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Who founded the Christian Science Church? | Christian Science History | CARM Christian Apologetics & Research Ministry
by Matt Slick
Christian Science was founded by a woman named Mary Baker Eddy. She was born Mary Ann Morse Baker in New Hampshire in 1821. (She died in 1910). She was the daughter of a New Hampshire Congregationalist church member. As a child, she was frequently ill and highly emotional. She is said to have been "domineering, quarrelsome, and extremely self centered." 1 At age 22, she married George Glover. He died seven months later. She then married Dr. Daniel Patterson, but that marriage failed in divorce. In 1862, while suffering from an illness, she visited a man named Phineas Quimby. He taught a system of healing dealing with the mind. He taught that the mind had the power to heal the body. He exerted a significant influence on her thinking regarding spiritual matters.
In 1866, she fell and was seriously injured; and she was not expected to recover. She apparently read Matt. 9:2 ("And, behold, they brought to him a man sick of the palsy, lying on a bed: and Jesus seeing their faith said unto the sick of the palsy; Son, be of good cheer; thy sins be forgiven thee") and experienced a miraculous cure. It was this experience that convinced her of the truth of Christian Science.
She first published "Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures" in 1875 when she was 54. She claimed it was the final revelation of God to mankind and asserted that her work was inspired of God. The word "Key" in the title of her book is in reference to her being the woman of Revelation 12--that she is the key to unlocking the Bible which she called a dark book. She claimed the Bible had many mistakes, and that her writings provided the "Key" spoken of in Rev. 3:7.
She married Asa Eddy in 1877.
In 1879, four years after the first publication of Science and Health, Mary Baker Eddy and some of her students voted organized the church of Christ (Scientist) in Boston Massachusetts. Of course, like all cults, it claimed to be the restoration of the original New Testament Church.
In 1881 she opened a metaphysical college and charged $300 for 12 healing lessons.
The Church was reorganized in 1892, and the Church Manual was first issued in 1895 which provided the structure for church government and missions.
She died in 1910--a millionaire.
This article is also available in: Español
1. Meyer, F.E., The Religious Bodies of America, Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1961, p. 532.
| Mary Baker Eddy |
Which writer created the character of 'Jeeves'? | Christian Scientist
Christian Scientist
Christian Scientist: The Meaning
A Christian Scientist is a member of The Church of Christ, Scientist (Also referred to as CCS). The church is also recognized by the term The Christian Science Church, which was its original title and is not associated with the Church of Scientology . The organization was founded by Mary Baker Eddy in 1879. Currently, the CCS is run by a five-person Board of Directors headquartered at the First Church of Christ, Scientist, in Boston, Massachusetts. The CCS has approximately 2,300 churches in 68 countries.
Christian Scientist: The Foundation
According to Christian Scientist literature, Mary Ann Morse Baker was born in 1821. She was a frail youngster who suffered from many illnesses. In 1844, her first husband, George Glover, died of yellow fever and left her in poverty with an infant son. Shortly thereafter, Mary was forced to give up her son to foster care. In 1853, she married her second husband, Daniel Patterson. After being miraculously healed from injuries suffered during a crippling accident, Mary claimed to have uncovered the secret of "Divine Science." She went on to teach her techniques of healing and spiritual philosophy to all who were intrigued. In 1875, after her divorce from Daniel Patterson, she moved from New Hampshire to Massachusetts and founded the Christian Science Association. It was there that she published her foundational book, Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures. In 1877, she married her third husband, Asa Albert Eddy, and together they officially founded the CCS. Asa died in 1882, and Mary went on to establish "The Mother Church," The First Church of Christ, Scientist, of Boston, Massachusetts, in 1890. Mary died in 1910.
Christian Scientist: The Doctrine
Christian Scientist doctrine is found principally in Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures (S&H). Other CCS publications include The Christian Science Monitor, The Christian Science Journal, Herald of Christian Science, The Christian Science Sentinel, The World Monitor, and Christian Science Quarterly.
Biblical Authority. Christian Science doctrine maintains that "as adherents of Truth, we take the inspired Word of the Bible as our sufficient guide to eternal Life" (S&H, p. 497). Nonetheless, Christian Science interprets the Bible in light of Mrs. Eddy's writings, particularly S&H, in which she interprets the Bible according to her metaphysical presuppositions. She questions the textual reliability of the Bible, pointing to "the manifest mistakes in the ancient versions . . . these facts show how a mortal and material sense stole into the divine record, with its own hue darkening to some extent the inspired pages" (S&H, p. 139). Mrs. Eddy went on to apply new, spiritual meanings to common biblical terms. For example, "Jerusalem" is defined as "Mortal belief and knowledge obtained from the five corporeal senses" (S&H, p. 589). "Holy Ghost" is defined as "Divine Science; the development of eternal Life, Truth, and Love" (S&H, p. 588).
God. They use impersonal synonyms for God, which lessens God's personal nature. "God is incorporeal, divine, supreme, infinite Mind, Spirit, Soul, Principle, Life, Truth, Love" (S&H, p. 465). These are synonymous terms that "refer to one absolute God. They are also intended to express the nature, essence, and wholeness of Deity." (S&H, p. 465).
Spirit & Reality. Since God's essence is spirit or mind, and only that which reflects God's nature is real, then matter does not really exist. "Spirit is immortal Truth; matter is mortal error. Spirit is the real and eternal; matter is the unreal and temporal" (S&H, p. 468). Since matter does not exist and humanity reflects God's nature, then humanity is not really made of matter. "Spirit is God, and man is His image and likeness. Therefore man is not material; he is spiritual" (S&H, p. 468). Pain, death, sin, and disease are only illusions. "The only reality of sin, sickness, or death is the awful fact that unrealities seem real to human, erring belief�They are not true, because they are not of God" (S&H, p. 472). "The cause of all so-called disease is mental, a mortal fear, a mistaken belief or conviction of the necessity and power of ill-health" (S&H, p. 377). Since matter, sin, disease, and death are illusions and are unreal, then people are not subject to them. "Through immortal Mind, or Truth, we can destroy all ills which proceed from mortal mind" (S&H, p. 374).
Christian Scientist: What About Salvation?
A Christian Scientist believes that sin and death are false notions (illusions). Therefore, salvation comes through understanding and overcoming these false beliefs and recognizing that humans are divine spirit and mind. "We acknowledge that the crucifixion of Jesus and his resurrection served to uplift faith to understand eternal Life, even the allness of Soul, Spirit, and the nothingness of matter" (S&H, p. 497). However, salvation is not the result of some special wisdom set forth in the S&H. The Bible tells us that salvation is received only by acknowledging and repenting of our sin (real, not illusion), and putting our faith in Jesus Christ as Savior and Lord.
Learn More Now!
WHAT DO YOU THINK?
- We have all sinned and deserve God's judgment. God , the Father, sent His only Son to satisfy that judgment for those who believe in Him. Jesus , the creator and eternal Son of God, who lived a sinless life, loves us so much that He died for our sins, taking the punishment that we deserve, was buried , and rose from the dead according to the Bible . If you truly believe and trust this in your heart, receiving Jesus alone as your Savior , declaring, " Jesus is Lord ," you will be saved from judgment and spend eternity with God in heaven.
What is your response?
| i don't know |
Who is the youngest ever best actor winner at the Oscars? | 8 of the Youngest Oscar Winners and Nominees of All Time
8 of the Youngest Oscar Winners and Nominees of All Time
Reddit
When it comes to the Oscars , usually it’s the older, more established actors that come away with the nominations and awards for their film work. However, sometimes a young newcomer gives a performance that just cannot be ignored. The following is a list of the youngest Oscar nominees and winners in the acting categories.
source: Focus Features
1. Adrien Brody, The Pianist
Adrien Brody is the youngest actor to take home an Oscar for Best Actor for his 2002 win for Roman Polanski’s Holocaust film The Pianist. His win might be most remembered for that creepy Halle Berry kiss, but it was history-making because Brody was only 29 years old when he won. That’s much older than any of the other actors on this list, but that only goes to show the Academy’s tendency to honor older actors in the male acting categories. Critics heaped praise on the film, which they saw as one of Polanski’s most personal efforts as he explored his own experiences surviving the Holocaust through the figure of the Polish-Jewish classical composer and pianist Władysław Szpilman. Brody’s performance was honored for his dedication to the role, which saw him learn the piano and lose scary amounts of weight to become the skeletal Szpilman.
source: Paramount Pictures
2. Jackie Cooper, Skippy
For this 1931 movie about a couple of kids trying to save a dog, Jackie Cooper became the youngest nominee in the Best Actor category at age 9. He’s held the record ever since, for a whopping 84 years. The movie follows the character Skippy, played by Cooper and based on the comic strip of that name by Percy Crosby, as he helps his poor friend Sooky save a dog. The next-youngest actor nominated for the Oscar is a full 10 years older than Cooper. Mickey Rooney was nominated at age 19 for his role in 1939’s Babes in Arms.
source: Paramount Pictures
3. Marlee Matlin, Children of a Lesser God
Marlee Matlin made history in more ways than one when she took home her Oscar for Best Actress in 1986. She was not only the youngest winner of the award at age 21, but also the only deaf actor ever to win an Academy Award. In Children of a Lesser God, Matlin plays a deaf custodian at a school for the deaf who falls in love with a hearing speech teacher there. As their relationship develops, his insistence that she learn to speak rather than use sign language becomes a major source of discord between them. This was the first performance since the 1926 silent movie You’d Be Surprised to have a deaf actor in a leading role. Matlin has also received a Golden Globe award and four Emmy nominations for her work during her acting career.
source: Fox Searchlight
4. Quvenzhané Wallis, Beasts of the Southern Wild
The Louisiana native Quvenzhané Wallis became the youngest nominee ever in the category of Best Actress at age 9 when she was nominated for her role as the strong-willed young Katrina survivor in the magical realism film Beasts of the Southern Wild. Her nomination also made her the first African American child to earn an Oscar nomination as well as the first person born in the 21st century to do so. She was only 6 years old when the film was made and lied about her age when she auditioned for the role, as she was just 5 and the cut-off age was 6, according to an interview Roger Ebert did with the actress. Director Benh Zeitlin ended up being so impressed with Wallis that he changed the script to better suit her. Reviews of the film lavished her performance with praise. She’s gone on to land the starring role in the high-profile remake of Annie and a modeling campaign with Giorgio Armani.
source: Paramount Pictures
5. Timothy Hutton, Ordinary People
The 1980 film Ordinary People was the directorial debut of Robert Redford and won four Academy Awards, including for Timothy Hutton’s performance making him the youngest winner for Best Supporting Actor at age 20. The movie is about an upper middle class family attempting to return to normal life after the death of one of their sons and the attempted suicide of the other, played by Hutton. His character is traumatized due to having survived the boating accident that killed his brother. Hutton has held the record for being the youngest winner of the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for 34 years. He took the record from George Chakiris, who won at age 27 for his performance in West Side Story.
source: Columbia Pictures
6. Justin Henry, Kramer vs. Kramer
The youngest nominee in any acting category is Justin Henry, for his nomination for Best Supporting Actor which he earned for his performance in Kramer vs. Kramer at age 8. Henry is the only actor ever to be nominated for an Academy Award in the same decade as his or her birth. The film stars Dustin Hoffman and Meryl Streep as a married couple going through a divorce and how that divorce impacts the people around them, including their young son played by Henry. Streep and Hoffman both earned Oscars for their performances as well. The 1979 movie was praised for realistically portraying changing cultural views on parenthood as a large shift had occurred during the 1970s and parenting was less expected to be solely the responsibility of the mother. The film was lauded for showing both the mother and the father’s perspectives. Kramer vs. Kramer was Henry’s first ever film role.
source: Paramount Pictures
7. Tatum O’Neal, Paper Moon
Tatum O’Neal is the youngest Oscar winner in any category for her Best Supporting Actress win at age 10 for acting alongside her father Ryan O’Neal in Paper Moon. Tatum beat out her co-star Madeline Kahn for the award. The 1973 movie is set in the Great Depression and follows a con artist, played by Ryan O’Neal, who meets a young girl at the funeral of a woman he once had a relationship with. It’s speculated that the girl is his daughter, and he’s given the job of taking the orphan to her aunt’s house. While traveling together they form a bond when she shows a knack for conning people and they make a formidable team for duping folks out of their money. O’Neal has held the record of being the youngest Oscar winner for 41 years.
source: Universal
8. Mary Badham, To Kill a Mockingbird
Tatum O’Neal is technically also the youngest ever nominee for Best Supporting Actress, but the youngest nominee that didn’t end up winning that Oscar is Mary Badham for her iconic portrayal of Scout, the heroine of To Kill a Mockingbird. Badham was also 10 years old when she received that nomination, but was older than O’Neal by 35 days. The 1962 film adaptation of the classic novel by Harper Lee is almost as beloved as the book. Many would be surprised to know that Badham lost the Oscar to another child actor, Patty Duke for The Miracle Worker, as obviously Badham’s performance in To Kill a Mockingbird has stood the test of time much better. The film is considered one of the greatest movies of all time and star Gregory Peck won an Oscar for his iconic performance as Atticus Finch. Badham didn’t continue acting as she got older, but she does occasionally give talks on her experiences making the movie as well as promote its messages of tolerance and acceptance.
The information on the youngest Oscar nominees and winners comes per the awards database at Oscars.org .
More from Entertainment Cheat Sheet:
| Adrien Brody |
What is the largest known encyclopaedia, made up of 22,877 volumes in 11,095 books? | 8 of the Youngest Oscar Winners and Nominees of All Time
8 of the Youngest Oscar Winners and Nominees of All Time
Reddit
When it comes to the Oscars , usually it’s the older, more established actors that come away with the nominations and awards for their film work. However, sometimes a young newcomer gives a performance that just cannot be ignored. The following is a list of the youngest Oscar nominees and winners in the acting categories.
source: Focus Features
1. Adrien Brody, The Pianist
Adrien Brody is the youngest actor to take home an Oscar for Best Actor for his 2002 win for Roman Polanski’s Holocaust film The Pianist. His win might be most remembered for that creepy Halle Berry kiss, but it was history-making because Brody was only 29 years old when he won. That’s much older than any of the other actors on this list, but that only goes to show the Academy’s tendency to honor older actors in the male acting categories. Critics heaped praise on the film, which they saw as one of Polanski’s most personal efforts as he explored his own experiences surviving the Holocaust through the figure of the Polish-Jewish classical composer and pianist Władysław Szpilman. Brody’s performance was honored for his dedication to the role, which saw him learn the piano and lose scary amounts of weight to become the skeletal Szpilman.
source: Paramount Pictures
2. Jackie Cooper, Skippy
For this 1931 movie about a couple of kids trying to save a dog, Jackie Cooper became the youngest nominee in the Best Actor category at age 9. He’s held the record ever since, for a whopping 84 years. The movie follows the character Skippy, played by Cooper and based on the comic strip of that name by Percy Crosby, as he helps his poor friend Sooky save a dog. The next-youngest actor nominated for the Oscar is a full 10 years older than Cooper. Mickey Rooney was nominated at age 19 for his role in 1939’s Babes in Arms.
source: Paramount Pictures
3. Marlee Matlin, Children of a Lesser God
Marlee Matlin made history in more ways than one when she took home her Oscar for Best Actress in 1986. She was not only the youngest winner of the award at age 21, but also the only deaf actor ever to win an Academy Award. In Children of a Lesser God, Matlin plays a deaf custodian at a school for the deaf who falls in love with a hearing speech teacher there. As their relationship develops, his insistence that she learn to speak rather than use sign language becomes a major source of discord between them. This was the first performance since the 1926 silent movie You’d Be Surprised to have a deaf actor in a leading role. Matlin has also received a Golden Globe award and four Emmy nominations for her work during her acting career.
source: Fox Searchlight
4. Quvenzhané Wallis, Beasts of the Southern Wild
The Louisiana native Quvenzhané Wallis became the youngest nominee ever in the category of Best Actress at age 9 when she was nominated for her role as the strong-willed young Katrina survivor in the magical realism film Beasts of the Southern Wild. Her nomination also made her the first African American child to earn an Oscar nomination as well as the first person born in the 21st century to do so. She was only 6 years old when the film was made and lied about her age when she auditioned for the role, as she was just 5 and the cut-off age was 6, according to an interview Roger Ebert did with the actress. Director Benh Zeitlin ended up being so impressed with Wallis that he changed the script to better suit her. Reviews of the film lavished her performance with praise. She’s gone on to land the starring role in the high-profile remake of Annie and a modeling campaign with Giorgio Armani.
source: Paramount Pictures
5. Timothy Hutton, Ordinary People
The 1980 film Ordinary People was the directorial debut of Robert Redford and won four Academy Awards, including for Timothy Hutton’s performance making him the youngest winner for Best Supporting Actor at age 20. The movie is about an upper middle class family attempting to return to normal life after the death of one of their sons and the attempted suicide of the other, played by Hutton. His character is traumatized due to having survived the boating accident that killed his brother. Hutton has held the record for being the youngest winner of the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for 34 years. He took the record from George Chakiris, who won at age 27 for his performance in West Side Story.
source: Columbia Pictures
6. Justin Henry, Kramer vs. Kramer
The youngest nominee in any acting category is Justin Henry, for his nomination for Best Supporting Actor which he earned for his performance in Kramer vs. Kramer at age 8. Henry is the only actor ever to be nominated for an Academy Award in the same decade as his or her birth. The film stars Dustin Hoffman and Meryl Streep as a married couple going through a divorce and how that divorce impacts the people around them, including their young son played by Henry. Streep and Hoffman both earned Oscars for their performances as well. The 1979 movie was praised for realistically portraying changing cultural views on parenthood as a large shift had occurred during the 1970s and parenting was less expected to be solely the responsibility of the mother. The film was lauded for showing both the mother and the father’s perspectives. Kramer vs. Kramer was Henry’s first ever film role.
source: Paramount Pictures
7. Tatum O’Neal, Paper Moon
Tatum O’Neal is the youngest Oscar winner in any category for her Best Supporting Actress win at age 10 for acting alongside her father Ryan O’Neal in Paper Moon. Tatum beat out her co-star Madeline Kahn for the award. The 1973 movie is set in the Great Depression and follows a con artist, played by Ryan O’Neal, who meets a young girl at the funeral of a woman he once had a relationship with. It’s speculated that the girl is his daughter, and he’s given the job of taking the orphan to her aunt’s house. While traveling together they form a bond when she shows a knack for conning people and they make a formidable team for duping folks out of their money. O’Neal has held the record of being the youngest Oscar winner for 41 years.
source: Universal
8. Mary Badham, To Kill a Mockingbird
Tatum O’Neal is technically also the youngest ever nominee for Best Supporting Actress, but the youngest nominee that didn’t end up winning that Oscar is Mary Badham for her iconic portrayal of Scout, the heroine of To Kill a Mockingbird. Badham was also 10 years old when she received that nomination, but was older than O’Neal by 35 days. The 1962 film adaptation of the classic novel by Harper Lee is almost as beloved as the book. Many would be surprised to know that Badham lost the Oscar to another child actor, Patty Duke for The Miracle Worker, as obviously Badham’s performance in To Kill a Mockingbird has stood the test of time much better. The film is considered one of the greatest movies of all time and star Gregory Peck won an Oscar for his iconic performance as Atticus Finch. Badham didn’t continue acting as she got older, but she does occasionally give talks on her experiences making the movie as well as promote its messages of tolerance and acceptance.
The information on the youngest Oscar nominees and winners comes per the awards database at Oscars.org .
More from Entertainment Cheat Sheet:
| i don't know |
Who missed the penalty for France in the 2006 World Cup final? | Italy Defeats France in 2006 World Cup Penalty Shootout | Fox News
Italy Defeats France in 2006 World Cup Penalty Shootout
Published July 10, 2006
BERLIN – The beautiful game turned vicious, even venomous Sunday.
It was all still beautiful to Italy .
And very ugly for France , which lost captain Zinedine Zidane with a red card after his nasty head butt in extra time, and then went down 5-3 in a shootout after a 1-1 draw.
Explanations were nonexistent for Zidane's action in the 110th minute of his farewell game. He was walking upfield near defender Marco Materazzi when, in his final act for his national team, he bashed his shaven head into Materazzi's chest.
• Click here to visit FOXSports.com for full World Cup coverage.
"I have not seen the replays, but if it's voluntary then there's nothing you can say," France coach Raymond Domenech said. "But it's a shame. It's sad. He (Materazzi) did a lot of acting and for such a big man, a gust of wind made him fall over."
Not quite. Zidane, who is retiring, might have been provoked, but he definitely knocked over Materazzi.
"It's regrettable. We regret it, he regrets it," Domenech said.
Without their leader, the French still had their chance in the shootout. But the Italians, never masters of the penalty kick, made all five, setting off an hour of hugging, dancing and fist-pumping celebrations.
"This squad showed great heart," Gennaro Gattuso said. "Maybe it wasn't pretty, but we were hard to beat."
