain's lease of the New Territories necessitated negotiations between Britain and China. Britain agreed to return all of Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty at the end of the lease and the Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed in 1984. Despite the change in Hong Kong's political status on July 1, 1997, the region has continued to strive to maintain its economic role and the confidence of the world community in its banking, trading, and shipping.
Contributed By: Clifton W. Pannell
Additional Information:
Hong Kong began its unique existence in the world as a small port city around 1000 CE. The city did not increase in population or size until the Qing dynasty began in China in 1610 CE. The Modern Hong Kong began when the British East India Company required a port on the mainland to ease in trading. A lease 99 years in length was drawn up and Hong Kong then became part of the British Empire. When the mainland fell to Nationalists in 1912 CE, Hong Kong remained a British Colony, as per the lease agreement. During WWII, the colony was occupied by Japanese forces in an attempt to gain a foothold on the mainland, south of Manchukuo. In 1947, US and ANZAC forces liberated the colony, and it was once again ruled by the British. The economy flourished, the population grew and airplanes had to land in the middle of downtown. As one of the last territories of the now defunct British Empire, upon which the sun never set at one time, Hong Kong was an important part of England's economy. Its people were comfortable in their freedoms and liberties despite the rather high cost of living and taxes. In the early 1990's, British and Chinese diplomats met to discuss Hong Kong's future once the lease expired in 1997. It was agreed that the colony would become a Special Administrative Region, under which the people of Hong Kong would continue to enjoy certain freedoms and liberties not granted to Chinese citizens on the Mainland. This agreement brought comfort to both the British government and the people of Hong Kong. The years prior to the lease expiration saw the British government offer Hong Kong citizens the option of becoming British citizens, thus having the opportunity to leave the colony when the transition took place. About 87% of the population took the offer. In 1997, a small ceremony was held in the presence of Ju Rongji, the Chinese Prime Minister, Tung Chee- Hwa, future Governor of the Hong Kong SAR and Prince Charles, representing the British Crown, at which the colony was officially handed over to Chinese rule. Fewer than 5% of those who opted for British citizenship actually left the island and are still considered British citizens. There have been more than a few problems for China since Hong Kong returned to Chinese rule. The "Right of Abode" issue has yet to be settled, for example. Xinhua, the official State news agency began controlling the South China Morning Post in 1999. Less than wealthy residents are being relocated by the Chinese government to cities like Shanghai and Nanjing, or to the country side. Tung Chee-Hwa has had to institute martial law in the region twice since 1997, both as a result of minor protests. Certain companies are moving their headquarters to Japan or Taiwan, where child labor is not the norm for production. In 2000, the Hong Kong economy was declared in recession by the World Bank. The EU has reduced trade with Hong Kong, sitting violations of the Sino- British Fair Treatment Agreement and human rights issues. Points to ponder as China prepares for entry into the WTO and enjoys NTR status with the US and similar trade status with many other industrialized nations.
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Who piloted the command module during the first Moon landing? | Apollo 11 Moon Landing: How It Worked (Infographic)
How the Apollo 11 Moon Landing Worked (Infographic)
By Karl Tate, SPACE.com Infographics Artist |
September 12, 2012 03:13pm ET
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NASA's historic Apollo 11 moon mission landed the first astronauts on the lunar surface on July 20, 1969. See how the mission worked in this SPACE.com infographic.
Credit: Karl Tate/SPACE.com
Launched from Earth on July 16, 1969, the three astronauts of Apollo 11 arrived in orbit of the moon on July 19. The following day, Commander Neil Armstrong and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin climbed into their lunar module “Eagle” and achieved humanity’s first landing on another celestial body.
Mission Commander Neil A. Armstrong was born Aug. 5, 1930, in Wapakoneta, Ohio. Armstrong became interested in flight while still a child. In 1950, Armstrong flew combat missions for the U.S. Navy. He became an astronaut in 1962 and commanded Gemini VIII in 1966.
Lunar Module Pilot Edwin E. “Buzz” Aldrin Jr. was born Jan. 20, 1930, in Montclair, New Jersey. Aldrin got his nickname “Buzz” as a child. Aldrin flew combat missions for the U.S. Air Force in the Korean War. He became an astronaut in 1963 and piloted Gemini XII in 1966.
Command Module Pilot Michael Collins was born Oct.. 30, 1930, in Rome. Collins became a pilot of jet fighters and experimental planes for the U.S. Air Force. He became an astronaut in 1963 and piloted Gemini X in 1966.
To escape from Earth, the astronauts needed the three-stage Saturn V rocket to boost their spacecraft to a velocity of more than 25,000 miles per hour. The lunar lander was tucked safely into the top of the third stage, and the astronauts rode in the Apollo command module atop the stack.
The fragile-looking lunar module was just tough enough to keep two astronauts alive and carry them to the surface of the moon. The top half of the vehicle had its own rocket engine, which was fired to lift the astronauts back into lunar orbit to rejoin the command module.
At the time of landing, the moon was in a waxing crescent phase as seen from Earth. This was so that the sun would be rising over Eagle’s landing site. The morning’s long shadows would aid the astronauts in identifying landmarks.
On final descent, Armstrong noted that the automatic landing system was guiding Eagle toward the boulder-strewn floor of a crater the size of a football field (”West Crater,” not shown below). Armstrong took manual control and skimmed over the crater, landing in a flat plain beyond. Eagle had only about 30 seconds’ worth of fuel left at touchdown.
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Which spaceman was the first to orbit the Earth? | 'The Eagle Has Landed': Apollo 11 45 Years Later - NBC News
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4. The Apollo 11 Lunar Module ascent stage, with astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin aboard, is photographed from the Command and Service Modules (CSM) during rendezvous in lunar orbit on July 21, 1969. The Lunar Module was making its docking approach to the CSM. Astronaut Michael Collins remained with the CSM in lunar orbit while the other two crewmen explored the lunar surface.
NASA
5. An estimated 10,000 people gathered to watch giant television screens in New York's Central Park and cheer as astronaut Neil Armstrong took man's first step on the moon on July 20, 1969.
AP file
6. United States astronaut Buzz Aldrin stands beside a solar wind experiment next to the Lunar Module spacecraft on the surface of the Moon after he and fellow astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first men to land on the Moon during the Apollo 11 space mission July 20, 1969.
NASA via Reuters file
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What was Billy Cotton's famous catch phrase? | Billy Cotton: A life less ordinary - BBC News
BBC News
Billy Cotton: A life less ordinary
23 December 2014
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Image caption Billy Cotton's shows would begin with his "Wakey wakey" catchphrase
For several decades Billy Cotton was a household name in Britain, as a band leader, radio and TV presenter. But there was a lot more to him than met the eye.
Billy Cotton was showbusiness for two decades after the war.
His Sunday lunchtime radio show - which transferred to television in 1956 - was heralded with his trademark catch phrase "Wakey wakey" and became a staple for millions of households between 1949 and 1968.
Ironically his great-niece Fearne Cotton is herself a household name now and she presents a special documentary about him on Radio 2 this week.
Image copyright Getty Images
Listen to Fearne Cotton telling the story of Big Band, Big Man - The Billy Cotton Story, broadcast on Radio 2 on Tuesday 23 December at 22:00 GMT.
Big Band, Big Man
One of Billy Cotton's band's most famous songs was "I've got a lovely bunch of coconuts" but Michael Grade told the programme his appeal was always "broad brush" and never "vulgar".
What many people did not realise was that despite being a band leader and arranger he could not play an instrument or read a word of music.
At its peak in the early 1960s the show had an audience of 20 million and regular guests included Dionne Warwick, Cliff Richard, Cilla Black, Sandie Shaw, Adam Faith, Tom Jones and Lulu.
And many, like Jones, got their big break on the show.
Cotton's former producer Brian Tesler described his qualities as a presenter: "He had natural ability, a great sense of humour and a way of making good friends with good people once he thought they were on the same wavelength as he was."
Image caption Billy Cotton's womanising was well known in the industry
Cotton, an avuncular figure, was 50 when the programme first aired.
But he had packed an awful lot into those 50 years and his life sounds like something out of Boy's Own.
The youngest of 10 children, he was born into a close-knit, working class family in Smith Square, Westminster, which was a very different place from what it is today.
He joined the army at the age of 15 - his dad threatened to "send him to bed" when he found out he had joined up - and served at Gallipoli in World War One.
Pilot, boxer, footballer
Later he became a pilot for the Army Flying Corps, but crashed his plane and was nearly killed on the same day the Royal Air Force was created.
After the war he boxing as a welterweight for London Polytechnic and played football briefly for Brentford - scoring on his debut against QPR. Later he turned out for non-league Wimbledon.
Cotton worked the 4am shift in an east London factory and married Mabel Gregory in 1921.
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption Young Billy Cotton as a band leader
When Mabel got pregnant Cotton got a job as a bus conductor, and played the drums in a band at Ealing Palais from 7pm until midnight.
He later got a job fronting the London Savannah Band.
The band, who started out playing in Brighton and then Southport, made it big in the 1930s when they moved to Ciro's club in London's West End and recruited singer Alan Breeze.
His signature tune would be "Somebody Stole My Gal".
He loved speed and danger and in September 1936 he tried to break the world land speed record on the sands at Southport.
In his memoirs, he joked that the car had two speeds - "fast" and "stop".
He did not break the record but his 121.5mph was a very impressive speed.
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption Cotton loved planes, speedboats and racing cars
He raced at the British Grand Prix at Donington in 1938 and finished his racing career in 1949 at the Silverstone International Grand Prix, coming fourth.
Cotton was a life-long Charlton fan and his recording of Red Red Robin is still played at The Valley before the team's matches.
His love of speed, danger, sport and fun made him a "bloke's bloke", according to Michael Grade, whose father Leslie was his agent.
"He was a man of the people. He brought entertainment out of the elitist, patrician world of the way the BBC and (Lord) Reith used to think about it," says Grade.
During World War Two he entertained the troops with his band and despite the demise of the variety scene in the late 1940s, he bounced back with The Billy Cotton Band Show.
Roving eye
He was a womaniser who had affairs with Doreen Stephens, one of the singers in his band, as well as several other women.
Grade says: "It was pretty common knowledge that he was a philanderer. His own behaviour left a bit to be desired but he always went home, and looked after the family."
Grade says Billy's youngest son Bill Cotton - later a TV producer and BBC executive - "worshipped" his father, but was no doubt affected by the way his mother was treated.
In the early 1950s Mabel moved into a house in Sandbanks, near Bournemouth, while Cotton rented a flat together with Doreen in London.
The media never mentioned the affair and Cotton's reputation was unaffected.
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption Billy Cotton playing in a charity match at Brentford at the age of 63
Mr Tesler said: "The relationship with Doreen was perfectly straightforward. In no way did it appear lascivious, in no way did he appear a rutting old devil, there was something thoroughly straightforwardly British about it."
But he worked 52 Sundays a year and was also playing gigs all around the country.
Health problems
In 1955 he hit the buffers, suffering a nervous breakdown because he was working too hard.
But he soon bounced back and transferred the show successfully to television.
In 1962 Cotton suffered a stroke but made a remarkable recovery, which he put down to a psychic healer brought to the hospital by his then lover Kathy Kay.
That same year he was crowned Showbusiness Personality of the Year by the Variety Club of Great Britain.
He enjoyed giving young singers a break. In 1968 Sandie Shaw was one of those and she remembers him as a "very sweet" man who soothed her nerves.
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption Billy Cotton was a "bloke's bloke"
Cotton worked right up until his death.
On 24 March 1969 he sang "Maybe It's Because I'm a Londoner" at a charity function. It turned out to be his requiem.
The following night he keeled over and died while at the Empire Pool in Wembley watching a heavyweight boxing match between Londoner Billy Walker and Jack Bodell from Derbyshire.
Grade remembers: "The whole nation was shocked. I was personally very shocked. He was indestructible. He was one of the pillars of the UK. Take Billy Cotton away and you'd think the country might fall over."
His funeral was at Westminster Abbey, around the corner from the house where he was born.
Fearne Cotton says of her great-uncle: "His life is such an amazing story. I am so happy to say that I am part of the Cotton clan and to have this legacy as part of my family history."
Listen to Fearne Cotton telling the story of Big Band, Big Man - The Billy Cotton Story, broadcast on Radio 2 on Tuesday 23 December at 22:00 GMT.
| Wakey Wakey |
In which European city would you find the 'Spanish Steps'? | Dick Barton - Special Agent [Archive] - PPRuNe Forums
Dick Barton Special Agent 1946-1951 - YouTube
and this.
Nostalgia,it aint what it used to be.
SpringHeeledJack
9th Oct 2012, 20:48
It was said that the streets emptied of souls 5 minutes before the show started on the radio and only came back to life afterwards to discuss that evenings episode, so popular was Mr Barton and his escapades.
SHJ
9th Oct 2012, 20:55
Not to mention Jock and Snowy.
.... and the true horror lay in its replacement by "The Archers, a Tale of Country Folk", wholly stomach-churning. One star of TAaToCF was Wal'er Gabriel. whose key dialogue was ``AAAAArrrrgh!`` When I heard TAaToCF I gave it two weeks. Now, as I gather, it still continues.
tony draper
9th Oct 2012, 20:59
They always had to have a representative of the lower classes and he always had to be a Cockney.
:rolleyes:
crippen
9th Oct 2012, 21:03
Was on radio 1 at 7.00 pm IIRC. Got sent to bed before it started if I had been naughty!:*Possible child abuse??
tony draper
The villain always had to be one of those dammed Foregners as well.:rolleyes:
Fareastdriver
9th Oct 2012, 21:08
Dick Barton, Journey into Space and then they brought in all that crap about the lives of country folk.
Davaar
9th Oct 2012, 21:09
You`re right about Snowy. Still, Jock knew his place too ("Aye. Sur").
Wal'er Gabriel was unspeakable. Different show, of course. He would not have survived Long in Warlock.
ricardian
I prefer Paul Temple & Steve, still get repeats on Radio 4 Extra.
tony draper
9th Oct 2012, 21:12
I remember when Walter Gabriel's 12 bore blew up in his face,and when that poor lass perished in the barn fire(Grace Archer?
Cant remember if I've took me pills or not but I can remember back sixty years no probs.:(
500N
"and then they brought in all that crap about the lives of country folk."
Which one was that ? The Archers ?
Anyone remember something called Desert Island Disc or something like that ?
Tankertrashnav
9th Oct 2012, 21:18
Quite liked Paul Temple too, a sort of toff private detective. As ricardian says his wife was called Steve which was confusing for a 1950s schoolboy ;) As a keen train spotter the best bit for me was the Coronation Scot theme music
Classic BBC Radio Theme ~ Paul Temple (Coronation Scot) - YouTube
tony draper
1950's British Radio Nostalgia (http://www.turnipnet.com/whirligig/radio/index.htm)
Davaar
9th Oct 2012, 22:43
Walter Gabriel's 12 bore blew up in his face
Didn't know about that but I can well understand it! They must have been fed up with him too. I couldn't stand the man, but I would not have that far. Toss him over to Quin or the Garron hombres, but not the exploding 12-bore ploy.
Didn't know about Grace, though. Too bad! In the brief period I could bear to watch it, she kept droning on about some man, her husband I imagined. Was she burned to a crisp, or just mildly singed?
In one of John Masters's autobiographical books ("Bugles and a Tiger") he relates the tale of the wily young chap on the Frontier, in fact Afghanistan. Caught with a hot rifle and suspected of using same against HM troops,wily young chap denied the whole tale. Quite upset to be even suspected. Held overnight for questioning; no hard evidence, though, even if much suspicion. Released next day. Says young subaltern in P o W Gurkha Rifles fresh from EEngland, Home, and Beauty to jemadar or such: "Pity, I suppose!".
"No prob! Sir!: came the response in Gurkhali.
Seems the merry lads had put the barrel of the rifle in a vice overnight and bent it ever so slightly. Chuckle! Chuckle!
Owner wouldn't even notice it until .....
Nervous SLF
9th Oct 2012, 22:56
"The villain always had to be one of those dammed Foregners as well.:rolleyes:"
Probably true to life IF he was from that country to the South of the English Channel ?
tony draper
9th Oct 2012, 22:56
That has been updated Mr Davaar what you do now is leave lots of your ammunition lying about when you vacate the field,doctored ammo with a much overloaded propellant charge in the cartridges, when Mr insurgent sees a few of his mates have half their faces removed by a exploding breech,they become reluctant to pull a trigger.
That's the idea anyway,I wouldn't bother with all that nonsence,I'de just nuke the shite out of the whole place.
:)
jimtherev
9th Oct 2012, 23:00
As I recall it, Grace Fairbrother (squire's daughter, doncher know and wed to an Archer) was sacrificed on the altar of listener numbers the very night that Independent Television went on the air for the first time.
How cynical.
They are all in that link I posted Mr G-C,
Riders of Range, much use of coconut shells and sand boxes.:rolleyes:
I used to love the Radio Dramas like 'King Solomons Mines' and 'The Kraken Wakes' taught us to use our imaginations they did.
Davaar
10th Oct 2012, 00:13
I'de just nuke the shite out of the whole place.
The bent barrel method didn't work very well in the thirties either, or even earlier; not in large numbers.
chevvron
10th Oct 2012, 00:17
Dick Barton - my mother often mentioned it but as I was only born in '48, I don't remember it apart from the awful ITV 'revival' in the 60s or 70s - must have run for a good 6 episodes!
Never listened to The Archers, my mother was a 'Mrs Dales Diary' type.
I remember Mrs Dales' other 'standard' phrase; 'oh come in, I've just made some coffee' several times per episode. As I only knew Camp and Nescafe at the time, I didn't understand why she kept 'making' coffee when to me it only entailed pouring hot water in a cup.
500N
Talking about old shows, albeit on TV.
Did anyone watch "When the boat comes in" ?
Some classic accents and sayings in that program.
I thought it was a great series, I was probably predisposed
to liking it as I liked the main actor, James Bolam.
Nervous SLF
10th Oct 2012, 01:20
Family Favorites with Jean Metcalf, always seemed to play the same tunes every week to my young ears.
Liked the opening of Billy Cottons Bandshow but after Wakey Wakey I didn't bother with the rest of it.
chevvron
10th Oct 2012, 03:37
Someone mentioned earlier 'Journey into Space', then someone else mentioned Alfie Bass (aka 'Bootsie' in 'The Army Game' and 'Bootsie and Snudge') but didn't the two go together?
Didn't Alfie play the part of 'Lemmy' in 'Journey into Space' with Andrew Faulds, later to become an MP, playing the part of Capt. Jet Morgan?
Course it was about this time, just before we got a telly, that we discovered Radio Luxembourg, (208 metres medium wave before they 'invented' khz)and that had things like 'Dan Dare, Pilot of the Future' from the Eagle comic(sponsored by Horlicks).
Funny how these things come back to you when you start discussing them!!
Loose rivets
Dick, "did he give you any trouble, Snowy?"
Snowy, "No Sir. I gave him the old one-two."
They don't write sketches like that anymore, Min.
I can still smell the old Lissen radio cooking gently away on the corner table.
Blacksheep
10th Oct 2012, 08:14
Journey into Space or 'Jorney inta Spay-ass' was another name for Newcastle Brown Ale, when it was still the proper brew.
I was a bit short in the tooth to have paid much attention to The Archers or The Dales but they certainly were the background drone of my formative years (The smell of Granny Arnold;s pinny has never left me either) but my favourite at the time involved a ventriloquist's dummy called Archie Andrews. Yes, really, a ventrilioquist on the radio. Only the BBC could come up with that idea. :rolleyes:
Wilfred Pickles - Workers Playtime and Forces Favourites
pulse1
10th Oct 2012, 08:30
I used to listen to Journey into Space in my friends shed. He was a keen radio amateur and the shed was filled with crystal sets and bits of radio. Pride of place was the device we used to listen to JiS - a radio out of a Lancaster bomber, a TR1154?.
I must say that listening to it on a dark night, looking up at the stars, was quite weird.
Blacksheep
10th Oct 2012, 08:55
Nostalgia,it aint what it used to be.It can be. Take a look at the 'When Flying Was Fun' topic.
mike-wsm
T1154 and R1155 - Just Jane
ExSp33db1rd
a keen train spotter the best bit for me was the Coronation Scot theme music
Me too, my first 78 rpm record purchase.
Loved Dick Barton, but I can honestly say that I've never seriously watched Coronation St - even in NZ, where we get it 6 months behind, 3 days a week, tho' I occasionally catch a glimpse if I can't find the remote fast enough and I must admit that the faces seem a bit older now.
Nervous SLF
10th Oct 2012, 10:11
My wife watches coronation street and moans it is about 18 months behind the UK. It appears something called east enders is quite up to date
as she is now watching episodes that she saw in the UK in September 2012.
ORAC
10th Oct 2012, 10:36
I have a number of these series on CD, along with the Navy Lark, Round the Horne etc.
I had the idea to gut an old valve radio, such as a Bush DAC90, and replace the contents with a Nano motherboard or Raspberry PI based PC with SSD.
The PC would be continuously on, the on-off switch working lights to replect the glow of the valves. The tricky bit was going to be to add a board adapting the push channel selectors so that one cycled forward through different series directories and another back, as well as pause and rewind/fast forward.
Never got around to, still have the CDs and a working DAC90 (now restored).
radeng
10th Oct 2012, 10:48
Coronation Scot - commissioned by the London Midland and Scottish Railway when the Coronation streamlined pacifics came out.
tony draper
10th Oct 2012, 10:58
The Shipping forecast, made one feel warm and cosy somehow sitting by a roaring coal fire listening to the rain and wind howling round the windows on a winters night,'Tyne Dogger Forties storm force nine imminent'
:uhoh:
MagnusP
10th Oct 2012, 12:46
It's a family joke that we're not allowed to make our regular call to MrsP's uncle and aunt when the Archers is on. Sacrosanct time that. MrsP started putting it on so she could call when it finished, and is now addicted. Sigh.
CATIII-NDB
10th Oct 2012, 13:44
I have herd bits of the Radio Doctor - Any program that open with the phrase "How are your bowels ?" has more going for it in comparison with the "Bowmans" -
The Dr concerned was Charles Hill. I think that he became famous in his time and I'm old enough to remember Alvar Lidell.
As a kid i used to listen to the "Home service" on an Echo Radio with valves and a green indicator at the front. It was a cream colored thing that took about 2 mins to warm up.
The Archers used to come on after listen with mother in the afternoon.
CAT III
Blacksheep
10th Oct 2012, 13:47
The Shipping forecast, made one feel warm and cosy. . . Our Mam and meself never missed it when Dad was afloat in HMS Rinaldo on fishery protection. We were happy with anything under Force six but as the barometer fell and the seas rose we became ever more worrit. "Storm Force Ten rising Eleven" would have us trembling in our boots with worry. Rinaldo was only a 950 tonner and although our fishing boats were allowed to shelter in Icelandic harbours, the courtesy wasn't extended to Royal Navy ships unless they were on NATO business. So they had to ride it out.
At eleven you're looking at 70 m.p.h winds and wave heights of 50 feet. Rinaldo was only just over 200 feet long and the top of the open bridge was just 45 feet above the waterline, so a 50 foot wave was definitely something to worry about.
ORAC
10th Oct 2012, 14:06
The Archers used to come on after listen with mother in the afternoon. "Are you sitting comfortably? Good, then I'll begin...."
OFSO
10th Oct 2012, 14:17
In one of John Masters's autobiographical books ("Bugles and a Tiger")
My copy is on my bedside table. Along with Blackshaws "Tales from the Outposts", Slocum's "Sailing alone around the world" and three bound copies of the "Boys Own Paper, 1914-1916"*. The H Rider Haggards are on the Kindle as the table was bending in the middle.
* Which I really want to sell as running out of room.
Davaar
10th Oct 2012, 14:37
My late Dad once read an interview with the actor who played Dick. Apparently, although the chap did miss the gig, as it were, its loss was not an unmixed curse. Seems the constant lockings-up in chains in cellars open to Thames tides in the East End as the Rotters schemed his extended drowning, all wholly fictitious, did have a rather wearing effect on him.
That came to mind a little while ago, sixty years later, when I read an interview with Miss Hargitay (sp?), one of the stars in the TV Crime Scene Investigations ("Especially Ghastly Crimes" variant), to the effect that she too was not so very much put out when there came a pause in the constant succession of child abuse, old ladies being thumped around by villains, wicked fellows doing dirty deeds with open razors, and so on. She found it all quite depressing in her personal life, although the formal misery always came to an end with the end of each instalment. Came to an end, that is, for us but not for her.
Incidentally, I believe that lady is a daughter of the late Miss Jayne Mansfield, whom some will remember from those Golden Years, and her husband, the late Mr Mickey Hargitay (Sp?). Miss Mansfield was noted for her virtuosity as an actress; that and, for some, her generous bosom.
The actor-reality link is not new, evidently. Recall Browning�s lines:
It�s like those eerie stories nurses tell,
Of how some actor on a stage played Death.
With pasteboard crown, sham orb and tinselled dart.
And called himself the monarch of the world;
Then, going in the tire-room afterward,
Because the play was done, to shift himself,
Got touched upon the sleeve familiarly,
The moment he had shut the closet door,
By Death himself.
Those lines were quoted in a boys' "school story" book from around 1890 that we had in the house when I was very young, and stayed with me ever after. Eventually I did find the source. Eerie indeed.
MagnusP
"Are you sitting comfortably? Good, then I'll begin...."
OFSO, the Jimmy Savile thread is over there ------->
Listen with Mother. Those were the days before Muffin the Mule was punishable by life imprisonment.
Avitor
10th Oct 2012, 14:52
"Are you sitting comfortably? Good, then I'll begin...."
During the summer of 1950 I spent 6 months in a TB sanatorium, those of us allowed to wander out were allowed to leave our beds at 2pm, directly after 'Listen with mother'
Needless to say, the Archers were not listened to. We were on a bus to the seaside or somewhere. Or in the woods with the girls from an adjoining place specifically for women patients from Leicester.
G-CPTN
6:05 on:- BBC Fifties Radio Themes - (pt.1 of 2) - YouTube
Davaar
10th Oct 2012, 15:28
Worst of all from that epoch came from the cinema (odd how the vocabulary is resurgent). To fill out the program they had "shorts", little incidental pictures, among the most repulsive of which was "TIPS -- with Jeanne Heale". "Who in Hell was Jeanne Heale?", you ask. Who indeed!
Each "instalment", so to speak, took the unwilling patron around two or three useless "Tips", until with crescendo we all arrived at the triumph of the week: "And Twenty-five Pinds [phonetics is beyond me] goes to Jim X of Y for his TIP". Wowieee!
The said Jeanne pronounced "Pounds" much as HRH the Prince of Wales pronounces "Hice" (a permanent sort of dwelling, often built of stone).
I remember but one TIP. To ensure that the garden gate shuts of its own volition, so organise the hinges that the whole damned thing is not really vertical. Gravity then creates an applied force that makes the gate close. To me, then and now, useless; but it brought 25 Pinds from Jeanne. I am pretty sure it would not work well unless the hinges were in line.
Who WAS Jeanne, anyway?
tony draper
10th Oct 2012, 15:51
25 pinds was a lot of money then Mr Davaar, deposit on a hice was 25 pinds.:)
Anyway the people who spoke thus were probably paid in guineas.
One had to look up the spelling of guineas,shows what a oink I is, come to think a Burtons made to measure suit was nine guineas.
Tell the kids these days and they wunt believe yer, about a suit being made to measure that is, a suit that actually fitted a person.
:rolleyes:
Said the cat to the dog? Programme? Funny music?
tony draper
Wasn't John Tregorran the Squire?
Always fancied being the Squire,they had Droit De Signor you know.
The sound of pruners groping for dictionaries echoes round the land.:E
cockney steve
10th Oct 2012, 16:13
The "Beeb" was so formal, it intrigued me no-end that one of it's upper-crust presenters was always introduced as Al Varley-Dell.... eventually, found it hilarious the poor sap had been called "Alvar"....what sort of name was that , for an Englishman?
My father was a keen Archers fan.
I believe that King Harold wasn't too fond of 'em.
tony draper
10th Oct 2012, 16:27
Nor were the French Mr Steve,:rolleyes:
What was the program that started with the loud sound of traffic in the city (London of course the BBC thought the rest of the country still lived in small groups of Anglo Saxon round houses) and a voice shouted stop or halt and the traffic and city noise ceased,?
:confused:
Dammit. Missed out on the Who Wants to be a Millionaire's seat again.
tony draper
That's the one,thanks chaps, the audio clip just has the city noise at the end.
:)
Fareastdriver
10th Oct 2012, 16:43
The object IIRC of the city noise was that the voices were all foreign. The programm interviewed those that would be called celebreties nowadays who had come to London for some reason.
It wouldn't be a problem getting foreign voices now. Getting a track where everbody is speaking English would be the difficult one.
G-CPTN
10th Oct 2012, 17:04
Getting a track where everbody is speaking English would be the difficult one.
As was the situation in London (Holland Park) in the very early 1970s - in fact I didn't hear anyone speaking English.
Davaar
10th Oct 2012, 17:38
come to think a Burtons made to measure suit was nine guineas.
Of course you're talking of their top-of-the-line bespoke job, Dr draper. I seem to remember their advertising slogan was "Burtons, the thirty-shilling tailors": a suit, that is, for One Pind Ten Shillings.
Of course, too, there was that British army drilling "song": "Left ... Left ... Left. I had a good job at thirty-five bob, and I Left ... Left".
Oh! What am I talking about??? My starting pay as a Naval Airman Class 2 (RNVR in lieu of National Service) was 28/- per week. When I was a Jolly Tar, the first instalment, as it were, of 4/- for day No. 1, yet to be served, arrived with the travel warrant and the pressing invitation to present myself at Lee-on-Solent. I suppose that was the equivalent of "The Queen's Shilling", adjusted for inflation.
Davaar
10th Oct 2012, 18:04
What was the program that started with the loud sound of traffic in the city
Did it end with a bloke hollering out: "Carry on! London!", upon which the silence ended, gears were engaged, and pandemonium took over again?
Quite grisly, how these words and tunes are imprinted, away at the back of the head there. I am even remembering "Tammy Troot" by -- Yes! By Golly! Of course I remember! -- Lavinia Derwent on "Children's Hour" (Scottish edition) at 6.00 PM. On the Scottish version, unknown to you Sassenach lot, one "Worzel Gummidge", a hot favourite with the English, was a total disaster. It had to be taken off the air North of the Border. We sopisticates just would not tolerate it for a moment.
tony draper
10th Oct 2012, 18:19
In those days most young men in my world started work at fifteen,still living at home with a few bob in their pockets for the first time,first suit perhaps sixteen/seventeen thence after a new bespoke suit every year or so, a good overcoat,shoes, young chaps would not have dreamed of stepping out even to the paper shop without suit white shirt and tie,observing the same age group now your Worzel Gummidge is apt.
Of course those years of affluence didn't last long,generally finish your time go on to full money and get captured and wed.
:)
Blacksheep
10th Oct 2012, 18:37
I was doing O levels and had to stay on beyond 15. Once the exams were over I stopped going in as I was over leaving age and school was no longer compulsory. I got in a terrible row with my Dad about this and when I said I was leaving school in July anyway he stopped me in my tracks with "Have you given any thought as to where you're going to live?"
tony draper
I still remember something my father said to me on my eighteenth birthday.
"Remember you're old enough to hang now":uhoh:
Fareastdriver
10th Oct 2012, 20:07
At the end of Form III in grammar school our class master and the class were dicussing the next year prior to O levels. One of our top students announced that he was leaving school and going to work; he had got a job on the railways as a porter. The master remonstrated with him pointing out that with his talent he was bound to go through sixth form and then on to university.
"Can't do that, " he said. " My father says I have to leave school and bring money into the house."
It took the school an awful lot of persuading to get his father, a council labourer, to let him continue.
Out Of Trim
10th Oct 2012, 20:55
As a child of the 60s, I Seem to remember a character called Jimmy Clitheroe, not sure what programme that was?
ORAC
10th Oct 2012, 21:00
As a child of the 60s, I Seem to remember a character called Jimmy Clitheroe, not sure what programme that was?
The Clitheroe Kid (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clitheroe_Kid)
CATIII-NDB
10th Oct 2012, 21:06
"Tom Forest got off after blasting a poacher or someone with a shotgun" - I think it was the brother of Jethro Larkin - Clarie's dad's brother.
As I said in another thread Listen with mother has its consequences.
CAT III [edit: It was a lot better acted than any of the current Archers crap]
Loose rivets
10th Oct 2012, 21:24
Gosh, Mr D, jogged my memory circuits again. No time to run the links now, but I can hear the words, "Once again we stop the mighty roar of London's traffic . . ."
I'll check later to see if I'm right.
Your suits. I suppose many of them still fit you. I finally conceded that I had to throw some of mine away when I sold the Essex house c 2002. Made by Marks the tailor in Colchester they were in 1959, while seated cross-legged, hand-sewing the lapels. �9 quid to, gasp! �13.
Yep, remember the Burton's ad for �1 10/= suits.
Mike. Haven't you got any pictures of an 1132a radio? Never got a peep out of mine.
tony draper
Here's the instruction for London to Carry On.:)
1950's British Radio Nostalgia (http://www.turnipnet.com/whirligig/radio/index.htm)
Ah ok! it does not take you direct to the sound clip,click on In Town Tonight link on the right,it is the bottom sound clip on the left
oops reverse those instructions.I dunno me Port from Starboard
:\
spInY nORmAn
10th Oct 2012, 21:49
Mr. Drapes - the Shipping Forecast theme - "Sailing By" by that master of British Light Classical music Ronald Binge who also gave us "Elizabethan Serenade" and others. He actually came up with the "cascading strings" effect that was to be put to use extensively by Mantovani (in case anyone was wondering where that came from).
Classic BBC Radio Theme ~ Shipping Forecast (Sailing By) - YouTube
Davaar
10th Oct 2012, 22:32
We were happy with anything under Force six
The Davaar greatgrandpa was engineer at sea, blue water. Greatgranny died before the arrival of wee Davaar, but in spirit she lived on and is remembered. When the wind rose much above a gentle zephyr, her thoughts would turn swiftly to her gudeman at sea: "Goad help the sailors on a nicht like this". Three generations later that remains the familial response to anything above your Force 6, always plentiful on the Coast of the East Neuk.
Also attributed to her was the cautionary address to the weans rinnin' aboot on the deck of the Clyde steamer, Glasgow to Dunoon or Rothesay, in flat calm, Glasgow quays not a stone's throw (if you had a stone) starboard and port: "Fur Goad's sake, siddoon an' gi'e the boat a chance!"
Rinaldo was only just over 200 feet long
An Ocean Greyhound, really, that Rinaldo! She prompted one to look up the dimensions of the "ton" class minesweeper: 152' long, drawing around 8', and built of wood. Very good wood, mind you. One recalls the mission to test the engines in one such vessel in a gale of some personality off the Tay estuary in 1961, lying on the deck of the starboard wing of the bridge, rising but briefly and occasionally to unload into a bucket the "kye" thoughtfully provided, as was the bucket, by Chief Yeoman of Signals Z and swallowed but recently, and then staggering into the enclosed part to look at the inclinometer, as it swung to 45 degrees. The family mantra was ever present. The chief engineer was one's deck companion. Said Chief Yeoman of Signals kept reporting: "Sighting lights green 060 degrees, Sir!", and the like. "Chief! Will you please just go away and let us die here in peace!"
Blacksheep
10th Oct 2012, 23:18
I don't know if a Ton class would survive a Force 11, but it would be no problem to a Chief Yeoman. My Dad was Yeoman in Rinaldo and said he was often the only man standing on the bridge, apart from The Old Man himself, a Lt. Cdr. who learned his trade in the Flower class on N.Atlantic convoys.
Davaar
it would be no problem to a Chief Yeoman.
No. None at all.
mike-wsm
11th Oct 2012, 05:21
In Town Tonight - I was always ticked up in bed, listening on my crystal set. Somehow it was all the more dramatic when listening on headphones. Brian Johnston used to do all sorts of stunts, like hiding in a pillar box and talking through the slot to people posting letters.
Loose rivets
11th Oct 2012, 05:26
Blimey, that's aged! But then so have I, and I cost more than the 30 bob my 1132a cost.
I wound different tuning coils to replace the silver-plated tubes from the original, located behind that geared dial. Sadly, many of the paper condensers were were duff even ten years after the set was made.
Loose rivets
I was always ticked up in bed
I was mostly ticked orf in bed . . . and everywhere else.:}
One of the people in this site - where I appear as Top Anode* - made his front room a shrine to the fifties. It really did bring back some memories.
UK Vintage Radio Repair and Restoration Discussion Forum (http://www.vintage-radio.net/forum/)
* anyone that's used their finger as a signal generator, touching the top caps of valves (tubes in US) will realize the significance of 'hitting a top anode.' 300volts was not untypical.
.:suspect: go away, edit thingie.
mike-wsm
What was the program that started with the loud sound of traffic in the
city
When I saw that I immediately thought, "Taxi", but I were wrong!:O
Loose rivets
11th Oct 2012, 07:54
Gosh X 2! I would have loved to lay me hand on that circuit when I was 14. Mind you, all those c's !! Would have taken me pocket money until the end of the pocket money era.
I wonder what V4 was for. Cold cathode voltage limiter I suppose. Anyone know?
Groundgripper
mike-wsm
Said the cat to the dog? Programme? Funny music?
BBC Childrens Hour - Mompty and Peckham (name of the cat and dog respectively)? Music; Popular Song from William Walton's suite Facade.
GG
| i don't know |
In what year was the building of the 'Sydney Opera House' finished? | Sydney Opera House construction.
About the Sydney Opera House
The Sydney Opera House is the busiest performing arts centre in the world. Since its opening in 1973, it has brought countless hours of entertainment to millions of people and has continued to attract the best in world class talent year after year.
Even today, many visitors are surprised to find that the Sydney Opera House is really a complex of theatres and halls all linked together beneath its famous shells.
In an average year, the Sydney Opera House presents theatre, musicals, opera, contemporary dance, ballet, every form of music from symphony concerts to jazz as well as exhibitions and films. It averages around 3,000 events each year with audiences totaling up to two million. In addition, approximately 200,000 people take a guided tour of the complex each year. The Opera House operates 24 hours a day, every day of the year except Christmas Day and Good Friday.
History and Background
Prior to the Sydney Opera House, Sydney had no adequate dedicated music venue. Orchestral concerts were given in its Town Hall, and staging opera was almost impossible due to the lack of suitable stages. The appointment of Sir Eugene Goosens to the posts of Chief Conductor of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra and Director of the NSW Conservatorium of Music in 1947 brought into Sydney's musical life a focal point for the need to create a better venue for the performing arts. Upon accepting his position, Goosens told reporters that his plans included the creation of a concert hall suitable for opera as well as orchestral performances.
The idea was hardly revolutionary; indeed the post-war Labour government had given lip service to the concept as part of its reconstruction and redevelopment programs. However, apart from occasional public announcements and exhortation from Goosens, nothing happened for seven more years.
Finally, late in 1954, the State Government of New South Wales, finding itself increasingly embarrassed by its own inaction, became involved in a moderately supportive manner. The Premier of the day, Joseph Cahill, was enthusiastic about the idea and it was he who set up the committee which got the project under way. He also set up an appeal fund to raise money for the building. When it became obvious that the fund would not even raise the $7 million the Opera House was first estimated to cost, Mr Cahill introduced the Opera House Lotteries. The original appeal fund raised about $900,000 and the rest of the $102 million that the Opera House ended up costing came from the profits of the lottery. The building was completely paid for by July 1975.
The NSW Government today contributes about 30% of the annual cost of maintaining and operating the complex.
Construction
The committee set up by the Government selected the site for the building. Known as Bennelong Point, it was named after the first Aborigine to speak English, who was born on the site. Until this time, it was used as wharfing area and had a rather unsightly tram storage barn prominently occupying much of the site.
An international competition was organised for the design of a performing arts complex, and although this was well known, the misnomer "Opera House" caught on. The competition called for a structure that contained two theatres within it - a large hall for opera, ballet, and large scale symphony concerts capable of seating 3,000-3,500 people, and a smaller hall for drama, chamber music and recitals, capable of seating approx 1,200 people. Design entrants were told that they were free to choose any approach that they wished, and that there were no limits to what the potential cost of the structure could be. 233 different design entries were submitted from all over the world.
The winner of the competition, announced in January 1957, was the Danish architect Jorn Utzon (born in 1918). It was originally envisaged that it would take four years to build the Opera House; in actual fact, it wasn't completed until mid 1973.
Construction of the building commenced in March 1959 and proceeded in slow stages over the next fourteen years. At the time that construction was started, Utzon protested that he hadn't yet completed the designs for the structure, but the government insisted that construction get underway, and so it did!
At least as much a problem as starting the construction prior to completing the revolutionary design, was the fact that the government itself changed the requirements for the building after construction had started. The original design called for two theatres. The government changed its mind and required the building to be altered and that four theatres now be incorporated into the design. Recently, some internal changes to the structure have enabled a fifth theatre to be created.
The original design was so boldly conceived that it proved structurally impossible to build. After four years of research Utzon altered his design and gave the roof vaults a defined spherical geometry. This enabled the roofs to be constructed in a pre-cast fashion, greatly reducing both time and cost.
The project was subject to many delays and cost over-runs, and (probably unfairly) Utzon was often blamed for these. A new government was elected in NSW in 1965, partly on the campaign promise to "do something" about the cost overruns with the design. The government withheld fee payments to Utzon and refused to agree to his design ideas and proposed construction methods. This pretty much forced Utzon to resign, which he did in February 1966 as Stage II was nearing completion. A team of Australian architects took over and after an extensive review of the proposed functions of the building, proceeded with its completion.
The first performance in the complex, in the Opera Theatre on 28 September 1973, was The Australian Opera's production of War and Peace by Prokofiev. The Sydney Opera House was officially opened by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on 20 October 1973.
About the Building
There are nearly 1000 rooms in the Opera House including the five main auditoria. There is also a Reception Hall, five rehearsal studios, four restaurants, six theatre bars, extensive foyer and lounge areas, sixty dressing rooms and suites, library, an artists' lounge and canteen known as the "Green Room", administrative offices and extensive plant and machinery areas.
The building covers about 1.8 hectares (4.5 acres) of its 2.2 hectare (5.5 acre) site. It has about 4.5 hectares (11 acres) of usable floor space.
It is approximately 185 m (611 ft) long and 120m (380 ft) wide at its widest point. The highest roof vault (above the Concert Hall) is 67m (221 ft) above sea level.
The roofs are made up of 2,194 pre-cast concrete sections. These sections weigh up to 15.5 tonnes (15 tons) each. They are held together by 350 km (217 miles) of tensioned steel cable. The roofs weigh 27,230 tonnes and are covered with exactly 1,056,056 Swedish ceramic tiles arranged in 4,253 pre-cast lids.
The entire building weighs 161,000 tonnes. It is supported on 580 concrete piers sunk up to 25 m (82 ft) below sea level. The roofs are supported on 32 concrete columns up to 2.5 m (8 ft) square.
The exterior and interior walls, stairs and floors are faced with pink aggregate granite which was quarried at Tarana in New South Wales. The two woods used extensively to decorate the interiors are brush box and white birch plywood which were both cut in northern NSW.
There are 6,225 sq m (67,000 sq ft) of glass, made in France, in the mouths of the roofs and other areas of the building. It is in two layers - one plain and the other demi-topaz tinted. About 2,000 panes in 700 sizes were installed.
There are 645 km (400 miles) of electrical cable. The power supply, equivalent to the needs of a town of 25,000 people, is regulated by 120 distribution boards. Twenty six air-conditioning plant rooms move more than 28,500 cubic metres (1,000,000 cubic feet) of air per minute through 19.5 km (12 miles) of ducting.
The Concert Hall
The largest hall is the Concert Hall, which seats 2,679. It is used for a wide variety of performances including symphony concerts, chamber music, opera, dance, choral concerts, pop, jazz and folk concerts, variety shows and conventions.
The acoustics of the Concert Hall are highly regarded internationally. The ceiling, which rises up to 25 meters (82 feet) above the platform, and upper walls are paneled with white birch plywood, and the lower walls, stairs, boxes and stage platform are paneled with a hard brown wood, brush box. These Australian woods are used throughout the building.
The volume of 26,400 cubic meters (880,000 cubic feet) gives a reverberation time of approximately two seconds allowing symphonic music to be heard with a full, rich and mellow tone. Above the platform are suspended 18 adjustable acrylic acoustic rings or "clouds", which assist musicians by reflecting some of the sound of the instruments straight back to the platform.
The Concert Hall Grand Organ was designed and built by Australian, Ronald Sharp, between 1969 and 1979. It is the largest mechanical tracker action organ in the world with 10,500 pipes. There are five manual and one pedal keyboards and 127 stops arranged in 205 ranks.
The Opera Theatre
The Opera Theatre, seating 1,547, is mainly used for performances of opera, ballet and dance. The auditorium, like the Concert Hall, is paneled in wood for acoustic reasons, but the ceiling and walls are painted black to allow the audience to focus its attention upon the stage. The proscenium opening is 12 metres (38 feet) wide and 7 metres (24 feet) high and the stage extends back 25 metres (82 feet). Built into the stage floor is a revolve 14 metres (46 feet) in diameter and there are four platform lifts 10.5 by 3.5 metres (35 by 12 feet) which raise and lower the scenery between the set storage area at ground level and the stage 10 metres (33 feet) above. The orchestra pit can accommodate up to 75 musicians.
The stage curtain is a tapestry designed by the Australian artist John Coburn and is woven from Australian wood at a factory near Aubusson in France. Of abstract patterns in bright warm colours it is known as the Curtain of the Sun.
The Drama Theatre
The Drama Theatre accommodates performances of drama and dance. It seats 544. This auditorium, like the Opera Theatre, is black but the rather low ceiling is made of refrigerated aluminum panels which help to create an even temperature without a draught. The stage, which is about 15 metres (52 feet) square, contains two revolves, one inside the other, which can turn separately or together. The stage curtain, also designed by John Coburn, is similar to that in the Opera Theatre but is woven in dark colours. It is known as the Curtain of the Moon.
The Playhouse, Studio, Reception Hall, and Foyer
Seating 398, the Playhouse is used for small cast plays, lectures and seminars. It is also a fully equipped cinema. Originally designed for chamber music as well, the Playhouse is paneled with the white birch plywood.
A new venue, The Studio (created by redesigning some of the interior spaces) was opened in March 1999. This is designed for "contemporary" and modern performing arts, and depending on the seating layout, can seat up to 364 people.
The Reception Hall and the large northern foyers of the Concert Hall and the Opera Theatre, all with spectacular views overlooking Sydney Harbour, can be hired for a wide variety of functions including meetings and conferences, wedding receptions, lunches, dinners and parties. There are also four restaurants as well as bars in all the foyers.
| one thousand nine hundred and seventy three |
In which city is the house where 'Anne Frank and her family' hid from the Nazis during WW2? | Sydney Opera House: A low note | The Economist
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AS THE Sydney Opera House took shape in the late 1960s people in Melbourne, Australia’s second-biggest city, sniggered at dramas over construction problems and cost blowouts. But the opera house went on to become Australia’s most iconic building, and one of the great architectural wonders of the 20th century. This year it is celebrating the 40th anniversary of its opening in 1973.
Yet Melburnians are feeling a bit smug once again. This is because Arts Centre Melbourne, the city's main cultural venue, is now staging a lavish production of Richard Wagner's four-opera Ring Cycle, which began on November 18th. It is the first Ring production in the 57-year history of Opera Australia, the country's main opera company, based in Sydney. With an estimated budget of A$20m ($18.6m), it is also the company's biggest venture.
Melbourne is hosting the Ring Cycle partly owing to cost. This production's biggest supporter is a Melburnian and a Wagner fan: Maureen Wheeler, co-founder with her husband Tony of the “Lonely Planet” publishing outfit, kick-started the Ring’s planning three years ago with a A$5m gift. But there is another reason: the auditorium at the Sydney Opera House is too small. Its imperfections date from foolhardy planning interventions by the New South Wales state government 47 years ago. The legacy has left a standing joke: “Australia has the best opera house in the world. The exterior is in Sydney and the interior is in Melbourne.”
A confidential state government report last year delivered a blunt warning about this legacy. It cited a study that placed Sydney’s opera theatre at the bottom of international rankings for opera on 14 criteria. Outdated equipment, sub-standard acoustics and a deficient stage-size were among them. Unless the Sydney house’s interior is brought up to 21st-century technical standards, the report said, “the building will inevitably decline further to a point where it may cease to be functional”.
Jorn Utzon, a Danish architect, won an international competition for the opera house’s design in 1957. His revolutionary vision of soaring, sail-like roofs harmonized with the building’s harbour location. Under the sails, Mr Utzon designed a large hall capable of staging orchestral concerts and operas, and a smaller one mainly for drama. But after he had worked on the building in Sydney for nine years, the then conservative state government forced Mr Utzon out in 1966 amid rows over costs. Daryl Dellora, author of “Utzon and the Sydney Opera House”, a new book, calls this a “triumph of base politics over art”. The government installed a committee of local architects to finish the job. They switched the halls’ functions, allocating the big hall just to concerts and pushing opera and ballet into the smaller hall, with a cramped orchestra pit and poorer acoustics.
Mr Utzon died in Denmark in 2008, aged 90, without ever returning to Australia, or seeing his finished flawed masterpiece. But a decade earlier, the then-Labor state government had approached Mr Utzon seeking reconciliation. In a bid to right past wrongs, it invited him to become the opera house’s design consultant. Mr Utzon accepted. Those who met him then found him anything but bitter. Mr Utzon told Richard Johnson, a distinguished Sydney architect, that he felt lucky to have got as far as he did with such a daring project. “He said it could only have happened in the new world, from a place that felt optimistic and was trying to make a statement about its future,” Mr Johnson recalls.
In his new role, Mr Utzon prepared refurbishment plans for the opera theatre to create more seats, a wider stage and an expanded orchestra pit capable of holding 104 musicians, about 35 more than it does now. Jan Utzon, Mr Utzon’s architect son, has travelled to Sydney about 30 times in the last 14 years to liaise with the opera house and the state government over his father’s refurbishment vision. In Sydney recently for 40th birthday celebrations, he said he hoped they could be realised in time for the 50th bash.
That could depend on whether Sydney has learned from its mistakes about political squabbles over money. The opera house cost A$102m to build. The state government report last year estimated the cost of rebuilding the opera theatre alone at almost six times that figure. Together with revamping the complex’s concert hall and three drama theatres, the total cost would be A$825m.
The state government that commissioned the opera house in 1957 paid for it by launching a public lottery in its name. Revisiting that option would be awkward: the state’s lotteries have since been privatised. Hopes for funding the renovations would seem to rest on the federal and New South Wales governments sharing costs. A recent survey showed 77% of Australians supported that idea. So far, there are no signs of it happening.
Meanwhile Lyndon Terracini, artistic director of Opera Australia, calls for a different solution to Sydney’s opera problems. He proposes leaving the inadequate opera theatre intact and building a second but bigger one underground, beneath Sydney’s botanical gardens facing the opera house. In the meantime, Mr Terracini plans to repeat the Ring season every three years, but only in Melbourne.
Much is at stake in fixing the opera house inside. Utzon’s white sails draw about 8m visitors a year. Many never see the faults underneath; others are prepared to forgive them. Access Economics, a consultancy, estimates the opera house contributes about A$734m a year to the Australian economy, from performances and its status as the country’s biggest tourist destination. Yoko Ono, a Japanese-American conceptual artist, and widow of John Lennon, says Utzon’s design inspired some pieces in her exhibition “War is Over! (if you want it)”, which opened recently at the Museum of Contemporary Art Australia near the opera house.
There are signs of hope. After Utzon was re-engaged, two parts of the opera house were adapted to his original plans. Walls on the building’s western foyers were removed, and their vision opened up to Sydney Harbour. A small function room was rebuilt to his initial design and named the Utzon Room. Can the same happen to the opera theatre? “The wheels of change are slow,” says Mr Dellora. “But they have begun to turn.”
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What was the name of France's longest serving King who died in September 1715? | 1715 The death of Louis XIV - Palace of Versailles
1715 The death of Louis XIV
1715 The death of Louis XIV
1715 The death of Louis XIV
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1 September 1715
After a week of slow agony, Louis XIV passed away in Versailles on 1 September 1715 at 8.15 in the morning, just before his 77th birthday. A reign of 72 years ended, the longest in the history of France. Another reign almost as long began: that of Louis XV (1715-1774).
Worthy of a tragedy of Racine, the death of Louis XIV began on 10 August 1715. On his return from hunting in Marly, the king felt a sharp pain in his leg. His doctor Fagon diagnosed sciatica and never budged from this position. But black spots soon began to appear: the sign of senile gangrene. Despite the atrocious pain, the king continued with his usual occupations without flinching. He intended to carry out his functions until the end. The old oak seemed ineradicable and won the admiration of all. But on 25 August, his feast day, he had to take to his bed. He was not to leave his bedchamber.
The gangrene then affected his bones the next day. The doctors felt helpless. The king received on the same day his great-grandson, aged 5, the future Louis XV, to give him advice. He recommended him to relieve his people’s suffering and avoid war as far as possible: “it is the ruin of peoples!” Aware of having failed on this point, he asked him to remain a “peace-loving prince”.
But his death took longer than expected. The king made his adieux to Mme de Maintenon three times and twice to the Court. A Provençal named Brun was allowed to approach the royal bed on 29 August: he claimed to have a miraculous cure. In fact, the king did feel better. But the disease was still there and making progress. Louis XIV finally went into a semi-coma lasting the next two days. He died on 1 September in the morning. His body was on view for eight days in the Mercury salon. He was transported to Saint-Denis on 9 September.
The Duc d’Orléans, nephew of Louis XIV, became Regent of the kingdom until the majority of the future Louis XV. The family quarrels began: on 2 September, the Regent persuaded the Parliament of Paris to annul the testament of the king which confiscated some of the assembly’s prerogatives. He governed from his residence in the Palais-Royal and installed the future king in the Tuileries palace on 9 September. The Court left Versailles. Philippe V of Spain, however, had not totally abandoned his claims to the throne of France in spite of the Treaty of Ryswick in 1713. A new war was on the way and with it a new combination of alliances in Europe…
| Louis XIV of France |
In what year were first and second class stamps introduced in Britain? | Long to reign over us? History's longest and shortest-serving monarchs - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
Long to reign over us? History's longest and shortest-serving monarchs
Queen Elizabeth II will become Britain's longest-reigning monarch on September 9, having been on the throne for 63 years and 216 days.
However, Her Majesty's reign is shorter than some other monarchs worldwide.
The Queen remains six years behind the world's current longest reigning monarch, Thailand's king Bhumibol Adulyadej.
What follows is a list of some of the longest and shortest reigns in recent history.
Sobhuza II of Swaziland
82 years, 1899-1982
Photo: Swaziland's Sobhuza II ascended the throne at 4 months old and held it until his death at 83 years of age. (Commons)
He was known by many names: the Lion of Swaziland, the Great Mountain, the Bull, the Son of the She-elephant and the Inexplicable, and Sobhuza II probably needed all those names to coordinate his 70 marriages.
He married across the tribes to bind important families to his clan, with estimates that he bore hundreds of children.
Swaziland gained independence from Britain in 1968. A few years later, using a private army that he had secretly formed, Sobhuza declared himself absolute ruler.
A new parliament was established in 1979 but its role was just an advisory one.
Rich in resources, under King Sobhuza the nation thrived as the land and wealth returned to indigenous control under his reign.
Louis XIV of France
72 years, 1643-1715
Photo: Europe's longest reigning monarch oversaw the height of French power. (Commons: Louis XIV of France by Hyacinthe Rigaud/Louis XIV Collection)
The longest reign of a European head of state is that of France's King Louis XIV, who also centralised government in his capital, most famously establishing and encamping the nobility under watchful eyes in his family's Palace of Versailles.
With France at the height of its power, under Louis XIV it was both militaristic and economically competitive, with artisans from all over Europe invited to base themselves there.
He facilitated this under Code Louis, a comprehensive legal system that gave his people certainty while keeping competing domestic powers such as the church and aristocracy at bay.
Johann II of Liechtenstein
70 years, 1858-1929
Photo: Johann 'the Good' oversaw Liechtenstein's departure from the German confederation and abolished its army. (Commons: Johann II Liechtenstein by Charles Scolik)
At the age of just 24, Johann II 'the Good' oversaw Liechtenstein's first constitution, then at 28 years of age, in 1866, its withdrawal from the German Confederation.
Then, looking at the numbers, King Johann decided the army was too expensive to run and abolished it, joining Switzerland nearly 50 years later as a non-combatant in World War I.
In 2011, Liechtenstein had the highest GDP per person in the world.
Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand
Photo: Thailand's revered King Bhumibol Adulyadej is the world's longest current reigning monarch. (AFP)
A constitutional monarch and the current longest reigning monarch in the world, King Bhumibol is a revered moral authority in a country subject to political instability.
Thailand has suffered 12 coups d'etat since 1932, including the one which brought the current government to power, but the monarch continues to have the final say in formally endorsing who runs the country.
His health is poor however, and the palace revealed in early August that he had recently been treated for 'water on the brain' and a chest infection.
Elizabeth II of Britain
63 years, 1952-present
Britain's ruler inherited the throne in 1952 following the death of her father, King George VI.
Queen Elizabeth is head of state of 15 other Commonwealth realms, including Australia.
On September 9, Queen Elizabeth's reign will surpass that of her great, great-grandmother Queen Victoria, who was on the throne from 1837 until 1901.
A similar length of service in their respective countries was enjoyed by Bahrain's Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa, at 63 years, 1869-1932, and Hirohito of Japan, at 62 years, 1926-1989.
While a head of state is by no means assured of longevity, there have been some outstanding examples of extreme brevity across history.
Fyodor II of Russia
1 month 22 days, 1605
Photo: The new tsar Fyodor II was allegedly dispatched by Ivan the Terrible's son. (Commons: False Dmitry's Agents Murdering Fyodor Godunov and his Mother by Konstantin Makovsky)
Already a great cartographer and artist at the age of 16, Fyodor II Borisovich Godunov became tsar of Russia in 1605 after coaching in government and foreign affairs by his father, Tsar Boris Godunov.
It was the Time of Troubles, where a famine had killed one third of the population, and upon the former tsar's death the feudal lords moved against the new ruler immediately, led by a man who claimed to be a son of Ivan the Terrible but is largely believed to have been an imposter.
Fyodor's reign ended when he was strangled in his apartment, together with his mother.
His successor, the imposter False Dimitriy I, himself lasted just 10 months.
Emperor Taichung of China
29 days, 1620
A Ming Dynasty emperor, Zhu Chanluo took the name Taichung upon ascending the throne and took ill just 10 days after his coronation in 1620.
The 17th century Book of Ming records that his illness was a result of overindulging with eight serving girls, a coronation gift from a rival.
As part of a cure he was given medicine which caused diarrhoea, which he then countered with two red pills from a novice apothecary.
He was found dead the next morning, etching the 'Case of the Red Pills' into the history books as one of the great mysteries of the Ming Dynasty.
Lady Jane Grey
9 days, 1553
Photo: Though not crowned, Lady Jane Grey held the reins for nine tumultuous days. (Commons: The Execution of Lady Jane Grey by Paul Delaroche)
Deep in British lore is the queen who was never crowned but reigned for nine days in 1553, Lady Jane Grey.
Her ascension to the throne at the age of just 17 or 18 was a Protestant succession plan to keep her Catholic cousin Mary Tudor away from the throne.
'Bloody Mary' was able to convince others to allow her to take the throne and imprison Lady Jane in the Tower of London before her coronation.
She was executed at Tower Green in February 1554 on the orders of the new Queen Mary I.
Duc Duc Ai of Vietnam
3 days, 1883
Photo: A mausoleum gate at the burial place of Duc Duc Ai in Hue, Vietnam. (Commons)
In a dramatically short reign in 1883, emperor Duc Duc Ai was deposed due to alleged indiscretions at his own coronation.
The Hue Monuments Conservation Centre in Vietnam says he prepared a decree upon stepping down confessing to a "lustful habit", which included violating the rules of mourning for his recently parted emperor and uncle by getting too familiar with his concubines.
Sentenced to death, he died alone in prison three months later.
First posted September 08, 2015 16:47:02
Elizabeth II's reign
| i don't know |
In the book 'Lost Horizon' by James Hilton, what was the name of the imaginary paradise created in the book? | James Hilton - Biography - IMDb
James Hilton
Jump to: Overview (2) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (2) | Trivia (4) | Personal Quotes (2)
Overview (2)
20 December 1954 , Long Beach, California, USA (liver cancer)
Mini Bio (1)
James Hilton was born on September 9, 1900 in Leigh, Lancashire, England. He was a writer and actor, known for Mrs. Miniver (1942), Foreign Correspondent (1940) and Lost Horizon (1937). He was married to Alice Brown and Galina Kopineck. He died on December 20, 1954 in Long Beach, California, USA.
Spouse (2)
Son of a schoolmaster. Attended Christ's College, Cambridge (A.B. 1921).
Hilton was the host of CBS Radio's "The Hallmark Playhouse" (1948-1953).
His beloved character, Mr. Chips, was partly modelled on his father John, who was head teacher of Chapel End School, in Walthamstow.
British novelist and Hollywood scenarist whose "Lost Horizon" gave the English language the word 'Shangri-La' (the name of an imaginary Himalayan paradise). He is best remembered, however, for "Goodbye Mr. Chips" (whose lead character was inspired by his own father) and "Random Harvest".
Personal Quotes (2)
Tempted by Hollywood, a writer must decide whether he would rather say a little less exactly what he wants to millions or a little more exactly to thousands.
[on discovering that, in 'Lost Horizon' (1937), his female missionary character had been replaced by a pulchritudinous blonde] The passengers who were in the plane that was kidnapped from the Chinese city of Baskul and taken to Shangri La were a purely fortuitous group... chosen for their adventure by chance. It might just as well have been Gloria as Miss Brinklow who was crowded aboard as a last minute rescue. As a matter of fact, if I'd thought of Gloria while I was writing the book, I might have given her Miss Brinklow's seat in the airplane myself.
See also
| Shangri-La |
Charles Cruft organised his first dog show to promote what? | James Hilton and Shangri-La : Himalayan Journal vol.64/8
James Hilton and Shangri-La
Rasoul Sorkhabi
The Crafting of a Tibetan Utopia
He [Conway] was also interested in the mountain beyond the valley; it was a sensational peak, by any standards, and he was surprised that some traveller had not made much of it in the kind of book that a journey in Tibet invariably elicits. He climbed it in mind as he gazed ... Soon after that the journey to Shangri-La was begun.
James Hilton in Lost Horizon
James Hilton's novel Lost Horizon published in 1933 established Tibet in Utopian literature and introduced a new word to our language - Shangri-La. But who was James Hilton and how did he come to write this novel? Why did Lost Horizon (both the novel and the film) become so popular around the world? And which place(s) inspired Hilton's Shangri-La? Here we explore these questions.
The Writer
James Hilton, the only son of John and Elizabeth Hilton, was born on 9 September, 1900 in Leigh in Lancashire, England (at his grandfather's house). His parents were schoolteachers at Walthamstow, a suburb of London where James grew up and studied in public schools. From 1915 to 1918, he attended the Leys School in Cambridge, where he also became editor of the school magazine. Then he joined the Christ's College, Cambridge University, from where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in History and English in 1921. English literature, history and music (he played the piano very well) were to remain Hilton's main interests for the rest of his life. In 1921, James's parents moved to Woodford Green, Essex. James joined them and lived with his parents for over a decade while working as a journalist for a number of British newspapers. Even before his 1933 Lost Horizon, Hilton had published eight novels (the first being Catherine Herself when he was only twenty) but none drew much attention from the public or critics.
After the immense popularity of Lost Horizon, Hilton moved to California in 1935 to work in Hollywood. Shortly before his departure, he married his English girlfriend Alice Helen Brown. They divorced two years later, and James then married a young actress, Galina Kopineck. However, this also ended in divorce in 1945; later James and Alice were reunited and lived together. Hilton, who became an American citizen in 1948, spent the rest of his life in California, writing a number of novels and screenplays. Many of Hilton's other novels also became hit movies, such as Knight Without Armour, Goodbye Mr. Chips, We Are Not Alone, Rage in Heaven (based on Dawn of Reckonings), Random Harvest, The Story of Dr. Wassell, and So Well Remembered. Hilton led a successful literary career until his unexpected death in Long Beach, California on 20 December, 1954 from liver cancer.
James Hilton, author of Lost Horizon
Frank Capra director of the film.
The Crafting of a Tibetan Novel
Hilton finished writing Lost Horizon at Woodford Green in April 1933. He had never visited Tibet or the Himalaya but he had apparently read a great deal about the place and its history, religion, customs, and travelogues (in his interview with the New York Times, 26 July, 1936, Hilton said that he 'cribbed" his Tibetan material from the British Museum Library). To understand Lost Horizon (both its content and success), it is important to examine the world conditions in those times.
First, in the early twentieth century, the mysterious and forbidden Tibet had become accessible to foreign visitors, and publications on Tibet and Central Asia such as exploration books by Sir Francis Younghusband (1863-1942), Sir Aurel Stein (1862-1943), Sven Hedin (1865-1952), Nicholas Roerich (1874-1947), and Alexandra David- Neel (1868-1969) were gradually capturing the western mind.
Second, as a boy, Hilton had witnessed the horrors of World War I, and like his father he had developed anti-war sentiments. But apparently the West had not learned enough from the tragedies of the Great War. The League of Nations (a predecessor of the United Nations) had failed to resolve international conflicts; Adolph Hitler and his highly nationalistic and racist political ideology (Nazism) were rising in Germany; and clouds of war and fear had cast a shadow over the West. In his 1918-22 book, The Decline of the West (Der IJtergang des Abendlandes), the German writer Oswald Spengler even prophesied the eclipse of the western civilisation due to its technological wars and lack of a spiritual lifestyle.
Third, the Great (economic) Depression of the 1930s had created a climate of economic insecurity around the world.
It was under these circumstances that Hilton crafted Lost Horizon mainly as food for thought for westerners who were disillusioned with world events and thirsty for an oriental Utopia. No wonder that during the same period (late 1920s and early 1930s), works like Erich Remarque's All Quite on the Western Front (1929); Aldous Huxley's Brave New World (1932); H.G. Wells' The Shape of Things to Come (1933); and the fantasy movie She (1935, based on H. Rider Haggard's novel) also became highly popular.
The Novel
Lost Horizon opens at Berlin's Tempelhof airport with a conversation among several Oxford alumni attending a dinner party. They chat about an airplane which had been hijacked the previous year. In it were four westerners - Hugh ('Glory') Conway, British consul in Afghanistan; his assistant Captain Charles Mallinson; Miss Roberta Brinklow, an Evangelical missionary; and Henry Bernard, an American engineer (who is later revealed to be a fugitive named Chalmers Bryant). The plane was to transport them from the revolution-ridden Afghan city of Baskul (a fictitious name resembling Baku) to the safety of Peshawar in British India (now in Pakistan). But the plane was hijacked by a
Tibetan pilot (named Talu) and flown to an unspecified valley, Shangri- la, up in the Kunlun mountains in northwest Tibet. Conway is an Oxford alumni too, and one of the participants in the dinner party (a novelist named Rutherford) confesses that he had actually seen Conway recently in China. Conway was hospitalised and had lost his memory, but upon regaining it, had told Rutherford all about Shangri- La. Rutherford had noted it all down. Rutherford also adds that Conway had decided to return to Tibet to find Shangri-La, and that he himself was planning to go there in search of Conway. Rutherford's manuscript of Conway's narrative story thus constitutes the main part of Lost Horizon.
The opening of the novel at an airport and the fact that Conway and his companions were taken to Tibet not on foot (which is how pilgrims and explorers used to go) but on an aircraft are all hallmarks of the early twentieth century developments, that is the invention of airplane (by the Wright brothers in 1903) and the rapid growth of air travel. Indeed, in April 1933 (for the first time) the Houston-Wasteland Expedition (financed by Lady Lucy Houston) flew two airplanes (of the type Wasteland PV3) over Everest and took many aerial photographs. (These planes took off from the Lalbalu airfield near Purnea, India, some 240 kilometres southeast of Everest).
Conway, as we learn early in the novel, is a 37-year old, good- looking, intelligent, open-minded, peace-loving man. This character was probably modelled on a combination of two real personalities:
First Sir Francis Younghusband, a British army officer who invaded and forcefully opened Tibet in 1904, and was later drawn to oriental spirituality. Younghusband was author of such works as The Heart of a Continent (1898) and India and Tibet (1910), and in 1936 he founded the World Congress of Religions in London (which exists to this day) to help bring friendship and dialogue among the world's religion.
Second George Mallory, a young handsome English mountain- climber who died on an early attempt to climb Everest in 1924 (his frozen corpse was discovered in 1999). (Incidentally, Younghusband was the chairman of the Mount Everest Committee in London, which sponsored the mountaineering expeditions in which Mallory participated.)
Only gradually through the novel we learn why the four westerners had been taken to the lamasery in Shangri-La. An elderly Chinese, grey-haired, clean-shaven man named Mr. Chang answers (often in a convincing and yet mysterious manner) the questions raised by his curious guests and makes sure they stay comfortably. Shangri-La, as Chang informs us, is an isolated valley that holds a small community of several thousand people, engaged mainly in agriculture and spiritual practice at their huge lamasery. The inhabitants of the valley live very long and in a peaceful, happy community. Their guiding principle in life is simply 'moderation' in everything including the practice and virtue of moderation (obviously taken from Buddhist teachings). [1] The community does not use money, and yet people possess what they really need. The valley is also rich in gold mines, which they trade with the outside world to import what could not be produced domestically.
The climax comes when Conway is taken to meet the High Lama - a Father Perrault, born in 1681 in Luxembourg. He became a Capuchin friar, and along with three other monks travelled to Tibet seeking traces of Nestorian Christians who once lived in Asia. His companions died on this arduous journey, and in 1753 Father Perrault stumbled into Shangri La. At first he wanted to convert the native people to Christianity, but gradually he learned their language and religion, and came to be known as a lama.' Te Deum Laudamus and Om Mane Padme Om are now heard equally in the temples of the valley.' As the twentieth century began with deadly wars and bloody revolutions, Father Perrault decided to preserve Shangri-La as a treasury and refuge for humanity's literature, arts and wisdom, or in his own words:
It will be such a storm as the world has not seen before. There will be no safety by arms, no help from authority, no answer in science. It will rage till every flower of culture is trampled, and all human things are levelled in a vast chaos ... The Dark Ages that are to come will cover the whole world in a single pall; there will be neither escape nor sanctuary, save such as are too secret to be found or too humble to be noticed. And Shangri-La may hope to be both of these.
Then the High Lama reveals that he was going to die soon (he was 259 years old when the story took place), and he had brought Conway to become Shangri La's leader: 'You will go through the storm ... You will conserve the fragrance of our history.'
Since the seventeenth century, Jesuit fathers had travelled throughout Asia not only as missionaries but also to look for remains of ancient Christianity; they were especially inspired by the legend of the lost Christian kingdom of Prester John somewhere in Central Asia. One place that was particular interest to them was the tenth-century kingdom of Guge at Tsaparang in western Tibet (now in the Ngri prefecture of Tibet). Father Perrault is obviously modelled on one of these Jesuit fathers, notably Antonio de Andrade (who although could not find any Christian community in Tsaparang, himself founded a small Christian church there in 1625), Ippolito Desidri (who after visiting Tsaparang went to Lhasa in 1716 learned Tibetan and stayed there for a few years), Orazio della Penna di Bill (who lived in the Capuchin mission in Lhasa until they were expelled sometime before 1760), and Abbe Hue (a French Jesuit who visited Tibet in 1845-46 and wrote an influential book about his travels in China and Tibet). Indeed, it was through the accounts of these Jesuit priests that the west first got to know about Tibetan Buddhism (or Lamaism as they first called it).
Lost Horizon: Cover of James Hilton’s novel and poster of the movie.
It is interesting to follow the attitude and behaviour of the four kidnap victims in Shangri-La. Conway, already disillusioned with western civilisation, is happy to stay in Shangri-La. Henry Bernard and Miss Roberta Brinklow, who were initially wary of Shangri-La, postpone their trips back home. The money-minded Henry is attracted to the rich gold deposits of the valley, and the Evangelist Roberta wants to convert the people of Shangri-La to Christianity. She is given full freedom to do so (of course, first she has to learn the native language). A conversation between Mr. Chang and Miss Roberta illustrates two different approaches to religious life:
"What do the lamas do?" she continued.
"They devote themselves, madam, to contemplation and to the pursuit of wisdom."
"But that isn't doing anything."
"Then, madam, they do nothing."
"I thought as much." She found the occasion to sum up. "Well, Mr. Chang, it's a pleasure being shown all these things, I'm sure, but you won't convince me that a place like this does any real good. I prefer something more practical."
"Perhaps you would like to take tea?"
It is only Captain Mallinson who is eager to return to 'civilisation.' He falls in love with Lo-Tsen, a Manchurian princess who in 1884 (when she was eighteen) wandered to Shangri-La by accident as she was travelling to meet her betrothed, a Turkish prince in Kashgar. Mallinson and Lo-Tsen both decide to leave Shangri-La, and it was to accompany them to safety that Conway also left Shangri-La. On their way through the hazardous snowy mountains, Mallinson died, and Lo-Tsen became her real age - a very old Chinese woman who had ended up with Conway in the missionary hospital in the Chinese city of Chung-Kiang (probably Chongqing) and died there (this is the hospital where Rutherford had found Conway).
Shangri-La and Shambhala
Shangri-La has now become a household name for an ideal, peaceful place. Hotels, restaurants, fascinating places, and musical albums have been called Shangri-La. US President Franklin D. Roosevelt named his Maryland presidential retreat 'Shangri-La' (it was renamed Camp David in 1953 by President Dwight D. Eisenhower after his grandson). There is a splendid Shangri-La house in Honolulu (in Hawaii) built by Doris Duke (an American billionaire who loved to travel and collect art) in 1937; this house with it beautiful architecture and precious art collection is open to public visits. In Orange, Texas (near the border of Louisiana), sits the 252-acre Shangri-La Botanical Gardens and Nature Preserve, which was created in 1946 by philanthropist Lutcher Stark, and has been recently remodelled (it was destroyed by a snowstorm in 1958) and is open to the public. There is also a chain of five-star Shangri- La Hotels and Resorts in many Asian capitals. All these, however, came after Shangri-La was popularised by Hilton's Lost Horizon. But was there a real place like Shangri-La that inspired Hilton?
Shangri-La means 'the snowy (or secret) mountain-pass ('la' in Tibetan).' Hilton also gave it another name - the Valley of Blue Moon located at the foot of a mountain called Karakal (again a fictitious name) which Hilton translated as 'Blue Moon' and gives its height as 'over twenty-eight thousand feet.' (Hilton had initially entitled his book 'Blue Moon' but later changed it to 'Lost Horizon'). I think Hilton got the idea of the Blue Moon Valley from Nicholas Roerich's paintings of blue mountains in northern Tibet, where he was researching the legend of Shambhala.
When describing the flight route to Shangri-La, Hilton first cites Nanga Parbat: ' [Conway said] I have never been anywhere near here before, but I would not be surprised if that mountain is Nanga Parbat, the one Mummery lost his life on.' This is an obvious reference to Englishman Albert Mummery's ill-fated attempt on the mountain in 1895 (Nanga Parbat was first successfully climbed in 1953 by Hermann Buhl of Austria). Then we come to the Karakoram: 'The icy rampart of the Karakorams was now more striking than ever against the northern sky.' Conway remarked: 'If these are the Karakorams, Tibet lies beyond. One of the crests, by the way, must be K2, which is generally counted the second highest mountain the world ... and from a climber's point of view, much stiffer than Everest. The Duke of Abruzzi gave it up as an absolutely impossible peak.' Again a historical reference: The Italian Prince Luigi Amedeo of Savoy, also called the Duke of Abruzzi, led an unsuccessful expedition to K2 in 1909. (Interestingly, the Duke of Abruzzi died in March 1933 when Hilton was working on
Lost Horizon.) Everest and K2 had to wait until 1953 when both were successfully climbed.
Finally, Hilton situates Shangri-La somewhere in the Kunlun mountains in northwest Tibet, which was very remote and inaccessible to the outside world in those days (and it is still less accessible). He writes:
He [Conway] guessed that the flight had progressed far beyond the western range of the Himalayas towards the less known heights of the Kuen-Lun. In that event they would by now have reached the loftiest and least hospitable part of the earth's surface, the Tibetan Plateau, two miles high even in its lowest valleys, a vast, uninhabited, and largely unexplored region of windswept upland.
This is how Hilton describes Shangri-La and Karakal:
Conway could see the outline of a long valley, with rounded, sad-looking low hills on either side jet-black against the deep electric blue of the night sky. But it was to the head of the valley that his eyes led irresistibly, for there, soaring into the gap, and magnificent in the full shimmer of moonlight, appeared what he took to be the loveliest mountain on earth. It was an almost cone of snow, simple in outline as if a child had drawn it, and impossible to classify as to size, height or nearness. It was so radiant, so serenely poised, that he wondered for a moment if it were real at all. Then, while he gazed, a tiny puff clouded the edge of the pyramid, giving life to the vision before the faint rumble of the avalanche confirmed it.
The British historian and writer Michael Wood believes that the lost kingdom of Guge at Tsaparang was the inspiration for Hilton's Shangri-La. In his 2005 documentary film, Shangri-La (part of the BBC-PBS series 'In Search of Myths and Heroes'), Wood retraced Antonio de Andrade's journey to Tsaparang.
In 2002, two Americans mountaineers and entertainment industry lawyers, Ted Vaill and Peter Kilka, claimed that they had located Hilton's Shangri-La, not in the Kunlun Mountains or western Tibet, but in the Sichuan Province of China in far eastern Tibet (Newsweek, 21 March 2001; Daily Telegraph, 29 July 2002). They had interviewed Jane Wyatt (1912-2006), an actress in Capra's movie, who had met James Hilton during the making of the film and had learned from him that the 1920s National Geographic articles of Joseph Rock (1884- 1962, an Austrian-American botanist) about his travels in the Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of southwestern China were the main inspiration for Shangri-La. Based on 21 similarities, Vaill and Kilka argue that the ancient kingdom of Muli near the sacred Mount Jambeyang (5958 m, which is a snow-capped, pyramid-shaped mountain like Karakal) is Hilton's Shangri-La. While this may be true, the snow-capped, pyramid-shaped Karakal may also have been modelled on Everest or Kailash.
In view of Joseph Bank's publications and international fame of Hilton's Shangri-La, and given its tourist attraction and revenue, various places in Yunnan and Sichuan nowadays claim to be Shangri- La. For instance the Zhongdian County (in northwest corner of the Yunnan Province) was officially re-named the Shangri-La County in 2001 (it even has an airport!). All these places are culturally and racially Tibetan. The local Chinese governments in Tibet, Sichuan, and Yunnan are promoting international tourism, and there are many group tours to these Shangri-Las run by travel agencies - something which Hilton probably could not imagine.
Some scholars, including Peter Bishop in The Myth of Shangri- La (1989) and Martin Brauen in Dreamland Tibet: Western Illusions (2004), have criticised Lost Horizon as a typical example 'Orientalist' literature creating a fanciful image of exotic Tibet for westerners while ignoring Tibet's actual historical-cultural context (including the sad or ugly social problems). These criticisms are valid, and we thus need more literature about Tibet for a balanced perspective. Nonetheless, not all works of fiction can be expected to be realistic. Lost Horizon should be read in the same genre as Sir Thomas Moore's Utopia (published in 1516) about an ideal society on a British island. (Interestingly, the Greek word Utopia, meaning 'no-place', was introduced into English by Moore's work just as Hilton's novel invented the word Shangri-La.) Moreover, the role of Lost Horizon in popularising the religious culture of Tibet should not be underestimated; after all we are living in an Age of Image.
The original idea of Shangri-La comes from the Tibetan Buddhist concept of Shambhala (Sanskrit: 'Place of Peace' or 'Source of Happiness'; Tibetan: De-yung). A similar mythological place called Olmo-lungring is also found in the (pre-Buddhist) Bon religion of Tibet. According to Tibetan Buddhist texts, Shambhala lie north of the river Sita (probably the river Tarim or Amu Darya). It is a hidden kingdom surrounded by a circle of high snowy mountains. Tibetan mandala paintings depict the land of Shambhala divided into eight mountainous regions like petals of a lotus. At the centre lies Mount Kailash or Mount Meru (the axis mundi linking Heaven and Earth), on top of which is located the capital Kapala ruled by the Kulika or Kalki (Tibetan: Rigden) kings. It is also believed that there are 21 'hidden lands' (Tibetan: Beyul) or valleys and mountain passes in Tibet and the Himalaya which lead the enlightened to Shambhala at times of world crisis. Shakyamuni Buddha taught the Kalachakra Tantra at the request of Suchandra (Tibetan: Dawa Sangpo), the first king of Shambhala, who wrote the teachings down. True wisdom for life is preserved in Shambhala, and as the world suffers from violence and greed, a future king of Shambhala will come out to vanquish the Dark Forces and bring about a Golden Age on Earth. All this mythological knowledge was available to Hilton (for example through Nicholas Roerich's Shambhala, 1930) when he was writing Lost Horizon.
The Tsangpo (Brahmaptura) gorge around Namcha Barwa at the eastern corner of the Himalaya is believed to be a beyul. The English botanist and explorer Frank Kingdon-Ward (1885-1958) explored this region in 1924-25 and documented his observations in The Riddle of the Tsangpo Gorges (1924). Michael McRae in The Siege of Shangri- La: The Quest for Tibet's Legendary Hidden Paradise (2001, reviewed in HJ 2004) and Ian Baker in The Heart of the World: A Journey to the Last Secret Place (2004, (reviewed in HJ, 2007) describe their fascinating journeys to the bottom of Tsangpo (the world's deepest gorge) to unravel the legends of Shambhala and Shangri-La.
In Shambhala: The Sacred Path to the Warrior, the Tibetan scholar Chogyam Trungpa (1939-1987) discusses Shambhala, not as a geographic place, but as a vision - a symbol for Buddhist ideals, human hope, and fearless struggle to create an enlightened society through wisdom and compassion. Perhaps Lost Horizon should also be read in this vein.
To put Lost Horizon on a map, my research indicates that Hilton crafted his Shangri-La from two separate geographies: (1) The first geography, which concerns the location of Shangri-La, comes from the concept of Shambhala which Tibetans believe to lie in the northwestern horizons of the Tibetan Plateau; (2) the second geography, which describes Shangri-La's landscape and Conway's stay in China, comes from Joseph Rock's travel accounts in the Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of far eastern Tibet. That is why the location of Chung-Kiang (probably Chongqing, which until recently was part of the Sichuan province in western China) does not logically fit with the location of Shangri-La in the western Kunlun mountains for Conway and Lo-Tsen had to walk the whole expanse of the Tibetan Plateau (from west to east) and cross the mountains of far eastern Tibet to reach Chung-Kiang while they could have encountered many settlements in Tibet itself.
Sir Francis Younghusband
Ronald Coleman acting as ‘Robert Conway’ in the film.
Lost Horizon: Multimedia and Sequels
Lost Horizon was published in September 1933 by Macmillan in London and by William Morrow in New York. In 1934, it won the prestigious Hawthornden Prize (the British equivalent of the US Pulitzer Prize). In the same year, James Hilton published another bestseller, Good-bye, Mr. Chips\ These events drew public attention to Lost Horizon. In 1937, the story was made into a hugely popular movie (Columbia Pictures Productions), directed by Frank Capra (1897-1991) and starring Ronald Coleman (1891-1958) as Conway. The script was written by Robert Riskin, not Hilton. Capra's black-and-white film was 132-minutes long; later versions were reduced to 107 minutes (1942) and to 90 minutes (1952). But thanks to the efforts of the film historian
Robert Gitt of the American Film Institute, who researched the missing portions of the film, the most recent version of Lost Horizon (Columbia Classic, 1986) has been restored to the original 132 minutes (with insertion of still scenes to the dialogues). Capra's movie won two 1937 Oscars: Best Interior Decoration for Stephen Goosson, and Best Film Editing for Gene Havlick and Gene Milford. (Capra did not win an Oscar for the Best Director for Lost Horizon but he was awarded three Oscars for his other movies in 1934, 1936, and 1938.)
The 1937 movie faithfully follows Hilton's novel but also makes certain changes in the characters. Hugh 'Glory' Conway is renamed Robert 'Bobby' Conway; Charles Mallinson has become George Conway, Robert's younger brother. Lo-Tsen is split into two characters: Maria (George's lover), who finally leaves Shangri-La with him, and Sondra Bizet (Robert's lover), who had read Conway's books and it was her suggestion to bring him to Shangri-La (Sondra is played by Jane Wyatt). Miss Roberta Brinklow is recast as Gloria Stone, not a missionary but an ill woman with only a few months to live (who recovers in Shangri-La). And a new character, Alexander P. Lovett, is included in the group of Westerners; he is a professor of palaeontology in England and was travelling Asia to find fossils (before the plane is hijacked), and finally decides to stay at Shangri-La and teach geology to children. Moreover, the film story begins in 1935 (not in 1930) in Baskul, a Chinese town (not in Afghanistan), and the hijacked plane was bound for Shanghai (not Peshawar).
In 1942, two stage-play writers Ann C. Martens and Christopher Sergei published a dramatised version of James Hilton's Lost Horizon (published by the Dramatic Publishing Co., Chicago), which also introduced some new characters to the play (totalling seven men and seven women). In 1954 Hilton together with Jerome Lawrence (lyrics), Robert Lee (lyrics) and Harry Warren (music) worked on a musical version of Lost Horizon for the theatre. It was played on Broadway for three weeks in 1956, and was then adapted for television in 1960 (as part of NBC's 'Hallmark Hall of Fame' series).