They were impossible to beat and gave up only one goal actually scored by an opponent. And no, it was not pretty.
Outplayed for an hour and into extra time, the Italians won it after Zidane committed the ugliest act of a tournament that set records for yellow and red cards, diving and, at times, outright brutality.
Asked if French soccer would miss Zidane, Domenech said:
"Yes, well, he was missed in the last 20 minutes tonight. It weighed heavily in the outcome."
Without their leader for the shootout, the French only missed once. But Italy was perfect. Fabio Grosso clinched the Azzurri's fourth championship, and his teammates had to chase him halfway across the pitch to celebrate.
"It's incredibly emotional. Words can hardly describe it," Grosso said. "Maybe we still don't realize what we have achieved. We really wanted to win and in the end we made it."
Only Brazil has more World Cups, five.
Until now, no team since the last Azzurri champions in 1982 had to endure the stress and anguish of a soccer scandal. Rather than be disrupted by the current probe ripping apart the national sport back home, the Italians survived.
"If the scandal hadn't happened I think we wouldn't have won the World Cup," Gattuso said. "It has given us more strength."
Verdicts in the match-fixing trial that could relegate four teams — and 13 of Italy's 23 players — to lower divisions are expected next week.
France underwent a renaissance of its own in the last month. The French, racked by dissension, nearly went out in the first round for the second straight World Cup, and then Zidane turned them around. They controlled the flow of play Sunday, only to fail to finish through 120 minutes.
Their only goal, Zidane's penalty kick in the seventh minute, was the lone score by an Italy opponent in seven games.
But the Italians put the ball into the net 12 minutes later on Materazzi's header off a corner kick. And then they held on in a game marked by sloppiness and maliciousness.
Rarely did Italy threaten over the final 75 minutes. But the Azzurri ignored recent history — they lost a quarterfinal shootout to France in 1998, when Les Bleus went on to their only championship.
Andrea Pirlo, Materazzi, Daniele De Rossi and Alessandro Del Piero all easily beat France goalkeeper Fabien Barthez in the shootout. The difference was the miss by rarely used David Trezeguet, which hit the crossbar on France's second attempt.
When Grosso connected with his left foot, the sliver of Italian fans in the opposite corner of Olympic Stadium finally could let out their breath — and screams of victory.
"We had fear of the penalties," said Gattuso, aware that Italy lost the only other final decided in a shootout, to Brazil in 1994. "Our history was not great, so that was the fear."
On the trophy stand, amid hugs and slaps on the back, Materazzi placed a red, white and green top hat on the World Cup Trophy. Captain Fabio Cannavaro then held it high as cameras flashed everywhere. An impromptu Tarantella by the players followed as silver confetti fluttered around them.
It was, by far, the prettiest sight of the night.
"I've won many championships," coach Marcello Lippi said, "but a joy so big I have never felt."
With a 25-game unbeaten streak dating back nearly two years, the Italians added this title to their championships in 1934, 1938 and '82 — when another match-fixing investigation plagued Serie A.
The hero then in Spain was striker Paolo Rossi, fresh off a two-year suspension for his role in match-fixing. This time, there were a dozen stars and a coach who seemed to make all the right moves.
Italy won its first-round group over the higher-ranked United States and Czech Republic, and Ghana. Then it beat Australia on a controversial penalty in the second-half extra time that Francesco Totti converted.
It routed Ukraine 3-0 before depressing the host nation with two stunning goals in the final minutes of extra time for a semifinal win over Germany.
Gianluigi Buffon made the save of the final match in the 104th minute as the ever-dangerous Zidane fed Willy Sagnol on the wing and then slipped into the area. Sagnol's cross was headed into the top of the net with the Italian keeper soared high to knock it over.
By then, the sea of blue supporters for both teams seemed as exhausted as the players. The crowd let out a short gasp, and then it was back to the tense and tentative action.
Zidane used his head again in the 110th, albeit the wrong way, and almost got away it. Argentine referee Horacio Elizondo didn't see the butt, and Buffon charged out of his net imploring Elizondo to seek help.
The ref finally asked his assistant on the sideline, then pulled out the red card.
For the remaining extra time, the fans whistled their displeasure.
"We prepared exactly how we needed to be at the top. You could see that in the second half and in extra time," Domenech said. "Once again we were largely superior to our opponents."
Both sides played nervous, sloppy soccer for 120 minutes, hardly befitting a World Cup final. There were far more mistakes than inspiration.
France's Thierry Henry went down in the first minute in a seemingly innocent collision with the impregnable Cannavaro. Henry stayed on the ground, clearly dazed, for two minutes before being helped off with an ice bag held to his head.
The striker soon came back and his first touch, naturally, was a header. It was a terrific one, too, falling at the feet of a breaking Florent Malouda.
Malouda stumbled — many might say dived — in the penalty area and Elizondo immediately signaled a penalty kick.
Zidane, whose penalty beat Portugal in the semifinals, lobbed it right as Buffon dived the other way. The ball struck the crossbar and fell 2 feet inside the net in the seventh minute.
For the rest of the half, the French showed little of the flair that carried them this far. And Italy tied it with one of its strengths: a set piece.
Mauro Camoranesi won a corner kick on right wing and was setting up to take it when Andrea Pirlo signaled Camoranesi to back off. Pirlo took the corner, a perfect spiral that found the head of defender Materazzi above France's Patrick Vieira.
Materazzi's header soared past goalkeeper Fabien Barthez to tie it.
Luca Toni hit the crossbar off another corner kick in the 36th.
Henry had the best opportunity in the second half, but Buffon lunged left to hand-save his right-footed drive. France got a scare, too, when Zidane fell on his right arm and shoulder and needed freeze spray applied before staying in.
| David Trezeguet |
In JM Barrie's Peter Pan, what school did the fictional character Captain Hook attend? | World Cup 2006 Final Italy vs France - YouTube
World Cup 2006 Final Italy vs France
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Uploaded on Jun 3, 2008
Italy beat France 5-3 in a penalty shoot-out to win the World Cup after an absorbing 1-1 draw in Berlin.
http://www.footballworldcupbrazil2014...
Fabio Grosso scored the winning penalty after France's David Trezeguet missed.
Playing his last game before retiring, Zinedine Zidane's career ended in disgrace after he was sent off for crazily headbutting Marco Materazzi.
Zidane had put France ahead early on with a coolly-taken chipped penalty, before Materazzi levelled with a header from an Andrea Pirlo corner.
The result caps an incredible period for Italian football, with the domestic game embroiled in a corruption scandal similar to 1982 when they last won the World Cup.
They have now won the competition four times, one fewer than Brazil, and it was the first time they managed to win a World Cup match on penalties after three failed attempts.
It was Zidane's last meaningful contribution to the French cause as with 10 minutes left of extra-time, his professional career ended in shameful circumstances.
He became involved in a dispute with Materazzi and, inexplicably, headbutted the Italian in the chest.
After the assistant referee informed referee Horacio Elizondo of the incident, the Argentine was left with no choice but to send Zidane off.
His team-mates looked shell-shocked, but they held on to force penalties for only the second time in a World Cup final after Italy lost to Brazil in 1994.
Pirlo, Materazzi, Daniele de Rossi, Alessandro del Piero and Grosso made no mistake as Italy became the most successful European country in World Cup history.
Category
| i don't know |
Who failed to receive a posthumous Nobel Prize in 1962 despite her contribution to building a model of DNA? | The Discovery of the Molecular Structure of DNA - The Double Helix
The Discovery of the Molecular Structure of DNA - The Double Helix
A Scientific Breakthrough
The sentence "This structure has novel features which are of considerable biological interest" may be one of science's most famous understatements. It appeared in April 1953 in the scientific paper where James Watson and Francis Crick presented the structure of the DNA-helix, the molecule that carries genetic information from one generation to the other.
Nine years later, in 1962, they shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Maurice Wilkins, for solving one of the most important of all biological riddles. Half a century later, important new implications of this contribution to science are still coming to light.
What is DNA?
The work of many scientists paved the way for the exploration of DNA. Way back in 1868, almost a century before the Nobel Prize was awarded to Watson, Crick and Wilkins, a young Swiss physician named Friedrich Miescher, isolated something no one had ever seen before from the nuclei of cells. He called the compound "nuclein." This is today called nucleic acid, the "NA" in DNA (deoxyribo-nucleic-acid) and RNA (ribo-nucleic-acid).
Francis Crick and James Watson, 1953.
Photo: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Archives
Maurice Wilkins.
Two years earlier, the Czech monk Gregor Mendel, had finished a series of experiments with peas. His observations turned out to be closely connected to the finding of nuclein. Mendel was able to show that certain traits in the peas, such as their shape or color, were inherited in different packages. These packages are what we now call genes.
For a long time the connection between nucleic acid and genes was not known. But in 1944 the American scientist Oswald Avery managed to transfer the ability to cause disease from one strain of bacteria to another. But not only that: the previously harmless bacteria could also pass the trait along to the next generation. What Avery had moved was nucleic acid. This proved that genes were made up of nucleic acid.
Solving the Puzzle
In the late 1940's, the members of the scientific community were aware that DNA was most likely the molecule of life, even though many were skeptical since it was so "simple." They also knew that DNA included different amounts of the four bases adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine (usually abbreviated A, T, G and C), but nobody had the slightest idea of what the molecule might look like.
In order to solve the elusive structure of DNA, a couple of distinct pieces of information needed to be put together. One was that the phosphate backbone was on the outside with bases on the inside; another that the molecule was a double helix. It was also important to figure out that the two strands run in opposite directions and that the molecule had a specific base pairing.
As in the solving of other complex problems, the work of many people was needed to establish the full picture.
The original DNA model by Watson and Crick.
Photo: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Archives
Using X-rays to See Through DNA
Watson and Crick used stick-and-ball models to test their ideas on the possible structure of DNA. Other scientists used experimental methods instead. Among them were Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, who were using X-ray diffraction to understand the physical structure of the DNA molecule.
When you shine X-rays on any kind of crystal – and some biological molecules, such as DNA, can form crystals if treated in certain ways – the invisible rays bounce off the sample. The rays then create complex patterns on photographic film. By looking at the patterns, it is possible to figure out important clues about the structures that make up the crystal.
"Photograph 51". X-ray diffraction photo of a DNA molecule, structure B.
Photo: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Archives
A Three-Helical Structure?
The scientist Linus Pauling was eager to solve the mystery of the shape of DNA. In 1954 he became a Nobel Laureate in Chemistry for his ground-breaking work on chemical bonds and the structure of molecules and crystals. In early 1953 he had published a paper where he proposed a triple-helical structure for DNA. Watson and Crick had also previously worked out a three-helical model, in 1951. But their theory was wrong.
Their mistake was partly based on Watson having misremembered a talk by Rosalind Franklin where she reported that she had established the water content of DNA by using X-ray crystallographic methods. But Watson did not take notes, and remembered the numbers incorrectly.
Instead, it was Franklin's famous "photograph 51" that finally revealed the helical structure of DNA to Watson and Crick in 1953. This picture of DNA that had been crystallized under moist conditions shows a fuzzy X in the middle of the molecule, a pattern indicating a helical structure.
Model of the alpha helix, 1951. Photo: Oregon State University's Special Collections
Specific Base-Pairing
The base-pairing mystery had been partly solved by the biochemist Erwin Chargoff some years earlier. In 1949 he showed that even though different organisms have different amounts of DNA, the amount of adenine always equals the amount of thymine. The same goes for the pair guanine and cytosine. For example, human DNA contains about 30 percent each of adenine and thymine, and 20 percent each of guanine and cytosine.
With this information at hand Watson was able to figure out the pairing rules. On the 21st of February 1953 he had the key insight, when he saw that the adenine-thymine bond was exactly as long as the cytosine-guanine bond. If the bases were paired in this way, each rung of the twisted ladder in the helix would be of equal length, and the sugar-phosphate backbone would be smooth.
Structure Shows Action
"It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material" wrote Watson and Crick in the scientific paper that was published in Nature, April 25, 1953.
This was indeed a breakthrough in the study of how genetic material passes from generation to generation. Once the model was established, its mere structure hinted that DNA was indeed the carrier of the genetic code and thus the key molecule of heredity, developmental biology and evolution.
The specific base pairing underlies the perfect copying of the molecule, which is essential for heredity. During cell division, the DNA molecule is able to "unzip" into two pieces. One new molecule is formed from each half-ladder, and due to the specific pairing this gives rise to two identical daughter copies from each parent molecule.
We All Share the Same Building Blocks
DNA is a winning formula for packaging genetic material. Therefore almost all organisms – bacteria, plants, yeast and animals – carry genetic information encapsulated as DNA. One exception is some viruses that use RNA instead.
Different species need different amounts of DNA. Therefore the copying of the DNA that precedes cell division differs between organisms. For example, the DNA in E. coli bacteria is made up of 4 million base pairs and the whole genome is thus one millimeter long. The single-cell bacterium can copy its genome and divide into two cells once every 20 minutes.
The DNA of humans, on the other hand, is composed of approximately 3 billion base pairs, making up a total of almost a meter-long stretch of DNA in every cell in our bodies.
In order to fit, the DNA must be packaged in a very compact form. In E. coli the single circular DNA molecule is curled up in a condensed fashion, whereas the human DNA is packaged in 23 distinct chromosome pairs. Here the genetic material is tightly rolled up on structures called histones.
A New Biological Era
This knowledge of how genetic material is stored and copied has given rise to a new way of looking at and manipulating biological processes, called molecular biology. With the help of so-called restriction enzymes, molecules that cut the DNA at particular stretches, pieces of DNA can be cut out or inserted at different places.
In basic science, where you want to understand the role of all the different genes in humans and animals, new techniques have been developed. For one thing, it is now possible to make mice that are genetically modified and lack particular genes. By studying these animals scientists try to figure out what that gene may be used for in normal mice. This is called the knockout technique, since stretches of DNA have been taken away, or knocked out.
Scientists have also been able to insert new bits of DNA into cells that lack particular pieces of genes or whole genes. With this new DNA, the cell becomes capable of producing gene products it could not make before. The hope is that, in the future, diseases that arise due to the lack of a particular protein could be treated by this kind of gene therapy.
Photo: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Archives
Many voices have argued that the Nobel Prize should also have been awarded to Rosalind Franklin, since her experimental data provided a very important piece of evidence leading to the solving of the DNA structure. In a recent interview in the magazine Scientific American, Watson himself suggested that it might have been a good idea to give Wilkins and Franklin the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and him and Crick the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – in that way all four would have been honored.
Rosalind Franklin died in 1958. As a rule only living persons can be nominated for the Nobel Prize, so the 1962 Nobel Prize was out of the question. The Nobel archives, at the Nobel Prize-awarding institutions, that among other things contain the nominations connected to the prizes, are held closed. But 50 years after a particular prize had been awarded, the archives concerning the nominees are released. Therefore, in 2008 it was possible to see whether Rosalind Franklin ever was a nominee for the Nobel Prize concerning the DNA helix. The answer is that no one ever nominated her - neither for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine nor in Chemistry.
The DNA-Helix
The sugar-phosphate backbone is on the outside and the four different bases are on the inside of the DNA molecule.
The two strands of the double helix are anti-parallel, which means that they run in opposite directions.
The sugar-phosphate backbone is on the outside of the helix, and the bases are on the inside. The backbone can be thought of as the sides of a ladder, whereas the bases in the middle form the rungs of the ladder.
Each rung is composed of two base pairs. Either an adenine-thymine pair that form a two-hydrogen bond together, or a cytosine-guanine pair that form a three-hydrogen bond. The base pairing is thus restricted.
This restriction is essential when the DNA is being copied: the DNA-helix is first "unzipped" in two long stretches of sugar-phosphate backbone with a line of free bases sticking up from it, like the teeth of a comb. Each half will then be the template for a new, complementary strand. Biological machines inside the cell put the corresponding free bases onto the split molecule and also "proof-read" the result to find and correct any mistakes. After the doubling, this gives rise to two exact copies of the original DNA molecule.
The coding regions in the DNA strand, the genes, make up only a fraction of the total amount of DNA. The stretches that flank the coding regions are called introns, and consist of non-coding DNA. Introns were looked upon as junk in the early days. Today, biologists and geneticists believe that this non-coding DNA may be essential in order to expose the coding regions and to regulate how the genes are expressed.
By Lotta Fredholm, Science Journalist
First published 30 September 2003
READ MORE
| Rosalind Franklin |
Human brains are 75% water. True or false? | Blog | Authorea
Previous “A “Modern Scientist” Manifesto”
In the 21st century science is growing more technical and complex, as we gaze further and further while standing on the shoulders of many generations of giants. The public has often a hard time understanding research and its relevance to society. One of the reasons for this is that scientists do not spend enough time communicating their findings outside their own scientific community. Obviously there are some exceptions, but the rule is that scientists write content for scientists. Academia is often perceived as an ivory tower, and when new findings are shared with the outside world, this is not done by scientists, but by the media or even the political class. The problem is that these external agents do not have the necessary background to digest and properly communicate this knowledge with the rest of society. They often misunderstand, over-hype and in some case even distort the results and views of the scientific community. It’s ironic and somewhat frightening that the discoveries and recommendations for which society invests substantial economic and human capital, are not directly disseminated by the people who really understand them.
At the same time transparency and reproducibility are at stake in the increasingly complex world of research, which is still using old-fashioned tools when packaging and sharing content. This is not only a big problem for research itself, but can give science a bad name in front of the public opinion, which increasingly does not understand and trust the work of scientists. To the average tax-payer science is often cryptic, with most recently published papers behind a pay-wall and the majority of research virtually inscrutable. In this scenario it is hard for the public to access and capture the relevance of scientists’ work. I strongly believe that a society that does not trust its scientists is set on a dangerous course.
Action Items. To improve the situation 21st century scientists need to:
Learn to efficiently share and communicate their research with the public at large.
Make their research more transparent and reproducible, so that it can be trusted and better understood by their peers and the public at large.
21st century scientists need to produce “Public-Friendly Open Science” (PFOS).
July 02, 2015
Deyan Ginev
Welcome to arXMLiv!
The arXMLiv project by the KWARC research group at Jacobs University Bremen has been ongoing for almost a decade, dating back to 2006. I was lucky enough to enroll as a bachelor student at Jacobs during that same year, and got personally involved with arXMLiv in 2007.
The goal of arXMLiv (Stamerjohanns 2010) is to transform the sources of \(\approx 1\) million scientific papers from arXiv starting with the author-friendly syntax of TeX/LaTeX and ending with highly processible, machine-friendly, XHTML/HTML5 documents. Over the years we have become partners with the LaTeXML converter, which ambitiously aims at translating any TeX document into as good as possible web equivalent.
June 29, 2015
The Times They Are a-Changin
Science is going through a rapid phase of transformation. Two important trends are emerging:
Research is becoming more complex, requiring larger collaborations and bigger experiments.
Science and technology increasingly affect modern society.
The first trend is easy to understand. Let’s think of the cumulative knowledge of humankind as a sphere. Scientists work at the surface and try to “ push the boundary ”. Discovery increases the volume of knowledge. As the sphere’s volume grows, so does its surface area. Therefore an ever increasing number of researchers is required to tessellate the expanding cutting-edge of science. Moreover, contrary to a few hundred years ago when the sphere of knowledge was so small that a single polymath could master large chunks of it, nowadays no human can understand the details of more than a few research topics. To capture the bigger picture and understand very complex research questions, collaborative efforts combining together a number of highly specific expertises are required.
June 26, 2015
Today Authorea is pleased to announce that the working draft, data, workflows, and full edit history of the paper are available to the public for free on Authorea.
This is the first time that such complete details have ever been released for a scientific paper. This release provides unprecedented transparency and detail, empowering students and researchers to review every change and edit to every word during the writing of this landmark research paper, using Authorea’s “History” feature.
“When we planned this study, our team decided to make our work as open and transparent as possible, and writing the paper on Authorea is part of that,” said co-lead author Daniel Park. “We felt a moral imperative to put everything out there, especially in this kind of emergency situation.”
”Authorea was founded to make researchers’ day-to-day tasks easier,” says Authorea co-founder and Harvard Research Associate Alberto Pepe. ”We realized we were wasting time emailing around documents and data. So we built a website where everyone could write and edit in the same place.”
But Authorea also supports a bigger goal: making science more open. The platform is free to use for open research. ”We encourage scientists to publish their entire research process: writing, data, and discussion,” said Dr. Pepe. ”The default stance is often to be closed, and we encourage more openness and transparency.”
Researchers in life sciences and other fields often withhold their raw data for months before and even after publishing, according to recent surveys. This practice has questionable utility, as it slows the pace of research, makes it less reproducible, and erodes public trust in science.
“Open access saves lives,” said Professor Peter Suber from the Harvard Office for Scholarly Communication and the Harvard Open Access Project, which were not involved with the Cell Ebola study. “Research saves lives, and when access is unaffordable or delayed, the access barriers put lives at risk. This is especially true in a crisis like Ebola where time is of the essence.”
June 18, 2015
Alberto Pepe
Authorea is a collaborative platform for writing in research and education, with a focus on web-first, high quality scientific documents.
We offer a tour through our integration of technologies that evolve math-rich papers into transparent, active objects. To enumerate, we currently employ Pandoc and LaTeXML (for authoring), MathJax (for math rendering and clipboard), D3.js (data visualization), iPython (computation), Flotchart and Bokeh (interactive plots).
This paper presents the challenges and rewards of integrating active web components for mathematics, while preserving backwards-compatibility with classic publishing formats. We conclude with an outlook to the next-to-come mathematics enhancements on Authorea, and a technology wishlist for the coming year.
May 21, 2015
Authorea Help
Quick Intro
Authorea has deployed a new backend for its LaTeX input language, teaming up with the ambitious LaTeXML project, which strives to offer a full reimplementation of TeX with targeted generation of web-first manuscripts, supporting HTML5 and ePub.
Currently, LaTeXML must be enabled on a per-article basis. Select the following option from your article page:
\(\cdots\) topbar menu → Settings → More Preferences → LaTeX Support → LaTeXML
Note that currently, only an article’s Admin(s) can enable LaTeXML. (Co-author names in bold indicate Admin status.)
In this article you can find an overview of some of our new high-impact authoring features.
May 17, 2015
Previous “Fermi Paradox”
In order to estimate the number of technological civilizations that might exist among the stars, in 1961 Frank Drake proposed a simple equation . Below you can play with an interactive plot showing the number \(N\) of communicative civilizations in the Galaxy as function of their average longevity \(L\). You can change the values of the various parameters using the sliders.
May 01, 2015
Matteo Cantiello
In this short post series I try to tackle one of the biggest questions out there: Are we alone? The reasoning leads to some radical implications for the very near future of humankind. Read till the end and feel free to comment as you go. Hopefully this will spark interesting discussions.
Habitable Planets How many habitable planets exist in the Universe?
The Drake Equation How to estimate the number of technological civilizations in our Galaxy?
Astrobiology Is biological life common in the Universe?
The Fermi Paradox Is intelligent life common in the Universe? And if yes, does it last?
Interactive Drake Equation Use your own intuition to calculate the chance of being alone or not
April 30, 2015
Authorea Help
Bokeh is a Python library for interactive data visualization. It allows to create interactive plots for the web. For example, one can zoom in, select some of the data points, etc. These plots can be included in Authorea articles quite easily.
April 29, 2015
Previous “Astrobiology” – Next “Interactive Drake Equation”
With an estimated diameter of 93 billion light years and age of 13.7 billion years, our Universe is an astonishingly big place that’s been around for a very long time. When you look up, you only get a short glimpse at a fraction of the hundreds of billions of stars that populate our Galaxy (which in turn is one of hundreds of billions in the cosmos), but it’s enough to make you wonder: “Are we alone?” In the previous post we discussed the likelihood of the emergence of (intelligent) extraterrestrial life. Starting from the famous Drake Equation and using recent findings in astrophysics and some astrobiology arguments, we obtained a simple way to estimate \(N\), the number of communicative civilizations in our Galaxy. This reduces to the product of the chance of emergence of intelligent life \(f_i\) and the longevity \(L\) (in years) of a civilization’s communicative phase:
\[\label{eq:Drake_simplified} N \approx \, \frac{1}{4}\, f_i \, L \,.\]
April 23, 2015
Previous “Drake Equation” – Next “ Fermi Paradox ”
We are thinking creatures living on a planet orbiting a pretty common star in a pretty common galaxy. Our home planet has been around for about 4.5 billion years, while the Universe is about 13.7 billion years old. We just learned that there are about 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = \(10^{21}\) planets potentially similar to the Earth in the cosmos, a number larger than the amount of grains of sand found on every beach and every desert on Earth. Are we alone? To answer this question in 1961 scientist Frank Drake formulated his famous equation, which I discussed in the previous post of this series. The Drake equation calculates the number \(N\) of communicative civilizations in our Galaxy. In its 2015 form it reads:
\(N \approx 2\, f_l \, f_i \, f_c \, L\)
April 21, 2015
Jeff Montgomery
This post is part of a series called Is Academia Broken? It relates the experiences of Jeff, Authorea’s Community coordinator, and weighing the options on pursuing a PhD. Be sure to check out Alberto’s first blog post , on the perils of early career interdisciplinary research, and his second , on the overabundance of PhDs and dearth of academic positions.
April 19, 2015
Collaboration is made easy. Managing your co-authors is straightforward.
Authorea is version controlled. Again, no installations required.
Adding citations has never been easier. Believe me, you will never wanna go back.
You can include data and code in your paper. This allows for transparency and reproducibility of results.
Export to any journal format with just one click.
Powerful commenting system . For internal or even external review.
Ok, If you got this far you deserve more than a list of fancy features, so here’s my personal experience and why I think you should start using Authorea.
I switched to writing papers with Authorea about a year ago and I noticed a number of immediate improvements: first of all my papers get written faster. Then I noticed that I have no need to exchange emails with collaborators concerning the paper. This is fantastic. All the action happens (and it’s logged) on Authorea, including discussions about revisions and suggestions for improvements. This said, I didn’t really expect the most important upturn. By getting rid of the overhead I previously considered necessary, unavoidable parts of the scientific writing process, something remarkable happened. I actually started enjoying writing more! And I do not mean just publishing; I had experienced that joy before. The difference is I now cherish the time I spend putting my science into words. It might sound crazy, but Authorea did something amazing: it made me discover the pleasure of writing science together with my collaborators.
So if you ask me “Why should I write my next paper with Authorea?” my honest answer is “Because you will love it!”. So take Authorea for a spin and make up your own mind. Have fun!
April 17, 2015
Jeff Montgomery
In recent coverage of a massive meta-analysis of the Google Scholar archives, the top-ten “elite” journals are compared to “the rest” in several broad disciplines.
For papers published from 1995 to 2013, there was a 64% average increase of top-1000 cited papers coming out of non-elite journals (here, “elite” = top-ten most-cited journals for a given category; “non-elite” = the rest). Lest you worry these represent the only cited articles in non-elite journals: the total share of citations going to non-elite articles rose from 27% to 47% over the same period.
Part of the reason for this sudden shift is digitization. In the conclusion to the paper the team responsible for Google Scholar (released 10 years ago in November 2014) state:
Now that finding and reading relevant articles in non-elite journals is about as easy as finding and reading articles in elite journals, researchers are increasingly building on and citing work published everywhere.
With the introduction of exactingly searchable databases, the playing field is indeed leveling for access and awareness of all tiers of journals, splashy-high-impact or otherwise. This naturally leads to faster and more efficient scientific endeavors. (Imagine getting even closer , accessing new developments and discoveries in near-real-time. If you think the rate of progress in science is dizzying now...)
Not mentioned, however, is the fact fields have grown more specialized, and publishers have responded by producing more specialty-specific journals. This may in part account for the increased share of non-elite citations: the publication of a groundbreaking article in a lower impact specialty journal will become a necessary citation in many subsequent papers in that and related fields. Another interesting point to consider in future studies is how open access journals measure up in citation rate.
It has also been documented that high impact, elite journals have higher rates of retraction (Fang 2011) . Do the high impact works from non-elite journals show comparable rates of retraction? Given their high impact, many of the same explanations high impact journals give for higher retraction rates should still apply (i.e. increased exposure and thus increased scrutiny).
Regardless, it is clear that new considerations must be made and changes are underway with respect to academic publications. Hopefully scientists return to their roots of open discourse and dissemination of their data so we can get further, faster, together.
April 14, 2015
Previous “ Habitable Planets ” – Next “ Astrobiology ”
There is on average one planet orbiting every star in the Universe (Swift et al., 2013; Cassan et al., 2012) . If this sounds exciting, you might wanna read the previous post in this series. Our Galaxy (the Milky Way) is an immense disk of gas and stars with a diameter of about 100 000 light years, hosting about 100 billion stars and, therefore, also about 100 billion planets. Take a deep breath. Now, it turns out the Milky Way is just one of 100 billion galaxies that populate our Universe, a colossal expanding stretch of spacetime with an age of 13.7 billion years. The math is trivial: There are about 10 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = \(10^{22}\) planets out there. This number is extremely large. Apparently larger than the number of grains of sand found in every beach and every desert on Earth.
But how many of these planets host life? And in particular, how many planets host intelligent life we might be able to communicate with?
In order to estimate the number of technological civilizations that might exist among the stars, in 1961 Frank Drake proposed the following simple equation:
April 13, 2015
Alberto Pepe
This blog post is part of a series called Is Academia Broken? This is the second in the series and it discusses the overabundance of PhDs compared to the number of available academic openings. The first blog post, on the perils of doing interdisciplinary research early in your career, can be found here .
April 07, 2015
Jeff Montgomery
A recent article in Nature Communications (Benomar 2015) is extremely informative.
Like many good studies, it takes assumed fixtures or mainstays of a field (in this case isolated culturing in microbiology), flips them in some way, and arrives at novel observations and conclusions.
Bacteria have usually been studied in single culture in rich media or in specific starvation conditions. These studies have contributed to understanding and characterizing their metabolism. However, they coexist in nature with other microorganisms and form consortia in which they interact to build an advanced society that drives key biogeochemical cycles.
Briefly, the authors showed co-cultured bacteria (i.e. two different species from the same environment were grown together) formed physical connections with each other to allow one species to harness the other’s unique metabolic chemistry when the former could not survive under the given starvation conditions. In turn, the donor species growth was elevated compared to isolation due to accessing it’s partners’ own metabolites.
The researchers got some great pictures.
April 04, 2015
Jeff Montgomery
Beyond Marie Curie
Marie Curie. Maybe Rosalind Franklin. These are two of the main names that come to mind when one thinks “women in science.” The reasons more female contributors to science aren’t a larger part of our collective consciousness are many and unjust and unfounded. Better coverage of these issues abound, and the tides are very slowly turning, but many major scientific advances, often by women, are still not well-known.
That’s why I wanted to give Dr. Esther Lederberg a mention. She was a microbiologist at the forefront of 20th century discoveries (lambda virus, gene transfer, fertility factor F, etc.) in bacterial genetics that are now ushering in 21st century revolutions in biotechnology.
What’s unfortunately not revolutionary, however, was the overshadowing of her career by that of her (ex-)husband, Nobel Prize winner Joshua Lederberg. Besides making major contributions to his Nobel-winning work, she developed innovative tools and methods that allowed better study of the incredibly small. It goes without saying, but lacking the edge these techniques provided, her husband’s laureateship may have been at risk.
One of these tools was remarkably simple, but nevertheless incredibly powerful. This was replica plating. A piece of velvet is held taut in the shape of a petri dish, a dish with isolated bacterial colonies on it transfers an identical pattern of the colonies to the velvet. This creates a “stamp” for the colonies, allowing the re-creation of the same species’ colonies in the same pattern on any type of plate a researcher would want (e.g. with or without a critical nutrient to see the effect on the bacteria). Then, researchers can test differentially affected colonies and probe what makes them distinct.
Later in her career, Lederberg headed the Plasmid Research Center, a now-defunct institute at Stanford. Here, she oversaw the study, cataloging, and distribution of countless newly discovered bacterial plasmids (circular pieces of DNA) that contained resistance-contributing genes and many others that are now hallmarks of microbiology labs across the world.
Beyond the gender bias in science, Esther Lederberg serves as another example of bias: that of a researcher who makes enormous and impactful contributions that don’t get big splashy headlines. That don’t get Nobels (fun fact: she and her husband were the first team to share a microbiology prize a mere two years before he received the Nobel). That don’t necessarily get you a place in popular memory.
Why is this? Tens of thousands of researchers everyday must use plasmids of genes she first systematically studied. How can we better ensure tool makers, information sharers, disseminators, and distributors get fair credit? By sharing their stories bit by bit and base by base.
April 02, 2015
Jeff Montgomery
The peer review process is a pillar of modern research, verifying and validating the ever-increasing output of academia. While the academic community agrees that some process of review is necessary to ensure the quality of published research, not everybody agrees on the best approach. In particular, doubts have been cast on the current peer review process: most journals select and assign one anonymous referee (few journals assign two or more) who is in charge of reviewing the manuscript and recommending it for publication or rejection. The argument is that the current peer review system is becoming inadequate. Here’s an incomplete list of issues:
Research is increasingly collaborative, complex, and specialized. Thus, it is less likely that one or a few referees can have the necessary expertise (and time) to properly handle many modern articles. Simply put, the average number of authors per paper has been steadily increasing in the last few decades, while the number of referees per paper has not.
“Publication pressure” means there is a growing number of papers to referee. This need can not be easily matched since scholars, who need to constantly publish and engage in the “funding race”, have less time to be dedicated to community service (in a “single referee” system the review process is very time consuming).
Given the anonymous nature of peer reviewing manuscripts, researchers who volunteer their valuable time and knowledge don’t get recognition for contributing.
Cases of peer-review scams, mostly from predatory open access publishers, have grown in number over recent years. A number of journals, exploiting the publication pressure climate, accept and publish articles with little or no peer review.
Similarly, there are reports of fraud in which authors review their own or close friends’ manuscripts to give favorable reviews (Ferguson 2014) .
April 02, 2015
Please join us to keep posted about future events.
P.s. There will be PIZZA.
April 01, 2015
The Authorea Team on April 1, 2015
In an effort to bring science outside of research labs, today Authorea is launching an exciting new line of fragrances and beauty products for scientists and scholars. The first product to hit shelves will be Acqua d’Autore. This unisex and cross-disciplinary fragrance is a light and elegant scent for the modern researcher. It begins with mild citrus notes followed by elegant notes of tobacco and vanilla. The scent finishes smoothly with wood notes, known to enhance scientific collaboration. Whether you’re stepping out of the lab or into your favorite shoe store, Acqua d’Autore is guaranteed to attract the gaze of your next coauthors. Authorea’s cofounder, Alberto Pepe , a life long supporter of the #scienceperfume movement comments: “Today marks the beginning of a new era that will see fashion and science finally joined, bringing scientific transparency, data, and good looks to one place”.
March 29, 2015
Jeff Montgomery
On the left, you’ll see a little clock icon - this opens the article’s History: a Git -based log of updates and edits authors have applied to the article. This post should hopefully only have one entry as it’s short and typed in one sitting (edit: this is never the case), but we all make mistakes .
Two interesting ideas to meditate on, w.r.t. science and scholarly communication:
1.) What would a Git history look like for an entire piece of research, or even just the many iterations of a single experimental procedure? GitHub does this for software development of course (we can integrate your articles with your GitHub repos by the way), but there’s a whole untapped academic ecosystem - how do thoughts mature and develop in other fields?
2.) If you had a Git History of Science, there would be so many re-additions and re-deletions and entire huge sections removed ( phlogiston , anyone?), Compare views would be a wash of green and red. How many “mistakes” have been made and re-made over time? What could we learn from the trends and developments of knowledge?
Science is really a process and a way of thinking. Why aren’t we keeping better track of the thought process and showing errors made along the way? It would help us build or fork better off each others’ works for one thing. Less redundancies and unnecessary pitfalls as well. Plus “mistakes” are a helpful and fateful force in the scientific process itself. Think about any great thinker, writer, artist, maker. I bet any of their rough drafts would seem pretty valuable now.
In what other ways might we benefits from having detailed histories of inventive, creative, and thoughtful processes?
March 26, 2015
Jeff Montgomery
Perhaps you have heard of the peer review fraud scandals rocking several big journals. Rings of researchers’ quid pro quo favorable reviews; PIs reviewing their own work unbeknownst to editors; probably other bad things that we haven’t found out about yet.
Or perhaps you remember prank paper generator SCIgen: it has produced many nonsensical manuscripts that were “peer reviewed”, accepted, and later and embarrassingly retracted. To combat the systemic problem these jokes expose , Springer designed SciDetect to do the job a “peer” should be able to do in the first place – spot blatantly obvious bullshit.
Maybe you even know of “soft fraud” – knowing that editors have sympathies or vested interests in a sub-discipline at Journal X; reaching out to an old colleague likely to review your manuscript; frequently collaborating with big name PIs whose brand has more clout than carefully done and clearly communicated science likely ever could.
What can we do?!
That is the question. Certainly Nature charging authors for faster peer review is not an intended answer (Cressey 2015) . At Authorea, we think all levels of the scientific process would benefit from some openness and transparency. While different researchers might draw different lines, experimenting with open peer review seems like a good place to start (its kind of astounding that post-publication open review isn’t widely practiced yet). Open up your work to the light of day and get some honest open feedback that makes it better – what if adding more eyes brought about changes that got your manuscript accepted to a higher tier journal than you hoped? If that’s a solidly achievable best case, what’s the worst case?
“But what if I get scooped?”
This is always meant as the inevitable and terrible outcome of open access. To ensure speed, maybe you specify a time frame. To ensure security, maybe you specify no anonymous viewing or commenting. But really, that won’t change much. Without any data (open or paywalled), I’m pretty confident the majority of “scooping” incidents are the result of many players shooting for the same goals, smart people working hard, and good old-fashioned word of mouth. Maybe if we shared more we’d all get so much further!
That’s the thing: as scientists we are proud of our work. We publish to show the world, so why not show it off sooner? Get credit faster? Get more feedback and make more useful connections? These represent some major features of the Internet that researchers are still chronically under-utilizing, and it was invented for us!
This is the 21st century.
We should science like it.
March 25, 2015
Jeff Montgomery
Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, self-styled as Paracelsus, was a Swiss-German polymath and occultist active in the early 1500s. Notable among his many contributions (including the designation “father of toxicology”) was his emphasis on observation when knowledge from the past held in highest regard. This belief, admittedly revolutionary at the time, was further reflected in his personal motto: alterius non sit qui suus esse potest (“let no man belong to another who can belong to himself”). He refused to follow centuries-old schools of thought, relying on his own wits to understand the world around him. Paracelsus’s defiant independence naturally clashed with authorities, only serving to stoke his ego (see quote below). His challenges to traditional medicine, advocacy for observation as the path to knowledge, and use of common language for scholarly communication (learned individuals only lectured in Latin) all reflect changes society still struggles with today.
What can we learn about science from a 16th Century mystic?
Science, compared to other fields like math or art or finance, is formally a recent development. The first text to resemble a modern journal article - Galileo’s Starry Messenger - like Paracelsus and his philosophy, is prophetic of open science and data . Paracelsus believed knowledge and the information behind it should be wide-spread (e.g. even physicians of his time were comparably educated with barbers and butchers (Stowe 1986) ) as well as rigorously examined and questioned.
He also thought he was incredibly smart:
March 22, 2015
An Arctic Journey: Chasing the Solar Eclipse
Yale scientist and Authorea Fellow Fabio Del Sordo just got back from a once-in-a-lifetime trip: he traveled to a group of remote arctic islands to chase one of the most inaccessible solar eclipses of the century. We asked him some questions.
March 20, 2015
Alberto Pepe
This blog post is part of a series called Is Academia Broken? This is the first in the series and it discusses the perils of doing interdisciplinary research for early career academics. You can find the second blog post of the series here .
March 19, 2015
LaTeX Something Something Darkside by Peter Krautzberger from MathJaX .
•
A Scholarly MarkDown discussion on Hacker News (see the comments)
In this text, I will try to elaborate on the merits and deficiencies of using a pre-web authoring syntax, LaTeX, for writing modern publications in 2015 as active web documents. My stance is evolutionary – we should adapt our existing tools to the new environment and in the process gain insights for what the next generation of tools ought to be.
If you are a working scientist who authors in LaTeX, I will suggest how to gradually adapt your existing toolchain, while making your first steps towards the future of publishing. If you don’t find the technical details interesting, you can skip to my suggestion in Section \ref{sec:conclusion}.
If you are a developer, I will argue with you that the next generation has not fully arrived yet.
We’re not going to start a fire
Feelings can burn strong when the words “LaTeX” and “Web” appear together.
Debates over tool superiority, especially when online, tend to quickly become heated and destructive. My best guess is that the personal experiences with our tools over time evolve into full-blown relationships, with all associated pros and cons of that status. Maybe you truly love your tool, and that is great, please go ahead and nourish that feeling. Meanwhile, I will step back into more abstract territory and try to poke some applications with a stick and see when they bite. You’re welcome to tag along, but there’s no need for extra venom.
March 19, 2015
A recent article titled The spin rate of pre-collapse stellar cores: wave driven angular momentum transport in massive stars was written on Authorea and submitted to the Astrophysical Journal (ApJ) and to the arXiv as a pre-print.
While waiting on peer review from the ApJ, the authors want to test Authorea as a platform for open peer-review. By going to the document’s page, you can comment on a section, figure, observation, sentence, or the whole piece. The authors and other commenters can respond and further the discussion. And it’s all out in the open, just how science was meant to be .