In 1973 a musical colour movie of Lost Horizon came out (produced by Columbia Pictures, 143 minutes, directed by Charles Jarrott, screen play written by Larry Kramer, music by Burt Bacharach, lyrics by Hal David, and starring Peter Finch as 'Richard Conway'); a CD of its songs is also available separately.
Lost Horizon has also been adapted into radio plays several times, including the 1941 Columbia Broadcasting System's play running 46 minutes and featuring Ronald Colman as Conway, and the 1981 four- episode play on BBC Radio 4. The novel has been translated into major languages of the world, and numerous pocket editions of the novel (published by Pocket Books in the USA and Pan Books in the UK) have sold in millions of copies.
So far three sequels for Lost Horizon have been published:
(1) Return to Shangri-La by Leslie Halliwell (Grafton, London, 1987).
This novel tells the story of Nicholas Brent, a film producer and Hilton fan, who sets out to find Shangri-La and discovers it somewhere in southern Tibet close to the border with Burma (Myanmar). Brent finally meets Conway and his companions in a lamasery, and Conway narrates the events of Shangri-La during the 1930s.
(2) Messenger by Frank De Marco (Hampton Roads, Norfolk, Virginia, 1994).
In 1962 a US military plane crashes near Shangri-La and its pilot George Chirai survives and goes on to live in Shangri-La. In 1979 another plane crashes, and its sole survivor, an American named Dennis Corbin, becomes a guest of Shangri-La. Conway notes that with the Chinese occupation of Tibet it may no longer be possible for Shangri- La to be hidden from the outside world; therefore, he sends Chiari to spread the wisdom and peaceful lifestyle of Shangri-La to the western world.
(3) Shangri-La by Eleanor Cooney and Daniel Altieri (William Morrow, New York, 1996).
In 1966 General Zhang of the Chinese Red Army sets out to find Shangri-La and plunder its treasures, but his evil attempt is foiled by Conway's ingenuity. The novel also includes Conway's account of how he returned to Shangri-La in the 1930s.
Each of these novels is entertaining in its own right, but none has overshadowed Hilton's novel after 75 years. Lost Horizon will remain a Tibet classic.
Bibliographic Notes
There are numerous prints of Lost Horizon, both hardcover and paperback (note that in 1936, Hilton added a preface to the American edition of his novel). I have read the novel and watched Capra's movie a few times over the years. For this article, I used the Reader's Digest (The World's Best Reading) print of Lost Horizon (1990). There are two tape-recordings of Lost Horizon: The first is read by Richard Green (seven hours on seven cassettes) and produced by Books on Tape, USA (1978); the second is read by Christopher Kay (seven and half hours on five cassettes) and produced by Soundings, UK (1995).
There is no definite book on James Hilton's biography (Timothy Carroll, a journalist for the British Daily Telegraph, was reported in 2002 to be working on such a volume, but it has not been published yet). Some information can be obtained from the website of James Hilton Society ( www.jameshiltonsociety.co.uk ) in London, which was founded by John Hammond and Laurence Price in 2000 to promote Hilton's literary works (the Society publishes a newsletter). Also visit the website www.losthorizon.org for information about the novel and its movies.
Critiques and analyses of Lost Horizon include Study Master: A Critical Commentary on James Hilton's Lost Horizon by Linda Wolf (American RDM Corp., 1964), James Hilton's Lost Horizon by William Kenney (Monarch, New York, 1966), Cliffs Notes on Hilton's Lost Horizon by Dale Garfan Hayes (Cliffs, Lincoln, New Jersey, 1980), Lost Horizon Companion by JohnR. Hammond (McFarland, Jefferson, North Carolina, 2008). Michael Wood has also written a commentary on Lost Horizon for BBC which is available online:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/cultures/shangri_la_ Ol.shtml
For the legend of Shangri-La and Shambhala, I have consulted the following: Shambhala by Nihcolas Roerich (Frederick A. Stokes, New York, 1930), The Way to Shambhala by Edwin Bernbaum (Anchor Books, New York, 1980), The Myth of Shangri-la by Peter Bishop (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1989), Shambhala by Victoria LePage (Quest Books, 1996), and The Search for Shangri-La: A Journey into Tibetan History by Charles Allen (Little, Brown and
Co., London, 1999). Also note the documentary film, The Search for Shangri-La (50 minutes, A&E Television Networks, 1995).
Summary:
An analysis of James Hilton's Lost Horizon as a Tibetan Utopia novel (published 75 years ago) focussing on historical, geographic and mythological elements. The author, Rasoul Sorkhabi, is a Himalayan geologist, author, traveller, and currently a professor of geology at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, USA.
[1] 'We believe in virtue of moderation. And if you pardon the paradox, moderation of virtue itself, states Mr Chang as the central philosophy of the Shangri-La.
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Sandra Bullock Actress, Gravity Sandra Annette Bullock was born in Arlington, a Virginia suburb of Washington, D.C. Her mother, Helga Bullock (née Helga Mathilde Meyer), was a German opera singer. Her father, John W. Bullock, was an American voice teacher, who was born in Alabama, of Irish, English, French, and German descent. Sandra grew up on the road with her parents and younger sister...
6.
Marisa Tomei Actress, The Wrestler Marisa Tomei was born on December 4, 1964, in Brooklyn, New York to mother Patricia "Addie" Tomei, an English teacher and father Gary Tomei, a lawyer. Marisa also has a brother, actor Adam Tomei . As a child, Marisa's mother frequently corrected her speech as to eliminate her heavy Brooklyn accent...
7.
Peter Berg Producer, Lone Survivor Peter Berg is an American actor, director, writer, and producer. His first role was in the Adam Rifkin road movie Never on Tuesday . He went on to star in the Word War 2 film A Midnight Clear . Roles in Fire in the Sky and Cop Land followed, and the Tom Cruise films Collateral and Lions for Lambs ...
8.
Russell Crowe Actor, Gladiator Russell Ira Crowe was born in Wellington, New Zealand, to Jocelyn Yvonne (Wemyss) and John Alexander Crowe, both of whom catered movie sets. His maternal grandfather, Stanley Wemyss, was a cinematographer. Crowe's recent ancestry includes Welsh (where his paternal grandfather was born, in Wrexham), English...
9.
Penelope Ann Miller Actress, The Artist Penelope Ann Miller is the middle of three daughters born to Mark Miller , known as the father on Please Don't Eat the Daisies and later a writer and filmmaker, who wrote A Walk in the Clouds , and Beatrice Miller (Beatrice Ammidown), who worked for Diana Vreeland as a fashion editor for "Harpers Bizzare". She graduated from high school in L.A...
10.
Famke Janssen Actress, X-Men Famke Janssen was born on November 5, 1964 in Amstelveen, Netherlands, and has two siblings, director Antoinette Beumer and actress Marjolein Beumer . She studied economics for a year at the University of Amsterdam. Moving to America in 1984, Famke modeled for Chanel in New York City. Later, taking a break from modeling...
11.
Courteney Cox Actress, Friends Courteney Cox was born on June 15th, 1964 in Birmingham, Alabama, into an affluent Southern family. She is the daughter of Courteney (Bass) and Richard Lewis Cox (1930-2001), a businessman. She was the baby of the family with two older sisters (Virginia and Dottie) and an older brother, Richard, Jr...
12.
Laura Linney Actress, The Truman Show Laura Leggett Linney was born in New York City on February 5, 1964, into a theatre family. Her father was prominent playwright Romulus Linney , whose own great-grandfather was a congressman from North Carolina. Her mother, Miriam Anderson (Leggett), is a nurse. Although she did not live in her father's house (her parents having divorced when she was an infant)...
13.
Mary-Louise Parker Actress, Weeds Southern-bred Mary-Louise Parker, from Fort Jackson, South Carolina, was born on August 2, 1964, the youngest of four born to Judge John Morgan Parker and the former Caroline Louise Morell. She comes from Swedish, English, Scottish, Scotch-Irish, German, and Dutch ancestry. Her father's occupation took the family both around the country and abroad while growing up...
14.
Lori Loughlin Actress, Full House Lori Loughlin is an American actress who was born on July 28, 1964 in Queens, New York, USA. She was a junior lifeguard before becoming an actress. Lori began her career at the age of 12 as a print model. During her early teen years she appeared in television commercials and was frequently seen in national print advertisements...
15.
Rob Lowe Actor, The West Wing Rob Lowe was born in Charlottesville, Virginia, to Barbara Lynn (Hepler), a schoolteacher, and Charles Davis Lowe, a lawyer. His brother is actor Chad Lowe . He has German, as well as English, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh ancestry. Lowe's family moved to Dayton, Ohio, when he was a child. Rob broke into acting in his teens...
16.
Mariska Hargitay Actress, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Mariska (Ma-rish-ka) Magdolna Hargitay was born on January 23, 1964, in Santa Monica, California. Her parents are Mickey Hargitay and Jayne Mansfield . She is the youngest of their three children. In June 1967, Mariska and her brothers Zoltan and Mickey Jr. were in the back seat of a car when it was involved in the fatal accident which killed her mother...
17.
Teri Hatcher Actress, Desperate Housewives Teri Lynn Hatcher was born in Palo Alto, California, the only child of Esther (Beshur), a computer programmer, and Owen Walker Hatcher, Jr., a nuclear physicist and electrical engineer. She has Syrian (from her immigrant maternal grandfather), Irish, English, and Czech ancestry. Teri grew up in Sunnyvale...
18.
Crispin Glover Actor, Back to the Future While he's never been a typical leading man, Crispin Glover has distinguished himself as one of the most intriguing personalities in the movie business. His unusual characters and personal projects have inspired a cult-like following that has dubbed him both madman and genius. The son of actor Bruce Glover ...
19.
Andy Serkis Actor, Rise of the Planet of the Apes Andrew Clement G. Serkis was born April 20, 1964, in Ruislip Manor, West London, England. He has three sisters and a brother. His father, Clement Serkis, an ethnic Armenian whose original family surname was "Serkissian", was a Medical Doctor working abroad, in Iraq; the Serkis family spent a lot of time traveling around the Middle East...
20.
Guillermo del Toro Writer, Pan's Labyrinth Guillermo del Toro is a Mexican film director, screenwriter, producer, and novelist. In his filmmaking career, del Toro has alternated between Spanish-language dark fantasy pieces, such as the gothic horror film The Devil's Backbone , and Pan's Labyrinth , and more mainstream American action movies, such as the vampire superhero action film Blade II ...
21.
Kim Richards Actress, Black Snake Moan Kim Richards was one of the most popular and adorable star child actresses of the 70s. Kim was born September 19, 1964 in Mineola, New York, to Kathleen Mary (Dugan) and Kenneth Edwin Richards, a business executive. She is of Irish, English, and Welsh descent. Kim made her TV commercial debut at four months in a diaper ad...
22.
Clive Owen Actor, Children of Men British actor Clive Owen is one of a handful of stars who, though he is best known for his art house films, can handle more mainstream films with equal measures of grace and skill. Owen is typically cast as characters whose primary traits are a balance of physical strength, intellect, conflicting soul but forceful will...
23.
John Leguizamo Actor, Ice Age Fast-talking and feisty-looking John Leguizamo has continued to impress movie audiences with his versatility: he can play sensitive and naive young men, such as Johnny in Hangin' with the Homeboys ; cold-blooded killers like Benny Blanco in Carlito's Way ; a heroic Army Green Beret, stopping aerial terrorists in Executive Decision ; and drag queen Chi-Chi Rodriguez in To Wong Foo Thanks for Everything, Julie Newmar ...
24.
Bridget Fonda Actress, Jackie Brown Bridget Jane Fonda was born in Los Angeles, California, to Susan Brewer and actor Peter Fonda . She is the granddaughter of Henry Fonda and niece of Jane Fonda , both famous actors. Bridget made her film debut at age five as an extra in Easy Rider , but first became interested in acting after appearing in a high school production of "Harvey." At age 18...
25.
Ben Daniels Actor, The Exorcist Ben Daniels is a multi-award winning performer who is equally at home whether working in Film, Television or Theatre. He was born in the Midlands and became interested in acting through drama lessons while at comprehensive school. He began his career after leaving London's prestigious LAMDA drama school...
26.
Lars Mikkelsen Actor, Headhunter Lars was born in Gladsaxe near Copenhagen, Denmark as the first child of Bente Christiansen, an occupational health nurse, and Henning Mikkelsen , a bank clerk. Lars grew up in Copenhagen, where about one and a half years after him brother Mads was born, who's also an actor now. At first the family lived...
27.
Garret Dillahunt Actor, 12 Years a Slave Garret grew up in the state of Washington and attended the University of Washington where he studied journalism. He received his MFA from New York University's Graduate Acting Program. He has appeared on and off Broadway and in theaters around the country before he began pursuing film and television roles. He has two brothers: Brett, a teacher; and Eric, deceased.
28.
Vivica A. Fox Actress, Kill Bill: Vol. 2 Vivica A. Fox was born in South Bend, Indiana, on July 30, 1964, and is the daughter of Everlyena, a pharmaceutical technician, and William Fox, a private school administrator. She is of Native American and African-American descent and is proud of her heritage. She is a graduate of Arlington High School in Indianapolis...
29.
Calista Flockhart Actress, Ally McBeal Calista Kay Flockhart was born 11 November, 1964 in Freeport, Illinois. Her mother, Kay (Honohan), was a school teacher, and her father, Ronald Flockhart, worked for Kraft Foods Inc. She has Irish, Scottish, German, and English ancestry. Calista was named after two of her great-grandmothers, who both had the middle name "Calista"...
30.
Linus Roache Actor, Batman Begins Linus Roache began his acting career with a two-week appearance as a young Barlow on Coronation Street at the age of 11. He also played a boy with the bubonic plague in The Onedin Line . He spent much of the next two decades on stage. In 1986 he had brief appearances in a few films, including Link . He was brought to attention in 1994 after appearing in the BBC TV series Seaforth .
31.
Hank Azaria Actor, The Simpsons
33.
Don Cheadle Actor, Hotel Rwanda Donald Frank Cheadle was born in Kansas City, Missouri on November 29, 1964. His childhood found him moving from city to city with his family: mother Bettye (North), a teacher, father Donald Frank Cheadle, Sr., a clinical psychologist, sister Dawn, and brother Colin. After graduating high school in Denver...
34.
Fabiana Udenio Actress, Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery Fabiana Udenio portrayed "Anna-Maria Mazarelli", a beautiful foreign exchange student who wants to improve her English by enrolling in a summer session of remedial language study, in the movie, Summer School . So impressive was Fabiana in her audition that the role of the foreign exchange student was rewritten from a Swedish to an Italian student...
35.
Ray Stevenson Actor, Divergent Tall, dark, but somewhat gentle-looking actor Ray Stevenson was born in Lisburn, Northern Ireland on 25 May 1964, on a British army base. His father was a British pilot in the Royal Air Force, and his mother is Irish. He moved with his family to Lemington, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, England in 1972 at the age of eight, and later to Cramlington, Northumberland, where he was raised...
36.
Dean Winters Actor, John Wick Dean Winters starred as "Johnny Gavin," Tommy's younger brother and a NYPD police detective on Rescue Me , the critically acclaimed, one-hour drama from Sony Pictures Television, airing on FX. Dean is best know for playing the cunning "Ryan O'Reily" on Tom Fontana 's hit HBO drama series Oz ...
37.
David Spade Actor, The Emperor's New Groove Comic brat extraordinaire David Spade was born on July 22, 1964, in Birmingham, Michigan, the youngest of three brothers. He is the son of Judith J. (Meek), a writer and editor, and Wayne M. Spade, a sales rep, and is of German, English, Irish, and Scottish descent. Raised in both Scottsdale (from age four) and Casa Grande...
38.
Maria Doyle Kennedy Actress, Sing Street
39.
Laura Harring Actress, Mulholland Dr. Ever since astounding audiences and critics with her breakthrough performance in David Lynch 's award-winning Mulholland Dr. for which she received an Alma Award, Laura Harring has been one of Hollywood's most versatile stars. The International Herald Tribune compared Laura to Ava Gardner , and film critic Roger Ebert likened her to Rita Hayworth ...
40.
Sebastian Roché Actor, Beowulf Sebastian Roché is a Scottish-French actor and writer known for his roles as Kurt Mendel on Odyssey 5, , Thomas Jerome Newton on Fringe, Balthazar on Supernatural, and Mikael Mikaelson on both The Vampire Diaries and The Originals. On film, he has appeared in The Last of the Mohicans (1992), The Peacemaker (1997)...
41.
David Cross Actor, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind
43.
Djimon Hounsou Actor, Gladiator Djimon Hounsou was born in Cotonou, Benin, West Africa, to Albertine and Pierre Hounsou, a cook. He moved to Lyon, France, when he was 13. Hounsou has graced the catwalks of Paris and London as a popular male model. He has since left his modeling career and has worked on Gladiator by Ridley Scott and Amistad by Steven Spielberg .
44.
John Pyper-Ferguson Actor, Suits
45.
Matt Dillon Actor, There's Something About Mary Matt Dillon's successful film career has spanned over three decades and has showcased his wide range of dramatic and comedic talents. Dillon displayed his versatility with an arresting performance co-starring as a racist cop in the critically acclaimed Paul Haggis film Crash. This role earned him nominations for an Academy award...
46.
Janeane Garofalo Actress, Ratatouille Janeane, the petite woman with the acerbic wit, was born in Newton, New Jersey, in 1964, to Joan, a secretary, and Carmine Garofalo, an Exxon executive. She is of Italian and Irish descent. Janeane had many jobs before breaking into show biz. She worked as a bike messenger, a shoe salesperson, waitress and temp secretary...
47.
David Morrissey Actor, The Reaping David Morrissey started acting at Everyman's Youth Theatre in Liverpool, where he was born and raised. He made an auspicious debut in One Summer , a series about two Liverpool runaways. Following a degree at RADA, he worked with the theatre company Cheek By Jowl. He has also worked at theatre such as the Manchester Royal Exchange and the National Theatre...
48.
| Keanu Reeves |
Which Irish actor played 'Macbeth at 'The Old Vic in 1980? | Famous actors born in 1964
Famous movie actors born in the year 1964
Here are 50 famous actors from the world were born in 1964:
Matt Dillon
Matt Dillon (February 18, 1964 New Rochelle-) a.k.a. Matthew Raymond Dillon, Matthew "Matt" Raymond Dillon or Matthew Raymond "Matt" Dillon is an American actor, voice actor and film director.
Read more about Matt Dillon on Wikipedia »
Keanu Reeves
Keanu Reeves (September 2, 1964 Beirut-) a.k.a. Keanu Charles Reeves, K.C. Reeves, Norman Kreeves, Chuck Spadina, Keannu Reeves, The Wall or The One is a Canadian actor and voice actor. His child is called Ava Archer Syme-Reeves.
Read more about Keanu Reeves on Wikipedia »
David Rakoff
David Rakoff (November 27, 1964 Montreal-August 9, 2012 New York City) also known as David Benjamin Rakoff was an American journalist, essayist, writer, actor and author.
Read more about David Rakoff on Wikipedia »
Nicolas Cage
Nicolas Cage (January 7, 1964 Long Beach-) also known as Nicolas Kim Coppola, Nicholas Cage, Nicolas Coppola, Nick, Nicholas Kim Coppola, Nick Cage, Nic Cage or Blue is an American actor, film producer, voice actor and television producer. His children are called Kal-El Coppola Cage and Weston Coppola Cage.
Read more about Nicolas Cage on Wikipedia »
Christopher Eccleston
Christopher Eccleston (February 16, 1964 Pendleton, Greater Manchester-) also known as Chris is a British actor. His child is called Albert Eccleston.
Read more about Christopher Eccleston on Wikipedia »
Christopher Titus
Christopher Titus (October 1, 1964 Castro Valley-) a.k.a. Christopher Todd Titus, Chris Titus, Chris or Titus, Christopher is an American comedian, actor, television producer and screenwriter. He has two children, Kennie Marie Titus and Jett Evan Titus.
Read more about Christopher Titus on Wikipedia »
Craig Charles
Craig Charles (July 11, 1964 Liverpool-) also known as Craig Joseph Charles is a British presenter, comedian, poet, actor, author, radio personality, football player, disc jockey and voice actor. He has three children, Anna-Jo Charles, Nellie-Rose Charles and Jack Joseph Charles.
Read more about Craig Charles on Wikipedia »
Harisree Ashokan
Harisree Ashokan (April 6, 1964 Kerala-) also known as Harishree ashokan, Harisree Asokan or Asokan is an Indian actor, comedian and lineman. He has two children, Sreekutty Ashokan and Arjun Ashokan.
Read more about Ed Wasser on Wikipedia »
Mitch Rouse
Mitch Rouse (August 6, 1964 Knoxville-) also known as Edward Mitchell Rouse or Edward Mitchell "Mitch" Rouse is an American screenwriter, actor, television director, film director and film producer. His children are called Tennessee Louise Rouse and Strummer Rouse.
Read more about Mitch Rouse on Wikipedia »
Sean Gilder
Sean Gilder (March 1, 1964 Brampton Bierlow-) also known as Sean Brian Gilder is an English actor and playwright. He has two children, Thomas Gilder and Violet Gilder.
Read more about Sean Gilder on Wikipedia »
J. B. Smoove
J. B. Smoove (December 16, 1964 Plymouth-) also known as Jerry Brooks or JB Smoove is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, writer and film producer.
Read more about J. B. Smoove on Wikipedia »
Michael McDonald
Michael McDonald (December 31, 1964 Fullerton-) also known as Michael James McDonald or Mike Mcdonald is an American comedian, actor, screenwriter, television producer, television director, film producer, voice actor and banker.
Read more about Chacko Vadaketh on Wikipedia »
Roger Kwok
Roger Kwok (October 9, 1964 Cheung Chau-) also known as Chun-On Kwok, Roger Kwok Chun-on or Kwok Chun On is a Hongkongese actor. He has two children, Brad Kwok Ling-shan and Blair Kwok Yee-nga.
Read more about Roger Kwok on Wikipedia »
Victor McGuire
Victor McGuire (March 17, 1964 Tuebrook-) also known as Vic Noir, Victor Maguire, Vic McGuire or Vic Maguire is a British actor.
Read more about Victor McGuire on Wikipedia »
Deric Wan
Deric Wan (November 18, 1964 St. Teresa's Hospital-) also known as Jaw Luen Uen, Zhao-lun Wen, Deric Wan Siu-Lun, wēn zhào lún, Wan Siu-Lun or Derek Wan is a Hongkongese singer, actor and songwriter.
Jamie Kaler
Jamie Kaler (September 14, 1964 Hooksett-) otherwise known as James Kaler is an American actor and comedian.
Read more about Jamie Kaler on Wikipedia »
Mark Dacascos
Mark Dacascos (February 26, 1964 Honolulu-) also known as Mark Alan Dacascos, Marc Dacascos, The Chairman or Mark Alan Dacasos is an American actor and martial artist. His children are called Makoa Dacascos, Kapono Dacascos and Noelani Dacascos.
Read more about Mark Dacascos on Wikipedia »
Adam Carolla
Adam Carolla (May 27, 1964 Los Angeles-) a.k.a. Adam L. Carolla, Adam Carola, Ace Rockolla, Ace Man or Adam Lakers Carolla is an American comedian, talk show host, radio personality, actor, carpentry, tv personality, presenter, voice actor, screenwriter and television producer. His children are called Natalia Carolla and Santino "Sonny" Richard Carolla.
Read more about Adam Carolla on Wikipedia »
Robert Duncan McNeill
Robert Duncan McNeill (November 9, 1964 Raleigh-) otherwise known as Robbie is an American film producer, film director, television director, actor and television producer. He has three children, Taylor McNeill, Kyle McNeill and Carter Jay McNeill.
Read more about Robert Duncan McNeill on Wikipedia »
David Spade
David Spade (July 22, 1964 Birmingham-) otherwise known as David Wayne Spade or Dave Spade is an American comedian, actor, television producer, voice actor, screenwriter, film producer and television presenter. He has one child, Harper Spade.
Read more about David Spade on Wikipedia »
Patrick Warburton
Patrick Warburton (November 14, 1964 Paterson-) also known as Patrick John Warburton, Patrick Wharburton or Pat Warburton is an American actor, voice actor, model and film producer. His children are called Gabriel Warburton, Talon Patrick Warburton, Shane Warburton and Alexandra Catherine Warburton.
Read more about Patrick Warburton on Wikipedia »
Michael Boatman
Michael Boatman (October 25, 1964 Colorado Springs-) also known as Michael Patrick Boatman is an American actor, screenwriter and novelist.
Nelson Ascencio
Nelson Ascencio (August 30, 1964 Havana-) also known as Nelson Lesmo is a Cuban actor and comedian.
Read more about Nelson Ascencio on Wikipedia »
Sabu
Sabu (November 18, 1964 Wakayama Prefecture-) a.k.a. Hiroyuki Tanaka, Tanaka Hiroyuki, Hiroki Tanaka or SABU is a Japanese film director, actor and screenwriter.
Read more about Sabu on Wikipedia »
James Wlcek
James Wlcek (February 22, 1964 New York City-) also known as James M. Wlcek, Jimmy Wlcek, Jim Wlcek or Jimmy Wleck is an American actor.
Read more about Rick Copp on Wikipedia »
Craig Bierko
Craig Bierko (August 18, 1964 Rye Brook-) also known as Craig Philip Bierko is an American actor and singer.
Read more about Craig Bierko on Wikipedia »
Wayne Lai
Wayne Lai (May 4, 1964 Hong Kong-) also known as Yiu-Cheung Lai, Yiu Cheung Lai, Lai Yiu Cheung, Yiu-Cheung, Yiu-Hung Lai, Wayne Lai Yiu-cheung, Lí Yàoxiáng or Lai4 Yiu6 Coeng4 is a Chinese actor. He has one child, Lai Zheng-jiao.
Dennis Deveaugh
Dennis Deveaugh (April 15, 1964 Baton Rouge-) a.k.a. Denis Devaugh is an American stunt performer and actor.
Read more about Dennis Deveaugh on Wikipedia »
Rupert Holliday-Evans
Rupert Holliday-Evans (August 2, 1964-) also known as Rupert Holiday Evans, Rupert Holliday Evans or Rupert Evans is a British actor.
Read more about Rupert Holliday-Evans on Wikipedia »
Robert Allen Mukes
Robert Allen Mukes (March 14, 1964 Indianapolis-) also known as Robert "Bonecrusher" Mukes, Robert Mukes, Robert Bonecrusher Mukes or Bonecrusher is an American actor.
Read more about Robert Allen Mukes on Wikipedia »
Steven Vincent Leigh
Steven Vincent Leigh (August 10, 1964-) also known as Steve Vincent Leigh or Steven Leigh is an American actor and martial artist.
Read more about Steven Vincent Leigh on Wikipedia »
Robson Green
Robson Green (December 18, 1964 Hexham-) also known as Robson Golightly Green is an English singer, actor, presenter and singer-songwriter. He has one child, Taylor Robson Green.
Read more about Robson Green on Wikipedia »
David Morrissey
David Morrissey (June 21, 1964 Kensington, Liverpool-) also known as David Morrisey or David Mark Morrissey is a British actor, film director, screenwriter, film producer and entrepreneur. His children are called Albie Morrissey, Gene Morrissey and Anna Morrissey.
Read more about David Morrissey on Wikipedia »
David Andriole
David Andriole (March 16, 1964 United States of America-) otherwise known as David Mark Andriole, David M. Andriole, Dave Andrioles, D.A. Corrigan or David Andriole Corrigan is an American actor, film producer, lawyer and athlete.
Read more about Robert Kelker-Kelly on Wikipedia »
Blair Underwood
Blair Underwood (August 25, 1964 Tacoma-) a.k.a. Blair E. Underwood or Blair Erwin Underwood is an American actor, film producer, film director and television producer. His children are called Blake Underwood, Paris Underwood and Brielle Underwood.
Read more about Blair Underwood on Wikipedia »
Ian Ziering
Ian Ziering (March 30, 1964 Newark-) a.k.a. Ian Andrew Ziering, ian_ziering or George Washington is an American actor, voice actor and television producer. He has two children, Mia Loren Ziering and Penna Mae Ziering.
Read more about Ian Ziering on Wikipedia »
Kevin Michael Richardson
Kevin Michael Richardson (October 25, 1964 The Bronx-) also known as Kevin M. Richards, Keven M. Richerdson, Kevin Michael Richards, KMR, Kevin M. Richardson, Kevin Richardson, Kevin N. Richardson, Keven Richerdson, Кевин Майкл Ричардсон, Victor Stone or Kevin M Richardson is an American actor and voice actor. He has two children, Anthony Richardson and Michael Richardson.
Read more about Kevin Michael Richardson on Wikipedia »
Dicky Barrett
Dicky Barrett (June 22, 1964 Providence-) otherwise known as Richard Michael Barrett or Barrett, Dicky is an American singer, musician, announcer, radio personality, actor and voice actor.
Read more about Dicky Barrett on Wikipedia »
Francis Magalona
Francis Magalona (October 4, 1964 Mandaluyong-March 6, 2009 Philippines) also known as Francis Michael Durango Magalona, Francis M, Francis M., FM, Kiko, King of Pinoy Rap, Master Rapper, Father of Pinoy Hip-Hop, The Man From Manila, The Mouth, The Filipino King of Rap, FrancisM, Francis Durango Magalona, King of Rap or Hari ng Rap was a Filipino singer, record producer, songwriter, music video director, actor, photographer, presenter, entrepreneur and rapper. He had eight children, Maxene Magalona, Unna Magalona, Nicolo Magalona, Elmo Magalona, Arkin Magalona, Clara Magalona, Saab Magalona and Frank Magalona.
| i don't know |
Who was the first newsreader to appear on television in 1955? | Kenneth Kendall, former broadcaster, dies - BBC News
BBC News
Kenneth Kendall, former broadcaster, dies
14 December 2012
Media captionA look at the life and career of Kenneth Kendall
Former BBC newsreader Kenneth Kendall has died at the age of 88.
The one-time presenter of the popular UK game show Treasure Hunt suffered a stroke a few weeks ago and died peacefully, his agent confirmed.
He joined the BBC as a radio announcer, later moving to TV where he became the first newsreader to appear in vision.
He also featured in the Doctor Who serial The War Machines and had a cameo role as a newsreader in 2001: A Space Odyssey.
The first newsreader to appear in vision on BBC television in 1955, Kendall also worked occasionally for ITN in the 1960s.
He was voted the most popular newscaster by Daily Mirror readers in 1979.
Recognised for his elegant sense of style, he received an award for best-dressed newsreader by Style International.
Wincey Willis, a former weather presenter and current BBC radio presenter, paid tribute to Kendall on Twitter.
She said: "[He] was a lovely man, very kind to me when I started Treasure Hunt. We were good friends. He was very funny and we both loved dogs RIP."
Born in India, Kendall became the face of the BBC Nine O'Clock News by 1975.
Media captionAnneka Rice: 'Kenneth Kendall was an extraordinary person'
He left the corporation in 1981, later joining Channel 4's Treasure Hunt, a gameshow which saw him direct Anneka Rice around the country in a helicopter to search for clues.
Speaking to the BBC, Rice said Kendall was a "truly great broadcaster".
"It was extraordinary when Kenneth joined Treasure Hunt because he was this very respected urbane newsreader, very serious, and I think it was genius casting. It allowed him to show a completely different side to his personality.
"He's going to be remembered for [playing] an important part of television history," she added, "starting in radio and television, the first in vision newsreader and finishing up on a reality TV show, probably the first of its kind. Again another iconic television moment.
"I'm very pleased he's got that recognition because he was an extraordinary person, very clever."
Rice met up with Kendall in more recent years as they lived in the same town, Cowes, on the Isle of Wight and shared a love of art.
"My one sadness is that we did talk, jokingly - obviously - that we would get together for one final Treasure Hunt, and sadly he's missed that moment," Added Rice.
Kendall returned to the BBC in 2010 to appear in a show called The Young Ones which featured six celebrities examining the problems of ageing.
He retired to Cowes on the Isle of Wight where he ran an art gallery with his longtime partner Mark Fear.
Acting BBC director-general Tim Davie said: "As the first British newsreader ever to appear on our TV screens in 1955, the passing of Kenneth Kendall is a sad moment in broadcasting history.
"Kenneth will be remembered for his long and successful career in both radio and later TV and, of course, for his much remarked- upon elegant sense of style.
"As one of the broadcasting greats, he will be hugely missed by colleagues across the BBC."
| kenneth kendal |
Born in 1533, who was known as the virgin Queen? | Kenneth Kendall, former broadcaster, dies - BBC News
BBC News
Kenneth Kendall, former broadcaster, dies
14 December 2012
Media captionA look at the life and career of Kenneth Kendall
Former BBC newsreader Kenneth Kendall has died at the age of 88.
The one-time presenter of the popular UK game show Treasure Hunt suffered a stroke a few weeks ago and died peacefully, his agent confirmed.
He joined the BBC as a radio announcer, later moving to TV where he became the first newsreader to appear in vision.
He also featured in the Doctor Who serial The War Machines and had a cameo role as a newsreader in 2001: A Space Odyssey.
The first newsreader to appear in vision on BBC television in 1955, Kendall also worked occasionally for ITN in the 1960s.
He was voted the most popular newscaster by Daily Mirror readers in 1979.
Recognised for his elegant sense of style, he received an award for best-dressed newsreader by Style International.
Wincey Willis, a former weather presenter and current BBC radio presenter, paid tribute to Kendall on Twitter.
She said: "[He] was a lovely man, very kind to me when I started Treasure Hunt. We were good friends. He was very funny and we both loved dogs RIP."
Born in India, Kendall became the face of the BBC Nine O'Clock News by 1975.
Media captionAnneka Rice: 'Kenneth Kendall was an extraordinary person'
He left the corporation in 1981, later joining Channel 4's Treasure Hunt, a gameshow which saw him direct Anneka Rice around the country in a helicopter to search for clues.
Speaking to the BBC, Rice said Kendall was a "truly great broadcaster".
"It was extraordinary when Kenneth joined Treasure Hunt because he was this very respected urbane newsreader, very serious, and I think it was genius casting. It allowed him to show a completely different side to his personality.
"He's going to be remembered for [playing] an important part of television history," she added, "starting in radio and television, the first in vision newsreader and finishing up on a reality TV show, probably the first of its kind. Again another iconic television moment.
"I'm very pleased he's got that recognition because he was an extraordinary person, very clever."
Rice met up with Kendall in more recent years as they lived in the same town, Cowes, on the Isle of Wight and shared a love of art.
"My one sadness is that we did talk, jokingly - obviously - that we would get together for one final Treasure Hunt, and sadly he's missed that moment," Added Rice.
Kendall returned to the BBC in 2010 to appear in a show called The Young Ones which featured six celebrities examining the problems of ageing.
He retired to Cowes on the Isle of Wight where he ran an art gallery with his longtime partner Mark Fear.
Acting BBC director-general Tim Davie said: "As the first British newsreader ever to appear on our TV screens in 1955, the passing of Kenneth Kendall is a sad moment in broadcasting history.
"Kenneth will be remembered for his long and successful career in both radio and later TV and, of course, for his much remarked- upon elegant sense of style.
"As one of the broadcasting greats, he will be hugely missed by colleagues across the BBC."
| i don't know |
What is the largest city in South Africa? | Top 20 Largest Cities And Towns In South Africa
Top 20 Largest Cities And Towns In South Africa
Post by
Andile Smith
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South Africa is quite big with a corresponding population. Compared to some other countries in the world, the cities in South Africa are known all over the world for their rich cultural heritage, breathtaking beauty together with elements of modernity strewn all over. Here is a list of the largest cities in South Africa and their population density.
Cape Town – Western Cape
The city of Cape Town is well known as one of the most beautiful cities in the world, this seaside playground has all it takes to compete with any major city in the world whether it’s Sydney in Australia or San Francisco in California
Johannesburg – Gauteng
The city of Johannesburg was founded on a gold rush; it’s the financial and entertainment capital of South Africa. Jozi or Joburg as it’s also referred to as rocks in more ways than you can imagine.
Durban, KwaZulu-Natal
Durban is where it’s happening, nice weather, beaches and great cultural mix to its famous curries, Durban is the place to be
Pretoria – Gauteng
If you are looking for somewhere that is stately with a high number of international embassies, monuments and museums, then Pretoria is the place to be, whether it’s sports or lots of entertainment, music and night clubs
Port Elizabeth – Eastern Cape
Popularly Known as the friendly city or the windy city, Port Elizabeth is the home of hospitality and beautiful beaches, It is one of the largest cities in South Africa, situated in the Eastern Cape Province, 770 km (478 mi) east of Cape Town. The city, often shortened to PE and nicknamed stretches for 16 km along Algoa Bay, and is one of the major seaports in South Africa.
Largest cities of South Africa
Rank
| Johannesburg |
Who played 'Nellie Dingle in Emmerdale? | Johannesburg South Africa, About Johannesburg City
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Johannesburg, South Africa
The largest city in South Africa, Johannesburg is a vibrant city with year round cultural events and breathtaking tourist attractions.
In terms of population, Johannesburg or Jo'burg is the biggest city in South Africa. It serves as the provincial capital of the Gauteng Province. Johannesburg covers a total area of 635.1sqmiles. This huge city accommodates an estimated population of 3,888,180 (2007). Various languages used in the city include the Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Xhosa, Zulu, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Tswana, Tshivenda, and Tsonga. Christians represent the majority of the population in Johannesburg. There are also people from Jewish, Islamic, and Hindu communities.
The chronicles of Johannesburg date back almost one millennium while it was occupied by savage tribes known as the San Clan. In the 13th century, the Bantu-speaking tribes began conquering the area. It was a quite huge settlement in the Gauteng Province. In 1886, the city was officially founded when gold was unearthed and the Witwatersrand reef was found out. Following the unearthing, the number of inhabitants of the city went up, and it turned into the biggest city in the country. At present, Johannesburg is an academic and amusement hub for the whole continent.
Presently, Johannesburg houses the biggest economy of the metropolitan areas in the African continent. The Gauteng Province is the most thriving province in the country. The city is famous for its gold and diamond exports. The city is also home to a big and flourishing tourism industry. It has positioned itself as one of the major financial hubs in the world. It can be described as the financial nerve center of Africa. Major industries include mining, manufacturing, information technology, banking, transportation, real estate, communication, transportation, healthcare, and an energetic consumer retail market. The city houses the biggest stock exchange of Africa, JSE Limited.
Tourist attractions in Johannesburg - Soweto is a popular tourist spot. The Cradle of Humankind is a World Heritage Site. The tourist attractions in Johannesburg City are given below:
Parks and Gardens
The Wilds Municipal Nature Reserve - Houghton
Huddle Park - Linksfield
Melville Koppies Nature Reserve - Melville
Rietfontein Nature Reserve - Paulshof
South African National Museum of Military History
Standard Bank Gallery
The De Wildt Cheetah Center
The Rhino and Lion Nature Reserve
Transportation: Johannesburg International Airport, the largest and busiest airport in Africa serves the city. The other airports in the city are Rand Airport, Grand Central Airport and Lanseria. Rand Airport It serves as the entry to South Africa from other parts of the world. The Metro railway system in the city connects it with other regions.The Metrobus in Johannesburg operates a bus system that serves as the public transport in the city. Metered taxis and minibus taxis are the two kinds of taxis available in the city. The city has an extensive road network having ring roads, freeways, bypass, highways that ease the traffic congestion in the city.
Maps of Johannesburg: Johannesburg covers a total area of 635.1sq miles. It is the biggest city in South Africa by population.
Administrative Regions: The city is broadly divided into five districts: Central Johannesburg, Sandton, Soweto, Roodepoort, and Randburg.
Hotels : D'Oreale Grande, Don Johannesburg Int'l Airport Hotel, Don Rosebank Hotel, The Grace, and Hampshire Hotel Midrand are some of the most sought after hotels in the city.
Travel : The art galleries and museums, zoos, shopping centers, historic buildings, and national parks of Johannesburg are a must watch.
Business and Economy: Gold and diamond mining forms the backbone of the economy of Johannesburg.
Education: The city houses a strong higher education system comprising public and private universities.
Events and Festivals: The Rand Show, Arts Alive, National Choir Festival, and The National Arts Festival are the most admired festivals in the city.
History and culture: The cultural diversity of Johannesburg is evident in its historical museums and art galleries.
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In the 1987 film 'Cry Freedom' which character was played by Denzel Washington? | Cry Freedom (1987) - IMDb
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South African journalist Donald Woods is forced to flee the country after attempting to investigate the death in custody of his friend the black activist Steve Biko.
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Nominated for 3 Oscars. Another 5 wins & 11 nominations. See more awards »
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Storyline
Donald Woods is chief editor of the liberal newspaper Daily Dispatch in South Africa. He has written several editorials critical of the views of Steve Biko. But after having met him for the first time, he changes his opinion. They meet several times, and this means that Woods and his family get attention from the security police. When Steve Biko dies in police custody, he writes a book about Biko. The only way to get it published is for Woods himself to illegally escape the country. Written by Mattias Thuresson
The true story of the friendship that shook South Africa and awakened the world
Genres:
6 November 1987 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Grito de libertad See more »
Filming Locations:
70 mm 6-Track (70 mm prints)| Dolby (35 mm prints)
Color:
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Trivia
The movie stars two actors who both won Best Supporting Actor Academy Awards during the 1980s. Denzel Washington won for Glory (1989) whilst Kevin Kline won for A Fish Called Wanda (1988). Washington later won a Best Actor Oscar for Training Day (2001) whilst Cry Freedom (1987) garnered Washington his first ever Academy Award nomination which was in the Best Supporting Actor category. See more »
Goofs
Tires screeching on dusty dirt road. See more »
Quotes
Steve Biko : It's a miracle a child survives here at all. People are so desperate for anything they'll beat a kid bloody if they thought he had five Rand. But if you do run fast enough, if you do survive, you grew up in these streets, these houses. Your parents try, but in the end, you only get the education the white man will give you. Then you go to the city to work or shop, and you see their streets, their cars, their houses, and you begin to feel there is something not quite right about yourself. About ...
See more »
Crazy Credits
Opening disclaimer: "With the exception of two characters whose identity has been concealed to ensure their safety, all the people depicted in this film are real and all the events true." See more »
Connections
| Steve Biko |
What was the full name of poet T.S. Eliot? | Re-creating Steve Biko's Life - NYTimes.com
Re-creating Steve Biko's Life
By TERRY TRUCCO, Special to the New York Times
Published: December 26, 1987
LONDON, Dec. 25— About a third of the way through ''Cry Freedom,'' Sir Richard Attenborough's film about the murdered South African leader Steven Biko, Denzel Washington, who plays Mr. Biko, delivers an impassioned courtroom speech on human rights. It's a key scene, providing the audience with a good look at Mr. Biko's convictions, charisma and eloquence.
For Mr. Washington, it proved a vital scene as well. Shot on location in Zimbabwe, it featured a crowd of local extras and was to be filmed in the morning. But nothing went right. Mr. Washington muffed his lines, the extras grew bored and finally Sir Richard threw up his hands and decided to try again after lunch. ''That time I got it,'' said Mr. Washington with a smile. ''I was saying these lines that were the essence of Steve Biko's beliefs, and that whole crowd - they were locals, not movie people people - was really listening.''
When he finished, the crowd applauded. ''At first I thought they were clapping because I finally got through the whole thing,'' he said. ''But they were applauding Steve Biko's words, what he felt about people and discrimination. That's when I felt closest to what it was I was after.'' Unconventional Character
''Cry Freedom'' opened in the United States to mixed reviews, but critical reaction to Denzel Washington's resonant portrayal of Steven Biko has been almost uniformly positive.
Mr. Washington's high marks are particularly notable because he is not on screen a great deal. Mr. Biko dies when the movie is about half over, and much of the dramatic action centers around the South African journalist Donald Woods, played by Kevin Kline, who befriended Mr. Biko and served as his posthumous Boswell.
''In the film, Biko is not a full character with a classic beginning, middle and end,'' said Mr. Washington, who was in London working on his latest movie, ''Queen and Country,'' a drama of two Falkland War veterans in inner-city London. His role in the new film is more conventional, he said. ''The character goes from point A to point B and makes decisions about his life. In 'Cry Freedom,' it's more of a slice of a - for lack of a better word - hero's life.''
''Steve Biko makes a lot of speeches,'' Mr. Washington added with a grin. Not Much to Draw On
Indeed, Mr. Washington has been praised for making Steve Biko seem real despite the movie's rather stilted script. Not much personal detail was available, in part because of the Government's ban on Mr. Biko's movements, Mr. Washington said. ''There wasn't a lot to draw on with him and his wife, for example, and we couldn't make things up for legal reasons.''
Mr. Washington, who was born and raised in Mount Vernon, N.Y., admitted he was not exactly an expert on the South African situation when Sir Richard offered him the role in 1985. ''I knew the basics about Steve Biko, who he was, how he died,'' he said. ''I also knew I was definitely against apartheid, but obviously I'm a lot more educated now and a lot more willing to do something about it than before.''
He had about a month and a half to prepare for the part, shaping the character through books, including Donald Woods's ''Biko'' and ''Asking for Trouble,'' and taped recollections of Mr. Biko's friends and colleagues. He also met several of Mr. Biko's acquaintances, including one of his teachers. And he got hold of a rare videotaped interview with Mr. Biko as well as an hourlong recording of his speeches.
But the biggest help was a collection of Mr. Biko's letters and speeches, ''I Write What I Like.'' ''That was Steve Biko speaking himself, and not what others said about him,'' he said. Wanted to Be a Doctor
A graduate of Fordham University and an alumnus of San Francisco's American Conservatory Theater, Mr. Washington, 32 years old, is probably best known as Dr. Phillip Chandler in the television series ''St. Elsewhere.'' ''I had wanted to be a doctor until I got back my biology grades,'' said Mr. Washington, who lives in Los Angeles with his wife, Paulette Pearson, an actress, and a 3-year-old son.
But he is no stranger to dramatic roles. In 1981, he won praise for his portrayal of the intense young private who murders a malicious sergeant in the Negro Ensemble Company's production of ''A Soldier's Play.'' A year later, he brought the same role to the screen in ''A Soldier's Story,'' directed by Norman Jewison.
It was his work in ''A Soldier's Story'' that attracted Sir Richard's attention. The director had interviewed more than 100 prospective candidates for the role of Steven Biko and made no secret of his wish to use an African actor. He even smuggled several actors out of South Africa for screen tests, but no one was right.
''I needed someone in his late 20's, tall and strong, with the charisma of a Robert Redford,'' Sir Richard noted at a ''Cry Freedom'' preview here. Resigned to using an American actor in the role, he screened ''A Soldier's Story'' and saw Mr. Washington. ''He had all the right qualities. He even looked like Biko,'' Sir Richard said. To burnish that resemblance, Mr. Washington gained 30 pounds and had the caps removed from his chipped front teeth to achieve Mr. Biko's gap-toothed smile. The hardest part was affecting a South African accent. He studied Swahili briefly and was coached on the set by Wendy Woods, who is married to Donald Woods. ''But most of the people I was speaking with were Africans, and I mostly got it by osmosis,'' he said. ''A real South African could probably poke holes all through it.''
He also had few qualms about his ability to portray the South African hero. ''I know Richard didn't initially want an American actor, and I can understand that,'' he said. ''I haven't suffered the kind of things a South African has suffered. But the fact of the matter is, I'm an Afro-American. My ancestors didn't come to America on a cruise ship. And when I got to Africa for the film, I felt fulfilled in certain ways.''
Sir Richard Attenborough directing Denzel Washington as Steven Biko during the filming of a courtroom scene in ''Cry Freedom.''
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Trowbridge is the administrative centre for which county? | Trowbridge Town Council
Trowbridge Town Council
Welcome to Trowbridge Town Council
Magna Carta Baron Town
Welcome to the website of Trowbridge Town Council. The Council is the first tier of local government for the County Town of Wiltshire, serving a population of over 40,000 and providing a range of services for the community.
On our website you will find the following information about the Council and all of the services we provide, including Community Events, Active Trowbridge, Trowbridge in Bloom, Trowbridge Museum & Art Gallery, and Trowbridge Information Centre. Working with the community, we are always striving to achieve more for the town and its residents. We hope the site will prove useful: if, however, you have any further issues with which we may be able to help, please contact us.
News & Events
| Wiltshire |
The 'Kelvin Scale' is used to measure what? | Trowbridge - Visit Wiltshire
Trowbridge
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About
Trowbridge, the County Town of Wiltshire , has ancient roots, was first mentioned in the Domesday Book as ‘Straburg’. Trowbridge castle, recorded in 1139 as besieged during a civil war between King Stephen and Empress Mathilda no longer exists, but it has left its mark on the town; Fore Street follows the line of the castle ditch.
Trowbridge holds Wiltshire’s earliest market charter dating back to 1200 and today offers a weekly street market each Wednesday, and farmers’ markets on the second and fourth Friday of each month. The town has a range of shops including diverse independent retailers, supermarkets and national chains. There are both free and reasonably priced parking around the town: in addition, Trowbridge has excellent public transport links.
In 1215 Henry de Bohun, who is depicted in a stained glass window in St James’ Church, held the castle and was one of the English Barons who forced King John to sign the Magna Carta. There is a permanent Henry de Bohun display within Trowbridge Museum and a Henry de Bohun trail which encompasses sites within the town centre.
Trowbridge grew and developed through a long history of woollen cloth production which began in Anglo-Saxon times, expanded in the 14th century, leaving a rich architectural legacy; examples range from the fine 18th-century homes of wealthy clothiers (the industry’s middle men), to the rare Handle House (which was used to dry teasels), and former mill buildings. The scale of West of England cloth production was once so great that the town became known as ‘the Manchester of the West’. This fascinating past can be relived in the town’s award-winning Museum and Art Gallery which houses a nationally significant collection dedicated to woollen cloth production, including working looms. Displays trace the mechanisation of the industrial processes, and the impact it had on society. The Museum also has an area dedicated to famous Trowbridge Victorians, including the Trowbridge-born creator of shorthand, Sir Isaac Pitman.
Despite its significant heritage, Trowbridge is still firmly rooted in the present with leisure facilities and cultural activities to meet the demands of the 21st century. The Civic Centre in St Stephen’s Place runs a programme of events to suit all tastes, and is ideally placed as a conference and meeting facility. Next door is a multi-screen Odeon cinema, adjacent to cafés, hotels and restaurants. Throughout the summer, Trowbridge Town Park hosts events such as the Wiltshire Armed Forces and Veterans Weekend, sporting events and the town’s annual Country Fayre. Trowbridge has a thriving arts scene including an annual Arts Festival, and Cloth Road Arts event which alternates with the museum’s biennial West of England Festival of Textiles. There is also an excellent library at County Hall.
Christmas in Trowbridge has a unique feel. The Museum has developed a Victorian Christmas recreating a traditionally decorated parlour belonging to the mill owning Salter family. In addition a member of the Salter family reads Christmas stories and children can experience a traditional Father Christmas dressed in green velvet, based upon a Dickens Christmas Carol character. Children will receive a traditional gift as part of their experience.
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You would use Whisky and Sweet Vermouth to make which cocktail? | Classic Bourbon Manhattan Cocktail Recipe
Home Page » Recipes » Classic Bourbon Manhattan Cocktail Recipe
Classic Bourbon Manhattan Cocktail Recipe
9 comments
You only need three main ingredients to make this classic bourbon Manhattan cocktail recipe at home. Jump to the Bourbon Manhattan Cocktail Recipe or read on to see our tips for making it.
You’ll need bourbon, sweet vermouth and angostura bitters. Then, if you want, finish it off with orange peel and a maraschino cherry for garnish.
YOU MAY ALSO LIKE: Our Seriously Good Fashioned Recipe with lots of extra tips to make it best. Plus, we share how to make big, round ice cubes. See how we make them now!
How to Make a Manhattan at Home
Not long ago, we sat and watched as a young mixologist painstakingly made us his take on a Manhattan. House-made bitters and vermouth were added. He stirred, never shook and the precision with which he used his personal zester, one that he has had for years was mesmerizing.
At home, we don’t make our own vermouth or bitters, not that we would want to (read: it would be pretty cool, though). Leaving the house-made stuff to the pros, we, instead, make this simple bourbon heavy recipe.
Recipe updated, originally posted February 2012. Since posting this in 2012, we have tweaked the recipe to be more clear. – Adam and Joanne
| Manhattan |
You would use Crème de Cacao, Cream and Brandy to make which cocktail? | Manhattan Cocktail recipe
Manhattan Cocktail recipe
Scan me to take me with you
serve in
1 maraschino cherry
1 twist orange peel
Combine the vermouth, bourbon whiskey, and bitters with 2 - 3 ice cubes in a mixing glass. Stir gently, don't bruise the spirits and cloud the drink. Place the cherry in a chilled cocktail glass and strain the whiskey mixture over the cherry. Rub the cut edge of the orange peel over the rim of the glass and twist it over the drink to release the oils but don't drop it in.
VARIATION: No bitters. Substitute a twist of lime for the cherry and orange. Hold the lime twist in a lighted match over the drink and then drop it in. The heat really zips up the lime flavor.
More comments
posted by Crispy Critter @ 09:00PM, 7/04/06
Try different ratios of whiskey to vermouth. I usually go 3:1 with mine.
Different whiskeys: I tend to favor rye - Wild Turkey rye or Rittenhouse 100 are my favorites; high-rye bourbons like Wild Turkey 101 also work quite well.
Different bitters, or combinations of bitters: Fee's Aromatic, Peychaud's, Fee's Orange, and Regan's Orange are all good choices. Use about half as much Fee's Aromatic versus other bitters.
Different vermouths: Vya sweet vermouth is expensive but outstanding.
A few dashes of cherry syrup, in addition to the cherry, also adds a nice touch.
Great
posted by bob screw ball @ 01:12PM, 8/07/06
This is a great cocktail, it takes alot of practise but it's worth it!!!
Congrats.
posted by Jack. @ 07:35AM, 10/03/06
Thanks, nice instructions, impressed.
2-3 ice cubes?
posted by spike @ 05:33AM, 11/29/06
The Manhattan is one of my favorite cocktails, but this recipe is about as far from my own as possible.
2-3 ice cubes? Why bother? Fill the shaker with ice, and shake it well. It will be slightly cloudy, but it doesn't adversly affect the flavor, as bruising isn't an issue with either whiskey or vermouth. It unclouds quickly, and the dissipating foam resulting from shaking adds nice texture.
There is no such thing as a "lime twist." Maybe they meant "lime wedge" which might be ok, I don't know. I'll stick with a cherry.
Manhatten mix
posted by Walter @ 08:13PM, 12/01/06
Southern Comfort is also very good.
Agreed!
posted by Edison @ 03:53PM, 12/13/06
My traditional Manhattan:
Cherry
2:1 whisky to vermouth
Although if you have the $, the above mentioned ryes and vermouths will probably please you more!
Enjoy.
Proper Manhattans
posted by Barney B. @ 09:16PM, 12/22/06
Please - Manhattan's are made with rye whiskey, and certainly the best of those is Canadian Whiskey. Bourbon in a Manahttan is an atrocity.
Classic
posted by Kris Gallagher @ 03:34AM, 12/29/06
The perfect cocktail for a whiskey drinker. I've had to teach this to so many bar staff since I first tried it but it's worth the time spent explaining it.
Best cocktail in the world
posted by Jack Straw, London @ 12:01PM, 1/04/07
It is a truly outstanding drink to enjoy. It is probably best with 'jack daniels', to my reckoning. I would say this is definitely the best cocktail around.
Southern Comfort Manhattan
posted by Tom Wiffler @ 11:41AM, 3/17/07
Raise the bar on the traditional Manhattan by changing out your bourbon selection for Southern Comfort.
Yes
posted by Steve P @ 06:31PM, 4/14/07
I am always willing to practice making and drinking this cocktail.
Use Crown
posted by Garland @ 03:33AM, 4/25/07
I highly recommend using Crown Royal for this drink.
2 a day
posted by Peter Eckman @ 09:31PM, 5/04/07
I am 27 and drink manhattans all the time. Here is the story. I have been making them since I was 14. My grandparents drank 2 a day foe over 30 years.
The secret is cherry juice. I like bourbon Manhattans on the rocks. 2 cherries Jim Beam and Sweet Vermouth. Just a slash....a splash of cherry juice.... then enjoy. I am a bartender now and people love them.
Canadian Whiskey is not rye
posted by harry @ 04:33PM, 5/28/07
While canadian whiskey's may be fine for a manhatten, i have to point that the greatest majority are not rye anymore, but a blend of many whiskeys. They used to be rye. Now...my advice is to search out Old Overholt or Sazarac rye or something akin. Rye heavy bourbons do work well.
Add a little bitterness
posted by Russ @ 07:42PM, 5/28/07
I agree with the Rittenhouse 100 suggestion, but use Punt E Mes for the vermouth... and flame an orange twist over it like in a negroni.
Makers mark manhatten
posted by scott @ 05:09PM, 6/04/07
Makers mark burbon- stirred until the mixer glass is frosted- don't leave out the bitters.
Sweet Manhattans
posted by Mike @ 05:44AM, 7/01/07
Maybe it's a sweet-tooth, but I enjoy 2 parts sweet vermouth to 1 part bourbon.
Would drop a cherry in it previously, but find that the drink is already "sweet" and doesn't need the cherry or juice... This delicious drink has less of a buzz, which allows me 2-3 a day if I want.
Wikipedia
posted by London @ 07:07AM, 7/10/07
A Manhattan is a cocktail made with whiskey, sweet vermouth, and bitters. Commonly used whiskeys include rye (the traditional choice), Canadian, bourbon and Tennessee. Proportions of whiskey to vermouth vary, from a very sweet 1:1 ratio to a much less sweet 4:1 ratio, but the classic mixture is 2:1. The cocktail is often stirred with ice and strained into a cocktail glass, where it is garnished with a Maraschino cherry with a stem. A Manhattan is also frequently served on the rocks in an old-fashioned glass.
Perfect Manhattan
posted by Big Cat Daddy @ 04:20PM, 8/09/07
I have been drinking Manhattans for many years, tried different recipes, but the winner in my book is the use of Crown Royal, Vya sweet vermouth, orange bitters, and a cherry. 3:1 works for me swirled in a cocktail shaker.
Shaken, not stirred
posted by Bourbon is Love @ 07:43PM, 8/12/07
I am with the others who like the Manhattan shaken. It's tasty, and the temporary cloudiness does not bother me.
3:1 rye:vermouth + 1/4 part orange bitters (do not go this high with other types of bitters or you will regret it!)
Black manhattan..
posted by sydmatt @ 04:30AM, 8/21/07
Anyone ever heard of a black manhatten or the recipe? I enjoyed one at "bourbon and branch" in san francisco and would love to recreate it.
Black in SF == Fernet ?
posted by Bourbon is Love @ 06:21PM, 8/21/07
sydmatt: Given that you had it in SF it was probably a Manhattan with Fernet Branca (a bitter Italian liquor, very popular in SF at the moment). Perhaps it was some version of a Fanciulli -- 1 part bourbon, 1/2 part sweet vermouth, 1/2 part Fernet... But why don't you call and ask? :)
Mystery solved...
No bitters and no bourbon :( ...
The best Manhattan
posted by Bartending in Venice @ 08:54PM, 10/02/07
Yes the book says that a Manhattan is supposed to be made with A rye, but MAKERS MARK is the best. 3 to 1 is the best ratio and there has to be a good amount of bitters dashed in. I am not a fan of the cherry juice, but if you squeeze a cherry in the tin before you shake. It makes a whole difference in the drink... I love that there is an intelligent discussion on such a note worthy topic....
So. Co.?!???
posted by KMF @ 08:25AM, 11/04/07
Southern Comfort is lowering the bar... Its not even whiskey. Bad decision.
Bourbon & Branch Black Manhattan Recipe
posted by Chairman @ 12:36PM, 11/27/07
Buffalo Trace bourbon, Averna and Fee�s Barrel-Aged bitters . . .
And it's delicious.
"Perfect Manhattan"
posted by T-vizzle @ 01:41PM, 11/28/07
Substitute a 1:1 mix of sweet and dry vermouths for the sweet vermouth, in whatever whiskey to vermouth ratio you prefer. Skeptical at first, I'm now a convert.
Yes Bourbon
posted by Stephen T March @ 09:49AM, 12/03/07
I've had Manhattans in every bar in Manhattan and I always ask for and usually get bourbon. If they gave me Canadian whiskey I'd spit it out. Not as bad as getting dry vermouth, but it's not right. Whoever said bourgon isn't appropriate for a Manhattan is a lost soul living in limbo. Use Jim Beam in your next one and you will be saved.
Mellow version of Manhattan
posted by Jim Tonne @ 05:12PM, 12/24/07
I use brandy instead of bourbon. And I use a finely-tuned ratio fo 2.5:1 of brandy to sweet vermouth. Nothing else need be added but Angostoura in moderation and a cherry are nice.
Use Marachino liqueur
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How many sheets of paper in a ream? | Staples® Multipurpose Paper, 8 1/2" x 11", 500/Ream (513099-WH) | Staples®
Staples® Multipurpose Paper, 8 1/2" x 11", 500/Ream (513099-WH)
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What does the term 'per diem' mean? | Ream | Define Ream at Dictionary.com
C19: perhaps from C14 remen to open up, from Old English rӯman to widen
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for ream
Expand
n.
measure of paper, mid-14c., from Old French reyme, from Spanish resma, from Arabic rizmah "bundle" (of paper), from rasama "collect into a bundle." The Moors brought manufacture of cotton paper to Spain.
Early variant rym (late 15c.) suggests a Dutch influence (cf. Dutch riem), probably borrowed from Spanish during the time of Hapsburg control of Holland. For ordinary writing paper, 20 quires of 24 sheets each, or 480 sheets; often 500 or more to allow for waste; slightly different numbers for drawing or printing paper.
"cream" (obsolete), Old English ream, from Proto-Germanic *raumoz (cf. Middle Dutch and Dutch room, German Rahm), of uncertain origin.
v.
"to enlarge a hole," 1815, probably a southwest England dialectal survival from Middle English reme "to make room, open up," from Old English ryman "widen, extend, enlarge," from Proto-Germanic *rumijanan (cf. Old Saxon rumian, Old Norse ryma, Old Frisian rema, Old High German rumen "to make room, widen"), from *rumaz "spacious" (see room (n.)). Slang meaning "to cheat, swindle" first recorded 1914; anal sex sense is from 1942. To ream (someone) out "scold, reprimand" is recorded from 1950.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
Slang definitions & phrases for ream
Expand
ream
verb
(also rim) To cheat; swindle, esp by unfair business practice; screw : A new technique for reaming the customers (1914+)
(also ream out) To rebuke harshly; bawl someone out , chew someone out : I've seen him just ream guys out for not getting the job done (WWII armed forces)
(also rim) To stimulate the anus, either orally or with the penis (1942+ Homosexuals)
The Dictionary of American Slang, Fourth Edition by Barbara Ann Kipfer, PhD. and Robert L. Chapman, Ph.D.
Copyright (C) 2007 by HarperCollins Publishers.
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What does the term 'ad infinitum' mean? | What does ad infinitum mean?
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Ad infinitum
Ad infinitum is a Latin phrase meaning "to infinity" or "forevermore". In context, it usually means "continue forever, without limit" and thus can be used to describe a non-terminating process, a non-terminating repeating process, or a set of instructions to be repeated "forever," among other uses. It may also be used in a manner similar to the Latin phrase "et cetera" to denote written words or a concept that continues for a lengthy period beyond what is shown. Examples include: ⁕"The sequence 1, 2, 3, ... continues ad infinitum." ⁕"The perimeter of a fractal may be iteratively drawn ad infinitum." ⁕The 17th century writer Jonathan Swift wrote lightheartedly the idea of self-similarity in natural philosophy with the following lines in his poem "On Poetry: A Rhapsody": ⁕The Victorian era mathematician Augustus De Morgan expanded on this with a similar verse: This text is part of the nursery rhyme The Siphonaptera.
Numerology
EMEASOBA GEORGE :
Do nothing for prosperity's sake. Rather, do everything you have to do for the sake of the posterity (all future generations ahead). Because, anything done for prosperity's sake don't last perpetually most times or rather it is not often impactful. But interestingly, whatever that is done for posterity's sake is ever impactful and will surely last perpetually. I mean, anything done for the sake of the posterity will surely be remembered and celebrated globally throughout the future generations ahead. Thus, do you have the gift of writing? If yes, then never write and publish for prosperity's sake. Instead, endeavour to write and publish for posterity. Note: anything written and published for posterity's sake will surely be read throughout the future generations ahead. In fact, I (personally) have been writing and publishing for posterity, I'm still writing and publishing for posterity and I will for life write and publish for posterity. Now, that's why the posterity in question will surely and eventually remember me and celebrate me too perpetually as a great man, writer, motivator, inspirator and author by virtue of my thought-provoking quotes, insights, motivations, inspirations and my upcoming books. Oh! yes, my thought-provoking quotes, insights, motivations, inspirations and my upcoming books will surely be read, assimilated, shared, celebrated or criticized throughout the posterity ahead (all future generations) i.e. ad infinitum (endlessly, forever, never endingly). You can bet your bottom dollar. ~Emeasoba George
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Translations for ad infinitum
| Forever |
Dermatitis is a disease affecting what? | ad infinitum - definition of ad infinitum in English | Oxford Dictionaries
Definition of ad infinitum in English:
ad infinitum
Again and again in the same way; forever:
‘registration is for seven years and may be renewed ad infinitum’
More example sentences
‘It is their arrogance that guarantees their failures (or limited success) will repeat ad infinitum.’
‘The good doctor says that if you print money ad infinitum, the market will go up and the dollar will go down.’
Synonyms
forever, for ever and ever, evermore, always, for all time, till the end of time, in perpetuity
perpetually, eternally, endlessly, interminably, unceasingly, unendingly, everlastingly
for evermore, forever more
forevermore
in perpetuum
until the cows come home, until the twelfth of never, until hell freezes over, until doomsday, until kingdom come
for aye
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assistent
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ignorent
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presant
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employmant
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settlemant
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What does a 'misogynist' hate? | How To Tell If Your Guy Is A Misogynist | Lifescript.com
This article has been written by an outside contributor. It has not been reviewed by the LifeScript editorial staff for accuracy.
How To Tell If Your Guy Is A Misogynist
Men Who Hate Women And How To Get Rid Of Them
By Stephanie Tallman Smith
9 Ways to Date Your Mate
Taken from the Greek miso, to hate, and gyne, for woman, misogyny literally translates into “woman hater.” Would you recognize misogynists in your life? Read on for signs…
Even in an era of equal rights and shifting gender roles, misogyny still exists. Commonly used to describe men who hate women, the last place you’d expect to find a modern-day misogynist is in a solid relationship. How can someone who loves you, respects you and trusts you be a misogynist?
Although many misogynists are in monogamous relationships, they’re not truly committed because they can’t be.
Their underlying feelings of superiority over women, disdain for the feminine mind, jealousy over women’s successes or just women in general are constant barriers to true intimacy and commitment.
How can you tell if your man is a misogynist? Read on.
Saints and Sinners
Also called the virgin/whore complex, does your guy classify all women as either a saint or a sinner? A common trait among misogynists is to label a woman as either “good” or “bad” and treat her accordingly.
How did he react the first time he met your friends? Was he instantly turned off by most of them, and did he encourage you, perhaps subtly at first, to get rid of them? If so, consider that the first warning sign.
Misogynists will often exert their women-hating tendencies by trying to eliminate or reduce the number of women in their lives. He has his reasons for wanting to be with you, but that doesn’t mean he has to share you with friends.
While it might seem odd that a misogynist forms a relationship to begin with, even misogynists can connect with women because deep down they’re still men, still human and have emotional and physical needs.
However, just because he wants to sleep with you doesn’t mean he views you as his equal.
Under his seemingly charming exterior, he may still believe that you’re beneath him, that he’s somehow entitled to his relationship with you and that you’re just a sexual object to him.
The Control Freak
Misogynists believe they’re in control of the relationship and can dictate everything from how you wear your hair to what time dinner will be served and what movie you’ll see.
They’ll often begin with gentle teasing, then cajoling, before slowly moving on to insults and ridicule to get you to change your behavior or appearance. Listen carefully to his “suggestions.”
“He’s trying to get you to be who you’re not,” says Los Angeles-based psychotherapist Stacy Kaiser. “One day you wake up, and you’re like, ‘Where did I go? I don’t even know what I like to eat anymore!’”
Sure, it’s normal for a man to have preferences. But if your guy continually presses the matter, gets angry when you tell him no or takes steps to implement the change behind your back, he may be a misogynist.
“With a control freak, you have to give up more and more of your separate experiences, separate activities, separate friends,” says Mark Rogers, Ph.D., an Irving, Texas, relationship coach who works with Dr. Phil. “And then it goes deeper to separate thoughts and feelings until you're emotionally micromanaged. And that’ll kill you.”
It’s All Your Fault
Misogynists blame women for everything that goes wrong in their relationship and life.
It is your fault if he doesn’t get the promotion he has been waiting for because you didn’t press his shirt before the interview? Or did you forget to quiz him on the possible questions?
It’s not important what you did or didn’t do; what’s important is his unfair and incessant blaming.
Women in love with misogynists find themselves apologizing for everything and walking on eggshells most of the time.
Should you be on the receiving end of the blame-game day in and day out, seriously evaluate what it is about your guy that makes you want to stay even one more minute.
Yours is Mine, Mine is Mine
Does your guy punish you by withholding intimacy, money, love or approval because you’ve done something to “offend” him?
This is a final warning sign that you’re with a misogynist, and you need to find a way out.
Misogynists will often use affection as a weapon against women in order to teach them a lesson, or worse, put them in their place.
If you don’t behave like they want, or do something to upset them, a misogynist will typically give you the silent treatment and pout like a petulant child.
He also may refuse to do something he has already agreed to do, not allow you access to money or withdraw from intimacy until such time as he feels you’ve sufficiently repented.
“He doesn’t care what you have to say,” Rogers says. “He may listen, but only long enough to prepare for his next persuasive statement.”
Watch Out for Prince Charming
Depending on how long you’ve been with your misogynistic guy, getting away from the relationship may be difficult. On the surface, he may really care about you.
Tell him you’re leaving and he may feign surprise or even cry
You need to be strong and remember that love is an equal partnership. Love is compromise. Love is giving in when the issue is more important to your mate than it is to you. Love is not winning at all costs, but making sure each of you gets a chance to swing at the ball.
Be prepared for an outpouring of love and affection. Misogynists can turn the charm on and off like a switch.
He may bring you flowers or whisk you away on a romantic vacation or second honeymoon.
He may even modify his behavior long enough for you to believe he has truly changed.
But don’t be fooled. Misogyny is an inherent trait. Deeply ingrained in the psyche of who he is, he can’t change his core beliefs or hatred for women in general.
Being in love with a misogynist is painfully challenging. He loves you, he hates you, he blames you. You’re on a constant roller coaster of emotions during the relationship.
You deserve a man who loves you for you, doesn’t try to change you and most importantly, doesn’t try to control you. You’re the only person who should be in control of you.
Are You in an Abusive Relationship?
How bad does it have to get before you say enough is enough? An abusive relationship saps your energy, strips away your dignity and can be physically dangerous to you and your family. If this sounds like your relationship and you need help breaking away, read Are You in an Abusive Relationship?
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Feather/s worn as an adornment is known as what? | Why do misogynists hate women? - Quora
Quora
Why do misogynists hate women?
Any specific reasons?
Written Apr 10, 2015
Because this is a very heated topic I almost chose to remain anonymous. I decided not to. I will still try to remain as objective as possible.
The exact reasons vary by person, but I would have to at some point cover a lot of reasons Quora User covers. The main one being resentment.
I would like to focus on resentment into two parts:
Resentment Because of Male Behaviors
Resentment Because of Female Behaviors
Resentment in this case doesn't happen entirely on one end or the other. The problem lies somewhat in the middle.
That's right, it's the joint fault of both men and women.
The BIG Issue
The big issue nobody wants to talk about problem is that both sides live in a bubble (tribalism basically) of their own beliefs and don't know how to communicate properly to the opposite sex at all. Every problem that exist between men and women is amplified because of this. It leaves a lot of people, both man and woman, feeling remorse towards the opposite sex.
I see it often. Groups of men telling each other how their women were emotionally damaging to them, and how I sometimes overhear women talking about how horrible men are. It happens all the time, and it's painful to hear each time. I want to cover each topic I hear people complain about and get a generalization of how each sex feels about the situation. Therefore it wont really be bias.
For those that don't want to read the entire response. The overall gist is that Misogynist feel like they have no worth with women after repeated emotional, and now economic assaults.
Love & Acceptance/Rejection
Everybody wants to feel loved and accepted in their own way, yet many are not. Many people are often rejected, and the situation of rejection varies lot, but here are some ways I see things happen.
For Women
Many girls hang along side amazing guys that they eventually get a crush on. When the girl musters up enough courage to confess the the guy they like, they are usually seen as overly aggressive and rejected as a result. They're "friend-zoned". I don't think this situation is common, but I'm not a girl. I could be very wrong.
The more common sign of rejection I hear from women is the "he cheated on me" type of rejection. This is drastic measure, yet again the more common type I hear. Men have their reasons for doing this, I'll discuss later in this response. Because of this type of rejection, a lot of women can end up resenting men.
Some women aren't approached from the start. My visits to the bay area proved this well enough. There it feels like a middle school dance. A lot of men hang around only men, and the same is for women. Because of the lack of familiarity men don't approach. A clearer example of this is within an article written by Megan McDowell -- Is San Francisco actually the worst place for single women?
For Men
Rejection for men is a big one. So expect to read a lot.
Men are forced to be the initiators for everything in relationships because of society's standards. We aren't supposed to have any feeling of hesitation, no fear of doing things, no timidness, just certainty. In society, men are supposed to be seen as white knights, and it's stressful to many guys who would love to just have an amazing girl around to accept them and grow alongside them.
When a man with not much success with women finally musters enough courage to go up and talk to a girl is rejected, this can contribute to a constant chain of more rejection, which can weigh heavy on a guy's emotions -- not often considered or talked about.
Now imagine this happening daily or weekly for years on end in many different forms. Different forms like "friend-zoned" after an extended period of time, being turned away because of another seemingly better guy, being told no directly because of no initial attraction, or losing attraction mid-date constantly. It leaves many men feeling worthless. For that they feel resent from a self-feeding cycle.
That feeling can be amplified even further when the rejected guy sees women fall head-over-hills for the same guys that cheat and beat on them.
Don't believe me? Head over to the Bay Area. I see plenty of smart, wealthy, geeky and generally good looking guys that are terrified about interacting with women.
The problem isn't that women there are bad -- women in that area are smarter, more well rounded, prettier, and funner to be around. It's just that men there (smart and newly transformed geeks) have been so traumatized by girls in the past that they can't see past their own mental fog and resentment to figure that out.
So many have developed brogrammer culture and don't ask women out as a self-esteem defense mechanism.
In short: Misogynists feel like they don't have worth or belonging with the opposite sex.
Jobs and Economics
Everybody needs money to follow their dreams in modern society. So this makes for a heavy topic. As a man, you could say that I'm privileged. I'm black though, so that privilege extends only so far (2% - 3% in the tech world if I recall correctly).
For Women
Women are feeling very left out in both the number of prospects they have and the pay of those prospects. Therefore they feel like they can't provide for themselves, and possibly their families.
For Men
The men who are supposed to socially function as the white knight within their families are feeling threatened that their positions could be taken. Giving many men the feeling that they'll be potentially seen as worthless within their family. That's about it job wise.
In short: Misogynists don't want to lose their worth as a provider. Because of society's standards, they're terrified of that idea.
As for economics. Many men that already don't feel any worth with the opposite sex feel used when they do start making money. It's reasonable, I do hear a lot about women seducing men to gather some economic control over them. It's sad to see. That adds to resentment.
Though if both women and men had similar earning potential I think it would happen less often.
Family
This is where many feminist and misogynist are formed in the first place.
It all started with some sort of abuse from some parent or other family member (mental, physical, emotional). I'm not a misogynist, but I can say that I subconsciously see women in a more negative light because of issues with the vast majority of women in my immediate family (grandmother, aunt, mother, sister, all step moms). I was not very secure around them. . Not gonna go much further than that with my personal issues.
If a man feels secure around all of the women in his family, he'll likely feel secure around most other women. Otherwise, he wont and will less likely become a misogynist. Same with women. If a women feels very secure with men in her family, she's less likely to become feminist. Sure there's a lot of issues that could happen away from a person's family, but it definitely creates the initial seed for most cases.
Emotional Stress
Life is a struggle. Because both men and women have issues communicating this one simple idea, we make each others' lives difficult. Seeing emotions have the most weight in people's decision making process, I wanted to save this section for last.
For Men
Men have higher rates of heart attacks, cancer and suicides compared to women. Even when women statistically have more mental problems. Because depression is a common risk factor for both of them (especially suicide), it's reasonable to say that men are more depressed (not flawless logic).
Because of societal standards, many men aren't allowed to talk about the stress they experience so they involve themselves in self-destructive behavior, cheating (thought to be the main cause of cancer), violence and makes them die faster from the inside out than women ever do.
I know many men that see feminist and say "How dare they take everything of worth from me?" (or some variant), usually thinking this while stressed to hell and their hearts ripping itself apart.
This is the point where men become seriously misogynistic.
For Women
My mom was single. She struggled with providing for me and my sister, and it stressed her to max as well.
Her lack of access to things while raising us made her more feministic (not extreme).
I think that's it. I tried to go in depth as much as I could. This might have been too long for most, but I've been thinking about this a lot. Overall, I come back to the same statement as before. Both men and women are polarized about what they want, and nobody wants to listen and properly communicate.
Updated Jun 3, 2015
Oh, this is so tangled, complicated, and ugly. But I believe that for heterosexual male misogynists (the vast majority) in Western countries, the key is resentment.
A lot of male misogynists seem to believe that women claim (or at least accept) all kinds of special treatment and then get offended when they are not accorded full equality.
Some male misogynists do not or cannot (and/or do not want to) see the cloud of male privilege that they live in, and resent women for calling it to their attention.
Some male misogynists are or have been mistreated by their mothers, wives, or other women and ascribe the faults of those women more widely to all women.
Some male misogynists are very focused on the economics of personal relationships, have an exaggerated fear of "gold diggers," and have a tendency to assume that most or all women are primarily venal, just looking for an affluent guy to support their shoe habit.[1]
Some male misogynists are very susceptible to beautiful women, and they hate and fear women because they are aware of this weakness and the possibility that women might exploit it to the misogynists' disadvantage.
Some male misogynists can't seem to get laid because of personality disorders or for some other reason, and this frustration fuels their resentment against all women, not just the ones they can't have. Of course the frustration and resentment combine to make them even less appealing to future desired partners, and the downward spiral continues.
I think, basically, most male misogynists regard the world as a zero sum game, where they are in competition with women for scarce economic, professional, and social resources, and they fear/resent women because of the misogynists' own desire and weakness for them. As with all privileges, those on the outside have a much clearer view of the privilege than those who enjoy the privilege, and so these men are hyperaware of the various social niceties that benefit women (like the custom of giving up one's seat on a bus to a pregnant woman), while remaining oblivious to the enormous privilege they enjoy as men in society. They are determined not to be taken advantage of, and it seems to them that the best way to do that is to remind themselves at every opportunity that women are not as good as men, and not to be trusted.
[1] I'd like to state for the record that I support my own shoe habit, thank you very much.
Written Aug 25, 2013
There is a considerable fraction of humanity that for a very considerable fraction of human history, has considered that being a male has inherent privileges and advantages, such as physical strength, or presumed higher intelligence, and hat being born female is plain bad luck, because women have the burden of bearing children and of having to tend to men. Being female is considered a weakness. The root of most human hatreds is fear, and the weak or presumed weak (as well as the diseased and the old) are often feared and despised; this fear is a basic fear of losing your privileges, your power, whether it is male privileges or youth and health privileges, etc.
I have to add that there are male as well as female misogynists. Stephanie Vardavas has written an excellent answer to some of the reasons behind the misogynistic thoughts and attitudes of some heterosexual men. Women who are misogynistic have often bought into the power imbalance as an unchangeable fact of life, and feel that if they form an alliance with men, by tending to their desires and espousing their worldview, they will be more powerful than other women because they will have the protection of the naturally powerful: men.
Written Jun 12, 2014
I sometimes feel this occurs among younger men, the 19 through 32 demographic more becuase they feel that the success they once had "privelage" to is being split up between minority interests (women included). They are people that use the term reverse discrimation. The theory is that women and minorities are being propelled to succeed while boys are taught from birth that success is literally being stolen from them by society at large.
This is frequent among MRA's who insist that women by being feminists are denying men thier proper rights. They also seem to think that because women are gaining rights, that if anyone gain rights, it is always at some group's expense.
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If you are studying acoustics, what are you studying? | Acoustic GUITAR MUSIC Relaxing Background Classical Instrumental for Studying Study Songs slow soft - YouTube
Acoustic GUITAR MUSIC Relaxing Background Classical Instrumental for Studying Study Songs slow soft
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Published on Feb 17, 2013
Acoustic GUITAR MUSIC Relaxing Background Classical Instrumental for Studying Study Songs Playlist slow soft
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| Sound |
What cooking term is used if you are cooking just below boiling point? | Acoustic Engineering Degree Program Information
Acoustic Engineering Degree Program Information
Acoustic Engineering Degree Program Information
While degree programs in acoustic engineering are rare, some schools offer master's degrees on the topic. The most commonly offered degree in this field is the Master of Engineering (M.Eng.).
Show me popular schools
Essential Information
Most Master of Engineering programs are part of either a mechanical or an electrical engineering department. Acoustical engineering programs are interdisciplinary, combining coursework in engineering with classes in mathematics and science.
Applicants must hold a bachelor's degree in engineering, mathematics, or physical science to qualify for most acoustical engineering master's degree programs. Students also must understand advanced mathematics, physics, and engineering computer software. Programs usually require applicants to submit official undergraduate transcripts and Graduate Record Examination (GRE) scores.
Master of Engineering
Students in acoustical engineering master's degree programs learn to manage the vibrations that cause sound. Programs emphasize how sound travels through air, water, and solid matter. Students often gain practical experience manipulating sound movement. The courses below are usually offered:
Acoustics theory
| i don't know |
A 'xenophobe' dislikes or is afraid of what? | Xenophobia - GoMentor.com
Xenophobia
Xenophobia
While fear of the unknown is a common and understandable part of life, xenophobia is defined as an intense fear of strangers or foreigners. It often has extremely negative connotations, with historical and political undertones that many, if not most, people find distasteful. However, as a phobia, it can be examined scientifically as just something else than can cause extreme fear in people. When examining the condition from this perspective, a conversation about it can become less of a history lesson and more of a helpful therapy session that can help sufferers conquer their fear and develop a more open mind.
Symptoms of Xenophobia
People who suffer from xenophobia display an intense fear or dislike of people they do not understand or people they find strange. This fear can be intensified by racial, social, or religious differences, making the sufferer seem ignorant or biased when the real source of their behavior is a fear that they do not understand or know how to control. Sufferers will often go out of their way to avoid strangers or people of different races, ethnicities, or religions. They unconsciously identify the object of their fear as foreign – something that they believe to be disliked by the general public even when this is not the case.
Dangers of Xenophobia
Extreme xenophobia can lead to a general isolation of a person or even a group of persons. Also, a xenophobic person will almost always come off as bigoted in some way to non-sufferers, creating an even more isolated world view. While xenophobia does not start off as racism or bigotry exactly, it can easily morph into these without education and treatment. This is why treatment for xenophobia is recommended if the symptoms appear.
Treatment for Xenophobia
Treatment for xenophobia tends to be a bit more complicated than many other phobias. Education is a key factor in helping people overcome their xenophobic tendencies, and you can find therapists on GoMentor.com who are well versed on plenty of subjects that can help you understand where these fears are coming from. With therapy and an open mind, xenophobics can learn to expand their horizons and face their fears to find that maybe, the people they fear aren’t so very different from themselves after all.
Definition of Xenophobia
Xenophobia is defined as a severe fear of strangers or foreigners. Both online counseling and therapy are possible to help with all the symptoms and dangers of xenophobia.
Symptoms of / Reasons for Xenophobia
The avoidance of people seen as foreign
An unwillingness to keep an open mind about people they do not understand
Often generalized or ill-educated opinions and stereotypes about a culture or group of people
Related articles
| Strangers |
A formal agreement enforceable by law is what? | Vocabulary A-Z: Xenophobia
Also Xenophobe, Xenophobic
Xenophobia is the irrational fear of strangers or people from abroad. A strong dislike of people from other countries. It can also be a fear of things that are foreign or strange. It is used by the journalists to mean racism. It comes from the ancient Greek xenos meaning foreign or strange and phobos meaning fear.
A xenophobe is a person who holds foreigners or strangers in deep contempt. A person who despises strangers. And xenophobic is the adjective that describes this attitude.
For example: The Nazi party was a xenophobic organization.
(reporter) There were many skinheads who took part in a xenophobic demonstration today.
Xenophobes tend to be closed to new ideas.
Transcript:
X is for Xenophobia. A noun, an uncountable noun that means the fear of strangers. The fear of people from other places. So for example: At the moment in Europe xenophobia is very strong. People are afraid of people from other countries. Notice the adjective xenophobic, or a person a xenophobe. OK. This comes from the Ancient Greek, xeno from another place and phobia fear of. So there you are, xenophobia, the fear of people from other countries. Thanks for watching the video and I'll see you in another. Bye for now.
| i don't know |
What six letter 'B' word means Violation of a law or contract? | Breach | Define Breach at Dictionary.com
breach
the act or a result of breaking; break or rupture.