But it doesn’t stop there. You can also view full-size, high-resolution versions of the paper’s figures, as well as easily follow links in the References at the bottom of the page.
In the paper, Fuller et al. (2015) show for the first time how internal gravity waves, excited in the turbulent layers of stars at least ten times larger than the Sun, can radically change their internal rotation rate. In particular, these waves – somewhat analogous to ocean waves – can determine how rapidly the stellar core spins around its axis when the star is about to die and become a supernova. The spin of a pre-supernova core is important because it deeply affects the stellar explosion and determines the rotation rate of the stellar remnant (neutron star or black hole).
March 18, 2015
Jeff Montgomery
The System as It Stands
A study published in July 2014 used the Freedom of Information Act to request access to contracts between academic publishers and 55 university and 12 consortia of libraries (Bergstrom 2014) . 360 contracts were received, documenting prices and bundling of deals from 9 major publishers (including Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, ACS, and Oxford University Press).
The contracts show the result of opaque sales practices, manipulation, and varying degrees of negotiation skill: publishers can charge vastly different prices for the same products and services. Keep in mind they are selling to nonprofit institutions whose members
conduct groundbreaking and lifesaving research (often taxpayer-funded)
volunteer their time and talent to the publishers’ peer review process
pay for the submission of articles published in journals
and are now buying it all back.
Also keep in mind that top publishers have profit margins on the order 30% or more.
In the mid 1990s, with the shift from print-only to digital distribution, economic formulations changed. No longer would a research university need to subscribe to multiple copies of in-demand journals. No longer would storage space play a significant role in decisions (e.g. storage and maintenance costs for a 2500 page journal volume range from $300-1000). No longer would impact be a limiting factor for purchased titles, or as it’s now emerging , should it even be. And publishers could now offer their whole catalog of journals at one discounted “Big Deal” price. In the words of Derk Haank, then Elsevier and current Springer CEO:
But what it [electronic publishing] does do is to dramatically lower the marginal costs of allowing access.... [The cost for each new users] is virtually nil and that means that we should be more creative in the business model.... where we make a deal with the university, the consortia or the whole country, where we say for this amount we will allow all your people to use our material, unlimited, 24 hours per day. And, basically the price then depends on a rough estimate of how useful is that product for you; and we can adjust it over time. [emphasis added]
Here, “adjust it over time” means mandate an average 5-6% price increase annually. Bergstrom, et al calculate:
“A bundle whose price increased by 5.5% per year would double its price between 1999 and 2012, whereas over the same period the US consumer price index rose by 38%.” [emphasis added]
What’s more, such “creative” business models force library administrators to try to quantify abstractions like the value of information. Information, however, is context dependent. The difference of opinion on a paper’s importance could range from “meaningless” to a critical insight for unraveling a disease pathway.
At the end of the day, an all-inclusive “Big Deal” bundle may be easiest – if funds are available. When cost limits access, however, researchers may rely on e-mailed PDFs from helpful colleagues at better-equipped campuses. Another solution, when access is out of reach or publication slow (e.g. a year from initial acceptance to publication is common for some Statistics journals), is pre-print repositories like arXiv . Unfortunately, the articles aren’t peer-reviewed, a reason big publishers can charge so much.
This is also a reason we think researchers (and journals!) might want to try their own pilot study of Authorea-as-interactive-repository or submission platform .
This is the 21st Century , scientists should be writing and disseminating like it!
Have thoughts about this? Let us know in the Comments or follow us to get updates !
March 17, 2015
The Authorea team
Tens of thousands of innovators met in Austin, Texas last week to discuss emerging tech, science, and innovation. It was the Interactive portion of South by Southwest (SxSW). Authorea was there.
Among many great events, the MIT Media Lab presented “ SOLVE ”, an initiative set to bring together the most gifted researchers and innovators to identify and tackle challenges where new thinking and emerging technologies have the potential to make the world a better place. SOLVE identified four main themes: Learn, Cure, Fuel, Make.
March 16, 2015
The Authorea Team
Today we are proud to announce the winners of our travel grant for European student attendees of the APS March meeting in San Antonio, TX.
Why did Authorea sponsor these travel grants? At Authorea, we want to build bridges between scholars, disciplines, and cultures in order to form a collaborative scholarly community at a global scale. Sometimes, face-to-face meetings are the best catalysts for sharing and creating new connections. Two of us at Authorea - Alberto and Matteo - are from Italy. They have benefited from academic careers abroad (postdocs at Harvard and University of California, Santa Barbara, respectively) also thanks to important connections they made at international conferences in the early stages of their academic career.
Our winners for the March Meeting are Alberto De La Torre and Juan Trastoy Quintela, both from Spain. We hope that the connections they made at the March Meeting will bring fruitful collaborations.
March 14, 2015
It’s simple to drag and drop bibliographic references from Zotero to Authorea. Just make sure you set your Zotero default Export Format to BibTeX.
February 05, 2015
Authorea Australia Tour 2015
G’day- Authorea’s Australia Tour (Au♥Au) starts next week! Our co-founders, Nate and Alberto, will be down in Oz for the Research Bazaar conference at the University of Melbourne. We’re so very excited to hang out with our friends at UniMelb and make some new friends in the Melbourne area (and beyond!).
We’re working on completing our schedule of speaking engagements. Below is a rough schedule of events/talks/demos that will take place during the tour. We will be updating it as we go along.
February 03, 2015
The Authorea Team
We’re very happy to announce a special Travel Grant for European FGSA and FIP members attending the American Physical Society APS March Meeting 2015, in San Antonio, Texas.
Authorea is committed to helping the advancement of scientific collaboration and this travel grant aims to foster the interexchange between young EU and US members, helping students and postdoc to integrate in the international APS community and to share their different experiences.
These travel grant will be recognized at the Student and FIP Receptions, during the March Meeting 2015.
For more information on the travel grant and application instructions please visit http://www.aps.org/units/fgsa/travel/ and http://www.aps.org/units/fip/awards/travel-grant.cfm .
February 02, 2015
We’re launching #Institutions today! Since the beginning of Authorea, it’s been our mission to work closely with universities, departments, research labs, and libraries to help them manage and curate scholarly content.
So, what’s new? You can now:
Browse institutions and find yours! If it’s missing, let us know and we’ll add it.
Add your affiliation(s) to your profile. Just log in and click on User Settings in your profile.
Let your librarian or PI know about #institutions at Authorea, so that they can claim and manage their institutional page.
January 15, 2015
Authorea Help
Authorea supports many input formats. Most users will write using our default rich text editor and can take advantage of our rich equation editor (see Easy equation editor, below). But if you are writing a very technical paper with a lot of mathematical notation, you might want to use LaTeX or Markdown as your input format (see Advanced Equation editor, below). Find out how to easily switch between input formats.
Easy equation editor
Users writing in rich text can take advantage of our easy-to-use equation editor. When writing, click on the equation button in the toolbar (\(x^2\)) and type in your equation, like in the image below. Upon clicking “Insert” your formula will appear in its full glory, as \(H=-\int p\left(x+y\right)^2\)
January 10, 2015
The Authorea Team
How to add a citation
Do you know which paper you want to cite, but don’t want to mess around with reference importing? Don’t worry! A couple of clicks and you’ll be done. From the editor, click on the cite button.
December 15, 2014
Whether you’re celebrating Thanksgiving today in the US or it’s just another day in the lab, it’s important to remember that there’s a lot to be thankful for, especially in regards to Open Access.
Increased Open Access
There’s no question that Open Access (OA) is the future, and each year the numbers clearly show its growth and the world’s approval and desire to learn. Here’s a collection of statistics compiled for OA Week in October. Some truly exciting numbers.
The Community
When people get together (in person or online) who believe there’s a right to access fundamental knowledge about the world, good things emerge. Ideas can be shared, developed, grown, and implemented instantly. Collaborations, contacts, and friendships are formed that will span careers. The OA Community is a rich, vibrant group with core beliefs that inherently make it a hot bed of acceptance, creativity, and productivity.
More Governments, Foundations, and Organizations Supporting OA
With the EU’s recent changes mandating clinical trial transparency and similar rules under consideration in the US , open access is really going prime time. Coupled with the recent announcement by the Gates Foundation of impressively stringent OA guidelines , there’s a clear trend towards more openess - a good thing for funding bodies, governments, researchers, and every citizen of the world.
Innovative Ways to Open Your Research
Every week, there’s some innovation, update, new service or framework that makes it easier to share your work. Whether its repositories for code and data, groups that give you an informal framework to talk about your research, organizations that advocate for OA, or places to get the word out generally about what your true passion is, we are all living in a moment filled to the brim with potential. We need to remember to be thankful for it and take advantage of every opportunity to make sure our world and our science are as open as possible.
Happy Thanksgiving,
The Authorea Team
P.S. And of course we’re thankful for all our users and followers on Twitter , Facebook , and Google+ ! :)
November 14, 2014
Low costs (compare Rio Salado’s $84/credit-hour vs the 2011 average $250/credit-hour for in-state, public tuition);
flexibility (many classes start new sections every week);
online and mobile integration (U of Phoenix offers an app for studying and course management from anywhere, anytime).
These innovative offerings help solve practical problems for modern education. Given the 40% college dropout rate, ever-rising costs of tuition, associated increases in post-college debt, the need to stay competitive, and the desire to explore new areas of knowledge, anything that lowers friction is certainly welcome. Given that these two institutions alone serve over 350k students, you also can’t argue with demand that’s clearly there.
November 07, 2014
Jeff Montgomery
Friday, an op-ed piece actually titled “Academic Science Isn’t Sexist” went up on the New York Times blog (a version appeared in the Sunday Review). It was about academic research and the lack of sexism therein. The two editorialists are co-authors on a recently released analysis on the subject (it is beautifully open access, and much of the raw data is available).
The piece and the paper claim sexism has largely waned in academic research, the result of shifts from a previously sexist, male-dominated academy. Further, that any remaining incongruities between male and female enrollment, advancement, and achievement are artifacts and anecdotal. Academic research is completely gender-blind now. Any differences are largely the product of society-at-large and earlier life decisions (like the choice to play with dolls/cute animals versus trucks/destructive robots).
Huh.
The response from the science blogging community and Twittersphere was immediate and is still on-going. Jonathan Eisen responded Halloween night, soon after the piece was posted. His immediate critique was of the acknowledgement of reports of “physical aggression” in the op-ed piece, without ever addressing these in their data or analysis (even the 60+ page research paper is short on coverage). The assumption: they are also anecdotal? So everything is actually fine?
Probably not (<- this article details accounts of sexual misconduct in field work involving biology, anthropology, and other social sciences, disciplines the authors above highlight as largely welcoming and open to women). Emily Willingham provides excellent analysis of the data presented in the paper and in the broader debate at hand. It turns out there are numerous discrepancies and avoided topics of analysis (e.g. salary figures often had statistically significant differences by gender; women more often reported lack of inclusion; more details in her impeccable post).
Likewise, Matthew Francis covered the story, emphasizing the need to actively address these still-existent problems and not ignore them: the importance of even a little explicit encouragement of female students in the face of implicit discouragement (like he sees in his native field of physics) is often all that’s needed. The ever-emphatic PZ Myers rounds out the debate by breaking down the major reasoning and assumptions in the original paper, with characteristic gusto.
So what exactly were the original authors thinking?
A handful of distributed scientists were able to challenge the key arguments of their paper, using their data and citations, in free time over the weekend.
Talk about peer-review.
Seriously though, what were they thinking? I would like to think that this was actually a brilliantly orchestrated publicity stunt to get more attention on this critical issue. After all, who is going to blog/tweet/counter-op-ed “Academic Science is Slightly Less Sexist than when Male Academics could still Smoke in Their Offices”? Because when you look at the data, the background on this issue, and the immediate response from the community, it’s obvious academic research isn’t now some utopian meritocracy brimming with equality. There is still institutional and systemic biases. Whether its gender, race, sexual-preference, or need related, or tied up in the archaic publishing system that is all too easily gamed, we have a long way to go before things can be considered “fair”. What might a fair system even look like?
October 28, 2014
Matteo Cantiello
A revolution has occurred in the last two decades in the world of astrophysics. It all started in the mid ’90s with the first discovery of new worlds around other stars. The term “Extrasolar planet” (or Exoplanet) became widely used to identify planets orbiting a star other than the Sun. A planet is a celestial body massive enough to be bounded by its self gravity (unlike a rock or an asteroid, that are kept together by electromagnetic forces), but not massive enough to produce energy through nuclear fusion (as stars do). Planetary scientists have confirmed the existence of more than 1500 exoplanets and have identified a few thousand exoplanet candidates that require more investigation before they can join the planet club (see exoplanets.org for the most recent figures). The most remarkable discoveries came only in the last couple of years thanks to the Kepler space telescope. This amazing instrument has been patiently looking for the extremely tiny dimming induced by the passage of a planet in front of its host star. The wealth of data provided by Kepler has revealed an astonishing fact: “When you wish upon a star, you are wishing upon a star with planets” (W. Borucki). There is on average one planet orbiting every star in the Universe (Swift et al., 2013; Cassan et al., 2012) . Just in our Galaxy this means we have 100 billion planets. Since we have about 100 billion galaxies in the Universe, there are about 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 = \(10^{22}\) planets out there.
October 27, 2014
Jeff Montgomery
In this week’s Nature, a special issue on the evolution of modern academic institutions, Arizona State University (ASU) President Michael Crow and his vision of the New American University are profiled. Appointed President in 2002, previously Executive Vice Provost at Columbia University, Crow began restructuring ASU. His goal: to shape it into a hub of multidisciplinary research, entrepreneurship, and innovation.
12 years into Crow’s tenure, ASU has expanded its campus, forming and constructing new research institutes like the Biodesign Institute, School of Earth and Space Exploration, and the School of Human Evolution and Social Change. The University’s growth in funding and collaboration are also remarkable. From the Nature piece:
ASU’s funding numbers show that grant-givers find the cross-disciplinary approach attractive. From 2003 to 2012, the university’s federally financed research portfolio grew by 162%, vastly outpacing the average increase seen at 15 similar public institutions. ... The number of funded projects with principal investigators in two or more departments rose by 75% between 2003 and 2014.
While the article further notes that ASU’s publication rate has more than doubled, it asserts its scientific profile has hardly been raised. Citing largely unchanged proportions of publications in high-profile journals or with high numbers of citations, this analysis doesn’t account for some important factors.
Since ASU’s funding at present has more than doubled, one should expect an explosive BOOM in publications and citations over the next few years;
Collaborating, whether in the same institution or across the world is fraught with challenges, so pace may lag;
The research from ASU’s new institutes and far-reaching collaborations is inherently different (innovation is, by definition); like Crow said, “We don’t want to ask the same questions as other institutions,” so there aren’t yet large circles to cite these early works;
Building off the above point, it can take years for journal articles to accumulate even a portion of their lifetime citations (an argument against impact factor );
Even without these caveats, ASU’s progression and the essence of Crow’s New American University model presciently anticipated recent developments in the modern university. Observing ASU’s emphasis on cross-disciplinary entrepreneurship and innovation (E&I) through research, one notes similar trends at top-tier universities across the world. With job markets in flux, a rapidly changing economy, and an ever-increasing focus on science and technology, schools attract students and build connections to business through E&I hubs , an explicit goal of Crow’s vision for ASU.
Rethinking and reimagining research and education at academic institutions is critical for universities and their students to remain competitive. Best of all, science and society will both benefit. Here’s to hoping the New American University expands beyond Phoenix, Arizona.
October 26, 2014
Jeff Montgomery
Who gave summer back to children of the 50s and 60s?
Yesterday was Dr. Jonas Salk’s 100th birthday. The Google Doodle celebrating it was profiled in The Guardian , which acknowledged:
The story of Salk’s search for a vaccine isn’t one that should be told in isolation, stopping with the elimination of polio in the US. Instead, it sits within a rich tapestry of stories about scientific discovery and progress.
Except that Salk’s treatment wasn’t responsible for eradicating polio in the US. His treatment was too expensive for millions of Americans at a time when children were kept indoors during summer to prevent infection. Despite the oft-repeated Salkian quote, “There is no patent. Could you patent the sun ?”, adminstrative powers above Salk (his involvement is unclear) determined they could not legally patent the vaccine, given previous works. Still, three vaccine shots and a booster priced polio protection only within the reach of middle class Americans and above.
So infection rates dropped among demographics that could afford the Salk vaccine, while rates expanded in lower income communities, especially among under-served minority groups. This was an economic as well as access problem: pediatricians could command higher prices as there was high demand for the multi-course regimen. Dr. Albert Sabin, another polio researcher, knew that Salk’s vaccine was not the best possible solution or even sufficiently safe. His arguments for impartiality and caution were largely ignored by the council backing Salk’s vaccine (see link below), yet Sabin labored on. He developed a single orally-dosed drug that allowed low-cost, wide-scale distribution of this life-saving treatment.
As described in the aptly titled review, The Myth of Jonas Salk , Sabin’s treatment was truly responsible for ending polio in the US (and is currently the one in use to eradicate polio across the globe):
Beginning in January 1962, pediatricians in two Arizona counties ... conducted separate but similar voluntary mass immunizations using Sabin’s vaccine. “Previous programs using the Salk vaccine had failed to bring polio immunization to a satisfactory level,” they reported a year later in the Journal of the American Medical Association.... More than 700,000 people were immunized – 75 percent of the total population in both counties. The vaccine was given at the cost of 25 cents, for those who could pay. It was given to population groups that were socially, racially, and culturally diverse, on Indian reservations and military posts and in urban and rural areas. The program became a model for subsequent U.S. mass-immunization programs. By the mid-1960s, Sabin’s vaccine was the only one in use in the United States. It was the Sabin vaccine that closed the immunity gap and effectively put an end to polio in the States.
Of course aspects of Sabin’s work were built off the work of Salk - all of science is inherently iterative. But we as a community and society at large need to have systems in place to ensure credit is given where credit is due. Thanks to a half-century of good PR and first-mover advantage, Dr. Salk is heralded as the vanquisher of polio, while it was Sabin’s dogged persistence at achieving a better solution that tipped the scales (not to mention countered an economically and racially-biased course of treatment).
There is an entire subset of scientists who passed through history largely undetected, while making tremendous impacts. Female scientists have made up a disproportionate amount of this subset, routinely discouraged from research (e.g. see comments in this post ). For every triumphant Salk, there is almost always a Sabin (or Rosalind Franklin, et al) who deserves equal if not more recognition. Hopefully with improved access and documentation, the scientific community can better allocate credit, resources, support, and realize improvements faster.
Share this on Facebook to extend Salk’s celebration to Sabin (and the other researchers who contributed to the polio vaccine), and to serve as a reminder of the less-than-famous scientists who are giants in their own right.
October 20, 2014
Jeff Montgomery
Introducing...
Christina Laternser has a B.S. and M.S. in Mathematics and an M.S. in Economics. An experienced LaTeX user, she wrote her thesis on hyperbolic geometry using it, as well as her economics thesis. She has worked in data analytics, application development, and lectured in mathematics. She finds some time to do academic research as well.
While Christina has developed and managed global intra-company team collaboration tools over LAN, effectively a stripped-down version of Authorea, this is her first introduction to the collaborative platform for research.
October 18, 2014
check out these benefits!
Get a first-hand introduction to Authorea
Learn your way around the website, get your questions answered, your troubles shot, and hear more about Authorea’s vision.
Connect with like-minded people
What do Albert Einstein, Ben Franklin, DARPA, Google, J.R.R. Tolkien, Socrates, Stanislaw Ulam, and The Super Friends have in common? They are all known to have established tight-knit communities of highly-skilled people with which to meet, discuss, bounce around ideas, create, and solve interesting problems. You can think of Authorea as a way to help such like-minded people document and iterate their thoughts. Maybe even produce something to publish.
Learn technical writing
LaTeX and Markdown are powerful document preparation systems / markup languages that stress content over form. LaTeX is widely used for technical writing and for the formatting and publication of articles, especially in CS, math, and the physical sciences. If you or your colleagues want a brief tutorial while our representative is on-campus, we can get you started with the basics of document text and structure, image incorporation, and handling other elements in and outside the editor on Authorea.
Free Stuff!
Not one to show up empty-handed, we’ll bring along some Authorea-style goodies, tips and tricks sheets, some refreshments to entice attendance, and a free 3-month organizational subscription!
Shoot us an email and say hi at [email protected] if you want to meet up!
October 07, 2014
, journal of last resort, Authorea has you covered.
An Authorea-tative Difference
As the recent over 200-author CERN paper demonstrates, Authorea can really kill it when it comes to collaborating, on any scale. This is particularly powerful, given the well-feared notion that communication complexity increases as the square of the number of people on a project. Regardless of your level of distribution (worldwide or just down the hall), with Authorea, everyone you care to include can view, edit, comment, commit, and even upload and review data, code, and figures.