2.
an infraction or violation, as of a law, trust, faith, or promise.
3.
a gap made in a wall, fortification, line of soldiers, etc.; rift; fissure.
4.
a severance of friendly relations.
5.
the leap of a whale above the surface of the water.
6.
Archaic. the breaking of waves; the dashing of surf.
7.
to make a breach or opening in.
9.
to break or act contrary to (a law, promise, etc.).
verb (used without object)
10.
(of a whale) to leap partly or completely out of the water, head first, and land on the back or belly with a resounding splash.
Origin of breach
before 1000; Middle English breche, Old English bræc breaking; see break
Related forms
breach, breech (see synonym study at the current entry)
Synonyms
See more synonyms on Thesaurus.com
1. fracture. 2. Breach, infraction, violation, transgression all denote in some way the breaking of a rule or law or the upsetting of a normal and desired state. Breach is used infrequently in reference to laws or rules, more often in connection with desirable conditions or states of affairs: a breach of the peace, of good manners, of courtesy. Infraction most often refers to clearly formulated rules or laws: an infraction of the criminal code, of university regulations, of a labor contract. Violation, a stronger term than either of the preceding two, often suggests intentional, even forceful or aggressive, refusal to obey the law or to respect the rights of others: repeated violations of parking regulations; a human rights violation. Transgression, with its root sense of “a stepping across (of a boundary of some sort),” applies to any behavior that exceeds the limits imposed by a law, especially a moral law, a commandment, or an order; it often implies sinful behavior: a serious transgression of social customs, of God's commandments. 3. crack, rent, opening. 4. alienation, split, rift, schism, separation; dissension.
Dictionary.com Unabridged
(intransitive) (of a whale) to break clear of the water
Word Origin
Old English bræc; influenced by Old French brèche, from Old High German brecha, from brechan to break
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for breach
Expand
n.
Old English bryce "breach, fracture, a breaking," from brecan (see break ), influenced by Old French breche "breach, opening, gap," from Frankish; both from Proto-Germanic *brecho, *bræko "broken," from PIE root *bhreg- "to break" (see fraction ). Figurative sense of "a breaking of rules, etc." was in Old English Breach of contract is at least from 1660s.
v.
1570s, from breach (n.). Related: Breached; breaching.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
breach in the Bible
Expand
an opening in a wall (1 Kings 11:27; 2 Kings 12:5); the fracture of a limb (Lev. 24:20), and hence the expression, "Heal, etc." (Ps. 60:2). Judg. 5:17, a bay or harbour; R.V., "by his creeks."
Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary
| Breach |
What do the Americans call the game of draughts? | Law - definition of law by The Free Dictionary
Law - definition of law by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/law
1. A rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority.
2.
a. The body of rules and principles governing the affairs of a community and enforced by a political authority; a legal system: international law.
b. The condition of social order and justice created by adherence to such a system: a breakdown of law and civilized behavior.
3. A set of rules or principles dealing with a specific area of a legal system: tax law; criminal law.
4.
a. A statute, ordinance, or other rule enacted by a legislature.
b. A judicially established legal requirement; a precedent.
5.
a. The system of judicial administration giving effect to the laws of a community: All citizens are equal before the law.
b. Legal action or proceedings; litigation: submit a dispute to law.
c. An impromptu or extralegal system of justice substituted for established judicial procedure: frontier law.
6.
a. An agency or agent responsible for enforcing the law. Often used with the: "The law ... stormed out of the woods as the vessel was being relieved of her cargo" (Sid Moody).
b. Informal A police officer. Often used with the.
7.
a. The science and study of law; jurisprudence.
b. Knowledge of law.
c. The profession of an attorney.
8. Something, such as an order or a dictum, having absolute or unquestioned authority: The commander's word was law.
9. Law
a. A body of principles or precepts held to express the divine will, especially as revealed in the Bible.
b. The first five books of the Hebrew Scriptures.
10. A code of principles based on morality, conscience, or nature.
11.
a. A rule or custom generally established in a particular domain: the unwritten laws of good sportsmanship.
b. A way of life: the law of the jungle.
12.
a. A statement describing a relationship observed to be invariable between or among phenomena for all cases in which the specified conditions are met: the law of gravity.
b. A generalization based on consistent experience or results: the law of supply and demand.
13. Mathematics A general principle or rule that is assumed or that has been proven to hold between expressions.
14. A principle of organization, procedure, or technique: the laws of grammar; the laws of visual perspective.
Idioms:
A totally independent operator: An executive who is a law unto herself.
take the law into (one's) own hands
To mete out justice as one sees fit without due recourse to law enforcement agencies or the courts.
[Middle English, from Old English lagu, from Old Norse *lagu, variant of lag, that which is laid down; see legh- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.]
law
(lɔː)
n
1. (Law) a rule or set of rules, enforceable by the courts, regulating the government of a state, the relationship between the organs of government and the subjects of the state, and the relationship or conduct of subjects towards each other
2. (Law)
a. a rule or body of rules made by the legislature. See statute law
b. a rule or body of rules made by a municipal or other authority. See bylaw
3. (Law)
a. the condition and control enforced by such rules
b. (in combination): lawcourt.
4. a rule of conduct: a law of etiquette.
5. one of a set of rules governing a particular field of activity: the laws of tennis.
6. (Law) the legal or judicial system
7. (Law) the profession or practice of law
8. informal the police or a policeman
9. a binding force or statement: his word is law.
10. Also called: law of nature a generalization based on a recurring fact or event
11. (Law) the science or knowledge of law; jurisprudence
12. (Law) the principles originating and formerly applied only in courts of common law. Compare equity 3
13. a general principle, formula, or rule describing a phenomenon in mathematics, science, philosophy, etc: the laws of thermodynamics.
14. (Judaism) the Law (capital) Judaism
b. the English term for Torah See also Oral Law , Written Law
15. a law unto itself a law unto himself a person or thing that is outside established laws
16. (Law) go to law to resort to legal proceedings on some matter
17. lay down the law to speak in an authoritative or dogmatic manner
18. (Judaism) reading the Law reading of the Law Judaism that part of the morning service on Sabbaths, festivals, and Mondays and Thursdays during which a passage is read from the Torah scrolls
19. take the law into one's own hands to ignore or bypass the law when redressing a grievance
[Old English lagu, from Scandinavian; compare Icelandic lög (pl) things laid down, law]
law
(Physical Geography) Scot a hill, esp one rounded in shape
[Old English hlǣw]
a Scot word for low 1
Law
(lɔː)
n
1. (Biography) Andrew Bonar (ˈbɒnə). 1858–1923, British Conservative statesman, born in Canada; prime minister (1922–23)
2. (Biography) Denis. born 1940, Scottish footballer; a striker, he played for Manchester United (1962–73) and Scotland (30 goals in 55 games, 1958–74); European Footballer of the Year (1964)
3. (Biography) John. 1671–1729, Scottish financier. He founded the first bank in France (1716) and the Mississippi Scheme for the development of Louisiana (1717), which collapsed due to excessive speculation
4. (Biography) Jude. born 1972, British film actor, who starred in The Talented Mr Ripley (1999), Cold Mountain (2003), and Sherlock Holmes (2009)
5. (Biography) William. 1686–1761, British Anglican divine, best known for A Serious Call to a Holy and Devout Life (1728)
law
(lɔ)
n.
1. the principles and regulations established by a government or other authority and applicable to a people, whether by legislation or by custom enforced by judicial decision.
2. any written or positive rule or collection of rules prescribed under the authority of the state or nation, as by the people in its constitution.
3. a system or collection of such rules.
4. the condition of society brought about by observance of such rules: maintaining law and order.
5. the field of knowledge concerned with these rules; jurisprudence: to study law.
6. the body of such rules concerned with a particular subject: commercial law; tax law.
7. an act of the highest legislative body of a state or nation.
8. the profession that deals with law and legal procedure: to practice law.
9. legal action; litigation: to go to law.
10. an agent or agency that enforces the law, esp. the police: The law arrived to quell the riot.
11. any rule or injunction that must be obeyed.
12. a rule or principle of proper conduct sanctioned by conscience, concepts of natural justice, or the will of a deity: a moral law.
13. a rule or manner of behavior that is instinctive or spontaneous: the law of self-preservation.
14. (in philosophy, science, etc.)
a. a statement of a relation or sequence of phenomena invariable under the same conditions.
b. a mathematical rule.
15. a principle based on the predictable consequences of an act, condition, etc.: the law of supply and demand.
16. a rule, principle, or convention regarded as governing the structure or the relationship of an element in the structure of something, as of a language or work of art: the laws of grammar.
17. a commandment or a revelation from God.
18. (sometimes cap.) a divinely appointed order or system.
19. the Law, Law of Moses.
20. the preceptive part of the Bible, esp. of the New Testament, in contradistinction to its promises: the law of Christ.
v.i.
21. to institute legal action; sue.
v.t.
22. Chiefly Dial. to sue or prosecute.
Idioms:
1. be a law to or unto oneself, to act independently or unconventionally, esp. without regard for established mores.
2. lay down the law, to issue orders imperiously.
3. take the law into one's own hands, to administer justice as one sees fit without recourse to legal processes.
[before 1000; Middle English law(e),lagh(e), Old English lagu < Old Norse *lagu, early pl. of lag layer, laying in order]
Law
John, 1671–1729, Scottish financier.
law
(lô)
A statement that describes what will happen in all cases under a specified set of conditions. Laws describe an invariable relationship among phenomena. Boyle's law, for instance, describes what will happen to the volume of a gas if its pressure changes and its temperature remains the same. See Note at hypothesis .
Law
1. the condition of blameworthiness, criminality, censurability.
2. Obsolete, guilt. — culpable, adj.
Archaic. 1. the act of disinheriting.
2. the condition of being disinherited.
1. a specialist in law relating to the feudal system.
2. a person who holds or Iets land under the provisions of the feudal system.
1. law as a science or philosophy.
2. a system of laws or a particular branch of law. — jurisprudent, adj.
1. the art of drafting laws.
2. a treatise on the drawing up of laws. — nomographer, n. — nomographic, adj.
1. the writer of a complete code of the laws of a country.
2. the writer of a complete digest of materials on a subject.
1. a lawyer whose practice is of a small or petty character; a lawyer of little importance.
2. a shyster lawyer. — pettifoggery, n.
squatterism
1. the state or practice of being a squatter, or one who settles on government land, thereby establishing ownership.
2. the state or practice of settling in vacant or abandoned property, either for shelter or in an attempt to establish ownership. — squatter, n.
1. the condition of land tenure of a vassal.
2. the fief or lands held.
Law
See Also: LAWYERS
Corpuses, statutes, rights and equities are passed on like congenital disease —Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Exact laws, like all the other ultimates and absolutes, are as fabulous as the crock of gold at the rainbow’s end —G. N. Lewis
Going to law is like skinning a new milk cow for the hide, and giving the meat to the lawyers —Josh Billings
The original in Billings’ popular dialect form reads as follows: “Going tew law iz like skinning a new milch … .tew the lawyers.”
Great cases like hard cases make bad law —Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.
Justice Holmes expanded on his simile as follows: “For great cases are called great not by reason of their real importance in shaping the law of the future but because of some accident of immediate overwhelming interest which appeals to the feelings and distorts the judgment.”
Law is a bottomless pit —John Arbuthnot
Arbuthnot continues as follows: “It is a cormorant, a harpy that devours everything!”
Law is a form of order, and good law must necessarily mean good order —Aristotle
The law is a sort of hocus-pocus science, that smiles in your face while it picks your pocket —Charles Macklin
The law is like apparel which alters with the time —Sir John Doddridge
Law is like pregnancy, a little of either being a dangerous thing —Robert Traver
The law often dances like an old fishwife in wooden shoes, with little grace and less dispatch —George Garrett
In Garrett’s historical novel, Death of the Fox, this simile is voiced by Sir Francis Bacon.
Laws and institutions … like clocks, they must be occasionally cleansed, and wound up, and set to true time —Henry Ward Beecher
(Written) laws are like spiders’ webs; they hold the weak and delicate who might be caught in their meshes, but are torn in pieces by the rich and powerful —Anarchis
The spiders’ web comparison to the law has been much used and modified. Here are some examples: “Laws, like cobwebs, entangle the weak, but are broken by the strong;” “Laws are like spiders’ webs, so that the great buzzing bees break through, and the little feeble flies hang fast in them” (Henry Smith); “Laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps and hornets break through” (Jonathan Swift); “Laws, like cobwebs, catch small flies, great ones break through before your eyes” (Benjamin Franklin); “Laws, like the spider’s web, catch the fly and let the hawk go free” (Spanish proverb).
Law should be like death, which spares no one —Charles de Secondat Montesquieu
Laws, like houses, lean on one another —Edmund Burke
Laws should be like clothes. They should fit the people they are meant to serve —Clarence Darrow
Laws wise as nature, and as fixed as fate —Alexander Pope
Legal as a Supreme Court decision —Anon
Legal studies … sharpen, indeed, but like a grinding stone narrow whilst they sharpen —Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Liked law because it was a system like a jigsaw puzzle, whose pieces, if you studied them long enough, all fell into place —Will Weaver
The science of legislation is like that of medicine in one respect, that it is far more easy to point out what will do harm than what will do good —Charles Caleb Colton
Suits at court are like winter nights, long and wearisome —Thomas Deloney
To try a case twice is like eating yesterday morning’s oatmeal —Lloyd Paul Stryker
See Also: REPETITION , STALENESS
Violations of the law, like viruses, are present all the time. Everybody does them. Whether or not they produce a disease, or a prosecution, is a function of the body politic —Anon quote, New York Times/Washington Talk, November 28, 1986
law
A rule describing certain natural observable phenomena or the relationship between effects of variable quantities.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Noun
1.
law - the collection of rules imposed by authority; "civilization presupposes respect for the law"; "the great problem for jurisprudence to allow freedom while enforcing order"
jurisprudence
impounding , impoundment , internment , poundage - placing private property in the custody of an officer of the law
award , awarding - a grant made by a law court; "he criticized the awarding of compensation by the court"
appointment - (law) the act of disposing of property by virtue of the power of appointment; "she allocated part of the trust to her church by appointment"
remit , remitment , remission - (law) the act of remitting (especially the referral of a law case to another court)
novation - (law) the replacement of one obligation by another by mutual agreement of both parties; usually the replacement of one of the original parties to a contract with the consent of the remaining party
subrogation - (law) the act of substituting of one creditor for another
disbarment - the act of expelling a lawyer from the practice of law
chance-medley - an unpremeditated killing of a human being in self defense
derogation - (law) the partial taking away of the effectiveness of a law; a partial repeal or abolition of a law; "any derogation of the common law is to be strictly construed"
recission , rescission - (law) the act of rescinding; the cancellation of a contract and the return of the parties to the positions they would have had if the contract had not been made; "recission may be brought about by decree or by mutual consent"
abatement of a nuisance , nuisance abatement - (law) the removal or termination or destruction of something that has been found to be a nuisance
production - (law) the act of exhibiting in a court of law; "the appellate court demanded the production of all documents"
practice of law , law - the learned profession that is mastered by graduate study in a law school and that is responsible for the judicial system; "he studied law at Yale"
law practice - the practice of law
civil wrong , tort - (law) any wrongdoing for which an action for damages may be brought
juvenile delinquency , delinquency - an antisocial misdeed in violation of the law by a minor
comparative negligence - (law) negligence allocated between the plaintiff and the defendant with a corresponding reduction in damages paid to the plaintiff
concurrent negligence - (law) negligence of two of more persons acting independently; the plaintiff may sue both together or separately
contributory negligence - (law) behavior by the plaintiff that contributes to the harm resulting from the defendant's negligence; "in common law any degree of contributory negligence would bar the plaintiff from collecting damages"
criminal negligence , culpable negligence - (law) recklessly acting without reasonable caution and putting another person at risk of injury or death (or failing to do something with the same consequences)
neglect of duty - (law) breach of a duty
barratry - the offense of vexatiously persisting in inciting lawsuits and quarrels
champerty - an unethical agreement between an attorney and client that the attorney would sue and pay the costs of the client's suit in return for a portion of the damages awarded; "soliciting personal injury cases may constitute champerty"
criminal maintenance , maintenance - the unauthorized interference in a legal action by a person having no interest in it (as by helping one party with money or otherwise to continue the action) so as to obstruct justice or promote unnecessary litigation or unsettle the peace of the community; "unlike champerty, criminal maintenance does not necessarily involve personal profit"
false pretence , false pretense - (law) an offense involving intent to defraud and false representation and obtaining property as a result of that misrepresentation
resisting arrest - physical efforts to oppose a lawful arrest; the resistance is classified as assault and battery upon the person of the police officer attempting to make the arrest
sedition - an illegal action inciting resistance to lawful authority and tending to cause the disruption or overthrow of the government
sex crime , sex offense , sexual abuse , sexual assault - a statutory offense that provides that it is a crime to knowingly cause another person to engage in an unwanted sexual act by force or threat; "most states have replaced the common law definition of rape with statutes defining sexual assault"
kidnapping , snatch - (law) the unlawful act of capturing and carrying away a person against their will and holding them in false imprisonment
actual possession - (law) immediate and direct physical control over property
constructive possession - (law) having the power and intention to have and control property but without direct control or actual presence upon it
criminal possession - (law) possession for which criminal sanctions are provided because the property may not lawfully be possessed or may not be possessed under certain circumstances
intervention - (law) a proceeding that permits a person to enter into a lawsuit already in progress; admission of person not an original party to the suit so that person can protect some right or interest that is allegedly affected by the proceedings; "the purpose of intervention is to prevent unnecessary duplication of lawsuits"
2.
law - legal document setting forth rules governing a particular kind of activity; "there is a law against kidnapping"
legal document , legal instrument , official document , instrument - (law) a document that states some contractual relationship or grants some right
anti-drug law - a law forbidding the sale or use of narcotic drugs
anti-racketeering law , Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act , RICO , RICO Act - law intended to eradicate organized crime by establishing strong sanctions and forfeiture provisions
antitrust law , antitrust legislation - law intended to promote free competition in the market place by outlawing monopolies
statute of limitations - a statute prescribing the time period during which legal action can be taken
constitution , fundamental law , organic law - law determining the fundamental political principles of a government
public law - a law affecting the public at large
blue law - a statute regulating work on Sundays
blue sky law - a state law regulating the sale of securities in an attempt to control the sale of securities in fraudulent enterprises
gag law - any law that limits freedom of the press
homestead law - a law conferring privileges on owners of homesteads
poor law - a law providing support for the poor
Riot Act - a former English law requiring mobs to disperse after a magistrate reads the law to them
prohibition - a law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages; "in 1920 the 18th amendment to the Constitution established prohibition in the US"
law , jurisprudence - the collection of rules imposed by authority; "civilization presupposes respect for the law"; "the great problem for jurisprudence to allow freedom while enforcing order"
3.
law - a rule or body of rules of conduct inherent in human nature and essential to or binding upon human society
concept , conception , construct - an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances
divine law - a law that is believed to come directly from God
principle - a basic truth or law or assumption; "the principles of democracy"
sound law - a law describing sound changes in the history of a language
4.
law of nature
concept , conception , construct - an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances
all-or-none law - (neurophysiology) a nerve impulse resulting from a weak stimulus is just as strong as a nerve impulse resulting from a strong stimulus
principle , rule - a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system; "the principle of the conservation of mass"; "the principle of jet propulsion"; "the right-hand rule for inductive fields"
Archimedes' principle , law of Archimedes - (hydrostatics) the apparent loss in weight of a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid
Avogadro's hypothesis , Avogadro's law - the principle that equal volumes of all gases (given the same temperature and pressure) contain equal numbers of molecules
Bernoulli's law , law of large numbers - (statistics) law stating that a large number of items taken at random from a population will (on the average) have the population statistics
Benford's law - a law used by auditors to identify fictitious populations of numbers; applies to any population of numbers derived from other numbers; "Benford's law holds that 30% of the time the first non-zero digit of a derived number will be 1 and it will be 9 only 4.6% of the time"
Bose-Einstein statistics - (physics) statistical law obeyed by a system of particles whose wave function is not changed when two particles are interchanged (the Pauli exclusion principle does not apply)
Boyle's law , Mariotte's law - the pressure of an ideal gas at constant temperature varies inversely with the volume
Coulomb's Law - a fundamental principle of electrostatics; the force of attraction or repulsion between two charged particles is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the distance between them; principle also holds for magnetic poles
Dalton's law of partial pressures , law of partial pressures , Dalton's law - (chemistry and physics) law stating that the pressure exerted by a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture; the pressure of a gas in a mixture equals the pressure it would exert if it occupied the same volume alone at the same temperature
distribution law - (chemistry) the total energy in an assembly of molecules is not distributed equally but is distributed around an average value according to a statistical distribution
equilibrium law , law of chemical equilibrium - (chemistry) the principle that (at chemical equilibrium) in a reversible reaction the ratio of the rate of the forward reaction to the rate of the reverse reaction is a constant for that reaction
Fechner's law , Weber-Fechner law - (psychophysics) the concept that the magnitude of a subjective sensation increases proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity; based on early work by E. H. Weber
Fermi-Dirac statistics - (physics) law obeyed by a systems of particles whose wave function changes when two particles are interchanged (the Pauli exclusion principle applies)
Charles's law , Gay-Lussac's law , law of volumes - (physics) the density of an ideal gas at constant pressure varies inversely with the temperature
Henry's law - (chemistry) law formulated by the English chemist William Henry; the amount of a gas that will be absorbed by water increases as the gas pressure increases
Hooke's law - (physics) the principle that (within the elastic limit) the stress applied to a solid is proportional to the strain produced
Hubble law , Hubble's law - (astronomy) the generalization that the speed of recession of distant galaxies (the red shift) is proportional to their distance from the observer
Kepler's law , Kepler's law of planetary motion - (astronomy) one of three empirical laws of planetary motion stated by Johannes Kepler
Kirchhoff's laws - (physics) two laws governing electric networks in which steady currents flow: the sum of all the currents at a point is zero and the sum of the voltage gains and drops around any closed circuit is zero
law of averages - a law affirming that in the long run probabilities will determine performance
law of constant proportion , law of definite proportions - (chemistry) law stating that every pure substance always contains the same elements combined in the same proportions by weight
law of diminishing returns - a law affirming that to continue after a certain level of performance has been reached will result in a decline in effectiveness
law of effect - (psychology) the principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences; behavior having good consequences tends to be repeated whereas behavior that leads to bad consequences is not repeated
law of equivalent proportions , law of reciprocal proportions - (chemistry) law stating that the proportions in which two elements separately combine with a third element are also the proportions in which they combine together
law of gravitation , Newton's law of gravitation - (physics) the law that states any two bodies attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
5.
law - the branch of philosophy concerned with the law and the principles that lead courts to make the decisions they do
philosophy - the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics
contract law - that branch of jurisprudence that studies the rights and obligations of parties entering into contracts
corporation law - that branch of jurisprudence that studies the laws governing corporations
matrimonial law - that branch of jurisprudence that studies the laws governing matrimony
patent law - that branch of jurisprudence that studies the laws governing patents
6.
law - the learned profession that is mastered by graduate study in a law school and that is responsible for the judicial system; "he studied law at Yale"
practice of law
learned profession - one of the three professions traditionally believed to require advanced learning and high principles
law , jurisprudence - the collection of rules imposed by authority; "civilization presupposes respect for the law"; "the great problem for jurisprudence to allow freedom while enforcing order"
traverse , deny - deny formally (an allegation of fact by the opposing party) in a legal suit
disbar - remove from the bar; expel from the practice of law by official action; "The corrupt lawyer was disbarred"
7.
constabulary , police , police force
personnel , force - group of people willing to obey orders; "a public force is necessary to give security to the rights of citizens"
European Law Enforcement Organisation , Europol - police organization for the European Union; aims to improve effectiveness and cooperation among European police forces
gendarmerie , gendarmery - French police force; a group of gendarmes or gendarmes collectively
Mutawa , Mutawa'een - religious police in Saudi Arabia whose duty is to ensure strict adherence to established codes of conduct; offenders may be detained indefinitely; foreigners are not excluded
New Scotland Yard , Scotland Yard - the detective department of the metropolitan police force of London
secret police - a police force that operates in secrecy (usually against persons suspected of treason or sedition)
Schutzstaffel , SS - special police force in Nazi Germany founded as a personal bodyguard for Adolf Hitler in 1925; the SS administered the concentration camps
law enforcement agency - an agency responsible for insuring obedience to the laws
posse , posse comitatus - a temporary police force
police officer , policeman , officer - a member of a police force; "it was an accident, officer"
law
5. principle , standard , code , formula , criterion , canon , precept , axiom inflexible moral laws
6. the legal profession, the bar , barristers a career in law
lay down the law be dogmatic, call the shots (informal), pontificate , rule the roost , crack the whip , boss around , dogmatize , order about or around traditional parents who believed in laying down the law for their offspring
Related words
adjectives legal , judicial , juridicial, jural
Quotations
"The end of the law is, not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom" [John Locke Second Treatise of Civil Government]
"It may be true that the law cannot make a man love me, but it can keep him from lynching me, and I think that's pretty important" [Martin Luther King Jr]
"The law is a causeway upon which so long as he keeps to it a citizen may walk safely" [Robert Bolt A Man For All Seasons]
"No brilliance is needed in the law. Nothing but common sense, and relatively clean finger nails" [John Mortimer A Voyage Round My Father]
"Laws were made to be broken" [John Wilson Noctes Ambrosianae]
"The Common Law of England has been laboriously built about a mythical figure - the figure of "The Reasonable Man"" [A.P. Herbert Uncommon Law]
"We do not get good laws to restrain bad people. We get good people to restrain bad laws" [G.K. Chesterton All Things Considered]
"The law is a ass - a idiot" [Charles Dickens Oliver Twist]
"Written laws are like spider's webs; they will catch, it is true, the weak and poor, but would be torn in pieces by the rich and powerful" [Anacharsis]
"Law is a bottomless pit" [Dr. Arbuthnot The History of John Bull]
"The one great principle of the English law is to make business for itself" [Charles Dickens Bleak House]
"The laws of most countries are far worse than the people who execute them, and many of them are only able to remain laws by being seldom or never carried into effect" [John Stuart Mill The Subjection of Women]
Proverbs
"Hard cases make bad laws"
"One law for the rich, and another for the poor"
Law
Law terms abandonee, abate, abator, abet, abeyance, able, absente reo, absolute, acceptance (Contract law), accessory or accessary, accretion, accrue, accusation, accusatorial, accuse, accused, the, acquit, action, actionable, act of God, adjective, ad litem, adminicle, administration order, admissible, adopt, adult, advocate, advocation, affiant, affidavit, affiliate or filiate, affiliation or filiation, affiliation order, affiliation proceedings or (U.S.) paternity suit, affirm, affirmation, affray, agist, alibi, alienable, alienate, alienation, alienee, alienor, alimony, allege, alluvion, ambulatory, a mensa et thoro, amerce (obsolete), amicus curiae, amnesty, ancient, annulment, answer, Anton Piller order, appeal, appearance, appellant, appellate, appellee, appendant, approve, arbitrary, arbitration, arraign, array, arrest judgment, arrest of judgement, articled clerk, assault, assessor, assets, assign, assignee, assignment, assignor, assumpsit, attach, attachment, attainder, attaint (archaic), attorn, attorney, attorney-at-law, attorney general, authentic, authority, automatism, aver, avoid, avoidance, avow (rare), avulsion, award, bail, bailable, bailee (Contract law), bailiff, bailiwick, bailment (Contract law), bailor (Contract law), bailsman (rare), ban, bankrupt, bar, baron (English law), barratry or barretry, barrister or barrister-at-law, bench, the, bencher, beneficial, beneficiary, bequeath, bequest, bigamy, bill of attainder, bill of indictment, bill of sale, blasphemy or blasphemous libel, body corporate, bona fides, bona vacantia, bond, bondsman, breach of promise, breach of the peace, breach of trust, brief, briefless, bring, burden of proof, capias, capital, caption, carnal knowledge, cartulary or chartulary, case, case law, case stated or stated case, cassation, cause, caution, CAV, Cur. adv. vult, or Curia advisari vult, caveat, caveator, certificate of incorporation (Company law), chamber counsel or counsellor, chambers, certification, certiorari, cessor, cessionary, challenge, challenge to the array, challenge to the polls, champerty, chance-medley, chancery, change of venue, charge, chargeable, cheat, chief justice, chose, circuit (English law), citation, cite, civil death, civil marriage, clerk to the justices, close, codicil, codification, coexecutor, cognizable or cognisable, cognizance or cognisance, collusion, come on, commitment, committal, or (especially formerly) mittimus, common, commonage, common law, commutable, commutation, commute, competence, competency, competent, complainant, complaint (English law), complete (Land law), compound, compliance officer, composition, compurgation, conclusion, condemn, condition, condone, confiscate, connivance, connive, conscience clause, consensual, consideration, consolidation, consortium, constituent, constitute, constructive, contempt, contentious, continuance (U.S.), contraband, contract, contractor, contributory (Company law), contributory negligence, contumacy, convene, conventional, conversion, convert, conveyance, convincing, coparcenary or coparceny, coparcener or parcener, copyhold, copyholder, co-respondent, coroner, coroner's inquest, coroner's jury, corpus delicti, corpus juris, Corpus Juris Civilis, costs, counsel, counselor or counselor-at-law (U.S.), count, countercharge, counterclaim, counterpart, countersign, county court, court, court of first instance, covenant, coverture, covin, criminal conversation, criminate (rare), cross-examine, crown court (English law), cruelty, culpa (Civil law), culprit, cumulative evidence, custodian, custody, custom, customary, cy pres, damages, damnify, dead letter, debatable, decedent (chiefly U.S.), declarant, declaration, declaratory, decree, decree absolute, decree nisi, deed, deed poll, defalcate, defamation, default, defeasible, defeat, defence, defendant, deferred sentence, de jure, delict (Roman law), demand, demandant, demisit sine prole, demur, demurrer, denunciation (obsolete), deodand (English law), deponent, depose, deposition, deraign or darraign (obsolete), dereliction, descendible or descendable, desertion, detainer, determinable, determination, determine, detinue, devil, devisable, devise, devolve, dies non or dies non juridicus, digest, diligence, diminished responsibility, direct evidence, disaffirm, disafforest or disforest (English law), disannul, disbar, discharge, disclaim, discommon, discontinue, discovert, discovery, disinherit, dismiss, disorderly, disorderly conduct, disorderly house, dissent, distrain or distress, distrainee, distraint, distributee (chiefly U.S.), distribution, distringas, disturbance, dividend, divorce from bed and board (U.S.), docket, documentation, Doe, domain, donee, donor, dot (Civil law), dotation, dowable, dower, droit, due process of law, duress, earnest or earnest money (Contract law), effectual, emblements, eminent domain, empanel or impanel, encumbrance, encumbrancer, enfranchise (English law), engross, engrossment, enjoin, enter, equitable, equity, escheat, escrow, estop, estoppel, estovers, estray, estreat, evict, evidence, evocation (French law), examination, examine, examine-in-chief, exception, execute, execution, executor or (fem.) executrix, executory, exemplary damages, exemplify, exhibit, ex parte, expectancy, expropriate, extend, extent (U.S.), extinguish, extraditable, extradite, extrajudicial, eyre (English legal history), fact, factor (Commercial law), false imprisonment, Family Division, felo de se, feme, feme covert, feme sole, fiction, fideicommissary (Civil law), fideicommissum (Civil law), fiduciary or fiducial, fieri facias, file, filiate, filiation, find, finding, first offender, fiscal, flaw, folio, forbearance, force majeure, foreclose, foreign, foreman, forensic, forensic medicine, legal medicine, or medical jurisprudence, forest, forfeit, forjudge or forejudge, fornication, free, fungible, garnish, garnishee, garnishment, gavelkind (English law), gist, goods and chattels, grand jury (chiefly U.S.), grand larceny, grantee, grant, grantor, gratuitous, gravamen, grith (English legal history), ground rent, guarantee, guardian, guilty, habeas corpus, hand down (U.S. & Canad.), handling, hear, hearing, hearsay, heir or (fem.) heiress (Civil law), heirship, hereditary, heres or haeres (Civil law), heritable, heritage, heritor, holder, homologate, hung jury, hypothec (Roman law), hypothecate, immovable, impartible, impediment, imperfect, implead (rare), imprescriptable, in articles, in banc, in camera, incapacitate, incapacity, in chancery, incompetent, incorporeal, incriminate, indefeasible, indemnity, indenture, indeterminate sentence, inducement, in escrow, infant, in fee, inferior court, infirm, in flagrante delicto or flagrante delicto, ingoing, inheritance, injunction, injury, innuendo, in personam, in posse, inquest, inquisition, inquisitorial, in rem, insanity, in specie, instanter, institutes, instruct, instructions, instrument, insurable interest, intendment, intent, intention, interdict (Civil law), interlocutory, interplead, interpleader, interrogatories, intervene, inter vivos, intestate, invalidate, in venter, ipso jure, irrepleviable or irreplevisable, issuable, issue, jail delivery (English law), jeopardy, joinder, joint, jointress, jointure, judge, judge-made, judges' rules, judgment or judgement, judgment by default, judicable, judicative, judicatory, judicature, judicial, judicial separation (Family law), judiciary, junior, jural, jurat, juratory, juridical, jurisconsult, jurisprudence, jurisprudent, jurist, juristic, juror, jury, juryman or (fem.) jurywoman, jury process, jus, jus gentium (Roman law), jus naturale (Roman law), jus sanguinis, jus soli, justice, justice court, justice of the peace, justiciable, justices in eyre (English legal history), justify, juvenile court, laches, land, lapse, larceny, Law French, Law Lords, law merchant (Mercantile law), lawsuit, law term, lawyer, leasehold, leaseholder, legist, letters of administration, lex loci, lex non scripta, lex scripta, lex talionis, libel, lien, limit, limitation, lis pendens, litigable, litigant, litigation, locus standi, magistrate, magistrates' court or petty sessions, maintenance, malfeasance, malice, manager, mandamus, mandate (Roman or Contract law), manslaughter, manus, mare clausum, mare liberum, material, matter, mayhem or maihem, memorandum, mens rea, mental disorder, mental impairment, merger, merits, mesne, ministerial, misadventure, mise, misfeasance, misjoinder, mispleading, mistrial, misuser, mittimus, monopoly, moral, moratorium, morganatic or left-handed, mortgagee, mortmain or (less commonly) dead hand, motion, moveable or movable, muniments, mute, naked, Napoleonic Code, necessaries, negligence, next friend, nisi, nisi prius (history or U.S.), nolle prosequi, nol. pros., or nolle pros., nolo contendere (chiefly U.S.), nonage, non compos mentis, nonfeasance, nonjoinder, non liquet, non prosequitur or non pros., nonsuit, notary public, not guilty, novation, novel (Roman law), nude, nudum pactum, nuisance, oath, obiter dictum, obligation, oblivion, obreption, obscene, obtaining by deception, occupancy, occupant, offer (Contract law), Official Referee, onerous, onomastic, on, upon or under oath, onus probandi, open, opening, ordinary, overt, owelty, oyer (English legal history), oyer and terminer, panel, paraphernalia, pardon, parol, Particulars of Claim, party, paterfamilias (Roman law), peculium (Roman law), pecuniary, pecuniary advantage, pendente lite, perception, peremptory, persistent cruelty, personal, personal property or personalty, petit, petition, petitioner, petit jury or petty jury, petit larceny or petty larceny, petty, place of safety order, plaint, plaintiff, plea, plea bargaining, plead, pleading, pleadings, portion, port of entry, posse, posse comitatus, possessory, post-obit, prayer, precedent, precept, predispose, pre-emption, prefer, preference, premeditation, premises, prescribe, prescription, presentment (chiefly U.S.), presents, presume, presumption, preterition (Roman law), prima facie, primogeniture, principal, private law, private nuisance, privilege, privileged, privity, privy, prize court, probable cause, probate, proceed, proceeding, process, process-server, procuration, procuratory, prohibition, promisee (Contract law), promisor (Contract law), proof, property centre, proponent, propositus, propound (English law), prosecute, prosecuting attorney (U.S.), prosecution, prosecutor, prothonotary or protonotary, prove, provocation (English criminal law), psychopathic disorder, public defender (U.S.), public law, public nuisance, public prosecutor, pupil (Civil law), pupillage, pursuant, purview, quarter sessions, queen's or king's evidence, question, question of fact (English law), question of law (English law), quitclaim, quo warranto, real, real property, rebutter, recaption, receivership, recital, recognizance or recognisance, recognizee or recognisee, recognizor or recognisor, recorder, recoup, recover, recovery, recrimination, re-examine, reference, refresher (English law), rejoin, rejoinder, relation, relator (English or U.S. law), release, relief, remand, remise, remission, remit, repetition (Civil law), replevin, replevy, replication, reply, report, reporter, representation (Contract law), reprieve, rescue, reservation, res gestae, residuary, residue, res ipsa loquitur, res judicata or res adjudicata, resolutive, respondent, rest, restitution, restrictive covenant, retain, retry, return, returnable, reverse, review, right of common, riot, rout, rule, ruling, run, salvo, saving, scandal, schedule, scienter, scire facias (rare), script, secularize or secularise, self-defence, self-executing, sentence, separation (Family law), sequester or sequestrate, sequestration, serjeant at law, serjeant, sergeant at law, or sergeant, servitude, session, settlement, settlor, severable, several, severance, sign, signatory, sine, sine prole, slander, smart money (U.S.), socage (English law), soke (English legal history), solatium (chiefly U.S.), sole, solemnity, solicitor, solution, sound, sound in, special case, special pleading, specialty, specific performance, spinster, spoliation, squat, stale, stand by (English law), stand down, statement, statement of claim, state's evidence (U.S.), statute law, statutory declaration, stillicide, stipulate (Roman law), stranger, stultify, submission, subpoena, subreption (rare), subrogate, subrogation, substantive, succeed, sue, sui juris, suit, suitor, summary, summary jurisdiction, summary offence, summation (U.S. law), summing-up, summons, suo jure, suo loco, surcharge, surety, surplusage, surrebuttal, surrebutter, surrejoinder, surrender, suspension, swear, swear in, swear out (U.S.), tales, tenancy, tenantry, tender, tenor, term, termor or termer, territorial court (U.S.), testament, testamentary, testate, testify, testimony, thing, third party, time immemorial, tipstaff, title, tort, tort-feasor, tortious, traffic court, transfer, transitory action, traverse, treasure-trove, trespass, triable, trial, trial court, tribunal, trover, try, udal, ultimogeniture, ultra vires, unalienable, unappealable, unavoidable, uncovenanted, unilateral, unincorporated, unlawful assembly, unreasonable behaviour, unwritten law, use, user, utter barrister, vacant, vacate, variance, vendee, vendor, venire facias, venireman (U.S.), venue, verdict, verification, verify, versus, vesture, vexatious, view, viewer, vindicate (Roman law), vindictive (English law), vitiate, voidable, voir dire, voluntary, voluntary arrangement, volunteer, voucher (English law, obsolete), wager of law (English legal history), waif (obsolete), waive, waiver, ward, ward of court, warrant, warranty (Contract or Insurance law), waste, will, witness, without prejudice, writ, writ of execution, wrong, year and a day (English law)
Criminal law terms acquittal, actual bodily harm, arson, bailment, battery, burglary (English law), deception or (formerly) false pretences, embrace, embraceor or embracer, embracery, entry, felon, felonious, felony, force, forgery, grievous bodily harm, hard labour, housebreaking, impeach, indictable, indictment, infamous, malice aforethought, misdemeanant, misdemeanour, penal servitude (English law), perjure, perjury, personate, Riot Act, robbery, suborn, theft, thief, true bill (U.S. law), utter
Property law terms abatement, abstract of title, abuttals, abutter, accession, ademption, administration, administrator, advancement, adverse, amortize or amortise, appoint, appointee, appointment, appointor, appurtenance, betterment, chattel, chattel personal, chattel real, convey or assure, deforce, demesne, demise, descent, devisee, devisor, dilapidation, disentail, disseise, divest, dominant tenement, dominium or (rare) dominion, easement, ejectment, enfeoff, entail, entry, equity of redemption, estate, fee, fee simple, fee tail, fixture, freehold, freeholder, heir apparent, heir-at-law, heirdom, heirloom, heriditament, hotchpot, intrusion, messuage, mortgagor or mortgager, oust, ouster, particular, partition, party wall, perpetuity, power of appointment, reconvert, remainder, remainderman, remitter, result, reversion, reversioner, revert, riparian, seisin or (U.S.) seizin, servient tenement, severalty, survivor, tail, tenure, transferee, transferor or transferrer, unity of interest, vested, vested interest, warranty
Scots law terms advocate, Advocate Depute, agent, aliment, alimentary, approbate, approbate and reprobate, arrestment, assignation, assize, avizandum, condescendence, continue, crown agent, culpable homicide, curator, decern, declarator, decreet, defender, delict, depone, desert, district court or (formerly) justice of the peace court, feu, feu duty, fire raising, hypothec, interdict, interlocutor, law agent, location, lockfast, mandate, multiplepoinding, notour, notour bankrupt, not proven, poind, poinding, precognition, procurator fiscal or fiscal, pupil, repetition, repone, sasine, sequestrate, sheriff officer, thirlage, tradition, tutor, wadset, warrant sale
law
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What word beginning with 'B' means the highest degree of happiness? | Happiness | Define Happiness at Dictionary.com
happiness
the quality or state of being happy .
2.
good fortune; pleasure; contentment; joy.
Origin of happiness
See more synonyms on Thesaurus.com
1, 2. pleasure, joy, exhilaration, bliss, contentedness, delight, enjoyment, satisfaction. Happiness, bliss, contentment, felicity imply an active or passive state of pleasure or pleasurable satisfaction. Happiness results from the possession or attainment of what one considers good: the happiness of visiting one's family. Bliss is unalloyed happiness or supreme delight: the bliss of perfect companionship. Contentment is a peaceful kind of happiness in which one rests without desires, even though every wish may not have been gratified: contentment in one's surroundings. Felicity is a formal word for happiness of an especially fortunate or intense kind: to wish a young couple felicity in life.
Antonyms
| Bliss |
What word is given to a small shallow dish with a lid used for science specimens? | Happy Words List – Pretty, Cute, Cheerful, Jolly, Joyful, Happy Words & Phrases That make you smile :) | JollyNotes.com
Joyful Living Blog
Happy Words List – Pretty, Cute, Cheerful, Jolly, Joyful, Happy Words & Phrases That make you smile :)
Happy Words – A Wonderful List of Happy Words, Cheerful Words, Pretty Words, Cute Words, Smiley Words, Jolly Words, Happy Words List, Joyful Words, Happy Word List, Pretty Word and Words List, Cute Word and Words List – Lots of Happy, Cute, Pretty & Cheerful Sets of Words & Phrases that make you smile and laugh and giggle and sigh in contentment, relief, happiness, joy, and bliss! Very heartwarming, cheerful and uplifting words list. Happy Words are good for the heart and soul ~ come back anytime for your fresh dose of cheer! No Worries Here, Scroll down for Happy Words ~ SMILE, Enjoy, & Be Happy!
A – C
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What is the American word for the bonnet of a car? | American Words/ British Words
ESL Programs
American Words/ British Words
As you know, even though North America and Great Britain share the same language, some words are completely different. Here are some of the most common differences.
American Word British Word Flashlight Torch Gas Petrol Soccer Football Cookie Biscuit Diaper
(on a baby) Nappy
(of food) Elevator Lift Truck Lorry Hood
(of a car) Bonnet
(of a car) Eraser Rubber
Check Your Understanding
Can you fill in the blanks without looking back?
1. In North America, a person drives a truck down the road. In Great Britain, a person drives a
.
2. In Great Britain, the front of a car is called a bonnet. In North America, the front of a car is called a
.
3. In North America, the back of the car has a trunk. In Great Britain, the back of the car has a
.
4. In Great Britain, people put petrol in their cars to make them go. In North America, people put
in their cars.
5. In North America, babies wear diapers before they learn to use the toilet. In Great Britain, babies wear
.
6. In Great Britain, food can be bought in tins. In North America, food is bought in
.
| Hood |
Complete this proverb, 'The spirit is willing but the...'? | Bonnet | Definition of Bonnet by Merriam-Webster
Definition of bonnet
1a (1) chiefly Scotland : a man's or boy's cap (2) : a brimless Scottish cap of seamless woolen fabric — compare tam-o'-shanter 2b : a cloth or straw hat tied under the chin and worn by women and children
2a British : an automobile hoodb : a metal covering or cowl (as for a fireplace, valve chamber, or ventilator)
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What does a 'Vintner do? | Vintner | Define Vintner at Dictionary.com
vintner
a person who makes wine or sells wines.
Origin of vintner
Medieval Latin
1400-1450
1400-50; late Middle English vint(e)ner, derivative of vin(e)ter < Anglo-French; Old French vinetier < Medieval Latin vīnētārius, equivalent to Latin vīnēt(um) vineyard (vīn(um) wine + -ētum suffix denoting place where a given plant grows) + -ārius -ary
Dictionary.com Unabridged
Examples from the Web for vintner
Expand
Contemporary Examples
Curious to learn more about this weediest of wines, I recently spoke with a California vintner who makes it on the side.
Marijuana-Laced Wine Grows More Fashionable in California Wine Country Michael Steinberger April 13, 2012
Historical Examples
"The vintner affirms to sundry fantastic shapes of imps and spectres in company with the woman of Warrington," said Dauntrees.
Barnaby Rudge Charles Dickens
The instant he saw the intruder the vintner snatched a pistol from the drawer in the table and leveled it at Carmichael.
British Dictionary definitions for vintner
Expand
C15: from Old French vinetier, from Medieval Latin vīnētārius, from Latin vīnētum vineyard, from vīnumwine
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for vintner
Expand
n.
"wine merchant," early 15c., alteration of vinter (c.1300), from Anglo-French vineter, Old French vinetier, from Medieval Latin vinetarius "a wine dealer," from Latin vinetum "vineyard," from vinum "wine" (see vine ).
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
| sells wine |
In the UK we call it the 'Underground' What do the Americans call it? | Vintner - definition of vintner by The Free Dictionary
Vintner - definition of vintner by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/vintner
Also found in: Thesaurus , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia .
vint·ner
1. A wine merchant.
2. One who makes wine.
[Middle English vineter, from Old French vinetier, from Medieval Latin vīnētārius, from Latin vīnētum, vineyard, from vīnum, wine.]
vintner
1. (Professions) a wine merchant
2. (Brewing) a wine merchant
[C15: from Old French vinetier, from Medieval Latin vīnētārius, from Latin vīnētum vineyard, from vīnum wine]
vint•ner
n.
a person who makes wine or sells wines.
[1400–50; vint(e)ner < Old French vinetier < Medieval Latin vīnētārius= Latin vīnēt(um) vineyard (vīn(um) wine + -ētum; see arboretum ) + -ārius -ary ]
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
merchandiser , merchant - a businessperson engaged in retail trade
2.
maker , shaper - a person who makes things
Translations
[ˈvɪntnəʳ] N (= merchant) → vinatero/a m/f; (= wine-maker) → vinicultor (a) m/f
vintner
vintner
[ˈvɪntnəʳ] n (retailer) → vinaio/a; (wholesaler) → commerciante m/f di vini
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On this twenty-fifth of March, it was John Willet's pride annually to settle, in hard cash, his account with a certain vintner and distiller in the city of London; to give into whose hands a canvas bag containing its exact amount, and not a penny more or less, was the end and object of a journey for Joe, so surely as the year and day came round.
But the air of smartness, the cock of the hat to which John Willet had objected, and the spring nosegay, all betokened some little errand of his own, having a more interesting object than a vintner or even a locksmith.
| i don't know |
In the UK we call it a 'Spanner' What do the Americans call it? | The **COMPLETE** us & uk confusions [rec.humor.funny]
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The **COMPLETE** us & uk confusions
[email protected] (D J Barton)
University of Durham, Durham, UK
(chuckle, long, sexual, swearing, offense=British & Americans)
Words that could be confusing and embarrassing in the UK & US
At long last, here is the complete list of anglo-american confusions. The definitions have been cross referenced with the most recent edition of the Oxford Dictionary, so if you don't agree with some of my definitions take up the argument with them (unless I say otherwise in the text.) I have made a few alterations, additions and removals too...
Thanks to the many people who have helped me compile this list, including: Paul R. Montague, Jonathon Watkins, Darran Potter, Darlene Ollom & her friend Liz, John Lovie, Gail thingy in alt.fan.british-accent, Kevin Walsh, Suzi Howe, D Loomis, Kate Lingley, Martin Mazik, Ron Leech, Richard Smith.
If I have forgotten anyone, sorry!
The list is also available at my home page:
http://www.dur.ac.uk/~dgl3djb/~ukus.html
If you have any further suggestions please mail me at:
[email protected]
Who knows? There may be a second volume... (oh no!)
deej
1) Buns. You know what these are. You're probably sitting on them now. Over here buns are either bread or cake rolls. Asking for a couple of sticky buns in a bakery here will mean Mr Crusty the baker will give you two cake buns with icing (frosting) on the top. If I went into a deli in Manhattan and asked for a couple of sticky buns I'd probably get arrested...
2) Fag. A goody but an oldie. Over here a 'fag' is a cigarette. So in the song 'It's a long way to Tipperary' the line 'As long as you have a Lucifer to light your fag' is not a fundementalist Christian's statement that all homosexuals will burn for eternity in hell, but saying that 'if you always have a match to light your cigarette...'
3) Faggots. Meat balls made from offal (chopped liver) in gravy. Also a small bundle of logs suitable to burn on a fire.
4) Pants. You call pants what we call trousers; pants are the things that go underneath.
5) Rubber. In this country a pencil eraser. Don't be shocked if the mild mannered new Englishman in your office asks for a pencil with a rubber on the end. Especially when he says that he enjoys chewing it when he is thinking.
6) Shit. To us, bodily waste. To you, practically everything as far as I could figure, good or bad (and you certainly don't want us to touch yours...)
7) Fanny. To us the front bottom; to you the back one. In Britain, the fanny pack is known as a bum bag for obvious reasons...
8) Muffler. To us what you call a muffler is called a silencer. In the UK a muffler is a long scarf a la Dickensian Novels. A muffler was also a derogatory name for a certain part of the female anatomy at my school, though this was probably unique to us. Try explaining THAT to a upstanding American when you are standing at the petrol (gas) station in fits of laughter...
9) Pavement. Sidewalk to you. I couldn't think of anything smutty to go with this.
10) Pissed. To you it's quite legal to be pissed in a car in a traffic jam. In fact, in large cities sometimes you cannot help it. For us, it means that you have been over doing it 'down the boozer' (pub) and a kindly policeman will shortly flag you down and arrest you.
11) Shag. To you a dance. To us sexual congress. In otherwords you may have to summon up the courage to have a shag with someone, before you might have a shag with them later on. Also a sea bird similar to a cormorant and a type of rough tobacco.
12) Fancy. To be sexually attracted to or to desire. Also a tea cake.
13) Ass. To us a quadraped of the horse family or a stupid person. The word you guys are looking for in English english is 'arse'.
14) Sneakers. We call these 'trainers' for some reason.
15) Waistcoat. You call them vests.
16) Football. A classic example of our culture gap. To us football is what you call soccer. To you football is what we call pointless. You probably think the same way about cricket...
17) Baseball. In England we play a game called 'Rounders' which has identical rules bar the bat being a short baton designed to be used with only one hand. It's only played in schools. In the US, it's a PROPER game...
18) Some food differences
english american ------------------------ courgette zucchini mars bar milky way milky way three musketeers opal fruits starburst chips french fries crisps chips
19) 'Knock you up'. In our country, to wake someone up in the morning so they won't be late. Slightly different meaning for our American Cousins...
20) Pastie. A pastie is a meat and potato pastry that originates from Cornwall, UK. In the guidebook I had for Michigan, it mentioned that some cornish tin miners had come over and brought over the recipe with them when they settled the Upper Peninsula. Even so, I had to taken aside and carefully told what an American pastie was so I wouldn't embarrass parents in front of children at the summer camp I was working at when I was talking about my liking for Cornish Pasties...
21) Knackered. I'm not sure if you have this word in the US. When I said I was knackered I got puzzled looks. It means you are tired. It comes from the fact that horses are often tired when they have testes removed (their knackers) when they are castrated. (Sorry! I guess you didn't want to know that...)
22) Fag. (Oh no not again!) When at a public (i.e. private - confused you will be) school in the UK, you may have to 'fag' for an older boy. This usually involves shining shoes, cleaning up and performing other favours for this older lad. In return for fagging, the older boy looks after your interests and makes sure that you fit into the school and promote the school spirit (bon vivre, not necessarily the alcoholic kind). This may also be a fag (i.e. a tiresome thing).
23) Trunk. In the US what we in the UK call the boot of a car. In the UK, the trunk is the front end of an elephant. Can be embarrassing if you happen to be a pachyderm working as a taxi driver in NY. (Also a large metal and wooden box much beloved of Edwardian travellers).
24) Spunk. In the US it is perfectly acceptable for a boss to ask whether you are feeling full of spunk of a morning (i.e. full of get up and go.) This situation in the UK may only arise when a director is quizzing a male actor in the adult entertainment business.
25) Woody. In the UK, an acceptable description of a wine that has taken on the flavour of the barrels it has matured in. In the US *never* go a wine tasting and claim that this wonderful Californian Chardonnay has an excellent 'woody' flavour, unless you are the female co-star of the aforementioned male actor and you are in the process of filming an 'arty' movie.
26) Hood. To our American cousins, the bit of a car that the engine sits under or place where you might live if you are a rapper. To us Brits, the part of a coat that is designed to cover your head when it rains. What you call the 'hood' we call the 'bonnet' on a car.
27) Gas. To the citizens of the United Kingdom, an instrument of warfare, the stuff that you use to cook your dinner on or a state of matter that is neither liquid nor solid. To you guys, what we call petrol and the gaseous by product of bottom burps (wind).
28) Pecker. To keep one's pecker up is a state of mind in the UK, an athletic feat in the US and a way of life for the common or garden woodpecker.
29) Toilets. Although we have a lot of colourful euphenisms for the lavatory experience in the UK (e.g. spend a penny, watering the daisies) we lack the prissiness of our American chums. To us a toilet is a bog, a kharzi, a shithouse (or alternatively an outhouse in more polite company), a gents/ladies but mostly a toilet. It is perfectly acceptable to be in the Ritz and request to use the toilet. However, you guys seem ashamed of the t-word. Hence you go to the John (where no-one called John is there) and the bathroom (where there is no bath). ...And a word of warning for English chaps in the US - never admit to eating baked beans out of the can.
30) Beer. What you call beer, we call lager. What we call beer, you call disgusting. This might be mutual.
31) Hard. In the UK, you might see an unshaven tattooed uncouth man with big muscles in a pub. If you accidentally spill his beer, he might get upset and request you to join him outside. He might say `Come on then if you think you're hard enough!' Or even 'I'm hard, me, so you better watch your step, mate.' He is not casting aspersions on your sexual persuasion, nor does he have an erection. He is merely stating the fact that unless you buy him another pint of lager in the very immediate future he might beat seven shades of shit out of you. In the US, our friend the male actor would probably say 'I'm hard' while sharing a bottle of woody flavoured chardonnay with his co-star...
32) Flummoxed? Our US chums will be if you use this word. It means to be confused. The typical reaction of the average Brit upon arriving in the US. Then again you might be 'hit for six' (i.e. upset to the point of falling over) by it all. Which just isn't cricket, eh chaps?
33) Roundabout. Imagine you are travelling in the UK along the M3 into Basingstoke (why I can't imagine - it's a God forsaken place.) You have already worked out that a motorway is the same as a freeway and you are feeling pretty pleased with yourself. In front of you is the biggest rotary you have ever seen. In the UK, we call them roundabouts. To instill a morbid fear of these things in our children we force them to play on minature versions of them in playgrounds (wooden disk that turns around with bars to hold onto) and make them watch endless re-runs of the Magic Roundabout. This program was originally a french satire on politics in the late 1960s though it looks just like a animated kiddies show made by someone on SERIOUS acid. Sugar cube eating dogs indeed.
34) Cookies. You eat these with milk and with great self control you only eat two at a time (you don't? naughty!). We call them biscuits. You call biscuits those dry crackery things that might go in soup (or at least in the part of the US I went to).
35) Stuffed. To be full up after eating too many cookies. Also 'Get Stuffed' a cookery program for insomniac students and people on a low income, where you are told how to make fancy versions of beans on toast using everyday ingredients like baked beans, bread, butter and curry powder. The recipies are invariably called things like 'Currybeanytoasty-yum-yum-a-go-go'. As well, 'get stuffed' is something you say to someone who isn't your best mate.
36) Randy. In the US a perfectly reasonable first name. Pity then, the multitude of poor Americans given this unfortunate appellation when they come over to old Blighty. Wherever they go, grimy street urchins snigger, little old ladies try desperately to stifle guffaws and ordinarily quite sensible members of society burst out in laughter. And why? In the UK, saying 'Hi, I'm Randy!' is akin to saying to our American cousins 'Hello friend, I'm feeling horny.' However, save your pity for poor soul Randy Highman who introduced himself to my supervisor at a conference not so long ago...
37) Aluminium. Over here we say 'al-u-min-i-um'. You say 'aloom-i-num'. Neither nation can spell the word.... (Aluminiumiumium?)
38) Kip. In the UK to have a sleep or a nap. A kip house is apparently a brothel. Being young and innocent I was unaware of this...
39) English Swear Words. Our chums across the Atlantic should be warned about the following. If some English bloke comes up to you and uses one or more of them when addressing you, please be careful. He may not be friendly...
i) Wanker. A charming little word that implies that the addresser is accusing the addressee of onanism. Usually accompanied by the coital f-word and the oedipal compound-noun. The addresser may also raise his right hand and portray a chillingly accurate portrayal of the act in question...
ii) Bollocks. The round male dangly bits. Also, saying 'the dog's bollocks' is akin to stating 'this is the shit' in the US. Not to be confused in agricultural circles with 'bullocks' which are bull shaped and go 'moo!'.
iii) Nancy boy. A male who may express either a sexual preference for his own gender or acts in a less than masculine way.
iv) Spanner. Not only a component of every good mechanic's toolbox (see below) but also someone not overly blessed with intelligence or savoir faire. A geek, nerd, dork or a dweeb in other words.
v) Tosser. See 'wanker' and then use your imagination... Also tosspot.
vi) Slag. A woman of uncertain worth and reliability. Also used in English 1970s police shows (e.g. The Sweeney) when describing a notorious criminal. (e.g. Dosser Jenkins? That slaaaaag!). Originally used to describe a by-product of the (now sadly nearly defunct) coal mining industry.
vii) Wanger. Many a Saturday night I have heard this word being shouted by rival groups of young men at each other. The dulcit cries of 'Oi Wanger!!' have disturbed the peace of many a town centre. It is a word used to either describe a penis or an attempt by the alcoholically challenged to say 'wanker'.
viii) Plonker. Another willy euphenism. Immortalised in the TV program 'Only Fools and Horses', starring David Jason & Nicholas Lyndhurst - 'You plonker Rodney!'.
ix) Naff off. Go away. As used by the Princess Royal, Princess Anne. For a while she was known as the 'Naff Off Princess' in the tabloid press.
x) Wazzock - a fool or idiot.
Strange fact: British males often use wanker, bastard, tosser, plonker etc as terms of endearment.
40) Cars. In the UK, only the luxury car market have automatic transmission - in other words the Jaguars, Rolls Royces and Bentleys of the world. Most cars have manual transmission. This is because our roads aren't straight. As a consequence all learner drivers have to learn how to drive using a car with manual gears. I was told that in the States this is referred to as 'learning how to drive stick.' In the UK, asking your driving instructor whether he could teach you how to drive stick may cause potential embarrassment...
41) Blowjob. Blowjob, although a word in common use now in both our countries was referred to as 'Plating' before the GIs came over during WWII. Hence the calling card of Cynthia Plaster-Caster, the woman who made plaster casts of the erect willies of Jimi Hendrix and the Dave Clark Five, amongst others, had 'Your plater or mine?' on her calling cards...
42) Jelly & Jam. In the UK, jelly is either the stuff you US-types call jello or a seedless preserve made from fruit, sugar and pectin. To confuse things further, fruit preserves are generically called jam over here too. Hence, if you were in an English restaurant enjoying a piece of bread with peanut butter and fruit preserve on it you would be eating 'a peanut butter and jam sandwich.' BTW, I used to enjoy peanut and jelly sandwiches when I was little in the UK sense of the word... Sloppy, but very nice.
43) Stones. To you big rock things that geologists play with. To us also a unit of weight. 1 stone is equal to 14 pounds. Also, English pints show remarkable value for money compared to their US conterparts - 567ml compared to 430ml. Good thing to know when ordering beer.
44) Cheeky. In the UK to say someone is 'cheeky' is to imply that they are awnry or suggestively rude. Much beloved of the 'Carry On' Movies which starred Barbara Winsor and Sid James. Typical dialogue...
SJ: You don't get many of those to the pound! (Referring to BW's ample cleavage)
BW: Ooohhh! Cheeky!
SJ: Phoooarrr! I wouldn't kick her out of bed for eating crackers!
BW: Ooohhh! You are awful! (for a bit of variety...)
SJ: Loveliest pair of ...eyes I ever saw!
BW: Ooohhh! Cheeky!
and so on ad nauseum...
45) Khaki. In the UK a light beige colour. In US khaki can also be green when referring to army fatigues which are generically known as 'khaki'.
46) Knickers. A similar problem to 'pants' (cv). In the US they are knee-length trousers like what the Brits call 'breeches'. In the UK, they are the things that go underneath. Typically British men wear pants under their trousers and women wear knickers, unless of course, you are a Tory (Conservative) MP and then anything goes... Also NORWICH was an acronym used by service personel during WWII for '(k)Nickers Off Ready When I Come Home'. To be on the safe side when visiting the doctors it's best to keep your pants/knickers on...
47) Wellies. In the UK a type of waterproof rubberised boot named after that Great Englishman, the Duke Of Wellington. You guys in the US would call them 'gumboots' or 'galoshes'. In the UK wellies are much beloved of Tory MPs with large country estates and farmer-types with sheep, particularly the 'Hunter' welly with the handy straps on the side.
48) Warm clothing. In the UK we wear warm woolly upper garments during the winter which we call 'jumpers'. You call them 'sweaters'. Boring but true. Also a long woolly dress is called a 'jumper' in the US. I suppose both nations have the joke:
What do you get if you cross a kangaroo with a sweater?
A woolly jumper.
Groan. Somebody carbon date that joke please...
49) Spanner. You see that long metal object in your tool kit that you use to adjust bolts on your car? We call that a spanner, not a wrench.
50) Slash. In the US a line denoting a separation on the written page or on a computer, or even a rip or tear in a piece of material. In the UK also a euphenism for a wee, a jimmy riddle or urination. Also the name of a rather well known guitarist who was born in England and hence should have thought a little harder before choosing his 'nom de rock'n'roooolll, man'.
51) Liberal. In the US someone who has enlightened and progressive views on abortion, welfare, health care, racial and sexual issues, and sympathsizes with the needs of those less fortunate than themselves. Or at least that's what they say. Republicans probably wouldn't agree with this statement... In the UK, someone is neither left wing nor right wing but somewhere in between. In both countries, 'liberal' can be used as an insult and a compliment. Although most Americans liberals would probably balk at the idea, in the UK they might be considered to be socialists. (Shock! Horror!)
52) Snogging. You know that thing you do when you are with your loved one when you tickle each others tonsils? In the UK that's called snogging. Much beloved of kids at school discos inbetween swigging illicit bottles of vodka and Special Brew beer and 'getting on down' to Take That (screaaaaammmmm!) (popular beat combo in the UK much admired by girlies).
53) Git. An undesirable and miserable person. Between 'sod' and 'bastard' on the 'are you going to get your head kicked in?' scale.
54) Jock. In the US, big guys who like sport, women and acting macho. In the UK, a Scottish person who probably also likes sport, women and acting macho but in a Glaswegian (i.e. from Glasgow) accent. Which is probably more scary since a lot of people have difficultly understanding them...
55) Lemonade. In the US, non-fizzy fruit drink possibly made from lemons that we Brits call 'squash'. Our 'lemonade' is fizzy, akin to your pop or soda (depending on what part of the US you are from.) I was most disappointed when I found this out for the first time in a US cinema...
56) Crossing the road. In the UK we love our cute fluffy and feathery friends. So much in fact that we name our road crossings after them. We have pedestrian walkways that have broad black & white stripes (like on the cover of 'Abbey Road' by the Beatles) which we call 'Zebra Crossings'. We also have crossings akin to yours with the 'walk/don't walk' signs on them which have a little red man standing still and a little green man walking. These are illuminated when you are supposed to stay where you are or walk respectively. For some inexplicable reason this is called a 'pelican crossing'. As for the little green man flashing...
57) Hotels. In the UK the floors in a hotel are numbered ground floor, first floor, second floor etc. In otherwords the first floor is the second floor, the second is the third and so on and so on. In the US, you have a more sensible numbering system. A good thing to note if you are a US bell-boy(UK)/bell-hop(US) looking for Take That's (screaaaaammmmm!) suite on the eighth floor in a UK hotel. (BTW Just follow the detritus of fluffy toys and soggy knickers (cv)...)
58) Waste disposal. In the UK our household waste is called 'rubbish' and is taken away by the dustmen or bin men in their dustcart. In the US you have two types of household waste - garbage and trash. Also, you see that piece of street furniture which you are supposed to put the packaging from your lunch? We call them bins; you call then trash cans. I was sooo confused about this.
59) Merchant Banker. On both sides of the Atlantic an honourable and decent profession. In the UK, cockney rhyming slang for an onanist (see 'wanker'). Possibly apt.
60) Buying a drink. Those establishments where you buy alcohol late at night where you are not allowed to drink it on the premises are called Off Licences (or Offies) in the UK and Liquor Stores in the US. I'm over 21 and was repeatedly carded(US)/id'ed(UK) when I tried to buy beer (this was before I tried American beer). I thought that a British Passport was good enough ID for a liquor store since it got me in the country, but no, I needed an in-state driver's licence. Hellooo? I'm a tourist with a British Passport and an English accent who is wearing a t-shirt with UK tour dates on the back. Don't you think I *might* be the genuine article? (Sorry. The incident still annoys me.)
61) Please and sorry. In the UK, no sentence is complete with either or even both of these words. In the US, the former is said begrudgedly and 'What's the name of your lawyer?' is said instead of the latter.
62) English. We speak english in the UK. So do you in the US. But yet we don't speak the same language...
63) Women's things. Pads = US. Towels = UK. Tampons = everywhere. Do you have the ones with wings too? Do you have a patronising Clare Rayner-type who does the advert?
64) Crusty. In the US the state of a bread roll when it is freshly baked and smelling yummy. In the UK, as well as this, a person of possibly no real fixed abode who engages in an alternative lifestyle involving travelling around the country, wearing 'alternative' clothes (ex-army or hippie gear), having a pragmatic attitude to drugs and has possibly dubious personal hygiene. They would rather be called 'Travellers' and I admire them for their stance against 'straight' society. (oooh a bit of politics there...)
65) Bum. In the UK, the definition of 'buns' (cv) describes more than adequately the biggest muscle in the body. In the US, a person whom we would call a tramp. Also the act of being a bum. I have been reliably informed that Take That (screaaaaammmmm!) have cute bums but only one (the scruffy git (cv) with the dreadlocks) actually looks like one...
66) North/South divide. Ask anyone from the north of England where the North ends and the South begins, they might say 'Worksop' is the dividing line. Ask anyone from the south and they might say 'north of Oxfordshire' or even 'north of London'. These definitions differ by well over 100 hundred miles! In the north the people have cloth caps, whippets (racing dogs, not aerosol cans of whipped cream!), keep pigeons, speak in a funny way and drink bitter in grim working mens clubs. In the south, the people are either country yokels who speak in a funny way, or people with loads of money who speak like the Queen or brash Cockneys who speak in funny way while engaged in dealings of a dubious nature and drinking lager. That is, if you believe the stereotypes as portrayed in the media. It is all utter bollocks (cv).
67) Pardon. As I said before, being sorry is all part of being English. We apologise for things that aren't our fault again and again and again. I am convinced that the first word that an English baby learns to say after 'Mama' and 'Dada' is 'sorry'. Anyway, 'pardon me' is a polite way of excusing your way through a crowd or excusing yourself or if your bodily functions betray you in public. The US equivalent, 'excuse me' only seems to be used in a sarcastic way, i.e. 'Well excuuuuuse me!' while exchanging lawyers' telephone numbers.
68) Lorry. A UK truck. A word used in the tongue twister 'Red Lorry Yellow Lorry' by parents to torture their kids. Try it. You'll hate me for it.
69) Irony. Along with sarcasm, the basis of English humour. Totally lost on most of our American chums. Saying '...NOT!' is not sarcasm.
70) Easy. When an English girl says 'I'm easy' she is not saying 'Please sleep with me.' She is saying 'I don't mind what we do.' Then again in the presence of Take That (screaaaaammmmm!) who knows?
71) Bonk. In a similar vein, to bonk someone in the UK is to enjoy sexual congress with them. It also means to hit someone, usually on the head. The two might be related if you like that sort of thing...
72) Rumpty. The latest word coined by the British Tabloid Press for fun stuff in the dark. Obviously they got bored with bonking... Anyway, a typical sex scandal headline in the Sun (infamous tabloid paper owned by Rupert Murdock) would read 'Robbie-ex-from-Take-That (screaaaaammmmm!) caught in four in bed rumpty with Divine Brown, OJ and some ugly Tory Minister who will shortly be resigning'....
73) Suspenders. In the UK those things that women hold their stocking up with. You call them garters. Confusingly, when I was in Cub Scouts, the things with the tags on them you used to hold your socks up were called garters too. These were instruments of torture - ideal for pinging and causing yelps of pain during prayer on church parade services. Some children are sooo cruel. Anyway, what you call suspenders we call braces.
74) Aubergine. Frankly foul purple vegetable used in moussaka. You call them eggplants.
75) Dinky. In the US something that is small or poorly made. In the UK something small and cute. I'm not sure if you had Dinky Cars in the US, but these toy cars are now worth a fortune over here. And I gave all mine away too (sob!)...
76) Table. Imagine you are in a boardroom. The chairperkin (note dubious PC nomenclature) says 'I reckon we should table the motion about the McBigcorp account'. If you were American you would think 'Gee, I guess we can forget about that for a while' - i.e. the motion has been postponed. If you were English, you would think 'Jolly good show old bean! I fancied (cv) talking about that one!', i.e. the motion has been brought up for discussion. How do people in trans-atlantic companies cope?
77) Twat. In the US, calling someone a twat is unwise since you are accusing them of resembling a part of the female anatomy. In the UK, a mild insult meaning 'idiot' much beloved of school children who might get into trouble with naughtier words.
78) Swank. In both countries to be 'swanky' implies that you are showy and vulgar, or to say that something is 'swanky' could also mean that it is posh or expensive. Comic book characters (e.g. those in UK comics The Beano and Whizzer & Chips) are often seen going into the 'Hotel de Swank' after getting money for some good turn, where they promptly blow it all on a plate of mashed potato with sausages sticking out of it. I have never seen such a delicacy on offer in the hotels I have been in, much to my disappointment. Anyway, I have also been reliably informed that 'Swank' is also the name of a US DIY magazine populated by young women who have great difficulty keeping their clothes on or their legs together. They also wear high heels in bed. Weird. I have a theory about how the magazine got named. The editor was wandering around Soho, London (the red light district) one day when he heard a Londoner shout 'S' wank innit?' (It is a wank(cv) isn't it). Thinking, 'Aha - I'm au fait with English slang: hence 'Swank' would be a great name for a porno mag' he toddled off back to the US and created said magazine. Unfortunately, in this context the Londoner was probably referring to his job being pointless...
79) Potty. In both countries 'potty' is that little plastic seat that kids are forced to use when they need to expel bodily waste when they are too big for nappies(UK) / diapers(US). Americans take the meaning of this word into adult life unchanged. English chaps use 'potty' to describe someone who is a bit silly, dolalley or, to be frank, mad. After watching the film 'The Madness of King George', I can see how the two meanings might have a common ancestry...
80) Bloody. You guys might describe an item covered in blood as 'bloody'. So might we. 'Bloody' is also a mild English swear word which is always used in cheesy programs made by Americans about the UK. Hardly anyone over here uses it anymore. Similarly, the word 'bleeding'. We use 'fuck' just as much as you guys, the big difference being that we can use it on network television after 9pm in a non-gratutious way, whereas you can only shout 'fuck' in the privacy of your own home. So there.
81) Grass. You can walk on it and you could smoke it (if it wasn't illegal). In the UK you can also do it as well. To grass on someone means to tell on them, usually to an authority figure like a policeman or a teacher. Someone who tells on a lot of people is known as a 'supergrass' - most often used when describing IRA informers who do the dirty on their Republican chums. Also 'Supergrass' is the name of a pop combo who are rather more popular over here than they are in the US. Whether they named themselves after this definition or one more akin to why Green Day are called 'Green Day' is uncertain...
82) Policemen. UK policemen are unarmed. As a consequence I feel safer over here than I did in the US. Anyway, the following are used to describe policemen: bobbies, peelers, filth, cops, pigs, the old Bill (or the Bill), rozzers, coppers, a plod or perhaps 'bastards' if you are feeling lucky. I'm not sure how many of those you guys might use. Imagine you are a tea leaf (thief) and you spot a car in good nick (reasonable condition) so you decide to nick (steal) it. Along comes PC (Police Constable) Plod, puts his hand on your shoulder and says 'You're nicked mate!' even though he isn't your friend and he probably isn't wielding a knife. This is your cue to say 'It's a fair cop! You got me banged to rights and make no mistake. You'll find the rest of the swag (illgotten gains) in the sack!' if you are stupid or 'I aint done nuffink copper!' if you are aren't.
83) Crime and punishment. If you had 'been a naughty boy' and taken to court, you may find yourself confronted by a 'beak' (a magistrate), who might send you down for some time 'at her Majesty's Pleasure'. You would go to gaol (or jail), or 'nick' as it is sometimes confusingly called.
84) Banger. Three meanings in the UK: a sausage, an old car well past it's prime and a small firework that makes a loud noise. If you were repulsed by the idea of eating a faggot (cv), the British banger would really make your stomach turn since it makes even a Taco Bell meal look like it contains high quality meat. The Tabloid press seem to think that the European Economic Community (the UK is a rather reluctant member) wants to ban the British Banger. WRONG! They just want to reduce the breadcrumb, eyes and goolies (male genitals) content and put meat in instead...
85) Conk. A nose. Also conkers is a game were small children thread horsechest nuts to lengths of string and hit the nuts together. The first nut to break is the loser. A conker that beats many conkers is known as a 'bully', as in a 'bully-niner' is a conker that has beaten nine other conkers. It has probably been soaked in vinegar, baked in an oven or scooped out and filled with concrete. If such a conker hit you on the conk you would know all about it.
86) Soldiers. On both sides of the Atlantic, members of the military who run around shooting things while wearing khaki (cv). Also in the UK, soldiers are pieces of buttered toast or bread that you dip in your soft boiled egg at breakfast. Yum!
87) Half inch. To you, half an inch or 1.27cm. To us, to borrow without asking first. The likely activity of a Tea Leaf (cv) in otherwords.
88) Cock. There are four obvious meanings that are common to both the English and the Americans. A willy (penis), a male bird, to ready a gun and to knock or place something off centre. In England there is a fifth. If a person says 'Ello cock!' they are greeting you as a close personal friend. The first meaning may also apply if you are a very close personal friend and the third may apply if the first makes it's unwanted presence known in an unsuitable situation...
89) Squash. To you a vegetable. To us a fruit drink similar to US lemonade. Also called 'cordial', though how friendly a bottle of orange squash can be is open to debate.
90) Mug. There are many meanings to this word, e.g. a vessel to contain your 'cuppa' (cup of tea). In the UK, a mug is a fool or an idiot and to mug up is to learn. In the US a mug is a thug or a hoodlum (sortened version of mugger I suppose). In otherwords, you better mug up on how not to be a mug before you are mugged by a mug.
91) Drug slang. In the UK we have some great rock festivals like Reading, Phoenix and Glastonbury (yeah!). You guys have Lollapalooza (okay) and Woodstock (wasn't the second one a dodo or what?). Anyway, we have some drug slang which you might hear if you were into such things at these events (not that I'm condoning them but...)
Vera Lynns (or Veras) - skins or tobacco papers (named after a WWII singer.) Mandies - Mandy Smiths (very young ex wife of ex Rolling Stone Bill Wyman) or spliffs. Billy Whizz - speed or amphetamine - named after a comic character who could run very fast. E - ecstacy or MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine). Much hilarity ensues when a contestant on the UK quiz show 'Blockbusters' asks host Bob Holness 'for an e'. Ho ho.
There are many others...
92) Mean. In the UK to be mean implies you are frugal to the point of being stingy. In the US you might be mean (i.e. aggressive) because of that English guy's inability to get his wallet out and buy you a beer (cv).
93) Autumn. My favourite time of year when the leaves turn orange, red and yellow. You call it 'Fall'. I prefer Autumn.
94) Candy. We call them sweets. Unless they are American confectionary, then we call them candy too. I have met quite a few Americans girls called 'Candy' but never ever an English one called 'Sweets'.
95) Cutlery. The impliments you eat with. You guys also call them flatware.
96) Sucker. In both countries a fool or a silly person. Also a piece of candy on the end of a stick that us Brits call a lollipop or a lolly. We also call money 'lolly' too to make things just that little bit more confusing...
97) Z. The twenty sixth letter of the alphabet. You call it 'Zee'; we call it 'Zed'. A whole generation in England has had to relearn the alphabet after hearing the 'Alphabet song' on Sesame Street. Sadder still, the song doesn't rhyme with the English 'Zed'. At least the 'Numbers song' works (1-2-3-4-5, 6-7-8-9-10, 11-12, do do-do do-do do-do do etc etc...)
98) Tire. When visiting the garage make sure you know the difference between a UK tire (band of metal placed around the rim of a wheel designed to strengthen it) and a US tire (pneumatic effort called a 'tyre' in the UK). If you make a mistake it could be a very long and bumpy ride home.
99) 99. In the US purely the number before one hundred. In the UK a yummy variety of ice cream consisting of a scoop of vanilla soft-scoop ice cream in wafer cone with a chocolate flake stuck in it. The cone is specially designed to allow the melting ice cream to flow all over your hand before you get to eat it.
100) Centennial. Dull but apt. You call the period lasting a hundred years a centenary.
There you have it. One hundred definitions and quite a few extra along the way. If anyone else has any more suggestions please drop me a line at:
[email protected]
| The Wrench |
'Nom de plume' means what? | British Sayings And What They Mean - Business Insider
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We're chuffed to bits about the launch of Business Insider UK. REUTERS/Paul Hackett
Everyone knows that for the Brits an elevator is a “lift,” an apartment is a “flat,” and those chips you’re snacking on are actually called “crisps.”
But British people also say some other really weird, confusing things.
To celebrate the launch of Business Insider's UK website , we compiled 12 British phrases that will leave Americans utterly flummoxed. You might just see these on our new site.
1. “They lost the plot.”
When someone has “lost the plot,” it means they have lost their cool. The phrase is particularly common in English football, where it is generally used when a player or coach gets in a fight or performs poorly during the game .
2. “I haven’t seen that in donkey's years.”
“Donkey’s years” translates to “a really long time,” mainly because “donkey’s ears” kind of sounded like “donkey’s years” and became a rhyming slang term .
The phrase was underscored by the belief that donkeys live a long time ( which can be true ) and have very long ears ( definitely true ).
3. “Quit your whinging!”
Quit your whinging — it's always raining in London. REUTERS/Eddie Keogh
When someone is “whinging,” it means they’re whining or crying . The next time your coworker is complaining about something, feel free to call him a whinger.
4. “He’s such a chav.”
This is a pejorative epithet in Britain that’s used to describe a specific kind of stereotype : a working-class person who is loud or brash and wears (usually fake) designer clothes — especially the classic Burberry check.
It is essentially the British version of “white trash” and should be used sparingly .
5. “You’ve thrown a spanner in the works.”
When you put or throw a spanner in the works, it means you’ve ruined a plan. A spanner is the word for a wrench in England, so it’s the British equivalent of “throwing a wrench in the plan.”
6. “Let’s have a chinwag.”
Though fairly self-explanatory, having a “chinwag” (sometimes " chin-wag ") means that you’re having a chat with someone, usually associated with gossip. Just imagine a chin wagging up and down, and you’ll get the idea.
7. “I’m chuffed to bits.”
If you’re “chuffed to bits” you’re really happy or thrilled about something . It’s also acceptable to say “chuffed” all on its own: “I’ve just scored free tickets to the Beyoncé concert, and I’m well chuffed!”
8. “That’s manky.”
Something that is manky is unpleasantly dirty or disgusting . Its slang usage dates to the 1950s and was probably a combination of "mank" (meaning mutilated or maimed), the Old French word "manqué" (to fail), and the Latin "mancus" (maimed).
You can also feel “manky” if you’re under the weather .
9. “My cat? She’s a moggy.”
This moggy is quite patriotic. REUTERS/Shamil Zhumatov
A “moggy” or “moggie” refers to an alley cat or a cat without a pedigree, but it is often used interchangeably as another word for cat.
10. “This was an absolute doddle to do.”
A “doddle” is a task or activity that is extremely easy . Though the origin is unknown, it dates to the 1930s and is still common.
11. “You’re taking the piss.”
When you take the piss with someone, you’re being unreasonable or taking liberties . For example, if a cashier overcharges you on something, he is taking the piss.
It can also be a stand-in phrase for when you’re mocking or teasing someone, though this is more commonly said as “ taking the piss out of ” someone or something. For example: “They’re always taking the piss out of John because he likes Taylor Swift.”
12. “I’ve dropped a clanger.”
When someone makes an embarrassing gaffe that upsets someone else, that person has “ dropped a clanger .”
For example, if you offer your seat to a pregnant woman on the subway and she tells you she’s not actually pregnant, you may have dropped a clanger.
Know of other great British idioms that we missed? Add them in the comments!
| i don't know |
The mallet used by an auctioneer is called a what? | Gavel | Define Gavel at Dictionary.com
gavel
a small hammer used by a chairman, auctioneer, etc, to call for order or attention
2.
a hammer used by masons to trim rough edges off stones
Word Origin
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for gavel
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n.
"small mallet used by presiding officers at meetings," 1805, American English, of unknown origin; perhaps connected with German dialectal gaffel "brotherhood, friendly society," from Middle High German gaffel "society, guild," related to Old English gafol "tribute," giefan "to give" (see habit ). But in some sources gavel also is identified as a type of mason's tool, in which case the extended meaning may be via freemasonry. As a verb, by 1887, from the noun.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
| Gavel |
The Japanese word 'sayonara' means what? | Hammer - definition of hammer by The Free Dictionary
Hammer - definition of hammer by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/hammer
Related to hammer: Hammer Films
ham·mer
(hăm′ər)
n.
1. A hand tool consisting of a handle with a head of metal or other heavy rigid material that is attached at a right angle, used for striking or pounding.
2. A tool or device similar in function or action to this striking tool, as:
a. The part of a gunlock that hits the primer or firing pin or explodes the percussion cap and causes the gun to fire.
b. Music One of the padded wooden pieces of a piano that strikes the strings.
c. A part of an apparatus that strikes a gong or bell, as in a clock.
3. Anatomy See malleus .
4. Sports A metal ball weighing 16 pounds (7.2 kilograms) and having a long wire or wooden handle by which it is thrown for distance in track-and-field competition.
5. A small mallet used by auctioneers.
v. ham·mered, ham·mer·ing, ham·mers
v.tr.
a. To hit, especially repeatedly, with a hammer; pound. See Synonyms at beat .
b. To strike forcefully and repeatedly: hooves hammering the ground.
c. To assault with military force: hammered the position with artillery shells.
2.
a. To beat into a shape with a hammer or similar tool: hammered the metal into a goblet.
b. To accomplish or produce with difficulty or effort. Often used with out: hammer out an agreement.
3. To put together, fasten, or seal, particularly with nails, by hammering.
4. To force upon (someone) by constant repetition: hammered the information into the students' heads.
5.
a. To cause harm, loss, or difficulty to (someone), especially repeatedly: investors hammered in the bear market.
b. To defeat soundly: got hammered in the playoffs.
c. To attack verbally: a politician hammered in the press
v.intr.
1. To deal repeated blows with or as if with a hammer; pummel: "Wind hammered at us violently in gusts" (Thor Heyerdahl).
2. To undergo beating in the manner of a hammer: My pulse hammered.
3. Informal To keep at something continuously. Often used with away: hammered away at the problem.
Idiom:
For sale at an auction.
[Middle English hamer, from Old English hamor; see ak- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.]
ham′mer·er n.
(ˈhæmə)
n
1. (Tools) a hand tool consisting of a heavy usually steel head held transversely on the end of a handle, used for driving in nails, beating metal, etc
2. (Mechanical Engineering) any tool or device with a similar function, such as the moving part of a door knocker, the striking head on a bell, etc
3. (Mechanical Engineering) a power-driven striking tool, esp one used in forging. A pneumatic hammer delivers a repeated blow from a pneumatic ram, a drop hammer uses the energy of a falling weight
4. (Firearms, Gunnery, Ordnance & Artillery) a part of a gunlock that rotates about a fulcrum to strike the primer or percussion cap, either directly or via a firing pin
5. (Athletics (Track & Field)) athletics
a. a heavy metal ball attached to a flexible wire: thrown in competitions
b. the event or sport of throwing the hammer
6. an auctioneer's gavel
7. (Instruments) a device on a piano that is made to strike a string or group of strings causing them to vibrate
8. (Anatomy) anatomy the nontechnical name for malleus
9. (Curling) curling the last stone thrown in an end
10. (Commerce) go under the hammer come under the hammer to be offered for sale by an auctioneer
11. hammer and tongs with great effort or energy: fighting hammer and tongs.
12. on someone's hammer slang
a. persistently demanding and critical of someone
b. in hot pursuit of someone
vb
13. to strike or beat (a nail, wood, etc) with or as if with a hammer
14. (tr) to shape or fashion with or as if with a hammer
15. (tr; foll by in or into) to impress or force (facts, ideas, etc) into (someone) through constant repetition
16. (intr) to feel or sound like hammering: his pulse was hammering.
17. (often foll by: away) to work at constantly
18. (tr)
a. to question in a relentless manner
b. to criticize severely
19. informal to inflict a defeat on
20. (tr) slang to beat, punish, or chastise
21. (Stock Exchange) (tr) stock exchange
a. to announce the default of (a member)
b. to cause prices of (securities, the market, etc) to fall by bearish selling
[Old English hamor; related to Old Norse hamarr crag, Old High German hamar hammer, Old Slavonic kamy stone]
ˈhammerer n
(ˈhæm ər)
n.
1. a tool consisting of a solid head, usu. of metal, set crosswise on a handle, used for driving nails, beating metals, etc.
2. any of various instruments or devices resembling this in form, action, or use, as a gavel, a mallet for playing the xylophone, or one of the padded levers by which the strings of a piano are struck.
3. the part of a lock of a firearm that strikes the primer or firing pin, explodes the percussion cap, etc., and causes the discharge; cock.
4. a metal ball, usu. weighing 16 lb. (7.3 kg), attached to a steel wire at the end of which is a grip, for throwing in the hammer throw.
6. to beat or drive (a nail, peg, etc.) with a hammer.
7. to fasten by using hammer and nails; nail (often fol. by down, up, etc.).
8. to assemble or build with a hammer and nails (often fol. by together).
9. to beat out: to hammer brass.
10. to form or construct by repeated, vigorous, or strenuous effort (often fol. by out or together): to hammer out an agreement.
11. to pound or hit forcefully (often fol. by out): to hammer out a tune on the piano.
12. to settle or resolve, as by strenuous or repeated effort (usu. fol. by out): They hammered out their differences at last.
13. to present (points in an argument, an idea, etc.) forcefully or compellingly: hammering home the need for action.
14. to impress (something) as if by hammer blows: to hammer rules into someone's head.
v.i.
15. to strike blows with or as if with a hammer.
16. to make persistent or laborious attempts to finish or perfect something (sometimes fol. by away): She hammered away at her speech for days.
17. to reiterate; emphasize by repetition (often fol. by away).
Idioms:
under the hammer, for sale at public auction.
[before 1000; Middle English hamer, Old English hamor, c. Old Saxon hamur, Old High German hamar hammer, Old Norse hamarr hammer, crag]
ham′mer•er, n.
I will have been hammering
you will have been hammering
he/she/it will have been hammering
we will have been hammering
you will have been hammering
they will have been hammering
Past Perfect Continuous
Noun
1.
firing mechanism , gunlock - the action that ignites the charge in a firearm
striker - the part of a mechanical device that strikes something
2.
hammer - a hand tool with a heavy rigid head and a handle; used to deliver an impulsive force by striking
ball-peen hammer - a hammer with one round and one flat end; used in working metal
bricklayer's hammer - a hammer used in laying bricks
carpenter's hammer , claw hammer , clawhammer - a hammer with a cleft at one end for pulling nails
hammerhead - the striking part of a hammer
hand tool - a tool used with workers' hands
head - the striking part of a tool; "the head of the hammer"
beetle , mallet - a tool resembling a hammer but with a large head (usually wooden); used to drive wedges or ram down paving stones or for crushing or beating or flattening or smoothing
maul , sledgehammer , sledge - a heavy long-handled hammer used to drive stakes or wedges
percussor , plessor , plexor - (medicine) a small hammer with a rubber head used in percussive examinations of the chest and in testing reflexes
tack hammer - a light hammer that is used to drive tacks
3.
malleus
auditory ossicle - ossicles of the middle ear that transmit acoustic vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear
middle ear , tympanic cavity , tympanum - the main cavity of the ear; between the eardrum and the inner ear
4.
hammer - a light drumstick with a rounded head that is used to strike such percussion instruments as chimes, kettledrums, marimbas, glockenspiels, etc.
mallet
drumstick - a stick used for playing a drum
percussion instrument , percussive instrument - a musical instrument in which the sound is produced by one object striking another
5.
hammer - a heavy metal sphere attached to a flexible wire; used in the hammer throw
sports equipment - equipment needed to participate in a particular sport
6.
hammer - a striker that is covered in felt and that causes the piano strings to vibrate
piano action - action consisting of a system of levers that move a felt hammer to strike the strings when a key is depressed
striker - the part of a mechanical device that strikes something
7.
air hammer , jackhammer , pneumatic hammer - a hammer driven by compressed air
electric hammer - a hammer driven by electric motor
power tool - a tool driven by a motor
triphammer - a massive power hammer; raised by a cam until released to fall under gravity
8.
hammer - the act of pounding (delivering repeated heavy blows); "the sudden hammer of fists caught him off guard"; "the pounding of feet on the hallway"
blow - a powerful stroke with the fist or a weapon; "a blow on the head"
Verb
hammer - beat with or as if with a hammer; "hammer the metal flat"
beat - hit repeatedly; "beat on the door"; "beat the table with his shoe"
sledgehammer , sledge - beat with a sledgehammer
forge , hammer - create by hammering; "hammer the silver into a bowl"; "forge a pair of tongues"
2.
hammer - beat with or as if with a hammer; "hammer the metal flat"
beat - shape by beating; "beat swords into ploughshares"
foliate - hammer into thin flat foils; "foliate metal"
dropforge - forge with a dropforge; "drop-force the metal"
hammer
1. mallet , gavel He used a hammer and chisel to chip away at the wall.
verb
1. hit , drive , knock , beat , strike , tap , bang Hammer a wooden peg into the hole.
2. (often with into) impress upon, repeat , drive home , drum into , grind into , din into , drub into He hammered it into me that I had not become a rotten goalkeeper.
5. fashion , make , form , shape , forge , beat out The barrels are hammered from cold steel.
go at something hammer and tongs do something enthusiastically, do something with gusto, give something laldy (Scot.) He loved gardening. He went at it hammer and tongs.
جَرَس السّاعَه او البيانو شَاكُوش كُرة مَعْدَنِيَّه تُرمى بِيَد فولاذيَّهمِطْرَقَهيَضْرِبُ بالمِطْرِقَه
kladivosrdcetlouci kladivemvtloukatkladívko
çekiç çekici çekiçle vurmak/çakmak tokmak zorla öğretmek
búa
A. N (= tool) → martillo m (Mus) → macillo m; [of firearm] → percusor m
the hammer and sickle → el martillo y la hoz
to come under the hammer → ser subastado
to go at it hammer and tongs (= argue) → discutir acaloradamente ; (= fight) → luchar a brazo partido ; (= work) → darle duro
B. VT
to hammer a post into the ground → hincar un poste en el suelo a martillazos
to hammer sth into shape [+ metal] → forjar algo a martillazos (fig) [+ team etc] → forjar algo a golpes
to hammer a point home → remachar un punto
to hammer sth into sb (fig) → meter algo en la cabeza de algn
2. (= defeat, thrash) → dar una paliza a, machacar
C. VI to hammer on or at a door → dar golpes en or golpear una puerta
to hammer away at [+ subject] → insistir con ahinco en, machacar en; [+ work] → trabajar asiduamente en
to hammer away on the piano → aporrear el piano
hammer down VT + ADV [+ lid etc] → asegurar con clavos ; [+ nail] → meter a martillazos
hammer in VT + ADV → meter a martillazos
hammer out VT + ADV [+ nail] → sacar ; [+ dent] → alisar a martillazos (fig) [+ solution, agreement] → negociar no sin esfuerzo
hammer together VT + ADV [+ pieces of wood etc] → clavar
hammer
to go at it hammer and tongs → s'en donner à cœur joie
to go under the hammer (at auction) → être mis aux enchères hammer blow
(SPORT) (in athletics) (= object thrown) → marteau m (= event) → marteau m hammer throw
vt
to hammer an idea into sb → enfoncer une idée dans la tête de qn
vi
to hammer at the door → tambouriner contre la porte
to hammer on the table → taper du poing sur la table
hammer away at
vt fus [+ subject, theme] → insister lourdement sur
hammer in
vt sep [+ nail, peg] → enfoncer
hammer out
[+ metal] → étendre au marteau hammer blow n (fig) → coup m terrible
to deliver a hammer blow to sth → porter un coup terrible à qch
hammer
n (generally) → Hammer m; (of gun) → Hahn m; to go at it hammer and tongs (inf) → sich ins Zeug legen (inf), → sich reinhängen (sl); (= work also) → schuften , dass die Fetzen fliegen (inf); (= quarrel) → sich in die Wolle kriegen (inf), → sich streiten , dass die Fetzen fliegen ; (= have sex) → es miteinander machen (inf); to go/come under the hammer (at auction) → unter den Hammer kommen ; throwing the hammer (Sport) → Hammerwerfen nt; in the hammer (Sport) → im Hammerwurf
vt
nail, metal → hämmern ; to hammer a nail into a wall → einen Nagel in die Wand schlagen ; to hammer something into shape (metal) → etw zurechthämmern; (fig) agreement → etw ausarbeiten ; to hammer something into somebody or into somebody’s head (inf) → jdm etw einbläuen (inf)
(inf: = defeat badly) → eine Schlappe beibringen +dat (inf); Chelsea were hammered 6-1 → Chelsea musste eine 6:1- Schlappe einstecken (inf)
(St Ex sl) stockbroker → für zahlungsunfähig erklären
(inf: = harm) small businesses have been hammered by the recession → kleine Firmen sind von der Rezession schwer in Mitleidenschaft gezogen worden
vi → hämmern ; to hammer on the door → an die Tür hämmern ; my heart was hammering → mein Herz pochte wild
hammer
1. n (tool) → martello ; (of gun) → percussore m
to go at it hammer and tongs (fam) (work) → darci dentro ; (argue) → azzuffarsi
to hammer sth into shape (metal) → dare una forma a qc col martello (fig) (team, plan) → mettere a punto qc
to hammer a point home to sb → cacciare un'idea in testa a qn
3. vi → dare colpi di martello
to hammer on or at the door → picchiare alla porta
hammer down vt + adv (lid) → fissare con colpi di martello ; (nail) → piantare (a martellate)
hammer out vt + adv (metal) → spianare (a martellate) (fig) (solution, agreement) → mettere a punto
hammer
(ˈhӕmə) noun
1. a tool with a heavy usually metal head, used for driving nails into wood, breaking hard substances etc. a joiner's hammer. hamer مِطْرَقَه чук martelo kladivo der Hammer hammer σφυρί martillo haamer چكش vasara marteau פטיש हथौड़ा cekic kalapács palu hamar martello 金づち 망치 plaktukas, kūjis āmurs penukul hamer hammer młot څټك ، چټك ، سټك martelo ciocan молоток kladivo kladivo čekić hammare ฆ้อน çekiç 榔頭, 錘子 молоток ہتھوڑا cái búa 榔头，锤子
2. the part of a bell, piano, clock etc that hits against some other part, so making a noise. klepel, bel جَرَس السّاعَه او البيانو чукче martelo srdce; kladívko der Hammer, der Klöppel hammer πλήκτρο macillo kellakara, püssikukk هر چیز چکش مانند vasara marteau פטיש घोड़ा, तार malj, nabijac ütő pemukul hamar martelletto 打ち子 (피아노의) 해머 (varpo) šerdis, (fortepijono) plaktukas (mehānisma daļa) āmuriņš tukul hamer hammer młoteczek هر شی لکه څټك martelo ciocănaş молоточек kladivko kladivce deo zvona hammare, klubba, kläpp ลูกตุ้มเหล็ก tokmak , ...çekici 音槌 молоточок گھڑي وغیرہ کا گھنٹہ đầu cần 小槌子，音槌
3. in sport, a metal ball on a long steel handle for throwing. hamer كُرة مَعْدَنِيَّه تُرمى بِيَد فولاذيَّه чук martelo kladivo der Wurfhammer hammer σφύρα martillo vasar چکش moukari marteau זְרִיקָת פַּטִיש गोला kladivo kalapács martil sleggja martello ハンマー (육상경기의) 해머 kūjis (sportā) veseris tukul hamer slegge młot څټك martelo ciocan молот kladivo kladivo kladivo slägga ลูกตุ้มโลหะมีด้ามยาวใช้ขว้างในกีฬาทุ่มน้ำหนัก çekiç 鏈球 молот ورزشی کھیلوں میں گھما کر پھیکا جانے والا گولا ném búa 链球
verb
1. to hit, beat, break etc (something) with a hammer. He hammered the nail into the wood. hamer يَضْرِبُ بالمِطْرِقَه зачуквам martelar (za)tlouci kladivem hämmern hamre χτυπώ με σφυρί martillar, martillear; clavar (haamriga) lööma چكش زدن vasaroida marteler/enfoncer à coups de marteau לְהַכּוֹת בְּפַטִיש हथौडे़ से ठोंकना nabijati, kovati (ki)kalapál memalu negla martellare , battere con il martello 打つ 망치로 때리다 kalti sist; dauzīt (ar āmuru) menukul hameren banke , slå , hamre uderzać, wbijać (młotkiem) څټك وهل martelar a lovi cu ciocanul бить молотком zatĺcť kladivom zabiti s kladivom ukucati hamra, spika, bulta ตอก çekiçle vurmak/çakmak 錘打 забивати ہتھوڑے سے چوٹ کرنا đóng bằng búa 锤打
2. to teach a person (something) with difficulty, by repetition. Grammar was hammered into us at school. inhamer يقومُ بِمُحاوَلات مُتَكَرِّرَه набивам в главата martelado vtloukat einhämmern hamre χώνω στο κεφάλι (μτφ.), διδάσκω κπ. με το ζόρι hacer entrar en la cabeza a golpe de martillo, hacer entender a alguien a fuerza de repetirlo tuupima به زور در كله كسي فرو كردن takoa faire entrer qqch. dans la tête de qqn לְהַחדִיר לְמוֹחוֹ घुट्टी पिलाना utuviti nekomu besulykol menanamkan hamra á, troða í martellare , たたき込む (사상 따위를) 박아넣다(주입하다) įkalti į galvą iedzīt galvā mengajar berkali-kali inhameren banke inn wbijać do głowy په زوره چاته ورزده كول meter à força a băga ceva în capul cuiva вдалбливать vtĺkať zabijati (v glavo) uterati u glavu slå (dunka) in ตอกย้ำ zorla öğretmek 重覆灌輸(難懂的知識) втовкмачувати کسی کو بڑی مشکل سے کچھ سکھانا nhồi nhét 重复灌输
give (someone) a hammering
to hammer (= beat) (a person). His father gave him a hammering for stealing. pak slae gee ضَرْب набивам dar pancada em dát (někomu) výprask verdreschen smæk; klø τσακίζω στο ξύλο dar una paliza naha peale andma کتک زدن antaa selkäsauna rosser לְהָבִיס पिटाई करना tuci, natuci (osobu) jól elpáhol memukuli berja e-n picchiare たたく 타격을 주다 duoti (kam) pipirų sadot pamatīgu sutu; piekaut belasah op zijn donder geven , een flink pak slaag geven gi (noen) bank złoić (komuś) skórę وهل dar pancada em a trage o chelfăneală (cuiva) всыпать (кому-л.) по первое число dať (komu) výprask nabiti koga izudarati ge ngn stryk ทำร้าย iyice dövmek 痛打(某人)一頓 дати прочуханки کسی کی پٹائی کرنا đánh đập 痛打（某人）一顿
hammer home
to make great efforts to make a person realize. We'll have to hammer home to them the importance of secrecy. inhamer, inprent يقوم بجهودٍ كبيرَه للإقناع полагам услия да накарам някого да разбере insistir dokopat k pochopení einbleuen hamre ind i hovedet på κάνω κπ. να καταλάβει insistir en algo pähe taguma تلاش کردن برای فهماندن چیزی takoa perille faire bien comprendre לְהַחדִיר समझाने के लिए खूब प्रयास करना utuviti nekomu fejébe ver menyadarkan leggja ofuráherslu á insistere よく分らせる 이해시키려고 노력하다 įkalti į galvą ieskaidrot menyedarkan dengan bersungguh-sungguh duidelijk maken, inhameren få banket inn, slå noe fast så det sitter wbijać do głowy د پوهیدلو لپاره هسه کول insistir a repeta (cu insistenţă) втолковывать presvedčiť, dokonale vysvetliť vbiti v glavo dati sve od sebe kako bi se objasnilo nešto nekome slå fast, göra ngt helt klart för ngn เน้นย้ำ büyük çaba göstermek 盡力讓某人瞭解 втовкмачувати بڑی جد و جہد سے کسی چیز کا احساس دلانا làm cho hiểu 力求使某人认识到
hammer out
to produce (an agreement etc) with a great deal of effort and discussion. to hammer out a solution. uitwerk يَقوم بمُحاولات عَديدَه لِيَتَوَصَّل إلى حَل изнамирам construir vypracovat ausarbeiten strikke sammen; udarbejde καταλήγω σε lograr/conseguir (trabajosamente) läbi suruma به توافق رسیدن saada aikaan élaborer לְגַבֵּש פִּתָרוֹן उपाय निकालना, परिश्रम से तैयार करना iskovati, smisliti kieszel menghasilkan berja saman escogitare , elaborare 考え出す 많은 노력으로 타협을 이끌어 내다 sugalvoti, pasiekti izstrādāt/panākt (vienošanos u.tml.) mencari dengan bersungguh-sungguh tot stand brengen met grote inspanning gjennomdrøfte , få utarbeidet wypracować z trudem جوریدل،توافق کول forjar a găsi (într-un final) выработать nájsť skovati izdejstvovati utarbeta, utforma ทำให้เกิดขึ้น zorlukla bir karara varmak, anlaşmaya varmak 推敲出 виробляти بحث مباحثہ کے بعد کچھ طے کر پانا nghĩ ra 推敲出
hammer
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Capuchin, Spider and Colobus are types of what? | Monkey | San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants
San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants
FAMILY: Callitrichidae (marmosets and tamarins); Cebidae (New World monkeys); Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys)
GENERA: 37
SPECIES: 196
ABOUT
A barrel of monkeys: They’re magnificent, mischievous, and sometimes mysterious—monkeys! They have many different adaptations, depending on their habitat. Most are arboreal. Others, like macaques, baboons, and some mangabeys, are more terrestrial. All monkeys can use their hands and feet for holding on to branches, but some arboreal monkeys can use their tails, too. Tails that can grab and hold are called prehensile. These special tails are ridged on the underside and very flexible, so much so that they can grab a tree branch or pick up something as small as a peanut!
Monkeys are found in two main regions of the world, so scientists have grouped them as either Old World monkeys or New World monkeys. Old World monkeys are found in Africa and Asia. Some examples are guenons, mangabeys, macaques, baboons, and colobus monkeys. New World monkeys are found in Mexico, Central America, and South America. Some examples are woolly monkeys, spider monkeys, howler monkeys, capuchin monkeys, and squirrel monkeys. Marmosets and tamarins also live where New World monkeys are found but are different enough to be in their own different scientific grouping.
There are a few characteristics that are different in Old World and New World monkeys:
Noses: Most Old World monkeys have small curved nostrils set close together. Most New World monkeys have round nostrils set far apart.
Cheek pouches: Macaques and some of the other Old World monkeys have cheek pouches, where food is stuffed on the run so it can be chewed later. New World monkeys don’t have cheek pouches.
Rump pads: Some Old World monkeys, such as drills, have sitting pads on their rumps, but New World monkeys do not.
Tails: Some New World monkeys, such as spider monkeys, have prehensile tails, but Old World monkeys do not. And one Old World monkey species, the Barbary macaque, has no tail at all!
HABITAT AND DIET
Most monkey species live in the tropical rain forests of Asia, Africa, and Central and South America, or the savannas of Africa. Geladas and golden monkeys are mountain dwellers, and Japanese macaques live in parts of Japan where it snows; these are the monkeys you may have seen on TV that find hot springs and spend a lot of time in the winter sitting in the warm water—kind of like a macaque Jacuzzi! Baboons live in savannas, open wooded areas, and rocky hillsides; although they are able to climb trees, they spend most of their time on the ground.
Many monkey species are known for their tree-swinging leaps that put human acrobats to shame! Many monkey species use the “arm over arm” technique you may have seen children practicing on the “monkey bars” at the playground! Colobus monkeys, unlike other monkey species, have hind legs that are much longer than their forelimbs, making for incredible leaping ability with great speed.
Monkey feet are as flexible as their hands, which also help them travel through small branches high up in the rain forest canopy. Monkeys play an important role in the wild by pollinating flowers and dispersing seeds as they travel. Some monkeys can swim; their webbed toes help them paddle through the water, and they may swim across a stream or river to avoid predators or get to food.
Night or owl monkeys are strictly nocturnal, using their enormous eyes to see well in the dark. They communicate with one another through scents and calls, including a series of grunts that resonate in the forest.
Prehensile tails come in handy for holding on while the monkey collects food: flowers, fruits, nuts, leaves, seeds, insects, birds’ eggs, spiders, and small mammals. Old World monkeys fill up their large cheek pouches with fruits, leaves, and insects as they forage during the day, stopping to chew and swallow their food when they find a safe spot to rest. Baboons are also known to eat meat when they can catch it, including young antelope, rabbits, and birds like guinea fowl.
Leaves are the food of choice for some monkey species. Colobus monkeys and langurs have chambered stomachs that carry bacteria, which help ferment and digest leaves. Geladas prefer to graze on grass!
Monkeys at the San Diego Zoo and the San Diego Zoo Safari Park are offered a variety of vegetables, special herbivore biscuits, and a variety of leafy branches (mulberry, willow, hibiscus, and ficus) to munch on.
FAMILY LIFE
Groups of monkeys, called troops, travel together by day to find food. A troop can number from a few individuals to a thousand or more, depending on the species.
Within huge troops, the animals form smaller groups, called harems, which include an adult male, several adult females, and their offspring. Unattached adult males, called bachelors, may form their own group. To keep family bonds, monkeys engage in daily mutual grooming.
One exception to social living is the gray titi monkey, native to the tropical forests of Bolivia. These small monkeys, which only weigh about 2 pounds (0.9 kilograms), live in small, monogamous family units made up of the parents and their immature offspring.
Some monkey species give birth to babies that are a completely different color from the parents. For example, adult colobus have black hair, but a newborn is white; langur babies are orange while their parents are black. It’s thought this color distinction makes it easier for the whole troop to identify and look after the infants. The youngster’s color usually changes within the first six months, when the juvenile becomes an almost perfect copy of the adults.
Infants are helpless at birth, so they get rides by clinging to their mothers. But marmosets and tamarins are different—the fathers have almost all the responsibility! They carry the babies on their back and watch over them, only giving them to Mom for nursing. Another difference—they regularly have twin or triplet, not single, births. Is that because Dad helps out so much?
When the troop is not traveling, monkey babies are very active, spending much of their waking hours playing. These fun activities help young monkeys develop physical and social skills they need for adult life.
Monkeys are very social animals, so it is important that they communicate well in order to get along in their large groups. They use vocalizations, facial expressions, and body movements to get their messages across. Staring, for instance, is a threat in monkey society. Monkeys look down or away to avoid threatening other monkeys, thus preventing fights. Species with long tails use them to “talk to others and indicate their mood. Loud vocalizations can mean, "stay out—this is my territory.” Using vocalizations instead of fighting is a much safer way to communicate. Monkeys use barks, screams, grunts, squeaks, hoots, wails, and moans to communicate with one another.
Grinning, or pulling the lip up to show the teeth, may seem like a smile to us. But for monkeys, this is a sign of aggression or anger, because biting is one of the ways monkeys fight and defend themselves. Other signs of aggression include head bobbing, yawning (again, to show the teeth), and jerking the head and shoulders forward. Cotton-topped tamarins raise and lower a crest of fluffy white hair on their head to emphasize their facial expressions.
Monkeys also express affection and make peace with others by grooming each other. Although grooming helps monkeys keep their fur clean of dirt, dead skin, and parasites, it also helps them build and maintain good social relationships. Grooming seems to be a way to make up after fighting or to make friends with other troop members.
AT THE ZOO
Monkeys have been a part of San Diego Zoo Global since we were founded in 1916, and by 1925 we had 22 species represented. Since then, we have celebrated the births of many endangered monkey species, including golden lion tamarins, lion-tailed macaques, red-shanked douc langurs, gray langurs, and mandrills. Today, the Zoo is home to 27 monkey species, including colobus, swamp monkey, mangabey, mandrill, and guenon species in Lost Forest, langurs and macaques in Asian Passage, and spider monkeys in Discovery Outpost. You can view kikuyu colobus and Geoffroy’s marmosets at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park. Here are some fun facts about monkeys at the Zoo over the years:
A weeper capuchin named Irish was popular in the San Diego Zoo's earliest days. According to a 1946 article in our member magazine, ZOONOOZ, “Irish…has long been a favorite of regular zoo visitors. Since 1927 he has sung unmistakable greeting to his friends and, having once cultivated his acquaintance, no none can pass through the zoo without paying a visit to his cage.”
Irish sired several babies and was declared a “splendid father,” caring for his babies “with infinite tenderness and a patience seldom equaled in human parents.”
Francois’ langurs first came to the San Diego Zoo in 1980 from the Guanqzhou Zoo in China; we were the first zoo in the Western Hemisphere to house this species and established the population now found in American zoos. We also had the first birth of this species in the Western Hemisphere, in 1981, and one of the Zoo’s males, Baba, fathered 22 offspring.
Golden monkeys Min-Min and Rong-Rong lived at the Zoo for six months in 1984 to 1985 as part of an exchange program with a zoo in Chengdu, China. This was an important international zoological event, as it was the first time this species was seen in a Western zoo.
Lion-tailed macaques were the first primate species to be studied by our researchers, starting in 1979 and focusing on their reproductive biology. We knew very little about them and tried to find out how their social organization worked. One of the first things we learned was that we should not house adult males together; this was to avoid a lot of tension and injuries!
The Zoo has exhibits that house different monkey species together, or monkeys living with other animals that they would encounter in the wild. For example, there is a family of Wolf’s guenons with pygmy hippos; black mangabeys and Angolan colobus monkeys; mandrills and kikuyu colobus; and Allens’ swamp monkeys and Schmidt’s spot-nosed guenons sharing a habitat with forest buffalo, red river hogs, and African spot-necked otters!
In July 2011, we became the first zoo known to help raise a baby silvered leaf monkey, born on July 3 to a first-time mother that did not hold her properly for nursing. Our nursery keepers bottle-fed the baby several times a day while allowing her to stay with her family for several hours each day.
The fun factor in the Zoo's Lost Forest increased 15-fold with the arrival of tufted capuchin monkeys in 2011. These highly intelligent little primates are certainly keeping things lively! They came to us after participating in facial recognition and intelligence tests at Yerkes National Primate Research Center. Each monkey has his or her own distinct personality. Lulu, for example, is timid but can also be quite stubborn. Lance is very people oriented, and Ozzie is clearly the dominant male. Their entertaining "monkey business" keeps Zoo visitors swinging by for more!
CONSERVATION
Unless human behavior changes, monkeys face an uncertain future. Many live in areas where people live. Monkeys are often considered pests by farmers and are killed. Some are killed for their fur and for meat, which is known as bushmeat; some are hunted for medicinal concoctions. Monkeys are also trapped and sold as pets. People need to remember that monkeys are wild animals, and they do not make good pets. They are loud, messy, difficult to care for, and can be aggressive. Monkeys can also become very sick from not getting the right food, and they lead unhappy and short lives from not living in the right conditions.
Over the past decade, San Diego Zoo Global has been working with our colleagues in Southeast Asia, especially China, on activities collectively known as “The Asian Leaf-eating Monkey Program,” designed to address collateral conservation research, training, and education issues in areas harboring endangered leaf monkeys. To date, substantial progress has been made in all areas and we are continuing our efforts there. In 2011, we installed 40 remote camera traps to monitor habitat use and movement patterns of the last remaining population of Guizhou snub-nosed monkeys in China, estimated at about 750 individuals.
San Diego Zoo Global’s Central Africa Program runs three permanently manned field stations in the Ebo forest, in the heartland of biodiverse Cameroon, Africa. Nine species of day-living monkey species live in the Ebo forest, some of which (like the Preuss’s red colobus) are critically endangered. Many monkey species have been poorly studied, and researchers are only gradually uncovering their social, dietary, and behavioral habits. In Cameroon, hunting to supply the commercial trade in bushmeat destined for big Africa cities is one of the major threats to monkeys, and our research stations are providing a safe haven for many of these species simply because the presence of researchers in the forest deters hunters, and our community outreach efforts in local villages help get the conservation information to the people who live close to these species.
San Diego Zoo Global has also partnered with Nature and Culture International to preserve tropical forest habitat in Mexico and South America. Our scientists are also joining them in biological studies of the animals and plants in the Cazaderos region of Ecuador and in northwestern Peru. Our team has documented several mammal species there, including black howler monkeys, and we see tremendous potential to help save large areas of forest that otherwise might well be lost.
You can help protect monkeys and monkey habitat! Do not buy anything made from monkey body parts. Be careful about buying items made from rain forest trees, unless that wood is certified. Some rain forest products, such as Brazil nuts, actually help protect monkey habitat, because they can only be harvested from healthy rain forests. This type of product usually has a label describing how it helps protect the rain forest. Read the labels! Recycling and buying recycled products also helps save all animal habitats by reducing the amount of resources we take from the Earth.
Join us! You can help us bring monkey species back from the brink by supporting the San Diego Zoo Global Wildlife Conservancy . Together we can save and protect wildlife around the globe.
LIFE SPAN
| Monkey |
'Myositis' affects which part of the body? | Clever Monkeys | Monkeys and Medicinal Plants | Nature | PBS
Monkeys and Medicinal Plants
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When we are sick, or suffering discomfort from diarrhea or indigestion, we take medicines to make us feel better. We know what ails us, and we know what can help us. Monkeys, too, seem to have knowledge of the therapeutic. New cases are reported every year, and zoopharmacognosy, the study of self-medication in animals, is a growing field. The fur-rubbing white-faced capuchins and the charcoal-eating red colobus monkeys seen in Clever Monkeys are just two examples of medical ingenuity in primates. Across the globe, monkeys have figured out remedies for common ailments, just as we have.
One of the greatest dangers to monkeys, and one of the greatest annoyances, are insects and parasites. Ectoparasites like lice, ticks, and mosquitoes carry many diseases to which monkeys are susceptible. Evolutionary biologists believe that parasites coevolved with their hosts over eons, and both humans and monkeys have continually sought relief from these pests. Itching, scratching, and swatting are the only options for most animals, but primates have evolved several novel approaches. Grooming is an effective way to pick off pesky bugs, but the white-faced capuchins seen in Clever Monkeys take pest control to another level. They rub themselves with leaves from the piper plant, which is also used by some people in Costa Rica as an insect repellant. The piper leaves are also antiseptic, which helps ward off bacterial and fungal infections. Fur-rubbing episodes in the white-faced capuchin monkeys correlate markedly with increases in humidity. The capuchins know that increased humidity means an increase in the abundance of insects, and the risk of bacterial and fungal skin infections. Capuchins also sometimes rub their fur with millipedes that contain benzoquinones, chemical compounds that repel insects. Owl monkeys and lemurs have also been observed fur-rubbing with millipedes. Only in the capuchins does fur-rubbing play a social role. In Clever Monkeys, the white-faced capuchins become quite excited and enthusiastically gather together to anoint each other with the piper plant. What underlies this party-like behavior is a simple protective measure for the group: each member of the group benefits if the group as a whole is protected from parasites.
Primates also have to deal with intestinal parasites. Tamarins have been known to swallow large seeds that in effect dislodge and sweep worms out of their intestinal tract. This practice markedly decreases the parasitic load within their intestines. Other monkeys experience bouts of diarrhea brought on by parasites and viruses. The bonnet macaques of Southern India have taken to eating dirt from termite mounds. Why eat dirt from termite mounds? The dirt contains kaolin minerals, the same ingredient found in over the counter anti-diarrhetics such as Kaopectate. Rhesus macaques also partake in geophagy, the eating of dirt, for the same reasons. Clay also contains kaolin, and the rhesus macaques take extra care to only ingest clay-rich soils. Like the white-faced capuchins, which only select plants for fur-rubbing with insecticide properties, the macaques selectively choose the right kinds of dirt to sooth their stomachs.
Because their leafy diets contain high levels of cyanide, many monkeys, like the black and white colobus in Clever Monkeys, suffer from indigestion. The discovery by red colobus monkeys that eating charcoal absorbs the cyanide and relieves indigestion was revolutionary. The practice is transmitted from mother to infant by imitation. Knowledge is passed from generation to generation, just as the most tested and true remedies have been passed down by earlier generations of humans. With the toxins being absorbed, the red colobus monkeys are free to eat a wider array of plants that have a high nutritional value and are easily digested. The birth rates in red colobus monkeys that eat charcoal have exploded, proving an evolutionary advantage to self-medicating. It is their clever mind, their curiosity, and their novelty that have made them successful. The same could be said about us.
Photo © Wiebke Lammers
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What is another word for labyrinth beginning with 'M'? | Labyrinth | Define Labyrinth at Dictionary.com
labyrinth
noun
1.
an intricate combination of paths or passages in which it is difficult to find one's way or to reach the exit.
Synonyms: maze , network , web .
2.
a maze of paths bordered by high hedges, as in a park or garden, for the amusement of those who search for a way out.
3.
Synonyms: warren , maze , jungle , snarl , tangle , knot .
4.
any confusingly intricate state of things or events; a bewildering complex: His papers were lost in an hellish bureaucratic labyrinth.
After the death of her daughter, she wandered in a labyrinth of sorrow for what seemed like a decade.
Synonyms: wilderness , jungle , forest ; morass .
5.
(initial capital letter) Classical Mythology. a vast maze built in Crete by Daedalus, at the command of King Minos, to house the Minotaur.
6.
Anatomy.
the internal ear, consisting of a bony portion (bony labyrinth) and a membranous portion (membranous labyrinth)
the aggregate of air chambers in the ethmoid bone, between the eye and the upper part of the nose.
7.
a mazelike pattern inlaid in the pavement of a church.
8.
Also called acoustic labyrinth, acoustical labyrinth. Audio. a loudspeaker enclosure with air chambers at the rear for absorbing sound waves radiating in one direction so as to prevent their interference with waves radiated in another direction.
Origin of labyrinth
| Maze |
Who would wear a 'Yarmulke'? | A Nepalese Labyrinth
pp.13-
21
The missionary Father Cassiano da Macerata was travelling in 1740 through Nepal on his way from India to Tibet. In his account of the journey he writes that he saw some ruins in the jungle, which he later was told were the remains of the ancient city of Scimangada, whose walls was said to have formed a labyrinth around the city. Cassiano adds that the plan of this City can be found, wrought in stone, in the royal palace of Batgao (modern Bhaktapur/Bhadgaon) in Nepal.
The presence of labyrinths in Asia is rare in comparison to Europe, and its occurrence is geographically limited.(2) The occurrence on the Indian subcontinent, although more common than in the rest of Asia is, with few exceptions, restricted to the western and southern part of India and to Sri Lanka. Cassiano’s account is the only extant source for the occurrence of the labyrinth in Nepal and therefore his information is particularly interesting and the aim of this article is to discuss and interpret Cassiano’s account of this Nepalese labyrinth.
This labyrinth has seldom, and only briefly, been commented upon in the literature on the labyrinth. The only two scholars (as far as I am aware) to take note of this labyrinth are Simon Nordstrom, who at the beginning of the 20th century mentions it in an article in the Swedish encyclopedia Nordisk Familjebok (3) and Hermann Kern in a footnote in his Labyrinthe.(4) But neither author had access to the text of Cassiano, and knew only of a abridged account given by Giorgi (see below), and could therefore not discuss this labyrinth at any length.
A Nepalese Labyrinth
Staffan Lund�n
We also saw in several places some old ruins, and some seemed to be remains of substantial buildings. We could not understand how, in such a large forest which judging from the old trees is of considerable age, there could be buildings of any significance. During the following years when I was staying in Nepal I did not neglect to inform myself about such ruins which I made Bavanidat observe during the journey and whose answer I did not understand, because I did not yet know the language; and although I have received this knowledge 4 years later I am of the opinion that I should treat it here, despite the small digression I have to do from our journey. I was assured by many Nepalese from Batgao that these ruins were some small vestiges remaining of the very ancient and famous city of Scimangada, from which their Kings originated, and which was not possible to enter without wheeling it around again and again for about a month, because it was a city situated in the centre of a quasi-
labyrinth enclosed by high walls, a labyrinth which it was impossible to enter except on a single spot, and after having entered there one had to pass beneath four fortresses, which were evenly distributed from place to place between the barriers of the labyrinth; and these barriers had a distance from one side to the other of about one Kos, [i.e. two miles] and the walls were extremely high with a width in proportion. Within the enclosures there were pleasant fields and small streams which watered them. The food supplies produced by the fields within the enclosures were sufficient to feed the large population, which was governed by a great King, who also had a vast domain around outside the enclosures, which were governed by one of his prime ministers. One of these, who had received the disapproval of the King, swore to take vengeance by betraying his fatherland and surrendering it to the Muslims; therefore the plan was agreed with the Emperor, and with numerous troops he [i.e. the prime minister] took up position at the entrance to the labyrinth, and then forcing the defensive wall opposite and on the other side, they entered the city before anyone had noticed the enemies, who massacred the inhabitants. Some succeeded in saving themselves through the breach in the wall made by the enemies, and one of these was one of the sons of the King, who escaped to Nepal, where he eventually managed to settle and subdue the native King and seize the Kingdom. So much has repeatedly been told me in brief about the city of Scimangada in Nepal, where in the royal palace in Batgao, the plan of the city was preserved engraved in stone, such as I have roughly sketched it here. An ancient king of Batgao in his time struck coins with some hieroglyphs on one side, the plan of Scimangada on the other side. These coins, which are of silver have the value of one lire, about two roman paoli; but today these with the plan of Scimangada are very rare...
The text is accompanied by an illustration (fig.2, reproduced opposite) entitled “Plan of the City of Scimangada and its enclosures”, which shows a labyrinth of the ‘classical/cretan type’ with the familiar central cross design and eight walls.(10) The illustration measures 15.5 by 16 cm. A caption explains the illustration:
A. Entrance to enter into the fortifications of the City of Scimangada.
B. First Fortress, which one has to pass to come to the city.
C. Second Fortress
F. The City of Scimangada
g-
g. The place where the Vice-
King led the enemies in and betrayed his fatherland.
The account of Scimangada had to wait about 200 years before being published by Petech, and the illustration of the labyrinth, which is not reproduced by Petech or Magnaghi, has remained unpublished until now. However, a brief mention of Scimangada and an illustration derived from Cassiano’s drawing did actually appear in print in Cassiano’s lifetime, in the work Alphabetum Tibetanum (Rome 1762) p.431-
32, written by the Augustinian hermit brother August Anton Georgi. Through this work the occurrence of the labyrinth in this part of the world became known to Nordstrom and Kern and was the starting point for my own research. Alphabetum Tibetanum was written in collaboration with Cassiano, and parts of the book are derived from Cassiano’s manuscript. In the book there is a much abridged version of Cassiano’s account of the journey:
Cassiano came to Batgao a few days later on his journey and was later to stay in Batgao for three years, from 1742 to 1745,(12) and during this period he learned the story about Scimangada and certainly had the opportunity to see the labyrinth in the palace. Although Batgao is described by Cassiano the labyrinth is unfortunately not mentioned again, and we are left with no information regarding its size, precise location nor whether the labyrinth was made in relief or incised.(13)
In the story Scimangada is described as an almost impregnable city, but nevertheless, we are told in the story that disaster one day fell upon this city. It fell through treachery, betrayed by a minister whose troops took control of the entrance to the labyrinth, and after some walls had been collapsed, the enemy entered the city and slaughtered its inhabitants. Among the few survivors, who escaped the same way the enemies entered, was a son of the King who eventually became King of Nepal. At this point we may wonder what the connection between this story, the ruins in the jungle and the labyrinth in Batgao is. First the question of whether the story of the fall of the city has a foundation in real events or is fictitious has to be considered.
That the defensive system of Scimangada, with walls which took a month to pass is more at home in the world of saga than in reality is evident and Cassiano is sceptical about the whole story. After mentioning the coins stamped with the plan of Scimangada,(14) Cassiano continues that he has retold the story of Scimangada such as he has heard it, but he finds it chronologically difficult that the city was destroyed by Muslim troops, as it was also said that Scimangada was destroyed nearly 400 years ago, and the first Muslim emperor who, to Cassiano's knowledge, was active in this area was Oranzeb, whose reign started much later, in 1655.(15) Cassiano also finds a difficulty in that the Kings of Nepal only counted 300 years from their usurpation of the throne.
Cassiano concludes:
But even if it is true that Scimangada once existed, it is not possible to trace the truth among pagans, as one gets entangled in their stories and great tales.
However, Cassiano did not have a good knowledge of the history of the Muslim powers in India, and the story of the fall of Scimangada is, contrary to Cassiano’s opinion, to some degree based on actual events. Scimangada is also known in Nepali sources as Simraongarh, Simaramapura or Simraon. It was founded in 1097 by Nanyadeva from Karnataka as the capital of Mithila (Tirhut). The city remained the seat of the dynasty until its destruction by the Muslims in 1325.(16) The ruins of the city, seen by Cassiano, are still quite substantial, with much relief sculpture still visible.(17) Subsequently the Karnataka family of Simraongarh gained the throne of Batgao through marriage.
Thus, the story told to Cassiano is to some extent based on historical reality; the city was destroyed by the Muslims and the dynasty of Batgao did originate from Simraongarh. Still it is evident that the real Simraongarh did not have any labyrinthine defences and we may ask from where this idea came and why the plan of the city’s fortifications was reproduced as a labyrinth in the royal palace in Batgao.
The connection of a city destroyed long ago with a labyrinth, fits well into the very widespread pattern of the labyrinth as a symbol of a fabulous city from remote times.(18) In Europe this symbolism is common and well attested, and it is possible that -
although it cannot be proven -
that the concept of the labyrinth as a symbol of a city is of considerable antiquity. The inscription TRUIA in the labyrinth on the Tragliatella oinochoe, dated to the second half of the 7th century BC, should perhaps be read as “Troy” i.e. the labyrinth is the city of Troy/Ilion.(19) It is also possible that the walls depicted around the roman mosaic labyrinths are also symbolized cities.(20)
In Northern Europe, by the 15th century AD (21) and onwards there are ample evidence for the association of labyrinths and cities (and castles), most evident in the names given to the labyrinths:(22)
Caerdroia “City of Troy” (Wales); Troytown, City of Troy (England)(23); Wunderburg “Wonder castle” (Germany); Jerusalem (Poland)(24); Nineve, Viborg, Trondhjem, Konstantinopel “Constantinople”, Trojaborg “City of Troy”, Trelleborg (Sweden (25); the latter two names also in Denmark (26)); Jerusalems F�rst�ring or Jerusalem H�vitys “The Destruction of Jerusalem”, Nineves Stad “City of Nineveh”, Jerichos Ritning “the plan of Jericho” (Finland)(27); Jeruusalemma Linn “City of Jerusalem”, T�rgi Linn “City of Turks”, i.e. Constantinople? (Estonia)(28), Vaviloni “Babylon” (Kola peninsula and Solovetski Islands in the White Sea, Russia).(29)
Drawings of labyrinths in manuscripts start appearing in the 9th century AD. In the earliest (30), as well as later examples (31), the labyrinth is used to illustrate the city of Jericho. The concept of Jericho as a labyrinth apparently became widespread and Jericho illustrated by a labyrinth can be found in manuscripts in Europe and in Asia, both in the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox tradition, as well as in the Jewish and the Christian Syrian and Armenian traditions.(32)
The concept of the labyrinth as as a symbol of a city was also known in the Islamic culture. The Arabic geographer Al Qazwini, gives some curious information about Quastantiniyya “Constantinople”, in his work Cosmography, finished AD 1276. The account of Al Qazwini can be summarized as follows:(33)
This city was built by Constantine. Wise men have produced it. Neither before nor after it has anything similar been built. The accounts of the city's size and beauty are numerous. The city looks as follows: [picture of the labyrinth] but nowadays it does not have that appearance. Instead it is a great city, in which is the castle of the king, surrounded by a wall.
Another, earlier, testimony for the labyrinth as a symbol of a city in the Islamic tradition comes from Arabic historian Al-
Biruni’s work on India, finished AD 1045 in Ghanza (Afghanistan).(34) In India the symbolic value of the labyrinth has shifted slightly; labyrinths represent castles instead of cities. In the above-
mentioned work by Al-
Biruni we have evidence for this concept as early as 11th century AD. Al-
Biruni writes about the castle of the demon Ravana on Lanka (Ceylon), and the castle is illustrated as a labyrinth. In the centre of the labyrinth is the word “castle”. Although the text of Al-
Biruni that follows is somewhat corrupt the meaning seems clear: that in India Ravana’s labyrinth-
castle is called Yavani-
Kote “Greek castle”, but in the Islamic countries it is called Al-
Multawi “the confusing, the perplexing”, which can translate as Rumiya “Rome” (which probably means Constantinople) It is likely that Al-
Biruni got his information about Ravana’s castle as a labyrinth, and the Indian labyrinth name during his visits to India.(35) Nowadays in Southern India, the labyrinth symbol which appears as a threshold design is still called Kote “castle”.(36)
Thus, from Northern Europe to India a common pattern appears: the labyrinth is a symbol of a distant, more or less mythological, city, destroyed in the past. Although the identity of the city symbolized by the labyrinth varies, it is never a nearby or contemporary city.(37) Examples from Northern Europe are, needless to say, not directly relevant while discussing the symbolic significance of the labyrinth in Nepal, but likewise in the regions closer to Nepal, the labyrinth symbolizes a well�-
known city, distant both in time and space. Ravana’s labyrinth-
castle on the island of Lanka clearly belongs to myth, and -
just as in Europe, cities considered as labyrinths are placed in Asia -
the labyrinth-
city of Islamic tradition was placed in Byzantium, and it was not the present Constantinople which was considered a labyrinth, but the Constantinople of bygone days.(38)
I think it is fairly safe to say, that the Nepali labyrinth and the city of Scimangada/Simraongarh fits well into the same pattern. The physical remains of Scimangada/Simraongarh was long since only ruins and although the ruins were not that remote, their location in a dense jungle inhabited by tigers and other wild animals made them inaccessible. As the Kings of Batgao claimed their origin from Scimangada/Simraongarh, this city and the story of its fall must have had some importance in the cultural milieu of the kingdom of Batgao. And so it was said in Nepal that the plan of the defences was that of a labyrinth, the same story told in Europe and Asia. [Editor's note: similar interpretations are applied to labyrinths in America and southern Africa].
Notes & References:
1. Petech, Luciano. I missionari Italiani nel Tibet a nel Nepal. I cappuccini Marchigiani I-
IV, Il Nuovo Ramusio 2, Rome 1952-
1953.
2. For details of labyrinths in Asia, see: Causasus, Kern, 95, fig.99; Afghanistan, Kern, 435, fig.630. Kern, Hermann. Labyrinthe: Erscheinungsformen and Deutungen 5000 Jahre Gegenwart, Munchen, 1983. Labyrinths sculpted in wood in mosques, and a rock carving of a labyrinth, have been reported in Northern Pakistan by Umberto Scerrato, “Labyrinths in the wooden Mosques of North Pakistan: A problematic presence” East and West 33, 1983, 21-
29. Scerrato also mentions labyrinths in Turkey and Syria (p.24). Several examples are known from Sumatra and Java. Kern 435-
438. For other Asian examples, see the discussion on labyrinths as symbols of cities, below. Reports of labyrinths in Asia will certainly increase with future research.
3. Vol.15 (1911), col.744 q.v. “Labyrint”.
4. 424, no.32. Kern erroneously places Scimangada in India and Batgao is callad Batgai, which is the genitive of the latinized name Georgi uses.
5. For a short biography on Cassiano (secular name Giovanni Beligatti); see Petech I, p.CXII.
6. Magnaghi, Alberto. “Relazione inedita di un viaggio al Tibet del P. Cassiano Beligatti da Macerata” Rivista Geografica Italiana 8-
9, 1901-
02: on the manuscript, 8, 1901, 546-
547; the account on Scimangada, 615. Magnaghi has also published the article seperatly as a monograph: Relazione inedita di un viaggio al Tibet del P. Cassiano Beligatti da Macerata, Florence 1902.
7. Petech IV.
8. Petech IV, 4. A map on which several of the relevant placenames can be found is: Rennell, J. Hindostan 1782 (copied at Berlin by Benj. Glasbach 1785), scale: 60 geographical miles/69.5 British miles to a degree [i. e. 1:4,500,000]. It should be noted that cartographically this map is not very reliable.
9. Petech IV, 12-
14.
10. On p.60 in Cassiano's manuscript.
11. The illustration measures 8.5 x 8.7 cm. Scimangada is also in the index of the book (p.809) and basically the same information is given: “Scimangada, a city built in a labyrinthine manner in the most ancient times. Hardly any remains of it are preserved. Many stories are told about it”.
12. Petech 1, p.CXII.
13. A labyrinth appear in the stone reliefs on each of three temples, built in the 12th-
13th centuries AD, in and near Halebid, Mysore (South India). Kern 422-
423, Figs.601-
603. As has been mentioned before, Scerrato 24, Figs.9-
10 reports a labyrinth incised on a boulder in North Pakistan. Batgao was mainly a Brahmanist (Hindu) city but did also have Buddhist inhabitants which makes it difficult to say to which of these traditions the labyrinth should be attributed, and in this region Brahmanism and Buddhism are not always distinctly separated. Slusser, Mary, Shephard. Nepal Mandala: A cultural Study of the Kathmandu Valley, Princeton 1982, 214. The labyrinth is not a common symbol in the Buddhist culture. In Sri Lanka, from the end of the 18th century AD, the labyrinth in Buddhist tradition, is a symbol of Vanga-
giriya “the curved mountain”, the place of exile of the penultimate Buddha Vessantara. The place is described as a dense jungle, full of wild beasts, at the foot of the Himalayas (Kern 433-
434), but I doubt that this tradition has anything to do with the history of Scimangada.
14. Neither Magnaghi (1901), 615, n.4, nor Petech IV, 246, n.16, knows of the labyrinth as a motif on Nepali coins. Petech suggests that Cassiano refers to a coin with some kind of ornamental design.
15. More precisely Auranzeb, ascended the throne in 1658. Petech IV, 246, n.16.
16. According to late, unreliable, Nepali sources Nanyadeva -
who was regarded as the founder of the Karnataka dynasty -
conquered Nepal and established his court in Batgao. Although he did raid the country he did not take permanent control. Petech, Luciano. Mediaeval History of Nepal (c. 750-
1482) (Serie Orientale Roma 54), Rome 1984 (lst.ed. 1958), 55-
56; Slusser, 46-
47, 66.
17. Ballinger, Thomas O. “Simraonqarh Revisited: a report on some observations made at the ruins of the former capital of Mithila in the Terai of Nepal” Kailash: Journal of Himalayan Studies 1, 1973, 180-
184. The work of Hodgson was not available to me: Hodgson, Brian H. “Account of a visit to the ruins of Simroun, once the capital of the Mithila province” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 4:39, 1835, 121-
124. (Reprinted in Illustrations of the Religion of the Buddhists of the North, Serampore 1841, but not in the Trubner collection of 1872). Ruins of Simroun are marked on the map The Goruckpoor and North Behar Frontier. Comprising the Districts Goruckpoor, Azimgurh, Jounpoor, Benares, Ghazeepoor, and part of Allahabad, North west provinces; with Sarun, Chumparun, Tirhoot and part of Monghyr, Bengal Provinces, based on the Great Trigonometrical and Revenue Survey Operations to 1858. (On transfer paper by Bullorum Nath, Mohamed Azeem and lith: by H.M. Smith at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta, April 1858), scale: 8 miles to 1 inch.
18. Exactly what is symbolized by the labyrinth can differ slightly; sometimes the labyrinth is understood as a city/castle and sometimes as the walls around the city (as in the case of Scimangada), but the basic association of labyrinth and city is the same.
19. This means that the neither the labyrinth nor the inscription has anything to do with the Roman equestrian game lusus troia. Weeber, K.W. “Troiae lulus: Alter and Entstehung eines Reiterspiels” Ancient Society 5, 1974, 171-
196, 185-
186; Dinzelbacher, Peter. “Ober Troiaritt and Pyrriche” Eranos 80, 1982, 151-
161, 155. The alternative argued by Small 68-
83 -
which I find less plausible -
is that the lusus troia (and not the City of Troy/Ilion) is depicted on the Tragliatella oinochoe. Small, Jocelyn Penny. “The Tragliatella Oinochoe” Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archaelogischen lnstituts. Roemische Abteilung 93, 1986, 63-
96. The Tragliatelia oinochoe is also discussed in: Bouke, van der Meer L. “Le jeu de truia: le programme iconographique de l'oenochoe de Tragliatella” Ktema 11, 1986, 169-
178.
20. Kraft, John. “The Cretan labyrinth and the walls of Troy, an analysis of Roman labyrinth designs” Opuscula Romana 15, 1985, 79-
86. Small, 73, 74 n.39 prefers to see these labyrinths as symbols of the Cretan or Egyptian labyrinth.
21. France: le cipte de Troie, “City of Troy”, Matthews, William Henry. Mazes and Labyrinths: Their History and Development, London 1922, 156; Sweden: Andersson 8-
9 discusses a toponym Troioborgh, “Castle of Troy” probably derived from a field labyrinth. Andersson, Thorsten, “Litterara ortnamn” (Place-
names from literature), Sydsvenska Ortnamnssallskapets Arsskrift 1972, 3-
20.
22. A survey of the labyrinth-
names of Northern Europe is given by Kraft, John. “Labyrintnamn: frAn Troja till Trelleborg” (Labyrinth names: from Troy to Trelleborg), Sydsvenska Ortnamnsskllskapets Arsskrift 1986, 8-
72, with an English summary and maps of the distrubution of labyrinth names in the different countries.
23. Saward, Jeff, The Caerdroia Field Guide, Thundersley 1987, 43-
45
24. Kraft, John. “Wunderburg and Jerusalem” Caerdroia 13, 1983, 11-
19; Kraft (1986), 22-
25. 25. Kraft (1986), 38-
63.
26. Kraft (1986), 26-
29; Knudsen, Gunnar, “Navnet Traelleborg” (The name Traelleborg), in: Poul N�rlund, Trelleborg, (Nordiska Fortidsminder 4, Kopenhagen 1948), 189-
214.
28. Kraft (1986), 33; Kraft, John & Selirand, Urmas, “Labyrinths in Estonia”, Caerdroia 1990, 32-
37.
33; Baer, Ernst von, “�ber labyrinth-
f�rmige Steinsetzungen im Russischen Norden” Bulletin de la historico-
Philologique de l’Academie imp�riale de Sciences de St-
Petersburg 1, 1844, col.70-
30. Italy, Kern 188, fig.216.
31. Syria, 19th century AD, Kern 198, fig.230.
32. Kern 182-
33. I have not consulted the original text, but rely on the translations of Batschelet-
Massini, Werner, “Labyrinthzeichnungen in Handschriften”, Codices Manuscripti 4, 1978, 33-
65, 49, Nr.14, and Kern 166, fig.196.
34. Another example of the labyrinth in the Islamic culture is reported by Saint-
Hilaire. This labyrinth, forming part of a water game in the central court in the royal palace at Mekn�s, Morocco, was drawn by captive Europeans, prisoners of the Sultan Moulay Ismail, in the 17th century. Saint-
Hilaire, Paul de, L'Univers Secret du Labyrinths, Paris 1992, 192. A water game in the form of a labyrinth in the Azem palace at Damascus, Syria, is also reported by Scerrato, 24, fig.11. An explanation for the lack of labyrinths in the Islamic culture is discussed by Bausani, who also proposes an unconvincing astronomical interpretation of the labyrinth. Bausani, Alessandro, “Islamic culture and a possible astronomical interpretation of the labyrinth: some notes” Hamdard Islamicus 7, 1984, 17-
24.
35. Kern 425-
426, fig 608.
36. Kern 425, fig.607. A labyrinth carved on a housewall in a village of Kota was used for the game of Kote “Castle”. Kern 428, fig.617.
37. From a rationalist point of view a labyrinth cannot be a symbol of a real city, as real cities do not look very much like labyrinths.
38. Accordingly, Constantinople does not seem to be an exception from other cities considered as labyrinths and Kern’s suggested explanation (166, fig. 196), that the tradition of Constantinople having been built as a labyrinth originated in a (hypothetical) performance of the lusus troia, is no longer necessary.
39. Kraft, John, The Goddess in the Labyrinth, �bo 1985.
40. Kern 435, fig.630.
41. Kern 179, fig.215.
42. Slusser 94, 102, 345. See Auer and Gutschow 38, for a 18th or 19th century painting of Batgao as a mandala. Auer, Gerhard & Gutschow, Niels, Bhaktapur Gestalt, Funktionen and religidse Symbolik einer nepalischen Stadt in vorindustriellen EntMcklungsstadium, Darmstadt 1974.
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Fig 1: the route followed by Cassiano and the missionaries through northern India and Nepal in 1740.
In the middle of the forest numerous ruins are seen; remains (it is said) of the vast and ancient city of Scimangada, of which we here give a reproduction. Many things are told about this city. Even today they show in the public square of Batgao a plan incised in stone. Old coins are found, although rarely, which show this plan, constructed in a labyrinthine manner, as in the drawing above.(11)
The text is accompanied by an illustration (fig. 3, reproduced opposite) The illustration, which measures 8,5 by 8,7 cm, is that of a labyrinth of the so called classical/cretan type with the central cross design and eight walls.
The accompanying story goes that the man who managed to get a glimpse of Khunkhar’s daughter Shamaili would be allowed to marry her. Six sons of Namazlun had been killed in the attempt, but the seventh managed to come near her by hiding in a statue which was brought into her house, and eventually he married her and took revenge for his brothers.(40)
Another story with the same theme can be found in a 19th century magical parchment scroll from Ethiopia, in which the labyrinth is the palace or harem of Solomon. A man called Sirak dug a tunnel into the centre of the labyrinth and abducted one of Solomon’s wives.(41)
The story of Scimangada is also a story of how the almost impregnable defences of the labyrinth were forced. Cassiano writes that the produce of the fields in the area enclosed by the walls was sufficient to feed the whole population, which I infer meant that the city could not be starved by a besieging enemy, and the height of the walls supposedly made them invulnerable to direct assault. Thus, the only way in was through the entrance, but the enemy entering here was forced to try for a month to pass along the whole circuit of the labyrinth and beneath the four fortresses. The treacherous minister nevertheless managed to get the enemy through these formidable defences by taking possession of the entrance to the labyrinth (supposedly to let the enemy in through the gate, if there was one) and by collapsing the two walls situated “opposite (i.e. of the entrance) and on the other side,” where Cassiano has marked “g-
g” on the plan (see fig.2). (Presumably the location of the breaches was pointed out to Cassiano, either on a sketched drawing of a labyrinth or possibly on the relief in the palace at Batgao, by the person(s) who told him about the defences of Scimangada and the fall of the city.) In this way a quick passage was created between the entrance of the labyrinth and centre of the city, through which the enemy -
and the king’s son -
could pass without the need to traverse the tortuous passages of the labyrinth. Thus, the blending of historical events and the widespread concept that the labyrinth represents a famous city from the past formed the story of how the labyrinthine defences of Scimangada were overcome and how the dynasty of Batgao originated.
As I am not an expert on Nepal I refrain from trying to put the labyrinth into the larger context of Nepali culture, but it can perhaps be noted in the final paragraph of this paper that the idea of a labyrinth as a symbol of a city could have been felt to resemble the deep-
rooted Nepali conception of a city as a mandala, and that the protective qualities of the labyrinth corresponded to the belief that a city was protected by the mandala’s concentric rings of divine power, existing both inside and around the city.(42)
Staffan Lund�n, Gothenburg, Sweden; 1994.
For the preparation of this paper I have been offered invaluable assistance by Kerstin R�llander and the staff at the University Library at Gothenburg, and by the Section for Maps and Pictures at the Royal Library in Stockholm. I am also grateful to Ann-
Marie Dahlander B.A. for help with the translations from Italian, and to Ph.Lic. Kimmo J�rvinen at the Classics Institute at the University of Gothenburg for the translation from Latin, and to Prof. Karl Sunesson at the Department of Indology at the Institute for Oriental Languages at the University of Stockholm for a number of indispensable references. (Editor's note: We are also grateful for the assistance of Mauro Pedretti of Milan for checking the translations from the original Italian texts).
Although rarely explicitly stated in the material, it seems clear that the labyrinth is not only a symbol of a city or of the city-
walls, but also symbolises that the city, due to its labyrinthine defences, has a strong protection. A common theme in a number of labyrinth stories is how the defences of the labyrinth, in one way or the other, were finally breached,(39) however, despite this common theme, these stories are quite different from each other and I do not think that they should be regarded as having evolved from a common source. A story with this theme, in which the labyrinth represents a house/palace, is known from the eastern part of Afghanistan. A contemporary drawing (fig.4, reproduced opposite) of a labyrinth has the explanatory text:
The House of Shamaili, its entrance was hidden, only Shamaili knew it.
The work of Cassiano (1708-
1791) (5) has the title Giornale di Fra Cassiano da Macerata nella Marca d'Ancona, Missionario Apostolico Cappuccino nel Tibet e Regni adiacenti, dalla suaa partenza da Macerata suguita li 17 agosto 1738 sino al suo ritorno nel 1756; diviso in due libri. Libro Primo, and is an account of his journey to and subsequent stay in Nepal and Tibet. He left Macerata in Italy in 1738 and returned to Europe in 1754. Of the two volumes written by Cassiano the second is lost and the first, stored in the Biblioteca Comunale Mozzi-
Borgetti di Macerata, is a manuscript of about 200 pages with pencil drawings, watercolours and plans of buildings. The manuscript was discovered at the beginning of the 20th century by Alberto Magnaghi, who published a large part of the text.(6) Subsequently the whole text has been published by Luciano Petech.(7)
In February 1740 Cassiano and seven other cappuccini missionaries, together with a Nepalese Bavanidat (Bhavani Datt) and porters, left Patna on the Ganges in India (in Cassiano's time in the Mogol Empire) on their way to Batgao, capital of one of the kingdoms in Nepal, and their ultimate goal, Lhasa in Tibet.(8) The missionaries pass Lalgang (modern Lalganj), Messi (modern Mehsi), Barrihua (modern Purnahia?) and then cross the border to the kingdom of Maquampur (the modern city of Makwanpur). They continue through a jungle in the Rautahat district of the Tarai in Nepal, close to the modern Indian border. Cassiano writes that the journey is not without danger, as the jungle is inhabited by tigers, elephants and rhinoceroses. On the 29th of February, after having commented that the large number of animal bones indicated that tigers were not rare, Cassiano continues: (9)
In 1703 the Vatican took the decision to start missionary work in Nepal and Tibet and over a period of about 70 years sent a large number of missionaries to these remote Himalayan countries. The considerable number of reports and letters left behind by the missionaries give unique information about these countries during the 18th century.(1)
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An 'Osteopath' is a specialist in what? | What is a DO?
What is a DO?
What is a DO?
Page Content
Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine, or DOs, are fully licensed physicians who practice in all areas of medicine. Emphasizing a whole-person approach to treatment and care, DOs are trained to listen and partner with their patients to help them get healthy and stay well.
DOs receive special training in the musculoskeletal system, your body's interconnected system of nerves, muscles and bones. By combining this knowledge with the latest advances in medical technology, they offer patients the most comprehensive care available in medicine today.
Osteopathic physicians focus on prevention, tuning into how a patient's lifestyle and environment can impact their wellbeing. DOs strive to help you be truly healthy in mind, body and spirit -- not just free of symptoms.
| Bone |
What name is given to the profession of barrel making? | Dubious Aspects of Osteopathy
Dubious Aspects of Osteopathy
Stephen Barrett, M.D.
Osteopathic physicians (DOs) are the legal equivalents and, in most cases, are the professional equivalents of medical doctors. Although most DOs offer competent care, the percentage involved in dubious practices appears to be higher than that of medical doctors. For this reason, before deciding whether to use the services of a DO it is useful to understand osteopathy's history and the practical significance of its philosophy.
Cultist Roots
Andrew Taylor Still, MD (1828-1917) originally expressed the principles of osteopathy in 1874, when medical science was in its infancy. A medical doctor, Still believed that diseases were caused by mechanical interference with nerve and blood supply and were curable by manipulation of "deranged, displaced bones, nerves, muscles—removing all obstructions—thereby setting the machinery of life moving." His autobiography states that he could "shake a child and stop scarlet fever, croup, diphtheria, and cure whooping cough in three days by a wring of its neck." [1]
Still was antagonistic toward the drug practices of his day and regarded surgery as a last resort. Rejected as a cultist by organized medicine, he founded the first osteopathic medical school in Kirksville, Missouri, in 1892.
As medical science developed, osteopathy gradually incorporated all its theories and practices [2]. Today, except for additional emphasis on musculoskeletal diagnosis and treatment, the scope of osteopathy is identical to that of medicine. The percentage of practitioners who use osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) and the extent to which they use it have been falling steadily.
Osteopathy Today
There are 20 accredited colleges of osteopathic medicine and about 44,000 osteopathic practitioners in the United States [3]. Admission to osteopathic school requires three years of preprofessional college work, but almost all of those enrolled have a baccalaureate or higher degree. The doctor of osteopathy (DO) degree requires more than 5,000 hours of training over four academic years. The faculties of osteopathic colleges are about evenly divided between doctors of osteopathy and holders of PhD degrees, with a few medical doctors at some colleges. Graduation is followed by a one-year rotating internship at an approved teaching hospital. Specialization requires two to six additional years of residency training, depending on the specialty. A majority of osteopaths enter family practice.
The American Osteopathic Association (AOA) recognizes more than 60 specialties and subspecialties. AOA membership is required for specialty certification, which forces some practitioners to belong to the AOA even though they do not approve of the organization's policies. Since 1985, osteopathic physicians have been able to obtain residency training at medical hospitals, and the majority have done so. Since 1993, DOs who completed osteopathic residencies have also been eligible to join the American Academy of Family Practice, which had previously been restricted to MDs or DOs with training at accredited medical residencies [3].
Osteopathic physicians are licensed to practice in all states. The admission standards and educational quality are a bit lower at osteopathic schools than they are at medical schools. I say this because the required and average grade-point averages (GPAs) and the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) scores of students entering osteopathic schools are lower than those of entering medical students [4,5]—and the average number of full-time faculty members is nearly ten times as high at medical schools (714 vs. 73 in 1994) [5]. In addition, osteopathic schools generate relatively little research, and some have difficulty in attracting enough patients to provide the depth of experience available at medical schools [6]. However, as with medical graduates, the quality of individual graduates depends on how bright they are, how hard they work, and what training they get after graduation. Those who diligently apply themselves can emerge as competent.
In January 1995, a one-page questionnaire was mailed to 2,000 randomly selected osteopathic family physicians who were members of the American College of Osteopathic Physicians. About half returned usable responses. Of these, 6.2% said they treated more than half of their patients with OMT, 39.6% said they used it on 25% or fewer of their patients, and 32.1% said they used OMT on fewer than 5% of their patients. The study also found that the more recent the date of graduation from osteopathic school, the lower the reported use [7].
The percentages of DOs involved in chelation therapy , clinical ecology , orthomolecular therapy , homeopathy , ayurvedic medicine , and several other dubious practices appear to be higher among osteopaths than among medical doctors. I have concluded this by inspecting the membership directories of groups that promote these practices and/or by comparing the relative percentages of MDs and DOs. listed in the Alternative Medicine Yellow Pages [4] and HealthWorld Online's Professional Referral Network . The most widespread dubious treatment among DOs appears to be cranial therapy, an osteopathic offshoot described below.
AOA Hype
Many observers believe that osteopathy and medicine should merge. But osteopathic organizations prefer to retain a separate identity and have exaggerated the minor differences between osteopathy and medicine in their marketing. According to a 1987 AOA brochure, for example: (a) osteopathy is the only branch of mainstream medicine that follows the Hippocratic approach, (b) the body's musculoskeletal system is central to the patient's well-being, and (c) OMT is a proven technique for many hands-on diagnoses and often can provide an alternative to drugs and surgery [9]. A 1991 brochure falsely claimed that OMT encourages the body's natural tendency toward good health and that combining it with all other medical procedures enables DOs to provide "the most comprehensive treatment available." [10] Such statements are consistent with a 1992 AOA resolution that defines osteopathy as:
A system of medical care with a philosophy that combines the needs of the patient with current practice of medicine, surgery, and obstetrics and emphasis on the interrelationships between structure and function and an appreciation of the body's ability to heal itself [11].
A 1994 AOA resolution describes osteopathy as "a complete system of health care and as such is much more holistic than medicine in the classic sense." [11].
The American Osteopathic Association 's web site glorifies Andrew Still and asserts that osteopathic medicine has a unique philosophy of care because "DOs take a whole-person approach to care and don't just focus on a diseased or injured part." I consider it outrageous to imply that osteopathic physicians are the only ones who regard their patients as individuals or who provide comprehensive care or pay attention to disease prevention. Another AOA web document states:
Osteopathic physicians frequently assess impaired mobility of the musculoskeletal system as that system encompasses the entire body and is intimately related to the organ systems and to the nervous system. Using anatomical relationships between the musculoskeletal and these organ systems, osteopathic physicians diagnose and treat all organ systems [12].
This statement strikes me as the same sort of baloney chiropractors use to suggest that somehow their attention to the spine will have positive effects on all body processes. Spinal manipulation may produce pain relief in properly selected cases of low back pain [13]. However, OMT has no proven effect on people's general health.
Chelation Therapy
Chelation therapy is a series of intravenous infusions containing EDTA and various other substances. Proponents claim it is effective against atherosclerosis and many other serious health problems. However, no controlled trial has shown that chelation therapy can help any of them. Chelation therapy with EDTA is one of several legitimate methods for treating cases of lead poisoning, but the protocol differs from that used inappropriately for other conditions. To its credit, the AOA has adopted a negative position statement on chelation therapy:
WHEREAS, chelation therapy utilizing calcium disodium edetateis currently labeled by the Food and Drug Administration and recognized by most physicians as medically acceptable only in the management of acute or chronic heavy metal poisoning; now, therefore, be it
RESOLVED, that pending the results of thorough, properly controlled studies, the American Osteopathic Association does not endorse chelation therapy as useful for other than its currently approved and medically accepted uses. Adopted 1985, revised and reaffirmed, 1990, 1995 [11].
The 1998 member referral list of the American College for Advancement of Medicine (ACAM) , the principal group promoting chelation therapy, identifies about 400 MD members and 121 DO members who list chelation therapy as a specialty. These numbers strongly suggest that the percentage of osteopathic physicians doing chelation therapy is about four or five times as high as the percentage of medical doctors doing it. Curiously, Ronald A. Esper, DO, of Erie, Pennsylvania, who was AOA's president in 1998, is an ACAM member and does chelation therapy.
Cranial Therapy
Practitioners of "cranial osteopathy," "craniosacral therapy," "cranial therapy," and similar methods claim that the skull bones can be manipulated to relieve pain (especially of the jaw joint) and remedy many other ailments. They also claim that a rhythm exists in the flow of the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord and that diseases can be diagnosed by detecting aberrations in this rhythm and corrected by manipulating the skull. Most practitioners are osteopaths, massage therapists, chiropractors, dentists, or physical therapists.
Cranial osteopathy's originator was osteopath William G. Sutherland, who published his first article on this subject in the early 1930s. Today's leading proponent is John Upledger, DO, who operates the Upledger Institute of Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. An institute brochure states:
CranioSacral Therapy is a gentle, noninvasive manipulative technique. Seldom does the therapist apply pressure that exceeds five grams or the equivalent weight of a nickel. Examination is done by testing for movement in various parts of the system. Often, when movement testing is completed, the restriction has been removed and the system is able to self-correct [14].
Another Upledger brochure states:
The rhythm of the craniosacral system can be detected in much the same way as the rhythms of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. But unlike those body systems, both evaluation and correction of the craniosacral system can be accomplished through palpation.
CranioSacral Therapy is used for a myriad of health problems, including headaches, neck and back pain, TMJ dysfunction, chronic fatigue, motor-coordination difficulties, eye problems, endogenous depression, hyperactivity, attention deficit disorder, central nervous system disorders, and many other conditions [15].
The Upledger Institute also advocates and teaches "visceral manipulation," a bizarre treatment system whose practitioners are claimed to detect "rhythmic motions" of the intestines and other internal organs and to manipulate them to stimulate healing [16].
British osteopath Robert Boyd, who developed a variant he calls Bio Cranial Therapy , claims that it is "extremely helpful" for "chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS); varicosity and varicose ulcers; tinnitus; bladder prolapse; prostate disorders; Meniere's syndrome; cardiovascular disturbances including hypertension, angina; skin disorders (psoriasis, eczema, acne etc); female disorders (dysmenorrhoea, PMS (PMT), menorrhagia etc); arthritis and rheumatic disorders; fibromyalgia and heel spurs; gastric disorders (hiatus hernia, ulceration, colitis); asthma and a range of bronchial disorders including bronchiectasis and emphysema."
The theory underlying craniosacral therapy is erroneous because the cranial bones fuse by the end of adolescence and no research has ever demonstrated that manual manipulation can move the individual bones [17]. Nor do I believe that "the rhythms of the craniosacral system can be felt as clearly as the rhythms of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems," as is claimed by another Upledger Institute brochure [18]. The brain does pulsate, but this is exclusively related to the cardiovascular system [19]. In a recent study, three physical therapists who examined the same 12 patients diagnosed significantly different "craniosacral rates," which is the expected outcome of measuring a nonexistent phenomenon [20].
Osteopathic web sites that espouse cranial therapy can be located by using Google's Advanced Search to lok for "cranial osteopathy" and "Sutherland." The most illuminating source I have found (which no longer appears to be posted) was The Cranial Letter, published quarterly by the Cranial Academy , a component society of the American Academy of Osteopathy . The Summer 1993 issue stated that the Cranial Academy had 989 members. Other issues contained case reports stating that cranial therapy can cause knee pain to disappear within a week (Summer 1992), cure hives (Summer 1993), improve the mental condition of Down syndrome patients (May 1995), and correct crossed eyes (May 1996).
The percentage of osteopaths using cranial therapy is not high, but it apppears to be deeply entrenched within the profession. Many of the osteopathic colleges teach it, and the American Osteopathic Association treats it as legitimate. At least 15 of the 88 items listed in the AOA's 1996 list of "Osteopathic Literature in Print" were written by Sutherland, Upledger, or others who appear to advocate cranial therapy [21]. And in 1998, the AOA's continuing education calendar listed a 40-hour cranial osteopathy course it cosponsored with the American Academy of Osteopathy, which is a practice affiliate of the AOA.
In 2002, two basic science professors at the University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine concluded:
Our own and previously published findings suggest that the proposed mechanism for cranial osteopathy is invalid and that interexaminer (and, therefore, diagnostic) reliability is approximately zero. Since no properly randomized, blinded, and placebo-controlled outcome studies have been published, we conclude that cranial osteopathy should be removed from curricula of colleges of osteopathic medicine and from osteopathic licensing examinations [17].
The Bottom Line
I believe that the American Osteopathic Association is acting improperly by exaggerating the value of manipulative therapy and by failing to denounce cranial therapy. If you wish to select an osteopathic physician as your primary-care provider, your best bet is to seek one who: (a) has undergone residency training at a medical hospital; (b) does not assert that osteopaths have a unique philosophy or that manipulation offers general health benefits; (c) either does not use manipulation or uses it primarily to treat back pain; and (d) does not practice cranial therapy.
AOA Protests
On January 23, 1998, I received a letter from the AOA's law firm objecting to certain passages in a previous version of this article [22]. Since that time, I have clarified some of the points they raised and added additional information and references. I also invited the AOA to submit a letter for posting and further discussion. Through their attorney, they agreed to do so, but none has arrived so far.
For Additional Information
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Hepatitis affects which part of the body? | Effects of Hepatitis C on the Body
Musty Mouth
Skin and Eyes
Hepatitis C is a viral disease that primarily causes inflammation of the liver, but the effects can be felt throughout the body.
The Effects of Hepatitis C on the Body
Hepatitis C is caused by a virus that is passed through contact with the blood of an infected person. The infection leads to inflammation of the liver.
The liver processes blood and filter toxins so they don’t cause damage to your body. The liver also produces bile, which helps you to digest food and stores glucose and vitamins. Inflammation makes it difficult for the liver to perform these vital functions. In time, the hepatitis C infection can affect the entire body.
Early symptoms, including yellowing skin and fatigue, may be mild and easily dismissed. Chronic infection can cause scarring of the liver (cirrhosis). As the disease progresses, symptoms such as skin problems, blood disorders, and fever may appear.
In the long term, hepatitis C can lead to severe liver damage, liver cancer, and liver failure. Early treatment can help delay or prevent serious damage.
Digestive System
A healthy liver performs many functions that are crucial to your health. The liver is responsible for producing bile, a substance needed to break down fats. The body stores bile in the gallbladder, then sends it to the beginning section of the small intestine (duodenum). Bile is then combined with stomach acids and digestive fluids from the pancreas, which help the intestines absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.
Hepatitis C can severely hinder the liver’s ability to produce bile. Inflammation of the gallbladder can make it painful to digest fatty foods. Therefore, people with hepatitis C may feel some pain in the upper right portion of the abdomen. This may be due to a build-up of fluid in the stomach (ascites). This occurs when the damaged liver doesn’t produce enough albumin, a substance that regulates the amount of fluid in cells.
Other digestive symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. Stool may become pale or clay-colored, and urine may darken.
Central Nervous System
When the liver doesn’t filter toxins from the blood, they can damage the central nervous system (hepatic encephalopathy). This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including sweet or musty breath, weakening of small motor skills, and sleep disturbances. Dry eyes and mouth are sometimes associated with hepatitis C.
A build-up of toxins in the brain can cause confusion, forgetfulness, poor concentration, and personality changes. Advanced symptoms include abnormal shaking, agitation, disorientation, and slurred speech. Severe cases may cause coma.
Circulatory System
The liver filters toxins out of your bloodstream. It also produces proteins needed for healthy blood and helps to regulate blood clotting. A poorly functioning liver can create blood flow problems and increase pressure in the vein that leads to the liver (portal vein). This can cause portal hypertension, which may force blood to find an alternate vein. The vein can burst if it’s too small, causing serious internal bleeding (variceal bleeding).
A poorly functioning liver is unable to properly extract iron from the blood and store it for later use. This can result in anemia.
A healthy liver also helps convert sugars into glucose and store it for energy. Too much sugar in the bloodstream can lead to insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes.
Blood tests can reveal the presence of hepatitis C antibodies in the bloodstream. If you have antibodies, it means you’ve been exposed to the virus. In most cases, a second blood test is used to confirm a hepatitis C diagnosis.
Skin, Hair, and Nails (Integumentary System)
A protein molecule called hemoglobin is found in red blood cells. Hemoglobin transports oxygen and iron to cells throughout the body. Iron is crucial in sustaining cells that make up healthy skin, fingernails, toenails, and hair.
Bilirubin is another important substance in hemoglobin. When the liver can’t do its job, bilirubin can build up and cause your skin and the whites of your eyes to turn yellow (jaundice).
Endocrine and Immune Systems
The endocrine system regulates hormones. As part of the endocrine system, the thyroid gland delivers hormones into the bloodstream. Sometimes hepatitis C can cause the immune system to mistakenly attack or damage thyroid tissue. This can cause an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), which can lead to sleep disorders and weight loss. Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) can make you feel sluggish. According to The Hepatitis Trust , this is more common in women than in men.
Overall Health
Many people infected with hepatitis C have no symptoms, especially in the earliest stages. Some report general fatigue, fever, or non-specific aches and pains.
Recommended for You
| Liver |
'Entomology' is the study of what? | Hepatitis
Hepatitis
It's sneaky, it's silent, and it can permanently harm your liver. It's called hepatitis (say: heh-puh-TYE-tus). Some people have hepatitis for many years without knowing it and then discover they have liver damage because of it.
So let's find out more about hepatitis and how to prevent it.
Life of a Liver
Nonstop, 24 hours a day, your liver (an internal organ on the upper right side of your abdomen) does many tasks to keep your body running smoothly:
It's like a vacuum! It cleans out toxins (poisons) from your blood.
It's like a warehouse! It stores vitamins and minerals and makes sure your body gets the right amounts.
It's like a bodybuilder! It produces the right amount of amino acids to build strong, healthy muscles .
It's like a gas station! It keeps your body fueled up with just the right amount of glucose (sugar).
It's like a meter! It helps regulate the levels of medicine you are taking. (Before some medicines can work, the liver has to start them up.) It also regulates hormones in your body.
It's like a factory! It produces an important digestive liquid called bile.
What Is Hepatitis?
Hepatitis is an inflammation (say: in-fluh-MAY-shun) — a kind of irritation — or infection of the liver. If the liver is affected by or gets scarred from inflammation or infection, it can't effectively do all of its jobs.
There are different ways you can get hepatitis. The two most common forms are:
Toxic hepatitis: This can happen if someone drinks a lot of alcohol, takes certain illegal drugs or medicines, or is exposed to poisons.
Viral hepatitis: There are lots of hepatitis viruses — from hepatitis A virus (hep A, for short) to hepatitis G. Though the viruses differ, they have one thing in common: They cause infection and inflammation that is harmful to liver cells.
We're going to talk about hep A, B, and C because they're the most common types of viral hepatitis.
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Hepatitis A
For kids, hep A is the most common type of hepatitis to get. The virus lives in poop (feces) from people who have the infection. That's why it's so important to wash your hands before eating and after going to the bathroom. If you don't, and then go make yourself a sandwich, hep A virus might end up on your food, and then in you!
Vegetables, fruits, and shellfish (such as shrimp and lobster) also can carry hepatitis if they were harvested in contaminated water or in unsanitary conditions. Hepatitis A affects people for a short time, and when they recover, it does not come back.
How to Prevent Hepatitis A
The following will help keep people safe from hepatitis A:
regular hand washing, especially after going to the bathroom or diapering a baby, and before eating
washing fruits and vegetables before eating them
not eating raw shellfish, such as raw oysters
getting the vaccine for hep A
Getting vaccinated helps a person's body make antibodies that protect against hepatitis infection. The hepatitis A vaccine is now given to all kids when they're between 1 and 2 years old, and to people who are traveling to countries where the virus could get into the food and water supply. The vaccine is also recommended for kids who have blood clotting problems or chronic liver disease.
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Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C
Although hep A is a short-term illness that goes away completely, hep B and C can turn into serious long-term illnesses for some people. Teens and young adults are most at risk for getting these two viruses. Today, all babies get vaccinated against the hep B virus, but there isn't a vaccine for hep C yet.
Hep B and C get passed from person to person the same ways that HIV does — through direct contact with infected body fluids. Hepatitis B and C are even more easily passed in fluids and needles than HIV. This can happen through sexual contact and by sharing needles (used to inject illegal drugs) that have been contaminated with infected blood. Even when infected people don't have any symptoms, they can still pass the disease on to others.
Sometimes mothers with hep B or C pass the virus along to their babies when they're born. Hep B and C also can get passed in ways you might not expect — such as getting a manicure or pedicure with unsterilized nail clippers or other dirty instruments. Getting a tattoo, if dirty needles are used, is another way someone can get hep B or C.
Signs and Symptoms of Hepatitis
Some people with hepatitis show no signs of having the disease, but others may have these symptoms:
tiredness without another reason
flu-like symptoms — throwing up, feeling hot, etc.
yellowing of skin and whites of eyes
belly pain (especially on the upper right side)
dark brown pee
poor appetite for days in a row or weight loss
A doctor who suspects someone may have hepatitis may ask questions like these:
Has the person been around anyone who works in health care or childcare?
Did the person stick himself or herself with a dirty needle or get a tattoo with a dirty needle?
Did the person have contact with the bodily fluids of someone who has hepatitis?
Did the person have a blood transfusion as a baby?
Have any of the person's family members had hepatitis?
Could the person have eaten food that was contaminated with hepatitis A?
The doctor can order a blood test to see if someone has hepatitis and which type, then help the person get the right care.
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Living With Hepatitis
Someone who has hepatitis will need to drink enough fluids, eat healthy foods, and get rest. The person's family members may need to get hepatitis vaccines, if they haven't already.
Later on, the person will get follow-up blood tests. Often the blood tests will show that the person no longer has hepatitis. Sometimes, the blood tests may show that someone is now a carrier of hepatitis — he or she won't have hepatitis symptoms, but could pass the infection to other people.
Sometimes, blood tests will continue to show that some people still have hep B or C, which means they may have chronic or long-term hepatitis. If so, they will need to eat healthy foods and take very good care of themselves by getting rest and visiting the doctor regularly. In some cases, someone with chronic hepatitis may get special medicine for the condition.
We hope that this heads-up on hepatitis will help you stay safe. It may sound funny, but you can love your liver by washing your hands and making smart choices!