Let’s consider that last point for a minute. No longer will you have to fumble for flash drives, attach and contextualize via email, or compile, edit, and view in separate programs. All the data and code associated with your figures is online in the upper left-hand folder for your collaborators to play with. Further, if your document is public, members from the wider Authorea community can comment, verify, and even fork it - increasing your FF and contribution to science. Pretty sweet.
Authorea, given the oft-made comparisons to GitHub and Google Docs, also helps with versioning updates and the distributed editing of your manuscript. Let’s say your PI isn’t thrilled with your phrasing or explanation in the Discussion. With Authorea, you can: lock the section while you edit it (i.e. no one is looking over your shoulder, judging); commit the update for all to see (oh, how they will marvel); get real-time feedback through additional comments and edits; and, when your PI has a change of heart, you can easily revert back to the section’s previous version (by clicking on that handy “History” clock icon).
So, Authorea provides a platform for collaborative writing and review of your manuscript, an easy and automated citation mechanism, a one-stop repository for all your figures’ data, code, and editing, and even lets you get pre-publication feedback from your peers. What’s more, Authorea will also format your manuscript for the journal of your choice - text, figures, bibliography and all - at a click of a button.
Two questions:
Why wouldn’t you use Authorea for your next collaborative publication?
What would you do with the time saved when you’d otherwise be emailing around drafts and data, sharing and modifying code, clarifying, citing, and formatting?
Let us know in the comments!
September 23, 2014
Matteo Cantiello
Rise and fall of the biggest discovery of the century highlights the importance of open, collaborative science.
On 17 March 2014 BICEP2 , a South Pole based experiment aimed at studying the very first moments of the universe, made a sensational announcement . They claimed to have detected for the first time the signature of an extremely rapid expansion of space that occurred right after the universe’s birth. This expansion, also called inflation, is believed to be responsible for the existence of large-scale structures like clusters of galaxies, as well as to explain why the properties of the universe appear to be the same for all observers. If confirmed, the existence of inflation would represent the first evidence of a fundamental connection between gravity (general relativity) and quantum physics.
September 22, 2014
Alberto Pepe
How is academic research evaluated? There are many different ways to determine the impact of scientific research. One of the oldest and best established measures is to look at the Impact Factor (IF) of the academic journal where the research has been published. The IF is simply the average number of citations to recent articles published in such an academic journal. The IF is important because the reputation of a journal is also used as a proxy to evaluate the relevance of past research performed by a scientist when s/he is applying to a new position or for funding. So, if you are a scientist who publishes in high-impact journals (the big names) you are more likely to get tenure or a research grant. Several criticisms have been made to the use and misuse of the IF. One of these is the policies that academic journal editors adopt to boost the IF of their journal (and get more ads), to the detriment of readers, writers and science at large. Unfortunately, these policies promote the publication of sensational claims by researchers who are in turn rewarded by funding agencies for publishing in high IF journals. This effect is broadly recognized by the scientific community and represents a conflict of interests, that in the long run increases public distrust in published data and slows down scientific discoveries. Scientific discoveries should instead foster new findings through the sharing of high quality scientific data, which feeds back into increasing the pace of scientific breakthroughs. It is apparent that the IF is a crucially deviated player in this situation. To resolve the conflict of interest, it is thus fundamental that funding agents (a major driving force in science) start complementing the IF with a better proxy for the relevance of publishing venues and, in turn, scientists’ work.
Research impact in the era of forking. A number of alternative metrics for evaluating academic impact are emerging. These include metrics to give scholars credit for sharing of raw science (like datasets and code), semantic publishing, and social media contribution, based not solely on citation but also on usage, social bookmarking, conversations. We, at Authorea, strongly believe that these alternative metrics should and will be a fundamental ingredient of how scholars are evaluated for funding in the future. In fact, Authorea already welcomes data, code, and raw science materials alongside its articles, and is built on an infrastructure (Git) that naturally poses as a framework for distributing, versioning, and tracking those materials. Git is a versioning control platform currently employed by developers for collaborating on source code, and its features perfectly fit the needs of most scientists as well. A versioning system, such as Authorea and GitHub , empowers forking of peer-reviewed research data, allowing a colleague of yours to further develop it in a new direction. Forking inherits the history of the work and preserves the value chain of science (i.e., who did what). In other words, forking in science means standing on the shoulder of giants (or soon to be giants) and is equivalent to citing someone else’s work but in a functional manner. Whether it is a “negative” result (we like to call it non-confirmatory result) or not, publishing your peer reviewed research in Authorea will promote forking of your data. (To learn how we plan to implement peer review in the system, please stay tuned for future posts on this blog.)
More forking, more impact, higher quality science. Obviously, the more of your research data are published, the higher are your chances that they will be forked and used as a basis for groundbreaking work, and in turn, the higher the interest in your work and your academic impact. Whether your projects are data-driven peer reviewed articles on Authorea discussing a new finding, raw datasets detailing some novel findings on Zenodo or Figshare , source code repositories hosted on Github presenting a new statistical package, every bit of your work that can be reused, will be forked and will give you credit. Do you want to do a favor to science? Publish also non-confirmatory results and help your scientific community to quickly spot bad science by publishing a dead end fork (Figure 1).
May 26, 2014
Nathan Jenkins
We're a bit late with this blog post, but we're happy to announce that at the end of last year Authorea was awarded with the Digital Science Catalyst Grant and that we recently ended the program. Hooray!
What is Digital Science? Digital Science is an innnovative technology company, based in London UK, serving the needs of scientific research. Some software products developed at Digital Science include Figshare and Readcube .
What is the Catalyst Grant Program? Digital Science offers every year grants to help researchers and scientists take ideas from concept to prototype. Think of the program as an incubator for early stage ideas. Along with funding, Digital Science also offers the opportunity to work with their team to refine and develop the innovation. The program runs for six months and funds can be used for any purpose that serves the project, including equipment purchases, software licensing, travel and reasonable living expenses. You can find out more on the grant homepage .
What did Authorea do with the Catalyst Grant? Did you ever wish that a scientific article you are reading made available "the data behing a figure"? For example, you may be reading an article reporting data and predictions about the cost of publishing articles in open access journals and you may bump into the figure below (Beware, it's fictitious data!). Wouldn't it be nice if you could access the data associated with this figure as well as all the code that was utilized to make this graph? Yep, and luckily (thanks to the work we did under the Catalyst Grant) now you can!
May 16, 2014
This LaTeX cheatsheet is adapted from “A Super Brief, Yet Super Awesome, LaTeX Cheat Sheet” by Rick Freedman . Please note this cheatsheet refers to Authorea’s support of Pandoc. But Authorea currently supports a much broader subset of LaTeX, thanks to our integration with LaTeXML. Check out this document to see how to switch your default format to LaTeXML and what you can do with it.
April 23, 2014
Alberto Pepe
Here’s my crux: I find myself criticizing over and over the way that scientific articles look today. I have said many times that scientists today write 21th-century research, using 20th-century tools, packaged in a 17th-century format . When I give talks, I often use 400-year-old-articles to demonstrate that they look and feel similar to the articles we publish today. But the scientific article of the 1600’s looked that way for a reason. This forthcoming article by Goodman et al. (2014) explains:
In the early 1600s, Galileo Galilei turned a telescope toward Jupiter. In his log book each night, he drew to-scale schematic diagrams of Jupiter and some oddly-moving points of light near it. Galileo labeled each drawing with the date. Eventually he used his observations to conclude that the Earth orbits the Sun, just as the four Galilean moons orbit Jupiter. History shows Galileo to be much more than an astronomical hero, though. His clear and careful record keeping and publication style not only let Galileo understand the Solar System, it continues to let anyone understand how Galileo did it. Galileo’s notes directly integrated his data (drawings of Jupiter and its moons), key metadata (timing of each observation, weather, telescope properties), and text (descriptions of methods, analysis, and conclusions). Critically, when Galileo included the information from those notes in Siderius Nuncius, this integration of text, data and metadata was preserved:
April 13, 2014
Alberto Pepe
We get that question a lot. Both Google Docs and Authorea are collaborative writing platforms, but Authorea is intended for technical, scholarly, and scientific writing. Authorea knows what a scholarly article looks like and structures every document around it. So you will see that every Authorea document has a title (up there at the top), a list of authors (well, that’s just me in this case), a number of paragraphs/sections, and a list of references at the bottom. Yes, if you use Authorea, there’s no need to build and format your reference list. We’ll do that part for you. For example, let me refer to some cool and unconventional studies such as the flying ice cube (Harvey 1998) , associative memory in London taxi drivers (Woollett 2012) , and an analysis of Grateful Dead listening behavior (Rodriguez 2008) .
Writing scientific content. Authorea also lets you easily write mathematical notation, tables, plots and figures. So, if you have to include a Fourier transform in the paper you are writing, you can include it in LaTeX or MathML and produce something like:
\[\sum\limits_{n = - \infty }^\infty {x(n)y^* (n)} = \frac{1}{{2\pi }}\int\limits_{ - \pi }^\pi {X(e^{j\omega } )Y^* (e^{j\omega } )d\omega }\]
Export options. Most users writing on Authorea will want to submit the papers they are writing to academic journals. In Authorea, there’s a button for that. Click on the Export button on the top right to see what the post you are reading looks like formatted for publication in a certain journal style. In just one click you can change the look of your scientific article. It’s a bit like Instagram for scientific papers!
Version control. Authorea is built on top of Git, a robust version control system. Every Authorea document is a Git repository. Why is this important? In science, it is very important to keep track of every single change that is made to a research project. A tiny modification in a dataset, a sentence, or an equation might lead to bogus results and conclusions. No one wants bad science, so let’s try to keep things as transparent as possible. If you click on the clock icon in the left sidebar, you can display the entire history of this document (and I can undo specific commits and revert to previous versions). That’s a lot of data, yes, but it is an entire log of every single change that happened to this document. And for scientific documents, it’s important.
Collaboration. Google Docs and Authorea handle collaboration differently. In Google Docs, two or more authors can edit the same sentence simultaneously. In Authorea, things work a bit differently. When you are working on a piece of text (a paragraph, for example) you effectively lock that paragraph, so that no one else can touch it. When you are happy with your changes, you click save and that paragraph in the article is updated. This lets you work with other people on the same document, simultaneously, but without feeling that there’s someone breathing down your neck.
Data-driven articles. Finally, one last important difference to mention here is that Authorea documents are not only limited to text and images; they can also host data and code. If you click on the folder icon in the left sidebar, you will be able to browse the folder structure of this document which can host any kind of material. This is important because science is becoming more and more data-driven and sharing the data behind scientific plot is of fundamental importance. The scientific article of the future will seamlessly integrate text, data, code, images.
April 06, 2014
Authorea Help
Authorea compiles LaTeX to the web. If you are used to writing in LaTeX, you will notice that Authorea is not your typical LaTeX editor. The big difference with other editors - online or not - is that Authorea compiles LaTeX (and other markup languages) to HTML. This has some great advantages. One advantage is that every article you write becomes a webpage which you can privately share with your colleagues (and the public, if you wish) to receive comments and feedback. Another advantage is that since Authorea runs on the web, you get some extra perks such as native support for Git and data-driven interactive plots (such as d3.js and IPython notebooks) .
March 08, 2014
Alberto Pepe
More and more scholars are leaving their academic posts (see [1] [2] [3] ). As it turns out, it’s not possible to fully leave academia unless you write a detailed blog post about it . So, here’s mine.
I resigned from my postdoctoral position at Harvard two months ago. My academic career was fairly typical. I spent the last twelve years doing research. After college, I worked at CERN for a few years, then pursued a Ph.D. at UCLA and a 3-year Postdoc at Harvard. During my Ph.D. and Postdoc I did not even apply to a single tenure-track job. Why? My research background is very (maybe, way too) interdisciplinary: B.Sc. in Astronomy, M.Sc. in Computer Science, at CERN I did Data Science (basically working in Tim Berners-Lee former group), my Ph.D. is in Information Science, and my Postdoc in Astrophysics. Who the hell is going to hire me? While many praise academic interdisciplinarity as an asset, at the end of the day to get tenured you need to be able to teach core classes in one discipline. So, even though I was working in an amazing research group and my publication record was just fine, I decided to leave.
Leaving a postdoc at a top institution was a hard and risky decision to make. Yet, with so many PhDs and postdocs leaving academia today, I certainly don’t feel alone. But, how common (or rare) is it to leave academia? Last week I attended the ScienceOnline conference and in a session called Alternative careers in science, Eva Amsen discussed the infographic below.
January 29, 2014
One of the questions we get more often from our users at Authorea is:
Why is my LaTeX command not working?
The short answer to that is:
Because that LaTeX command was not intended for a webpage; it was intended for the printer. :(
The longer answer.
Authorea understands and renders markup languages such as Markdown, and LaTeX. But it does not rely on a compiler which takes TeX and spits out PDF. All the content created on Authorea is web-native. As we create more and more content on the web, we think that scholarly articles, too, should live on the web.
That said, we do enjoy and use LaTeX frequently at Authorea. This post for example, was written in LaTeX! Want to see? Let’s grab a pre-baked equation, for example this Fourier transform and render it below:
a \Leftrightarrow 2\pi a\sum\limits_{k = - \infty }^\infty
{\delta (\omega + 2\pi k)} ,( - \infty < n < \infty )
\[a \Leftrightarrow 2\pi a\sum\limits_{k = - \infty }^\infty {\delta (\omega + 2\pi k)} ,( - \infty < n < \infty )\]
We decided to support LaTeX from the very beginning, as it is the document preparation toolkit of choice for many (most?) researchers in the hard sciences. We think LaTeX is still the best programming language to tell a computer how to place text on a page. But the TeX project started pre-web, in 1978, and its scope and function are tightly linked to the printed page, not the webpage. Take, as an example a table definiton that begins with \begin{table}[ht] . This table command instructs TeX to put the table in the page, here, where the table is declared (h ) AND at the top of the page (t ). The list of examples could go on and on — think of minipage environments, page margins, text width parameters... all LaTeX notation that does really not make sense for a webpage.
Is CSS the next LaTeX?.
What does the future hold for academic writing? We like to think that a few years from now we will format our research papers with the web version in mind, rather than the printed PDF. And we are not alone ! LaTeX will very likely be used many years from now, but, we think, in a much more stripped-down, web-friendly incarnation, like the subset that Authorea currently supports . (We use some amazing tools like Pandoc and MathJax to convert between formats and render equations). Or maybe someday we will just format papers using CSS stylesheets ?
January 24, 2014
Alberto Pepe
Introduction
Wikipedia and Github host code and articles. The content is produced on collaborative, web-based platforms. As of January 9, 2014, Wikipedia reports having 4,420,275 articles . GitHub recently announced having 10 million public repositories .
Plotly and Authorea , together, now provide similar platforms; ours are for research content, data analysis, graphing, and scholarly publications. We are happy to announce a partnership between Plotly and Authorea that gives you a free suite of powerful, collaborative tools for doing your analysis, graphing, coding, and publication. Authorea and Plotly, together, can power your research collaboration.
January 09, 2014
Daniel Kerkow
Introduction
Ok, I can’t stand to try it out and test Authorea with a visualization I made for a former lab report. Let’s go.
Create Notebook File
At first, we have to create a Notebook file. I took the data and Python script that I made for the lab report and put it in a local folder called ipython. Using the terminal, I switched into this folder and called ipython notebook %matplotlib inline. The latter argument is used to have my plot show up in ipython itself underneath the code cell that runs the plot. I also splitted up the code in smaller chunks and converted some of my code comments into Markdown cells. That makes it nice to read the Notebook and structures the code.
Afterwards I ran every code cell from top to bottom using the Shift + Enter keys. The plot the plot appearing under the last cell was then saved to the folder containing the Notebook file.
Upload to Authorea
Ok, now I have some files containing my code (the Notebook file), the rendered plot image, and the raw data in an Excel Sheet.
To use the image in Authorea, I just need to upload it and reference it inside my latex document. But as a scientist standing for open research, I also want my colleagues and readers to be able to access the raw data and algorithms used to produce the plot, so I upload them, too.
So I created a folder inside my document structure in Authorea called depth-plot and put all files in it. Inside my structure.md file I referenced the image with the relative path and now it shows up at the corresponding position of the document structure (below this text). Because the image and the Notebook file are in the same folder, hovering over the image shows a “launch ipython” button, that anybody can use to open the Notebook inside the browser and play around with it.
Nice, isn’t it?
(At the moment, Notebook sessions opened inside the browser get killed automatically after 5 minutes. I think that’s due to the fact that Authorea is still quite new and should be seen as Beta software. If you want to have a closer look at the Notebooks, you still can download it and play around locally.)
January 03, 2014
This post accompanies a talk by the same name and author, presented at the 223rd Meeting of the American Astronomical Society, at 11:40 AM on January 6, 2014. Talk slides will be online after noon on January 6 at http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/seamlessastronomy/presentations .
Abstract
In 1610, when Galileo pointed his small telescope at Jupiter, he drew sketches to record what he saw. After just a few nights of observing, he understood his sketches to be showing moons orbiting Jupiter. It was the visualization of Galileo's observations that led to his understanding of a clearly Sun-centered solar system, and to the revolution this understanding then caused. Similar stories can be found throughout the history of Astronomy, but visualization has never been so essential as it is today, when we find ourselves blessed with a larger wealth and diversity of data, per astronomer, than ever in the past. In this talk, I will focus on how modern tools for interactive “linked-view” visualization can be used to gain insight. Linked views, which dynamically update all open graphical displays of a data set (e.g. multiple graphs, tables and/or images) in response to user selection, are particularly important in dealing with so-called “high-dimensional data.” These dimensions need not be spatial, even though, e.g. in the case of radio spectral-line cubes or optical IFU data), they often are. Instead, “dimensions” should be thought of as any measured attribute of an observation or a simulation (e.g. time, intensity, velocity, temperature, etc.). The best linked-view visualization tools allow users to explore relationships amongst all the dimensions of their data, and to weave statistical and algorithmic approaches into the visualization process in real time. Particular tools and services will be highlighted in this talk, including: Glue (glueviz.org), the ADS All Sky Survey (adsass.org), WorldWide Telescope (worldwidetelescope.org), yt (yt-project.org), d3po (d3po.org), and a host of tools that can be interconnected via the SAMP message-passing architecture. The talk will conclude with a discussion of future challenges, including the need to educate astronomers about the value of visualization and its relationship to astrostatistics, and the need for new technologies to enable humans to interact more effectively with large, high-dimensional data sets.
December 23, 2013
Matteo Cantiello
Javascript, d3.js, and d3po.js
Javascipt offers many ways to create data-driven graphics. A popular solution is D3.js , a JavaScript library to create and control web-based dynamic and interactive graphical forms. A gallery of some beautiful d3.js plots can be found here .
Authorea now supports most Javascript-based data visualization solutions. The example below - Figure \ref{fig:1} - is a plot generated using D3po.js which is a javascript extension of d3.js. D3po allows anyone with no special data visualization skills, to make an interactive, publication-quality figure that has staged builds and linked brushing through scatter plots. What’s even cooler is that the plot below is based on actual data (astrophysics data, yay!). The figure describes how metallicity affects color in cool stars. It is based on work of graduate student Elizabeth Newton and others (Newton 2014) . Try clicking and dragging in the scatter plots to understand the power of linked brushing in published figures.
You should know that this entire visualization is running within Authorea. The Javascript, HTML, CSS and all the data associated with this image are all part of this blog post. They are individual files which can be found by clicking on the folder icon on the top left corner of this page.
This blog is powered by Authorea
| i don't know |
What is the chemical formula of water? | H2O | Chemistry of Water
Water is, in fact, a chemical. Its chemical formula is H2O (or, less
commonly, HOH), which is what this website is named after. H2O is
also one of the most well-known chemical formulas. When properly
written, the "2" after the H is written in subscript (as you can see in the
banner above), but due to formatting restrictions it will simply be
written as "H2O" on this website.
What does H2O mean? Each water molecule is made of two hydrogen
atoms and one oxygen atom, thus there are two "H" atoms and one
"O". The atoms are joined by covalent bonding, meaning that they
share electrons (as opposed to ionic bonding, in which atoms
completely transfer electrons). On the right is an image of water's
molecular structure.
Water is the most abundant molecule on Earth. Approximately 70% of
the Earth's surface is water. Water is also the only substance on Earth
which naturally occurs in a solid, liquid and gas form.
The Celsius temperature scale is based on waters' freezing point (0
degrees) and boiling point (100 degrees). Unlike most substances,
water's solid from is less dense than its liquid form - this is why ice
cubes will float in your drinks. Water is also capable of absorbing a lot
of heat before its temperature increases; thus it is used in things such
as a radiator coolant in cars.
Water has a high surface tension. This is why some bugs like water
striders (of the Gerridae family) can walk on water - because they weigh
less than the surface tension of the water. Due to the shape of a water
molecule, molecules stick and clump together to form this high
tension (the two lighter hydrogen atoms in the image on the right
could attach to the oxygen atom of another water molecule, and so
forth). That's why water comes together in the form of drops - if it wasn't
for gravity water would attach together in a spherical shape.