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Where was Thomas Becket murdered? | The Murder of Thomas Becket, 1170
The Murder Of Thomas Becket, 1170
Printer Friendly Version >>>
A sword's crushing blow extinguished the life of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, on a cold December evening as he struggled on the steps of his altar. The brutal event sent a tremor through Medieval Europe. Public opinion of the time and subsequent history have laid the blame for the murder at the feet of Becket's former close personal friend, King Henry II.
Becket was born in 1118, in Normandy the son of an English merchant. His family was well off, his father a former Sheriff of London. Becket benefited from his family's status first by being sent to Paris for his education and from there to England where he joined the household of Theobold, the then Archbishop of Canterbury. Becket's administrative skills, his charm, intelligence and diplomacy propelled him forward. The archbishop sent him to Paris to study law and upon his return to England made him Archdeacon of Canterbury.
A Medieval Mass
Becket's big break came in 1154, when Theobold introduced him to the newly crowned King, Henry II. The two hit it off immediately, their similar personal chemistries forming a strong bond between them. Henry named Becket his Chancellor. Archbishop Theobold died in 1161, and Henry immediately saw the opportunity to increase his influence over the Church by naming his loyal advisor to the highest ecclesiastical post in the land. Henry petitioned the Pope who agreed. There was only one slight hindrance. Becket, busy at court, had never been ordained. No problem, Becket was first invested as a priest. The next day he was ordained a Bishop, and that afternoon, June 2, 1162, made Archbishop of Canterbury.
If King Henry believed that by having "his man" in the top post of the Church, he could easily impose his will upon this powerful religious institution, he was sadly mistaken. Becket's allegiance shifted from the court to the Church inspiring him to take a stand against his king. In those days, the Church reserved the right to try felonious clerics in their own religious courts of justice and not those of the crown. Henry was determined to increase control of his realm by eliminating this custom. In 1163, a Canon accused of murder was acquitted by a church court. The public outcry demanded justice and the Canon was brought before a court of the king. Becket's protest halted this attempt but the action spurred King Henry to change the laws to extend his courts' jurisdiction over the clergy. Becket vacillated in his support of the king, finally refusing to agree to changes in the law. His stand prompted a royal summons to Henry's court at Northampton and the king's demand to know what Becket had done with the large sums of money that had passed through his hands as Chancellor.
"Who will rid
meddlesome
priest?"
Seeing the writing on the wall, Becket fled to France where he remained in exile for six years. The two former friends appeared to resolve their dispute in 1170 when King Henry and Becket met in Normandy. On November 30, Becket crossed the Channel returning to his post at Canterbury. Earlier, while in France, Becket had excomunicated the Bishops of London and Salisbury for their support of the king. Now, Becket remained steadfast in his refusal to absolve the bishops. This news threw King Henry (still in France) into a rage in which he was purported to shout: "What sluggards, what cowards have I brought up in my court, who care nothing for their allegiance to their lord. Who will rid me of this meddlesome priest."
The king's exact words have been lost to history but his outrage inspired four knights to sail to England to rid the realm of this annoying prelate. They arrived at Canterbury during the afternoon of December 29 and immediately searched for the Archbishop. Becket fled to the Cathedral where a service was in progress. The knights found him at the altar, drew their swords and began hacking at their victim finally splitting his skull.
The death of Becket unnerved the king. The knights who did the deed to curry the king's favor, fell into disgrace. Several miracles were said to occur at the tomb of the martyr and he was soon canonized. Hordes of pilgrims transformed Canterbury Cathedral into a shrine. Four years later, in an act of penance, the king donned a sack-cloth walking barefoot through the streets of Canterbury while eighty monks flogged him with branches. Henry capped his atonement by spending the night in the martyr's crypt. St. Thomas continued as a popular cultist figure for the remainder of the Middle Ages.
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Observations of a Monk
Edward Grim, a monk, observed the attack from the safety of a hiding place near the altar. He wrote his account some time after the event. Acceptance of his description must be qualified by the influence that Becket's sainthood had on Grim's perspective. However, the fundamentals of his narrative are no doubt true. We pick up the story after the knights have stormed into the cathedral.
"The murderers followed him; 'Absolve', they cried, 'and restore to communion those whom you have excommunicated, and restore their powers to those whom you have suspended.'
"He answered, 'There has been no satisfaction, and I will not absolve them.'
'Then you shall die,' they cried, 'and receive what you deserve.'
'I am ready,' he replied, 'to die for my Lord, that in my blood the Church may obtain liberty and peace. But in the name of Almighty God, I forbid you to hurt my people whether clerk or lay.'
"Then they lay sacrilegious hands on him, pulling and dragging him that they may kill him outside the church, or carry him away a prisoner, as they afterwards confessed. But when he could not be forced away from the pillar, one of them pressed on him and clung to him more closely. Him he pushed off calling him 'pander', and saying, 'Touch me not, Reginald; you owe me fealty and subjection; you and your accomplices act like madmen.'
"The knight, fired with a terrible rage at this severe repulse, waved his sword over the sacred head. 'No faith', he cried, 'nor subjection do I owe you against my fealty to my lord the King.'
The murder of
from a contemporary
manuscript
"Then the unconquered martyr seeing the hour at hand which should put an end to this miserable life and give him straightway the crown of immortality promised by the Lord, inclined his neck as one who prays and joining his hands he lifted them up, and commended his cause and that of the Church to God, to St. Mary, and to the blessed martry Denys. Scarce had he said the words than the wicked knight, fearing lest he should be rescued by the people and escape alive, leapt upon him suddenly and wounded this lamb who was sacrificed to God on the head, cutting off the top of the crown which the sacred unction of the chrism had dedicated to God; and by the same blow he wounded the arm of him who tells this. For he, when the others, both monks and clerks, fled, stuck close to the sainted Archbishop and held him in his arms till the one he interposed was almost severed.
"Then he received a second blow on the head but still stood firm. At the third blow he fell on his knees and elbows, offering himself a living victim, and saying in a low voice, 'For the Name of Jesus and the protection of the Church I am ready to embrace death.'
"Then the third knight inflicted a terrible wound as he lay, by which the sword was broken against the pavement, and the crown which was large was separated from the head. The fourth knight prevented any from interfering so that the others might freely perpetrate the murder.
"Let us away
He will rise
no more."
"As to the fifth, no knight but that clerk who had entered with the knights, that a fifth blow might not be wanting to the martyr who was in other things like to Christ, he put his foot on the neck of the holy priest and precious martyr, and, horrible to say, scattered his brain and blood over the pavement, calling out to the others, 'Let us away, knights; he will rise no more.'
References:
Abbot, Edwin A., St. Thomas of Canterbury (1898); Compton, Piers, The Turbulent Priest (1964); Hollister, Warren C., Medieval Europe: a short history (1975)
How To Cite This Article:
"The Murder of Thomas Becket, 1170" EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (1997).
King Henry II was the father of Richard-the-
Lionhearted and of King John of Magna Carta fame.
King Henry VIII destroyed the shrine dedicated to Thomas Becket at Canterbury.
| Canterbury Cathedral |
George A Custer died in which battle? | Thomas Becket: a Great Medieval Murder - History in an HourHistory in an Hour
Thomas Becket: a Great Medieval Murder
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On 29 December 1170, four knights of King Henry II stormed into Canterbury Cathedral and murdered the Archbishop, Thomas Becket. His death provoked widespread horror and outrage, soon followed by a popular cult and rumours of miracles. Despite being hailed as a martyr and canonised in 1173, Becket remains one of the most controversial figures in English history.
Early Life
Born on 21 December 1120 (or 1118, according to some sources), Thomas Becket was the only surviving son of the prosperous London merchant, Gilbert Beket. As a boy Becket was educated at an Augustinian Priory in Merton, Suffolk and later at one of the London grammar schools. Although the youngster mastered the basic curriculum, evidence suggests that he preferred horses and hunting over academia. From 1143 Becket worked as a clerk, securing employment in the house of the great London banker, Osbert Huitdeniers and, in 1145, in the household of Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury. This was a huge achievement for Becket and would dramatically change the course of his life.
The Rising Star
Although not as well educated as his colleagues, Becket quickly made friends in his new appointment and found favour with the archbishop himself. He spent a year studying law at Bologna and Auxerre before being sent on missions to the papal curia. By 1154 Becket had secured the archdeaconry of Canterbury and was enjoying the wealth of his many benefices.
The King’s Favourite
Becket may well have played a role in securing the accession of the young Henry FitzEmpress (Henry II) to the throne of England in 1154. Either way, Becket, now serving as the royal chancellor, became a firm favourite of the new king. The two were virtually inseparable and Becket guided the young, hot-headed Henry through the early years of his reign. He played a key role in Henry’s relations with the French King, Louis VII and in the expedition to Toulouse in 1159. When Theobald died in 1161, there was little doubt in Henry’s mind that Becket was the man for the job.
Trouble Ahead?
If Henry expected his new archbishop to submit to this authority, he was very much mistaken. Although initially reluctant to take the post, Becket threw himself into his new role and responsibilities. He recruited a large household staff, began studying theology and became particular generous in his alms-giving. But on receipt of his pallium and much to Henry’s disgrace, Becket resigned as both chancellor and archdeacon. Moreover, after attending the general council at Tours in 1163, Becket returned to England with a vow to become the defender of the rights of the English Church.
The scene was now set for their first encounter.
“Criminous Clerks”
Under the benefit of clergy, any clergymen accused of committing a crime could not be tried and punished by a secular court of law. This privilege infuriated Henry II (pictured) and in 1163 he proposed that these “criminous clerks” be stripped of their clerical protection. Needless to say, his proposal found no support among Becket or England’s bishops.
In January 1164 Henry and his baron met with Becket and his bishops at Clarendon, near Salisbury, to further discuss this contentious issue. There, Henry presented the Constitution of Clarendon, a list of 16 clauses including his proposal for the treatment of criminous clerks. According to the chronicler, William of Newburgh, Becket and the bishops were so terrified by Henry’s ranting that they agreed to his demands and swore to abide by the constitutions. Henry may have felt victorious but, shortly after the meeting, Becket publicly repented the oath and reported the events to the Pope, who refused to confirm the new constitutions.
Exile
Henry was determined to punish Becket for his actions. During a land dispute in Pagham, in 1164, Becket was accused of contempt of court and forced to forfeit all his goods. He was next accused of embezzlement and summoned to Northampton. After much discussion, Becket refused to hear the Council’s verdict and, that night, fled to the court of the French King, Louis VII. Becket was given asylum and returned to the Cistercian Abbey at Pontigny with his family and supporters, banished from England by Henry.
Despite numerous attempts, the two men could not be reconciled. In fact, the situation got worse. In 1166, for example, Becket excommunicated all royal servants who had acted against him and Henry appealed to the Cistercians to expel Becket from the abbey. By 1167, even the Pope was growing weary of their dispute. In 1169, Henry made the first move at a serious reconciliation and offered to make several concessions, including the removal of any customs that Becket had previously opposed. But this was not enough for the archbishop and he further exacerbated the situation by excommunicating the bishops of London and Salisbury at Clairvaux in 1169.
A Glimmer of Hope
In May 1170, Henry had his son crowned by the Archbishop of York. Although this was a massive blow to Becket, it put them firmly on the road to reconciliation. But it wasn’t the happy occasion that everybody had previously hoped for. Henry broke his promise to meet Becket on his arrival in England and instead seized the lands of the church at Canterbury. In addition, Henry’s son refused to meet him at Windsor and Becket retaliated by excommunicating the Archbishop of York. At his Christmas court in Normandy, Henry heard of Becket’s latest antic and exploded with rage. It is here that Henry uttered those famous words (there are several variations); ‘Will no one rid me of this troublesome priest?’
Murder in the Cathedral
Four knights – William de Tracey, Reginald Fitzurse, Hugh de Morville and Richard Brito – took Henry’s famous words to heart. They arrived in England on 28 December and travelled together to Canterbury Cathedral. A little after 2am on 29 December, Thomas Becket was dead. (Pictured is a depiction of Thomas Becket’s murder from the Book of Hours held at the British Library. Click to enlarge).
Whether or not Henry wanted Becket dead, he took much of the blame for his murder. Pope Alexander excommunicated the four knights responsible and banned Henry from taking Mass until he had completed penance. For this, Henry promised to provide money for 200 knights to go on Crusade, return all property to the church of Canterbury, abolish all customs deemed negative to the Church and to never interfere with the clergy’s appeals to Rome. He made these concessions publicly at Avranches in 1172 and, in return, secured England’s reconciliation with Rome. Henry was now absolved of Becket’s murder and continued to reign until his death in 1189.
Kaye Jones
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Florence Nightingale became famous in which war? | BBC - Primary History - Famous People - Florence Nightingale
Florence Nightingale
Why is Florence Nightingale famous?
How did she become famous?
Florence Nightingale went to the Crimean War to nurse wounded soldiers. She and her nurses saved many lives.
When did she live?
Florence was born in 1820. This was ten years before Britain had its first steam passenger railway. She lived through the long reign of Queen Victoria. She died in 1910, after the age of electricity, cars and planes began.
What Florence Nightingale did
Florence Nightingale made hospitals cleaner places. She showed that trained nurses and clean hospitals helped sick people get better. She was the founder of modern nursing.
Florence's childhood
A rich family
Florence's father was William Nightingale, a rich banker. William and his wife Fanny went to Italy after they married in 1818. Florence was born in Italy on 12th May. She was named after the city of Florence.
Florence's sister
Florence had an older sister, Frances Parthenope (known as 'Pop'). Pop was born in Italy too. The girls had lessons from their father. Florence was clever, and liked history and maths.
The Nightingales had a winter home in Hampshire and a summer home in Derbyshire. They had servants .
What did most women do?
In Victorian Britain, poor women worked as servants or in factories . Rich girls like Florence were expected to marry and look after a home, perhaps doing charity work.
Why Florence did not marry
Florence was very religious. From the age of 16 she believed God wanted her to do important work. When she was 22, a young writer asked her to marry him. After seven years making up her mind, Florence said no.
How to become a nurse?
Choices for Florence
Florence could go to parties. She could travel. In 1849 she visited Egypt. But she did not want a life of leisure. She wanted to be a nurse .
Why her parents said no
When Florence told her parents, they were shocked. Hospitals at this time were dirty and horrible. Doctors did operations with no anaesthetic . Most people who went into hospital died. Florence could not possibly work as a nurse.
The trouble with nurses
Nurses were not respectable or trained.
Florence's parents sent her to Italy, to forget about nursing. She met a young Englishman, Sidney Herbert, and he told her rich people should help the poor. Florence came home determined to be a nurse.
Florence gets her way
In 1851, Florence went to Germany, to a Christian nursing school for women. She learned nursing for three months. It was hard work, but she loved it.
First job in a hospital
In 1853 a rich friend asked Florence to run a London hospital for 'Invalid Gentlewomen'. There was no pay, but Mr Nightingale gave her money. She made lots of useful changes in the hospital. At home, when her father and sister became ill, Florence nursed them.
The Crimean War
Britain goes to war
In 1854 the Crimean War began. Britain, France and Turkey were fighting Russia. The Crimea was part of Russia. British soldiers went to the war in ships.
Bad news
People read about the war in newspapers. The news was at first bad. William Howard Russell was a reporter for The Times. He wrote that he had seen soldiers dying of hunger and cold. Many were sick. There was no proper medical care.
Hospitals need nurses
Things got worse after battles. Army hospitals were filled with wounded men. But without nurses, more soldiers were dying from diseases than in battles.
Florence gets her chance
Sidney Herbert was now Minister for War . He asked Florence to lead a team of nurses to the Crimea. This was her chance to do something important!
The Lady with the Lamp
Florence goes to war
Florence and 38 nurses arrived in Turkey in November 1854. At first the Army doctors wanted nothing to do with her. Florence would not go away. So the doctors let the nurses into the Army hospital at Scutari. Florence got busy cleaning up.
The horrible hospital
The hospital was overcrowded and filthy. There were not enough beds, so men lay on the floor. They were not washed. There were no proper toilets. Drains were blocked. Rats ran everywhere. The smell was terrible.
Green bread and diseases
The patients ate bread that was mouldy-green, and meat 'more like leather', Florence said. Without good food, sick men could not get better. Without clean bandages, clean beds and clean water, many died from diseases.
What Florence did
Florence worked 20 hours a day. She went to the town to buy fresh food. She started clean kitchens, and a French chef named Alexis Soyer came to cook better meals. She paid workmen to clear the drains. Soon the hospital was cleaner, and fewer men were dying.
Walking with her lamp
At night Florence walked around the wards , to make sure the men were comfortable. She sat with dying soldiers. She wrote letters home for men who could not write. She carried a lantern , so the soldiers called her 'The Lady with the Lamp'.
What Florence did next
Home a heroine
People in Britain gave money to a fund to help the 'Nightingale Nurses'. When Florence came home in 1856, people called her a heroine . The Sultan of Turkey sent her a diamond bracelet! Queen Victoria wrote a letter of thanks.
Florence went home to Derbyshire by train. She called herself 'Miss Smith' so people would not know who she was. She did not want any fuss.
Meeting the Queen
Later Florence met Queen Victoria. She told the Queen what was wrong with Army hospitals. Florence went on visiting Army camps and hospitals. She wrote letters to important people.
Change comes
The Army started training doctors. Hospitals got cleaner. Soldiers got better clothes and food.
In 1860 the Nightingale Training School for nurses was opened at St Thomas's Hospital in London. Florence's book Notes for Nursing helped many student nurses.
Florence's last years
Florence worked so hard she became ill. For the last 40 years of her life she stayed in bed most of the time. But she went on writing letters, collecting facts and figures. In 1907 she was awarded the Order of Merit . She was the first woman to receive this honour.
Florence Nightingale died on 13th August 1910.
| Crimean War |
Born Lucille Fay LeSueur, by what name was she better known? | BBC - iWonder - Florence Nightingale: Saving lives with statistics
Florence Nightingale: Saving lives with statistics
1820
Consultant Mark Bostridge Nightingale biographer
Busting the myth
Florence Nightingale was so much more than a lady with a lamp. The legend of the saintly nurse has long obscured the truth – that her mathematical genius was what really saved so many lives.
Her ambition led her into the hellish world of Crimean warfare and, as a result, on a journey that would transform nursing and hospitals in Britain.
1820
Mary Evans
Florence Nightingale's home in Derbyshire.
Florence was named after the Italian city of her birth. She grew up on picturesque English country estates with her elder sister, Parthenope.
Her upper middle class upbringing included an extensive home education from Florence’s father, who taught his daughters classics, philosophy and modern languages. Florence excelled in mathematics and science. Her love of recording and organising information was clear from an early age – she documented her extensive shell collection with precisely drawn tables and lists.
She has taken to mathematics… she is deep in them and working very hard.
Parthenope Nightingale on her sister's studying habits, 1840
1837
Getty
Young Florence Nightingale.
The Nightingales took their daughters on a tour of Europe, a custom intended to educate and refine gentlewomen in the 19th century.
But Florence's unconventional character continued to develop, as entries from her diary of the trip show. She recorded detailed notes of population statistics, hospitals and other charitable institutions. In spite of her mother's disapproval, she later received further tuition in mathematics. Yet her biggest rebellion was still to come. In 1837, she became convinced God had 'called' her to his service but her parents were horrified when she revealed what she thought the service should be...
God spoke to me and called me to His Service. What form this service was to take the voice did not say.
Florence Nightingale
Getty
Portrait of Florence (left) and her sister Parthenope.
Florence was an eligible young woman – intelligent, striking and wealthy. Proposals were sure to come her way, but Florence had a proposal of her own.
Her family expected her to marry well but the prospect of a life of domesticity left Florence cold. By 1844, she had decided nursing was her calling. She proposed training in Salisbury, but her parents refused. They thought nursing was lowly, immodest work done by the poor or servants, completely unsuitable for a woman of Florence’s social standing. Florence, however, persevered. In 1849, after a long courtship, she even declined a proposal of marriage, believing her destiny lay outside wedlock.
I do not expect that love passages will be frequent in her life.
Florence's mother, writing about Florence in 1838
Around this time…
Getty
Photograph of Florence Nightingale.
Nothing could sway Florence from her mission to nurse. She defied her parents' wishes and continued to visit hospitals in Paris, Rome and London.
In 1850, realising his daughter was unlikely to marry, Florence’s father finally relented and allowed her to train as a nurse in Germany. Parthenope struggled to accept her sister’s hard-won independence and suffered a nervous breakdown in 1852. This forced Florence to return and care for her. But in August 1853, the breakthrough finally came: Florence became superintendent at a women's hospital in Harley Street. After nearly a decade, she had realised her ambition of becoming a nurse.
Mary Evans
Florence receiving a wounded soldier at the British hospital in Scutari.
The Crimean War broke out in 1853. Newspaper reports from the front line told horror stories of the appalling conditions in British army hospitals.
Sidney Herbert, Secretary of State at War, knew Florence well. He appointed her to take 38 nurses to the military hospital in Scutari, Turkey. It was the first time women had been allowed to officially serve in the army. When she arrived, the Barrack Hospital was filthy – the floor was an inch thick with faeces. She set her nurses to work cleaning the hospital and ensured soldiers were properly fed and clothed. The regular troops were, for the first time, being treated with decency and respect.
Getty
Florence also inspected and reformed front-line hospitals in Crimea in 1855-6.
Florence’s best efforts to combat the rising death toll failed. It kept increasing relentlessly, with over four thousand deaths in a single winter.
Although she had made the hospital more efficient, it was no less deadly. In the spring of 1855, the British government sent out a Sanitary Commission to investigate the conditions at Scutari. It discovered the Barrack Hospital was built on a sewer, meaning patients were drinking contaminated water. The hospital, along with other British army hospitals, was flushed out and ventilation improved. Consequently, the death rate began to fall.
It would be a brave man that dare insult her…I would not give a penny for his Chance…
A British soldier, writing about Florence in a letter home from Scutari
1855
The lady of the lamp hits the big time
Getty
The iconic 'Lady of the Lamp' portrait featured in the Illustrated London News on Feb 24 1855.
When a portrait of Florence carrying a lamp and tending to patients appeared in the press, she quickly gained an army of die-hard Florence fans.
Her work in Scutari improving the living conditions of soldiers in hospitals was hailed by both the press and the public. Her family had to wade through a steady stream of poems posted to Florence – the Victorian equivalent of fan mail – and images of 'the lady of the lamp' were printed on bags, mats and souvenirs. But Florence was wary of her celebrity. Although she returned home a heroine, she kept a low profile by travelling under a pseudonym – Miss Smith.
My lads, may your hearts never fail/ You are cheer’d by the presence of a sweet Nightingale!
From the song The Nightingale in the East, 1855
1857
Florence reveals the truth
You need to have JavaScript enabled to view this clip.
Professor Marcus Du Sautoy explains the rose diagram. Clip from The Beauty of Diagrams (BBC Four, 2010). Image: Florence Nightingale Museum/Bridgeman.
Florence knew her talent for statistics wouldn't be enough to ensure her report hit home. It was time to prove her mastery of communication as well.
Rather than lists or tables, she represented the death toll in a revolutionary way. Her ‘rose diagram’ showed a sharp decrease in fatalities following the work of the Sanitary Commission – it fell by 99% in a single year. The diagram was so easy to understand it was widely republished and the public understood the army’s failings and the urgent need for change. In light of Florence’s work, new army medical, sanitary science and statistics departments were established to improve healthcare.
It should affect through the eyes what we fail to convey to the brains of the public through their word-proof ears.
Florence Nightingale on the Rose Diagram
1859
Every nurse ought to be careful to wash her hands very frequently during the day. If her face, too, so much the better.
Florence Nightingale's Notes on Nursing, 1859
1880
Florence takes the fight to India
Getty
Florence Nightingale photographed in 1885.
Florence had been involved in improving the health of the British army in India since her experiences in Scutari.
By the 1880s, scientific knowledge had advanced to further support her reforming ideas. Like many medical practitioners, she now accepted germ theory, and so emphasised the need for uncontaminated water supplies for people in India. Still collecting data, she campaigned for famine relief and improved sanitary conditions to combat a high death toll that she believed was caused by conditions akin to those she’d witnessed in Scutari. Florence received reports from India until 1906.
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In the film 'Who Framed Roger Rabbit' What character was played by Bob Hoskins? | Bob Hoskins - IMDb
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Bob Hoskins was born on October 26, 1942, in Bury St. Edmund's, Suffolk, where his mother was living after being evacuated as a result of the heavy bombings. He is the son of Elsie Lillian (Hopkins), a nursery school teacher and cook, and Robert William Hoskins, Sr., who drove a lorry and worked as a bookkeeper. Growing up, Hoskins received only ... See full bio »
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Nominated for 1 Oscar. Another 23 wins & 14 nominations. See more awards »
Known For
1997 The Forgotten Toys (TV Series)
Teddy (1998-1999) (voice)
1981 Stainless Steel and Star Spies (TV Movie) (voice)
1980 Flickers (TV Mini-Series)
1979 Brecht and Co (TV Movie)
Member of Brecht's company / Prologue
1977 Van der Valk (TV Series)
Johnny Palmer
1977 Three Piece Suite (TV Series)
Reg (Wonderful Woman)
1975 On the Move (TV Series)
Alf
1972-1974 Play for Today (TV Series)
Blake / Woodbine / Taxi driver
1974 Shoulder to Shoulder (TV Mini-Series)
Jack Dunn
1973 Crown Court (TV Series)
Freddy Dean
Charles 'Knocker' Grindley / Charles Grindley
- Knocker (1972) ... Charles Grindley
- Move In, Move On (1972) ... Charles 'Knocker' Grindley
- George (1972) ... Charles 'Knocker' Grindley
1988 Who Framed Roger Rabbit (performer: "Merry-Go-Round Broke Down")
Pennies from Heaven (TV Mini-Series) (1 episode, 1978) (performer - 5 episodes, 1978)
- Says My Heart (1978) ... ("Says My Heart", "Pick Yourself Up", "Haunting Me", "Pennies from Heaven", "Roll Along Covered Wagon", "I Like to Go Back in the Evening", "The Glory of Love", uncredited)
- Painting the Clouds (1978) ... ("Hands Across the Table", uncredited) / (performer: "My Woman" - uncredited)
- Better Think Twice (1978) ... ("We'll Make Hay While the Sun Shines", "Fancy Our Meeting", "Roll Along Prairie Moon", uncredited) / (performer: "Okay Toots" - uncredited)
- Easy Come, Easy Go (1978) ... ("Roll Along Prairie Moon", "Easy Come, Easy Go", uncredited) / (performer: "You and the Night and the Music" - uncredited)
- The Sweetest Thing (1978) ... ("Without That Certain Thing", "Dreaming a Dream", "Yes, Yes (My Baby Said Yes, Yes)", "Just Let Me Look at You", uncredited) / (performer: "You Couldn't Be Cuter" - uncredited)
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In 1961 Marilyn Monroe and Clarke Gable both made their final movie. What was the name of the film? | Hoskins: 'Roger Rabbit Drove Me Mad' | Contactmusic.com
Hoskins: 'Roger Rabbit Drove Me Mad'
Hoskins: 'Roger Rabbit Drove Me Mad'
Picture: Bob Hoskins The British Independent Film Awards held at the Old Billingsgate Market - Arrivals. London, England - 05.12.10
British actor Bob Hoskins was driven to the brink of insanity by his role in 1988 movie Who Framed Roger Rabbit - he spent months suffering hallucinations of cartoon characters from the film.
The movie combined animation with real-life action and saw Hoskins acting alongside imaginary co-stars, who were added in later in the production process.
Hoskins, 67, admits spending eight months talking to a cartoon character affected his mental health - and he began seeing characters from the film long after shooting finished.
He says, "I think I went a bit mad while working on that. Lost my mind. The voice of the rabbit was there just behind the camera all the time, you just had to know where the rabbit would be at all times, and Jessica Rabbit and all these weasels. The trouble was, I had learnt how to hallucinate. If you do that for eight months it becomes hard to get rid of. I went to this one do (event) where I got talking to a very country lady with a big hat and there was this weasel in her hat."
And Hoskins' hallucinations grew so problematic, even his young daughter began to notice he was struggling. He adds, "My daughter, when I got from filming in San Fransisco, said 'Dad, slow dow, slow down. You're going barmy (mad), mate.' And I was."
Contactmusic
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What character did Dustin Hoffman play in 'The Graduate'? | The Making of "The Graduate" | Vanity Fair
Dustin Hoffman and Anne Bancroft in a publicity still for The Graduate. Photographs by Bob Willoughby.
Any good movie is filled with secrets. —Mike Nichols
Imagine a movie called The Graduate. It stars Robert Redford as Benjamin Braddock, the blond and bronzed, newly minted college graduate adrift in his parents’ opulent home in Beverly Hills. And Candice Bergen as his girlfriend, the overprotected Elaine Robinson. Ava Gardner plays the predatory Mrs. Robinson, the desperate housewife and mother who ensnares Benjamin. Gene Hackman is her cuckolded husband. It nearly happened that way. That it didn’t made all the difference.
It all began with a book review. On October 30, 1963, a 36-year-old movie producer named Lawrence Turman read Orville Prescott’s review of Charles Webb’s first novel, The Graduate, in The New York Times. Though Prescott described the satirical novel as “a fictional failure,” he compared Webb’s misfit, malaise-ridden hero, Benjamin Braddock, to Holden Caulfield, the hero of J. D. Salinger’s classic The Catcher in the Rye. Turman was intrigued. “The book haunted me—I identified with it,” he says. Now 81, Turman is lean, with white hair and bright eyes. Over lunch in West Hollywood, he recalls how he fell in love particularly with two of the novel’s images: “a boy in a scuba suit in his own swimming pool, and then that same boy on a bus, his shirttail out, with a girl in a wedding dress. I liked it so much, I took out an option with my own money—something I counsel my students not to do. Because no one else bid on the novel, I optioned the rights for $1,000.” Turman, who now chairs the Peter Stark Producing Program at the University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts, considered himself something of an industry outsider, though by 1963 he had already produced several films (including The Young Doctors, with Fredric March and Ben Gazzara; I Could Go On Singing, with Judy Garland; and Gore Vidal’s The Best Man).
Don’t miss a slideshow of Bob Willoughby’s classic photos from the set.
Perhaps he still feels like an outsider because he started life in the garment industry, following in his father’s footsteps, although he had majored in English literature at U.C.L.A. “Everyone always says how tough show biz is,” Turman says, “and, of course, they’re right, but it’s kid stuff compared to the garment business, where someone will cut your heart out for a quarter-cent a yard. I’d carry bolts of cloth five blocks after making a sale, only to learn that the customer bought it cheaper, and I had to schlep the bolts of cloth back to my dad’s office.” He can still vividly recall working his way down 14 flights of a manufacturing building, “getting rejected at every floor.” After five years of working with his father, he pounced on a blind ad in Variety: “Experienced Agent Wanted.” He got the job at the Kurt Frings Agency, a four-person operation specializing in European actors, including Audrey Hepburn, by candidly confessing that he “had zero experience, but was full of energy and would work very cheaply”—$50 a week.
After optioning The Graduate, Turman needed a director. He immediately thought of another industry outsider, the comedian turned Broadway director Mike Nichols, then 33 years old. At the time, Nichols had just had a great success directing Robert Redford and Elizabeth Ashley on Broadway in Neil Simon’s Barefoot in the Park, but before that he had been half of the legendary satirical comedy team Mike Nichols and Elaine May. Their sharp, skewed portrayals of “Age of Anxiety” couples struck a deep chord in American life, and their comedy sketches were hilarious, such as the one about a pushy mother and her put-upon rocket-scientist son: “I feel awful,” the son says after his mother berates him for not calling. “If I could believe that,” she says, “I’d be the happiest mother in the world.” They were improvisation geniuses and could perform sketches in the style of everyone from Faulkner to Kierkegaard.
Elaine May was the daughter of a Yiddish actor named Jack Berlin. Nichols met his dark-haired muse at the University of Chicago, where he was a pre-med student, but like Benjamin Braddock, wanted his future “to be different.” Both he and May were members of the off-campus Playwright’s Theatre, which later became the improvisational group the Compass Players (a precursor to Chicago’s Second City). By 1958 they were performing in New York’s Greenwich Village, at the Blue Angel and the Village Vanguard, and then began appearing on television shows such as The Steve Allen Show and Omnibus. The height of their success was An Evening with Mike Nichols and Elaine May, a 1960 Broadway hit at New York’s Golden Theatre, directed by Arthur Penn.
Then they walked away from it all. It was Elaine May’s idea. She wanted to devote more time to writing and she also felt, with Kennedy just installed in the White House, there had been a seismic shift in the country’s mood, and the duo’s uptight, Eisenhower-era targets were no longer relevant. On July 1, 1961, they gave their last performance. “I stopped being a comedian,” Nichols now says, not the least bit wistfully. “Stand-up comedy is a very hard thing on the spirit. There are people who transcend it, like Jack Benny and Steve Martin, but in its essence, it’s soul destroying. It tends to turn people into control freaks.” Though he never did stand-up (or sit-down) comedy again, his canny, satirical edge would inform everything else Nichols later undertook as a theater and movie director.
“Mike Nichols was an intuitive hunch,” Turman reflects. “Webb’s book is funny, but mordant. Nichols and May’s humor seemed like a hand-in-glove fit to me.” When they finally got together in New York to discuss the project, Turman, ever known for his candor, told Nichols, “I have the book, but I don’t have any money. I don’t have any studio. I have nothing, so let’s do this. We’ll make this movie together, and whatever money comes in, we’ll split 50-50.” Nichols agreed on the spot.
“So I got The Graduate and Mike Nichols,” Turman recounts, “and I beat my brains out.” They sent the book to Brian Keith to read for the part of Mr. Robinson. “He came into our office,” Nichols recalls. “We sat down, and I asked if he had read the book. He said he had. ‘What do you think?’ I asked. He said, ‘I think it’s the biggest piece of shit I’ve ever read.’ I said, ‘Well, then we won’t do it. You agree, Larry?’ Turman said, ‘Absolutely.’ I said, ‘Thank you, Mr. Keith. You’ve saved us a lot of trouble.’ Turman and I both stood up, and Keith had to get up and leave. It was fun.”
For nearly two years, Turman was turned down by every major studio: “No one thought the book was funny, and no one in Hollywood had even heard of Mike Nichols,” but that didn’t matter by the time he approached producer Joseph E. Levine. By then, Nichols had followed Barefoot in the Park with three more Broadway hits, The Knack, Murray Schisgal’s Luv, and Neil Simon’s The Odd Couple, which made a Broadway star out of Walter Matthau. And Nichols had been chosen by Elizabeth Taylor to direct her and Richard Burton in the movie of Edward Albee’s scandalous Broadway hit, Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? It became the most controversial film of 1966, winning Taylor her second Academy Award.
Joseph E. Levine was known as “an enormously successful schlockmeister,” says Turman. “He would buy junky films, like Hercules, have an aggressive ad campaign, plaster his own name all over them, and make a lot of money for himself in the bargain. He was a great, flamboyant, throwback salesman.” His company, called Embassy Pictures, had graduated to classier fare—Marriage Italian Style, 8½, Two Women, Darling—by the time Turman approached him. “I don’t know if Joe Levine even ‘got’ the book, but Mike had cachet, which Joe didn’t have,” recalls Turman. “I think Levine got on board to be in business with Mike Nichols.” Turman gave his word that he could make the movie for a million dollars. Levine said yes. For the first time, Turman no longer felt like a fish out of water. “It’s always better to be inside than looking at it from outside,” he says.
With his money and his director in place, Turman needed a screenwriter. In February of 1965—one year after optioning the rights—he signed Calder Willingham to write the screenplay. Willingham was a novelist and screenwriter known for his strong, often daring sexual content (End as a Man). Problem was, he really didn’t like the novel. In a note to Turman he wrote, “The whole thing of a young man marrying a girl after screwing her mother’s ears off is a mess … and it must be handled with art and care or we are dead. This goddamned schizophrenic and amateurish book … If my script is unacceptable … then hire another writer, but don’t go to Charles Webb!”
“Calder turned in a script,” Turman recalls, “but it was vulgar. He even added some gratuitous homosexual and man-woman sex.” He handed it over to Mike Nichols, warning him, “I don’t like it.” Neither did Nichols. (There had been an earlier false start with playwright William Hanley.) So Nichols suggested a bright, young comedic actor and story editor, Buck Henry.
“He wasn’t a screenwriter when I asked him to write the screenplay. He improvised comedy,” Nichols recalls. “He had not, to my knowledge, written anything. And I said, ‘I think you could do it; I think you should do it.’ And he could, and he did.”
Like Nichols, Buck Henry had acted in improvisational theater and had worked as a writer-performer for a few television shows, including The New Steve Allen Show and That Was the Week That Was, but his big break came as co-creator with Mel Brooks of the television series Get Smart, starring Don Adams as the incompetent control agent 86, Maxwell Smart. The boyish-looking, bespectacled writer was in his second year as story editor for the spy spoof, but he had written only one, unproduced screenplay.
“Turman, Nichols, and I related to The Graduate in exactly the same way,” Henry recalls. “We all thought we were Benjamin Braddock. Plus, it’s an absolutely first-class novel, with great characters, great dialogue, a terrific theme. Who could resist it? I read it and I said, ‘Yes, let’s go.’ ”
Born Buck Henry Zuckerman, the writer and actor was living in Hollywood’s Chateau Marmont at the time, working on Get Smart by day and writing the screenplay for The Graduate at night, collaborating closely with Nichols. His mother was Ruth Zuckerman, known as Ruth Taylor, a smoky-eyed silent-screen film actress, so he had, in a sense, been born into show business. He claims that as a little boy he watched the filming of a scene from The Maltese Falcon, and that Humphrey Bogart gave him a wad of movie money. And, having been impressed by his mother’s glamorous actress friends, he completely got the allure of women of a certain age—his mother’s—as embodied by Mrs. Robinson.
“I always thought The Graduate was the best pitch I ever heard: this kid graduates college, has an affair with his parents’ best friend, and then falls in love with the friend’s daughter,” says Henry. “Give that to 20 writers and you’ve got 20 scripts. It’s just odd to me it hasn’t been done a hundred times.” (In 1992, Henry would get the chance to pitch The Graduate, albeit as an actor in Robert Altman’s The Player. Only, this time it’s a sequel, and Mrs. Robinson has just had a stroke.)
A great deal of dialogue came directly from the book, but one memorable scene was entirely Henry’s, and it would elicit some of the biggest laughs in the movie. At Benjamin Braddock’s homecoming party, Mr. McGuire, one of his father’s friends, takes Ben and steers him out by the pool:
“Ben, come with me for a minute I just want to say one word to you—just one word.”
“Yes, sir.”
“Yes I am.”
“Plastics.”
Mr. McGuire goes back into the house and we never hear from him again. But the scene has been with us for 40 years—it was even reprised in an ad for vista, the domestic Peace Corps, and the word “plastics” was given new life in the vernacular as a symbol for phony commercialism. Henry recalls that audiences who had seen the movie several times would yell out the line “Plastics,” as if it were the lyrics to a song.
The Jewish Question
Nichols couldn’t have been more pleased with the final screenplay, which he credits entirely to Henry, though Calder Willingham ended up with first billing. “I didn’t even know there were other scripts until I was finished,” recalls Henry, “but Willingham sued for credit, and won. I was stunned at first, but it’s interesting, because from that moment on, I never gave a shit about credit. Give me the money, credit whom you want. And in some cases, I don’t really want my name on the movie!”
When it came to casting, the problems really began. It should have been easy. Charles Webb himself was a fair-haired, lanky, fresh-faced graduate of Williams College, in Williamstown, Massachusetts, and had grown up in a decidedly Wasp enclave in Pasadena. “I interviewed hundreds, maybe thousands, of men,” Nichols told an enthusiastic crowd at the Directors Guild of America Theatre in New York, in 2003, at a screening of The Graduate. He even discussed the role with his friend Robert Redford, who was eager for the part. “I said, ‘You can’t play it. You can never play a loser.’ And Redford said, ‘What do you mean? Of course I can play a loser.’ And I said, ‘O.K., have you ever struck out with a girl?’ and he said, ‘What do you mean?’ And he wasn’t joking.”
Shortly after hiring Nichols, Larry Turman started a wish list for the roles of Benjamin Braddock and Elaine Robinson. For “Elaine,” he wrote, “Natalie Wood, Ann-Margret, Jane Fonda, Tuesday Weld, Carroll Baker, Sue Lyon, Lee Remick, Suzanne Pleshette, Carol Lynley, Elizabeth Ashley, Yvette Mimieux, Pamela Tiffin, Patty Duke, Hayley Mills.” Under the “Ben” column, he listed “Warren Beatty, Steve McQueen, Bob Redford, [George] Peppard, George Hamilton, Tony Perkins, Keir Dullea, Brandon De Wilde, Michael Parks.”
“When we started talking about actors,” Buck Henry noticed, “they were tall and blond. We were talking Southern California.” Robert Redford, fresh from Barefoot in the Park, auditioned with Candice Bergen, and Charles Grodin, who had made his Broadway debut in 1962 opposite Anthony Quinn in Tchin-Tchin, also read for the part. Turman thought that Grodin “gave a wonderful reading,” and the actor was strongly considered. Nichols and Turman knew the casting of Benjamin was crucial: “Everything is story, everything is script,” Turman says, “but if you don’t have an appealing actor, you’re dead in the water.” He remembers Nichols finally turning to him and saying, “Turman, you S.O.B., you got me into a movie that can’t be cast!”
Then two things happened to change Nichols’s mind. He was reading Henry James’s novella “The Beast in the Jungle,” about a young man who lets life and love pass him by while he waits for a cataclysmic event to transform him. And he auditioned a young New York actor, Dustin Hoffman.
“When I was auditioning for this part,” Dustin Hoffman recalls for Vanity Fair, “I had finally made some inroads in my career.” After 10 years as a struggling actor in New York, Hoffman had won an Obie Award in 1966 for best Off Broadway actor, in Ronald Ribman’s The Journey of the Fifth Horse. He’d been supporting himself with a series of odd jobs—selling toys at Macy’s, working as an attendant at the New York Psychiatric Institute, on West 168th Street, waiting tables at the Village Gate—and sharing an apartment with Gene Hackman and his wife. After he won the Obie, his performance as Valentine Brose, a schizophrenic night watchman in an Off Broadway British farce called Eh?, landed him on the cover of the Arts & Leisure section of The New York Times. And in a daily review, the Times described his performance as “a sort of cross between Ringo Starr and Buster Keaton.”
“I was riding high, so I felt that I was going to have a career in the theater, which is what I wanted. So when the part came along, I read the book, I talked to Mike Nichols on the phone, and I said, ‘I’m not right for this part, sir. This is a Gentile. This is a Wasp. This is Robert Redford.’ In fact, I remember there was a Time magazine on the coffee table in my apartment, and it had the ‘Man of the Year’ on the cover, which was ‘Youth Under 25,’ with a kind of sketch of a young guy who looked like Matt Damon. So I said, ‘Did you see this week’s Time magazine? That’s Benjamin Braddock!’ Nichols replied, ‘You mean he’s not Jewish?’ ‘Yes, this guy is a super-Wasp. Boston Brahmin.’ And Mike said, ‘Maybe he’s Jewish inside. Why don’t you come out and audition for us?’ ”
He took three days off from Eh? and flew to L.A. for the screen test, which took place at rented offices in the Paramount Studio lot on Melrose Avenue. “I couldn’t sleep, I was so nervous,” Hoffman said in an interview accompanying the 40th-anniversary DVD edition of The Graduate. He had stayed up all night on the airplane, trying to memorize his lines. The next day, he walked into the high-ceilinged, interconnected offices and met Nichols, who was waiting for him, seated at a fully appointed bar. Nichols casually offered him a drink.
“I’m immediately feeling miserable,” Hoffman remembered. “I just have bad feelings about the whole thing. This is not the part for me. I’m not supposed to be in movies. I’m supposed to be where I belong—an ethnic actor is supposed to be in ethnic New York, in an ethnic, Off Broadway show! I know my place.” (Harry Hoffman, Dustin’s father, of Russian-Jewish ancestry, worked as a set dresser for Columbia Studios before launching his own short-lived furniture company.)
For the audition, Nichols had also brought in Katharine Ross, a 24-year-old actress and California native who had made her film debut in 1965 as Jimmy Stewart’s daughter-in-law in Shenandoah. The French actress Simone Signoret, with whom Ross had worked in the 1967 film Games, had recommended Ross to Nichols. “I remember meeting Dustin in Mike’s office,” says Ross, seated at an outdoor café in Malibu, not far from the home she shares with her husband, the actor Sam Elliott. “Dustin was from New York. He was all dressed in black, and you know, we’re all tan out here,” she says, laughing. “He looked like he had crawled out from under a rock. He wasn’t at all interested in being in a movie or anything—or at least that’s what he said. He was very funny, very fresh. He just kind of said whatever was on his mind. Now nothing shocks anybody, but back then … !”
Hoffman was bowled over by the chestnut-haired ingénue. “The idea that the director was connecting me with someone as beautiful as her,” Hoffman explained, “became an even uglier joke. It was like a Jewish nightmare.” Preparing him for the screen test was another humiliation. Makeup worked on him for two hours, plucking his eyebrows, shading his nose, and hiding his muscular neck in a turtleneck sweater.
It went downhill from there, as far as Dustin was concerned. To relax them both, he gave Katharine a little pinch on her backside, and she whirled around and said, “Don’t you ever do that to me again. How dare you!” The audition seemed to go on for hours, and he felt that the takes they printed just weren’t any good. He knew he’d blown it. “I couldn’t wait to go back to New York,” he recalled. The final humiliation occurred when, saying good-bye to the crew, he pulled his hand out of his pocket and a fistful of subway tokens spilled to the floor. The propman picked them up and handed them back, saying, “Here, kid. You’re going to need these.”
Back in New York, Hoffman got word from his agent to call Mike Nichols. He reached Nichols on the phone, afraid he had woken him up. After a long pause, the director uttered the most beautiful words an actor can hear: “Well, you got it.” Those four words changed Dustin Hoffman’s life.
“We looked and looked and looked,” recalls Nichols, “and when we saw Dustin Hoffman on film, we said, ‘That’s it.’ And I had come all the way from seeing the character as a super-goy to being John Marcher in ‘The Beast in the Jungle.’ He had to be the dark, ungainly artist. He couldn’t be a blond, blue-eyed person, because then why is he having trouble in the country of the blond, blue-eyed people? It took me a long time to figure that out—it’s not in the material at all. And once I figured that out, and found Dustin, it began to form itself around that idea.”
It was a revolutionary about-face. For generations, Jewish moguls had created fantasies for and about Wasps. Jewish actors and directors routinely Anglicized their names—such as Julius Garfinkle and Bernie Schwartz becoming John Garfield and Tony Curtis—as a kind of camouflage that was especially useful during the McCarthy-era witch hunts, which targeted not just the motion-picture industry but Jewish writers, actors, and producers. Nichols himself was born Michael Igor Peschkowsky, in Berlin, to Russian-Jewish émigrés, in 1931. “When I was seven and my brother four,” recalls Nichols, “we came to the U.S. in ’39 without either parent, because our father, a doctor, had come the previous year to take his medical exams, as he had after going from Russia to study in Germany. Our mother at the time was still in Berlin, as she was sick and in the hospital. She came on an even later ship. Bob and I came on the Bremen from Hamburg, taken care of by a stewardess. As the Bremen landed in New York and we were re-united with our father on the dock, I noticed across the street a delicatessen with Hebrew letters in its neon sign. I said to my father, ‘Is that allowed?’ He said, ‘It is here.’ This was only the beginning of our excitement in the U.S. Next were Rice Krispies and Coca-Cola: we had never had food that made noise. It was great.”
Buck Henry—who had seen Hoffman in Eh? and had been duly impressed—embraced the idea of casting him. “You know my theory about California genetics?” he asks wryly. “Jews from New York came to the Land of Plenty, and within one generation the Malibu sand had gotten into their genes and turned them into tall, Nordic powerhouses. Walking surfboards. We were thinking about how these Nordic people have Dustin as a son, and it’s got to be a genetic throwback to some previous generation.”
What Nichols didn’t realize at the time were the parallels between Dustin Hoffman’s and Benjamin Braddock’s lives. Hoffman had grown up in Los Angeles, “always despising it,” he says. “And that’s not an overstatement. I lived in anti-Semitic neighborhoods, and I never felt a part of it, and I used to go to the Saturday-matinee movies to see the Dead End Kids jumping into the East River, and I wanted to be one of them.” When he turned 20 and left college, he moved to New York, a place imbued with the spirit of the Beat generation and coffeehouse intellectuals. “We thought of ourselves as artists, and that’s what we wanted. It was 180 degrees from today. I felt I was home. New York is Jewish, L.A. is not Jewish. L.A. called you a ‘kike’ in the 1940s and 50s.”
So, much like Benjamin Braddock, when Hoffman went back to Los Angeles to make the film, he moved in with his parents in their home off Mulholland Drive. But it lasted only about a week, and then he checked into the Chateau Marmont, at his own expense, where he would hang out at the pool after a day of filming. “I was so aware of people sitting around the pool and of how different I looked from them. I remembered this was how I felt when I’d moved out of this town 10 years [earlier]. So, yes, I was right back where I didn’t want to be.”
The Miracle Worker
Larry Turman had a slew of actresses under consideration for the now iconic role of Mrs. Robinson: Patricia Neal, Geraldine Page, Deborah Kerr, Lana Turner, Susan Hayward, Rita Hayworth, Shelley Winters, Eva Marie Saint, Ingrid Bergman, and Ava Gardner. He also gave a copy of Webb’s novel to Doris Day’s husband and manager, Martin Melcher. “I sent him the book, but he hated it—he thought it was dirty—and wouldn’t even pass it along to her,” he recalls.
Mike Nichols went to see Ava Gardner at her suite in the Regency Hotel, in New York, a memory he now treasures, though “it was scary at the time.” When he arrived at two p.m., he was a bit taken aback to find hanging around the suite “a group of men who could only be called lounge lizards: pin-striped suits, smoking in the European way—underhand—with greased-back hair. To my complete horror, Ava Gardner said, ‘Everybody out! I want to talk to my director. Out, out, out!’ ” She then asked for the phone, saying, “I’ve been trying to call Papa all day!”
Nichols thought to himself, I can’t do this. I don’t think I can do this whole thing, especially since Ernest “Papa” Hemingway, with whom Gardner had worked and been friendly, had died in 1961.
The 44-year-old actress then told Nichols, “The first thing you must know is I don’t take my clothes off for anybody.”
“Well, I don’t think that would be required,” replied Nichols.
She then confided, “The truth is, you know, I can’t act. I just can’t act! The best have tried.”
Nichols answered, “Oh, Miss Gardner, that’s simply not true! I think you’re a great movie actress.”
“The main thing is—she’s Ava Gardner!” he recalls now. “Not the youngest, but incredibly sexy and gorgeous—almost superhuman in that way. My heart was pounding.”
Nonetheless, Nichols quickly recognized the impossibility of working with her and an offer was never made.
Nichols and Turman also discussed the sultry French actress Jeanne Moreau for the role, but “it became apparent that Mrs. Robinson had to be American or it was all over.” In truth, there really was only one actor in Nichols’s mind to play the well-heeled seductress: Anne Bancroft.
Born Anna Maria Louisa Italiano, in the Bronx, the 35-year-old Bancroft had won a Tony Award in 1958 for her first Broadway
role, Gittel Mosca, the bohemian girl who falls in love with a midwestern lawyer in Two for the Seesaw. She won another Tony in 1960 as Annie Sullivan, Helen Keller’s devoted teacher in The Miracle Worker, a role that landed her on the cover of Time magazine. She reprised that role on-screen in 1962, winning an Academy Award for best actress. Two years later, she married comedic actor and writer Mel Brooks.
“We didn’t offer the role to anyone else except Annie,” Nichols says. “Everyone cautioned her to turn it down. How can you go from the saintly Annie Sullivan to the Medusa-like Mrs. Robinson? Too risky.” But Mel Brooks—who was then working on his comic masterpiece, The Producers—persuaded her to do it because he liked the script, written by his co-creator of Get Smart. Once signed, she was the biggest name attached to the film.
And perhaps for Nichols there was another element at play. Is it possible that Anne Bancroft reminded him—both in her intonations and in her appearance—of Elaine May? Just close your eyes and you’ll hear a Mike Nichols–Elaine May routine in any number of scenes, such as the exchange between Benjamin and Mrs. Robinson in the Taft Hotel—filmed at the Ambassador, in Los Angeles—where Benjamin has just nervously rented a room for their first assignation. He calls her from the hotel-lobby pay phone and she asks:
“Isn’t there something you want to tell me?”
“To tell you?”
“Well, I want you to know how much I appreciate this—really—”
“The number.”
“The room number, Benjamin. I think you ought to tell me that.”
“Oh, you’re absolutely right. It’s 568.”
“Thank you.”
“You’re welcome. Well, I’ll see you later, Mrs. Robinson.”
The intonation is dead-on, not just Bancroft’s line readings, but Hoffman’s as well. Buck Henry noticed it: “Dustin picked up all these Nichols habits, which he used in the character. Those little noises he makes are straight from Mike.”
Though he wasn’t aware of it at the time, Hoffman now thinks that Nichols, on some level, saw Benjamin as “his alter ego, meaning that he always felt that he was the outsider, born in Germany, coming to this country at an early age, perhaps feeling that he was odd-looking, like me, at least in terms of what we call the leading man. He guided me in such a way that I was an alter ego of a younger version of himself. He saw himself in the character.”
Forty years after The Graduate first appeared, Mrs. Robinson now seems the most complex and compelling character in the film, in part due to Anne Bancroft’s stunning performance. That she’s an alcoholic, that she’s trapped in a sexless marriage, that she’s predatory, cool, and ironic—those are the traits that make her dangerous. That she was once an art major, a fact she reluctantly reveals to Benjamin in his one attempt at pillow talk, makes her vulnerable. We suddenly understand her—her bitterness, her deep pool of sadness. It’s the key to her character, Buck Henry believes: “That’s when I realized that I knew Mrs. Robinson. That she had been Benjamin. She is a very intelligent and cynical woman. She knows what’s happening to her.”
“I think Anne and Mike Nichols made a very critical decision,” Hoffman muses, “which was not to judge the character. It’s Nichols’s style—he walks that edge of really going as far as he can without falling over the cliff, into disbelief. It’s not caricature. That’s the highest compliment for satire.”
To underscore her predatory nature, Nichols and Richard Sylbert, the Brooklyn-born production designer, created a jungle effect in Mrs. Robinson’s well-appointed den, where she begins her seduction of Benjamin. Throughout the film, she’s dressed in animal prints such as tiger stripes and $25,000 worth of furs, including a Somalian leopardskin wrap.
“I kept thinking about ‘The Beast in the Jungle,’ ” Nichols recalls. “Let’s have animal skins.” Sylbert made a tremendous contribution to how Bancroft appeared on film, even down to the tan lines on her shoulders when she removes her brassiere. “We wanted beautiful actresses,” Nichols says, “but we wanted them to look like real people.”
Sylbert had begun his film career as an art director for Elia Kazan on the set of Tennessee Williams’s Baby Doll in 1956. After that he worked on Splendor in the Grass, Long Day’s Journey into Night, The Manchurian Candidate, and, for Nichols, Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, for which he won an Academy Award for art direction. (His identical twin brother, Paul Sylbert, also has had a long and stellar career as a production designer, having won an Academy Award in 1979 for his work on Heaven Can Wait and a nomination in 1992 for The Prince of Tides.)
“They spoke the same language, they consulted the same dictionary, they read all the same books,” Richard Sylbert’s widow, Sharmagne, recalls from her home in Laurel Canyon. The production designer and Nichols held lengthy conversations about how to capture on film what they considered the essence of Beverly Hills—its flora and fauna trapped, as it were, behind all that expensive glass. Beginning with the shot of Benjamin viewed through his boyhood aquarium, we have the feeling of someone cut off, suffocating. The aquarium motif itself underlines both the feeling of being separated from the world and the sense, in Nichols’s words, of people “drowning in their wealth.” Benjamin sees the world through glass: his aquarium tank, his scuba mask, even at the film’s climax, when he bangs on the plate-glass window in the church where Elaine is marrying his rival, and the voices of the enraged wedding party are silenced, except for Elaine’s glass-shattering cry to her last-minute rescuer—“Be-n-n-n!”
Before filming began, Nichols rehearsed his cast for three weeks, a luxury by today’s standards. “We could have taken The Graduate on the road, we knew it so well,” Katharine Ross recalls. “We rehearsed on a soundstage complete with tape marks and rehearsal furniture. Mike had just come off directing all those Neil Simon hits.”
Hoffman didn’t know at the time that it “was unusual to rehearse as if we were doing a play, finding the character, which is what you do in theater. This was my first film, so I thought that was it! It was the best rehearsal I’d ever had, and the most creative time. But once we started shooting, I felt more frightened and insecure, brought on by my fear that Mike thought he had made a mistake in casting me. At a certain point, I was terrified that I was going to get fired.”
In fact, Gene Hackman—who was playing Mr. Robinson—was fired, three weeks into rehearsal. “Gene said to me while he was taking a leak in the men’s room,” Hoffman remembers, “ ‘I think I’m getting fired.’ And he was, and I thought I was next. So by the time we started shooting I was on pins and needles, terrified that Mike didn’t like what I was doing. He was never satisfied; he was always looking for the exquisite take. I was dubbed a perfectionist for years, and all I could think was ‘I learned from Mike Nichols.’ ”
It had become clear during rehearsals that Hackman was simply too young to play Mr. Robinson. “Unlike Anne and Dustin, in the parts of Benjamin and Mrs. Robinson, the actors needed to be a whole generation apart,” says Nichols. The mere six-year age difference between Bancroft and Hoffman didn’t really matter, though. “Both actors seemed to be the ages their characters were. That’s acting.”
“Mike is ruthless when it comes to artistic decisions,” Buck Henry says. “The play’s the thing. He will shut a film down, he’ll throw a film away, he’ll fire someone, he’ll do some really mean stuff in the editing.” But it was a good move for everyone, Buck Henry felt, “because Gene went immediately on to Bonnie and Clyde and worked for Mike in other films,” during a 40-year friendship with the director. Mr. Robinson’s shoes were admirably filled by Murray Hamilton.
In retrospect, Dustin Hoffman felt that there was a special relationship between Nichols and Anne Bancroft. Hoffman, then 29, says he was “a neophyte, and [Bancroft] was an accomplished actress who knew what film was. We were friends afterwards. I loved her and I still love her. You’re either working with people who are going for the same truth as you are or you’re not. She was. She had a character.” Anne Bancroft, at 35, but playing 45, doesn’t have the dewiness of Katharine Ross—and she smokes, drinks, and has the regrets of an adult—but she’s sexy and beautiful.
“We were all in love with Katharine Ross, of course,” confesses Buck Henry. “She had a boyfriend at the time who used to hide behind trees and bushes when we were on location—to watch, just to make sure. It was some nice, school-type kid, long before Sam Elliott. I don’t think Sam Elliott would hide like that.”
Though playing mother and daughter, Bancroft and Ross never actually have a scene together. The closest they come is when Benjamin bursts into Elaine’s bedroom to confess his affair with her mother, and Mrs. Robinson, rain-drenched and desperate, stands outside the door, too late to stop him. Her elegant face is framed just above Elaine’s own. “You see Mrs. Robinson, disillusioned and bitter. It’s one of those very subtle moments that only a great actress can pull off. In that moment you see the story of her life,” says Ross.
Scoring Big
Robert Surtees, the film’s cinematographer, who died in 1985, had been in Hollywood since the advent of the talking picture. He’d earned a dozen Academy Award nominations and won three Oscars, for The Bad and the Beautiful, King Solomon’s Mines, and Ben-Hur. “It took everything I had learned over 30 years to be able to do the job,” Surtees said about shooting The Graduate. “I knew before we even started shooting that this wasn’t going to be an ordinary picture. I had seen Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, and I knew that Mike Nichols was a young director who went in for a lot of camera. In fact, I told my operator and my assistants, ‘You fellows be prepared because you’re going to do some way-out shots.’ ”
“We did more things in this picture than I ever did in one film,” Surtees wrote in a piece titled “Using the Camera Emotionally” for Action magazine in 1967. “We used the gamut of lenses … hidden cameras, pre-fogged film,” as well as handheld cameras. In one particularly difficult shot that a special camera operator had to rehearse for two days, Surtees’s camera acts as Benjamin, as he walks out of the house in wetsuit, diving mask, and flippers, dives into his parents’ pool, swims underwater, resurfaces, only to be pushed back into the pool by his father. “We would do whatever we could think of to express the mood, the emotion of the scene,” Surtees remembered. Turman was impressed when Surtees gave Nichols a real compliment by saying, “ ‘You’re not asking for any over-the-shoulder shots [a clichéd shot of two people talking, with one person’s back to the camera]. Neither did John Ford.’ That’s quite something coming from a crusty guy like Surtees.”
The camerawork wasn’t the only innovative element of The Graduate. About halfway through shooting, Nichols’s brother, a physician, sent him the 1966 Columbia LP Parsley, Sage, Rosemary, and Thyme. Nichols listened to it continuously for four weeks, then played a track for his actors. The New York actor William Daniels, who perfectly embodied Ben’s uptight father in the movie, recalls, “Mike Nichols said to us, ‘I have these two kids. One’s very tall and one’s sort of small. And I’m thinking of them to do the music for the picture.’ And so he played ‘The Sound of Silence.’ And I thought, Oh, wait a minute. That changed the whole idea of the picture for me.” For Daniels, who had originated the role of Peter in Edward Albee’s The Zoo Story, it was no longer just a comedy.
Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel had been together since 1957, when they called themselves Tom and Jerry, and had even appeared on ABC’s American Bandstand, fashioning themselves after the Everly Brothers. But when Nichols approached the musicians with his idea, they seemed uninterested, even blasé. This was the 60s, after all, and troubadours had better things to do than write for movies. Turman, however, made a deal with them to write three new songs, but they became so busy touring that Simon—a slow and careful composer—didn’t have the time to do it.
When Nichols began editing the film, he and Sam O’Steen, his film editor, began laying in songs that Nichols had already fallen in love with: “The Sound of Silence,” “Scarborough Fair,” “April Come She Will.” The one song Paul Simon did get around to writing, called “Punky’s Dilemma,” Nichols didn’t like. It was written for the scene, Turman explains, “in which Dustin alternates swimming and fucking and fucking and swimming, from the hotel to his parents’ pool.” They ended up not using it, but Nichols was intrigued when he heard a few chords of a new song Paul Simon was working on, a kind of nostalgia lyric called “Mrs. Roosevelt.” Nichols wanted it, so he suggested that he change the name to “Mrs. Robinson.” The rest is pop-music history.
Art Garfunkel, who would be directed by Nichols as an actor in his next two films, Catch-22 and Carnal Knowledge, was impressed with the director. “He always makes you feel like the smartest guy in the room,” Garfunkel told Vanity Fair recently on the phone, before embarking on a brief solo tour. “You know how smart you have to be to do that?” Nichols had them record half-written songs on a Hollywood soundstage. The missing verses for “Mrs. Robinson” would appear in April 1968 on Simon and Garfunkel’s Bookends, the LP with a striking Richard Avedon cover portrait of the two musicians.
Simon and Garfunkel’s lucid, poetic lyrics serve as Ben’s interior monologue as he makes his way through the empty opulence of his parents’ suburban paradise. The juxtaposition of “The Sound of Silence,” a deeply personal cri de coeur, against the Los Angeles airport terminal—as Ben is carried robotically along a moving walkway—is both touching and funny. Right away we know we’re in a fish-out-of-water story, and Ben’s inarticulate, deeply felt musings will suffocate in this environment.
In some ways, the ironic use of Simon and Garfunkel’s music—“April Come She Will” while Ben sits in bed in the Taft Hotel, drinking a can of soda, catatonically watching television while Mrs. Robinson flits back and forth in various stages of undress, or Paul Simon’s acoustic guitar slowing down and sputtering as Ben’s Alfa Romeo runs out of gas during his desperate race to the church—prefigured the music video. You might say MTV was born out of The Graduate.
Sign of the Times
After the film was completed, Larry Turman began screening it in “the show-business halls of Hollywood,” in Hoffman’s phrase. The results were not good. Turman feared the film was going to be unsuccessful, because at all those Hollywood homes, industry insiders would come up to him afterward and say, “This could have been a great film if Nichols hadn’t badly miscast the lead.”
Joe Levine was so worried that he decided to release The Graduate as an art-house film, Hoffman recalls, “which, in those days, meant ‘soft porn.’ And so I got a phone call that he wanted me to come in and pose with Anne Bancroft. She would be sitting on a bed, and I would be facing her, standing up—naked—and she would have her hands around me, holding my buttocks! The only reason that didn’t happen was that Nichols found out and put an end to it.”
Hoffman saw the film for the first time at a sneak preview on East 84th Street, in New York. “I was sitting in the balcony,” he recalls, “and suddenly it was like a train gaining momentum, and by the time we were halfway through, the film was having a wild response. By the time I’m running to the church [at the film’s climax], the audience was just standing up, screaming and yelling. It was a profound experience—I was literally shaking through the whole film.”
When the movie ended, Hoffman and Anne Byrne, his girlfriend, whom he would soon marry (and divorce from in 1980), waited until everybody had left. “The thought of being recognized? I was traumatized. Everyone left, and we went downstairs, and a woman walking with a cane, slower than everyone else, saw me. She pointed her cane at me and said, ‘You’re Dustin Hoffman, aren’t you? You’re the Graduate.’ I’d never been recognized in public before. She said, ‘Life is never going to be the same for you from this moment on.’ ”
Hoffman came out of the theater, and “I remember it was snowing, and [I was] trying to get a cab, which was a luxury for us then, and I remember looking up at the snow and saying, ‘Annie, now, that’s real. What we just went through ain’t.’ ”
The woman with the cane was Radie Harris, a prominent gossip columnist, but it would take some time before her prophecy came true. Next, Hoffman was summoned to the opening at the Coronet Theater in New York. “All the suits were there, friends of Joe Levine,” Hoffman remembers. “There wasn’t a laugh during the entire film. That picture bombed! I walked out saying to Anne, ‘It’s a flop.’ ”
That’s when Levine asked Hoffman and Nichols to tour college campuses, to help build “a word-of-mouth audience.” (“They don’t even use that phrase anymore—the movies don’t stay long enough in the theaters,” says Hoffman.) Levine paid Hoffman $500 a week, “more than I got for shooting it,” and threw in some perks to get the actor on board.
Nichols wasn’t crazy about the idea. He accompanied Hoffman on the tour, and “in college after college, there was one question: Why isn’t the movie about Vietnam? You had to be outraged about Vietnam or it was shit. No matter what you were doing—if you ran a laundry, your shirts had to be outraged about Vietnam.”
And yet, despite the initial resistance, despite the doomsaying of the suits in Hollywood, the groundswell began. After the movie opened, on December 21, 1967, at the Coronet, on 59th Street and Third Avenue, and the Lincoln Art Theater, on 57th and Broadway, huge lines began to form. Film critic Hollis Alpert, writing in The Saturday Review, noticed that from his window he could see “lines extended around the corner, all the way down the block.… The Graduate is not merely a success; it has become a phenomenon of multiple attendances by young people. One boy … bragg[ed] that he had seen The Graduate more than any of his friends, no less than 15 times Marlon Brando, the revered James Dean, and [Elvis] Presley never came near doing that [kind of business].”
Turman, who had prevailed after countless turndowns from the studios, got the last laugh. At one preview, at Loew’s on 72nd Street, “there were like 2,000 people and they tore the roof off the theater—it’s like we orchestrated it! It was just fantastic. In the lobby I ran into [producer] David Picker, who had turned it down, and very ungraciously I walked up to him and said, ‘Not funny, huh?’ ” At another theater, Turman ran into a studio head standing in line to see the movie, who said to him, “Larry, why didn’t you make me make The Graduate!”
The film, which cost $3 million to make, became the highest-grossing motion picture of l968. It earned $35 million in its first six months, after playing in only 350 theaters around the country. The New Yorker devoted 26 pages of its July 27, 1968, issue to Jacob Brackman’s critical dissection of the film, in which he called it “the biggest success in the history of movies.” Despite such high praise, though, Nichols felt that a lot of the reviews missed the mark, describing it as a film about the generation gap. “At that particular moment, ‘the generation gap’ was everything. It never even entered our minds! The generation gap? Was it worse than Romeo and Juliet? What’re they talking about?”
Though the movie may not have been about the generation gap, it was inextricably linked with its time, an era of incredible social and political upheaval. During the spring 1968 student takeover of Columbia University, members of the radical Students for a Democratic Society took turns sneaking out of the occupied president’s office to go see The Graduate. On June 5, 1968, Robert Kennedy was assassinated in the pantry of the Ambassador Hotel, where parts of The Graduate had been filmed. That very week, “Mrs. Robinson” was the No. 1 pop song in America.
‘Mrs. Robinson” earned Simon and Garfunkel the Grammy Award for record of the year in 1969. And despite the dearth of new material by the pair (though it included six original compositions by film composer Dave Grusin that had been used in the movie), the Graduate soundtrack album won another Grammy for Paul Simon. The Graduate received seven Academy Award nominations (which must have baffled Bob Hope, that year’s master of ceremonies): best picture, best actor (Hoffman), best actress (Bancroft), best supporting actress (Ross), best director (Nichols), best screenplay based on another medium (Willingham and Henry), and best cinematography (Surtees). Only Nichols won, however. His decision to cast Hoffman to represent the perpetual outsider, the artist-refugee adrift in a world of plastics, had paid off handsomely, earning him a Golden Globe and best-director awards from the New York Film Critics Circle and the Directors Guild as well.
“I don’t know of another instance of a director at the height of his powers who would take a chance and cast someone like me in that part,” Hoffman says. “It took enormous artistic courage.” Hoffman’s affecting, understated performance sanctified Nichols’s big gamble. And Hoffman’s emergence as a leading man, you might say, made cinema safe for ethnic actors soon to follow, such as Al Pacino and John Travolta and even Woody Allen, who could go from playing comic stooges in Casino Royale and Take the Money and Run to credibly romancing shiksa dream-dates Diane Keaton and Mariel Hemingway in Annie Hall and Manhattan. After Hoffman, conventional good looks didn’t matter as much as wit, or toughness, or sexiness. “It was like rock ’n’ roll,” Buck Henry observes. “A whole generation changed its idea of what guys should look like, because the girls went for the musicians. I think Dustin’s physical being brought a sort of social and visual change, in the same way you talk about Bogart. They called him ugly—this, the most handsome man in films. But his generation thought he was awful-looking, until one day he wasn’t.”
Anne Bancroft, who died in 2005, is unforgettable as Mrs. Robinson, and she was forever after identified with the role, to the point where, later in life, she had to remind people, “I’ve made other films, you know!” Hoffman escaped that fate. His post-Graduate career has been nothing short of miraculous. He has a protean quality that has allowed him to morph into beings as varied as Ratso Rizzo, the tubercular lowlife in Midnight Cowboy, the Washington Post reporter Carl Bernstein in All the President’s Men, the much-harassed comic Lenny Bruce, the idiot-savant hero of Rain Man, even a lovable man in drag in Tootsie. He’s garnered seven Academy Award nominations for best actor, and he’s won twice, for Kramer vs. Kramer and Rain Man.
In the past 40 years, The Graduate has served as a kind of film-school course for new generations of filmmakers, including Steven Soderbergh, Harold Ramis, Todd Haynes, Mark Foster, the Coen brothers, and Paul Thomas Anderson. When asked why she believes *The Graduate’*s impact has lasted so long, Katharine Ross just laughs and, channeling Sam Elliott in The Big Lebowski, says, “The Dude abides.”
“It really belongs to nobody now,” Mike Nichols reflects, sitting back in his chair at the Polo Lounge, sipping an Arnold Palmer. “It certainly doesn’t belong to Charles Webb. I don’t think it served to unbalance him, but it served to age and confound him. It was whipped away from him. We didn’t do it. We just made the movie! But then again, I think everybody feels it was whipped away from them.”
Charles Webb, 68, and his wife, Fred (she had her name changed from Eve in solidarity with a now defunct support group for men with low self-esteem), currently live in Eastbourne, England. Renouncing material success, Webb turned down an inheritance from his father, sold his film rights to The Graduate for $20,000, then gave the copyright to the Anti-Defamation League. He and his wife home-schooled their two sons and worked as dishwashers, housecleaners, and clerks at Kmart, living in campgrounds and trailer parks. They even lived in a Motel 6 for a while, in the small California coastal town of Carpinteria, before moving to England, where two years ago they were threatened with eviction from their apartment above a pet shop.
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Who wrote the songs for the classic film 'Oklahoma'? | The real Mrs Robinson is no Anne Bancroft in The Graduate | Film | The Guardian
Film blog
The real Mrs Robinson is no Anne Bancroft in The Graduate
Few have resisted drawing parallels between Iris Robinson and Anne Bancroft's predatory swinger. They couldn't be more wrong
Reel, not real, life … Anne Bancroft and Dustin Hoffman in The Graduate. Photograph: Cinetext/Allstar
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No headline writer could resist it. Had I been writing headlines, I probably couldn't have resisted it either. Here's to you, Mrs Robinson!
This was the jokey phrase almost every paper attached to the bizarre, melancholy and politically murky story from Belfast. Iris Robinson, the wife of DUP leader Peter Robinson, had an affair with one Kirk McCambley two years ago, when their ages were 59 and 19 respectively, and solicited £50,000 from two property developers to help him set up a cafe, keeping £5,000 for herself. These were property developers whose business interests she was incidentally in a position to advance. The affair has ended with Mrs Robinson's attempted suicide, Mr Robinson's anguish and political embarrassment as Northern Ireland's first minister, and the possible destablisation of power-sharing with Sinn Fein.
What a grisly, painful story. But the "here's to you" gags keep coming. Now Belfast radio stations are reportedly bombarded with requests to play the toe-tapping Simon and Garfunkel song. This was the soundtrack centrepiece to Mike Nichols's classic 1967 film The Graduate , in which Dustin Hoffman played a shiftless college graduate who tumbles into an affair with Mrs Robinson, the fatale-sexy wife of his dad's business partner, played by Anne Bancroft.
For over 40 years, that iconic film has helped reinforce the perception that cradle-snatching sex is pretty hilarious so long as it's an older woman and a younger man. Only this week, in Nancy Meyers's romcom It's Complicated , Meryl Streep's ex-husband Alec Baldwin makes an attempt to play happy families with Meryl and their three grownup children by putting on a video the way he used to in the old days. And the film is … The Graduate, perfect innocent-yet-sophisticated fun.
Iris Robinson from real life and Mrs Robinson from the film could not be more different. In Belfast, there were 40 years between the lovers. On film, well – Hoffman's character Benjamin is young, certainly, but the very title emphasises that he has adult status: a college graduate. Hoffman was a young-looking 30-year-old when the movie came out, and Bancroft an adult 36.
In the movie, Mrs Robinson is bored, unsatisfied, fond of a drink or three in the American suburban tradition, and obscurely nettled by the plan to pair off her daughter Elaine, played by Katharine Ross, with Ben. Some half-buried competitive instinct could be at work. The affair plays itself out over a long, hot summer, but Ben comes to conceive a more romantically and politically correct love for Elaine. Basically, what is going on in Mrs Robinson's head and heart is not of overwhelming interest: she is just a sexy, vampy older woman, a fascinating narrative phase, and her feelings are not important as such – at least not as important as Elaine's and Ben's.
From the real world, the news is darker and stranger. Iris Robinson is no bored housewife but a real political player, a woman in a man's world. She is the "business partner" in this scenario. Her affair and its desolate aftermath appear to have been mixed up messily with romantic feelings, protective and maternal feelings, feelings about money and self-esteem, feelings about the elaborate identity carapace that everyone in the public eye builds up over time. Iris Robinson, though more glam than her husband, had a reputation for being a conservative Christian. Notoriously, she had condemned homosexuality because it is forbidden in the Bible. (So is adultery, of course.)
She appears genuinely never to have set out, like Anne Bancroft's comically predatory swinger, to seduce. Her feelings morphed from the maternal into something else. And that shady financial transaction – was its very shadiness Mrs Robinson's way of making the affair more palatable? After all, financial transgressions might well have seemed much less serious to her than having sex with a teenager, and money-related skulduggery might have been a way of proving to herself that she was in control, that she was indulging in some tough old-school politicking, weighing up the score, looking after No 1.
Either way, the contrast between this grim and tragic story and the quaint romance of The Graduate couldn't be plainer. Maybe it's time to take Simon and Garfunkel off the turntable.
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By what name is 'Caryn Elaine Johnson' better known to film fans? | Whoopi Goldberg - Biography - IMDb
Whoopi Goldberg
Biography
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Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (3) | Trade Mark (3) | Trivia (66) | Personal Quotes (27) | Salary (3)
Overview (4)
5' 5" (1.65 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Whoopi Goldberg was born Caryn Elaine Johnson in the Chelsea section of Manhattan on November 13, 1955. Her mother, Emma (Harris), was a teacher and a nurse, and her father, Robert James Johnson, Jr., was a clergyman. Whoopi's recent ancestors were from Georgia, Florida, and Virginia. She worked in a funeral parlor and as a bricklayer while taking small parts on Broadway. She moved to California and worked with improv groups, including Spontaneous Combustion, and developed her skills as a stand-up comedienne. She came to prominence doing an HBO special and a one-woman show as Moms Mabley . She has been known in her prosperous career as a unique and socially conscious talent with articulately liberal views. Among her boyfriends were Ted Danson and Frank Langella . She was married three times and was once addicted to drugs.
Goldberg first came to prominence with her starring role in The Color Purple (1985). She received much critical acclaim, and an Oscar nomination for her role and became a major star as a result. Subsequent efforts in the late 1980s were, at best, marginal hits. These movies mostly were off-beat to formulaic comedies like Burglar (1987), The Telephone (1988) and Jumpin' Jack Flash (1986). She made her mark as a household name and a mainstay in Hollywood for her Oscar-winning role in the box office smash Ghost (1990). Whoopi Goldberg was at her most famous in the early 1990s, making regular appearances on Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987). She admitted to being a huge fan of the original Star Trek (1966) series and jumped at the opportunity to star in "Star Trek: The Next Generation".
Goldberg received another smash hit role in Sister Act (1992). Her fish-out-of-water with some flash seemed to resonate with audiences and it was a box office smash. Whoopi starred in some highly publicized and moderately successful comedies of this time, including Made in America (1993) and Soapdish (1991). Goldberg followed up to her success with Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit (1993), which was well-received but did not seem to match up to the first.
As the late 1990s approached, Goldberg seemed to alternate between lead roles in straight comedies such as Eddie (1996) and The Associate (1996), and took supporting parts in more independent minded movies, such as The Deep End of the Ocean (1999) and How Stella Got Her Groove Back (1998). Goldberg never forgot where she came from, hosting many tributes to other legendary entertainment figures. Her most recent movies include Rat Race (2001) and the quietly received Kingdom Come (2001). Goldberg contributes her voice to many cartoons, including The Pagemaster (1994) and Captain Planet and the Planeteers (1990), as Gaia, the voice of the earth. Alternating between big-budget movies, independent movies, tributes, documentaries, and even television movies (including Theodore Rex (1995)).
Whoopi Goldberg is accredited as a truly unique and visible talent in Hollywood. Perhaps she will always be remembered as well for Comic Relief, playing an integral part in almost every benefit concert they had. Currently, Whoopi Goldberg is the center square in Hollywood Squares (1998) and frequently hosts the Academy Awards. She also is an author, with the book "Book".
- IMDb Mini Biography By: Scott [email protected]
Spouse (3)
The role of Guinan on Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987)
Trivia (66)
Discovered by director Mike Nichols .
1994: Became the very first woman to host the Academy Awards solo.
2000: Broke up with boyfriend of five years Frank Langella .
Travels to locations by bus since she hates flying.
She won a Grammy Award for "Whoopi Goldberg: Direct From Broadway".
Once worked in a mortuary where her job was applying makeup to corpses.
1985: Listed as one of 12 Promising New Actors of 1985 in "John Willis's Screen World", Vol. 37.
Received an honorary degree from Wilson College in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.
Dropped out of high school and became addicted to heroin. She ended up marrying her drug counselor. She cleaned up and later divorced him. In 1974, she moved to California and helped found the San Diego Repertory Company, where she used the name, Whoopi Cushion. Before making it as an actress, she worked as a bank teller, a bricklayer and in a mortuary.
She was inspired to become an actress by watching Nichelle Nichols ' portrayal of Nyota Uhura on the original Star Trek (1966) series.
Mother of actress and producer Alex Martin .
Asked Gene Roddenberry for a role on Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987) because she was a huge fan. She was given the role of Guinan, the head of the Ten-Forward lounge. Her character was named for legendary entertainer/nightclub owner Texas Guinan .
Is an avid Fiesta Ware (china) collector.
2002: Won a Tony Award as a producer for Best Musical, "Thoroughly Modern Millie".
1985: Won a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Performance Single or Album, Spoken or Musical for "Original Broadway Show Recording".
Was the second African-American woman to win an Academy Award. The first was Hattie McDaniel .
Biography in: "Who's Who in Comedy" by Ronald L. Smith, pg. 184-186. New York: Facts on File, 1992. ISBN 0816023387.
Has over four different action figures modeled after her character, Guinan from Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987) and the Star Trek films.
Is part-owner of Mary's Kitchen, a country store/kitchen in Malibu, California. It is staffed by "New Yorkers" and certain furnishings were imported from New York because Whoopi wanted a touch of home in Malibu.
On the British sitcom Absolutely Fabulous (1992) (episode "Gay"), she played a woman who arranges marriages. In her guest-starring role on The Nanny (1993) (episode "The Pre-Nup"), she played a wedding planner.
Has a tattoo of Woodstock (the bird from the Charles M. Schulz 's "Peanuts" cartoon strip) on her shoulder.
Granddaughter Amarah Skye was born on her 34th birthday.
When she was only 8, she performed with the Children's Program, the Hudson Guild and the Rubenstein Children's Theatre.
Was a member of the jury at the Cannes Film Festival in 1991.
Has her own production company, One Ho Productions, which backs most of her movies and television projects.
Michael J. Fox accompanied her to the 1986 Academy Awards when she was nominated for The Color Purple (1985).
Was one of the eulogists at Gene Roddenberry 's funeral in 1991, along with other Star Trek stars Nichelle Nichols and Patrick Stewart .
Has done a private stand-up comedy routine entitled "If E.T. landed in Oakland" in front of, among others, Steven Spielberg and Michael Jackson , which eventually won her the lead in The Color Purple (1985), which Spielberg directed.
Is one of only four actresses who won the quadruple crown of acting: The Oscar, Tony, Emmy and Grammy.
Her performance as Oda Mae Brown in Ghost (1990) is ranked #95 on Premiere magazine's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time.
Good friends with Patrick Stewart and Marlon Brando .
She was awarded the Annual Kennedy Centre Mark Twain Prize for Comedy.
Is the first woman to host the Academy Awards on her own. She hosted them in 2002, 1999, 1996 and 1994.
Is one of 10 African-American actresses to receive a Best Actress Oscar nomination. The others in chronological order are: Dorothy Dandridge , Diana Ross , Cicely Tyson , Diahann Carroll , Angela Bassett , Halle Berry , Gabourey Sidibe , Viola Davis and Quvenzhané Wallis .
Is one of only 10 individuals who have won an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar and a Tony Award (counting Daytime Emmy Awards).
She worked as a dishwasher at a restaurant called "Big Kitchen" at 3003 Grape Street in San Diego, California.
Has performed all her own singing in the Sister Act movies. Her co-stars have claimed that they were surprised at her vocal ability.
Has a brother who is seven years older.
Is one of 7 African-American actresses to have won an Academy Award. The others, in chronological order, are Hattie McDaniel for Gone with the Wind (1939), Halle Berry for Monster's Ball (2001), Jennifer Hudson for Dreamgirls (2006), Mo'Nique for Precious (2009), Octavia Spencer for The Help (2011) and Lupita Nyong'o for 12 Years a Slave (2013).
She studied drama at HB Studio in Greenwich Village, New York City.
Grandmother to Amarah Skye (born 1989), Jerzey (born 1995) and Mason (born 1998), via daughter Alex Martin .
Is an active pro-choice campaigner, having undergone the procedure herself at age 14.
Owns a cat named Oliver.
Is one of two African-American actresses (the other being Viola Davis ) to have been nominated for an Academy Award in both the Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress categories.
She was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6841 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on July 20, 2001.
While working as a waitress at San Diego's "Big Kitchen" café in 1978, she witnessed PSA flight #182 falling from the sky in flames following a mid-air collision. The sight was so traumatic, that to this day she will not fly on an airplane.
Is one of only 14 individuals who are an "EGOT", meaning that she has received at least one of all of the four major entertainment awards: an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar and a Tony. The other recipients, in chronological order, are Richard Rodgers , Barbra Streisand , Helen Hayes , Rita Moreno , Liza Minnelli , John Gielgud , Audrey Hepburn , Marvin Hamlisch , Jonathan Tunick , Mel Brooks , Mike Nichols , Scott Rudin and James Earl Jones . However, three of the 14 recipients did receive one non-competitive award: Barbra Streisand won a Special Tony, Liza Minnelli won a Special Grammy, and James Earl Jones won a Special Oscar.
Is a staunch liberal Democrat.
Was the 101st actress to receive an Academy Award; she won the Best Supporting Actress Oscar for Ghost (1990) at The 63rd Annual Academy Awards (1991) on March 25, 1991.
Great-granddaughter Charlie Rose was born March 15, 2014.
Close friends with Billy Crystal and Robin Williams .
When signing autographs, she only signs her first name Whoopi.
Longtime friends with Joan Rivers . She even attended Rivers' funeral, on September 7, 2014.