Please visit the links page for a list of websites where you can learn
more information about the chemistry of water, and many other things.
| its chemical formula is h2o |
Which author wrote a series of essays called Virginibus Puerisque? | H2O | Chemistry of Water
Water is, in fact, a chemical. Its chemical formula is H2O (or, less
commonly, HOH), which is what this website is named after. H2O is
also one of the most well-known chemical formulas. When properly
written, the "2" after the H is written in subscript (as you can see in the
banner above), but due to formatting restrictions it will simply be
written as "H2O" on this website.
What does H2O mean? Each water molecule is made of two hydrogen
atoms and one oxygen atom, thus there are two "H" atoms and one
"O". The atoms are joined by covalent bonding, meaning that they
share electrons (as opposed to ionic bonding, in which atoms
completely transfer electrons). On the right is an image of water's
molecular structure.
Water is the most abundant molecule on Earth. Approximately 70% of
the Earth's surface is water. Water is also the only substance on Earth
which naturally occurs in a solid, liquid and gas form.
The Celsius temperature scale is based on waters' freezing point (0
degrees) and boiling point (100 degrees). Unlike most substances,
water's solid from is less dense than its liquid form - this is why ice
cubes will float in your drinks. Water is also capable of absorbing a lot
of heat before its temperature increases; thus it is used in things such
as a radiator coolant in cars.
Water has a high surface tension. This is why some bugs like water
striders (of the Gerridae family) can walk on water - because they weigh
less than the surface tension of the water. Due to the shape of a water
molecule, molecules stick and clump together to form this high
tension (the two lighter hydrogen atoms in the image on the right
could attach to the oxygen atom of another water molecule, and so
forth). That's why water comes together in the form of drops - if it wasn't
for gravity water would attach together in a spherical shape.
Please visit the links page for a list of websites where you can learn
more information about the chemistry of water, and many other things.
| i don't know |
Who wrote Republic and Phaedo? | SparkNotes: The Republic: Key Facts
The Republic
philosophical movement · Plato was his own philosophical movement, known as “Platonism.”
language · Ancient Greek
time and place written · Plato wrote The Republic in Athens around 380 B.C.
speaker · As in nearly all of Plato’s works, Socrates acts as Plato’s mouthpiece.
areas of philosophy covered · Though The Republic is primarily concerned with defining and defending justice, it is in no way limited to ethics and political philosophy. It also presents bold and fascinating theories in the fields of epistemology and metaphysics.
philosophical movements opposed · Plato’s main opposition in The Republic is the Sophists.
other works by plato on similar topics · For more on Plato’s political theory see the Laws. For more on his theory of Forms see the Meno, the Phaedo, and the Symposium.
More Help
| Plato (disambiguation) |
Which 1978 movie featured two gangs called the T Birds and the Pink Ladies? | Why did Plato write "The Republic"?Why did Plato write The Republic? What was the argument or point he was trying to make? | eNotes
Why did Plato write "The Republic"?Why did Plato write The Republic? What was the argument or point he was trying to make?
litteacher8 | High School Teacher | (Level 3) Distinguished Educator
Posted on
August 3, 2011 at 6:13 AM
Plato was exploring notions of governance and leadership. It was a topic of great fascination to Plato. He wanted to depict the ideal government, but also the ideal people. Our own founders took these ideas into consideration when drafting the constitution of our new country.
like 0 dislike 0
maadhav19 | College Teacher | (Level 2) Assistant Educator
Posted on
January 26, 2010 at 5:31 AM
But along the way he also presents arguments for his views on the nature of knowledge, on government, on the individual. This is as important as his thesis that the just man, even if he appears unjust, is better off than the unjust man (even if he appears just).
As far as the theory of knowledge is concerned, he distinguishes knowing something from mere opinion on the basis that one can only know something if one has a valid reason for it - a "justified true belief." He argues that there is somethign called "the Good" which is the sum of all truth and which cannot easily be known, but one must make the effort to understand. This is where he presents the allegory of the Cave. This is the story about the prisoners who are chained inside a cave facing the wall, so all they can see are shifting shadows from people moving around behind them. He then supposes someone breaks free and begins to exit to the cave. His eyesight would be poor at first in the light, but he would eventually be able to see the cause for the shadows, then see the outside world: the trees, the sky, the sun and stars, all of it. This would be Reality, not the shadows he and his fellow prisoners were accustomed to seeing. And so he would have a duty to return to the cave and attempt to tell his fellow prisoners what he had seen, even at risk of harm to his person and reputation.
This epistemological contribution is as significant as the ethical concerns that motivate Plato in composing the Republic: not jut the duty to do what one's taks is, ut the duty to seek out the truth and learn.
like 0 dislike 0
October 7, 2008 at 4:23 AM
Plato wrote 'The Republic' in around 360BC. He wrote it in order to explore the notion of justice and specifically if the 'just' man can be happier than the 'unjust' man. It is a dialogue that goes to the heart of the true nature of philosophy and he does this by constructing an imaginary city that is ruled by philosopher kings.
The point that is essentially made is that justice is preferable to injustice, in that justice is the action of doing the right thing.A truly just society has the city-state mirroring the soul. (the soul has three parts and the three classes correspond to these areas - the guardians are wisdom, the auxilaries are courageous and the workers exhibit moderation).
Because of the human desire for power and the tendancy toward corruption that leads to tyranny, philosophic rule is advocated. The work explores government types and is a treatise on government.
| i don't know |
Who played Jim Morrison in the film The Doors? | The Doors (1991) - IMDb
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| Biography , Drama , Music | 1 March 1991 (USA)
The story of the famous and influential 1960s rock band The Doors and its lead singer and composer, Jim Morrison , from his days as a UCLA film student in Los Angeles, to his untimely death in Paris, France at age 27 in 1971.
Director:
Randall Jahnson (as J. Randal Johnson), Oliver Stone
Stars:
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The biography of Ron Kovic. Paralyzed in the Vietnam war, he becomes an anti-war and pro-human rights political activist after feeling betrayed by the country he fought for.
Director: Oliver Stone
Two victims of traumatized childhoods become lovers and psychopathic serial murderers irresponsibly glorified by the mass media.
Director: Oliver Stone
A New Orleans DA discovers there's more to the Kennedy assassination than the official story.
Director: Oliver Stone
A biographical story of former U.S. president Richard Milhous Nixon, from his days as a young boy to his eventual presidency which ended in shame.
Director: Oliver Stone
A young and impatient stockbroker is willing to do anything to get to the top, including trading on illegal inside information taken through a ruthless and greedy corporate raider who takes the youth under his wing.
Director: Oliver Stone
The final movie in Oliver Stone's Vietnam trilogy follows the true story of a Vietnamese village girl who survives a life of suffering and hardship during and after the Vietnam war. As a ... See full summary »
Director: Oliver Stone
A man heading to Vegas to pay off his gambling debt before the Russian mafia kills him, is forced to stop in an Arizona town where everything that can go wrong, does go wrong.
Director: Oliver Stone
An American photojournalist gets caught in a political struggle at El Salvador in 1980.
Director: Oliver Stone
Edit
Storyline
Oliver Stone's homage to 1960s rock group The Doors also doubles as a biography of the group's late singer, the "Electric Poet" Jim Morrison. The movie follows Morrison from his days as a film student in Los Angeles to his death in Paris, France at age 27 in 1971. The movie features a tour-de-force performance by Val Kilmer, who not only looks like Jim Morrison's long-lost twin brother, but also sounds so much like him that he did much of his own singing. It has been written that even the surviving Doors had trouble distinguishing Kilmer's vocals from Morrison's originals. Written by Denise P. Meyer <[email protected]>
Taglines:
"There are things known and things unknown and in between are The Doors." -- Jim Morrison See more »
Genres:
Rated R for heavy drug content, and for strong sexuality and language | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
1 March 1991 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
140 min
Sound Mix:
70 mm 6-Track (analog 70 mm prints)| CDS (digital 35 mm and 70 mm prints)| Dolby SR (analog 35 mm prints)
Color:
Did You Know?
Trivia
In the film, the band is signed after being fired from Whiskey-a-Go-Go. In real life, they were signed by Elektra Records on August 18, 1966. Whiskey-a-Go-Go fired the band on August 21, after Morrison used acid induced, profane, Oedipus Rex lyrics. See more »
Goofs
In the film, a female photographer sexily encourages Morrison to take his shirt off, resulting in the iconic "Young Lion" photo first seen in the Village Voice, and later used as the cover photo for the Doors 1985 "Best Of" album. The photographer was actually a man, Joel Brodsky. See more »
Quotes
Andy Warhol : Somebody gave me this telephone... I think it was Edie... yeah it was Edie... and she said I could talk to God with it, but uh... I don't have anything to say... so here...
[giving Jim the phone]
– See all my reviews
The Doors is unapologetically a film about sex, drugs, and rock n' roll. For 140 minutes we follow Doors singer Jim Morrison from his days as an aspiring film student at UCLA to his death in Paris in 1970 at the age of 27. Writer-director Oliver Stone based the story of the film on some 150 transcripts detailing the life and character of Morrison. The result is far from flattering. The Doors paints a picture of a man enamored with death, his own inevitable demise more a relief than an agony.
Death stalks Morrison wherever he goes from a young age. As a child driving through the New Mexico desert with his family, Morrison happens across the site of a car accident littered with dead and dying Navahos. We watch the young Morrison endure what seems to be a sort of possession rite by spirits of the dead natives. Years later he'll profess to be a shaman and from what we see on screen, he might well have believed it to be true. Native American spirits dance alongside Morrison as he sings on stage. Whether these were real or simply an acid fueled hallucination is left deliberately unclear by Stone. Likewise, a death-like character (Richard Rutowski) shadows Morrison throughout his life as a rock singer. Whether this indicates Morrison saw death as a friend, was actually accompanied by Rutowski (who was a real life friend of Morrison), or was simply hallucinating remains ambiguous. What is clear is the following: in his great desire to self destruct, Morrison drank whiskey like water and spent an inordinate amount of time on precarious ledges outside Hotel windows thirty stories up.
Kilmer's performance as Morrison is easily the finest of his career. Raw, nervy, deliberately off putting and confrontational, moments of sobriety are few are far between for this insecure egomaniac. At times I didn't feel as though I was watching a portrayal of a character long deceased so much as a documentary. From threatening suicide repeatedly to quarreling constantly with police at concerts, scenes of bad behavior are many but moments of insight are few and far between. This doesn't seem a shortcoming on behalf of director Stone so much as an accurate depiction of the highly acidic Morrison as he truly was; this was a man who didn't want to be understood. This was an artist on the constant edge of oblivion; an iconoclast who refused to be loved and was close to intolerable whenever possible. Of course it's less than a pleasant experience following the venomous creature that Morrison became for the film's final hour as he goes from alcohol induced nervous breakdown to drug fueled indecent exposure, but I for one appreciate Stone's refusal to Hollywoodize the life and death of Morrison. Kilmer abandons completely all instinct for self preservation on screen, submerging himself in a performance that can only be described as his magnum opus.
Meg Ryan leads the supporting cast as Pamela "Morrison" Courson, Morrison's longtime lover and common-law wife. Ryan seems lost in the role but thankfully spends a minimal amount of time on screen as Morrison was a firm supporter of the "free love" social movement. Indeed, he spends more time with journalist and witchcraft enthusiast Patricia Kennealy (Kathleen Quinlan), an amalgam of several Morrison lovers who suffered through his frequent alcohol and drug induced impotence. A very fine Michael Madsen is wasted as actor Tom Baker, a friend of Morrison's whose relationship is grossly underdeveloped. The only performance among the supporting cast worthy of praise is that of quirky character actor Crispin Glover in a cameo as Andy Warhol, a scene that is absolutely spellbinding.
Some may criticize The Doors for glamorizing a life of excess; this film gives younger viewers the idea that drugs and promiscuous sex are fun, critics may charge. Those who would are missing the point entirely. As are those who would interpret this film as the cautionary tale of a life wasted. Little about the character we view on screen is glamorous. It seems no accident that Morrison died as he did. This was a man obsessed with death; his demise seems more a moment of wish fulfillment than tragedy. My only significant criticism of the film is that the title is certainly a misnomer; this could have easily been titled "The Jim Morrison Story" as there is not a single scene on screen without the eccentric singer while the remaining members of the band are relegated to obscurity. Call it art imitating life once more.
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| Val Kilmer |
Who was the author who at the age of nine, wrote The Young Visiters? | LOS ANGELES GUIDE FOR DOORS FANS
Rainer Moddemann (The Doors Quarterly Magazine)
When descending towards L.A. International Airport, at 3,000 feet the city below presents an incredible view. Apartment blocks arranged like a chessboard extend to the horizon. Millions of tiny cars flow down the wide streets and freeways in endless rivers. Small blue patches make one assume that water also exists amongst the mud-grey slime down there.
Los Angeles is the city of The Doors, and The Doors are and remain inseparably linked to Los Angeles. Doors fans who get involved in the "Los Angeles Adventure" and spend two afternoons on the search for historic Doors places with the help of this guide, may soon find out why this city is so important to the group; and they will feel Jim Morrison's vibes more or less at every other corner. With the song "L.A.Woman" Jim immortalised this city. Ray Manzarek, John Densmore and Robby Krieger are still living here. Understandably, I cannot give their private addresses in this context.
For long years West Hollywood used to be the centre of The Doors. Every Doors tourist should logically start his expedition here; besides, all the Doors sights are in walking distance and all can be seen within two hours.
Let us begin with a nice breakfast at Barney's Beanery (8447 Santa Monica Boulevard). If you fancy, you can play a round of pool or billard, like The Doors often used to do. One look into the bar shows us another one of Jim's favourite places. He used to spend numerous nights in this narrow, tubeshaped room in the company of Babe Hill, Frank Lisciandro and many others. This is also where one scene for Oliver Stone's film "The Doors" was shot. In the restaurant Jim Morrison used to eat chicken liver with onions. When you order it you will get a gigantic portion including salad for a reasonable price.
Let us leave Barney's Beanery and walk across the street, follow Santa Monica Boulevard on the righthand side and stop at the next street corner. On the other side of the road you can see "Al & Ed's Autosound". In Morrison's time it used to be called The Extension, a topless bar with a dancefloor, where Jim liked to meet with journalists. He had been amused by the fact that the reporters would be distracted and confused by the waitresses and dancing girls. The famous "Rolling Stone"-interview with Jerry Hopkins was done in there.
Let us walk a little bit on the lefthand side down La Cienega Boulevard. We come across a Spanish-style building, which today belongs to the Ohlmeyer Communications Company (962 La Cienega Boulevard). In earlier times the Elektra Sound Recorders Studio used to be situated here, where The Doors recorded the albums "The Soft Parade" and "Morrison Hotel". Direct entry to the studio was through the dark brown wooden door adjacent to the main building.
Crossing the street, the way leads directly to a one-storey building with a yellow billboard attached to it saying "Mahin Oriental Rugs" (947 La Cienega Boulevard). The room next to the entrance door, both decorated with iron bars, is where Pamela Courson's boutique Themis used to be, which Jim Morrison had financed for her and which she had run for about 3 years. Walking up the stairs behind the front door, one will get to a balustrade which leads directly to a door with the letter K. Behind this door the HWY Office used to be situated, which Jim Morrison had rented in order to prepare and process his film HWY, together with Frank Lisciandro and other co-workers.
Let us again walk down La Cienega Boulevard up to the "Al & Ed's Autosound" and turn left into Santa Monica Boulevard. After a few yards one will see a boxshaped red building on the left. Today it is called the Benvenuto Café. Before this was called "The Center" and served as the office of a gay & lesbian community centre. Up until 1972 it was painted yellow, had a different type of staircase and was the Doors Office (8512 Santa Monica Boulevard). This is where The Doors and Bill Siddons did their paperwork; this is where Kathy Lisciandro worked as Jim Morrison's secretary; this is where Danny Sugarman answered the fan mail. The group's rehearsal room was situated on the lower floor, where the sessions and recordings for the album "L.A.Woman" took place between October 1970 and February 1971. After The Doors moved out in 1972, the building remained a sound studio and was called "The Upside Down Studio" until 1985. After renovation of the staircase the gay & lesbian community centre moved in.
Walking a little further up Santa Monica Boulevard, one will discover a bar called The Palms (8572 Santa Monica Boulevard). Jim Morrison had sat inside this bar numerous times, used to take a little snack here and drank beer and whiskey during the breaks between rehearsals.
We are now crossing Santa Monica Boulevard and follow the road down towards the left. Soon we arrive at the Troubadour (9081 Santa Monica Boulevard). This is the club where Jim saw the comeback of the Smothers Brothers. After a booze-up with Babe Hill, Jim Morrison was barred from this club. It is the same club where once upon a time John Lennon and Harry Nilsson got totally drunk and ended up being kicked out. Today the Troubadour exclusively presents Punk and Heavy Metal bands.
Let us turn right again, walking back down Santa Monica Boulevard, and after a few steps we reach an arch-like block of flats in the shape of a horse shoe called "New Orleans Square". Only a few years ago the Tropicana Motel as well as Duke's Coffee Shop were situated in this building complex (8585 Santa Monica Boulevard). Between 1966 and 1969 Jim used to live in this motel, with a few short interruptions. He regularly used to have breakfast at Duke's Coffee Shop. The Tropicana Motel was dissolved, and Duke's Coffee Shop moved into the same building as the Whiskey A GoGo.
Only a few yards further, at the junction of Santa Monica Boulevard/La Cienega Boulevard, is a supermarket called Monaco Liquor (8513 Santa Monica Boulevard). This is where The Doors used to buy their drink supplies during rehearsal breaks. Jim Morrison used to exclusively purchase his alcohol here, as the supermarket was only a minute away from Jim's motel room and the Doors Office. The exterior of the supermarket has since then hardly changed.
A few further steps lead to a dark brick building, in which the florist "Leo's Flowers" resides today (8505 Santa Monica Boulevard). At the time of The Doors this place used to be the Phone Booth, another topless bar where The Doors liked to hang out. In one scene of HWY the neonlights of the former Phone Booth are easily recognised.
Directly adjacent to "Leo's Flowers", at # 1005 La Cienega Boulevard, is the Alta Cienega Motel. This is where Jim Morrison lived, with short interruptions, on the first floor, room No. 32, between 1968 and 1970. His window is situated directly above the driveway. Right next to it is some sort of balcony on which scenes for HWY were shot. If you are lucky you can rent room No. 32. Another scene for HWY was shot in the tiny bathroom, which also has not changed until today. If you look carefully, you can see writings underneath the new paintwork. However, the motel was kept in green in Jim Morrison's time, and it surfaces in some of his poems, as well as in "The Celebration Of The Lizard", as the "green hotel". You can also see the small reception in HWY where Jim used to pick up his post, as well as the telephone in the courtyard of the motel, from which Morrison used to lead ordinary phone calls (however, in those times it used to be a phone booth).
Let us leave the Alta Cienega Motel and walk uphill La Cienega Boulevard to the junction of Sunset Boulevard. Crossing the road and turning right, you can see the building where The Kaleidoscope (8433 Sunset Boulevard) used to be. The Doors played here on April 21-23, 1967. Today the place is called "The Comedy Store".
After about 1 kilometre one can see the Hyatt Hotel (8401 Sunset Boulevard) and shortly after this the Chateau Marmont on the lefthand side (8221 Sunset Boulevard). Jim used to live in both of these hotels for only a relatively short time between November 1970 and March 1971. At the Chateau Marmont he fell off the balcony on the righthand side of the hotel onto one of the "cottages" in the garden below, and broke two of his ribs. At the Hyatt Hotel (which Robby Krieger jokingly describes as "Riot Hotel") Jim hung off a balcony on the 10th floor until someone called the police and they had to talk him into coming back up into the room.
Let us now leave Sunset Boulevard and follow Sweetzer Avenue downhill until we find Norton Avenue on the left.In building complex No. 8216 we can see the apartment where Pamela used to reside on the second floor of the inner courtyard. It was also Jim Morrison's last Los Angeles address before his departure for Paris. One scene from Danny Sugarman's book "Wonderland Avenue" is based here. Whenever Pamela was out of her mind with rage, she used to throw all of Jim's books, and other things, out of the window.
Let us follow Sweetzer Avenue back to Sunset Boulevard and turn left. After a while you come past a bookshop called Booksoup. Walk through the backdoor and notice a long, green (it used to be grey some years ago) and old building. This used to be the former cinema called Cinematique 16, where Jim Morrison read his poetry during a Norman Mailer Benefit on May 30-31, 1969. Accompanied by Robby Krieger, the song "Far Arden Blues" was recorded during this event. It was later published on the album "An American Prayer".
Go out of the bookshop again and cross the street. Check Tower Records, which is in front of you - Ray Manzarek usually buys his records in there.
About 150 metres further on to your left you'll reach the Whiskey A GoGo (8901 Sunset Boulevard), which has in the meantime been painted red again. The Doors were the houseband here from May to August 1966 and played one or two gigs almost every night. The interior of the Whisky has hardly changed since then. On the righthand side one will find the staircase leading up to the dressing rooms. This is where Jim met Pamela Courson during one of his numerous concerts. One of the owners of the club, Mario Magliani, is still happy to play the bouncer today, and loves to talk about the good old times.
Situated in the same building today is Duke's Coffee Shop, where one should have coffee and watch a variety of musicians milling about. With a little luck one could bump into Danny Sugerman, who sometimes eats breakfast here. A Morrison poster decorates the wall, amongst countless signed photographs of other bands. In the old days the room (where Duke's Coffee Shop is now) was the club called the London Fog, where The Doors were permanently employed as resident band, and where during endlessly long nights they developed their typical Doors sound.
The Whiskey's exterior was returned to its original state for the shooting of the Doors film. For Oliver Stone's "The Doors" the club opposite the street (The Central) was the fake "London Fog". Today the club is called the Viper's Room.
Adjacent to the Central is a small supermarket with the name of Terner's Liquor Deli. In the old days it was called Turner's Liquor, where The Doors used to buy their alcohol supplies during each set's break (at first the Whiskey did not have a licence to sell alcohol). On the same side and not far from Terner's Liquor Deli there is the huge 9000 Building (9000 Sunset Boulevard). On top of that building Jim Morrison balanced on the railing for the final scenes of his film HWY.
We are now crossing Sunset Boulevard again and follow it down on the left hand side. In very close proximity to each other, we can find three music clubs here: Gazzari's (today it is called Billboard Live), where The Doors played several gigs from the end of January 1967 to March 1967.
The Roxy, where Robby Krieger played a few concerts in the 70s; and The Rainbow. The Doors cover band Wild Child plays at all three clubs regularly, and the L.A. Doors tourist should try seeing them play at one of these places if one is interested in cover bands. Sometimes Robby Krieger joins them on stage.
The Cock'n'Bull (9170 Sunset Boulevard), where Jim Morrison often used to eat, is situated approximately 1 km further down on the left hand side. After one of these meals in the winter of 1970, while in a slightly drunken state, Jim pretended to be a matador with his jacket in the middle of Sunset Boulevard, with the passing cars acting as the attacking bulls. I heard that the Cock'n'Bull does not exist anymore.
For the next part of the "Doors Memorial Tour" you will need a car, or you can take one of the unreliable buses, as the sights are too far apart from each other to be able to reach them on foot. These are listed as follows:
Sunset Sound Recorders (6650 Sunset Boulevard): The Doors recorded their first two albums here. It is a beige brick building, not recognisable as a studio from the outside. The main entrance is in the backyard.
Aquarius Theatre (6230 Sunset Boulevard):Today this large hall is called "Star Search Theatre" and is used for talent shows. In the old Aquarius The Doors recorded three live gigs for "Absolutely Live" on July 21 and 22, 1969. In the 60s the building used to belong to various owners, who always changed its name. The Doors often played at this venue, which in their time was also called Hullabaloo and Kaleidoscope.
Hollywood Bowl: The famous open-air theatre can easily be found if one drives up north on Highland Avenue. One can hardly miss the entrance to the Bowl. From early morning onwards one can visit the theatre free of charge and is allowed to run around on the stage. On July 5, 1968 The Doors gave a legendary concert here, which has already been immortalised on video.
Griffith Observatory: The Observatory is situated at the edge of Griffith Park, and is easily reached via Vermont Avenue which leads to Vermont Canyon Boulevard. Jim Morrison fans should take their copy of "The Illustrated History" along with them, as a series of pictures contained in this were taken here. Some of them are printed the wrong way round; however, for the trained eye it should not be difficult to find the corresponding places.
Love Street: The street's real name is Rothdell Trail, which is a small side street branching off the beginning of Laurel Canyon Boulevard, and rejoining it after approximately 2 kilometres. The best thing is to drive up north on Laurel Canyon Boulevard up to the Canyon Country Store and park there (2108 Laurel Canyon Boulevard).
Jim not only immortalised this store in the song Love Street ("... there's a store where the creatures meet, I wonder what they do in there..."), but also house # 8021 Rothdell Trail, which is nestled up against the mountain slope, only a few metres away from the store ("... she has a house and garden..."). Jim and Pamela lived on the top floor of the woodpanelled building. For a long time it was very run down and neglected, but the lawyer owning the house, a Doors fan herself, sold it to a fan, who totally restored the house during the past years. Someone had sprayed "Mr Mojo Risin" on the concrete wall that serves the building as a support pillar, but that had been wiped off some years ago. ...
To find the house that Ray Manzarek owned in Wonderland Avenue, where he rehearsed with his band after The Doors (address unknown), you will need a map that will lead you through the maze of tiny streets in Laurel Canyon. Wonderland Avenue also gave Danny Sugarman's book its name. Also on the left side of Laurel Canyon Boulevard is Lookout Mountain Avenue, where John Densmore and Robby Krieger used to share the house # 8826. This house was also Jim's permanent address in the year 1966. At the lookout point above the house Jim Morrison wrote the song People Are Strange. On top of the actual Lookout Mountain the late Doors producer Paul Rothchild used to live in a big house.
Downtown L.A.:
Morrison Hotel (1246 Hope Street): Morrison Hotel is in downtown L.A., a dirty and dangerous area. Today the large multistorey building is a hotel again. Ray Manzarek accidentally "discovered" the Morrison Hotel at the end of 1969. The next day The Doors went there, together with photographer Henry Diltz, where he shot a series of photos. The famous window used to be on the left hand side directly adjacent to the entrance, where photos printed in "The Illustrated History" were also shot. The entrance decorated with mosaic ornaments still exists. On the outer wall one can also still recognise the non-functioning neon sign of the hotel. See many great photos of The Doors inside and outside the hotel on Henry Diltz's CD-ROM "Under The Covers".
Hard Rock Cafe (300 5th Street): The original Hard Rock Cafe, which is immortalised on the backcover of the album Morrison Hotel, is not a café anymore but closed down years ago. The site is still there. The "new" Hard Rock Café in Los Angeles has nothing in common with the original, apart from its name. The area is not safe, be careful! Great shots of The Doors inside and outside the cafe can be seen on Henry Diltz's CD-ROM "Under The Covers".
Santa Monica:
Olivia's (2615 Main Street): This restaurant in Santa Monica inspired Jim Morrison to write the song "Soul Kitchen". Here you could eat reasonably priced dishes from the southern states of the U.S.A., which the students from the UCLA were also able to afford. In his biography, John Densmore wrote a whole chapter about Olivia's. In its place today is the "Zuma Jay Surf Shop".
Turkey Joint West (116 Santa Monica Boulevard): Rick and the Ravens played at this club as resident band from the beginning of June to the end of April 1965. In here, with this band, Jim Morrison made his first public appearance on June 5, 1965. Today this long-stretched, narrow club situated near the beach is a beautifully decorated English pub called "Ye Olde King's Head".
Santa Monica Municipal Pier: The pier leads from the beach to deep into the ocean, resting on strong tree trunks. Not only the famous song "Under The Boardwalk" originates here, but also several well-known promotion photos of the Doors by Henry Diltz. He who searches, will find the spot where the photos were taken (find beautiful outtakes of this location on Henry Dilz's CD-ROM "Under The Covers".
Cheetah (1 Navy Street): The Cheetah, a concert hall known in the 60s for its psychedelic music, was destroyed by fire in 1979. Today there is nothing but sand in its place. Before it was renamed Cheetah, it used to be the "Avalon", which was the home to many 50's Rock'n'Roll stars.
Santa Monica Civic Auditorium (Pico Boulevard/Main Street): The Doors played here on July 3, 1967.
Venice:
Small pedestrian bridge (Carroll Avenue/Alberta): Bobby Klein took some photos of the band here during a walk through Venice.
Jim Morrison mural (1811 Speedway): This huge painting of Jim Morrison in Venice is one of the main sights you should visit there. In shops you can buy postcards showing the mural.
The Morrison (at the corner of Speedway and Westminster):
This was the building in which Jim's friend Dennis Jacobs had an apartment. On the roof Jim Morrison wrote songs like "My Eyes Have Seen You" and most of the songs for the first and second Doors album. He also wrote most of his early poetry here.
Ocean Front Walk:
Watch two short super-8-movies filmed by Henry Diltz of The Doors walking along this famous street next to the beach on his CD-ROM "Under The Covers". Scenes filmed on Ocean Front Walk are also to be seen during Jim Morrison's film "HWY". In the beginning of Oliver Stone's "The Doors", Val Kilmer is following Meg Ryan across Ocean Front Walk.
Hollywood:
108 N. Sycamore Avenue: In this small house, almost hidden by a huge rubber tree, Pamela Courson died of a heroin overdose in her apartment on the right side of the ground floor on April 25, 1974.
TTG Studios (1441 N. McCadden Place) The Doors recorded their third album "Waiting For The Sun" here. Today the building is called "Shooting Star International".
Westwood:
Village Recorders (1616 Butler Avenue): This is the studio where Jim Morrison did his poetry session on 8th December 1970 with the help of recording engineer John Haeny. Some of that session got published on the album "An American Prayer". Very close to the studio was the Lucky "U" (Santa Monica Boulevard, right behind Santa Monica Freeway). It was a restaurant frequently used by Jim and his friends. It was torn down to make place for an Exxon gas station.
Santa Ana:
Fairhaven Cemetery (16572 E. Fairhaven, Santa Ana): If you thought that Pamela Courson, Jim's longstanding girlfriend, was (as at first planned) buried in the same grave as Jim at Pere Lachaise, you were wrong. Pamela was cremated at the Forest Lawn Cemetery Crematorium and her ashes were installed in their resting place at Fairhaven Cemetery on July 18, 1974. If you want to pay Pamela a visit, please ask at the cemetery office for directions to her resting place (in the Garden Courts of the cemetery, Box 164). Pamela's urn is behind a bronze plate in one of the compartments of the crematorium. Her real name (Courson) is not written on the plate. Instead it carries the name "Morrison, Pamela Susan". The grave is also registered under this name at the cemetery office.
Topanga Canyon:
Topanga Corral (2034 Topanga Canyon Boulevard): This was the restaurant the song "Roadhouse Blues" was all about. It was destroyed by a big fire a long time ago. At the back of the restaurant there was the small cabin Jim Morrison had bought for Pamela Courson - he called it bungalow in the song. Today there might be an apartment block. I summer 1993 I found the remains of the cabin: bricks, pieces of wooden window frames and some dry old blue paint.
OTHER LOCATIONS:
Shrine Exposition Hall (700 West 32nd Street): located round the block of the Shrine Auditorium (665, West Jefferson). The Doors played four concerts here on December 22 and 23, 1967.
The Forum (Manchester & Prairie): The Doors performed here on December 14, 1968 at the peak of their carreer. Today it is called Great Western Forum.
The Doors' billboard (at the Western corner of Sunset Boulevard/Laurel Canyon Boulevard): Opposite the new Virgin megastore was the location of the huge Doors billboard for their first album. It said "Break On Through With An Elektrifying Album". Check your copy of The Illustrated History, page 26, 82 and 83.
There are a few further clubs that do not exist anymore today, and others are, as they were then, private properties today. The Doors gave concerts in all of these:
Bido Lito's (107 N. Ivar Drive, Hollywood)
Will Rodgers State Park (14400 Sunset Blvd, Hollywood)
Warner Playhouse (755 N. La Cienega Blvd, West Hollywood)
Brave New World (1644 N. Cherokee Avenue, Hollywood)
The Seawitch (8514 Sunset Blvd, Hollywood). This is now grey concrete building.
There are a few places missing in this guide: PLEASE HELP!
Most importantly, the address of the band's third rehearsal room at a beach south of Washington Boulevard (remember the photos in "The Illustrated History" with the coloured windows in the background) is missing. There's just one house which might probably the one. It has no colored windows anymore, but the wood seems to be the same, and there is a big room on the ground floor. It is located at the corner of Speedway and 26th Avenue. The address is Ocean Front Walk 26005; it's hidden behind trees and plants. My friend Yaëlle found out this one, but confirmation is still needed. Is anyone brave enough to knock at the door?
Further indications to the house behind a Greyhound Coach station owned by a certain Hank Olguin, where the band also used to rehearse, is still needed. I would welcome any help from you as to these missing links.
Thanks for invaluable help to Ulrich Michaelis, Yaëlle Bolender, Frank Lisciandro, Ray Manzarek, Dorothy Manzarek, Sybille Nova, Danny Sugerman, Jeannie Cromie, Stefanie Toenges, Gregg Shaw and a few others I forgot to mention.
© 1998 Rainer Moddemann, The Doors Quarterly Magazine. This guide may not be distributed in any other context or media.
| i don't know |
Which actress played Mrs Overall in Acorn Antiques? | AA Character Profiles
Members
Acorn Antiques - Character Profiles
The Director is looking for a cast of twenty-two (max twenty-four) hard working and dedicated performers - each will be required to do a solo audition. Miss Babs, Miss Berta, Miss Bonnie, Mrs O and all Ensemble characters need to be able to attempt basic tap. Ensemble will also be choreographed in the big scale musical "pastiche" numbers. However, you do not have to be a trained dancer - just be able to move well and willing to work hard. Below, key numbers for each character are in bold print!
Miss Babs
The voluptuous, overwrought and lovelorn owner of Acorn Antiques - haughty, affected and sexually repressed. originally played by Celia Imrie.
Character requirements: Playing age 40/50+ but could be played by a younger actress. Large amount of dialogue. Excellent acting and comedy skills with a good strong singing voice. Good mover.
Vocal range: Alto to 2nd Sop.
Musical numbers: Acorn Antiques, Clifford's Anthem, Please Stay Here, Hey Hey, Have You Met Miss Babs, Tip Top Tap, The Ol' Small Print, Shagarama, Once In A Lifetime, Finale.
Miss Berta
Miss Babs 'younger' twin sister. In love with Mr Clifford but pining for him as he has lost his memory and can't remember that they were engaged! Smilingly desperate! Originally played by Sally Anne Triplet.
Character requirements: Playing age 30/40+. Large amount of dialogue. Must have excellent singing voice and good comic timing/acting and dancing skills.
Vocal range: Alto to 2nd Sop.
Musical numbers: Acorn Antiques, Clifford's Anthem, Please Stay Here, Hey Hey, Remind Him, Tip Top Tap, Shagarama, Once In A Lifetime, Finale.
Mrs Overall
The cleaner of Acorn Antiques - revealed to be the mother of Miss Babs, Miss Berta and Miss Bonnie. Suffers from varicose veins and haemorrhoids but believes all problems can be solved by a nice cup of tea, a macaroon and an anecdote. Originally played by Julie Walters.
Character requirements: Playing age 60+ but can be cast using a much younger actress. Large amount of dialogue. A demanding but rewarding challenge for an actress who has great comic timing and a strong singing voice. Required to move well. Comic timing is paramount. Brummie accent.
Vocal range: Alto to 2nd Sop (plus some falsetto).
Musical numbers: Macaroons, Hey Hey, Tip Top Tap, Love From Mrs O, Oh! Oh! Mrs O!, Finale.
Miss Bonnie
The assertive, ruthless owner of The Guilty Bean chain of coffee shops. Finds out she is the long lost sister triplet of Miss Babs and Miss Berta. A "super bitch" who comes good! Originally played by Josie Lawrence.
Character requirements: Playing age 30/40+. Large amount of dialogue. Good acting and singing/moving ability needed.
Vocal range: Strong Alto, ability to do Sop (falsetto).
Musical numbers: Manchesterford, Please Stay Here, Hey hey, Tip Top Tap, The Ol' Small Print, Shagarama, Once In A Lifetime, Finale.
Mr Clifford
Solid, reliable type who is suffering from amnesia. A man of questionable years. Miss Berta's lover but he can't remember it. Co-owner of Acorn Antiques. Originally played by Duncan Preston.
Character requirements: Playing age 40+. Large amount of dialogue. Excellent comic actor with the ability to hold a tune. Little dance movement required.
Vocal range: Tenor.
Musical numbers: Clifford's Anthem, Please Stay Here, Hey Hey, Remind Her, Shagarama, Finale.
Tony
A loan shark - the 'Credit Crony' who catches Miss Babs's eye and tries to con her out of her inheritance. A bit of a stud! Originally played by Neil Morrisey.
Character requirements: Playing age 30+. Medium amount of dialogue. Strong singing voice. No dancing required.
Vocal range: High tenor
Musical numbers: The Ol' Small Print, Finale.
Mr Watkins
A regular at Acorn Antiques, along with his partner, Derek. Runs the MAOS (Manchesterford Amateur Operatic Society). Less flamboyant than Derek until....
Character requirements: Playing age 40+. Medium amount of dialogue. Strong comic actor with a good singing voice. Must be able to move.
Vocal range: Tenor Musical numbers: Manchesterford, Clifford's Anthem, Please Stay Here, Tip Top Tap, Shagarama, Gent's Duet, Once In A Lifetime, Oh! Oh! Mrs O, Finale.
Derek Partner of Mr Watkins (but they don't talk about it until Act 2!) Assistant director of MAOS. Theatrical and flamboyant.
Character requirements: Playing age 40+. Medium amount of dialogue. Good singing voice. Must be able to move.
Vocal range: Tenor Musical numbers: Manchesterford, Clifford's Anthem, Please Stay Here, Tip Top Tap, Shagarama, Gent's Duet, Once In A Lifetime, Oh! Oh! Mrs O, Finale.
Hugh
On work experience as part of the government's pitiful adolescent scheme. Turns from a grungy 'youth' into a well-to-do antiques expert.
Character requirements: Playing age 18+. Large amount of dialogue. Lancashire accent. Good singer. required to move well.
Vocal range: Tenor.
Musical numbers: Manchesterford, Acorn Antiques, Clifford's Anthem, Please Stay Here, Hey hey, Tip Top Tap, Shagarama, Once In A Lifetime, Finale.
Mimi On work experience as part of the government's pitiful adolescent scheme. Turns from a grungy 'youth-ess' into a well-to-do antiques expert.
Character requirements: Playing age 18+. Large amount of dialogue. Lancashire accent. Good singer. required to move well.
Vocal range: Alto.
Musical numbers: Manchesterford, Acorn Antiques, Clifford's Anthem, Please Stay Here, Hey hey, Tip Top Tap, Shagarama, Once In A Lifetime, Finale.
Mr Furlong/Ensemble
Owner of 'Furlong Fashions'. Sells out and turns his shop into a Piercing Parlour. A member of MAOS.
Character requirements: Playing age 30+. Medium amout of dialogue. Good singer - some solo lines. Required to move well.
Vocal range: Chorus Musical numbers: Manchesterford, Clifford's Anthem, Please Stay Here, Tip Top Tap, Shagarama, Once In A Lifetime, Oh! Oh! Mrs O, Finale.
Minchins' Lad/Ensemble
Playing age 18+ but could be adapted for an older man. Small amount of dialogue. required to move well.
Vocal range: Chorus
Musical numbers: Musical numbers: Manchesterford, Clifford's Anthem, Please Stay Here, Tip Top Tap, Shagarama, Once In A Lifetime, Oh! Oh! Mrs O, Finale.
Christine/Ensemble
Playing age 50+. medium amount of dialogue. Good singer - some solo lines. required to move well.
Vocal range: Chorus. Musical numbers: Manchesterford, Clifford's Anthem, Please Stay Here, Tip Top Tap, Shagarama, Once In A Lifetime, Oh! Oh! Mrs O, Finale.
Miss Willoughby
Owner of 'Willoughby's Wool Shop'. Sells out and turns her shop into a Botox Booth! A nice little old lady! A member of MAOS.
Playing age 50+. Medium amount of dialogue. Good singer - some solo lines. Required to move well.
Vocal range: Chorus.
Musical numbers: Manchesterford, Clifford's Anthem, Please Stay Here, Tip Top Tap, Shagarama, Once In A Lifetime, Oh! Oh! Mrs O, Finale.
Postman
Muscular, with tight buttock! Gets caught with Miss Bab's in a 'Lady Chatterley's Lover' situation! A member of MAOS.
Character requirements: Playing age - open. Small amount of dialogue. Required to move well.
Musical numbers: Manchesterford, Clifford's Anthem, Please Stay Here, Tip Top Tap, Shagarama, Once In A Lifetime, Oh! Oh! Mrs O, Finale.
Lucy the Lollipop Lady/Ensemble
Friendly, if somewhat dippy, road crossing operative. Becomes a pole dancer. A member of MAOS.
Musical numbers: Manchesterford, Clifford's Anthem, Please Stay Here, Tip Top Tap, Shagarama, Once In A Lifetime, Oh! Oh! Mrs O, Finale.
Miss Cuff/Ensemble
A spinster and customer of Acorn Antiques. A member of MAOS. (Open to interpretation).