As of 2015, has appeared in three films that were nominated for the Best Picture Oscar: The Color Purple (1985), Ghost (1990) and Toy Story 3 (2010).
Is one of 22 Oscar-winning actresses to have been born in the state of New York. The others are Alice Brady , Teresa Wright , Anne Revere , Celeste Holm , Claire Trevor , Judy Holliday , Shirley Booth , Susan Hayward , Patty Duke , Anne Bancroft , Barbra Streisand , Jane Fonda , Lee Grant , Beatrice Straight , Mercedes Ruehl , Marisa Tomei , Mira Sorvino , Susan Sarandon , Jennifer Connelly , Melissa Leo and Anne Hathaway .
Is left-handed.
She and fellow The Lion King (1994) cast member Jeremy Irons were both nominees for the first ever Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator in 2014; Irons won.
30 years after winning the Golden Globe for playing Celie in "The Color Purple," winner of "Vintage Performance by an Actress in 1985" at the first Vintage Film Awards.
Ironically, she used to lie about her age to seem OLDER - by six years, claiming a 1949 birthdate. Such is almost unheard of, since most public figures prefer their ages to be younger in print.
Counts Robert De Niro as a longtime close friend and confidant ('big brother').
Credits friend Joy Behar with vouching for her team position on the popular TV series The View (1997), a post she commenced on 4 September 2007 replacing Rosie O'Donnell .
Suffers from dyslexia, a condition that affected her studies and ultimately prompted her to drop out of high school at the age of 17.
Lived and worked for significant parts of the years 1979, 1980 and 1981 in the former East Germany where she was part of an acting troupe.
One of her favorite movies is Valley of the Dolls (1967).
Her mentor was the late Joan Rivers .
Personal Quotes (27)
[on critics, on the Queen Latifah Show (1999)] You can say whatever you want about me, but talk about my daughter and I'll beat your ass up.
[while hosting the The 71st Annual Academy Awards (1999)] A Bug's Life (1998). Wasn't that the Linda Tripp Story?
My family is Jewish, Buddhist, Baptist and Catholic. I don't believe in man-made religions.
I'm a big old egotistical baby and that's okay. I can accept it.
[on Alice Walker , author of "The Color Purple", on her efforts to get a role in the film ( The Color Purple (1985)) that was made from it] I told her I would play a Venetian blind, dirt on the floor, anything.
Actors have no color. That's the art form.
[in 1994 interview, on African-American actors in Hollywood] I don't know if I'm the one who should be commenting on the situation. I can't complain about the amount of work that's out there. I am black. But I didn't become black yesterday. I'm black and I'm getting the work and I'm doing some good things, but I realize many black actors and actresses are not being given the opportunities. The industry has got to stop thinking in terms of black and white and has to start thinking in terms of who is right, regardless of color, for the role.
[in 1994 interview, on Star Trek (1966)] I know I'm never going up, for real, in anybody's rocket ship. I know this because I hate to fly. Gene Roddenberry 's vision always included a multi-ethnic group of people. I thought that was pretty amazing. Being on Star Trek has been a great way to sort of expand on the universe and be a part of it.
[in 1994 interview, on how she got cast on Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987)] I did it because, frankly, I couldn't get any other work then. I liked the show, so I asked if I could be on it. As a matter of fact, I asked twice. The first time, I sent a message to LeVar Burton asking him to tell the producers that I would really like to be on the show. He got the message to the producers and they said, "Yeah, right. Whoopi wants to do Star Trek." One of the members [ Gates McFadden ] left the show and I heard about it, so I approached the show's producers again and said, "Listen, I don't know if you know it or not, but I've been trying for a long time now to get on this show." They said LeVar had told them about it and they thought he was kidding. I told them I can't do all the episodes but I would like to do some of them. "Can I have the job?" They finally said, "Sure, we'll build you a bar." And they built me Ten-Forward. I got to go in and be really sage and wear great hats. I also got to hang out with some extraordinary people, like Patrick Stewart , LeVar and Jonathan Frakes .
[2002 interview, on working with the cast of Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987)] The connections between us is family. It's just family. And it's unshakable, you know. Because you look around and you see a great part of your active adult life. Great part of my active adult life was spent with the cast and crew of Star Trek.
Nobody ever encouraged me in this business. I encouraged myself. I was a very dull and shy child. I was the last person you would expect to be a success in this business. But I always felt if I kept going something would happen. But I even surprised myself at times. When I was doing ensemble theater and comedy work, I felt I had some talents. But when I started doing my shows in Berkeley and found that I could be funny on my own, I was shocked.
[from a 1990 interview] None of the stuff I've done will ever cure cancer. It's entertainment and some of it has been better entertainment than others. Ghost (1990) is a good little movie, like Jumpin' Jack Flash (1986), which I've changed my mind about and am finally able to watch. Burglar (1987) and Clara's Heart (1988) are good little movies. There's also a couple I don't care for. The Telephone (1988) read brilliantly but was cockadoo on the screen. I'm also not crazy about Fatal Beauty (1987); it could have been a whole lot better. I've done good stuff and bad stuff. That's what careers are all about.
[at the 1996 MTV Movie Awards, when she was very pleased to see Bob Barker won the award for Happy Gilmore (1996)]: Any Motion Picture Award program would give a big hand to Bob Barker. I have to come to; because that's very big, and Bob told me he was surprised at what happened. See, you never know, you never know!
In my opinion Mel Gibson isn't a racist. That isn't sticking up for someone. I know him, I've spent time with him, my family have spent time with him - I'd have noticed if he was racist. On slow news days people hear what they want to hear. I didn't stick up for him but I said I've met real racists and he isn't one of them. He's a bonehead.
I am where I am because I believe in all possibilities.
[on Showgirls (1995)] I haven't seen that many poles mistreated since World War II.
Most kids give you a watch or a wallet on your birthday, or a pocketbook or some flowers. My kid gave me a granddaughter instead. It was the best gift she could ever have given me.
I'm as American as Chevrolet.
It bums me out tremendously what the church has become, and if it's got me bummed, imagine what Jesus Christ must be feeling.
[on smoking marijuana] Just because I do it doesn't mean you should do it.
[At age 11, coming home late after seeing "The Nutcracker" on her own] And then you have to decide if you were going to tell the truth or if you were going to lie. I had a mother who demanded that you tell the truth or be insanely creative abut lying. It had to be a good story. If it was a terrible story, you and the risk of really having her disappointed in your lack of imagination.
The first time I saw the city through adult eyes was when I stumbled across a guy peeing. He was peeing outside! I was like "Wow! That's really freaky." That was the first time I realized that grown-ups were weird, and that I was probably going to be one of them.
[on her Academy Award for Ghost (1990)] I've said it before and I'll say it again: because of Patrick Swayze , I got that movie. Because of Patrick Swayze, I have an Oscar.
[on the death of Patrick Swayze ] This was a well-fought battle. Patrick fought like the dickens to survive it, or to get through it. He never thought of himself as someone who was dying. He said, "You know, we're all dying." And so his attitude was "Until it kills me, I'm going to keep doing what I'm doing." He worked, he did his show, he just was a cat that never gave up. I would like to be able to be that.
I wish I had known sooner that I like being on my own. If i'd figured that out earlier, I probably wouldn't have gotten married three times.
There's only one alternative to getting older, so suck it up.
An actress can only play a woman. I'm an actor. I can play anything.
Salary (3)
| Whoopi Goldberg |
Alfred Hitchcock made this movie twice, the first time in 1934 and again in 1956. What's the film ? | Whoopi Goldberg Tells The Hilarious Story Behind Her Unusual Name [Video]
Whoopi Goldberg Tells The Hilarious Story Behind Her Unusual Name [Video]
Dusten Carlson
Her name is Caryn Elaine Johnson, but you know her better by the name Whoopi Goldberg . So what’s the story behind her unique and unusual name?
On Tuesday night’s episode of Andy Cohen’s Bravo live talk show Watch What Happens: Live, Goldberg was asked by a called about the origins of her famous nickname.
“How and when did you get the nickname Whoopi?” the caller asked.
“I’m a farter,” Whoopi admitted. “You know, when you work in the theater, sometimes you do quick changes and you’re running around and sometimes you’re just letting go. And it became, that was the joke: Whoopi [like the Whoopee Cushion].”
“Because I was a farter,” Whoopi said again.
The caller also asked what Whoopi’s real name is. She didn’t give a full answer, but said that Goldberg was a “family name.”
Andy Cohen said, “Thank you for your call. You got a really good answer out of that call!”
The 57-year-old comic and talk show host is well-known for her candor, having joked about having hot flashes on the set of The View, and has even talked openly about previous struggles with drug addiction, reports imnotobsessed .
Watch What Happens: Live airs Sunday through Thursday at 11pm EST on Bravo.
Here’s a clip of Whoopi Goldberg talking about the origin of her famous nickname. Are you surprised by her story? Did you think “Whoopi” was her real name?
| i don't know |
In the Disney movie 'Aladdin', what kind of pet does Jasmine have? | Rajah | Disney Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Rajah is Jasmine's pet tiger from Disney's 1992 animated feature film, Aladdin .
Contents
[ show ]
Background
Rajah was originally a circus tiger as a cub, who found his way into the Sultan's palace after escaping the touring circus group during a visit to Agrabah . He was discovered by a, then, young Princess Jasmine, who assumed the cub was a gift from her deceased mother. As a child, Jasmine's mother told the princess stories of a star named "Rajah", prompting Jasmine to name her new cub in honor of those stories. Once the Sultan discovers Rajah, he expresses the need to have the latter return to the circus, though his mind is eventually changed and he manages to purchase Rajah from his original owner. [1]
Personality
Rajah is Jasmine's best friend and fierce protector. As such, he cares deeply for the princess, and repeatedly supports her throughout the course of the franchise, not once showing a hint of disloyalty or true aggression towards her (though he showed offense when Jasmine mentioned a lack of friends; absentmindedly forgetting Rajah for a brief moment). He is mostly known for being rather aggressive and intolerable, as he takes a disliking to anyone who annoys Jasmine, even slightly—including narcissistic suitors, " Prince Ali ", and even the Sultan. However, when with Jasmine, Rajah is docile and gentle. He appears to represent Jasmine's overall character, in this sense as she, too, can be both fierce and loving, depending on whom she is interacting with.
At first Rajah wasn't too fond of Aladdin, and often growled at him, but by the end of the movie, he has grown more comfortable around him. He had an even harder time getting comfortable around Iago , ex-bird of Jafar . When he regonzed the parrot, he tried to attack him before Aladdin stopped him. Even after the fully redeemed Iago kicked Jafar's lamp into the lava, destroying him forever, Rajah, though warmed up to the parrot, still has somewhat of a strained relationship with Iago; as he threatens to eat the cowardly parrot if he doesn't cooperate in doing our hero's requests.
Appearances
Aladdin
Rajah is introduced with Princess Jasmine. He attacked one of Jasmine's snobby suitors and successfully got him to leave Agrabah. Later on, Jasmine decided to run away to escape the palace life, with Rajah assisting her in her escape, causing him to feel incredibly depressed afterwards. Later, Jasmine returned, and Rajah comforts her as she cries at the supposed loss of the boy she met at the Marketplace, unknown to her to be Aladdin. The next day, Prince Ali (Aladdin in disguise through the magic of his genie ) visits Agrabah as a suitor for Jasmine. Jasmine and Rajah take immediate disliking to the prince because of his flashy appearance and nature. Aladdin then tries Genie's advice to be himself, eventually winning the heart of Jasmine in the process. At the battle with the evil royal vizier Jafar , Rajah is magically turned into a tiger cub and placed in a bird cage. After Jafar's defeat, Rajah is returned back to normal, celebrates the heroism of Aladdin and bids farewell to the now-freed Genie.
The Return of Jafar
Rajah in Return of Jafar.
Rajah is a supporting character in the sequel. He is first seen snarling and seemingly ready to attack Aladdin as he arrived on Jasmine's balcony, but the tiger immediately pounces on the boy and gives him a welcoming lick. He also stops Abu when the latter attempted to steal the jeweled flower that Aladdin gave Jasmine earlier.
Later on, Iago , the sidekick of Jafar, unintentionally saved Aladdin's life. As a reward, Aladdin allowed him to stay at the palace. Iago in a birdcage, begs Abu to open it to let him out. When Abu saw Rajah nearby, he opened Iago's cage, and Rajah recognized the parrot and snarled at the him. Iago, terrified, begged Abu to close the cage again. But Rajah pounces on the cage, destroying it and chases Iago into the palace, unintentionally ruining the palace dinner and blowing Iago's cover to the whole palace. Rajah is then seen at the finale where he and the others welcome Iago into the palace after he saved Agrabah from a vengeful Jafar, although he did swipe his paw on Iago and place him underneath it in an attempt to shut him up when the latter protested Aladdin's decision to not be Grand Vizier (having planned to become Grand Vizier to Aladdin in the event that he became the Sultan).
Aladdin: The Series
Although primarily a mere minor character in the TV series, Rajah played a major role in quite a few episodes.
For example, in " SandSwitch ", when he, Abu and Iago were the only three unaffected by Sadira 's use of an unspecified magical sand that somehow altered history so that Sadira was the princess and Jasmine the street rat; since the three animals were the only ones who knew that history wasn't the way it should be, the three escape the palace to find Jasmine and restore the world to normal.
A small running gag in the TV series is whenever Iago refuses our hero's requests (i.e watching out for Abu, stating he can't change the alternated time line), Rajah threatens to eat the parrot, and Iago relents.
Disney Princess Enchanted Tales: Follow Your Dreams
Rajah plays a supporting role in Jasmine's segment of the film. When Jasmine becomes a substitute teacher for a while, the kids prove to be rather rambunctious and disruptive. In an attempt to solve the problem, Jasmine uses Rajah to scare the kids in check. However, they ended up scaring Rajah away instead.
Cameos
In House of Mouse , Rajah makes a cameo appearance with some of his co-stars in the episode " Pete's House of Villains ". Here, Jafar bans all the rest of the Aladdin cast from entering the newly-established House Of Villains (formerly House of Mouse ) except for Jasmine.
An emoticon version of Rajah appeared in the Aladdn entry of the As Told by Emoji short series.
Gallery
The Disney Wiki has a collection of images and media related to Rajah .
Trivia
"Rajah" means "Indian prince" in Hindi and Arabic.
A slight goof happens when Rajah transforms into a cub. He meows like a house cat, and because of that, some stories say that Rajah is turned into a kitten instead of of a cub. But in actuality, tiger cub cries sound nothing like house cat calls. However, this may have been an intended comedic moment.
Although tigers are traditionally found in South Asia and not the Middle East, it is not unreasonable to assume that because of the Sultan's wealth, he was perfectly capable of having one imported as a gift for Jasmine at some point.
The book "A Pet for a Princess" actually confirmed this, where it was revealed that Rajah was actually said to have been born at a traveling circus, and was bought by the Sultan.
Another book about the origins of Rajah, "Monkey Business" contradicts this by revealing that Abu set a tiger cub, later known as Rajah, free from a traveling circus cage.
At the end of the original film, when everything begins to return to normal, Rajah's face turns into that of Mickey Mouse for a split second.
Rajah must not be confused with Raja from Goliath II .
References
| Tiger |
Who played 'Eddie' in 'The Rocky Horror Show'? | Disney In Depth: 20 ‘Aladdin’ Fun Facts You May Not Have Known
Disney In Depth: 20 ‘Aladdin’ Fun Facts You May Not Have Known
By Brett Nachman | @ | Thursday, November 29th, 2012 at 1:00 pm
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Can you believe it has been 20 years since Aladdin first entered our lives? The film was an absolute sensation, garnering much critical and financial success. After two decades I thought it would be “soaring good fun” to review the influence of this brand in the Disney universe.
This edition of Disney In Depth will highlight 20 fun facts about everything you ever wanted to know about Prince Ali and company.
1 Though Abu and Rajah serve as the best animal friends to lead characters Aladdin and Jasmine, they do not appear – nor are referenced – in the stage show production at Disney California Adventure Park.
2 Alan Menken won two Oscars for his work on Aladdin, one for his original score and the other for his music on “A Whole New World.”
3 In Aladdin and the King of Thieves, Genie makes reference to a boatload of Disney characters, including Chief Powhatan’s famous daughter, as seen in this clip at about the 1:07 mark.
4 Jafar has a fraternal twin sister, a sorceress named Nasira. She serves as the villain for the Aladdin-themed video game, Disney’s Aladdin in Nasira’s Revenge . Nasira is voiced by none other than Ariel the Little Mermaid herself, actress Jodi Benson.
5 When the film was first released on VHS in 1993, Aladdin sold a whopping 25 million copies .
21. In Arabic, his name would be pronounced Ala’aDEEN (small pause where you see the apostrophe) and the name Jasmine would be Jasmina, pronounced Yas-MEEN-a.
Shirelle Moore
Omg, Aladdin is my all time favorite movie and I can’t believe it’s been 20 years! I’m only 18 myself but still. Jasmine has always been my favorite princess. and I have a picture of Aladdin and Jasmine as my screen savor as well as on my twitter as the headline picture. I was so proud of myself because I already knew most of the facts but I must say, some of them were a surprise, lol. Disney had better re- release this to theaters. I would die of happiness if they did that! The story of Aladdin and Jasmine will always be apart no matter how old I get <3
JumpinPhillyPhlash
Anthropologically, Arabs are considered to be Caucasian or Caucasoid, techinically she would be the first Non-European disney princess.
JumpinPhillyPhlash
Well played, that always bugged me, too!
hajmola
Um, what about the fact that the ENTIRE movie was plagiarized from Richard Williams’ life-long work, “The Thief and the Cobbler”???
Adrian Ferguson
Though the movie takes place in the arab world the original story takes place in China though even in that story most of the characters are explicitly Muslim.
Adrian Ferguson
Also the name Ala’ adeen (Aladin) means “the glory of religion”
Dustin
wouldnt princess Tiger Lily be the first non-European princess…?
JumpinPhillyPhlash
Kendra Taylor
Actually many of the people that worked on the Thief of the Cobbler moved to work on a new disney movie that then became Aladdin. That is why there are a lot of similarities in plot. If you haven’t seen Thief and the Cobbler, you should watch it! the amount of time it took to do all those amazing hand-drawn scenes spanned decades and really is art in its finest form.
Carlos Hoyos
Another fact is that the aladdin from the 1001 nights is actually chinese, but it looks like the American public wouldn’t understand why there’s an asian character in an arabian tale, so they changed his origin. And I think I saw in one review at the time that Aladdin wasn’t modeled after Michael J. Fox, but after his voice actor. Disney did the same with many other characters from Beauty & the Beast, and even the genie has the gestures from Robin Williams.
Thanks for sharing that piece of insight. I remember the animation as pretty dazzling.
Hina Abbasi
The Muslim world in its golden age was one big empire that spanned across North Africa, Spain, the Middle East and all the way across Asia to china. That’s why in classical Muslim stories the characters can be from any part of the empire. The differences in their races wouldn’t be a problem as it was all supposed to be part of the same ‘ummah’ or religious nation.
Joyce Mari
9. Middle Eastern people are Caucasoid as well.
evilplatypus
So glad you brought that up! I hate that no one ever acknowledges this!
“It hath reached me, O King of the Age, that there dwelt in a city of the cities of China a man which was a tailor, withal a pauper, and he had one son, Aladdin hight. Now this boy had been from his babyhood a ne’er-do-well, a scapegrace. And when he reached his tenth year, his father inclined to teach him his own trade, and, for that he was overindigent to expend money upon his learning other work or craft or apprenticeship, he took the lad into his shop that he might be taught tailoring. But, as Aladdin was a scapegrace and a ne’er-do-well and wont to play at all times with the gutter boys of the quarter, he would not sit in the shop for a single day”
Innaunnakki
I know someone named Bertt Bachman though it’s not Nachmann it’s similar XD Aaand we were both in a Disney play.
Innaunnakki
I wish Disney would release the “Aladdin” Saturday morning series on DVD. Lots of great episodes and I especially loved Jason Alexander’s hapless villain
Reuben Lacsamana
Is it a coincidence or a preview of the next disney movies. At the scene “A whole new world” they traveled somewhere in rome “Hercules” and at the end of the song China “Mulan”. What do you think?
The peddler in the opening scene has the same color scheme as the genie and is also voiced by Robin Williams, implying the story is introduced by the genie in disguise.
popmedic
Ahhhh… Aren’t Arabians decedents of tribes out of the Caucasus Region??? Wouldn’t that make Jasmine (as you state an Arabian) Caucasian? So, this can’t be the first Disney cartoon with an “non-caucasian princess.” I believe what you mean is “first non-white princess.” If we are going to propagate racism by referencing race all the time, can we at least get the heritage right?
Thanks for your thoughts.
Albert L.
22. Did you notice that both Aladdin and Princess Jasmine looks no where near like a typical Arabic at all? Instead, they look more like European. While their villains look like Arabs, with hook nose and obviously ugly. This is a silent propaganda to create hate and ‘predictive programming’ the audience, that Arabs are bad, while the European look-alike Alladdin and Princess Jasmine are not.
23. The blue lump Genie was suppose to be free from wearing the arm braces in the first movie to obtain his freedom. But in the Return of Jafar movie, he seems to be wearing them again.
24. Aladdin could have wished to have more wishes than just 3 from the Genie!
#9 is somewhat incorrect. Princess Tiger Lily was in Peter Pan. Though not the star of the movie, and not a princess in the traditional sense she still was the daughter of the leader of her people.
Timothy Ketterling
for number 24 genie says, no wishing for more wishes, when he lists things that cant be wished for.
MyFriendlyGiant .
Hercules wasn’t Roman, he was Greek.
ÇℜΔÇK_ℵΙℵℑΔΔ
Hmm, no mention of all the sex references
Barry Stanton
Aladin’s singing voice was provided by the guy who played tucker in buffy the vampire slayer, you know the one who raised hell hounds for the prom? Andrew from the trios brother? He also provided Jonathan’s singing voice in the episode “Superstar”.
Erin M
22. False. Look at Jasmine against the white princesses and you can clearly see she’s of a different ethnicity (especially the downturned nose). And compare Jafar to Clayton of Tarzan or Frollo of Hunchback and you’ll see their noses are equally hooked. With the exception of Ursula, most of Disney’s villains have a similarly angular appearance, regardless of ethnicity.
Kiba
You misspelled ’20 Things You Didn’t Care About ‘Aladdin” Not one of these facts is remotely interesting.
Abdulrahman
As was often the case with Royal families all over the world, including Europe!
Guest
” Princess Jasmine, descending from Arabian heritage, was the first non-Caucasian Disney princess.” Actually, and I do hate to be that guy, Arabs are on of the 8 Caucasoids; in other words, Arabs are Caucasian. Maybe it would be more accurate to say Jasmine was the 1st none-European Disney Princess.
KathyRindhoops
I’m a little late to the party here, but Sebastian from The Little Mermaid makes a cameo as well. The genie pulls him out of a cookbook and says, “King crab?”
Anderson da Silva
I love Alladin cartoon.
meghan
used to love this movie it a shame it didn’t make it to the imax like it was sopost to I used to be obbessed with this movie :(
OneMercilessMing
Yes, but remember that Peter Pan was the star of THAt show. Not even Wendy was billed over Pan. TinkerBell (Tinkerbell, Tinkerbelle), of course, was a Caucausian fairy, not a princess.
Daphne Anita Starke
I love it. What your address?
whatever
Muslim? Are you shitting me? Aladdin is set in Pre-Islamic Arabia. So no, Jasmine, Aladdin and no one in this movie is a Muslim.
whatever
True, but this movie is set in Pre- Islamic Arabia.
Leevi Koskivuori
Hmhm…What most people won’t know is that the Finnish voice actor of Genie got a thank you concept art signed from Disney for his excellent performance as the character :3
JustSomeone
Actually, in the movie, the sultan actually says, “Thank Allah!” when Aladdin (who was disguised as a prince) came to the palace. :) So, in maybe the actual story of Aladdin they weren’t Muslim, but in the Disney movie, they are. :)
Nathan Forester
According to wikipedia…Steve Martin, John Candy and a few others were considered for the role of Genie.
George
“A Whole New World” eh? OK, one song in Disney’s movies that is great as well is “Can You Feel the Love Tonight” performing by Elton Jonh at the ending credids of the “Lion King”. A great song. Almost brings tears on your eyes.
Claire Bullows
There was a god called Allah before Islam.
Courtney Vick
In the Cave of Wonders treasure room scenes, you can see ancient Assyrian winged guardian statues – or lamassi – which could bring one to conclude that the area in which the story takes place could be what we now know as Iraq. Also, we could conclude that the Disney story of Aladdin takes place sometime after the Neo-Assyrian period.
But, that aside, I really loved this film, the sequels, and the tv show! I was maybe obsessed with it when I was a kid.
Gabriel Rodriguez
Hispanic was added as an ethnicity since it only means you speak, the only racial thing about it is the fact that most hispanics are mixed. But to this day the only options are: Asian American (that doesn’t make sense since arabs, jews, indians and most of Russia is part of Asia), African American and Caucasian (correct if I’m wrong) American.
Christina Telles
Hispanic has nothing to do with if you speak Spanish or not. The only ethnicities available are “Hispanic or Latino” and “Not Hispanic or Latino”. Hispanic denotes a Spanish ancestry, while Latino denotes a Latin American (Central and South America) Ancestry. On the census or other government papers, I qualify as Hispanic because of my dad’s side (Note the Hispanic last name), but I barely understand or speak Spanish.
Also, as of the 2010 Census, the available races are: White, Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Other Asian, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Native Hawaiian, Guamanian or Chamorro, Samoan, Other Pacific Islander, and Some other race.
Damien Johnson
Her and Princess Eilonwy.
Reaper Kira
The Portuguese are considered Hispanic. It is anyone who has ancestry of Hispania, which is the Iberian Peninsula.
Christina Telles
Yes, they are. I really don’t know why it slipped my mind at the time.
dieselmondello
the genie’s shackles (gold arm braces) popped off and dissolved in the air when aladdin freed him at the end of the first movie, but when they reappear in the other films and shows, my sister and i used to just say he wore them as stylish bracelets because they looked cool, but they had no power over him to make him grant anyone wishes (no more servitude to the lamp). Which speaking of the lamp, that’s kind of the same thing, he still hung out in there even though he didn’t have to (remember, he said it had very little living space haha). Or maybe he wore the gold bands and chilled out in the lamp for so long, they now comforted him after he gained his freedom, like prisoners who can no longer make it on the outside lol
Scarede Cat
Well Genetically, Caucasians descended from Arabia. 10,000 BC Arabs from the deserts spread to europe killing all Neanderthal and lightening their skins to White in several thousand years. YOu Sound like Arabs are a subset or small branch of big caucasians race. In reality caucasians are grand childrens of Arabs (Partically Iraqi Arabs). I could just well say all europeans are originally Arabs.
Scarede Cat
well they just took the idea from arabian nights. why would they even pay attention to whoever has already taken theif and cobbler in baghdad ideas. That idea is centuries old from arabian legends and not a trademark. they haven’t plagiarized or anything. just made their own version of something present here from a long time.
Tomfom
The first non caucasian princess and the last one that looks doable. :)
Hasan Moh
there was NO Baghdad until 200 years after Islam started. however most of the stories in Arabian nights are quoted from an ancient Persian and Indian stories. I am an Arab and I know the history behind this.
Hasan Moh
they are not just Caucasians, they are actually the start of the Caucasian race. I am originally from Jordan, and skulls for causian were found dated more than 50,000 years.
Hasan Moh
Actually it A’laa’ Al-Deen, (means: glorify the faith), but when u say it fast, it will sound like alaa-adeen
Hasan Moh
no, it takes place in Baghdad.
Hasan Moh
there was no Baghdad before Islam.
marlee
I thought it took place in Ali Baba.
TruthIs
Aladdin is 100% purely Iranian – a tale told by Sherezahd, and Persian folklore. Aladdin is not an Arab tale whatsoever. Disney does its usual racist job of stealing one culture’s identity and lumping it in with others.
Knoll
The first words that the merchant says after the opening music is “As-salam and good evening to you”. Tell me what language and where the origin of “As-Salam” comes from… The princes almost had her hand cut off for stealing… Tell me, what law closely follows this? Nobody is Muslim in this movie… Hahahaha You make me laugh at your ignorance. Hopefully you have gotten smarter since 2 years ago.
L Lawliet
Bitch Allah means God in Arabic it’s not the name for God it’s a translation
| i don't know |
Who played 'Gertie' in the film 'E.T.'? | Gertie | E.T. The Extra Terrestrial Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
E.T. The Extra Terrestrial Wiki
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Gertie is a five year old who is the daughter of Mary and the younger sister of Elliot and Michael . She has a mischievous and sarcastic personality.
She is initially terrified of ET when she first meets him but soon grows to love the little alien. Before E.T. departs for home, she gives him the plant that he had revived early in the film, to which he gladly accepts. She is played by Drew Barrymore .
| Drew Barrymore |
What famous cartoon character made his debut in the film 'Steamboat Willy'? | 20 Things You Might Not Know About 'E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial' | Mental Floss
20 Things You Might Not Know About 'E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial'
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1. The film was initially patched together from different ideas for separate movies.
With his newfound success following the back-to-back smash hits of Jaws in 1975 and Close Encounters of the Third Kind in 1977, director Steven Spielberg wanted to tell a smaller, more personal story for his next film. Entitled Growing Up, the proposed movie was inspired by the divorce of his parents when he was 15 years old. It included the feelings of alienation Spielberg felt being Jewish in an all Gentile neighborhood in Arizona and was told from the perspective of three children.
When the project was shelved, Spielberg moved on to another big budget film, 1941, but the basic idea stayed with him. Around the same time, Columbia Pictures demanded a sequel to Close Encounters. Spielberg wanted no part of that, though he had a small idea about what would have happened if an alien didn’t go back to the mothership at the end of that movie. To ensure they didn’t make the sequel without him, he instead commissioned writer/director John Sayles to create a script for a pseudo-sequel called Night Skies, about a suburban family terrorized by a group of aliens with one befriending the family’s son.
The project was too dark in tone for Spielberg, though, and ultimately, he had Columbia just re-release Close Encounters in a Special Edition with additional scenes. But he still recognized the potential of a film like Night Skies, so he and screenwriter Melissa Mathison then combined Spielberg’s semi-autobiographical story with the benevolent alien visiting a boy on earth to create E.T. The idea of the terrorized family was refashioned as another eventual Spielberg production: Poltergeist .
2. Mathison’s first draft is the shooting script.
Most films go through several drafts before a final shooting script is locked into place, but Melissa Mathison’s first draft is what Spielberg used during the shoot of the film. Instead of constantly revising individual drafts, Spielberg gave Mathison the general narrative plot for her to round out. She would write for five straight days and then collaborate with him for five successive days of feedback. This process went on for eight weeks, and Spielberg later called the resulting screenplay “the best first draft I’ve ever read.” In order to maintain a spontaneous and streamlined shoot (and unlike the fully pre-visualized Raiders of the Lost Ark), Spielberg didn’t storyboard any of the shots for E.T. and kept the script Mathison had written on 3 x 5-inch notecards in his shirt pocket. This gave him the freedom to revise, improvise, and make things up with the child actors on set. To maintain secrecy while shooting, the production name was listed as the rather mundane “A Boy’s Life.”
3. A young Drew Barrymore’s little white lies made Spielberg cast her as Gertie.
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Getting the right young actors to play the three main young siblings was a paramount problem for Spielberg. The first kid he cast was Drew Barrymore as Gertie, the youngest of the trio. During her audition, the six-year-old Barrymore allegedly told Spielberg that she wasn’t really an actress at all but rather the drummer of a loud and menacing punk rock band called the Purple People Eaters, who painted their faces with makeup for every show and who had played to an arena packed with thousands of people the night before. Spielberg recognized the value of her vivid imagination and she got the part.
4. Henry Thomas’ improvised audition won him the part of Elliott.
The most difficult role for Spielberg to cast was that of Elliott, the boy who discovers and befriends E.T. Spielberg’s friend Jack Fisk ( Sissy Spacek ’s husband and the production designer of such films as Badlands and Eraserhead ) suggested a young actor by the name of Henry Thomas, whom he directed in his 1981 film Raggedy Man . Spielberg brought Thomas in for a meeting to audition at Universal Studios, but instead of giving Henry the script to read, the director opted to have the young actor improv a scene with a government agent (played by casting director Mike Fenton ) who is trying to take his alien best friend away from him. Spielberg’s only direction to Thomas was to do whatever it takes to stop the government agent from taking the alien away. In the heartbreaking audition (seen above), Thomas broke down in tears while pleading with Fenton not to take his friend, prompting Spielberg to conclude the session with “OK kid, you got the job."
5. Peter Coyote’s bad audition for Raiders of the Lost Ark got him a part in E.T.
Actor Peter Coyote , who plays the sympathetic government agent Keys in E.T., auditioned for the role of Indiana Jones during a May 1980 casting session held by Steven Spielberg and George Lucas. Coyote, who was given snippets of the Raiders script along with a character outline of Indy, brought along a dashing fedora to accentuate his audition in hopes of wowing the two Hollywood heavyweights. But when he was told it was his turn to go, he tripped over the wiring of the lights that were set up in the room. His stumbling first impression was the furthest thing from the debonair, tough-guy Indy. The part went to Harrison Ford, but Spielberg found something endearing in Coyote's clumsiness, and when it came time to cast Keys—an adult with childlike wonderment—the choice was obvious. Sometimes being awkward pays off!
6. The combination of a painting and photos of famous people inspired the look of E.T..
Universal Pictures
Spielberg originally had production illustrator Ed Verreaux —with whom he had worked on Raiders of the Lost Ark—draft the initial designs of the titular alien creature. Eventually, he went with a different set of design ideas, created by special effects artist Carlo Rambaldi . Rambaldi had previously designed the mechanical head effects for the xenomorph in Ridley Scott’s Alien and the visitors from Spielberg’s own Close Encounters of the Third Kind. For E.T., Spielberg tasked him with coming up with an alien form that audiences could sympathize with. The primary inspiration was one of his own paintings from the Academy of Fine Arts in Bologna, titled “Women of Delta.” It depicted a shriveled character with stumpy legs, a long neck, an oblong head, and large eyes. To make the alien empathetic, Spielberg had Rambaldi study photos of elderly people who lived during the Great Depression. He also collated the alien's facial design with photos of Albert Einstein , Ernest Hemingway , and Carl Sandburg . Rambaldi completed his design in clay, and an impressed Spielberg quickly gave it the go-ahead. Artist Ralph McQuarrie, who was responsible for the famous concept art for George Lucas’ Star Wars, designed E.T.’s spaceship, saying it was meant to resemble a hot air balloon as if it were created by Dr. Seuss.
7. The E.T. puppet was a conceptual wonder, but made the sets a logistical nightmare.
Universal Pictures
For scenes that required the animatronic E.T. puppet—like Elliott’s room and the family’s living room—Spielberg had the production designers build the sets raised on stilts. The heavy robotic puppet was bolted down, and its wiring was hidden under the floor. The puppeteers were able to observe and manage the puppet’s performance from a series of TV monitors located in another room.
Spielberg wanted those on-set to act as if E.T. were a real actor for maximum believability, and asked the special effects designers to test out all puppet movements well before production began to ensure that the illusion wasn’t easily broken. Taking the farce even further, Spielberg told the young Drew Barrymore that the puppet was an actual living, breathing alien, and during the scene where—spoiler alert!—E.T. dies, the sobbing reaction shots of Barrymore are true-to-life tears, as she truly believed that E.T. had passed away.
8. A mime was responsible for E.T.’s hand movements.
A puppet can only do so much, so to breathe a little bit more balletic life into his creature, Spielberg hired professional mime Caprice Rothe to provide fluid and naturalistic hand motions. Each time the puppet was meant to interact with Elliott or pick certain things up during a scene, Rothe would have to lay horizontally underneath the puppet and extend her hands vertically, for take after take. She wore sleeve-length gloves that were made up to look like E.T.’s leathery skin, and mimicked his long, slender, four-fingered hands with her ring and pinky fingers sneakily tucked away in the fourth digit. In the final cut, she was credited as the “E.T. Movement Coordinator.”
9. A trio of actors brought E.T.’s other movements to life.
Universal Pictures
The scenes where Spielberg opted to show full-body shots of E.T. freely moving around were performed by three different actors. Two little people, Tamara de Treaux and Pat Bilon , wore special E.T. suits for wide shots of the alien walking around. They were able to see out of well-hidden slits cut into the upper part of E.T.’s chest. Other scenes, like when E.T. falls on his face from having a few too many beers, were performed by 12-year-old Matthew DeMeritt , an actor who was born without legs. His specially-rigged suit allowed him to walk with his arms where the alien’s feet would be.
10. The first voice of E.T. was Spielberg himself.
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During shooting, Spielberg acted out the voice parts of E.T. by positioning himself just to the side of the camera, uttering famous phrases like “E.T. phone home,” but also occasionally speaking in full sentences to better connect the character to the child actors. In the rough cut, Spielberg’s temp track was later replaced with the voice of actress Debra Winger . (Fun fact: Winger has an uncredited appearance in the Halloween scene as the zombie nurse carrying a little dog). For the final print, sound designer Ben Burtt—who previously worked on all of the Star Wars films and also on Raiders of the Lost Ark with Spielberg—hired a non-actor named Pat Welsh , whose deep and raspy smoker’s voice he overheard at a local camera store. Burtt lowered the pitch of her voice and mixed it with sounds of various animals breathing. For her performance, Welsh allegedly received only $380. In all there were 18 different contributors to the voice of E.T.—including Ken Miura, Burtt’s cinema professor from USC, who provided the burp in the scene where E.T. gets drunk.
11. Harrison Ford appeared in one scene, but it was cut from the final film.
Ford was already an iconic Spielberg alum, so to play with that image, the filmmaker cast his Raiders of the Lost Ark star as the principal of Elliott’s school. Other than Elliott’s mother, another adult's face wasn't shown until the third act, so Ford was always filmed from behind. Ford reprimands the youngster after the scene where Elliott frees all of the frogs about to be dissected (when he passionately kisses his classmate in an homage to John Ford’s 1952 film The Quiet Man ). In another example of Elliott's and E.T.’s consciences melding, he’s seen levitating just out of his principal’s view until his mother barges in to take him home. These scenes were ultimately cut for time.
12. E.T.’s favorite candy was supposed to be M&Ms.
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Spielberg brought his idea to Mars Incorporated, the company that owns M&Ms, to ask if they could use their little candies in a scene where Elliott attracts the inquisitive alien back to his house. Universal Studios legally barred the company from seeing the final script, so Mars passed on the cross-promotional opportunity. Spielberg and company then brought the idea to the Hershey Company to see if they could use Hershey Kisses , but the company was looking to get more exposure for their newest creation, Reese’s Pieces, and suggested the peanut butter filled treats instead. Hershey agreed to spend $1 million for the rights to promote the use of their product in E.T., and Reese’s Pieces became the little alien's candy of choice. The agreement certainly paid off for Hershey, as the company reported a 65 percent increase in profits on Reese's Pieces just two weeks after the film premiere.
13. On set, Spielberg was an old hag.
In the Halloween scene (shot in October 1981), Elliott and his brother Michael dress E.T. up as if he’s their costumed little sister so that they can safely get him to the forest to phone home. To join in the fun, Spielberg spent the entire day dressed up as an old woman. He even bobbed for apples and went trick-or-treating with the cast at the wrap of that day’s shoot.
14. An international flight into LAX inspired one of the film’s later scenes.
In the original script, Elliott and E.T. are brought to an undisclosed hospital when the government captures them both, but production designer James Bissell and cinematographer Allen Daviau were having trouble finding a hospital suitable for filming. One day, Spielberg flew into Los Angeles International Airport aboard an overseas flight, and his return was severely delayed by the airport’s extensive construction that included huge scaffolding, over-sized plastic sheets, and cylindrical tubing everywhere. The space sparked Spielberg's imagination, so instead of bringing the two to a hospital, the government would create a temporary structure to shroud the family’s house in gigantic mylar sheets and plastic tubing similar to what he saw from the construction at LAX. The production covered the exterior of the house in the Northridge neighborhood of Los Angeles for the shots in the final film. The interiors were done on soundstages.
15. Everything in the famous shot of Elliott and E.T. flying across the face of the Moon was real—except Elliott and E.T.
Visual Effects Supervisor Dennis Muren and his team at Industrial Light and Magic were tasked with creating organic special effects to surround the potentially inorganic looking E.T. puppet. Surprisingly, the iconic shot of the boy and alien flying across the full moon was mostly a "real" shot. It took Muren and his team weeks to find the right spot to film a low moon among trees, so they used maps and charts to coordinate the scene once they found the right spot. In the shot, Elliott and E.T. are puppets that were added with special effects in post-production, but the rest is photo-real.
16. Spielberg gave a cinematic tip of the hat to George Lucas, and eventually Lucas did the same thing back.
The two friends and collaborators had hidden little nods to each other’s films in their work before, but for E.T., Spielberg didn’t need to hide anything at all. In one of the film’s cheekiest jokes, E.T. sees a child dressed up as Yoda for Halloween, prompting the little alien to exclaim, “Home! Home!” Spielberg didn’t tell Lucas about the joke until he held a personal screening for his friend at his Skywalker Ranch , which Lucas approved of with laughter. When he went on to make The Phantom Menace, Lucas returned the favor and made E.T.’s race of aliens part of the Galactic Senate. You can see them acting uncharacteristically hostile in the video above.
17. François Truffaut gave the film, and Spielberg, his blessing.
Spielberg worried that his intensely personal story wouldn’t resonate with audiences, and that they might have trouble identifying with a potentially off-putting alien character. Once finished, E.T. was publicly previewed a handful of times, but when the film was shown out-of-competition at the 1982 Cannes Film festival, audience members stood and applauded 15 whole minutes before the film ended. The standing ovation went on for another 15 minutes after the credits rolled, and Spielberg knew he had hit the perfect mark. After the Cannes screening, he received a telegram from fellow director François Truffaut , who acted in Spielberg’s Close Encounters of the Third Kind. The telegram read, “You belong here more than me,” echoing a similar line his character uttered in Close Encounters.
18. The film wowed audiences and heads of state alike.
Following Cannes, the film was released in the United States on June 11, 1982, and would go on to overtake Star Wars as the highest-grossing film of all time—a record it would hold until 1993, when it was beaten by another Spielberg film, Jurassic Park. Spielberg held personal previews like the one with Lucas for his friends and colleagues, but he would also go on to screen the film at the White House for then-President Ronald Reagan and the First Lady, Nancy Reagan. The director recalled sitting next to the President for the show, and even thought he saw Reagan shed a tear or two. When the film was screened for newlyweds Prince Charles and Princess Diana, Spielberg and the stars in attendance were bizarrely ushered backstage the moment the film ended. Apparently, Diana had wept so much that her prim and proper makeup was running, causing the Royal minders to whisk her away to redo the makeup before holding an informal meeting at the Princess’ request.
19. There was a plagiarism scandal.
Wikimedia Commons // Public Domain
Following the film’s resounding worldwide success, a claim of plagiarism arose when Indian director Satyajit Ray alleged that Spielberg had stolen the idea from a script he wrote in 1967, titled The Alien. Columbia Pictures had optioned the concept with Peter Sellers and Marlon Brando in the lead roles, but legal troubles forced Ray to abandon the project. When E.T. broke the bank in 1982, Ray felt certain that the similarities weren’t mere coincidence. Ray told the press, "E.T. would not have been possible without my script of The Alien being available throughout America in mimeographed copies," but Spielberg denied plagiarizing the script, saying, “I was a kid in high school when his script was circulating in Hollywood.” No further legal action was taken, and Ray would continue to make films until his death in 1992.
20. Spielberg and co-writer Melissa Mathison envisioned a sequel that was eventually abandoned.
Both Spielberg and Mathison wrote a story treatment for a potential sequel to E.T. during its initial theatrical run. Dated July 17, 1982, the treatment is titled “E.T. II: Nocturnal Fears,” and takes place the summer after the events in the first film. The story describes a plot in which Elliott and his friends are abducted by a mutated race of E.T.s led by an evil entity named Korel who is looking for Zrek, another alien stranded on Earth. Eventually, E.T. manages to save the group of kids and helps them back to Earth. Ultimately, Spielberg decided not to do a sequel because doing so "would do nothing but rob the original of its virginity.” You can read the 10-page treatment by clicking here . A novelized sequel by author William Kotzwinkle—who also penned the novelization of the original film—was published in 1985. E.T.: The Book of the Green Planet was set on E.T.’s home planet, which Kotzwinkle dubbed Brodo Asogi.
| i don't know |
Which actress took the lead roll in the 1988 film 'Working Girl'? | 1988 Academy Awards® Winners and History
Working Girl (1988)
Actor:
DUSTIN HOFFMAN in "Rain Man", Gene Hackman in "Mississippi Burning", Tom Hanks in "Big", Edward James Olmos in "Stand and Deliver", Max von Sydow in "Pelle the Conqueror"
Actress:
JODIE FOSTER in "The Accused", Glenn Close in "Dangerous Liaisons", Melanie Griffith in "Working Girl", Meryl Streep in "A Cry in the Dark", Sigourney Weaver in "Gorillas in the Mist"
Supporting Actor:
KEVIN KLINE in "A Fish Called Wanda", Alec Guinness in "Little Dorritt", Martin Landau in "Tucker: the Man and His Dream", River Phoenix in "Running on Empty", Dean Stockwell in "Married to the Mob"
Supporting Actress:
GEENA DAVIS in "The Accidental Tourist", Joan Cusack in "Working Girl", Frances McDormand in "Mississippi Burning", Michelle Pfeiffer in "Dangerous Liaisons", Sigourney Weaver in "Working Girl"
Director:
BARRY LEVINSON for "Rain Man", Charles Crichton for "A Fish Called Wanda", Mike Nichols for "Working Girl", Alan Parker for "Mississippi Burning", Martin Scorsese for "The Last Temptation of Christ"
Beginning this year, the trademark phrase: "and the winner is..." was substituted with "and the Oscar goes to..."
Director Barry Levinson's critically and financially-successful Rain Man was the major Oscar winner in 1988. It was the buddy-road saga of the human relationship that gradually develops between two sibling brothers: the elder one a TV-obsessed, institutionalized adult autistic (Hoffman), the other an ambitious, hotshot money-maker/car salesman and hustler (Cruise). The autistic savant's kidnapping from an asylum by his fast-talking brother is with the intent to swindle him of his inheritance, but during a cross-country road trip, a loving relationship develops between the brothers with strong blood ties.
Rain Man had a total of eight nominations and four wins - for Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Director, and Best Original Screenplay (by Ronald Bass and Barry Morrow). It was the year's highest-grossing picture as well, taking in $173 million (domestic).
The other Best Picture nominees included the following:
director Lawrence Kasdan's adaptation of Anne Tyler's novel, the psychological drama The Accidental Tourist (with four nominations and one win - Best Supporting Actress), with two co-stars - Kathleen Turner and William Hurt - that Kasdan had teamed together in an earlier film - Body Heat (1981)
British director Steven Frears' first American feature film, the lush, pre-Revolutionary France costume drama of competitive sexual seduction Dangerous Liaisons (with seven nominations and three wins - Best Screenplay, Best Art/Set Direction, and Best Costume Design)
director Alan Parker's propagandist account of the investigation of the disappearance of three civil rights activists in 1964 in the social drama Mississippi Burning (with seven nominations and only one win - Best Cinematography)
director Mike Nichols' sophisticated romantic comedy about 80s corporate ladder-climbing and office politics in Working Girl (with six nominations and one win - Best Song by Carly Simon: "Let the River Run")
Two of the five directors of Best Picture nominees were not included in the list of Best Director nominees. The two directors were Steven Frears' Dangerous Liaisons, and Lawrence Kasdan's The Accidental Tourist. The two directors substituted for them were British director Charles Crichton for the Monty-Pythonesque, farcical caper comedy A Fish Called Wanda (with three nominations: Crichton's two nominations for Best Director and Best Original Screenplay - and one win for Best Supporting Actor), and Martin Scorsese for his controversial adaptation of Nikos Kazantzakis's novel The Last Temptation of Christ (the film's sole nomination!). [This was Crichton's sole directorial nomination in his over-four decades as director, and this was his last theatrical film directorial effort.]
It was highly improbable that either Crichton or Scorsese would win the Best Director award - as predicted, they didn't. [Only once in Academy history has a Best Director Oscar been awarded to a director whose film was not nominated for Best Picture - that happened to director Frank Lloyd for his film The Divine Lady (1928-9).]
Dustin Hoffman (with his sixth nomination) won his second Oscar for his role as the institutionalized, ultimately loveable, autistic idiot savant Raymond ('Ray(n)' 'Man(d)') Babbitt who is kidnapped by his ambitious brother Charlie Babbitt (Tom Cruise) and taken on a cross-country trip in Rain Man. In one memorable scene, Raymond nervously told his brother that he might miss his favorite TV program (The People's Court): "Uh, oh, 12 minutes to Wapner."
The other Best Actor nominees were:
Gene Hackman (with his fourth nomination) as in-your-face FBI investigating agent Rupert Anderson in Mississippi Burning
Tom Hanks (with his first nomination) as body-switched Josh Baskin, a thirteen year old in a 35 year old body in the charming, soul-transference fantasy comedy directed by Penny Marshall Big (with two nominations and no wins)
Mexican-American Edward James Olmos (with his first nomination) as inner-city high school math teacher Jaime Escalante in director Ramon Menendez' true-life story Stand and Deliver
distinguished actor Max von Sydow (with his first nomination) as a Swedish widower in director Bille August's Swedish drama Pelle the Conqueror
26 year old Jodie Foster (with her second nomination) won her first Oscar, the Best Actress award for her performance as blue-collar, fast-food waitress Sarah Tobias, who is a gang-rape victim (in a road-side bar) accused of prompting her brutal assault because of her provocative demeanor and dress in director Jonathan Kaplan's courtroom drama The Accused (the film's sole nomination).
The other Best Actress nominees were:
Glenn Close (with her fifth unsuccessful nomination) as wagering, pre-Revolutionary French aristocrat Marquise de Merteuil in a game of sexual seduction/conquest in Dangerous Liaisons
Melanie Griffith (with her first nomination) as a victimized Staten Island brokerage firm secretary Tess McGill in Working Girl
Meryl Streep (with her eighth nomination, and her sixth Best Actress nomination in the 80s) as Lindy Chamberlain, an unappealing, defiant Australian Seventh Day Adventist mother of a wild dog-kidnapped baby girl who is held responsible for the child's death in director Fred Schepisi's semi-true story, A Cry in the Dark (the film's sole nomination)
Sigourney Weaver as controversial hermit Dian Fossey - a crusading, heroic, mountain-gorilla, anthropology expert in the Rwandan rain forest in director Michael Apted's biopic Gorillas in the Mist (with five nominations and no wins)
[Double-nominee Weaver was nominated for two simultaneous awards in 1988 - her second and third career nominations. She became the first performer in Oscar history to receive simultaneous nominations in two acting categories and lose both awards. Her failing 'accomplishment' was repeated by actress Emma Thompson in 1993.]
Kevin Kline (with his first nomination), in the first surprise upset in the supporting categories, won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his performance as ex-CIA assassin and ne'er-do-well jewel thief Otto, the crazy boyfriend of seductress thief Wanda (Jamie Lee Curtis) who wants a repressed English lawyer (John Cleese) to offer bail to a fellow jewel thief in the unlikely comedy A Fish Called Wanda.
Other Best Supporting Actor nominees were:
Alec Guinness (with his fourth and last career nomination for acting) for his role as William Dorritt in director/screenwriter Christine Edzard's screen adaptation of Charles Dickens' little-read novel Little Dorritt - Guinness was a veteran Dickens actor who had performed in Great Expectations (1946), played the role of Fagin in David Lean's Oliver Twist (1948), and also acted in Scrooge (1970). Guinness had four acting nominations in his entire career: in 1952 (Best Actor for The Lavender Hill Mob (1952)), 1957 (Best Actor for
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) - his only win), 1977 (Best Supporting Actor for Star Wars (1977) ), and in this year. He was also nominated, his fifth, for Best Adapted Screenplay for The Horse's Mouth (1958).
favored nominee Martin Landau (with his first nomination) as Abe Karatz, the partner of inventive automaker Tucker in director Francis Ford Coppola's Tucker: the Man and His Dream (with three nominations and no wins)
young River Phoenix (with his first nomination) as Danny Pope, the son of fugitive parents in director Sidney Lumet's Running on Empty
Dean Stockwell (with his first nomination) as womanizing Mafia don Tony "The Tiger" Russo in director Jonathan Demme's comedy Married to the Mob (the film's sole nomination)
Geena Davis (with her first nomination), in a surprise upset, won the Best Supporting Actress award for her (lead!) role as eccentric and wacky divorcee (and Corgi dog-trainer) Muriel Pritchett who is interested in a married travel guide writer (William Hurt) with an estranged wife (Kathleen Turner) in The Accidental Tourist.
Two Best Supporting Actress nominees were co-stars from Working Girl:
Joan Cusack (with her first nomination) as Cyn
Sigourney Weaver (with her second/third nomination) as brokerage firm executive Katharine Parker
The remaining nominees were Frances McDormand (with her first nomination) as conflicted Ku Klux Klan member's wife Mrs. Pell, one of the townsfolk in Mississippi Burning, and Michelle Pfeiffer (with her first nomination) as the reserved, convent-bred Madame de Tourvel in Dangerous Liaisons.
This year had one of the most potent Best Foreign Language Film competitions in recent years. Bille August's Swedish film Pelle the Conqueror, starring Best Actor-nominated Sydow, defeated two other strong candidates among the field of four: Pedro Almodóvar's popular Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (its sole nomination) and Mira Nair's Indian expose Salaam Bombay! (its sole nomination).
Oscar Snubs and Omissions:
Although the technically-outstanding Who Framed Roger Rabbit (with six nominations) was missing from the Best Picture nominees, it tied Best Picture-winning Rain Man, if one counts a Special Achievement Award, with four Oscar wins: Best Film Editing, Best Sound Effects Editing, Best Visual Effects, and a special recognition for animator Richard Williams.
Two directors who should have been nominated, but weren't, were Penny Marshall for Big, and Jonathan Demme for Married to the Mob. A World Apart, Chris Menges' feature film directorial debut about apartheid set in early 1960s South Africa (with Barbara Hershey as journalist Diana Roth) wasn't even nominated in 1988. Neither was Michael Apted nominated as Best Director for Gorillas in the Mist.
Other remarkable performances without nominations included the following:
Kevin Costner as veteran ball-player catcher "Crash" Davis and Susan Sarandon as sexy sports "Church of Baseball" groupie Southerner Annie Savoy in writer/director Ron Shelton's minor league baseball adult romantic comedy Bull Durham (with one unsuccessful nomination for Best Original Screenplay)
Harrison Ford's first light comedy lead role as the charming but wary businessman Jack Trainer in Working Girl
Michael Keaton as the ghostly Beetlejuice in Tim Burton's Beetlejuice
Michael Palin as stuttering mob hitman Ken in A Fish Called Wanda
Leslie Nielsen as the incredibly funny, bumbling Lt. Frank Drebin in David Zucker's The Naked Gun (1988) - a feature length version of the TV show Police Squad
black actor Forest Whitaker as legendary saxophonist Charlie "Bird" Parker in director Clint Eastwood's Bird
Tom Cruise as Dustin Hoffman's self-centered, fast-talking hustling brother Charlie Babbitt in Rain Man
Tom Hulce as brain-damaged Dominick/Nicky in Robert M. Young's touching film about fraternal twin brothers named Dominick and Eugene
Sally Field as housewife and aspiring comedienne Lilah Krytsick in Punchline
William Hurt as distant travel guide writer Macon Leary in The Accidental Tourist
John Malkovich as sexually-seductive Vicomte de Valmont in the acclaimed Dangerous Liaisons
Eric Bogosian as acidic radio host Barry Champlain, and his tortured ex-wife Ellen (Ellen Greene) in Oliver Stone's Talk Radio (unnominated in any category)
Drag queen Divine (Glenn Milstead) in a dual role (one male, one female) in John Waters' cult movie Hairspray as frumpy mother Edna Turnblad and racist sponsor Arvin Hodgepile
Alan Rickman as the terrorizing German villain Hans Gruber in the exciting action film Die Hard
Jack Palance as bandanna-wearing artist Rudi Cox, and the two female leads: Marianne Sagebrecht as desert-stranded Bavarian tourist Jasmin Munchgstettner and C.C.H. Pounder as abandoned wife Brenda in director Percy Adlon's first English language film - the offbeat comedy/drama Bagdad Cafe (with one unsuccessful nomination for Best Song, "Calling You")
Gena Rowlands as self-probing college professor Marion Post, and Sandy Dennis as her slighted friend in writer/director Woody Allen's Another Woman
Jeremy Irons in two roles as Beverly and Elliot Mantle - identical twin gynecologists in director/co-writer David Cronenberg's creepy and violent Dead Ringers
| Melanie Griffith |
Which Rock star joined Mel Gibson in the film 'Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome'? | 1988 Academy Awards® Winners and History
Working Girl (1988)
Actor:
DUSTIN HOFFMAN in "Rain Man", Gene Hackman in "Mississippi Burning", Tom Hanks in "Big", Edward James Olmos in "Stand and Deliver", Max von Sydow in "Pelle the Conqueror"
Actress:
JODIE FOSTER in "The Accused", Glenn Close in "Dangerous Liaisons", Melanie Griffith in "Working Girl", Meryl Streep in "A Cry in the Dark", Sigourney Weaver in "Gorillas in the Mist"
Supporting Actor:
KEVIN KLINE in "A Fish Called Wanda", Alec Guinness in "Little Dorritt", Martin Landau in "Tucker: the Man and His Dream", River Phoenix in "Running on Empty", Dean Stockwell in "Married to the Mob"
Supporting Actress:
GEENA DAVIS in "The Accidental Tourist", Joan Cusack in "Working Girl", Frances McDormand in "Mississippi Burning", Michelle Pfeiffer in "Dangerous Liaisons", Sigourney Weaver in "Working Girl"
Director:
BARRY LEVINSON for "Rain Man", Charles Crichton for "A Fish Called Wanda", Mike Nichols for "Working Girl", Alan Parker for "Mississippi Burning", Martin Scorsese for "The Last Temptation of Christ"
Beginning this year, the trademark phrase: "and the winner is..." was substituted with "and the Oscar goes to..."
Director Barry Levinson's critically and financially-successful Rain Man was the major Oscar winner in 1988. It was the buddy-road saga of the human relationship that gradually develops between two sibling brothers: the elder one a TV-obsessed, institutionalized adult autistic (Hoffman), the other an ambitious, hotshot money-maker/car salesman and hustler (Cruise). The autistic savant's kidnapping from an asylum by his fast-talking brother is with the intent to swindle him of his inheritance, but during a cross-country road trip, a loving relationship develops between the brothers with strong blood ties.
Rain Man had a total of eight nominations and four wins - for Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Director, and Best Original Screenplay (by Ronald Bass and Barry Morrow). It was the year's highest-grossing picture as well, taking in $173 million (domestic).
The other Best Picture nominees included the following:
director Lawrence Kasdan's adaptation of Anne Tyler's novel, the psychological drama The Accidental Tourist (with four nominations and one win - Best Supporting Actress), with two co-stars - Kathleen Turner and William Hurt - that Kasdan had teamed together in an earlier film - Body Heat (1981)
British director Steven Frears' first American feature film, the lush, pre-Revolutionary France costume drama of competitive sexual seduction Dangerous Liaisons (with seven nominations and three wins - Best Screenplay, Best Art/Set Direction, and Best Costume Design)
director Alan Parker's propagandist account of the investigation of the disappearance of three civil rights activists in 1964 in the social drama Mississippi Burning (with seven nominations and only one win - Best Cinematography)
director Mike Nichols' sophisticated romantic comedy about 80s corporate ladder-climbing and office politics in Working Girl (with six nominations and one win - Best Song by Carly Simon: "Let the River Run")
Two of the five directors of Best Picture nominees were not included in the list of Best Director nominees. The two directors were Steven Frears' Dangerous Liaisons, and Lawrence Kasdan's The Accidental Tourist. The two directors substituted for them were British director Charles Crichton for the Monty-Pythonesque, farcical caper comedy A Fish Called Wanda (with three nominations: Crichton's two nominations for Best Director and Best Original Screenplay - and one win for Best Supporting Actor), and Martin Scorsese for his controversial adaptation of Nikos Kazantzakis's novel The Last Temptation of Christ (the film's sole nomination!). [This was Crichton's sole directorial nomination in his over-four decades as director, and this was his last theatrical film directorial effort.]
It was highly improbable that either Crichton or Scorsese would win the Best Director award - as predicted, they didn't. [Only once in Academy history has a Best Director Oscar been awarded to a director whose film was not nominated for Best Picture - that happened to director Frank Lloyd for his film The Divine Lady (1928-9).]
Dustin Hoffman (with his sixth nomination) won his second Oscar for his role as the institutionalized, ultimately loveable, autistic idiot savant Raymond ('Ray(n)' 'Man(d)') Babbitt who is kidnapped by his ambitious brother Charlie Babbitt (Tom Cruise) and taken on a cross-country trip in Rain Man. In one memorable scene, Raymond nervously told his brother that he might miss his favorite TV program (The People's Court): "Uh, oh, 12 minutes to Wapner."
The other Best Actor nominees were:
Gene Hackman (with his fourth nomination) as in-your-face FBI investigating agent Rupert Anderson in Mississippi Burning
Tom Hanks (with his first nomination) as body-switched Josh Baskin, a thirteen year old in a 35 year old body in the charming, soul-transference fantasy comedy directed by Penny Marshall Big (with two nominations and no wins)
Mexican-American Edward James Olmos (with his first nomination) as inner-city high school math teacher Jaime Escalante in director Ramon Menendez' true-life story Stand and Deliver
distinguished actor Max von Sydow (with his first nomination) as a Swedish widower in director Bille August's Swedish drama Pelle the Conqueror
26 year old Jodie Foster (with her second nomination) won her first Oscar, the Best Actress award for her performance as blue-collar, fast-food waitress Sarah Tobias, who is a gang-rape victim (in a road-side bar) accused of prompting her brutal assault because of her provocative demeanor and dress in director Jonathan Kaplan's courtroom drama The Accused (the film's sole nomination).
The other Best Actress nominees were:
Glenn Close (with her fifth unsuccessful nomination) as wagering, pre-Revolutionary French aristocrat Marquise de Merteuil in a game of sexual seduction/conquest in Dangerous Liaisons
Melanie Griffith (with her first nomination) as a victimized Staten Island brokerage firm secretary Tess McGill in Working Girl
Meryl Streep (with her eighth nomination, and her sixth Best Actress nomination in the 80s) as Lindy Chamberlain, an unappealing, defiant Australian Seventh Day Adventist mother of a wild dog-kidnapped baby girl who is held responsible for the child's death in director Fred Schepisi's semi-true story, A Cry in the Dark (the film's sole nomination)
Sigourney Weaver as controversial hermit Dian Fossey - a crusading, heroic, mountain-gorilla, anthropology expert in the Rwandan rain forest in director Michael Apted's biopic Gorillas in the Mist (with five nominations and no wins)
[Double-nominee Weaver was nominated for two simultaneous awards in 1988 - her second and third career nominations. She became the first performer in Oscar history to receive simultaneous nominations in two acting categories and lose both awards. Her failing 'accomplishment' was repeated by actress Emma Thompson in 1993.]
Kevin Kline (with his first nomination), in the first surprise upset in the supporting categories, won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his performance as ex-CIA assassin and ne'er-do-well jewel thief Otto, the crazy boyfriend of seductress thief Wanda (Jamie Lee Curtis) who wants a repressed English lawyer (John Cleese) to offer bail to a fellow jewel thief in the unlikely comedy A Fish Called Wanda.
Other Best Supporting Actor nominees were:
Alec Guinness (with his fourth and last career nomination for acting) for his role as William Dorritt in director/screenwriter Christine Edzard's screen adaptation of Charles Dickens' little-read novel Little Dorritt - Guinness was a veteran Dickens actor who had performed in Great Expectations (1946), played the role of Fagin in David Lean's Oliver Twist (1948), and also acted in Scrooge (1970). Guinness had four acting nominations in his entire career: in 1952 (Best Actor for The Lavender Hill Mob (1952)), 1957 (Best Actor for
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) - his only win), 1977 (Best Supporting Actor for Star Wars (1977) ), and in this year. He was also nominated, his fifth, for Best Adapted Screenplay for The Horse's Mouth (1958).
favored nominee Martin Landau (with his first nomination) as Abe Karatz, the partner of inventive automaker Tucker in director Francis Ford Coppola's Tucker: the Man and His Dream (with three nominations and no wins)
young River Phoenix (with his first nomination) as Danny Pope, the son of fugitive parents in director Sidney Lumet's Running on Empty
Dean Stockwell (with his first nomination) as womanizing Mafia don Tony "The Tiger" Russo in director Jonathan Demme's comedy Married to the Mob (the film's sole nomination)
Geena Davis (with her first nomination), in a surprise upset, won the Best Supporting Actress award for her (lead!) role as eccentric and wacky divorcee (and Corgi dog-trainer) Muriel Pritchett who is interested in a married travel guide writer (William Hurt) with an estranged wife (Kathleen Turner) in The Accidental Tourist.
Two Best Supporting Actress nominees were co-stars from Working Girl:
Joan Cusack (with her first nomination) as Cyn
Sigourney Weaver (with her second/third nomination) as brokerage firm executive Katharine Parker
The remaining nominees were Frances McDormand (with her first nomination) as conflicted Ku Klux Klan member's wife Mrs. Pell, one of the townsfolk in Mississippi Burning, and Michelle Pfeiffer (with her first nomination) as the reserved, convent-bred Madame de Tourvel in Dangerous Liaisons.
This year had one of the most potent Best Foreign Language Film competitions in recent years. Bille August's Swedish film Pelle the Conqueror, starring Best Actor-nominated Sydow, defeated two other strong candidates among the field of four: Pedro Almodóvar's popular Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (its sole nomination) and Mira Nair's Indian expose Salaam Bombay! (its sole nomination).
Oscar Snubs and Omissions:
Although the technically-outstanding Who Framed Roger Rabbit (with six nominations) was missing from the Best Picture nominees, it tied Best Picture-winning Rain Man, if one counts a Special Achievement Award, with four Oscar wins: Best Film Editing, Best Sound Effects Editing, Best Visual Effects, and a special recognition for animator Richard Williams.
Two directors who should have been nominated, but weren't, were Penny Marshall for Big, and Jonathan Demme for Married to the Mob. A World Apart, Chris Menges' feature film directorial debut about apartheid set in early 1960s South Africa (with Barbara Hershey as journalist Diana Roth) wasn't even nominated in 1988. Neither was Michael Apted nominated as Best Director for Gorillas in the Mist.
Other remarkable performances without nominations included the following:
Kevin Costner as veteran ball-player catcher "Crash" Davis and Susan Sarandon as sexy sports "Church of Baseball" groupie Southerner Annie Savoy in writer/director Ron Shelton's minor league baseball adult romantic comedy Bull Durham (with one unsuccessful nomination for Best Original Screenplay)
Harrison Ford's first light comedy lead role as the charming but wary businessman Jack Trainer in Working Girl
Michael Keaton as the ghostly Beetlejuice in Tim Burton's Beetlejuice
Michael Palin as stuttering mob hitman Ken in A Fish Called Wanda
Leslie Nielsen as the incredibly funny, bumbling Lt. Frank Drebin in David Zucker's The Naked Gun (1988) - a feature length version of the TV show Police Squad
black actor Forest Whitaker as legendary saxophonist Charlie "Bird" Parker in director Clint Eastwood's Bird
Tom Cruise as Dustin Hoffman's self-centered, fast-talking hustling brother Charlie Babbitt in Rain Man
Tom Hulce as brain-damaged Dominick/Nicky in Robert M. Young's touching film about fraternal twin brothers named Dominick and Eugene
Sally Field as housewife and aspiring comedienne Lilah Krytsick in Punchline
William Hurt as distant travel guide writer Macon Leary in The Accidental Tourist
John Malkovich as sexually-seductive Vicomte de Valmont in the acclaimed Dangerous Liaisons
Eric Bogosian as acidic radio host Barry Champlain, and his tortured ex-wife Ellen (Ellen Greene) in Oliver Stone's Talk Radio (unnominated in any category)
Drag queen Divine (Glenn Milstead) in a dual role (one male, one female) in John Waters' cult movie Hairspray as frumpy mother Edna Turnblad and racist sponsor Arvin Hodgepile
Alan Rickman as the terrorizing German villain Hans Gruber in the exciting action film Die Hard
Jack Palance as bandanna-wearing artist Rudi Cox, and the two female leads: Marianne Sagebrecht as desert-stranded Bavarian tourist Jasmin Munchgstettner and C.C.H. Pounder as abandoned wife Brenda in director Percy Adlon's first English language film - the offbeat comedy/drama Bagdad Cafe (with one unsuccessful nomination for Best Song, "Calling You")
Gena Rowlands as self-probing college professor Marion Post, and Sandy Dennis as her slighted friend in writer/director Woody Allen's Another Woman
Jeremy Irons in two roles as Beverly and Elliot Mantle - identical twin gynecologists in director/co-writer David Cronenberg's creepy and violent Dead Ringers
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Who played Batman in the 1966 movie, Batman? | Batman: The Movie (1966) - IMDb
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The Dynamic Duo faces four supervillains who plan to hold the world for ransom with the help of a secret invention that instantly dehydrates people.
Director:
Bob Kane (character created by: Batman), Lorenzo Semple Jr.
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The Caped Crusader battles evildoers in Gotham City in a bombastic 1960s parody of the comic book hero's exploits.
Stars: Adam West, Burt Ward, Alan Napier
The Dynamic Duo battles crime in Gotham City.
Stars: Casey Kasem, Ted Knight, Olan Soule
Directors: Eric Radomski, Bruce Timm, and 4 more credits »
Stars: Kevin Conroy, Dana Delany, Hart Bochner
The Man of Steel fights crime with help from his friends at the Daily Planet.
Stars: George Reeves, Noel Neill, John Hamilton
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Storyline
The arch-villains of the United Underworld - the Joker, the Penguin, the Riddler and the Catwoman - combine forces to dispose of Batman and Robin as they launch their fantastic plot to control the entire world. From his submarine, Penguin and his cohorts hijack a yacht containing a dehydrator, which can extract all moisture from humans and reduce them to particles of dust. The evildoers turn the nine Security Council members in the United World Building into nine vials of multicolored crystals! Batman and Robin track the villains in their Batboat and use Batcharge missiles to force the submarine to surface. Written by Aaron Handy III <[email protected]>
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Taglines:
FOR THE FIRST TIME ON THE MOTION PICTURE SCREEN IN COLOR! Adam West as Batman and Burt Ward as Robin together with all their fantastic derring-do and their dastardly villains, too! See more »
Genres:
26 October 1966 (Italy) See more »
Also Known As:
Batman: The Movie See more »
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Did You Know?
Trivia
In Spain wasn't a theatrical release until 1979, 13 years later. Also was a re-release in 2015 only in Barcelona (Phenomena) for 2 days in subtitled version. See more »
Goofs
As the Batcopter approaches a yacht, Robin takes a device to get a bearing on the vessel, in the interior copter scenes. But in exterior shots during the same sequence, Robin is obviously not holding the device. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
Narrator : This yacht is bringing a revolutionary scientific invention to Gotham City. On a peaceful afternoon motor ride, millionaire Bruce Wayne and his youthful ward Dick Grayson have been summoned back to Wayne Manor by an urgent but anonymous call for help; the invention *and* its custodian are reported in grave danger aboard the yacht! Never ones to shirk responsibility, Bruce and Dick, with characteristic speed and resolve, descend promptly into The Batcave, and then, as they have done...
The film ends with THE END, then it suddenly changes to THE LIVING END.....? See more »
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A wise man once said "The 60s Batman movie is the greatest ever." I should know, because I was that wise man.
OK, it might not be the greatest movie, but it is one of the awesomest movies ever. Only in 'Batman' could intelligent writers come up with some of the most illogical situations and cheesiest dialog committed to screen.
A Yacht disappears in Gotham Harbour ("How can a yacht simply disappear... unless, it was never really there!"). On board was a 'superdehydrator', a machine that can extract the moisture from any living being, and in of the most logical displays of logic ever, Batman and friends logically come to the (correct) conclusion that the culprits are the combined forces of Penguin, Joker, the Riddler and Catwoman, apparently intent on world domination.
'Batman is scene-after-scene of pure brilliance - great situations, and the greatest dialog ever. 'Batman' is very funny, but only if you appreciate and enjoy the style, otherwise you will hate it. But only those who lack a sense of awesomeness would not like it, and who is really so un-awesome, that they can't even find the captioned fights just that little bit amusing?
8/10 - Awesome, simply awesome
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More than 50% of all men on Corfu have which first name? | Actors Who Have Played Batman
Actors Who Have Played Batman
Batman has been played by many over the years. This About.com video catches you up on all the famous actors who have put on the famous black cape. Show transcript Hide transcript
Transcript: Actors Who Have Played Batman
Hi, I'm Christian Bryant and today we're here to talk about the actors who have played Batman.
Overview of Actors Who Have Played Batman
Batman is a fictional comic book character created by DC comics in 1939, with the first full length adaption of the character premiering in 1966. The film series has spawned 8 full length movies directed by four different directors and starring five different actors as Batman.
Adam West in Batman
TV actor Adam West was the first actor to portray Batman on screen in 1966 film Batman. The film is an adaptation of the hit 60's TV series that starred West and was directed by Leslie Martinson. The film surrounds Batman taking on villains The Joker, Penguin, The Riddler and Catwoman.
Michael Keaton in Batman
The Batman franchise was reignited in 1989 by Warner Bros. who purchased the film rights to Batman. Tim Burton signed on as director and cast Michael Keaton, who starred in 1989's Batman and 1992's Batman Returns. Despite escalating budgets, both films were a commercial success for Warner Bros and received positive reviews.
Val Kilmer in Batman
Tim Burton choose not to continue as director of Warner Bros. franchise, so Joel Schumacher was chosen to direct 1995's Batman Forever. Warner Bros. made the decision to install a new director for the series as they felt Batman would become more commercially successful if it was designed as a family film. Michael Keaton was reportedly unhappy with the new direction the series was taking, so opted not to stay on as Batman. Instead, Val Kilmer was cast for the role of Batman.
George Clooney in Batman
George Clooney became the next star to play Batman in 1997 for Batman & Robin. The film also saw Chris O'Donnell reprising his role as Robin and Uma Thurman and Arnold Schwarzenegger playing Batman's enemies. Despite some commercial success, the film was heavily criticized for taking an extremely light hearted approach. After the film, Clooney himself reportedly said “I think we may have killed the franchise” and called it a waste of money.
Christian Bale in Batman
The franchise was rebooted in 2003, when Warner Bros. hired director Christopher Nolan to direct Batman Begins. Nolan considered Jake Gyllenhaal and Heath Ledger, but eventually settled on Christian Bale for the role of Batman. This Batman movie retold Batman's origin story, this time with a darker and much more serious tone compared with previous installments. Bale reprised his role of Batman for 2008's ‘The Dark Knight' and 2012's ‘The Dark Knight Rises'. Both Dark Knight films were enormous successes for Nolan and Warner Bros. grossing more than 1 billion dollars each along with extremely positive reviews.
...And that's your overview of actors who have played Batman. For more information, go to About.com.
About videos are made available on an "as is" basis, subject to the Terms of Use .
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Born on the 21st July 1899, who wrote the novel 'A Farewell To Arms'? | Summary/Reviews: Ernest Hemingway's A farewell to arms /
Ernest Hemingway's A farewell to arms /
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SUMMARY
-- Presents the most important 20th-century criticism on major works from The Odyssey through modern literature -- The critical essays reflect a variety of schools of criticism -- Contains critical biographies, notes on the contributing critics, a chronology of the author's life, and an index
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Novel as Pure Poetry
p. 9
Tragic Form in a Farewell to Arms
p. 25
A Farewell to Arms: a Dream Book
p. 33
The Sense of an Ending in a Farewell to Arms
p. 77
Frederic Henry's Escape and the Pose of Passivity
p. 97
Catherine Barkley and the Hemingway Code: Ritual and Survival in a Farewell to Arms
p. 131
p. 159
AUTHOR NOTES
Ernest Miller Hemingway was born in the family home in Oak Park, Ill., on July 21, 1899. In high school, Hemingway enjoyed working on The Trapeze, his school newspaper, where he wrote his first articles. Upon graduation in the spring of 1917, Hemingway took a job as a cub reporter for the Kansas City Star.
After a short stint in the U.S. Army as a volunteer Red Cross ambulance driver in Italy, Hemingway moved to Paris, and it was here that Hemingway began his well-documented career as a novelist. Hemingway's first collection of short stories and vignettes, entitled In Our Time, was published in 1925. His first major novel, The Sun Also Rises, the story of American and English expatriates in Paris and on excursion to Pamplona, immediately established him as one of the great prose stylists and preeminent writers of his time. In this book, Hemingway quotes Gertrude Stein, "You are all a lost generation," thereby labeling himself and other expatriate writers, including F. Scott Fitzgerald, T.S. Eliot, and Ford Madox Ford.
Other novels written by Hemingway include: A Farewell To Arms, the story, based in part on Hemingway's life, of an American ambulance driver on the Italian front and his passion for a beautiful English nurse; For Whom the Bell Tolls, the story of an American who fought, loved, and died with the guerrillas in the mountains of Spain; and To Have and Have Not, about an honest man forced into running contraband between Cuba and Key West. Non-fiction includes Green Hills of Africa, Hemingway's lyrical journal of a month on safari in East Africa; and A Moveable Feast, his recollections of Paris in the Roaring 20s. In 1954, Hemingway won the Nobel Prize in Literature for his novella, The Old Man and the Sea.
A year after being hospitalized for uncontrolled high blood pressure, liver disease, diabetes, and depression, Hemingway committed suicide on July 2, 1961, in Ketchum, Idaho.
(Bowker Author Biography) Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. He is one of the towering authors of the twentieth century.
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| Ernest Hemingway |
Which American gangster was said to have been shot by FBI agents outside a Chicago cinema on July 22nd 1934? | Ernest Hemingway - Biographical
Ernest Hemingway
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954
Ernest Hemingway
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Ernest Hemingway - Biographical
Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), born in Oak Park, Illinois, started his career as a writer in a newspaper office in Kansas City at the age of seventeen. After the United States entered the First World War, he joined a volunteer ambulance unit in the Italian army. Serving at the front, he was wounded, was decorated by the Italian Government, and spent considerable time in hospitals. After his return to the United States, he became a reporter for Canadian and American newspapers and was soon sent back to Europe to cover such events as the Greek Revolution.
During the twenties, Hemingway became a member of the group of expatriate Americans in Paris, which he described in his first important work, The Sun Also Rises (1926). Equally successful was A Farewell to Arms (1929), the study of an American ambulance officer's disillusionment in the war and his role as a deserter. Hemingway used his experiences as a reporter during the civil war in Spain as the background for his most ambitious novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940). Among his later works, the most outstanding is the short novel, The Old Man and the Sea (1952), the story of an old fisherman's journey, his long and lonely struggle with a fish and the sea, and his victory in defeat.
Hemingway - himself a great sportsman - liked to portray soldiers, hunters, bullfighters - tough, at times primitive people whose courage and honesty are set against the brutal ways of modern society, and who in this confrontation lose hope and faith. His straightforward prose, his spare dialogue, and his predilection for understatement are particularly effective in his short stories, some of which are collected in Men Without Women (1927) and The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories (1938). Hemingway died in Idaho in 1961.
From Nobel Lectures , Literature 1901-1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1969
This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel . It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures . To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.
Selected Bibliography
Baker, Carlos. Hemingway: The Writer as Artist. Fourth edition, Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, 1972.
Bruccoli, Matthew J. (Ed.). Ernest Hemingway's apprenticeship: Oak Park, 1916-1917. NCR Microcard Editions: Washington, D.C., 1971.
Bruccoli, Matthew J., and Robert W. Trogdon (Eds.). The Only Thing That Counts: The Ernest Hemingway-Maxwell Perkins Correspondence 1925-1947. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1996.
Clifford, Stephen P. Beyond the Heroic "I": Reading Lawrence, Hemingway, and "masculinity". Bucknell Univ. Press: Cranbury, NJ, 1999.
Hemingway, Ernest. By-Line: Ernest Hemingway. Selected articles and dispatches of four decades. Edited by William White, with commentaries by Philip Young. Collins: London, 1968.
- Complete poems. Edited with an introduction and notes by Nicholas Gerogiannis. Rev. ed., University of Nebraska Press: Lincoln, 1992.
- The Complete Short Stories. The Finca Vigía ed. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1998.
- Death in the Afternoon. Jonathan Cape: London, 1932.
- Ernest Hemingway: Selected Letters, 1917-1961. Ed. Carlos Baker. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1981.
- A Farewell to Arms. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1929.
- Fiesta. Jonathan Cape: London, 1927.
- For Whom the Bell Tolls. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York 1940.
- The Garden of Eden. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1986.
- Green Hills of Africa. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York 1935.
- In Our Time. Boni and Liveright: New York, 1925.
- Islands in the Stream. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1970.
- A Moveable Feast. Jonathan Cape: London, 1964.
- The Nick Adams Stories. Preface by Philip Young. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1972.
- The Old Man and the Sea. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1952.
- Selected Letters 1917-1961. Ed. Carlos Baker. Panther Books/Granada Publishing: London 1985(1981).
- The Snows of Kilimanjaro and other stories, Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1961.
- The Sun also rises. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1928(1926).
- The Torrents of Spring: A Romantic Novel in Honor of the Passing of a Great Race. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1926.
- Three Stories & Ten Poems: Ernest Hemingway's First Book. A facsimile of the original Paris Edition published in 1923. Bruccoli Clark Books: Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, 1977.
- True at First Light. Edited with an Introduction by Patrick Hemingway. Arrow Books/Random House: London 1999.
- Winner Take Nothing. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1933.
Josephs, Allen. For Whom the Bell Tolls: Ernest Hemingway's Undiscovered Country. Twayne: New York, 1994.
Lacasse, Rodolphe. Hemingway et Malraux: destins de l'homme. Profils; 6, Montréal 1972.
Lynn. Kenneth S. Hemingway. Simon and Schuster: London, 1987.
Mandel, Miriam. Reading Hemingway: The Facts in the Fictions. Scarecrow Press: Metuchen, NJ and London, 1995.
Meyers, Jeffrey. Hemingway: A Biography. New York, 1985 (Macmillan: London, 1986 (Harper & Row: New York 1985).
Nelson, Gerald B. & Glory Jones. Hemingway: Life and Works. Facts On File Publications: New York, 1984.
Palin, Michael. Hemingway's Travels. Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London, 1999.
Phillips, Larry W (Ed). Ernest Hemingway on Writing. Grafton Books: London, 1986 (1984).
Reynolds, Michael S. Hemingway: an Annotated Chronology: an Outline of the Author's Life and Career Detailing Significant Events, Friendships, Travels, and Achievements. Omni chronology series, 1 Omnigraphics, Inc: Detroit, MI, 1991.
Reynolds, Michael S. Hemingway: The Final Years. W.W. Norton: New York 1999.
Reynolds, Michael S. Hemingway: the Homecoming. W.W. Norton: New York, 1999.
Reynolds, Michael S. Hemingway: the Paris years. W.W. Norton: New York 1999.
Reynolds, Michael S. The Young Hemingway. W.W. Norton: New York, 1998.
Reynolds, Michael S. Hemingway's First War: The Making of A Farewell to Arms. Basil Blackwell: New York and Oxford, 1987 (Princeton U.P. 1976).
Trogdon, Robert W. (Ed.). Ernest Hemingway: A Documentary Volume. In: Dictionary of Literary Biography (series) Vol. 210. Gale Research Inc.: Detroit, Michigan, 1999.
Wagner-Martin, Linda (Ed.). A Historical Guide to Ernest Hemingway. Oxford University Press: New York and Oxford, 2000
The John F. Kennedy Library in Boston, Massachusetts, has an extensive collection of books and manuscripts, and holds more than 10,000 photos of Ernest Hemingway.
Ernest Hemingway died on July 2, 1961.
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He was born in 1913 and was Labour Party Leader from: 1980 - 1983. Who was he? | Michael Foot | British politician | Britannica.com
British politician
Alternative Title: Michael Mackintosh Foot
Michael Foot
Sidney Webb
Michael Foot, in full Michael Mackintosh Foot (born July 23, 1913, Plymouth , Devon , Eng.—died March 3, 2010, Hampstead, London), leader of Britain’s Labour Party from November 1980 to October 1983 and an intellectual left-wing socialist.
Foot was a member of a strongly Liberal family (his father had been a member of Parliament). He attended Wadham College, Oxford, and then began a career as a newspaper editor and columnist (1937–74). The mass unemployment of the 1930s turned him to socialism , and from 1945 to 1992, apart from a break between 1955 and 1960, he was a Labour member of Parliament. In 1974 he established himself as a leading member of Prime Minister Harold Wilson ’s cabinet, first as secretary of state for employment (1974–76) in charge of complex and controversial trade-union legislation and then (1976–79) as leader of the House of Commons , a role that required him to hold the parliamentary party together. From deputy leader of the Labour Party (1976–80), he rose to become the party’s chief, defeating Denis Healey , the candidate of Labour’s right wing, in November 1980 by a vote of 139 to 129. This vote, as well as other leftward trends in the party, caused some right-wing Labourites to resign from the party and four months later to found the Social Democratic Party . Following a disastrous showing in the June 1983 general election, Foot announced that he would not continue as party leader. Neil G. Kinnock succeeded him in October 1983.
Foot had acquired a reputation as a rebel of the left. For many years he was a pamphleteer and political writer, fervently espousing the cause of nuclear disarmament. He was a strong ally of the British trade unions and an advocate of sharply increased public expenditures and state ownership of industries. He wrote a number of books, including Aneurin Bevan, a Biography, 2 vol. (1962–73).
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| Michael Foot |
Who was he: First to swim the English Channel and later died attempting to swim across Niagara Falls? | Michael Foot facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Michael Foot
COPYRIGHT 2004 The Gale Group Inc.
Michael Foot
Michael Foot (born 1913) was a left-wing journalist, a British Labour Party member of Parliament, and leader of the Labour Party from 1980 to 1983.
Michael Foot was born on July 23, 1913, in Plymouth, England. His father, Isaac Foot (1880-1960), was a major figure in the radical wing of the Liberal Party and represented Bodmin (Cornwall) in Parliament from 1922 to 1924 and again from 1929 to 1935. A passionate bibliophile, he built up a collection of more than 60,000 books—an enthusiasm which his son inherited.
Foot was a physically active child despite recurring bouts of eczema and asthma. He attended Leighton Park, a public school founded by Quakers and marked by an internationalist and pacifist ethos. In 1931 he entered Oxford and soon gravitated toward the debating society or Union, as it was called, becoming its president in 1933. He voted with the majority in the famous 1933 resolution that "this House will in no circumstances fight for its King and Country."
Liberal Turns Labour
Foot's first venture into national journalism was a 1934 article for the News Chronicle of London entitled "Why I Am a Liberal." He argued that Liberalism was a bulwark against war and fascism and called for a Rooseveltian New Deal for Britain. But he was not destined to remain a Liberal much longer. In 1934 he took a job in Liverpool, where he was appalled by the poverty and unemployment he saw around him. As a result he joined the Labour Party and met, for the first time, Aneurin Bevan, whose close friend, coworker, and biographer he was later to become.
Foot fought his first parliamentary race in 1935, losing to a popular Conservative candidate at Monmouth. In 1937 he was adopted as the prospective Labour candidate for Plymouth Devenport. More immediately promising was the experience he was gaining in journalism. After short stints with the New Statesman and Tribune, Bevan was instrumental in finding him a job on the newspapers owned by Lord Beaverbrook. He worked for Beaverbrook from 1938 to 1944, rising to the acting editorship of the London Evening Standard in 1942. Under his guidance the paper moved sharply to the left.
The appearance of the book Guilty Men in 1940 made him notorious. Co-written by him under the pseudonym "Cato," Guilty Men was a slashing attack on the foreign and defense policies of the Conservative governments of the 1930s. A massive best-seller (by 1944 there were 43 printings), it became the leading anti-Tory critique of appeasement and stands as one of the great political tracts of 20th-century Britain and as a contributing factor to the Labour Party's victory in 1945.
Victory Over Tories
Foot won Plymouth Devenport in 1945, transforming a previous Tory majority of 11,000 into a Labour majority of 2,000. A back beach "loyal critic" of the government, he was the co-author of the 1947 pamphlet "Keep Left," which warned of the need for more rigorous socialist policies. In 1948 he became editor of Tribune and steered the editorial line toward support of Britain's entry into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and support for the United States in the Korean War.
During the 1950s Foot was a leading spokesperson for the left wing of the Labour Party. He attacked the 1951 Labour government's budget, which raised defense spending and imposed fees on drug prescriptions and eyeglasses. He opposed German rearmament, the British invasion of Suez in 1956, and the Labour leadership's defense policy, which conditionally tolerated British first use of nuclear weapons. These controversial stands helped cause his defeat in the elections of 1955 and 1959.
Foot was flabbergasted when in 1957 his political hero Aneurin Bevan abruptly announced that Britain must maintain its nuclear deterrent so as not to "appear naked in the conference chamber" in negotiations with the Soviet Union. However, friendly relations between the two men were re-established by 1959. On Bevan's death in 1960 Foot was selected as his successor for the South Wales coalmining constituency of Ebbw Vale. He won election by over 16,000 votes and still held the seat in 1985.
Foot welcomed the emergence of Harold Wilson as leader of the Labour Party in 1963 and gave critical support to the 1964-1970 Labour government from the back benches. As he saw it, the greatest need was to keep the Tories out, even though he viewed the government's record as a "bloody catastrophe." In 1969 he ran unsuccessfully against James Callaghan for the post of Labour Party treasurer.
Becomes Employment Secretary
In 1970 Foot substantially modified his political stance. Previously a back bench critic of the Labour leadership, he now sought and won election to the shadow cabinet. In 1972 Wilson promoted him to shadow leader of the House of Commons, and after Labour's victory in the 1974 general election he accepted the cabinet post of employment secretary.
Foot was a powerful figure in the 1974-1979 Labour government. As employment secretary he was responsible for the repeal of the Conservative Industrial Relations Act of 1972. As leader of the House of Commons from 1976 to 1979 he used his encyclopedic knowledge of parliamentary procedure to guide legislation through a House of Commons in which the government did not command a majority. His goal throughout was to keep Labour in office for as long as possible, and he accordingly advised Callaghan, to whom he had become increasingly close, not to hold a general election in the fall of 1978.
But not even Foot's parliamentary skills could save the government from losing a vote of confidence in March 1979, and in the ensuing election Labour suffered a stunning defeat. Following Callaghan's resignation as party leader, Foot won a bitterly-fought contest against Denis Healy in November 1980. Foot's election, along with sweeping constitutional changes in the party's method of electing the leader and reselecting members of Parliament, led the far right of the party to split from Labour to form the Social Democratic Party (S.D.P.) early in 1981.
Defeat for Labour
Foot led a deeply divided and demoralized party into the general election of 1983. The result was an utter debacle for Labour, which only narrowly edged out the S.D.P. for second place with 27.6 percent of the votes. It was Labour's worst showing since the 1920s. On June 13, 1983, Foot resigned as party leader.
Ten years later, looking back over Foot's career on the occasion of his 80th birthday in July 1993, journalist Ian Aitken, writing in New Statesman & Society, lamented what he called a betrayal of Foot. "His leadership had been held—often by people who ought to know better—to be the cause of the disasters that engulfed the Labour Party in the early years of Thatcherism, culminating in the election loss of 1983. Yet this is nonsense, and cruel nonsense at that. What doomed Foot's leadership … was, quite simply, betrayal—and betrayal by the very people he could have expected to support him as the most left-wing, democratically minded leader they have ever had, or were ever likely to have."
Soviet Ties Alleged
Foot was attacked in an early 1995 Sunday Times article that claimed he had taken money from the Soviet secret police in the 1960s to subsidize a weekly newspaper he helped to found in 1937. The story also appeared in The News of the World. Both papers were owned by media mogul Rupert Murdoch. The stories caused a turmoil on London's Fleet Street, and Foot sued Murdoch and the papers for libel. The News printed an apology, but the Times edited Foot's response to the story. Not surprisingly, Foot had strong feelings about Murdoch, which he revealed during an interview with Bill Jones, writing for New Statesman. "It is impossible to overrate the injurious effect he's (Murdoch) had, and it's sad the other papers are inclined to follow his lead rather than restore any decent standards in British journalism, though I exclude some from this—the Guardian and Observer and some sincere journalists on other papers."
In the same interview, Foot blamed England's Tory government for corruption he sees as pervasive in English government. "Most people outside the House (of Commons) now see it as a corrupt place and they're right—it is corrupt from top to bottom. I exonerate Labour from these charges. Yet the way money is distributed in the Commons, and the (House of) Lords too, let's not forget, is an absolute outrage."
As reported by the journalism of the day, Foot was viewed as largely ineffectual in his later years. Reviewer Steven Fielding, writing in the January 1996 issue of History Today on a biography of Foot by Mervyn Jones, noted the "very low-ebb" of Foot's reputation. "Few, even in the party he led during the early 1980s, would now publicly endorse any of his core beliefs. Foot is as Old Labor as you could possibly get."
Further Reading
Simon Hoggart and David Leigh, Michael Foot: A Portrait (London, 1981), is accurate and on the whole sympathetic. A bruising account of his role in Labour's 1983 defeat is offered in David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh, The British General Election of 1983 (London, 1984). The best approach, however, is through Foot's own writings. In addition to Guilty Men (London, 1940), the most important are The Pen and the Sword (London, 1957), Aneurin Bevan, 1897-1945 (London, 1962), Aneurin Bevan, 1945-1960 (London, 1973), and Debts of Honour (London, 1981). His side of the election of 1983 is presented in Another Heart and Other Pulses: the Alternative to the Thatcher Society (London, 1984).
Jones, Bill, "Interview: Michael Foot," New Statesman, January 10, 1997, v126, n4316, p. 30.
Aitken, Ian, "The Left's Betrayal of Michael Foot," New Statesman & Society, July 30, 1993, v6, n263, p. 9. □
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The Oxford Companion to British History
© The Oxford Companion to British History 2002, originally published by Oxford University Press 2002.
Foot, Michael (b. 1913). Deputy leader (1976–80) and leader (1980–3) of the Labour Party . A distinguished left-wing author and journalist, Foot, as editor and managing director of Tribune, was a leading Bevanite in the 1950s and after 1958 prominent in the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament . An MP from 1945, he accepted office for the first time as employment secretary 1974–6. Between 1976 and 1979 he was lord president of the council and leader of the House of Commons, before succeeding James Callaghan as party leader. He led a divided party however, and went down to humiliating defeat at the hands of Mrs Thatcher in 1983 on a manifesto described as ‘the longest suicide note in history’. Foot, co-author of a famous polemic (Guilty Men, 1940), biographer of Nye Bevan, littérateur, brilliant orator, and devotee of the House of Commons, was a much admired and respected figure both inside and outside the Labour movement.
Andrew Sanders
The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.
Copyright The Columbia University Press
Michael Foot, 1913–2010, British politician. He joined the Labour party in the 1930s, entered Parliament in 1945, and served there until 1992. An superb debater and orator, he became an eloquent spokesperson for Labour's radical left wing. Editor of the party organ, the Tribune, Foot served as secretary of state for employment (1974–75) and as leader of the House of Commons (1976–79). He was also a founder of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. He succeeded James Callaghan as Labour party leader (1980–83). Foot was unsuccessful in his attempt to maintain the party's traditional policies in the face of opposition from more conservative members, who broke away and formed (1981) the centrist Social Democratic party , and in 1983 he led the Labour party to one of its worst electoral defeats. He wrote a number of books, notably biographies of Aneurin Bevan, Harold Wilson, H. G. Wells, and Lord Byron.
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The FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) was founded in Washington DC in July of which year? | FBI founded - Jul 26, 1908 - HISTORY.com
FBI founded
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On July 26, 1908, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is born when U.S. Attorney General Charles Bonaparte orders a group of newly hired federal investigators to report to Chief Examiner Stanley W. Finch of the Department of Justice. One year later, the Office of the Chief Examiner was renamed the Bureau of Investigation, and in 1935 it became the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
When the Department of Justice was created in 1870 to enforce federal law and coordinate judicial policy, it had no permanent investigators on its staff. At first, it hired private detectives when it needed federal crimes investigated and later rented out investigators from other federal agencies, such as the Secret Service, which was created by the Department of the Treasury in 1865 to investigate counterfeiting. In the early part of the 20th century, the attorney general was authorized to hire a few permanent investigators, and the Office of the Chief Examiner, which consisted mostly of accountants, was created to review financial transactions of the federal courts.
Seeking to form an independent and more efficient investigative arm, in 1908 the Department of Justice hired 10 former Secret Service employees to join an expanded Office of the Chief Examiner. The date when these agents reported to duty–July 26, 1908–is celebrated as the genesis of the FBI. By March 1909, the force included 34 agents, and Attorney General George Wickersham, Bonaparte’s successor, renamed it the Bureau of Investigation.
The federal government used the bureau as a tool to investigate criminals who evaded prosecution by passing over state lines, and within a few years the number of agents had grown to more than 300. The agency was opposed by some in Congress, who feared that its growing authority could lead to abuse of power. With the entry of the United States into World War I in 1917, the bureau was given responsibility in investigating draft resisters, violators of the Espionage Act of 1917, and immigrants suspected of radicalism.
Meanwhile, J. Edgar Hoover, a lawyer and former librarian, joined the Department of Justice in 1917 and within two years had become special assistant to Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. Deeply anti-radical in his ideology, Hoover came to the forefront of federal law enforcement during the so-called “Red Scare” of 1919 to 1920. He set up a card index system listing every radical leader, organization, and publication in the United States and by 1921 had amassed some 450,000 files. More than 10,000 suspected communists were also arrested during this period, but the vast majority of these people were briefly questioned and then released. Although the attorney general was criticized for abusing his power during the so-called “Palmer Raids,” Hoover emerged unscathed, and on May 10, 1924, he was appointed acting director of the Bureau of Investigation.
During the 1920s, with Congress’ approval, Director Hoover drastically restructured and expanded the Bureau of Investigation. He built the agency into an efficient crime-fighting machine, establishing a centralized fingerprint file, a crime laboratory, and a training school for agents. In the 1930s, the Bureau of Investigation launched a dramatic battle against the epidemic of organized crime brought on by Prohibition. Notorious gangsters such as George “Machine Gun” Kelly and John Dillinger met their ends looking down the barrels of bureau-issued guns, while others, like Louis “Lepke” Buchalter, the elusive head of Murder, Inc., were successfully investigated and prosecuted by Hoover’s “G-men.” Hoover, who had a keen eye for public relations, participated in a number of these widely publicized arrests, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation, as it was known after 1935, became highly regarded by Congress and the American public.
With the outbreak of World War II, Hoover revived the anti-espionage techniques he had developed during the first Red Scare, and domestic wiretaps and other electronic surveillance expanded dramatically. After World War II, Hoover focused on the threat of radical, especially communist, subversion. The FBI compiled files on millions of Americans suspected of dissident activity, and Hoover worked closely with the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and Senator Joseph McCarthy, the architect of America’s second Red Scare.
In 1956, Hoover initiated COINTELPRO, a secret counterintelligence program that initially targeted the U.S. Communist Party but later was expanded to infiltrate and disrupt any radical organization in America. During the 1960s, the immense resources of COINTELPRO were used against dangerous groups such as the Ku Klux Klan but also against African American civil rights organizations and liberal anti-war organizations. One figure especially targeted was civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., who endured systematic harassment from the FBI.
By the time Hoover entered service under his eighth president in 1969, the media, the public, and Congress had grown suspicious that the FBI might be abusing its authority. For the first time in his bureaucratic career, Hoover endured widespread criticism, and Congress responded by passing laws requiring Senate confirmation of future FBI directors and limiting their tenure to 10 years. On May 2, 1972, with the Watergate affair about to explode onto the national stage, J. Edgar Hoover died of heart disease at the age of 77.
The Watergate affair subsequently revealed that the FBI had illegally protected President Richard Nixon from investigation, and the agency was thoroughly investigated by Congress. Revelations of the FBI’s abuses of power and unconstitutional surveillance motivated Congress and the media to become more vigilant in the future monitoring of the FBI.
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Peru declared its independence from which country in 1821? | Audit Report 97-29A - Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL
COMMENTARY AND SUMMARY
This audit report contains the Annual Financial Statement of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1996. The report includes the FBI management's overview, the principal financial statements and related notes, supplemental financial and management information, and the independent auditor's reports on the principal financial statements, internal controls, and compliance with laws and regulations. The annual financial statement is the responsibility of the FBI's management. This audit was performed as part of the Department of Justice's (DOJ) effort to implement the Government Management Reform Act of 1994 (GMRA) which requires an annual financial statement audit of the DOJ beginning with FY 1996. The results of the annual financial statement audit of the FBI as presented in this report will be relied upon by Price Waterhouse LLP in its performance of the consolidated financial statement audit of the DOJ, which will be issued in a separate report by the Office of the Inspector General (OIG).
The OIG contracted with KPMG Peat Marwick LLP, Certified Public Accountants (CPA), to perform the FY 1996 audit of the FBI's Statement of Financial Position. The audit was conducted in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards and Office of Management and Budget Bulletin No. 93-06, "Audit Requirements for Federal Financial Statements." The OIG performs an oversight role in the audit process and ensures compliance with the GMRA by monitoring the progress of the audit, reviewing supporting workpapers, coordinating the issuance of reports, and following up on findings and management letter issues.
Reporting Entity
The FBI's mission of serving the needs of the public is many-fold. At present, the FBI has investigative jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes. To achieve their mission, the FBI received $2.5 billion in direct appropriations for FY 1996, including those for the Violent Crime Reduction Program. Reimbursable funding levels, totaling about $393 million, provided the FBI with the resources to participate in several joint-agency enforcement efforts, including Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Forces, Regional Drug Intelligence Squads, and the Asset Forfeiture Program. The FBI also offers cooperative services such as fingerprint identification, laboratory examination, police training, Uniform Crime Reports, and the National Crime Information Center to duly authorized law enforcement agencies.
Audit Results
The audit resulted in a qualified opinion on the statement of financial position due to the FBI's inability to provide adequate records to support its capital lease assets and liabilities, and the FBI's inability to support the completeness of its seized assets records. The accompanying report on the internal control structure identified material weaknesses with respect to the above mentioned items and also identified reportable conditions with respect to accounts receivable, property and equipment, accounts payable, and electronic data processing service interruption. The accompanying report on compliance with laws and regulations did not identify any material weaknesses. Other conditions involving the internal control structure and its operations were noted by the independent auditors and will be communicated, under separate letter, to management. The CPA firm also reviewed management's process for evaluating and reporting on internal controls and accounting systems as required by the Federal Managers' Financial Integrity Act (FMFIA), and compared the agency's most recent FMFIA reports with the evaluation they conducted of the FBI's internal control structure. The auditors were not contracted to perform control testing sufficient to enable them to express an opinion on the management's assertions over the effectiveness of the internal control structure or compliance with laws and regulations. Accordingly, they did not express such an opinion.
Financial and Other Operating Highlights
During FY 1996, funding was approved for the construction of a new state-of-the-art laboratory facility in Quantico, Virginia. Moving the laboratory from FBI headquarters will allow expansion of current laboratory examinations in the new facility. According to the FBI, the estimated cost of construction is $130 million.
In August 1996, President Clinton signed the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. The act calls for joint establishment of a Fraud and Abuse Control Program by the Attorney General and the Department of Health and Human Services no later than January 1, 1997. The Act appropriates $47 million to the FBI in FY 1997 for the administration and operation of the program. Fraudulent health care expenditures were estimated at $100 billion during FY 1996.
Background, Mission, and Goals
The agency now known as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was founded in 1908 when Attorney General Charles J. Bonaparte appointed an unnamed force of Special Agents to be the investigative force of the Department of Justice (DOJ). Prior to that time, DOJ borrowed Agents from the U.S. Secret Service to investigate violations of federal criminal laws within its jurisdiction.
The FBI is the principal investigative arm of the DOJ. Title 28, United States Code (U.S.C.), Section 533, authorizes the Attorney General to "appoint officials to detect...crimes against the United States," and other federal statutes give the FBI the authority and responsibility to investigate specific crimes. At present, the FBI has investigative jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes. Top priority has been assigned to the five areas that affect society the most: counterterrorism, drugs/organized crime, foreign counterintelligence, violent crimes, and white-collar crimes. The FBI is also authorized to provide other law enforcement agencies with cooperative services, such as fingerprint identification, laboratory examinations, police training, Uniform Crime Reports, and the National Crime Information Center.
The Mission of the FBI is to uphold the law through the investigation of violations of federal criminal law; to protect the United States from foreign intelligence activities; to provide leadership and law enforcement assistance to federal, state, local, and international agencies; and to perform these responsibilities in a manner that is responsive to the needs of the public and is faithful to the Constitution of the United States.
The General Goals of the FBI are to:
- Investigate violations of the laws of the United States within FBI jurisdiction, collect evidence in domestic and international cases in which the United States is or may be a party of interest.
- Collect, analyze, and exploit information to identify and neutralize the activities of foreign powers and their agents, and domestic entities, that adversely affect the United States' national security through counterintelligence, counterterrorism, and security countermeasures investigations.
- Provide forensic, identification, information, and training services external to the FBI.
- Provide effectively and efficiently those supporting services necessary to the accomplishment of the FBI mission.
- Provide effective national and organizational leadership, as well as, effective direction, control, and administration of resources.
Organization
The FBI is a field-oriented organization in which nine divisions and four offices at FBI Headquarters (FBIHQ) in Washington, D.C., provide program direction and support services to 56 field offices, approximately 400 satellite offices known as resident agencies, four specialized field installations, and 34 foreign liaison posts. (See FBI Organization Chart in the Supplemental Financial and Management Information section). The foreign liaison offices, each of which is headed by a Legal Attach� or Legal Liaison Officer, work abroad with American and local authorities on criminal matters within FBI jurisdiction.
The FBI has approximately 10,900 Special Agents and 14,600 other employees who perform professional, administrative, technical, clerical, craft, trade, or maintenance operations.
FBI field offices are located in 56 major cities. Of those, 55 are in the United States, and one is located in Puerto Rico. Each FBI field office is overseen by a Special Agent in Charge (SAC) except for those located in Los Angeles, New York City and Washington, D.C. Due to their large size, those offices are each managed by an Assistant Director in Charge (ADIC).
The FBI also operates specialized field installations: one Regional Computer Support Center at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey; and three Information Technology Centers (ITCs) -- one at Butte, Montana, one at Pocatello, Idaho, and one at Savannah, Georgia. The ITCs provide information services to support field investigative and administrative operations.
The Critical Incident Response Group (CIRG) was established in 1994 to facilitate the coordination of FBI responses to major law enforcement crises and special investigations. The CIRG responds to crimes which pose great dangers and require skills that are not routinely available in many law enforcement agencies.
Budget Resources and Initiatives/Accomplishments
The FBI is provided direct budget authority through the Salaries and Expenses (S&E), Violent Crime Reduction Program, Construction, and Telecommunications Carrier Compliance appropriations (beginning in FY 1997). The FBI is also provided significant levels of budget authority through reimbursable funding. For FY 1996, the FBI's enacted level included $2,530,045,000 in direct appropriated funding. (See FY 1996 budget chart in the Supplemental Financial and Management Information section). The FBI also received approximately $393 million in reimbursable funding. Reimbursable funding is received from a number of sources, such as the Organized Crime Drug Enforcement, Assets Forfeiture Fund, Identification User Fee (Non-federal), and Name Check program activities. Additionally, on August 21, 1996, President Clinton signed the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996. The HIPAA established a health care fraud enforcement fund with the United States Treasury and directs that the FBI be provided specific funding levels for health care fraud investigations without further appropriation. The funding provided under this legislation will be provided on a reimbursable basis. Health care expenditures in 1996 are estimated to exceed $1 trillion, of which $100 billion is estimated to be fraudulent.
It should be noted that many critical investigations were conducted during FY 1996, such as those relating to the Oklahoma City bombing, Centennial Park Olympic bombing, and the UNABOMB case. Additionally, significant investigative results were achieved in the programs addressing terrorism, organized crime, drugs, white-collar crime, violent crime, gangs and juvenile crime, sexual exploitation of children, hate crimes, and foreign counterintelligence.
The budget initiatives identified in the "FY 1998 Authorization and Budget Request for the Congress" were in the planning and/or implementation phases during FY 1996. The seven initiatives are summarized below:
� Technology Crimes. Illegal electronic intrusion into computer networks is a rapidly escalating crime problem. White-collar criminals, economic espionage agents, organized crime groups, foreign intelligence agents, and terrorist groups have been identified as "electronic intruders" responsible for penetrations of American computer networks. Recognizing the potential impact to the government and the private sector, as well as the national security, the FBI established a Computer Investigations and Infrastructure Threat Assessment Center (CITAC) at FBI Headquarters.
A significant threat to computer information security is the theft of trade secrets, whether conducted by insiders or competitors. An example involves William Gaede, who was employed by Intel Corporation until he was terminated for theft of proprietary information. After an FBI investigation, Gaede was indicted in October 1995, for Mail Fraud and Interstate Transportation of Stolen Property. This indictment related to material valued at approximately $20 million that Gaede had stolen from Intel.
� International Law Enforcement. The FBI believes it is essential to station agent and support staff in other countries to prevent foreign terrorism and foreign crime from reaching into the United States. These employees work closely with authorities of host countries to build cop-to-cop bridges that help all law abiding societies to develop cooperative efforts that better protect their people and our people. In June 1996, the FBI provided Congress with a four-year plan for expanding overseas operations beginning in 1996. Under this plan, the number of FBI Legal Attach� offices would increase from 23 in 1996 to 46 in 1999.
� La Cosa Nostra (LCN). The LCN remains the foremost organized criminal threat to American society. There are currently over 1,200 "made" members of the LCN and many additional associates. Less than 10 percent of identified LCN members are currently incarcerated.
In 1996, the FBI began implementation of a five-year strategic plan, named "Operation Heaven's Gate," to further reduce the LCN's influence over labor unions and certain industries, as well as to reduce the membership of all LCN families.
On June 10, 1996, a Grand Jury in the Southern District of New York indicted the Acting Boss, the Acting Underboss, the Consigliere, and 16 other members and associates of the Genovese LCN Family on racketeering charges. The acts of racketeering included murder, extortion, labor racketeering, gambling, loansharking, money laundering, the fraudulent operation of the Feast of San Gennaro, obstruction of justice and tax evasion. The indictment also seeks forfeiture to the United States of numerous assets of the defendants including approximately $20 million representing the proceeds of the charged acts of racketeering, property, a boat, numerous bank accounts belonging to the defendants and approximately $115,000 in cash seized from safe deposit boxes.
� Infrastructure. The Office of Public and Congressional Affairs provides information to the public as they request information for themselves, family members, movie stars, court cases, and other matter for which the FBI holds government documentation. The FBI is developing the Freedom of Information/Privacy Acts (FOIPA) Document Processing System (FDPS) to fully automate the FBI's FOIPA operation. During 1994, the Department of Justice recognized the FBI's FDPS as a National Performance Review laboratory. The Electronic Freedom of Information Act of 1996 (EFOIA) requires all Government agencies to provide public information to requesters in electronic format, i.e., compact disk or floppy diskette. The EFOIA also requires that computer-based information in addition to paper records kept by agencies be subject to review. Further, all FOIPA reading room material created on or after November 1, 1996, must be available in electronic format by November 1, 1997.
� Telecommunications Carrier Compliance. The Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) (P.L. 103-414) clarified the duty of the telecommunication carriers to assist law enforcement agencies with the lawful interception of communications and the collection of call-identifying information in a rapidly changing telecommunications environment. This legislation was necessitated by the erosion of law enforcement interception abilities and the frustration of court orders for electronic surveillance as a result of the deployment of advanced telecommunications technologies. The FBI documented to Congress 183 cases where advanced telecommunications equipment had impaired or prevented execution of a wiretap court order.
� Southwest Border. The Southwest Border Project is a joint FBI, Drug Enforcement Administration, United States Customs Service, and DOJ initiative targeting the most significant Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations (MDTOs). These organizations are involved in the trafficking of bulk quantities of cocaine, marijuana, and heroin, as well as the laundering of money obtained from drug activities. Furthermore, they employ violence to support their operations.
The project has had a significant impact on Mexican Criminal Enterprise Activity along the Southwest Border during 1996, resulting in the disruption of the four most significant target organizations and the dismantlement of several related organizations. The major targeted organizations are the Amado Carrillo Fuentes Organization; Arellano Felix Organization; Miguel Caro Quintero Organization; and the Juan Garcia Abrego Organization (JGAO).
In January 1996, "Top Ten" fugitive Juan Garcia Abrego was arrested in Mexico and expelled to the United States. He was subsequently convicted on 22 counts. On January 31, 1997, Abrego was sentenced to nine life sentences, eleven 20-year sentences to run concurrently, and a fine of $128,312,098. In March of 1997, Oscar Malherbe, Abrego's chief lieutenant, was arrested in Mexico. These actions have resulted in the dismantlement of the JGAO.
In 1995, the San Diego FBI Office formed a Border Corruption Task Force (BCTF) to target U.S. officials illegally facilitating drug trafficking activity. The efforts of the San Diego BCTF resulted in the convictions of seven federal public officials and 12 nonpublic officials in 1996.
� Construction.
- FBI Laboratory. The FBI Laboratory is one of the largest and most comprehensive crime laboratories in the world. It provides leadership and service in the scientific solution and prosecution of crimes throughout the United States and is the only full-service federal forensic laboratory. During FY 1996, the FBI Laboratory examiners and technicians conducted 696,543 examinations of evidentiary items submitted.
The ability of the FBI to continue to provide forensic examination services to federal, state, and local law enforcement and criminal justice personnel requires an adequate facility in which to perform the necessary examinations and services. Presently, the FBI Laboratory is located in the FBI Headquarters building in Washington, D.C., and the Forensic Science Research and Training Center is located on the campus of the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia. The FBI Laboratory suffers from severe space limitations, safety and health risks, and inadequate utility and environmental support.
In recognition of the inadequacies of the present FBI Laboratory, the Administration and the Congress have endorsed the FBI's proposal to construct a new state-of-the-art laboratory facility. The current estimated cost for constructing a new FBI Laboratory facility is $130,000,000.
The FBI has selected a 28-acre site at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia, as the site for the new FBI Laboratory facility. The main office and forensics laboratory building will have approximately 427,400 square feet of space and house the existing staff of approximately 700 Laboratory Division employees. Construction is scheduled to begin in the Summer of 1997, with phased occupancy planned for the Summer/Fall of 2000. In this regard, a number of activities were completed in FY 1996 relative to the project: project funding approval, Architectural and Engineering (A & E) Statement of Work and A & E selection.
- Renovation of FBIHQ Building. The ongoing relocation of the Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division to Clarksburg, West Virginia, and the planned relocation of the Laboratory Division to new facilities at Quantico, Virginia, will necessitate the renovation of approximately 405,880 square feet of space in the FBI Headquarters Building that is being vacated by these components.
Other Initiatives/Accomplishments
� CJIS Facility. The CJIS division serves as the focal point and central repository for criminal justice information services in the FBI. As a result of several factors, including insufficient space requirements to house new technological systems and the desire to create improved working conditions for a large number of employees, the FBI explored relocation options. Following a thorough and in-depth relocation study, a site in Clarksburg, West Virginia, was selected for the new facility. In January 1991, the FBI purchased a 986-acre site, on which six buildings were constructed. The main office building is of modular construction, approximately 600,000 square feet, and provides office space for 2,500 employees. Construction was completed in July 1995, and the FBI began moving employees into the new facility at that time from FBI Headquarters. Currently, approximately 2,000 employees are working at the new fingerprint identification facility, with plans to transfer the remaining 250 Headquarters employees by the end of Fiscal Year 1997.
� Combined DNA Index System (CODIS). The FBI developed CODIS to function as a national DNA database system containing indices of DNA profiles from convicted offenders and unsolved crime scenes.
DNA testing is provided free of charge to any law enforcement agency in the United States. From 1991 to 1993, DNA cases submitted to the FBI Laboratory increased by 53 percent. From 1995 to 1997, it is projected that DNA cases submitted will increase by another 92 percent.
� DRUGFIRE. DRUGFIRE is a computer database system which allows laboratories within a region or large metropolitan area to exchange and compare images of firearms evidence (i.e., bullets and cartridge cases). As of December 1996, there were 73 DRUGFIRE sites within the United States, with another 75 laboratories expected to install DRUGFIRE by the end of calendar year 1997. DRUGFIRE has linked nearly 1,400 pairs of cartridge cases, matching one of every eight cartridge cases entered from crime scenes and providing police with investigative leads that would otherwise have gone undetected.
� Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS). The FBI is developing IAFIS, which will completely replace the existing fingerprint system and improve processing capabilities and turnaround time. IAFIS is designed to process an average volume of 60,000 fingerprint records per day within two to 24 hours. The updated cost estimate for IAFIS is $640 million, which includes $611,500,000 for developmental activities (including $48,400,000 for system integration), and $28,500,000 for non-development costs.
� International Training. In April 1995, the International Law Enforcement Academy at Budapest began operating within the Hungarian National Police Academy facility. Representatives of 27 countries from Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union have expressed interest in sending students to the facility, which has a curriculum modeled after the FBI National Academy and will focus on areas including organized crime, economic crime, and nuclear non-proliferation.
� National Crime Information Center (NCIC). In 1967, the FBI established the NCIC as a nationwide database containing data and information files, such as wanted and missing persons, foreign fugitives, unidentified persons, and stolen property. The NCIC system contains over 32 million records stored in 14 information databases. The system is accessed by law enforcement agencies and officers resulting in over 600,000,000 annual transactions. The current NCIC system will be replaced by the NCIC 2000 system. The new system will provide additional functionalities, such as mug shots and fingerprint identification, to serve the criminal justice community into the twenty-first century. The initial operating capability is anticipated for July 1999.
Financial Improvements
The FBI is committed to a process of continuous self-evaluation and streamlining and making improvements to its financial processes. The FBI has previously contracted with outside firms to evaluate the process of preparing financial reports, most recently evaluating the FBI's ability to prepare financial statements for audit. The FBI has also maintained a proactive posture with respect to the implementation of the Standard General Ledger. Other efforts are directed at migration toward electronic payments within the overall electronic commerce initiative (e.g., electronic deposit of funds into employee accounts for official reimbursement and electronic payment of FBI commercial invoices). Many efforts have also been made to reconcile data and to improve the quality of data resident in the FMS.
Another example of the FBI's commitment to improvement involves recent efforts to improve financial analysis and reporting. The FBI has undertaken a rigorous analysis of its annual program costing process with the intent of enhancing the quality of the reportable data, and secondly of increasing the frequency of the analysis to a quarterly basis.
Within the Finance Division, a pilot electronic document management system is being implemented within the Commercial Payments Unit (CPU), Accounting Section. The project is entitled the Business Process Improvement Project (BPI). BPI has been initiated in response to both financial and physical constraints.
The CPU currently generates approximately one million document pages per year for storage; the number will rapidly approach 1.5 million document pages per year. The Accounting Section will address these challenges by employing imaging and workflow technology. Through this technology, the Accounting Section plans to create a paperless office environment within the CPU. Invoices will be stored, processed, filed, and retrieved electronically. The requirements study and the hardware and software evaluation were performed during the Summer of 1996. The prototype will be developed within the coming months. Currently, the project team is procuring hardware, software and integration services.
Additionally, the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA), the CFO Act of 1990 and other regulatory changes require that the Finance Division produce and process financial information rapidly and provide increasingly complex financial information for external reporting.
Another goal of the Finance Division is to upgrade the Financial Management System (FMS) software. The upgrades are being performed by the Information Resources Division and Mnemonic Systems, Inc. The implementation of the new 96.01 software release will ensure that the FMS is year 2000 compliant and will provide many functional and systemic enhancements.
The current FMS was implemented in 1987 using commercial software developed by Dun & Bradstreet Software. The FMS is composed of a suite of software modules that perform Purchasing, Accounts Payable, Budgetary Control, General Ledger, Inventory Management, Third Party Draft, and Fixed Assets operations. These modules ensure that the FBI manages its financial resources independently and in compliance with established regulations, provide field and Headquarters managers with timely and accurate financial information, enhance the FBI's cash management policies by decentralizing its funds control to the field offices via the Third Party Draft System, and directly support field operations by ensuring case expenditures are paid in a timely manner and vendors are reimbursed as required.
Performance Goals and Results
The FBI established a long-term implementation plan for compliance with the GPRA during early FY 1996, and this plan has been followed aggressively since that time. (See Performance Goals and Results in the Supplemental Financial and Management Information section).
Management's Assertions
FBI management asserts that it is responsible for maintaining internal accounting and administrative controls that are adequate to ensure that transactions are executed in accordance with budgetary and financial laws and other requirements, consistent with purposes authorized, and are recorded in accordance with federal accounting standards; that assets are properly safeguarded to deter fraud, waste, and abuse; and that performance measurement information is adequately supported.
Limitations of the Financial Statements
The FBI's financial statements have been prepared to report the financial position and results of operations of the entity, pursuant to the requirements of 31 U.S.C. 3515(b).
While the financial statements have been prepared from the books and records of the FBI in accordance with the formats prescribed by OMB, the statements are in addition to the financial reports used to monitor and control budgetary resources which are prepared from the same books and records.
The statements should be read with the realization that they are for a component of the United States Government, a sovereign entity. One implication of this is that liabilities cannot be liquidated without legislation that provides resources to do so.
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Premiered in 1965, what is the title of the Beatles second film? | 50 Years Ago: The Beatles Premiere Their Second Film, 'Help!'
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After the runaway commercial and critical success of their first film, A Hard Day’s Night , the Beatles were given the opportunity to make another one. Their second movie, Help!, had its world premiere in London on July 29, 1965.
According to Beatles Bible , it took place at the London Pavilion in Piccadilly Circus, with Princess Margaret and her husband, Lord Snowdon, in attendance. It was not the group’s first brush with royalty. In November 1963, they played the Royal Command Performance, where John Lennon famously introduced the Beatles’ closing number, “Twist and Shout,” by saying , “Will the people in the cheaper seats clap your hands? And for the rest of you, if you’ll just rattle your jewelry.” And in June 1965, Queen Elizabeth II had controversially named all four Beatles to her Birthday Honors list as the first pop stars to be awarded MBEs.
Because of his breakout performance in A Hard Day’s Night, the plot for Help!, which had the working title of Eight Arms to Hold You, centered around Ringo Starr . An Eastern cult needs one of his rings in order to ritually sacrifice one of its members, but it’s impossible to remove, which puts Ringo’s life is in jeopardy. On top of that, a pair of scientists who think the ring will allow them to rule the world enter into the picture. After a series of madcap adventures, which includes trips to the Austrian Alps and the Bahamas, everything is sorted out.
Seven new Beatles songs — “Help!,” “You’re Going to Lose That Girl,” “You’ve Got to Hide Your Love Away,” “Ticket to Ride,” “I Need You,” “The Night Before” and “Another Girl” — made their debut in the movie, but it also helped point the way toward their musical future. In one scene, the Beatles go into an Indian restaurant, which is where George Harrison was first introduced to the sitar.
As with A Hard Day’s Night, Help! was directed by Richard Lester and included Victor Spinetti in the cast. Although it has some very funny scenes and great music, it lacks the tightness of its predecessor. Part of that was because the script wasn’t as good, but also because, as Lennon said in Anthology, “[W]e were smoking marijuana for breakfast during that period. Nobody could communicate with us, it was all glazed eyes and giggling all the time. In our own world. It’s like doing nothing most of the time, but still having to rise at 7AM, so we became bored.”
After the premiere, the Beatles, Lester, Princess Margaret, Lord Snowden and the other cast members attended a party at the Orchid Room of the Dorchester Hotel.
See the Beatles and Other Rockers in the Top 100 Albums of the ’70s
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Who wrote the classic novel 'Wuthering Heights'? | Help!: The Beatles' Second Movie - Neatorama
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Neatorama presents a guest post from actor, comedian, and voiceover artist Eddie Deezen . Visit Eddie at his website or at Facebook .
The huge success, financially, critically, and personally, of the Beatles' first film A Hard Day's Night in 1964 made a follow-up film an inevitability. And everything pointed to this next film being superior to A Hard Day's Night. After all, the locations for this second film would be the Bahamas and the Austrian Alps.
The Beatles liked these locations because they wanted to have a fun holiday while filming (their manager, Brian Epstein, liked the tax breaks they would get in the Bahamas.) Richard Lester and Walter Shenson, the respective director and producer of A Hard Day's Night, would be returning too. The budget would be double that of A Hard Day's Night and this time the movie would be filmed in glorious Technicolor. But as they say, the best laid plans of mice and Beatles...
Filming began in the Bahamas on February 22, 1965. The film's ultra-flimsy plot was something about an Eastern cult losing a mystic sacrificial ring and Ringo somehow finding it. The Eastern villains chase Ringo around, trying to get their sacred ring back, and this leads to a combination James Bond-like spy film and a semi-merry chase romp as John, Paul and George try to save their drummer pal from the fiendish baddies.
From day one, it very quickly became apparent that the Beatles were, shall we say, indulging. John was to recall: “We were smoking marijuana for breakfast during this period. Nobody could communicate with us, it was all glazed eyes and giggling all the time.”
Ringo added: “If you look at pictures of us, you can see a lot of red-eyed shots. They were red from the dope we were smoking.”
The boys' beautiful female co
-star, Eleanor Bron, remembered John (who she had an on-set affair with) offering her a joint one day and her timidly taking a quick puff.
George recalled the boys filming a rather innocuous scene where a pipe is dropped out the window of Buckingham Palace and several of the Army Guard dropping onto the ground, put to sleep by blue smoke emanating from the hose. George and his mates kept breaking up into fits of the giggles, ruining take after take, and the routine scene took up almost a full day to film. Poor director Lester, a very patient man, realized that if he didn't get a scene filmed by around noon, he may as well pack up for the day.
On another occasion, a scene was being filmed where a bomb goes off. After the bomb blast, Ringo and Paul started running away, as per the script. They ran and ran and ran and kept on running and running, until they were completely out of sight of the rest of the cast and crew. The two hooky-playng Beatles then happily lit up a joint together and smoked away.
Besides the all-too-obvious prevalence of marijuana, other problems arose. Early on in filming, Ringo is on a boat and is confronted by the film's villains. He has to jump out of the boat into the ocean. After a few takes, Dick Lester told Ringo they'd have to film the scene again.
Ringo politely asked if they could use the previous takes and not do any more. When Lester asked “Why?" Ringo timidly confessed that he couldn't swim. Lester's face blanched when he realized he had just risked drowning the world's most famous drummer.
Recalled John: "The m
ovie was out of control. With A Hard Day's Night we had a lot of input, as it was semi-realistic.....but with Help! Dick Lester didn't tell us what it was all about.” Problems aside, the Help! shoot had its interesting moments.
Help! was to be a life-changing experience for George Harrison, the quiet Beatle. While filming an outdoor scene on bicycles one day, the Beatles stopped for a short break. A Krishna devotee walked up to each Beatle and handed them a book on Hare Krishna consciousness. In another scene inside an Indian restaurant, the house band played “A Hard Day's Night” on sitars. George was struck and fascinated by the Indian instruments. With these two events to kindle his interest, George was to gradually become "the religious Beatle" and spend the rest of his life worshipping both the Krishna religion and all things Indian.
Filming in the Austrian Alps involved one of the best scenes in Help!, as the Fab Four tried skiing for the very first time. Director Lester just told them to hit the slopes, put on their skis and try to ski as best they could. The results of the scene are both comical and endearing, as we watch John, Paul, George and Ringo falling down and trying to stay up, backed by the sounds of one of John's finest songs, “Ticket to Ride.”
Another fascinating scene in Help! comes as the Beatles don disguises to fool the villains so they can escape. This eerie scene gives us our first glimpse of John Lennon in his soon-to-be trademark granny glasses. John Lennon 1965 is amazingly transformed into the John Lennon of 1969 the world was to know, as he became the world's number one peacenik along with his future wife, Yoko Ono.
Not only John's future aspect is depicted in this scene, but both George and Ringo, both bearded, also look uncannily as they would in just a few short years in the future, George the devoted religious worshipper and Ringo the globe-trotting Monte Carlo resident.
One day, probably motivated by boredom, the Beatles rented out four colorful sports cars. They drove to a huge quarry and started driving around recklessly, doing donuts and bumping and crashing into each other. According to George, it was a shame these scenes weren't edited into the film, as they were better than anything in the actual finished product.
Other "must have been interesting" scenes were also edited out, including Ringo milking a cow in a back room and a scene where George impersonates Ringo while sitting in a treehouse.
The film's original working title had been Eight Arms to Hold You, but no one really cottoned to this clumsy monicker. It was John who wrote the film's unforgettably beautiful theme song Help!, an autobiographical song about his own personal cry for help. (John remembered this era as his unhappy "fat Elvis period.”)
The Help! shoot finally came to an end in May and everybody anxiously awaited the film's release. On July 29, 1965, the Fab Four attended the royal premiere of Help!, probably hopefully expecting an equal or possibly better film than A Hard Day's Night.
Unlike their first film, Help! came out uneven, unbalanced. The songs were great (the Beatles never let us down when it came to music) and there were a few genuinely funny moments. But there were some very flat gags and worse, a long dull period in the middle of the film. Reviews were decidedly mixed, with almost every reviewer dubbing Help! a comedown from their glittering debut.
John Lennon never really warmed up to Help!, saying, “It was like being a frog in a movie about clams.” He also said, “We felt like extras in our own film".
Reviews and John Lennon aside, Help!, like its predecessor, was a box office bonanza, raking in millions all over the world. Nonetheless, Help! left a bit if a sour taste in the Beatles' collective mouth and they never were to act or appear in another actual scripted theatrical motion picture. (The boys did make a brief 52-second live cameo appearance at the end of the animated film Yellow Submarine in 1968.)
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What was Tony Benn's title before disclaiming his peerage in 1963? | Tony Benn - Biography - IMDb
Tony Benn
Biography
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Jump to: Overview (3) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (1) | Trade Mark (1) | Trivia (3) | Personal Quotes (12)
Overview (3)
Anthony Neil Wedgwood Benn
Mini Bio (1)
Tony Benn is the son, grandson and father of MPs, he retired from the House of Commons in May 2001, after fifty years in Parliament making him the longest serving Labour MP in the history of the party. His service in the House of Commons was not continuous: he lost his Bristol seat in 1983 and was re-elected for Chesterfield in 1984. More famously, he was also excluded in the 1960s when his father died, and he became Viscount Stansgate. He was able to stand in the subsequent by-election but as a member of the House of Lords could not take his seat, and a court declared his opponent the winner. After three years campaigning for the right to renounce his peerage, Benn saw the Peerage Act passed in 1963. He renounced his title within 20 minutes of the act being passed, and the sitting member resigned and Benn returned to the House of Commons in the subsequent by-election. He was a Cabinet minister in the Labour governments of 1964 - 69, and 1974. An elected member of the National Executive Committee of the Labour party from 1959 - 1994, he was Chairman of the Party in 1971/2. His published Diaries in seven volumes cover the period from 1942-1990, and the next volume "Free at Last" from 1990 - 2002 was published on October 3rd 2002. He has also written seven other books, including "Arguments for Socialism", many pamphlets, and several Videos and Audio tapes have also been published. The holder of seven honorary Doctorates from British and American universities, he has recently been appointed as a Visiting Professor at the London School of Economics and is a regular broadcaster. In 1949, he married author and educationalist Caroline Benn , who died in 2000, and they have four children, including the minister Hilary Benn , and ten grandchildren.
- IMDb Mini Biography By: garryq
Spouse (1)
( 17 June 1949 - 22 November 2000) (her death) (4 children)
Trade Mark (1)
An ever-present pipe
Trivia (3)
He was the first British Member of Parliament to table a motion condemning Apartheid in South Africa.
Educated at Westminster School and later New College, Oxford, where he studied Politics, Philosophy and Economics.
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Bob Dylan; Eric Clapton and George Harrison performed a charity concert in aid of which country in 1971? | Tony Benn obituary | Politics | The Guardian
Tony Benn
Tony Benn obituary
Veteran leftwing Labour politician who went from being 'the most dangerous man in Britain' to a national radical treasure
Friday 14 March 2014 03.32 EDT
First published on Friday 14 March 2014 03.32 EDT
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Tony Benn, who has died aged 88, was a pivotal figure in British leftwing politics in the second half of the 20th century. A national institution, instantly recognisable from his distinctive voice, intense self-belief and fondness for a mug of tea and a pipe, he was held in sufficient regard that even his critics usually found some aspect of his life or career to praise. It had not always been so: the journalist Bernard Levin parodied him as "Mr Zig-Zag Loon"; Harold Wilson maintained that Benn immatured with age; and the rightwing press came to call him the most dangerous man in Britain.
For a moment in the mid-1970s, Benn appeared to be the man of the age, able to say what was wrong with it and how it should put itself right. His problem was that people mostly refused to listen.
Stagflation and industrial militancy destroyed Edward Heath 's Tory government in 1974. The battle between Benn's ideas and those of the new right for addressing the crisis of British capitalism and democracy shattered the centre of British politics. Public opinion was more receptive to the views of Margaret Thatcher : she captured first the Conservative party, in 1975, and in the election four years later the British state.
Tony Benn in 1961. Photograph: Philip Jones Griffiths/The Observer
In the process she inflicted an epochal defeat on the British left. Benn was not responsible for Thatcherism, but it is hard to escape the conclusion that the only thing that would have damaged the left more than Benn's failed attempt to capture the Labour party would have been his success. After narrowly losing the contest for the deputy leadership in 1981, he withdrew from practical politics and launched one of the greatest rhetorical projects of the modern era.
From an early age he had kept a diary, and from 1964 he updated it nightly. Later he started recording every speech and meeting. He kept every paper he could. This massive archive was used to give free range to his messianic tendencies as he published volume after volume of revealing and insightful diaries, polemical essays and the videos of his speeches.
If he could not change the world, he would try to make it listen and learn. Only Winston Churchill's self-mythologising surpassed this as a model of how to secure one's own place in history. In this and other ways, Benn's career was an extraordinary journey. As he put it: "Like my father, I grow more left as I grow older."
His grandfathers were Liberal MPs, as initially was his father, William Wedgwood Benn. He was one of those who went to the opposition benches with HH Asquith after the course of the first world war compelled him to resign as prime minister in 1916.
Rather than stay in the Liberal party when the Asquith and David Lloyd George branches were reunified in 1923, Wedgwood Benn senior joined Labour and served as Ramsay MacDonald's India secretary (1929-31) and Clement Attlee's air secretary (1945-46). In 1942, he reluctantly gave up his Commons seat when called upon to bolster the wartime coalition's Labour contingent in the Lords, accepting a hereditary peerage as Viscount Stansgate.
He and his wife, Margaret, created a happy, industrious and religious London household, with three sons (a fourth was stillborn); the Stansgate title came from their second home, by the Blackwater estuary in Essex. Tony – the second son, initially known to his family as Jimmy – was born in London and grew up at 40 Millbank, Westminster, which was bombed in the war and much later was the site of Millbank Tower, housing the headquarters from which New Labour planned their 1997 election victory. From Westminster school he went to New College, Oxford, to study philosophy, politics and economics.
After second world war service in the RAF (1943-45) he returned to Oxford, graduating in 1948, spent some time in the US, and worked as a BBC radio producer (1949-50). He was known formally as Anthony Wedgwood Benn, or Wedgie by friends and family, till in 1972 he settled on plain Tony Benn . However, the change of name could not disguise the fact that he was the product of an elite background. As he once said: "My contribution to the Labour party is that I know the British establishment inside out and what they're up to."
Tony Benn with his son, Hilary, in 2007. Photograph: Antonio Olmos
In 1949, he married a wealthy American, Caroline Middleton DeCamp , a socialist, educationist and biographer, and they, too, built a happy domestic life in a large house in Notting Hill, west London. Their daughter, Melissa, and three sons, Stephen, Hilary and Joshua, were all active politically, with Hilary becoming a Labour cabinet minister. Caroline's wealth matched Benn's own inherited capital, derived from the Benn Brothers publishing firm.
On entering parliament through the Bristol South East byelection of November 1950, caused by the ill-health of the former chancellor of the exchequer Sir Stafford Cripps, Benn was a conventional centre-right backbencher, criticising the Bevanite rebellion against the Attlee government. His elder brother, Michael, had been killed in a flying accident while on active service in 1942, leaving Tony the eldest sibling. Aside from the psychological impact this had, he would thus one day be Lord Stansgate and have to give up his seat.
In 1955, he introduced a bill that would have allowed him to renounce his peerage. The Lords voted against the measure, but the dispute forced him to develop his formidable reputation as an advocate of constitutional reform.
Throughout the 1950s, he was generally known as a broadcasting expert, an advocate of the modernisation of Labour's electoral strategy and a campaigner on colonial issues. He was the first MP to table a motion on apartheid, following his father's lead, as in many other aspects of his life. Initially a follower of Hugh Gaitskell, the party's leader from 1955, Benn switched to Wilson when Gaitskell proposed the revision of clause four of the party constitution in 1959, dropping the commitment to nationalise the means of production, distribution and exchange. Gaitskell in turn withdrew his support for Benn's campaign to retain his seat.
Tony Benn with his wife, Caroline, and children Joshua and Melissa in 1966. Photograph: Daily Mail/Rex Features
In 1960, Benn's father died, thus disqualifying him from remaining in the Commons. He was still eligible to stand as a candidate in the resulting byelection, which he won. Nonetheless, he could not take up the seat; though abandoned by his party leader, he fought on alone.
After a three-year struggle, he gained the support of the Conservative government for the Peerage bill and was able to renounce his title. His Conservative opponent in Bristol South East, Malcolm St Clair, stood down, and Benn won the resulting byelection, returning to the Commons at just the right moment.
Gaitskell had died in January 1963, Wilson succeeded him, and Benn was back as an MP the following August. Early signs of his radicalism had come in 1954, when he joined the H-bomb national committee, and in 1957, when he introduced a Human Rights bill. On the use of military force and unilateral nuclear disarmament, he was securely on the left of the party. He argued that "all war represents a failure of diplomacy", while not making it clear if that included the war against Hitler.
When Labour won in 1964, Benn was appointed postmaster general, outside the cabinet. He also began his habit of making a daily diary entry, in parallel with his colleagues Barbara Castle and Richard Crossman. Benn's record as a minister was mixed. He was generally effective and, in the 1960s, well liked by most of his civil servants because he was good at going through the work taken home in his red boxes. He was also an efficient spin doctor, focusing on eye-catching policy decisions that he took time and trouble to communicate effectively, frequently leaking documents in the name of freedom of information and defending his right to discuss general issues in speeches.
As postmaster general, he tried and failed to have the Queen's head removed from stamps. After entering the cabinet as minister of technology (1966-70), he backed Concorde, not least because it would be partly built in his Bristol constituency. In both jobs he attempted to connect the actions of the government with socialism: "We are not just here to manage capitalism but to change society and to define its finer values."
Tony Benn on an antiwar protest in 1998 against the bombing of Iraq. Photograph: Michael Stephens/PA
In 1968, at a meeting of the Welsh Council of Labour in Llandudno, Benn first suggested that revolutionary action might be necessary to prevent the violence taking place in France being repeated in the UK. "It is no good saying it could not happen here. It could … The widening gulf between the Labour party and those who supported it last time could well be an index of the party's own obsolescence." Parliament, too, had to change. This theme of giving the party to its grassroots would recur into the 1980s. The press, however, ignored all this, preferring to focus on Benn's call for push-button referendums.
According to his cabinet colleague Tony Crosland, Benn welcomed Labour's defeat in 1970. He became heavily involved with the Alternative Economic Strategy developed with Stuart Holland and Judith Hart, and summed up rather better in Holland's book The Socialist Challenge (1975) than in Benn's own Arguments for Socialism (1979). From this time, his radical views on constitutional and international affairs began to be reflected more obviously in his economic analysis.
If the problems of democracy could be cured by more democracy, planning and nationalisation would cure the problems of the economy. Following the rapid increase in oil prices and the chaos of the Heath government's confrontation with the miners, there appeared to be no future in the status quo. Democracy and capitalism seemed equally impotent in the face of a global crisis of economic, social and political confidence. Benn's radical critique of the 1964-70 Wilson government now chimed well with the militancy of the shop stewards' movement. The failure of the City and the service sector to replace the jobs being lost to deindustrialisation and the sense of Britain becoming ungovernable by conventional means fed Benn's growing militancy.
After Labour's return to power in 1974, Benn's attempt as industry secretary to force the Wilson government to implement the election manifesto was thwarted by his departmental civil servants and his cabinet colleagues. The document sat, as the Attlee manifesto had done from 1945 to 1951, in the middle of the cabinet table, but this time it was completely ignored.
Benn's failures were compounded through 1975. Having championed the referendum on Britain's membership of the European Economic Community, he saw the "yes" campaign win. He was a leading figure opposing the use of wage restraint on trade unions but saw the policy reversed. Finally, having been given a key economic ministry, he was demoted to Energy, Wilson informing him via the Daily Telegraph while he was on a visit to Jamaica.
From then on he was a "dissenting minister" in the government, a leader of those across the Labour movement frustrated by the government's lack of radicalism. Having made a respectable showing in the first round of the leadership election that followed Wilson's resignation in 1976, he supported Michael Foot , but the prize went to James Callaghan .
When Labour lost the 1979 general election, Benn was well placed to assume the leadership of the left, and began to propose constitutional changes to give greater representation to the views of activists and trade unionists in drafting the manifesto and in selecting MPs. Militant and other Trotskyite groups that had perfected techniques of entryism sponsored the resolutions on party reform.
Two very different groups were now following Benn. On one hand there were revolutionaries of various kinds, many of whom wanted to destroy capitalism and did not mind killing off the Labour party in the process. On the other, Labour's left wing felt disappointed and betrayed by what they saw as the failures of the party's five years in office. The more progress Benn made with his demands for reform, the greater the possibility of a split became. When Callaghan resigned the leadership in 1980, Benn came close to running against Foot, but decided to hold back.
Despite Foot's passionate appeal to unity, Benn did stand against Denis Healey in the September 1981 election for the deputy leadership. Healey won, under the reformed system that Benn had championed, by less than 0.5%. This margin was accounted for by some of the MPs who would soon be leaving for the Social Democratic party (SDP), launched the previous March – though others of this group actually voted for Benn in the hope that he would win.
Labour began the long, hard climb back to power. The left of the party split – the Tribune group backing Foot and later Neil Kinnock, and Benn setting up his own Campaign group in 1982. He declared the 1983 election a triumph because never before had so many people – 27.6% – voted for a socialist programme. Foot managed to keep Labour in the game, and when Kinnock took over after the election the high tide of Bennism had been reached. It took a decade to roll it back completely, but Benn's realistic challenge for the leadership was over.
By 1983, Bristol South East had disappeared in boundary changes, and Benn failed to depose Michael Cocks in the safe seat of Bristol South. Instead he fought and lost Bristol East. He was selected for the first Labour seat to fall vacant, Chesterfield in Derbyshire, which he won in a byelection in March 1984.
Benn's period out of the Commons and Kinnock's policy review took much of the momentum out of his career. When he stood for the leadership in 1988, he was heavily defeated. He became a widely respected and effective backbench critic of the Conservatives, and then, from 1997, of Tony Blair's Labour government. In 2001 he retired 51 years after first entering the Commons "to devote more time to politics".
The major elements of the Bennite critique of British capitalism were that Britain needed a siege economy to protect domestic industry; nationalisation or selective share ownership of the top 25-100 companies and joint stock banks; wide-ranging constitutional reform; withdrawal from the Common Market, Nato and Northern Ireland; unilateral nuclear disarmament, and so on. The Bennite worldview presented a well worked out analysis according to which the IMF, the World Bank and multinational corporations ran the global economy. The European commission and the establishment governed Britain. Spin doctors and pollsters dominated politics. "I did not enter the Labour party … to have our manifesto written by Dr Mori, Dr Gallup and Mr Harris," wrote Benn.
The US was an imperial power that had pursued a policy of world domination since the second world war, and that policy was based on a doctrine: "A faith is something you die for, a doctrine is something you kill for. There is all the difference in the world." All events and developments were made to fit the worldview. All was underpinned by imagined conspiracies and persecutions.
Once this manifesto was completed, it never again altered. From the mid-70s onwards, Benn ceased to have anything new to say as a political thinker. The rest of his life was spent trying to make current events fit his outlook and condemning those who changed their minds and positions. This resistance to new ideas, new evidence and critical thinking about changing events was extremely damaging to the left in the UK. As Benn's mind closed to alternative positions, so the part of the British left that he led became deeply conservative, if not actually reactionary.
Many tortuous conclusions resulted, for example calling on Britain to recognise the Soviet-imposed government of Afghanistan. The great parliamentarian was by the end of the 80s characterising Britain as a state in which the extra-parliamentary struggle had to be supported because democracy was not working. In 1981 he told a Trotskyite group that Labour was "under attack by the Pentagon, Brussels, IMF, the House of Lords and the SDP".
After the US invasion of the Caribbean island of Grenada in 1983, he told Tribune that America might seize control of the UK if British governments did not do its bidding. The following year, he defended the right to revolt against the "oncoming" totalitarianism of the Thatcher governments, and in the aftermath of the 1987 stock market crash he predicted worldwide rioting in the streets and the meltdown of nuclear reactors.
In 2003 he was dismissive of a woman whose family had been executed by Saddam Hussein as a CIA spy: her words were American propaganda. He was a leading figure arguing against the liberation of Libya from the rule of Muammar Gaddafi and strongly opposed any intervention in the conflict in Syria by outside powers.
By the end of his life many of his positions on anti-imperialism and anti-western intervention had become mainstream on the British left and he had become a respected elder statesman of the anti-war, anti-US, anti-intervention generation of radicals. The roots of Benn's socialism were stubbornly non-Marxist. He did not arrive at his worldview through historical materialism as much as through the Bible. He was therefore always a slightly awkward leader of the economic determinists of the left.
What he lacked in knowledge of political economy or revolutionary theory he always more than made up for with energy. This was applied with equal zeal to everything he did: "I have got built into me, through my upbringing or whatever, a tremendously strong inner voice saying what I should do at any moment." In the 1960s, Foot noted: "No one in Labour party history – not even Herbert Morrison in his heyday – applied his mind and energies more assiduously to the work of the [National] Executive."
Teetotal Benn was more than assiduous: he was obsessive. From an early age he kept all his papers, the basement of his house in Holland Park, central London, becoming a massive personal archive, filled with every conceivable piece of office machinery. Towards the end of his life he downsized to a flat nearby, but the archiving remained a passion.
The element of moral fervour that underpinned everything Benn did came from his nonconformist conscience, which made him view life as a process of self-improvement and his career as a duty. One of his most endearing qualities as a younger man was that if someone was unconvinced by his position, his reaction was that he had not put his case well enough.
He never stopped preaching through any programme that would have him, and was a resident on radio's Any Questions and television's Question Time for decades, becoming in time more comfortable with forums in which he could communicate directly with the public – "people at home". His writing tended to be stilted and formulaic, but he was a superb speaker, at his best in the Commons, but articulate and usually humorous, as occasion demanded.
Faith also provided the inspiration for the perfect association in Benn's mind between his own interests and those of the Labour party, the country and, at times it seemed, the world: anyone who did not see the harmony of interests in the same way Benn dismissed as part of the world's problem.
He was often compared with Thatcher. They shared the same qualities of unblinking belief when faced with the glaring lights of contradictory facts. Benn was a true believer and expected true belief, but he differed from Thatcher because he was not a hater. Policy genuinely mattered more to him than personality.
The urge to question and challenge authority made him one of the great parliamentarians of the postwar period. With Foot, Enoch Powell and a handful of others, he had the ability to command the house's attention, especially when he spoke of matters relating to its own rights and privileges. This was a theme he returned to consistently in the 80s and the 90s, when he felt strongly that the role of the Commons in scrutinising the executive was being undermined by the concentration of power in Downing Street, first by Thatcher and then by Blair.
In 1987 the first volume of his diaries appeared, covering the period 1963-67. Subsequent volumes then appeared almost annually, covering the whole of his career. At the same time, Benn began to present more and more reform bills to the Commons. He did not do things by accident. The switch from trying to capture the party to producing an endless flood of words, in bills, the diaries, collections of essays, videos of speeches, CDs, DVDs, through websites and in semi-authorised biographies formed the great project that filled out his final years. The diaries came to an end in 2013 with A Blaze of Autumn Sunshine , by which time a film, Will and Testament , was in post-production.
In response to the flood of his own words, the public's perception of him shifted. Much of what he said was highly critical of the Blair governments and the European Union. He appealed to the anti-war movement, the anti-globalisation movement and Ukip supporters in about equal measure. No longer the most dangerous man in Britain, he had the volume of his diaries in which he movingly described Caroline's death from cancer in 2000 serialised in the Daily Mail. He is survived by their children.
Benn's self-image remained stubbornly self-confident: as he once said: "It's the same each time with progress. First they ignore you, then they say you're mad, then dangerous, then there's a pause and then you can't find anyone who disagrees with you."
He had half a century in parliament. Then he had an Indian summer as a national radical treasure, the Home Counties' favourite revolutionary. He will be remembered as a great parliamentarian, a great radical and a great diarist. He will be forgotten as a practical politician and a political thinker.
In the end, his reputation will be significantly greater than the sum of his achievements because of the vast archive he accumulated and the quality of his diaries. He was like Samuel Pepys – someone who described an age without ever having shaped it – and is remembered for his words rather than his deeds, and by many for his personal kindness and generosity with time and conversation.
• Tony (Anthony Neil Wedgwood) Benn, politician and diarist, born 3 April 1925; died 14 March 2014
• This article was corrected on 20 March. Benn left the Commons 51 years after he first entered it, rather than after 51 continuous years. The volume of his diaries describing the death of his wife was not the final one. These points have been corrected.
Former cabinet minister dies at his home in west London surrounded by family members
Published: 14 Mar 2014
| i don't know |
Who played the title role in the film 'Lawrence of Arabia'? | Peter O’Toole Dead at 81; Actor Starred in Lawrence of Arabia | Variety
PHOTOS: Peter O’Toole’s Hollywood Career
But he did indeed show up at the ceremony the following year, accepting the award from Meryl Streep. “Always a bridesmaid never a bride,” he said with typical theatrical flair to an adoring crowd, “my very own Oscar now to be with me till death do us part.”
He racked up eight Oscar-nominated performances — including the beloved schoolmaster in “Goodbye Mr. Chips” (1969); two portrayals of King Henry II (“Becket,” 1964, “The Lion in Winter,” 1968); an insane aristocrat who thinks he’s Jesus Christ in “The Ruling Class” (1972); the larger-than-life film director in “The Stunt Man” (1980); and the swashbuckling actor in “My Favorite Year” — but his “Lawrence” always loomed largest.
The 1962 film was considered Lean’s masterpiece and possibly the greatest debut lead performance by any screen actor in history. Given the young O’Toole’s flaxen mane and sky-blue eyes, Noel Coward is said to have remarked to O’Toole: “If you’d have been any prettier, it would have been ‘Florence of Arabia’.”
But for all of O’Toole’s stellar stage and screen work over the years, his acting threatened to be overshadowed by the wild antics of his personal life. He was grouped among a group of hellraising U.K. actors that included Burton, Richard Harris, Albert Finney, Michael Caine, Robert Shaw and Oliver Reed. And like Burton, only more so, the great promise of O’Toole’s early years was marred by bouts of alcoholism and serious physical decline that made him appear emaciated and prematurely aged.
And yet O’Toole was unapologetic about his lifestyle. When asked by Charlie Rose if he ever regretted anything, or didn’t live up to his own expectations, he told the interviewer with deadly seriousness that he achieved everything to which he ever aspired. In fact, he padded his own legend by tales of debauchery on talkshows, where he could always be relied upon for his colorful yarns and unmatched eloquence (he once described being inspired early in his career by Michael Redgrave’s performance as “King Lear” as “a concatenation of extraordinary circumstances and coincidences”).
He regaled David Letterman, taping his show in London at the time, with the story of how he and a fellow “Lawrence” actor prepared themselves to ride camels in the movie’s famous charge at Aqaba by getting properly lubed with brandy to get over their fear of falling off the animals: “This look of messianic determination on my face was in fact a drunk actor,” he told the talkshow host.
When he was on target, however, as in “Lawrence,” the showy “The Stunt Man” or “My Favorite Year,” O’Toole’s hammy exuberance was used to great advantage. His intensity was such that his performances in films including “The Ruling Class,” The Stunt Man” and “The Night of the Generals” (1967), in which he played a murderous, high-ranking Nazi, were positively frightening.
O’Toole’s vocal work was also exemplary, voicing Sherlock Holmes in an animated series on British television in the early ’80s, or as the dyspeptic food critic Anton Ego in the 2007 feature “ Ratatouille .”
His stage work was largely limited to Britain’s West End and Dublin, where he shone in a wide range of Shakespearean roles — his Hamlet inaugurated Laurence Olivier’s National Theater in 1963 — as well as contemporary pieces such as “The Long, the Short and the Tall,” which first brought him to audience attention in 1959, and John Osborne’s “Look Back in Anger.”
O’Toole was born Peter Seamus O’Toole in Connemara, County Galway, Ireland, and grew up largely as an Irish immigrant in the northern England industrial town of Leeds. (He would return to Connemara to live for much of his later life). For a time he was conscripted to a convent school, but in his teens he abandoned his education and, after several menial jobs, he joined the staff of the Yorkshire Evening News as a copyboy and photographer’s assistant. After four years, his editor fired him, declaring that journalism held little opportunity for him. So he turned to his avocation, acting, touring with a local repertory company.
Once asked about his aspirations as a journalist, O’Toole replied, “People like me thought that he’d rather be the person written about than do the writing.”
After a stop in the British Submarine Service, he headed to London in 1952 and auditioned for the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. He was granted a scholarship and graduated in 1954 in the same class as Albert Finney and Richard Harris.
During this period actor Wilfrid Lawson became his close friend and mentor.
O’Toole spent the next 3½ years with the Bristol Old Vic, debuting in 1955 in “The Matchmaker” and moving on to London in productions of “Major Barbara” and the musical “Oh My Papa” within a year.
He performed in 73 productions at the Old Vic, but it was his Angry Young Man interpretation of “Hamlet” that really caught London critics’ eyes. The London Times called it “a restless interpretation, crudely staccato in diction and gesture yet blessed with uncommon energy and staying power.” His first post-Old Vic production, “The Holiday,” closed before reaching London in 1958, but the following year his Royal Court performance in “The Long and the Short and the Tall” brought him the London Critics Award for best actor.
First movie roles
His first movie roles were in Disney’s “Kidnapped” and “The Savage Innocents” in 1960. But it was his performance in the film “The Day They Robbed the Bank of England” the same year that bumped him from among the promising to the brink of stardom.
He spent a season at the Memorial Theater in Stratford-on-Avon under the direction of Peter Hall, playing Shylock in “The Merchant of Venice” and Petruchio in “Taming of the Shrew” and seeing his star continue to rise.
David Lean then cast him in the coveted title role in “Lawrence of Arabia” over the expected Marlon Brando; his performance was mercurial and highly praised, as was the film, which copped seven Oscars, including best picture.
He next appeared onstage in “Baal,” then quickly segued to star opposite Burton in “Becket,” for which both actors copped nominations as best actor in 1964. O’Toole’s Keep Films Ltd. co-produced the film.
His “Hamlet” at the National Theater brought mixed reviews, which mentioned for the first but not the last time O’Toole’s tendency to slip into overheated overacting.
His next few roles in Joseph Conrad adaptation “Lord Jim,” the play “Ride a Cock Horse” and the film comedy “What’s New Pussycat,” did not sit well with critics or audiences. The romantic comedy “How to Steal a Million,” opposite Audrey Hepburn, was somewhat better received, but his Dublin debut in “Juno and the Paycock” was not.
O’Toole reversed the slide with a third Oscar nomination in “The Lion in Winter” opposite Katharine Hepburn. He earned $750,000 for the role and 10% of the gross but didn’t get the Oscar.
Two more nominations followed for the musical version of “Goodbye Mr. Chips” and, in 1972, for “The Ruling Class.” During this period he also appeared in Dublin in “Arms and the Man” and “Waiting for Godot.” But during these years, fighting alcoholism and being sidetracked by stomach surgery, O’Toole had a tendency to choose his projects unwisely. Film such as “Man of la Mancha” (for which he received $1 million), “Caligula,” “Murphy’s War” and even Dylan Thomas’ “Under Milk Wood” tarnished his star further.
His “Macbeth” for the Old Vic was a step in the right direction, as was his starring role in the 1981 ABC miniseries “Masada.” In Toronto he appeared onstage in “Present Laughter” and “Uncle Vanya” to good effect.
Then, in 1980, playing a sly, megalomaniacal film director in Richard Rush’s “The Stunt Man” brought him a sixth Oscar nomination as best actor, followed in 1982 by another wacko interpretation as an alcoholic thesp modeled after Errol Flynn in “My Favorite Year” (by which time O’Toole was on the wagon). He also starred in an Irish miniseries, “Strumpet City.”
He starred in “Pygmalion” repeatedly, including on Broadway in 1987.
O’Toole also appeared in a string of pay-the-bills roles in the mid-’80s in films including “Creator,” “Club Paradise,” “Supergirl” and “High Spirits.” In Bernardo Bertolucci’s 1988 Oscar best picture winner “The Last Emperor,” he was a charismatic presence as the young emperor’s tutor.
In 1988 he starred in Keith Waterhouse’s comedy “Jeffrey Bernard Is Unwell” in London. In 1991 he was set to appear in a quasi-sequel to “Look Back in Anger” called “Deja Vu” on the West End, but it was aborted after O’Toole and playwright Osborne fell out over creative differences.
In choosing projects the actor seemed to seek out as much variety as possible. He appeared in Lina Wertmuller’s arty 1989 film “Crystal or Ash, Fire or Wind, as Long as It’s Love,” followed by the surreal “Wings of Fame,” then did a TV movie for CBS called “Crossing to Freedom.”
He appeared in the silly John Goodman comedy “King Ralph” and was in the 1994 miniseries “Heaven and Hell: North & South, Book III.” In 1997 he appeared as Arthur Conan Doyle in “Fairy Tale: A True Story,” then took on the schlocky horror film “Phantoms” with Ben Affleck.
For the impressive 1999 Canadian miniseries “Joan of Arc,” starring Leelee Sobieski, however, he won an Emmy Award.
In 2003’s “Bright Young Things,” an adaptation of Evelyn Waugh’s “Vile Young Bodies,” and in the big-budget historical epic “Troy,” in which he played King Priam, O’Toole stole “his scenes almost kindly from his fellow actors,” Roger Ebert wrote.
He played the older version of the legendary Italian adventurer in the 2005 BBC drama serial “Casanova.”
In his Oscar-nominated performance in “Venus,” he played an elderly man attracted to his friend’s grand-niece.
The actor appeared in the second season of Showtime series “The Tudors,” portraying Pope Paul III, who excommunicates King Henry VIII from the church. One of his last roles was as Father Christopher in the 2012 feature “For Greater Glory: The True Story of Cristiada.”
O’Toole wrote the memoirs “Loitering With Intent: The Child,” which recounts his childhood before WWII, and “Loitering With Intent: The Apprentice,” which concerns his years spent training with friends at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. They were intended as the first two parts of a trilogy.
For 20 years O’Toole was married to actress Sian Phillips, which produced two daughters, actress Kate and Patricia. In 1983 he fathered a son by model Karen Brown, actor Lorcan O’Toole.
In April 2011 O’Toole was honored by the TCM Classic Film Festival, as part of which he added his hand and footprints to those at the Chinese Theater in Hollywood.
(Carmel Dagan, Richard Natale and Leo Barraclough contributed to this report.)
| Peter O'Toole |
Opened in August 1778, what is the name of Milan's famous opera house? | Peter O'Toole, 'one of the giants of film and theatre,' dies at 81 - CNN.com
Peter O'Toole, 'one of the giants of film and theatre,' dies at 81
By Alan Duke, CNN
Updated 7:40 AM ET, Mon December 16, 2013
Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds.
Photos: Oscar-nominated actor Peter O'Toole
Oscar-nominated actor Peter O'Toole – Peter O'Toole, best known for playing the title role in the 1962 film "Lawrence of Arabia," died on Saturday, December 14. He was 81.
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Oscar-nominated actor Peter O'Toole – O'Toole embraces his wife, actress Sian Phillips, circa 1961. They were married in 1959 and stayed together for two decades.
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Oscar-nominated actor Peter O'Toole – O'Toole's first major film success came in the title role of T. E. Lawrence in "Lawrence of Arabia" in 1962. It earned him the first of eight Academy Award nominations.
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Oscar-nominated actor Peter O'Toole – O'Toole waits backstage on the opening night of "Hamlet" at the Old Vic Theatre in London on October 22, 1963. Born in Ireland and raised in England, O'Toole's acting career began on stage in England as a teenager.
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Oscar-nominated actor Peter O'Toole – In 1964, O'Toole played the role of King Henry II in "Becket," opposite Richard Burton as Thomas Becket. Both men were nominated for the best actor Oscar for the film, but both lost.
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Photos: Oscar-nominated actor Peter O'Toole
Oscar-nominated actor Peter O'Toole – O'Toole relaxes at home on February 15, 1965.
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Oscar-nominated actor Peter O'Toole – Wendy Craig and O'Toole rehearse for "Ride a Cock Horse" by playwright William Barrow on June 23, 1965.
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Oscar-nominated actor Peter O'Toole – O'Toole circa 1965. "Ireland, and the world, has lost one of the giants of film and theatre," Irish President Michael D. Higgins said in a statement.
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Oscar-nominated actor Peter O'Toole – Katharine Hepburn stars opposite O'Toole in the 1968 film "The Lion in Winter." His role as Henry II earned him another Oscar nomination.
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Oscar-nominated actor Peter O'Toole – O'Toole's fourth Oscar nomination came in 1969 for the role of a shy English school teacher in "Goodbye, Mr. Chips."
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Oscar-nominated actor Peter O'Toole – He was again nominated for best actor for his portrayal of the 14th Earl of Gurney in the 1972 movie "The Ruling Class."
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Oscar-nominated actor Peter O'Toole – O'Toole's leading role in the 1980 film "The Stunt Man" brought him a sixth best actor nomination from the Academy. Steve Railsback, right, also starred in the film. It was seen as a comeback for O'Toole, whose battle with alcohol addiction hampered his career in the 1970s.
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Oscar-nominated actor Peter O'Toole – O'Toole mocked his own image as an over-the-hill, alcoholic matinee idol in the 1982 film "My Favorite Year." He was again nominated for best actor.
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Oscar-nominated actor Peter O'Toole – O'Toole accepts his honorary Oscar from actress Meryl Streep during the 75th Academy Awards in 2003. The engraving on the gold statuette reads: "Whose remarkable talents have provided cinema history with some of its most memorable characters."
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Oscar-nominated actor Peter O'Toole – O'Toole's role as an aging, out-of-work actor obsessed with a young woman played by Jodie Whittaker in the 2006 film "Venus" earned him his final Oscar nomination. He holds the record for the most Academy Award acting nominations without a win.
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Peter O'Toole was an "absolute genius," British film critic Richard Fitzwilliams says
"There will be a memorial filled with song and good cheer," his daughter says
O'Toole had "been ill for some time," she says
His first major success came as T.E. Lawrence in "Lawrence of Arabia" in 1962
Actor Peter O'Toole died peacefully Saturday in a hospital, his agent Steve Kenis said Sunday. He was 81.
O'Toole's first major film role in the title role of T.E. Lawrence in "Lawrence of Arabia" in 1962 was "absolute genius," British film critic Richard Fitzwilliams told CNN. It earned him the first of eight Academy Award nominations and propelled him to world stardom.
"Ireland, and the world, has lost one of the giants of film and theatre," Irish President Michael D. Higgins said in a statement.
Born in Ireland and raised in England, O'Toole's acting career began on stage in England as a teenager, moving later to television roles in the 1950s and then the big screen.
"His family are very appreciative and completely overwhelmed by the outpouring of real love and affection being expressed towards him, and to us, during this unhappy time," daughter Kate O'Toole said in an written statement. "Thank you all, from the bottom of our hearts."
Photos: Photos: People we lost in 2013
Photos: Photos: People we lost in 2013
People we lost in 2013 – Click through to see people who passed away in 2013.
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People we lost in 2013 – James Avery , who played Philip Banks on the TV show "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air," died on December 31 at the age of 68, his publicist confirmed.
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People we lost in 2013 – Life magazine photographer John Dominis died at his home in New York City on December 30, according to LIFE.com . He was 92.
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People we lost in 2013 – Dr. John W.V. Cordice , the surgeon who operated on Martin Luther King Jr. after King was stabbed in Harlem in 1958, died on December 29 in Iowa. He was 95.
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People we lost in 2013 – Joseph Ruskin , who acted in 25 films and 124 television shows, died of natural causes on December 28 in Santa Monica, California, according to SAG-AFTRA. Ruskin was 89.
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People we lost in 2013 – Jeffrey Ian Pollack , left, who directed the popular 1990s films "Booty Call" and "Above the Rim" and produced "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air," was found dead on December 23. He was 54. He's pictured with producer Benny Medina in 2007.
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People we lost in 2013 – Ned Vizzini , author of "It's Kind of a Funny Story," died December 19 of blunt impact injuries to the head, torso and extremities. Vizzini committed suicide, according to the New York City medical examiner's office, though the office did not immediately say how. He was 32.
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People we lost in 2013 – Al Goldstein , the foul-mouthed publisher of Screw magazine and a pornography pioneer who helped move raunch into mainstream American life, died December 19 in New York. He was 77.
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People we lost in 2013 – Actor Daniel Escobar , who played a teacher in "Lizzie McGuire," died from complications of diabetes in Los Angeles on December 13, according to his agent. He was 49.
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People we lost in 2013 – "Great Train Robber" Ronnie Biggs -- one of the most notorious British criminals of the 20th century -- has died, his publisher told CNN on December 18. He was 84.
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People we lost in 2013 – Ray Price , the Nashville star whose trademark "shuffle" beat became a country music staple, died on December 16, his agent said. He was 87.
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People we lost in 2013 – Oscar-winning actress Joan Fontaine died December 15, her longtime friend Noel Beutel said. She was 96.
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People we lost in 2013 – Actor Peter O'Toole , best known for playing the title role in the 1962 film "Lawrence of Arabia," died on December 14. He was 81.
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People we lost in 2013 – Tom Laughlin , the actor who wrote and starred in the "Billy Jack" films of the 1970s, died on December 12, his family confirmed. He was 82.
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People we lost in 2013 – Jazz guitarist Jim Hall , who played with the jazz greats of the 20th century and influenced the younger ones, died December 10, his family said. He was 83.
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People we lost in 2013 – Actress Eleanor Parker , nominated for three Oscars and known for her "Sound of Music" role, died on December 9, her family said. She was 91.
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People we lost in 2013 – Nelson Mandela , the prisoner-turned-president who reconciled South Africa after the end of apartheid, died on December 5, according to the country's president, Jacob Zuma. Mandela was 95.
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People we lost in 2013 – Bill Beckwith , co-host of HGTV's "Curb Appeal," died December 2 when his motorcycle collided with another vehicle in San Francisco. He was 38.
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People we lost in 2013 – Paul Walker , a star of "The Fast & The Furious" movie franchise, died November 30 in a car crash. He was 40.
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People we lost in 2013 – Paul F. Crouch , co-founder of the Trinity Broadcasting Network, died November 30 at age 79, according to his website and the network's Facebook page.
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People we lost in 2013 – Comedian Jay Leggett , who produced a documentary about the joys of deer hunting, died of natural causes at the end of a deer hunt on November 23. He was 50.
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People we lost in 2013 – Officer Pat Rogers , featured on the TNT reality show "Boston's Finest," apparently took his own life on November 19, a police source said.
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People we lost in 2013 – Renowned psychic Sylvia Browne , a leader in the paranormal world who appeared regularly on television and radio and also wrote dozens of top-selling books, died November 20 in a northern California hospital, according to her website. She is pictured here with her granddaughter Angelia and son Christopher.
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People we lost in 2013 – The eldest daughter of Walt Disney, Diane Disney Miller , died on November 19, according a statement from the museum dedicated to the legendary animated filmmaker. She was 79.
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People we lost in 2013 – Nobel Prize-winning author Doris Lessing died at her London home on November 17, her publisher said. The British author was best known for "The Golden Notebook," which is considered by many critics to be one of the most important feminist novels ever written.
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People we lost in 2013 – Celebrity chef Charlie Trotter , whose namesake restaurant in Chicago received a long list of culinary honors over its 25 years of service, died shortly after he was rushed from his home to a hospital on November 5. He was 54.
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People we lost in 2013 – Lou Reed , who took rock 'n' roll into dark corners as a songwriter, vocalist and guitarist for the Velvet Underground and as a solo artist, died on October 27, his publicist said. He was 71.
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People we lost in 2013 – Actress Marcia Wallace died on October 25, her agent said. Wallace voiced the character Edna Krabappel on "The Simpsons" and is known for playing receptionist Carol Kester on "The Bob Newhart Show." She was 70.
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People we lost in 2013 – Basketball Hall of Famer Bill Sharman -- who won four NBA titles as a player, one as a head coach and five in his club's front office -- died October 25 in southern California, his former teams said. He was 87.
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People we lost in 2013 – Tennessee Titans owner Bud Adams died of natural causes on October 21. He was 90. Adams, whose team started in Houston as the Houston Oilers, co-founded the American Football League, which eventually merged with the National Football League.
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People we lost in 2013 – Lou Scheimer , a pioneer in Saturday morning television cartoons with hit shows such as "Superman," "Fat Albert" and "He-Man," died October 17 at 84, according to his biographer. Andy Mangels helped tell Scheimer's story in the book "Lou Scheimer: Creating the Filmation Generation."
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People we lost in 2013 – "Bum" Phillips , the former NFL football coach who led the Houston Oilers to glory and struggled with the New Orleans Saints, died October 18 at age 90.
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People we lost in 2013 – Rep. Bill Young of Florida, the longest-serving Republican member of the House, died on October 18 at age 82, his office's chief of staff said.
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People we lost in 2013 – Former U.S. House Speaker Tom Foley , 84, died at his home in Washington, his wife, Heather, confirmed on October 18. An earlier version of this gallery contained a photo incorrectly identified as Tom Foley. CNN regrets this error.
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People we lost in 2013 – Character actor Ed Lauter , who had small roles in movies and TV shows over four decades, died October 16 of mesothelioma, caused by asbestos exposure, his publicist said. He was 74.
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People we lost in 2013 – Jazz vocalist Gloria Lynne , whose career included dozens of albums, died October 15 of a heart attack, her son said. She was 83.
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People we lost in 2013 – Maxine Powell , who helped nurture the style of Motown artists such as Marvin Gaye and Diana Ross in the 1960s, died on October 14. The personal development coach for the legendary record label was 98.
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People we lost in 2013 – "MasterChef" runner-up Joshua Marks died October 11 from a self-inflicted gunshot wound to his head. He was 26.
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People we lost in 2013 – Pulitzer Prize-winning author Oscar Hijuelos died on October 12, his agent said. Hijuelos was the first Latino to win the prestigious award for fiction for his 1989 novel, "The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love." He was 62.
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People we lost in 2013 – Astronaut Scott Carpenter , the second American to orbit Earth, died on October 10, NASA said. He was 88.
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People we lost in 2013 – Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap of the Vietnam People's Army, a man credited with major victories against the French and the American military, died on October 4. He was 102.
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People we lost in 2013 – Photojournalist Bill Eppridge , who photographed Sen. Robert F. Kennedy moments after he was fatally shot in Los Angeles in 1968, died on October 3.
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People we lost in 2013 – American author Tom Clancy died October 2, according to a family member. He was 66.
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People we lost in 2013 – Hiroshi Yamauchi, who built Nintendo from a small card company into a global video-game empire before buying the Seattle Mariners, died September 19 in Japan. He was 85.
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People we lost in 2013 – Forty years after rising to the top of the boxing world and outdueling Muhammad Ali, Ken Norton , left, died at a Nevada medical facility after a stroke on September 18. He was 70.
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People we lost in 2013 – British rocker Jackie Lomax , who recorded with legendary stars but whose own career always seemed a degree removed from fame, died on September 15 at the age of 69. The singer-songwriter-guitarist enjoyed a 50-year career playing with many of music's biggest stars -- notably the Beatles -- but personal commercial success eluded him.
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People we lost in 2013 – Ray Dolby , the American inventor who changed the way people listen to sound in their homes, on their phones and in cinemas, died September 12 in San Francisco. He was 80. The founder of Dolby Laboratories had been suffering from Alzheimer's disease for a number of years and in July was diagnosed with acute leukemia.
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People we lost in 2013 – Ex-heavyweight champion Tommy Morrison died September 1, according to his former promoter Tony Holden. He was 44. Morrison defeated George Foreman in 1993 for the World Boxing Organization's heavyweight title. He also won fame for his role in "Rocky V."
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People we lost in 2013 – British broadcaster David Frost , best known for his series of interviews with former U.S. President Richard Nixon in 1977, died August 31. He was 74.
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People we lost in 2013 – Irish poet Seamus Heaney , who won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1995, died on Friday, August 30, at a hospital in Dublin. He was 74.
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People we lost in 2013 – British cinematographer Gilbert Taylor, right, died in his home on the Isle of Wight on Friday, August 23. The man behind the visual style of movies such as "Star Wars" and "Dr. Strangelove" was 99. Here, Taylor and director Peter Brooks, left, film "Meetings With Remarkable Men" in 1979.
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People we lost in 2013 – CBS News correspondent Bruce Dunning died Monday, August 26, from injuries suffered from a fall. Dunning was 73.
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People we lost in 2013 – Muriel "Mickie" Siebert , the first woman to hold a seat on the New York Stock Exchange, died on Sunday, August 25, the Siebert Financial Corp. said. She was 80.
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People we lost in 2013 – Sid Bernstein , the promoter and agent who helped start the "British invasion" by bringing the Beatles to Carnegie Hall, died Wednesday, August 21, according to his publicist. He was 95.
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People we lost in 2013 – Marian McPartland , the famed jazz pianist and longtime host of NPR's "Piano Jazz" program, died Tuesday, August 20, of natural causes, according to her label. She was 95.
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People we lost in 2013 – Crime novelist and screenwriter Elmore Leonard , who was recovering from a stroke, died August 20, his literary agent said. He was 87.
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People we lost in 2013 – Actor Lee Thompson Young , best known for his roles on Disney's "The Famous Jett Jackson" and TNT's "Rizzoli & Isles," died August 19 at the age of 29.
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People we lost in 2013 – Actress Lisa Robin Kelly , one of the stars of TV's "That '70s Show," died August 14, according to her agent, Craig Wyckoff. Kelly was 43.
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People we lost in 2013 – British stuntman Mark Sutton died on Wednesday, August 14, after a parachuting accident in Switzerland. Sutton, 42, was well known for parachuting in as James Bond at the 2012 London Olympics.
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People we lost in 2013 – Gia Allemand appeared on season 14 of ABC's "The Bachelor." In a statement, her family said the 29-year-old's death apparently was suicide.
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People we lost in 2013 – Journalist Jack Germond died August 14, his wife, Alice, wrote in a note to friends. He was 85. Germond covered national politics for more than 50 years, including as a political analyst for CNN.
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People we lost in 2013 – Singer Eydie Gorme , best known for her 1963 song "Blame it on the Bossa Nova," died August 10 in Las Vegas after a brief illness, her publicist said. She was 84.
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People we lost in 2013 – Actress Karen Black , who was nominated for an Oscar for her role in the 1970 film "Five Easy Pieces," died on Thursday, August 8, her agent said, after a long and public battle with cancer. She was 74.
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People we lost in 2013 – Sean Sasser , whose commitment ceremony on MTV's "Real World" in 1994 was a first for U.S. television, died Wednesday, August 7, his longtime partner told CNN. Sasser was 44.
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People we lost in 2013 – Jackie Gingrich , first wife of former House Speaker Newt Gingrich and mother of his two daughters, died Wednesday, August 7, in Atlanta, according to the funeral home organizing her arrangements. She was 77.
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People we lost in 2013 – Margaret Pellegrini, who played the flowerpot Munchkin and one of the sleepyhead kids in the classic film "The Wizard of Oz," died at her home in Phoenix on Wednesday, August 7 after suffering a stroke, according to Ted Bulthaup, spokesman for the Munchkins. She was 89. Pellegrini was one of the last surviving Munchkins from the 1939 film.
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People we lost in 2013 – George Duke, seen here at the 2013 New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival in May, died in August at the age of 67. The legend was known for his phenomenal skills as a keyboardist, and his ability to bridge together jazz, rock, funk and R&B.
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People we lost in 2013 – Baltimore Colts defensive tackle Art Donovan , a charismatic player who was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1968, died Sunday, August 4. He was 88.
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People we lost in 2013 – John Palmer , a veteran reporter for NBC News, died Saturday, August 3, after a short illness, according to the network. He was 77.
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People we lost in 2013 – Michael Ansara , the character actor best known for playing three iterations of Klingon leader Kang in different "Star Trek" series, died Wednesday, July 31. He was 91.
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People we lost in 2013 – Ossie Schectman, the former New York Knicks guard who scored the league's first basket, died Tuesday, July 30. He was 94. NBA Commissioner David Stern called Schectman a pioneer, "Playing for the New York Knickerbockers in the 1946-47 season, Ossie scored the league's first basket, which placed him permanently in the annals of NBA history. On behalf of the entire NBA family, our condolences go out to Ossie's family."
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People we lost in 2013 – Actress Eileen Brennan , who earned an Oscar nomination for her role as the exasperated drill captain in the movie "Private Benjamin," died Sunday, July 28, at her Burbank, California, home after a battle with bladder cancer. She was 80.
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People we lost in 2013 – Former Major League Baseball pitcher Frank Castillo drowned while swimming in a lake near Phoenix, authorities said July 29. He was 44.
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People we lost in 2013 – Ecuador striker Christian Benitez , the top scorer in the Mexican league last season, died of a heart attack Monday, July 29, at age 27.
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People we lost in 2013 – Syndicated radio host Kidd Kraddick died Saturday, July 27, at a golf tournament in New Orleans to raise money for his Kidd's Kids Charity. He was 53.
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People we lost in 2013 – Musician JJ Cale died Friday, July 26, after suffering a heart attack . He was 74. Above, Cale performs at the Carre Theatre in Amsterdam in 1973.
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People we lost in 2013 – Virginia Johnson , the pioneering sex researcher who was part of a groundbreaking team with William Masters, died at age 88 on July 24, her family said. Masters died in 2001.
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People we lost in 2013 – Former world-class boxer Emile Griffith, who won five titles during the 1960s, died July 23 , the International Boxing Hall of Fame announced. He was 75.
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People we lost in 2013 – Actor Dennis Farina , a Chicago ex-cop whose tough-as-nails persona enlivened roles on either side of the law, died Monday, July 22. He was 69. Above, Farina shoots a scene as Detective Joe Fontana in "Law & Order" in 2004.
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People we lost in 2013 – Pioneer journalist and former senior White House correspondent Helen Thomas died Saturday, July 20, after a long illness , sources told CNN. She was 92.
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People we lost in 2013 – Jazz guitarist Carline Ray died at Isabella House in New York City, on July 18. She was 88.
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People we lost in 2013 – Cory Monteith, who played heart throb Finn Hudson in the Fox hit "Glee," was found dead in a Vancouver, Canada, hotel room Saturday, July 13, police said. He was 31.
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People we lost in 2013 – Douglas Englebart, the inventor of the computer mouse, died Tuesday, July 2, at his home in Atherton, California, according to SRI International, the research institute where he once worked. He was 88.
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People we lost in 2013 – Jim Kelly , a martial artist best known for his appearance in the 1973 Bruce Lee movie "Enter the Dragon," died on June 29 of cancer. He was 67. After a brief acting career, he became a ranked professional tennis player on the USTA senior men's circuit. Here he appears in the 1974 film "Three the Hard Way."
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People we lost in 2013 – Bert Stern , a revolutionary advertising photographer in the 1960s who also made his mark with images of celebrities, died on June 25 at age 83. Possibly most memorably, he captured Marilyn Monroe six weeks before she died for a series later known as "The Last Sitting."
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People we lost in 2013 – Alan Myers, Devo's most well-known drummer, lost his battle with cancer on June 24. Band member Mark Mothersbaugh said in a statement that Myers' style on the drums helped define the band's early sound.
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People we lost in 2013 – Singer Bobby "Blue" Bland , who helped create the modern soul-blues sound, died June 23 at age 83. Bland was part of a blues group that included B.B. King. His song "Ain't No Love in the Heart of the City" was sampled on a Jay-Z album. Bland was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992.
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People we lost in 2013 – Marc Rich , the commodities trader and Glencore founder whom President Bill Clinton pardoned on his final day in office, died June 26 at age 78 in Switzerland. Rich often was credited with the creation of modern oil trading. He lived abroad after being indicted in 1983 for tax evasion, false statements, racketeering and illegal trading with Iran, becoming one of the world's most famous white-collar criminals.
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People we lost in 2013 – Richard Matheson , an American science-fiction writer best known for his novel "I Am Legend," died June 23 at age 87. During a career that spanned more than 60 years, Matheson wrote more than 25 novels and nearly 100 short stories, plus screenplays for TV and film.
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People we lost in 2013 – James Gandolfini died at the age of 51, after an apparent heart attack. Gandolfini became a fan favorite for his role as mob boss Tony Soprano on HBO's "The Sopranos."
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People we lost in 2013 – Country music singer/songwriter Slim Whitman died on June 19, his son-in-law Roy Beagle told CNN. He was 90. Above, Whitman poses with his guitar at a press conference at the Prince of Wales Theatre in London, on February 22, 1956.
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People we lost in 2013 – Esther Williams , whose success as a competitive swimmer propelled her to Hollywood stardom during the 1940s and 1950s, died on Thursday, June 6 in California, according to her spokesman.
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People we lost in 2013 – David "Deacon" Jones , who is credited with coining the term "sacking the quarterback" during his stint as one of the greatest defensive ends in the NFL, has died.
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People we lost in 2013 – Democratic Sen. Frank Lautenberg of New Jersey died June 3 of viral pneumonia, his office said. Lautenberg, 89, had been the Senate's last surviving veteran of World War II.
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People we lost in 2013 – Actress Jean Stapleton , best known for her role as Archie Bunker's wife, Edith, in the groundbreaking 1970s TV sitcom "All in the Family," died at age 90 on Saturday, June 1.
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People we lost in 2013 – Ed Shaughnessy , the longtime drummer for "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson," died May 24. He was 84.
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People we lost in 2013 – Ray Manzarek , keyboardist and founding member of The Doors, passed away of cancer on Monday, May 20. He was 74.
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People we lost in 2013 – NASCAR legend Dick Trickle died on May 16 of an apparent self-inflicted gunshot wound. He was 71.
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People we lost in 2013 – Popular American psychologist and television personality Dr. Joyce Brothers died at 85, her daughter said on May 13. Brothers gained fame as a frequent guest on television talk shows and as an advice columnist for Good Housekeeping magazine and newspapers throughout the United States.
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People we lost in 2013 – Jeanne Cooper , who played Katherine Chancellor, the "Dame of Genoa City," on "The Young and the Restless," died on May 8. She was 84.
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People we lost in 2013 – Ray Harryhausen , the stop-motion animation and special-effects master whose work influenced such directors as Steven Spielberg, Peter Jackson and George Lucas, died on May 7 at age 92, according to the Facebook page of the Ray and Diana Harryhausen Foundation.
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People we lost in 2013 – Grammy-winning guitarist Jeff Hanneman , a founding member of the heavy metal band Slayer, died on May 2 of liver failure. He was 49.
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People we lost in 2013 – Chris Kelly , one-half of the 1990s rap duo Kris Kross, died on May 1 at an Atlanta hospital after being found unresponsive at his home, the Fulton County medical examiner's office told CNN.
Kelly, right, and Chris Smith shot to stardom in 1992 with the hit "Jump."
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People we lost in 2013 – George Jones , the country music legend whose graceful, evocative voice gave depth to some of the greatest songs in country music -- including "She Thinks I Still Care," "The Grand Tour" and "He Stopped Loving Her Today" -- died on April 26 at age 81, according to his public relations firm.
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People we lost in 2013 – Actor Allan Arbus poses for a portrait with his daughter photographer Amy Arbus in 2007. Allan Arbus, who played psychiatrist Maj. Sidney Freedman in the M*A*S*H television series, died at age 95, his daughter's representative said April 23.
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People we lost in 2013 – Folk singer Richie Havens , the opening act at the 1969 Woodstock music festival, died on April 22 of a heart attack, his publicist said. He was 72.
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People we lost in 2013 – Australian rocker Chrissy Amphlett , the Divinyls lead singer whose group scored an international hit with the sexually charged "I Touch Myself" in the early 1990s, died on April 21 from breast cancer and multiple sclerosis, her husband said. She was 53.
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People we lost in 2013 – Pat Summerall , the NFL football player turned legendary play-by-play announcer, was best known as a broadcaster who teamed up with former NFL coach John Madden. Summerall died April 16 at the age of 82.
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People we lost in 2013 – Comedian Jonathan Winters died on April 11 at age 87. Known for his comic irreverence, he had a major influence on a generation of comedians. Here he appears on "The Jonathan Winters Show" in 1956.
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People we lost in 2013 – Sir Robert Edwards , a "co-pioneer" of the in vitro fertilization technique and Nobel Prize winner, died April 10 in his sleep after a long illness, the University of Cambridge said. He was 87. He is pictured on July 25, 1978, holding the world's first "test-tube baby," Louise Joy Brown, alongside the midwife and Dr. Patrick Steptoe, who helped develop the fertility treatment.
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People we lost in 2013 – Annette Funicello , one of the best-known members of the original 1950s "Mickey Mouse Club" and a star of 1960s "beach party" movies, died at age 70 on April 8. Pictured, Funicello performs with Jimmie Dodd on "The Mickey Mouse Club" in1957.
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People we lost in 2013 – Former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , a towering figure in postwar British and world politics and the only woman to become British prime minister, died at the age of 87 on Monday, April 8.
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People we lost in 2013 – Designer Lilly Pulitzer , right, died on April 7 at age 81, according to her company's Facebook page. The Palm Beach socialite was known for making sleeveless dresses from bright floral prints that became known as the "Lilly" design.
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People we lost in 2013 – Film critic Roger Ebert died on April 4, according to his employer, the Chicago Sun-Times. He was 70. Ebert had taken a leave of absence on April 2 after a hip fracture was revealed to be cancer.
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People we lost in 2013 – Jane Nebel Henson , wife of the late Muppets creator Jim Henson and instrumental in the development of the world-famous puppets, died April 2 after a long battle with cancer. She was 78.
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People we lost in 2013 – Shain Gandee , one of the stars of the MTV reality show "Buckwild," was found dead with two other people in Kanawha County, West Virginia, on April 1. He was 21.
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People we lost in 2013 – Music producer and innovator Phil Ramone , right, with Paul Shaffer, left, and Billy Joel at the Song Writers Hall of Fame Awards in New York in 2001. Ramone died March 30 at the age of 72.
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People we lost in 2013 – Writer/producer Don Payne , one of the creative minds behind "The Simpsons," died March 26 at his home in Los Angeles after losing a battle with bone cancer, reports say. He was 48.
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People we lost in 2013 – Gordon Stoker , left, who as part of the vocal group the Jordanaires sang backup on hits by Elvis Presley, died March 27 at 88.
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People we lost in 2013 – Deke Richards , center, died March 24 at age 68. Richards was a producer and songwriter who was part of the team responsible for Motown hits such as "I Want You Back" and "Maybe Tomorrow." He had been battling esophageal cancer.
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People we lost in 2013 – Legendary publisher, promoter and weightlifter Joe Weider , who created the Mr. Olympia contest and brought California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger to the United States, died at age 93 on March 23.
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People we lost in 2013 – Playboy magazine's 1962 "Playmate of the Year," Christa Speck Krofft , died March 22 of natural causes at the age of 70.
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People we lost in 2013 – Rena Golden , who held top positions at CNN, died at age 51 after battling lymphoma for two years on March 21.
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People we lost in 2013 – Harry Reems , the porn star best known for playing Dr. Young in the 1972 adult film classic "Deep Throat," died March 19, according to a spokeswoman at a Salt Lake City hospital. Reems, whose real name is Herbert Streicher, was 65.
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People we lost in 2013 – Bobbie Smith , who as a member of the Spinners sang lead on such hits as "I'll Be Around" and "Could It Be I'm Falling in Love," died on March 16 at age 76. Pictured clockwise from left, Spinners band member Pervis Jackson, Billy Henderson, Jonathan Edwards, Bobbie Smith and Henry Fambrough, 1977.
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People we lost in 2013 – Sweden's Princess Lilian , the Welsh-born model who lived with her lover Prince Bertil for 30 years before they were married, has died at the age of 97, the Swedish Royal Court said in a statement.
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People we lost in 2013 – Alvin Lee , the speed-fingered British guitarist who lit up Woodstock with a monumental 11-minute version of his song "I'm Going Home," died on March 6, according to his website. He was 68.
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People we lost in 2013 – Hugo Chavez , the polarizing president of Venezuela who cast himself as a "21st century socialist" and foe of the United States, died March 5, said Vice President Nicolas Maduro.
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People we lost in 2013 – Bobby Rogers , one of the original members of Motown staple The Miracles, died on Sunday, March 3, at 73. From left: Bobby Rogers, Ronald White, Smokey Robinson and Pete Moore circa 1965.
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People we lost in 2013 – Actress Bonnie Franklin , star of the TV show "One Day at a Time," died at the age of 69 on March 1 of complications from pancreatic cancer.
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People we lost in 2013 – Actor Dale Robertson , who was popular for his western TV shows and movies, died at age 89 on Thursday, February 28.
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People we lost in 2013 – Richard Street , former member of the Temptations, died at age 70 on February 27. Street, second from the left, poses for a portrait with fellow members of the Temptations circa 1973.
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People we lost in 2013 – Van Cliburn , the legendary pianist honored with a New York ticker-tape parade for winning a major Moscow competition in 1958, died on February 27 after a battle with bone cancer, his publicist said. He was 78.
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People we lost in 2013 – Former U.S. Surgeon General C. Everett Koop died on February 25. He was 96. Koop served as surgeon general from 1982 to 1989, under Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush.
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People we lost in 2013 – Damon Harris , former member of the Motown group the Temptations, died at age 62 on February 18. Harris, center on the stool, poses for a portrait with fellow members of The Temptations circa 1974.
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People we lost in 2013 – Lou Myers , a stage, film and TV actor who memorably portrayed Mr. Gaines on the comedy "A Different World," died on February 19 at the age of 75.
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People we lost in 2013 – Los Angeles Laker owner Jerry Buss died February 18 at age 80. Buss, who had owned the Lakers since 1979, was credited with procuring the likes of Earvin "Magic" Johnson, James Worthy, Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant. The Lakers won 10 NBA championships and 16 Western Conference titles under Buss' ownership.
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People we lost in 2013 – Country singer Mindy McCready was found dead on February 17 of a self-inflicted gunshot wound, authorities said. She was 37. During her career, McCready landed 14 songs and six albums on the Billboard country charts.
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People we lost in 2013 – Ed Koch , the brash former New York mayor, died February 1 of congestive heart failure at 88, his spokesman said.
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People we lost in 2013 – Patty Andrews , center, the last surviving member of the Andrews Sisters, died at her Northridge, California, home on January 30, her publicist Alan Eichler said. She was 94. Patty is seen in this 1948 photograph with her sisters Maxene, left, and Laverne.
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People we lost in 2013 – Baseball Hall of Famer and St. Louis Cardinals great Stan Musial died on January 19, according to his former team. He was 92.
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People we lost in 2013 – Baseball Hall of Fame manager Earl Sidney Weaver , who led the Baltimore Orioles to four pennants and a World Series title with a pugnacity toward umpires, died January 19 of an apparent heart attack at age 82, Major League Baseball said.
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People we lost in 2013 – Pauline Phillips , better known to millions of newspaper readers as the original Dear Abby advice columnist, has died after a long battle with Alzheimer's Disease. She died January 16 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, at age 94.
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People we lost in 2013 – Aaron Swartz , the Internet activist who co-wrote the initial specification for RSS, committed suicide, a relative told CNN on January 12. He was 26. Swartz also co-founded Demand Progress, a political action group that campaigns against Internet censorship.
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People we lost in 2013 – Claude Nobs , the founder of the Montreux Jazz Festival, died aged 76 following a skiing accident.
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People we lost in 2013 – Richard Ben Cramer , the Pulitzer Prize-winning writer whose 1992 book "What It Takes" remains one of the most detailed and passionate of all presidential campaign chronicles, died January 7, according to his longtime agent. He was 62.
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People we lost in 2013 – Director and stuntman David R. Ellis died on January 7. He directed "Snakes on a Plane."
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People we lost in 2013 – Tony Lip , who played mob figures in the hit cable show "The Sopranos" and several critically acclaimed movies, died January 4, a funeral home official said. Lip, whose real name was Frank Vallelonga, was 82.
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Photos: Photos: People we lost in 2013
People we lost in 2013 – Character actor Ned Wertimer , known to fans of "The Jeffersons" as the doorman Ralph Hart, died on January 2. He was 89.
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Photos: Photos: People we lost in 2013
People we lost in 2013 – Pop-country singer Patti Page died on January 1 in Encinitas, California. She was 85. Born Clara Ann Fowler, Page was the best-selling female artist of the 1950s and had 19 gold and 14 platinum singles.
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Hans Christian Anderson died in August 1875. What was his nationality? | Hans Christian Andersen (1805 - 1875) - Genealogy
Hans Christian Andersen
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in Copenhagen, København, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
Place of Burial:
Assistens Cemetery, Copenhagen Hovedstaden, Denmark
Immediate Family:
Half brother of Karen Marie Andersen
Managed by:
Added 2016-10-22 20:46:40 -0700 by David Widerberg Howden
Collection:
Cause of death: Liver cancer - Aug 4 1875 - Copenhagen
Parents:
Hans Andersen, Anne Marie Andersdatter
Residences:
Apr 2 1805 - Sct. Hans, Odense, Odense
Death:
Apr 2 1805 - Odense, Danmark
Death:
Aug 4 1875 - København, Danmark
Parents:
<Private> Andersdatter, Anne Marie Andersdatter
Siblings:
Johanne Hansen (født Hansdatter), Caren Marie Andersen ( Fader: Daniel Jørgensen Rosenvind )
Wife:
mother's partner's daughter
About Hans Christian Andersen
Hans Christian Andersen , often referred to in Scandinavia as H. C. Andersen, was a Danish author. Although a prolific writer of plays, travelogues, novels, and poems, Andersen is best remembered for his fairy tales. Andersen's popularity is not limited to children; his stories, called eventyr in Danish or "fairy-tales" in English, express themes that transcend age and nationality.
Andersen's fairy tales, which have been translated into more than 125 languages, have become culturally embedded in the West's collective consciousness, readily accessible to children, but presenting lessons of virtue and resilience in the face of adversity for mature readers as well. Some of his most famous fairy tales include "The Emperor's New Clothes", "The Little Mermaid", "The Nightingale", "The Snow Queen", "The Ugly Duckling", and many more.
His stories have inspired ballets, both animated and live-action films, and plays.
Om Hans Christian Andersen (Dansk)
Over H.C. Andersens nærmeste slægt meddeles efter det oplyste følgende oversigt:
Søren Jensen Postrider i Assens Død 2. august 1754 Gift med Karen Nielsdatter. Død 12. januar 1768
↓ Karen (eller Cathrine) Sørensdatter Født omtr. 1708. Død 1. april 1799 Gift med Nommen Nommesen Stadstambour i Odense Født omtr. 1707. Død 6. febr. 1787 ↓ Anne Cathrine Nommensdatter Født 1. dec. 1745. Død 29. aug. 1822 Gift 19.dec. 1781 med Anders Hansen. Død 5. febr. 1827 ↓ Hans Andersen, friskomager i Odense Født 14. dec. 1782. Død 26. april 1816 Gift 2. febr. 1805 med Anne Marie Andersdatter. Død 7. okt. 1833 ( hun gift 8. juli 1818 med Niels Jørgensen Gundersen, døbt 31. marts 1787. Død 4. juni 1822 ) ↓ Hans Christian Andersen Født 2. april 1805 Død 4. August 1875.
Note generelt: Ovenstående er uddrag af en omskrivning "Om Hans Christian Andersens Slægt" Af Gustav Ludvig Wad. Odense Hempelske Boghandels Forlag Fyens Stiftsbogtrykkeri (Dreyer) 1905. Oversigt over hele indholdet: http://www.visithcandersen.dk/slaegt-13.htm
| Danish |
Which jockey rode 'Shergar' to Derby victory in 1981? | Hans Christian Andersen Biography
Hans Christian Andersen Books
Hans Christian Andersen, most famously known for his fairy tales like “The Little Mermaid”, “The Ugly Duckling” and “The Emperor’s New Clothes” has left his mark on both the adult literature world as well as young children.
Hans Christian Andersen was born on April 2 1805 in Odense Denmark. He is most known as Hans Christian Andersen with English sources, but in his native land he is known as H.C. Andersen. Using the initials of somebody’s name in Denmark is part of an accepted custom. His grandmother told him that their family once had been in a higher social class; however this was never proven to be true. The only connection to royalty that the family had was work related. The idea that he was somehow the illegitimate son of the Danish King began long ago as the King took a remarkable interest in Hans Christian Andersen when he was a youth. He paid for his education. No one has ever proven though as rumors about his “royal” decent. The Danish King’s interest in Hans Christian may have had something to do with the boy’s vast imagination. He was a very intelligent boy who as a child made himself a toy theatre, along with puppets and clothes to play with. He read many Shakespearean and Holberg plays throughout his childhood and developed a deep passion for literature. He could memorize entire plays and would recite them while he played with is paper dolls as actors.
Hans Christian Anderson lost his father at the age of eleven and found himself working as an apprentice for a weaver and a tailor. He was often made fun of for his interest in acting and playing with “dolls” by co-workers and at the age of fourteen he moved from his home town to Copenhagen to seek employment as an actor in a theatre. At a young age he proved to have a nice soprano voice and succeeded in working in the Royal Danish Theatre until his voice changed in which he changed his focus to writing. It seems that fortune shone upon Hans Christian in his youth because he then ended up meeting Jonas Collin who took a particular interest in the boy. He sent him to grammar school in Slagelse and paid all of his expenses and tuition. Like many other genius men he did not enjoy his school studies but continued to educate himself. He was abused by his schoolmaster in order to “build character” and described his school years as one of the darkest times in his life. His was alienated from the other students and had very few, if any friends. His teachers strongly encouraged him not to write as he was dyslexic. He later became fluent in many different languages such as German, Dutch and English. His first story that was published was called “The Ghost at Palnatoke’s Grave” which was published before he even began grammar school.
As an early writer Hans Christian Andersen had much success with a short story called “A Journey on Foot from Holmen’s Canal to the East Point of Amager.” But it wasn’t until 1833 that he hit success again thanks to the Danish King. The King gave him a considerable grant for making a journey across Europe in which he was inspired to write “Agnete and the Merman” and “The Improvisatore.” The latter became an immediate success. In 1835 he began to write his well known Fairy Tales and competed volume on in 1837. Ironically the well known fairy tales that we love were not successful at the time, but he continued to write two more novels which continued to have success. .
In 1847 he was invited to a party thrown by the Countess of Blessington where he met Charles Dickens to which he wrote in his diary, “… I was so happy to see and speak to England’s now living writer, whom I love the most.” He visited Charles Dickens ten years later and over stayed his welcome somewhat. He never quite understood why Dickens stopped answering the letters he wrote to him.
In the spring of 1872, Hans Christian Andersen fell out of his bed and injured himself badly. He then went to live with a friend named Moritz Melchior where he died a painful death on August 4 1875. He received a stipend from the Danish Government as a “national treasure” and a stature now stands in his honor in Copenhagen.
Hans Christian Andersen leaves behind a legacy of literature. Some most popular are:
• Thumbelina
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Sir Gordon Richards retired from horse racing having ridden 4,870 winners in August of which year? | Pinza and Sir Gordon Richards Michael Church Racing Books
Michael Church Racing Books
Michael Church has a worldwide reputation as an authority on the history of Thoroughbred breeding. Apart from his lineage chart compilations of the Derby, 2,000 Guineas and Champion Sires, he has also written a dozen books, including the highly acclaimed, The Classic Pedigree, Dams of Classic Winners, and The Derby Stakes.
Pinza and Sir Gordon Richards
Pinza and Sir Gordon Richards
As we celebrate The Queen’s 60th anniversary, I should like to recall the events of the Coronation Derby. A race in which her first Derby runner, Aureole, finished second to Pinza.
A few days before the 1953 Derby, the newly crowned Queen Elizabeth II conferred a knighthood on Gordon Richards for his services to racing. On Derby Day, Sir Gordon was to make his 28th and final attempt to win the race, this time on Pinza, a powerful bay of 16.1 hands by the French stayer Chanteur out of Pasqua, by Donatello.
Bred by Fred Darling, Pinza was sold as a yearling to Sir Victor Sassoon at the Newmarket Sales for 1,500 guineas. Sent to Newmarket trainer Norman Bertie, although backward as a two-year-old, Pinza won two of his four starts, concluding with an impressive five lengths victory in the Dewhurst Stakes.
He was allotted 9st 2lb in the Free Handicap, 5lb less than the Middle Park winner Nearula. Slow to recover from a fall on gravel in the winter, Pinza missed the Guineas and returned in mid-May to win the Newmarket Stakes in a canter. After which, his Derby price was immediately cut from 33-1 to 8-1.
Derby Day was hot and sunny and the crowd, reported to be more than half-a-million, had been swelled by the thousands who had come to London for the Coronation earlier in the week. The Queen’s runner Aureole, having won the Lingfield Derby Trial, had been a leading fancy for some weeks, but after sweating up in the preliminaries drifted out to 9-1. Joint-favourites at 5-1 were Pinza and Aureole’s stable companion Premonition, winner of the Great Northern Stakes at York. Also in contention was the Two Thousand Guineas winner Nearula, who had missed a vital week of preparation and was now offered at 10-1.
The 27 runners on their way, Shikampur took an early lead and coming down the hill he was four lengths clear of Victory Roll and Mountain King, with Pinza close up. Around Tattenham Corner, Richards, finding an opening on the rails, moved Pinza into second place.
Once in the straight, Charlie Smirke continued to ride out Shikampur, but Pinza closed rapidly and swept by two furlongs out. In the final stages, Aureole made steady progress on the outside, but by now it was too late and the deafening cheers from the distance told the tale – Gordon Richards had finally won the Derby.
To all those who witnessed the occasion (including the author) it was a never-to-be-forgotten day. Aureole was second, four lengths away, with Pink Horse running on in third and the gallant Shikampur fourth. After the weigh-in the Queen sent for the winning jockey to offer her congratulations.
Sir Gordon Richards (1904-1986), one of a family of 12 children, was born at Donnington Wood, near Oakengates in Shropshire, where his father was a coal miner. Gordon served his apprenticeship with Martin Hartigan at Foxhill and rode his first winner on Jimmy White’s Gay Lord at Leicester on 16 October, 1920. He was Champion Jockey for the first time in 1925 and, in 1933, made the front pages of every Daily newspaper when beating Fred Archer’s record of 146 winners in a season.
A modest, dedicated man of great integrity, Gordon Richards was the undisputed hero of those who followed racing for the first half of the 20th century, and his Derby victory on Pinza the most popular of that period.
In 1954, when leaving the paddock at Sandown, the filly Abergeldie reared up and fell over backwards on top of Richards, breaking his pevis and dislocating four ribs. The following year, fully recovered, he trained from Beckhampton, later moving first to Ogbourne-Maizey and then to Whitsbury in Hampshire, with Scobie Breasley as stable jockey.
Gordon Richards was Champion Jockey 26 times and from 21,834 mounts rode 4,870 winners. His 14 Classic winners included Tudor Minstrel (1947 Two Thousand Guineas) and Sun Chariot (1942 fillies’ Triple Crown).
Returning to Pinza, in the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, he again beat Aureole, this time by three lengths. However, shortly afterwards, he broke down and never raced again. Syndicated at a value of £200,000, he retired to stud.
With the exception of Pinturischio, who was sensationally, twice poisoned when favourite for the 1961 Derby, Pinza never produced a horse equal to himself.
He died in 1977 and is buried at Woodditton Stud, Newmarket.
| 1954 |
Who reached the top spot in the UK charts with 'Please Don't Tease' in August 1960? | Featured Articles about Jockeys - Page 2 - latimes
FEATURED ARTICLES ABOUT JOCKEYS - PAGE 2
SPORTS
Jockey Documentary Dedicated to Venezia
March 15, 1989 | BILL CHRISTINE
"A Cup of Courage--The Jockeys' Story," a 48-minute videocassette produced by Jericho Pictures of Pasadena, is a documentary dedicated to jockey Mike Venezia. Some of the proceeds from sale of the documentary will go to the Don MacBeth Memorial Jockeys' Fund, which was established to help injured riders. MacBeth was a leading rider who died of cancer. In the documentary, Laffit Pincay, Angel Cordero, Chris McCarron and others talk about the dangers of riding horses.
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Hoosier Park Jockeys Refuse to Ride
November 14, 2004 | Bill Christine, Times Staff Writer
Jockeys' unrest over insurance costs took on a new dimension at Churchill Downs-owned Hoosier Park on Friday night, when 14 riders refused to ride and forced the track in Anderson, Ind., to cancel its 12-race card. With at least 14 jockeys available, Hoosier Park resumed racing Saturday night with 13 races, including a $100,000 stake. Rick Moore, president of Hoosier Park, was told by the jockeys Friday night that they weren't riding because of concerns about the track's inner safety rail.
SPORTS
Churchill Jockeys Denied '47' Patch
November 4, 1994 | BILL CHRISTINE
Jockeys at Churchill Downs have been denied permission by the stewards to ride in the Breeders' Cup races Saturday with a "47" boot patch that stands for the number of permanently disabled riders nationally. Jockeys in New York and California will be allowed to wear the patches, but at Churchill the three stewards said that riders "who individually elect to wear the emblem may be subject to disciplinary action." Racing rules vary slightly from state to state.
SPORTS
Jockey Removed Amid Boycott Threat
November 8, 2004 | Bill Christine, Times Staff Writer
Jockey Shane Sellers, who has won more than 4,000 races, many of them at Churchill Downs, was escorted from the Louisville track in handcuffs Sunday by track security, preventing him from participating in an informational meeting with fellow riders about their insurance coverage. No charges were filed, and no official reason was given for his removal.
SPORTS
Dettori Thought Jockeys Were 'Dead'
June 3, 2000 | BILL CHRISTINE
"We're dead, mate. This is it. We're gone." That's what jockey Frankie Dettori said to colleague Ray Cochrane as their light plane crashed shortly after takeoff Thursday, not far from Newmarket Racecourse in England. The pilot, Patrick Mackey, was killed, while Dettori and Cochrane were able to scramble from the flaming wreckage. Surgeons inserted two screws into Dettori's right leg, fusing a broken ankle, and he probably won't resume riding until August.
NEWS
British Jockey Champ, 82, Dies
November 10, 1986 | From Reuters
Sir Gordon Richards, one of the most successful jockeys in horse-racing history, died today at the age of 82, a family spokesman said. Richards, Britain's champion jockey 26 times, rode a record 4,870 winners in a 35-year career. He turned to training racehorses when he retired in 1954. His victories included 14 in English classic races. He won the St. Leger five times, the 2,000 and 1,000 Guineas three times each, the Oaks twice and the Derby once.
SPORTS
Horse Falls, 3 Jockeys Are Injured
November 25, 1991 | BILL CHRISTINE, TIMES STAFF WRITER
Jockey Amir Cedeno suffered a broken pelvis and Corey Nakatani and Alex Solis, two of the leading riders in the nation, escaped with lesser injuries Sunday after a three-horse spill during the fourth race at Hollywood Park. Solis' mount, Ask The Man, was in fifth place when he broke down coming out of the turn for home. Snoboy, ridden by Cedeno, was unable to avoid Ask The Man in front of him, and went down, rolling over on Cedeno.
SPORTS
Races in Chicago Canceled as Jockeys Refuse to Ride
March 12, 1992 | Associated Press
The last six races at Sportsman's Park on Wednesday were canceled when jockeys refused to ride on the weather-battered track. Races were canceled after the third race when the jockeys walked out. They refused to comment on their reasons for leaving. Races also were canceled Tuesday after the jockeys walked out. "I think they just feel that the track was unsafe," said Scott Hayden, Sportsman's marketing director.
SPORTS
Jockey Valenzuela to Undergo Surgery Today
December 30, 1988
Jockey Pat Valenzuela, who was kicked by a horse after his mount fell during a race at Santa Anita Wednesday, is scheduled to undergo surgery on broken bones in his left cheek today at Methodist Hospital in Arcadia. Valenzuela, who also suffered a concussion, was reported to be dazed Thursday, and doctors said they were unsure about the length of his recuperation after surgery.
SPORTS
Jockey Olguin Fractures Leg at Hollypark
June 2, 1988
Apprentice jockey Jerry Olguin suffered a hairline fracture of the right leg Wednesday when his fourth-race Hollywood Park mount, I Tryalot Too, flipped over in the starting gate, officials said. Olguin, who won his first U.S. race Monday aboard Emperador Al Norte in the first race at Hollywood Park, was treated at Centinela Hospital Medical Center where he will remain Wednesday night for observation.
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Who won his first Wimbledon Men's Singles Crown in 1993? | Wimbledon Mens Players | Mens Singles Champions | Andy Murray | Roger Federer
Mens Players
Wimbledon Mens Singles
We take a look at the mens singles competition, providing background and chances of the players for the 2011 tournament at the All England Club.
Many Tennis fans would argue that Wimbledon is the toughest of the four majors to win as it is the only one played on a grass surface. The winner must therefore be versatile in handling the different challenges that playing on grass poses. Please check here for details of the 2010 Wimbledon mens seedings .
The 2011 Men’s singles at Wimbledon promises yet again to be as exciting as ever with Roger Federer favourite in the Wimbledon mens singles betting to win the crown once again afre beating Andy Roddick last year. Nadal’s victory in 2008 prevented Federer from becoming the first man in Wimbledon history to record six straight wins, he will be back at SW19 for the first time since and desperate to regain his crown.
In some media circles Federer was being written off last year, but he came back to the top when he won the US Open Tennis for the fifth straight year, defeating Britain's Andy Murray in the final. He then lost to Nadal in the Australian Open final in another five set epic, before achieving his greatest moment in tennis, when he won the French Open title for the first time. That win gave him a record equalling fourteen Grand Slams a record he shares with, Sampras and he also became the first man since Andre Agassi to win all four Grand Slam titles.
We think that Federer should win once more this year but the following players all have chances
Robin Soderling
Fred Perry - The last British Mens Single Champion
Fred Perry was the last British mens single champion at Wimbledon when he won the title for the third and final time in 1936. Perry, had won the previous two mens singles titles at the 1934 and 1935 Championship and despite being some years ago reports suggest that he was one of the greatest ever Wimbledon champions. Can Scot, Andy Murray emulate the great man this year? Murray has been in outstanding form this year and won the the title at Queens Club last week. He has shot up to number three in the world rankings and is third favourite to win in the mens singles betting. He reached the quarter finals last year where he was beaten by Rafa Nadal. Tim Henman remains the only British player to get to the semi finals in recent years, he achieved this four times in total.
Modern Era Mens Wimbledon Champions
In recent years, some of the biggest names in mens Tennis have lifted the famous Mens Singles trophy. Four times champion Rod Laver was the first male to claim the title in the open era in 1968 and 1969. Fellow Australian John Newcombe won back to back championships in 1970 and 1971 before Bjorn Borg won four consecutive titles between 1976 - 79.
During the 80s, the Wimbledon mens singles title was won by great names such as John McEnroe, Boris Becker and Stefan Edberg, all who won the title on more than one occasion during the decade.
American great Pete Sampras dominated the title in the 90s winning the mens singles crown a total of seven times between 1993 and 2000, only Richard Krajicek stopped him from winning a Wimbledon record eight straight titles. In recent years, the mens singles game has been all about Roger Federer who has won the last four Wimbledon mens singles championships and the Swiss star shows no signs of slowing down his dominance of the mens game.
Past Wimbledon Mens Singles Winners
1980 B. Borg (Sweeden)
| Pete Sampras |
In August of which year did the building of the Berlin Wall begin? | Wimbledon - Tennis Topics - ESPN
Past Winners
The Championships, Wimbledon, is an annual tennis tournament held each year in London. Wimbledon is the oldest tennis championship in the world and is considered by many the most prestigious, as well. It is one of the four Grand Slam tournaments -- the third in the calendar year -- and the only Grand Slam event held on grass.
Wimbledon takes place each summer in June and July at the All England Club in Wimbledon, London. The tournament has garnered fame both for its exceptional tennis and its well-known traditions, such as the serving of strawberries and cream and Pimm's and lemonade.
Wimbledon hosts championships for men's and women's singles and doubles, as well as mixed doubles. The tournament also has junior and invitational events during its two-week span.
The Wimbledon Championships began in 1877, when the All England Club, founded solely as a croquet club, embraced the fast-growing sport of lawn tennis. The club decided to host a championship and, before it could do so, put together a set of rules and regulations for the sport (which are very similar to those used today).
In 1877, the first year of the Lawn Tennis Championship, the club hosted only a gentlemen's singles competition. The first winner was Spencer Gore, who beat out a 22-man field. About 200 spectators attended the tournament. The tournament was considered a success, and it became an annual event. From the formation of the event until 1922, the previous year's champion received a bye into the final round, resulting in multiple repeat winners in the tournament's first few decades.
Seven years after the first tournament, women were invited to play for the first time. Maud Watson was the first champion of that 1884 ladies' singles competition, winning out of a field of 13. Gentlemen's doubles were introduced in the same year, after the Oxford University club ended its doubles championship in 1883.
Tennis was beginning to grow in popularity as a spectator sport. The growth of the sport and of the Wimbledon Championships was owed partly to the success of William and Ernest Renshaw, British twins who combined for 13 singles and doubles titles in eight years between 1881 and 1889. That period of surging interest among London spectators became known as the "Renshaw Rush."
By 1900, Wimbledon was of international interest. In 1905, the Championships had its first overseas titleholder: American May Sutton, who won the ladies' singles. Two years later (as Sutton won her second title), Australian Norman Brookes won the men's singles competition, becoming the first men's international winner. Since that year, only two British men have won the men's singles event.
After play was interrupted during World War I, the tournament moved into a new home when the club built much larger grounds on Church Road across town in Wimbledon. The centerpiece of that stadium, the current Centre Court, held 14,000 spectators and did wonders in expanding the tournament's prestige and popularity.
Wimbledon continued to thrive after its move and hosted some of the world's best tennis players until it was put on hold once again during World War II. Soldiers nearby used the grounds for training and military functions, and Centre Court was hit by a bomb and suffered huge losses of seats. Some tennis was hosted in 1945, on No. 1 Court, but the Championships did not return until 1946.
As Wimbledon became more and more international, the tournament was overrun by talented players from overseas: Rod Laver for the men, Maureen Connolly and Althea Gibson -- the first African-American winner -- for the women. But by the late 1950s, the amateurism of Wimbledon was failing the system. Amateur players were receiving far more money than was allowed by the ITF, and the Wimbledon board set out to reform the rules.
Chairman Herman David attempted in 1959 to "open" the Championships, allowing all players to compete. The ITF denied the move a year later, and the Wimbledon board members continued to push for open play for years. In 1967, Wimbledon hosted a professional tournament one month after the Championships that allowed players no longer eligible to play in July a chance to take a title at Wimbledon.
Later that year, the Lawn Tennis Association voted to admit all players to the Championships (and other tournaments in Britain). The ITF had little choice but to react, allowing all tournaments to decide whether to become "open." In the 1968 Championships, Rod Laver and Billie Jean King became the first Open champions.
Since the beginning of the Open era, Wimbledon has seen some truly great champions come through its grounds. In 1980, Bjorn Borg became the first man to win five titles at Wimbledon, a mark Pete Sampras (seven) and Roger Federer (six) later would beat. In 1987, Martina Navratilova became the first player to win six women's singles titles -- all in a row -- and she set the all-time mark with nine titles in 1990.
In 2010, a Wimbledon first-round match between John Isner and Nicolas Mahut set a mark for the longest tennis match in history, spanning 11 hours and five minutes over three days. In the same year, Queen Elizabeth II made her first visit to Wimbledon in 33 years, watching Brit Andy Murray in the second round. Three years later, Murray ended a 77-year drought for a native Wimbledon champion, defeating Novak Djokovic in the final.
Wimbledon is held each year at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London. The club contains 19 tournament courts, 16 other grass courts and numerous shale or clay courts. It also hosts a museum on the grounds. The club's colors, purple and green, have become as well-known as its famous tournament and remain an important tradition, as is the club's all-white dress code. Centre Court houses a Royal Box for attendance by the royal family, a representative of which attends the Championships most years.
The All England Club was founded in 1868, solely as a croquet club. Seven years later, the club added lawn tennis -- having been developed only a year prior -- to its résumé, setting aside one lawn for tennis. The game was a success and, in 1877, the club changed its name to the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club.
The change in name brought about another first for the club, as it hosted the first Lawn Tennis Championship in 1877. That event was held by the club to raise money for a horse-drawn roller for its croquet lawns. By 1882, lawn tennis was by far the more popular sport at the club, and "Croquet" was dropped from its name (it was added back in 1899, mostly for sentimental reasons, forming the name it goes by today).
Wimbledon was a popular ground for tennis as the sport became more popular, and the court hosted the tennis events at the 1908 Olympic Summer Games. In 1922, the game had become so popular that Wimbledon was forced to move to bigger grounds, and the club chose its current site at Church Road, Wimbledon. The current Centre Court was built during the move. The club has been expanded several times, most notably in 1967, when it purchased 11 acres to add more courts.
Centre Court remains the largest court at the club and is used for the finals of each event at Wimbledon. It currently sits 15,000, expanded most recently in 2008, and is the fourth-largest court in the world. In 2009, a retractable roof was installed over Centre Court to help appease Wimbledon's famous rain delays. The other show court at All England is No. 1 Court, which holds 11,500, and a third large-scale court, No. 2 Court, was built for the 2009 competition. It holds 4,000.
The All England Club uses grass courts for its tournament, which are in use from May to September. The courts use 100 percent rye grass since 2001 and are cut to 8 mm. Wimbledon is the only Grand Slam event still played on grass.
The Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum is housed on the club's grounds, having been built in 1977. It was renovated and expanded (it is the largest tennis museum in the world) in 2006 and now is open to the public year round, except during Wimbledon. One croquet lawn remains at the club (though it is too small for high-level competition).
Year-by-Year Wimbledon Singles Champions
Tom Anderson missing for Gary Caldwell's first game at Chesterfield
PA Sport, PA
Gary Caldwell will be without Tom Anderson for his first game as Chesterfield manager against AFC Wimbledon.Former Wigan boss Caldwell, appointed as D...
Pat Cash not keen on coaching Nick Kyrgios after Australian Open exit
AAP
Pat Cash almost coached the volatile Nick Kyrgios but says he has "too much self-respect" to go anywhere near the 21-year-old's players' box now.
Sutton stun AFC Wimbledon to secure meeting with Leeds
PA Sport, PA
Sutton wrote another chapter in their FA Cup history with a dramatic 3-1 win over 10-man AFC Wimbledon. Two goals at the death from Maxime Biamou and ...
No new worries for Dons ahead of FA Cup clash
PA Sport, PA
AFC Wimbledon have no fresh injury concerns ahead of their FA Cup third-round replay against local rivals Sutton.Manager Neal Ardley is likely to be s...
Andy Murray through at Australian Open but admits he feared he'd never win a Grand Slam
ESPN staff
Andy Murray has admitted that he briefly gave up hope of winning a Grand Slam after losing to Roger Federer in the 2012 Wimbledon final.
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Who was the original Beatles drummer who left the group in 1962? | Pete Best Fired From The Beatles 50 Years Ago Today | The Huffington Post
Pete Best Fired From The Beatles 50 Years Ago Today
08/16/2012 05:36 pm ET | Updated Aug 17, 2012
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Cavan Sieczkowski Senior Editor, Content Strategy, The Huffington Post
On Aug. 16, 1962, Pete Best was fired from the Beatles . The British rock band decided to fire their original drummer and replace him with Ringo Starr. The band went on to become one of the most successful and critically-renowned bands in history.
So who is Pete Best and where is he today?
Best joined the Beatles , who were then called the Silver Beatles, in 1960, according to a biography on Best's official website. The band knew Best from The Cashbah, a club they all frequented. Best left his former band, The Blackjacks, for the Beatles after getting a call from Paul McCartney and the band went on tour in Germany.
In 1962, after capturing success in Liverpool and Hamburg, the band secured a record contract with EMI and met met George Martin at Abbey Road Studios in June of that year for their first recording. That same year, Best was fired from the Beatles . Some speculated it was Best's mediocre drumming skills, but this never sat well with Best.
"Unfortunately, in circumstances still clouded in mystery, Pete Best was dismissed from the group he had played with for over 2 years," reads his biography. "The real reason was never given to Pete. The rest is legend..."
The firing took its toll on Best . In the mid-60s, he tried to commit suicide by gassing himself but was saved by his mother and brother.
"They gave me the most sensible talking-to I've ever had in my life," he told the Daily Mail in 2007. "They asked me what the hell I thought I was doing, saying that committing suicide was what people would expect me to do because of what had happened."
He vowed to never do such a thing again and accepted the cards life had dealt him.
"Some people expect me to be bitter and twisted, but I'm not. I feel very fortunate in my life," Best told the Daily Mail. "God knows what strains and stresses the Beatles must have been under. They became a public commodity. And John paid for that with his life."
In 2009, Best gave an interview to Spinner and discussed his time with the Beatles as well as his firing . He revealed that he has not spoken to the band since 1962, even though they had seen each other while playing at the same venues.
"There were things to be said but that wasn't the place to hear your differences, onstage, so there was no communication," Best told Spinner. "We'd pass like ships in the night. Some people say, 'Well, why the hell didn't you just pick up the phone?' and I've always said, 'Well, have you ever tried to phone a Beatle? It just doesn't happen.' You couldn't get to them."
Best was featured on 10 tracks on the Beatles' 1995 Anthology collection, which offered some vindication.
"Being on 'Anthology,' people had a bigger insight into what my drumming was about. From that point of view, I've always held my head up high and said, 'Yes, it wasn't the drumming ability.' There have been conspiracy theories -- the hairstyle, jealousy, antisocial, didn't speak enough, Brian [Epstein, the Beatles' manager] may have felt threatened -- it goes on and on. I've long passed that."
Today, Best is part of The Pete Best Band . On Aug. 25 he is scheduled to play a show Liverpool, according to the Liverpool Beat, covering Beatles' hits like "My Bonnie," "I Saw Her Standing There," and "Love Me Do."
LOOK: Pete Best, original drummer for The Beatles, performs with The Pete Best Band at the Fest for Beatles Fans 2007 at the Mirage Hotel & Casino July 1, 2007 in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Pete Best, the Original Beatles Drummer
Pete Best, the Original Beatles Drummer
1
| Pete Best |
Which high ranking Nazi died in 1987 after 46 years in prison? | “No Complaints”: An Interview with Pete Best, the Original Drummer of the Beatles | PopMatters
An Interview with Pete Best, the Original Drummer of the Beatles
Despite missing out on being one of the Fab Four, Pete Best is as happy as ever: "I have no complaints, I’ve enjoyed life. Wouldn’t change anything."
Randolph Peter Best cuts an unassuming figure onstage. Wearing a white moustache, a frizzled taft of white hair, a boyish grin and drooping eyes, today he looks more like a retired auto mechanic than a former Beatle. Still, watching him perform at a tiny music club in a suburb of Santiago, Chile, one couldn’t help being moved by his affection for live music, the apparent zeal with which he plays the drums, and his almost-embarrassed response to the crowd’s adulation. His humility makes it clear that he is no rock star, which is a big reason why Pete Best is so easy to like.
Best has experienced both incredible highs, and devastating lows over his 72 years on this planet, but you wouldn’t necessarily know it by speaking with him today. Offstage he is soft spoken, friendly and just a little bit guarded; he describes himself, above all else, as a simple “family man”. When he opened his mouth to answer my questions, revealing an unmistakeable Liverpool accent, I couldn’t help but think: “He really sounds like a Beatle.” But at the same time Pete Best is obviously not a Beatle – lacking the swagger, ego, and commanding presence common to each of his famous former bandmates.
Between 1960 and 1962 Pete was the drummer of a well-travelled, but so far mostly unsuccessful British rock and roll act called variously Johnny and the Moondogs, The Silver Beetles, and, finally, The Beatles . For over two years he held the beat for John Lennon , Paul McCartney , and George Harrison in dank clubs in the red light district of Hamburg, Germany, playing marathon sets to audiences consisting mostly of strippers and sailors. After honing their craft in Germany, the band returned home to Liverpool where they soon became the city’s top-drawing act, acquiring a ravenous local fan base in the process. And then, one August afternoon, on the cusp of the band’s ascendancy to national stardom, John, Paul, and George instructed Beatles manager Brian Epstein to fire Pete and replace him with a different Liverpool drummer named Ringo Starr . And just like that, Pete was no longer a Beatle, in the process becoming forever confined to the footnotes of rock ‘n’ roll history.
The reasons for the Beatles’ dismissal of Best have always been unclear. Some suggest that Pete had fallen out of favour with the rest of the band on account of his introversion; others claim that Ringo was simply a better drummer; some even claim that John and Paul were insecure about Pete’s good looks and popularity with the fans outshining their own. Whatever the reason, on the eve of Beatlemania, Best suddenly found himself to be out of work, missing out on perhaps the greatest party of all time in the process.
In the months and years that followed, John, Paul, George, and Ringo would ascend to previously-unimagined levels of global fame, wealth, and commercial and critical success. Shortly after they sacked Pete, the Beatles achieved the impossible: they became even bigger than Elvis , an insane pipe-dream for the youngsters while sweating it out in Hamburg just a couple of years before.
Following his dismissal from the Beatles, Best tried to make a name for himself in music, but found limited success. Eventually, he returned to Liverpool and settled into a career as a civil servant; he wasn’t playing on the Ed Sullivan Show or rubbing shoulders with the Queen, but at least he could pay the bills. And then, after shying away from the spotlight for 20 years, in the late 1980s Pete began to play various Beatles-related engagements. Rediscovering his passion for live performance in the process, the drummer soon founded his own Pete Best Band, and has toured all over the world for the past three decades.
Backstage in Santiago, I was curious to get to know Pete the human being, as opposed to Pete the ex-Beatle. How does a man cope with such unimaginable disappointment? How does a musician come to terms with losing one of the most coveted gigs of all time? How does someone deal with what I assumed to be a lifetime of incredulous “What if’s?”
I found many of the answers I’d been looking for when I sat down with Pete following his performance. As songs from his old friend Lennon emanated from nearby speakers—“(Just Like) Starting Over,” “Imagine” and others—I discovered a man not defeated by bitterness and disappointment, but hopeful about the future, and genuinely content with a life devoted to family, and the music he loves.
* * *
Some of the songs you played tonight you played in Germany with the Beatles over 50 years ago. What’s it like playing those songs again?
You still get a buzz from them, because at the end of the day they were great rock ‘n’ roll songs. Some of them I haven’t played for 50 years; you get a buzz off it simply because of the fact that it’s part of your heritage. People expect it from you. And you enjoy playing it… Chuck Berry , Eddie Cochran, Gene Vincent, Ray Charles ... I could go on and on. They were our heroes, so to keep them still alive even though it’s under the pseudonym of “The Beatles,” it’s still the old rockers from way back. If it wasn’t for them, we wouldn’t be here.
So [those old songs] still feel fresh?
Oh, very much so. It’s a little bit like the audience makes it fresh. You may have played the song 50 times, but you still enjoy playing it when the enjoyment comes from the audience, and the adrenaline keeps flowing. It’s a good night… very simple.
You didn’t play very much for a while in the ‘60s and ‘70s. What made you want to start playing for people again?
I’d been asked for many years to get up and play so people could see what I could do, and see who this guy was… “This mysterious guy who used to play with the Beatles.” [laughs] And I kept turning them down. Then, in 1988, I got asked by the people running a Beatles convention in Liverpool, and I couldn’t get out of it… So I said “OK, let’s get it over and done with.” I picked some friends from the old days, and my younger brother [to play with], and said “Let’s have some fun. It’s going to be a one-off [performance]. Let’s just go out and show ‘em what we could do.” And we did, and the audience went wild. Absolutely wild.
My mother was there that particular night because it was the first time that she’d seen her younger son and her elder son playing onstage at the same time. And when I finished she turned around and said “Pete, you don’t know it but you’re going to be going back into show business.” To which I laughed, and said “No, it’s only a one-off.” And here I am, 30 years afterward! [laughs]
So she was right.
Yeah, she was right.
When I was watching you play tonight, you looked like you were having a lot of fun. I found it inspiring.
If you can’t have fun, then don’t go back on the stage. It’s as simple as that. Simple rule in music: people feel what you’re presenting onstage. And if you’re not enjoying yourself, it comes out in the music. No matter [if] you try to disguise it.
At the end of the day you wouldn’t be where you are without that audience, and you have to thank them for it. The only way you can thank them is [by] making sure your performance is 100%. Simple rules.
What do you see your future looking like? Do you have plans?
When you reach my age… [laughs] you still have plans, but they’re not long-term. I still want to continue playing music, and bringing enjoyment to crowds. I have no ambitions to get a record in the charts or anything like that. My mission is to bring enjoyment to fans, and I enjoy playing music to them, and I’ll continue doing that.
Away from the public, I’m a great family man. And as much as I tour, I love going back home again. I have a wife who I idolize, been married to her for 50 years. I have grandchildren who I idolize as well, two beautiful daughters. It’s nice for me to go back home, and spend time with them.
Have you let go of any disappointment you had about the original disagreement with [the Beatles] in 1962? Is there any lingering bitterness there?
There never was any [bitterness]. Bitterness is a word the media picked up. There was anger and there was resentment because of what happened and the way it happened, because of the way I contributed to the band, but bitterness, no.
It’s like anything else, if you carry it with you, you’re going to end up a bitter and twisted old git. And there’s no need for that. I’ve enjoyed life. There came a time when I was like “Fine. It’s not about thinking about what happened yesterday, it’s about today and tomorrow.” And I think once you come to terms about yourself, then you realize that there’s so much more that your future holds for you, as opposed to your past, that you’re striving for.
My life since then had ups and downs; it hasn’t been a perfect life. But when I look back on it now, I wouldn’t change it. I’m happy, I’m healthy, I have a great band which tours the world. I’m a great family man, I love meeting people, I love laughing and joking with them. I’m still in show business, which I didn’t expect to be.
But maybe my karma; it’s a word we use, being born out east [Author’s note: Best was born in British India, and lived there until the age of 5]. Karma’s a word we use an awful lot. Maybe my karma turned ‘round and said “Your time will come some time in the future.”
I have no complaints, I’ve enjoyed life. Wouldn’t change anything.
ZACHARY STOCKILL is an award-winning Canadian researcher, writer, and educator. His writing on culture, politics, and personal development has appeared in publications such as the Huffington Post, Mic, PopMatters, rabble.ca, and many others. His most recent book is Everyday Joy, which has been a number one bestseller in several Amazon categories. You can follow Zachary on twitter @zfstockill , or visit his personal website .
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Who played the leading roll in the film 'Dirty Dancing'? | MovieNews | The cast of Dirty Dancing: Where are they now? - entertainment.ie
Home > Cinema > Movie News > The cast of Dirty Dancing: Where are they now?
The cast of Dirty Dancing: Where are they now?
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You might think back to Dirty Dancing and remember it as a saucy, steamy film about dancing and Patrick Swayze's abs, but there was a real, dramatic storyline going on.
You had illegal abortions, Ayn Rand and class structures in 1960's America - it wasn't just two hours of that Lover Boy scene, y'know...
Odeon Cinemas are showing Dirty Dancing on Tuesday 14th June @ 8.30pm in Charlestown, Point Village, Waterford, Limerick and Newbridge - tickets will be €5.
To celebrate we've decided to take a look back at the cast and see what they're up to now.
PATRICK SWAYZE - 'Johnny Castle'
With Dirty Dancing being an instant success, it galvanised Swayze's status in the late 80's and early 90's as a heart-throb and even gained him a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor for the role of Johnny Castle. He went on to star in cheesy-classics Road House, Ghost and our favourite, Point Break. As well as this, Swayze was a keen breeder of Arabian horses and put his career on hiatus during the 90's to devote his time to his. However, in late 2008, he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and died shortly after. He was survived by his wife of 35 years, Lisa Niemi-Swayze.
JENNIFER GREY - 'Frances "Baby" Houseman'
After the huge success of Dirty Dancing, Jennifer Grey's career seemed to catapult her straight into the A-List. For some reason, however, it just didn't happen for her. Why's that, you ask? In 1989, two years after Dirty Dancing was released, she had plastic surgery on her nose - which, by all accounts, was a complete success. It did, however, render her almost unrecognisable as her nose was one of the most recognisable features of her face. She's admitted as much in many interviews, too. Her most well-known acting role since Dirty Dancing was playing Mindy in Friends, Rachel's best friend who would later marry her almost-husband, Barry. She was, however, a contestant and then later a judge on US Strictly Come Dancing and also starred in Amazon's cracking '80s-set comedy, Red Oaks. Fun fact - she's also married to Agent Coulson from Agents of SHIELD.
— Jennifer Grey (@JenniferGrey) June 23, 2014
JERRY ORBACH - 'Dr. Jake Houseman'
Although his role in Dirty Dancing would you have believing he hated music and dancing, Jerry Orbach made his early career on Broadway musicals and is more well-known to US audiences as a singer / dancer than anything else. His best-known roles since Dirty Dancing were TV's Law & Order where he played Detective Lennie Briscoe and Disney's Beauty & The Beast where he played Lumiere - that's the candle. Orbach passed away in 2004 at the age of 69.
CYNTHIA RHODES - 'Penny Johnston'
Playing Penny, the young dance partner who becomes pregnant and has an illegal abortion, was Cynthia Rhodes' biggest on-screen role. She starred in another '80s cultural phenomenon, Flashdance, and was married to power-ballad king Richard Marx until quite recently. Her last film role was in 1991 for Curse of the Crystal Eye, a straight-to-video Indian Jones rip-off. Instead, Rhodes made her career out of dancing and dance instruction, appearing in a number of music videos down through the years.
KELLY BISHOP - 'Marjorie Houseman'
Although younger people may only know her as Emily Gilmore from Gilmore Girls, Kelly Bishop played Baby's mother in Dirty Dancing. Most recently, she turned up in an episode of The Good Wife and short-lived drama series Bunheads. She's also coming back for Netflix's reboot of Gilmore Girls, too.
JANE BRUCKER - 'Lisa Houseman'
Playing Baby's sister, actress Jane Brucker had a number of small roles in TV shows throughout the 90's, including Ellen and Doctor Doctor. As of now, her last feature film role was in 2006 in a TV movie with Luke Perry called Dishdogz, so we're guessing she's retired from acting.
NEAL JONES - 'Billy Kostecki'
Although he has a small but pivotal role in the film - he's the guy who was carrying watermelons to the party where Baby meets Johnny first the first time - Neal Jones has had a pretty respectable career post-Dirty Dancing. Jones starred in the fantastic HBO miniseries Generation Kill as Major John Sixta and had a recurring role in Dennis Leary's firefighter dramedy, Rescue Me.
Odeon Cinemas are showing Dirty Dancing on Tuesday 14th June @ 8.30pm in Charlestown, Point Village, Waterford, Limerick and Newbridge - tickets will be €5.
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First shown in London in 1964, which musical is based on the legend of King Arthur? | Dirty Dancing (1987) - IMDb
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Spending the summer at a Catskills resort with her family, Frances "Baby" Houseman falls in love with the camp's dance instructor, Johnny Castle.
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Won 1 Oscar. Another 11 wins & 6 nominations. See more awards »
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Storyline
In 1963, Frances "Baby" Houseman, a sweet daddy's girl, goes with her family to a resort in upstate New York's Catskill Mountains. Baby has grown up in privileged surroundings and all expect her to go on to college, join the Peace Corps and save the world before marrying a doctor, just like her father. Unexpectedly, Baby becomes infatuated with the camp's dance instructor, Johnny Castle, a man whose background is vastly different from her own. Baby lies to her father to get money to pay for an illegal abortion for Johnny's dance partner. She then fills in as Johnny's dance partner and it is as he is teaching her the dance routine that they fall in love. It all comes apart when Johnny's friend falls seriously ill after her abortion and Baby gets her father, who saves the girl's life. He then learns what Baby has been up to, who with and worse - that he funded the illegal abortion. He bans his daughter from any further association with "those people". In the first deliberately willful ... Written by Amanda W, amended by Linda C.
Have the time of your life See more »
Genres:
21 August 1987 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
$162,378 (USA) (22 August 1997)
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Did You Know?
Trivia
The song "She's Like The Wind," originally written for Grandview, U.S.A. (1984), was later used in this movie instead. See more »
Goofs
Before the final dance sequence, as Johnny leaves the stage he starts taking off his jacket. The camera then cuts to off-stage and his jacket is on and he starts taking it off again. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
Radio disc jockey : [on radio] Hi, everybody, this is your Cousin Brucie. Whoa! Our summer romances are in full bloom, and everybody, but everybody's in love. So cousins, here's a great song from The Four Seasons.
Baby : [voiceover] That was the summer of 1963 - when everybody called me Baby, and it didn't occur to me to mind. That was before President Kennedy was shot, before the Beatles came, when I couldn't wait to join the Peace Corps, and I thought I'd never find a guy as great as my dad. That was the ...
Dancing With Working Class Snobbery
23 May 2015 | by garthbarnes-97268
(United States) – See all my reviews
Spoilers Ahead:
First, the dancing up at the worker's lodge is not dirty dancing it is gross dancing. Grabbing someone's ass while dancing is foreplay not art. The popularity of this film is a complete mystery to me. There is a reason why Jennifer Grey only had one other lead role in the virtually unknown WIND. Her voice is like fingernails on a chalkboard; when she raises her voice, which she does often, it sounds like cats being strangled. She ruined every scene she was seen in FERRIS BUELLER'S DAY OFF. The film features some legendary cringe moments; how about the one that made all 500 people in the Eastgate die laughing? When Patrick, where are my muscles, Swayze leaps from the dais and begins what can only be described as hen jutting of his face back and forth I, and several other people, fell out of our seats onto the floor. Cut, Patrick, no more of that hen movement with the head sonny.
The main problem with this unfunny, boring, badly acted piece of crap is the reverse working class snobbery. All the rich people, including Baby's father, are complete pompous asses. Of course, the workers are all saintly angels who are victimized by the evil rich owner and his arrogant, snotty, wimpy son. Yes, Penny gets pregnant but it is not her fault; the evil waiter Robbie who aspires to be rich and he even reads, brace yourself, ANN RYND. Oh, my God what a bastard!! Yes, baby is our bad acting, half ass missionary bringing the light to those saintly dumb asses who need her guidance. She is one of the Peace Corps for trashy dancing dummies. Please, OK we just ate; villains come in all classes for those watching too much of this crap. I happen to agree with gunnery Sgt. Hartman in FULL METAL JACKET; here you are all equally worthless.
The cast is a who is who of bad actors. The stunning star of one of the biggest bombs in cinema STAYING ALIVE plays the poor, helpless Penny. It is so slow and boring; it drags on and on, one tired cliché after another. One hit song, hungry eyes, does not a soundtrack make; please want to know how bad the score is? When Patrick Swayze sings head for the exits rapidly. We have to listen to Jennifer shriek, whine and generally bitch the entire movie until I considered whether I could bludgeon myself with my red vines. Fans, there is a reason this director never worked again; The film is a big pile of poop. Yes, baby is not only a good dancer but she taught him the kind of person he wants to be: well, Patrick you taught us where we want to be; OUT OF THE THEATER AS FAST AS WE CAN RUN.
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Who was England's only dictator? | England's Dictator » 20 Mar 1941 » The Spectator Archive
36
England's Dictator
A Selection from the Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell. Edited by L. C. Bennett. (Nelson. 7s. 6d.) Miss BENtarr has edited a volume which will be welcomed by all Cromwellians. Benignly introduced by Mr. Isaac Foot, chair-
man of the Cromwell Association, the book contains an outline of the Protector's career which is a model of coinpression, and a selection from Mrs. Lomas's edition of Carlyle's Letters and Speeches. The choice of extracts is cleverly made; they are grouped according to subject, but each group of extracts is in chronological order. Miss Bennett confesses that she has deliberately omitted Oliver's sadistic utterances during his Irish campaign, and her treatment of foreign affairs is exiguous, but broadly the selection gives a fair picture of his personality and ideas.
The publication at this time is partly justified by the remark that " many of the problems of seventeenth-century England and Europe were similar to those of our own day." This is so broad a statement as to sound safe, and there is certainly one direction in which a parallel can be drawn; for Cromwell was the only military dictator in our history. Nevertheless, if this is the comparison which may best be made, it is a little surprising to be reminded, as we are in this book, that foremost among the seventeenth-century dictator's admirers are such liberal-minded men as Mr. Foot, Professor Trevelyan and Professor Barker, who thinks him " the greatest Englishman who ever lived." Cromwell was, after all, an autocrat who made a mockery of Parliamentary government, and who, had he lived today, would undoubtedly have closed down the present House of Commons at once. And his consciousness of self-righteousness and divine inspiration are very similar to the behaviour of the latter-day pigmies. Indeed, it may be recalled that in 037, when Professor Barker returned from delivering a lecture on Cromwell to a Hamburg audience, he drew a specific comparison between the British dictator and the Fiihrer. Both men, he thought, had given their countries "unity "—a unity, however, which was based on strong arm rule as much as consent.
Naturally enough the Germans have always been attracted by Cromwell. Several of the best books on Cromwell and his times have been written by German historians, and since the Nazis came to power books about him have flowed from their presses. Carlyle himself, who first disinterred these letters and speeches, was strongly influenced by German thought, and found Frederick the Great as well as Cromwell a " hem." Probably
anyone who troubles to read or reread these extracts will agree that in one sense at least there is a considerable likeness between Cromwell and Hider. Although the Puritan leader did not always avert his eyes from the main chance, his appeal to his followers was essentially not a materialistic one. And while Hider may -be sujrounded by gangster-chiefs who fill their own pockets, his appeal, too, to his rank-and-file, and especially to the braveit spirits among his forces, is mainly a spiritual one— fight and die, he says, for a new order built out of blood and soil -by the Chosen of the Nordic gods.
The best-meaning men are liable to be swept away by emotional pleas and grand designs, and to forget the severe sacrifices imposed on mankind by an inspired autocrat who can rely on a loyal army. We need not underrate Cromwell's achievements, as we view them looking back over the centuries, preserved and maintained by duly elected Parliaments, but when one reads in this selection of letters of Protestant Evangelism, and his doctrine of the rule of the righteous over the incurably reprobate, surely we ought not to forget the grave dangers of power concentrated in the hands of inspired dictators—whether they be 30o years dead or disgustingly alive. Here, for instance, is the sort of speech which—through appealing to the provi- dential, as all Cromwell's words do—can cover a multitude of sins :
There is very -much which we have to make good before our own history and before our Lord God. Once His Grace was upon us; and we were not worthy to keep it. . . . In this dire need we learned to pray once more. We learned to respect one another: we believed again in the virtues of a people: we tried again to be better. So there arose a new community ; and this people of today can no more be compared with the people that lies behind us. It has become better, decenter, nobler. We feel it: the Grace of the Lord now turns again at the last towards us, and in this hour we fall on our knees and pray the Almighty to bless us, and- to give us strength to endure the struggle for the freedom and the future and the honour and the peace of Our People. So help us God.
The speaker? Not Cromwell, but Hitler.
. MAURICE ASIIITY.
| Oliver Cromwell |
Which England cricketer scored a massive 364 at the Oval in August 1938? | England's Dictator » 20 Mar 1941 » The Spectator Archive
36
England's Dictator
A Selection from the Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell. Edited by L. C. Bennett. (Nelson. 7s. 6d.) Miss BENtarr has edited a volume which will be welcomed by all Cromwellians. Benignly introduced by Mr. Isaac Foot, chair-
man of the Cromwell Association, the book contains an outline of the Protector's career which is a model of coinpression, and a selection from Mrs. Lomas's edition of Carlyle's Letters and Speeches. The choice of extracts is cleverly made; they are grouped according to subject, but each group of extracts is in chronological order. Miss Bennett confesses that she has deliberately omitted Oliver's sadistic utterances during his Irish campaign, and her treatment of foreign affairs is exiguous, but broadly the selection gives a fair picture of his personality and ideas.
The publication at this time is partly justified by the remark that " many of the problems of seventeenth-century England and Europe were similar to those of our own day." This is so broad a statement as to sound safe, and there is certainly one direction in which a parallel can be drawn; for Cromwell was the only military dictator in our history. Nevertheless, if this is the comparison which may best be made, it is a little surprising to be reminded, as we are in this book, that foremost among the seventeenth-century dictator's admirers are such liberal-minded men as Mr. Foot, Professor Trevelyan and Professor Barker, who thinks him " the greatest Englishman who ever lived." Cromwell was, after all, an autocrat who made a mockery of Parliamentary government, and who, had he lived today, would undoubtedly have closed down the present House of Commons at once. And his consciousness of self-righteousness and divine inspiration are very similar to the behaviour of the latter-day pigmies. Indeed, it may be recalled that in 037, when Professor Barker returned from delivering a lecture on Cromwell to a Hamburg audience, he drew a specific comparison between the British dictator and the Fiihrer. Both men, he thought, had given their countries "unity "—a unity, however, which was based on strong arm rule as much as consent.
Naturally enough the Germans have always been attracted by Cromwell. Several of the best books on Cromwell and his times have been written by German historians, and since the Nazis came to power books about him have flowed from their presses. Carlyle himself, who first disinterred these letters and speeches, was strongly influenced by German thought, and found Frederick the Great as well as Cromwell a " hem." Probably
anyone who troubles to read or reread these extracts will agree that in one sense at least there is a considerable likeness between Cromwell and Hider. Although the Puritan leader did not always avert his eyes from the main chance, his appeal to his followers was essentially not a materialistic one. And while Hider may -be sujrounded by gangster-chiefs who fill their own pockets, his appeal, too, to his rank-and-file, and especially to the braveit spirits among his forces, is mainly a spiritual one— fight and die, he says, for a new order built out of blood and soil -by the Chosen of the Nordic gods.
The best-meaning men are liable to be swept away by emotional pleas and grand designs, and to forget the severe sacrifices imposed on mankind by an inspired autocrat who can rely on a loyal army. We need not underrate Cromwell's achievements, as we view them looking back over the centuries, preserved and maintained by duly elected Parliaments, but when one reads in this selection of letters of Protestant Evangelism, and his doctrine of the rule of the righteous over the incurably reprobate, surely we ought not to forget the grave dangers of power concentrated in the hands of inspired dictators—whether they be 30o years dead or disgustingly alive. Here, for instance, is the sort of speech which—through appealing to the provi- dential, as all Cromwell's words do—can cover a multitude of sins :
There is very -much which we have to make good before our own history and before our Lord God. Once His Grace was upon us; and we were not worthy to keep it. . . . In this dire need we learned to pray once more. We learned to respect one another: we believed again in the virtues of a people: we tried again to be better. So there arose a new community ; and this people of today can no more be compared with the people that lies behind us. It has become better, decenter, nobler. We feel it: the Grace of the Lord now turns again at the last towards us, and in this hour we fall on our knees and pray the Almighty to bless us, and- to give us strength to endure the struggle for the freedom and the future and the honour and the peace of Our People. So help us God.
The speaker? Not Cromwell, but Hitler.
. MAURICE ASIIITY.
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Which city held the 1972 Olympic Games? | Munich 1972 Summer Olympics - results & video highlights
Official Reports arrow
Terrorist attack
On 5 September, eight Palestinian terrorists broke into the Olympic Village, killing two members of the Israeli team and taking nine hostages. In the ensuing battle, all nine Israeli hostages were killed, as were five of the terrorists and one policeman. In defiance of the terrorists, the IOC ordered the competitions to resume after a pause of 34 hours.
Highlights
All other details of the Munich Games pale in significance, but it did have its highlights. The Munich Games were the largest yet, setting records in all categories, with 195 events and 7,134 athletes from 121 National Olympic Committees.
Debuts and firsts
Men’s indoor handball, slalom canoeing and kayaking all made their Olympic debuts. West German Liselott Linsenhoff, competing in the dressage event, became the first female equestrian to win a gold medal, and archery returned to the Olympic programme after a 52-year absence.
Memorable champions
US swimmer Mark Spitz won an incredible seven gold medals and broke seven world records. Yet the media star of the Munich Games was the tiny Soviet gymnast, Olga Korbut, whose dramatic cycle of success in the team competition, failure in the individual competition and renewed success in the apparatus finals captured the attention of fans worldwide.
NOCs: 121
Athletes: 7,134 (1,059 women, 6,075 men)
Events: 195
Media: n/a
"The Games must go on !"
The 11 days of these Games were perhaps the greatest Olympic festival ever. However, on the morning of 5 September, the Games were interrupted when eight Arab terrorists, representing the militant group "Black September" entered the Olympic Village, took hostage and then killed 11 members of the Israeli Olympic team- all this only 20km from Dachau. The Olympic Games were suspended for 34 hours and a mass was held in the main stadium to commemorate the victims. But the Games continued at the insistence of the IOC President Avery Brundage, who famously said "The Games must go on !"
Seven gold medals and seven world records for a single man
There were several magnificent sporting performances at the 1972 Games, notably by Mark Spitz who won seven gold medals and broke seven world records.
The officials take an oath
For the first time at the Games of the Olympiad an oath is also sworn by an official.
New on the programme
Men's indoor handball and slalom canoeing and kayaking made their first appearance.
The comeback of archery Archery was reintroduced into the programme after an absence of 52 years.
Ceremonies
26 August 1972, Opening Ceremony. Athlet Günter Zahn lights the Olympic Flame.
Official opening of the Games by:
President Gustav Heinemann
Lighting the Olympic Flame by:
Günter Zahn (athletics, junior 1,500m champion)
Olympic Oath by:
Official Oath by:
Heinz Pollay (equestrian)
It represents a crown of rays of light, a design symbolizing the spirit of the Munich Games- light, freshness, generosity, expressed by the design “Radiant Munich”. It was created by Otl Aicher, the designed and director of the visual conception commission. His project was chosen in spite of a competition whose 2 332 entries were unsatisfactory.
On the obverse, the traditional goddess of victory, a design used since the 1928 Amsterdam Games, accompanied by the specific inscription "XX Olympiade München 1972". On the reverse, Castor and Pollux, the twin sons of Zeus and Léda, the patrons of sports competitions and friendship, represented by two naked youths. This design was created by Gerhard Marcks, one of the last representatives of the Bauhaus.
More info
Number of torchbearers: around 6 200
Total distance: 5 532 km. including 1 819 km in Greece and 457 km in the Federal Republic of Germany
Countries crossed: Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, and Federal Republic of Germany
More info
Numerous posters were created for these Games, notably a series on the theme of sports competitions and cultural events. The official poster was meant to promote not one specific sports event, but the whole of the Munich Games. It was supposed to express the specific spirit of the Games. Here, the design evokes the modern architecture of the sporting venues, in a style and using colours which are purposefully simple and pure. In the centre of the background, the famous Olympic tower. 5,000 copies were made.
“Die Spiele: the official report of the Organizing Committtee for the Games of the XXth Olympiad Munich 1972” was published in 1974 in French, English and German. It consisted of three volumes. The first two (The organization; The constructions) existed in each of the languages, while the third (The competitions) was trilingual.
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Who was the only Heavy weight boxing champion to retire undefeated? | Olympic Games Summer and Winter Locations and History of the Games
Olympic games summer and winter locations and history of the games
Olympic games summer and winter locations and history of the games
Olympic History
The Olympic Games took their name from the Greek city of Olympia and though there were important athletic competitions held in other Greek cities in ancient times, the Olympic Games were regarded as the most prestigious. The games were held every four years during August and September and the word "Olympiad", which referred to the four year intervals between competitions, was commonly used to measure time. The first documented Olympic champion was a man named Coroebus, a cook from Elis who won the sprint race in 776 BC. Historians believe that the games had already existed for at least 500 years prior to that date. The Olympic Games originally featured only one event: a race called the "stade", equal to a distance of about 210 yards. By 728 BC two additional races had been added, comparable to the 400 meter and 1,500 meter races of the modern games. The Olympics came to include wrestling, boxing and the pentathlon, as well as specialized events for soldiers and heralds. It was only in 472 BC that the events were spread out over a period of four to five days, previously they had all taken place on a single day. Participation in the Olympic Games was originally limited to free born Greeks, but as Greek civilization was spread by the conquests of Alexander the Great, the Games drew entrants from as far away as Antioch, Sidon and Alexandria. While the only official prize was a wreath or garland, successful athletes were supported by the governments of their cities and devoted much time to training. Most of the competitors were, in fact, professionals. After the Roman conquest of Greece in the second century BC, the Olympic Games suffered a decline in popularity and importance, but the Games persisted until AD 393, when the Roman emperor Theodosius I ordered their abolition. The idea of reviving the Olympic Games originated with Baron Pierre de Coubertin, a 29 year old French aristocrat who first publicly raised the issue in 1892. At a conference on international sport held in Paris in 1894, Coubertin managed to convince delegates from 49 organizations representing nine countries to vote in favor of an Olympic revival. His chief allies in this effort were Dimitrios Vikelas of Greece and Professor William M. Sloane of the United States. The organizers had planned the first modern Olympics for 1900 in Paris, but later decided to move the date forward to 1896 and to change the venue to Athens, though the local government of the Greek capital was initially hostile to the idea. Coubertin and his colleagues of the newly formed International Olympic Committee eventually prevailed, and the first Olympic Games of the modern era were inaugurated by the King of Greece in the first week of April 1896. The Games of 1896, 1900 and 1904 were loosely organized and did not feature national teams produced by rigorous selection. The 1908 Games, held in London in a newly built 66,000 seat stadium, were the first where the events were organized by the relevant authorities in each athletic discipline. More than 2,000 athletes from 22 nations competed in 100 events. The 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm drew more then 2,500 competitors from 28countries and featured the first women's swimming events. No Games were held in 1916 due to World War I, but the Games enjoyed strong growth after the war, with 44 nations participating in the 1924 Olympics in Paris. At the1928 Games in Amsterdam there were more than 290 women among the 3,000athletes, more than double the number that took part in 1924. The Olympic Games were suspended again for 12 years because of World War II, resuming in 1948 in London. The post-war era saw steady growth in the number of countries and athletes competing and a dramatic increase in women's events. Politics began to intrude on the Games in a serious way at the 1972 Olympics in Munich, where Palestinian terrorists attacked Israeli athletes in the Olympic Village. Sixty nations boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympics to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, while the Soviets and some of their allies retaliated by declining to take part in the 1984 Games in Los Angeles. The end of the Cold War has eliminated the largest source of political conflict, and most Olympic controversies in recent years have centered on accusations.
Olympic Games Location (modern day)
The IOC, headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland, sets and enforces Olympic policy. The site of the games is chosen, usually at least six years in advance.
The Olympic Flag
Putting five colored interlocking rings on a white background was conceived by Pierre de Coubertin.
Almost a century after the flag's creation, the six colors, those of the rings (blue, yellow, black, green, red) and that of the background (white), still maintain their symbolism today.
The Olympic symbol, the five interlocking rings, represents the union of the five continents and the meeting of the athletes of the world at the Olympic Games.
Sites of the Summer Olympic Games
1896 - Athens, Greece
1904 - St. Louis, Missouri USA
1906 - Athens, Greece*
1932 - Los Angeles, California USA
1936 - Berlin, Germany
1984 - Los Angeles, California USA
1988 - Seoul, South Korea
2016 - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2020 - Tokyo, Japan
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