Character requirements: Playing age 40+ (can be played by a younger woman). Small amount of dialogue. One or two solo lines. required to move well.
Vocal range: Chorus
Musical numbers: Manchesterford, Clifford's Anthem, Please Stay Here, Tip Top Tap, Shagarama, Once In A Lifetime, Oh! Oh! Mrs O, Finale.
Miss Wellbelove/Ensemble
A spinster and customer of Acorn Antiques. A member of MAOS. (Open to interpretation).
Character requirements: Playing age 40+ (can be played by a younger woman). Small amount of dialogue. One or two solo lines. required to move well.
Vocal range: Chorus
Musical numbers: Manchesterford, Clifford's Anthem, Please Stay Here, Tip Top Tap, Shagarama, Once In A Lifetime, Oh! Oh! Mrs O, Finale.
Bev/Ensemble
Debs/Ensemble
Evelyn/Ensemble
Characters' requirements: Playing ages - open. Very small amount of dialogue. Good harmony singers - trio! Required to move well.
Vocal range: Chorus.
Musical numbers: Manchesterford, Clifford's Anthem, Please Stay Here, Tip Top Tap, The Ol' Small Print, Shagarama, Once In A Lifetime, Oh! Oh! Mrs O, Finale.
Young Mrs O/Ensemble
Very small walk-on part in Act 1. Doubles as customer/member of MAOS in the rest of the show. Character requirements: Playing age 20-ish. No dialogue. Required to move well.
Vocal range: Chorus
Musical numbers: Manchesterford, Clifford's Anthem, Please Stay Here, Tip Top Tap, Shagarama, Once In A Lifetime, Oh! Oh! Mrs O, Finale.
| Julie Walters |
Which of the Brontë sisters wrote The Tenant of Wildfell Hall in 1848? | Acorn Antiques - Episode 1 - YouTube
Acorn Antiques - Episode 1
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Uploaded on May 30, 2007
This is the first episode of Victoria Wood's "Acorn Antiques" (from "As Seen On TV", 1985). Co-starring Julie Walters as Mrs. Overall, Celia Imrie as Babs and Duncan Preston as Clifford. More episodes to follow...
Category
| i don't know |
Who starred in the title role in the 2002 film, Mr Deeds? | Mr. Deeds (2002)
Author: aliciadipesto
from London, England
Nobody goes to see an Adam Sandler movie for spiritual enrichment or intellectual stimulation - let's get that out of the way first. Once you accept you've paid your money to be mildly entertained in a lighthearted, slapstick manner, strap in and enjoy the ride.
I keep hearing Sandler is a major Hollywood player these days with an equal footing as producer as he is actor (he has produced a considerable amount with fellow actor Rob Schneider - the similarly inane but funny - mostly in spite of yourself - Hot Chick being the most recent example, in which he has a cameo role and indeed, Schneider helps Sandler out in Mr Deeds) so it's hard to prove that Sandler is now typecast as a lovable fool, because it's fairly likely he chose the part himself, possibly aware that Hamlet might be a little out of his league. Sandler need only check his bank balance to see that the lovable fool is certainly a lucrative one, having made an absolute mint playing countless other characters blessed with naive charm and a heart of gold.
The story - we all know it's a remake of the classic depression-era propaganda film starring Gary Cooper, designed to lift spirits and foster a sense of community - centres around a picturesque New England town and its perenially-cheerful, smalltown inhabitants, chiefly Longfellow Deeds (Sandler), who inherits a fortune from an uncle he never knew, finds himself at the helm of a media empire and heads to the Big Apple to find out more. Here Winona Ryder steps in as the ambitious TV reporter determined to get her big scoop and dupes the affable Deeds into falling in love with her. All the time she's wearing a wire and a hidden camera to enable their courtship and his antics, sometimes drunken, sometimes heroic, to be broadcast on the evening news. Typically Deeds is the last to know and is appalled when he makes the connection. By which time Ryder's character has fallen in love herself, resigned from her job and is begging for a second chance.
Deeds' only flaw is a short fuse and this is at odds with his generous spirit, who at times could be George Bailey, James Stewart's kindly smalltown character in Capra's It's a Wonderful Life (1946), but this spices things up a little and allows the suspension of disbelief to continue a little longer. The number of disrespectful, foulmouthed city folk he takes out is entertaining, while not always convincing, but then times have changed and these days your average bloke doesn't think of taking a swing at a man for swearing in front of a lady (more's the pity I say).
While you could aim criticism at this and jeer at the corny lines and simplistic moral at the film's end, there is something to be cherished here. The moral of course being that money is less important than being true to yourself, and while you're at it, be nice to your neighbour. As Mother Teresa once said, kindly words are heard once but their echoes are heard for ever - Deeds' character and his deeds (pun definitely intended) themselves are echoes of another, lamentably more innocent time and it's uplifting to see this spirit so laboured in the film's remake. It's also refreshing to see this bravely recreated by the producers, who have not shied away from dealing with the film's essence in these cynical times.
It's not all sentimental Queen of Hearts stuff though. There are some hilarious, laugh-out-loud moments that counter the film's message perfectly - the helicopter ride to Manhattan where the crew and Deeds are singing 'A Space Oddity' complete with air-guitar springs to mind here - and there is the usual dose of slapstick you'd expect from a Sandler picture. The 7 flying cats rescued from a burning building by our hero is particularly memorable and as I say, I was laughing in spite of myself.
This humour compliments the film's slushy message and prevents any actual retching in the theatre - leaving the cinemagoer shuffling out content, with a smile on his face - definitely a feelgood movie. I just hope Sandler doesn't attempt It's A Wonderful Life next, I don't think the world's quite ready yet.
Was the above review useful to you?
| Adam Sandler |
Edward Gibbon was famed for which great historical work? | DVD REVIEW: "MR. DEEDS"
"MR. DEEDS"
(2002) (Adam Sandler, Winona Ryder) (PG-13)
Length
PLOT & PARENTAL REVIEW
AUDIO/VIDEO ELEMENTS:
Beyond a tiny bit of occasional pixelation on some walls and shots of the sky, the picture here looks terrific. The image is sharp, with plenty of detail, vibrant color reproduction (particularly in the red family) and solid blacks. The score and included songs all sound fine, while various spatial and surround effects (wind, crowd, echoes, underwater, etc.) decently complement the visuals.
EXTRAS:
Scene selection/Jump to any scene (with moving images).
Running audio commentary by director Steven Brill and writer Tim Herlihy.
6 Deleted Scenes.
From Mandrake Falls to Manhattan - 18+ minute look at the film and its production, including clips from it, behind the scenes footage and various interviews.
Spare No Expense - 6+ minute look at the film's visual look and production design (with clips, behind the scenes footage and interviews).
Clothes Make the Man - 6+ minute look at the costuming.
Music Video: Dave Matthews Band "Where Are You Going?"
Outtakes Reel - 1+ minutes.
Filmographies for the director and select cast members.
Deed's Greeting Cards (6 with Animation and dialogue by Sandler).
Trailers for this film, "Adam Sandler's 8 Crazy Nights," "Master of Disguise," "Men in Black II" and "I Spy."
DVD-ROM: Script-to-Screen - Read or print the screenplay while watching the movie.
| i don't know |
What is the first name of the character Crocodile Dundee? | Crocodile Dundee (1986) - IMDb
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An American reporter goes to the Australian outback to meet an eccentric crocodile poacher and invites him to New York City.
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Nominated for 1 Oscar. Another 3 wins & 7 nominations. See more awards »
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Australian outback expert protects his New York love from gangsters who've followed her down under.
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Edit
Storyline
Michael J. "Crocodile" Dundee is an Australian crocodile hunter who lives in the Australian outback and runs a safari business with his trusted friend and mentor Walter Reilly. After surviving a crocodile attack, a New York journalist named Sue arrives to interview Mick about how he survived and learns more about the crocodile hunter. After saving Sue from a crocodile, Sue invites Mick to visit New York City, since Mick has never been to a city. Mick finds the culture and life in New York City a lot different than his home and he finds himself falling in love with Sue. Written by Daniel Williamson
See All (55) »
Taglines:
From the Australian Outback to New York City, Michael J. "Crocodile" Dundee is about to survive in a different kind of Jungle. See more »
Genres:
26 September 1986 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Did You Know?
Trivia
The abandoned lower level of the BMT Ninth Ave. station in Brooklyn was used for the subway scene near the end of the film. The route information signs were correct for service at 59th St.-Columbus Circle; however, double letter route markings had been dropped by the time the movie was released. The AA marking, for instance, had become the K. See more »
Goofs
When Sue goes down to the water to fill her canteen, the reptile that lunges forward is not a crocodile, but a large American alligator, it's evident by the roundness in the snout and the placement of the teeth when it's mouth is closed. See more »
Quotes
Walter Reilly : [after the fight with the croc in the bar, Mick joins Sue and Wally] Sorry if that frightened you, miss. Uh, you see, it's **stuffed**.
Michael J. "Crocodile" Dundee : [Mick indicates "Cyril"] Him an' me both, Wal.
[notices the cute and "proper" Sue for the first time, and shyly smiles and tips his hat]
| Mick |
In which year did Tom Hanks fall in love with a mermaid in the film Splash? | View All Critic Reviews (29)
Audience Reviews for Crocodile Dundee
Like its star Paul Hogan this film was once big, real big, a force to be reckoned with, but has since completely disappeared into obscurity. There was a time when the slender blonde leather faced Hogan was everywhere here in the UK, mainly advertising beer and acting the gruff Aussie, it was very popular. I think what is so endearing about this film is Hogan's character, his charm, lack of tact, surprising strength, rugged looks, Tarzan like abilities, gloriously over the top threads, blatant unknowing male chauvinism and the overall stereotypical rough Aussie masculinity bordering on rudeness we've all heard about. The epitome of the typical Aussie cowboy living in the merciless Aussie outback. Yet despite all that he's still a decent man, good natured, bit of a ladies man and a very likeable fellow who does what's right (most times) or what he believes is right. He accepts who he is and we the audience accept it too, he's a bit of a lad (albeit middle aged lad). I tend to think that the rather over board portrayal of Mick Dundee is kinda toyed with for the international audience. I'm sure there are folk like this in the depths of the outback but the extreme stereotyping going on I think is there to make people laugh, give them what they expect but bigger. Everybody has a perception of different people from different countries and this is what many countries probably expected to see (at the time) when it came to Aussie blokes living in the bush (or Aussie males as a whole). The ragtag, scruffy, unwashed, unshaven, dirty shirt wearing bar patrons in Walkabout Creek pretty much some up the humongous stereotyping going on. Or maybe I'm wrong, maybe this IS how blokes in small desert towns of Australia's outback look and behave! Maybe all the sheila's are rather butch with cropped hair and work behind the bar...beats me, but it seems a tad forced. The plot is pretty much your Prince Charming type affair really, but in the Aussie outback, a modern day Tarzan. The beautiful blonde Kozlowski goes walkabout with Hogan's Dundee, gets into dangerous situations, shown how to survive, meets local Aboriginal tribes folk and slowly falls in love with the athletic bushman. The first half of the film is set in the outback of Oz and displays terrific scenery alongside some great visual gags and exciting moments, including Kozlowski's ass. The second half of the film is set on the streets of New York and again displays some genius visual gags (for the time) alongside more expected exciting moments...you just knew the pair would come across street punks at some point. What is amazing is back in the day (and now even) this film was a fresh idea, it was quite unique and still is really. If you scratch beneath the surface it tends to have a kind of 'Police Academy' motif/theme really, lots of obvious setups for hero moments, love scenes, silly gags etc...But its such a slice of good wholesome cheer I really can't fault it at all. You know what I'm gonna say...looking back this film is horrendously cliched, cheesy and predictable, seriously so. But back in the 80's this was a tremendous hit and rightly so, it has everything you could want for a great fun time with a lovely happy ending. Only downer I can see is this franchise totally typecast Hogan and pretty much ended his film career as he never bettered this, his best rough bluecollar Aussie charmer.
Phil Hubbs
Super Reviewer
Crocodile Dundee is a good little comedy film starring Paul Hogan. The film is pretty funny, and has a good cast starring alongside Hogan. The jokes are funny and the story is interesting. I very much enjoyed this film and the idea behind the film. This is an entertaining film that everyone can enjoy. The film is not perfect, but for what it is, it works well enough to be an effective comedy film. The film is lots of fun and is silly. The film doesn't break new ground, but it does what it sets out to do. This is a fun comedy that if you're in the right mood, you're sure to enjoy. The film will make you laugh and Paul Hogan's performance as Crocodile Dundee is terrific. No other actor could play him. He really makes the character likeable, and the situations that he encounters are humorous. Not the best comedy that one could see, but definitely not the worst. This is an amusing film that will most likely make you smile. If you're looking for a good comedy to watch, then this is the one. It's very different, but that's what makes it good. The films cast make this film a favorite and one of those must see comedies. The film, like I said many times before is not perfect, but it's enjoyable enough for you to be very entertained as you see two absolutely different cultures collide.
Alex roy
| i don't know |
Which famous actor has played a scarecrow and a Time Lord on TV? | From William Hartnell to Matt Smith: What the Doctors did next | The Independent
From William Hartnell to Matt Smith: What the Doctors did next
Neela Debnath looks back at the careers of the Doctors after leaving the Tardis
Friday 22 November 2013 09:24 BST
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From William Hartnell to Matt Smith: What the Doctors did next
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BBC
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William Hartnell (centre) as the Doctor alongside Dracula and Frankenstein's monster in 'Doctor Who' episode 'The Chase' in 1965
Getty Images
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Patrick Troughton in 'Doctor Who' serial 'The Web of Fear', one of nine long-lost episodes of Doctor Who which have not been seen since the 1960s but which have been recovered after they were tracked down to a store room in Nigeria
PA
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English actor Patrick Troughton holding one of his own paintings outside at his home in Teddington, London in 1981. The work is a copy of Monet's 'Poppy Field'
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Jon Pertwee played the third Doctor and here poses with a Dalek
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Jon Pertwee as scarecrow Worzel Gummedge
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Tom Baker as the Doctor and Mary Tamm as his companion Romana on the set of 'Doctor Who'
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Tom Baker at a 'Doctor Who' audio recording session London, five-part adventure, 'Hornet's Nest'. Since 'Doctor Who' he has done a lot of voice work, most notable as the narrator on 'Little Britain'
Rex Features
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Actor Peter Davison dressed as the fifth Dr Who in the Tardis at BBC Television Centre in 1981
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Peter Davison now, the actor has gone on to star in television shows such as 'Law and Order UK' and 'Lewis'. He even made a guest appearance as the Doctor in the Children in Need special 'Time Crash' opposite David Tennant (left)
BBC
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Colin Baker as the sixth incarnation of the Doctor and one of the most underrated actors to have taken on the role
BBC
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Lewis Bradley as Jack (centre) and Colin Baker as Fleshcreep (right) perform during the traditional pantomime Jack and the Beanstalk on stage at the Theatre Royal Bath.
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Sylvester McCoy as a quizzical incarnation of the Time Lord
BBC
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Sylvester McCoy at the world premiere of 'The Hobbit' movie in which he plays a wizard called Radagast the Brown
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Paul McGann who played the Doctor for one adventure in the 1996 film
BBC
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Paul McGann has gone on to star in numerous television shows, here is a shot from ITV's 'A Mother's Son'.
Rex Features
Christopher Eccleston as the Doctor and Billie Piper as his companion Rose Tyler
BBC
Christopher Eccleston in 2007 Hollywood film 'The Dark Is Rising'
Rex Features
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David Tennant as the tenth Doctor, standing alongside companion his companion Rose Tyler played by Biller Piper
BBC
David Tennant's most famous role post-'Doctor Who' as surly police officer Alec Harding in 'Broadchurch'
ITV
Doctor Who star Matt Smith
BBC
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Matt Smith will be leaving 'Doctor Who' in December, he has been working on Ryan Gosling's directorial debut 'How to Catch a Monster' in the US
Getty Images
The 11 Doctors
There is a myth that once a Doctor Who actor leaves the role they are forever typecast as the Time Lord and end up running their careers into the ground. But is that criticism fair? We take a look back at the careers of the men who have played the Doctor.
William Hartnell
Time Lord tenure (1963-1966)
William Hartnell left Doctor Who due to his ailing health. After his time on the show he starred in several other things, including police drama series Softly, Softly: Taskforce and No Hiding Place. He also had a role in the thriller Tomorrow at Ten which was to be his last film appearance before his death in 1975. His deteriorating health was limiting but he did reprise his role as the Doctor for the show's 10th anniversary special in 1973. Hartnell's tenure as the first Doctor has ensured his legacy as a great actor. Most recently, archive footage featuring him as the first Doctor was used on an episode of Doctor Who.
William Hartnell (centre) as the Doctor alongside Dracula and Frankenstein's monster in 'Doctor Who' episode 'The Chase' in 1965
Patrick Troughton:
Time Lord tenure (1966-1969)
After stepping off the Tardis, Troughton had numerous film and television roles, including The Omen, Coronation Street and The Sweeney. He even appeared in the first ever episode of Inspector Morse. It seems that for Troughton, Doctor Who may have been the highlight of his career as he never reached such success in subsequent roles.
He also made an appearance in the 20th anniversary special The Five Doctors. Alongside acting, Troughton painted and even produced a copy of Monet's 'Poppy Field'. Sadly, he died of heart attack in 1987, however his legacy does live on. The eleventh Doctor, Matt Smith, has stated that the second Doctor is his favourite, and his performance has inspired his own incarnation of the Time Lord.
English actor Patrick Troughton holding one of his own paintings
Jon Pertwee:
Time Lord tenure (1970-1974)
Jon Pertwee bowed out of Doctor Who and went on to play the scarecrow Worzel Gummidge in the children's programme of the same name. To a generation of children he was known as the Doctor, and to another he was known as the friendly scarecrow, achieving success even after Doctor Who. Pertwee did reprise the role of the Doctor in the 20th anniversary special in 1983. He passed away in 1996 at the age of 76.
Jon Pertwee as scarecrow Worzel Gummedge
Tom Baker:
Time Lord tenure (1974-1981)
Possibly one of the greatest and most famous of the Doctors, Baker has said Doctor Who was one of the nicest jobs he ever did but also killed his career. He played the part for seven years - the longest that any actor has done so.
While his career never really took off or matched the popularity of Doctor Who, he had parts in television shows such as Monarch of the Glen in the noughties and the Dungeons and Dragons film flop starring Jeremy Irons.
It is Baker's voiceover work that has been keeping him going, his booming sonorous tones have been on everything from The Magic Roundabout to Little Britain. Both Matt Lucas and David Walliams were Doctor Who fans and asked Baker to be their narrator.
The actor has even written a dark children's story called The Boy Who Kicked Pigs about a nasty little boy who gets his comeuppance after causing a series of 'unfortunate accidents'. Baker's deliciously dark wit comes through. Like all Doctor Who stars, Baker is a firm fixture on the Science Fiction convention circuit.
Tom Baker at a 'Doctor Who' audio recording session London, five-part adventure, 'Hornet's Nest'. Since 'Doctor Who' he has done a lot of voice work, most notable as the narrator on 'Little Britain'
Peter Davison:
Time Lord tenure (1981-1984)
The youngest actor to play the Doctor, Davison was already known for his work on All Creatures Great and Small and The Tomorrow People. Since leaving Doctor Who, Davison has remained a permanent fixture on British television and starring in everything from Miss Marple, Heartbeat, Jonathan Creek, Midsomer Murders and At Home with the Braithwaites.
More recently he has been a guest star on sitcom Miranda and is currently in Law and Order UK, in which he starred alongside Doctor Who actress Freema Agyeman, who played companion Martha Jones opposite David Tennant's Time Lord.
Doctor Who has never really left Davison on a personal level because his daughter Georgia Moffet starred in a recent episode of the show. While working on the show Moffet met her future husband Tennant, so Davison is now the father-in-law to another Doctor. Davison reprised the role of the Doctor several time since leaving the show, most recently in a Children in Need special called Time Crash.
Peter Davison now, the actor has gone on to star in television shows such as 'Law and Order UK' and 'Lewis'. He even made a guest appearance as the Doctor in the Children in Need special 'Time Crash' opposite David Tennant (left)
Colin Baker:
Time Lord tenure (1984-1986)
Considered by many to be the worst Doctor - which is simply not true - the actor has continued to have a strong career. Although his work does not reach the heights of his Doctor Who stardom, Baker has had roles in both television and most notably on stage. He has starred in stage roles including She Stoops To Conquer, H.M.S. Pinafore and The Woman in White.
Baker was in the first episode of television show Jonathan Creek and Dangerfield. Last year he took part in reality television show in I'm A Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! and came eighth out of 12. Like all Doctor Who actors, Baker plays the Doctor in audio plays produced by Big Finish and is also on tour on the convention circuit. Baker has continued to have success which suggests that his time of Doctor Who did not spell the end of his career.
Lewis Bradley as Jack (centre) and Colin Baker as Fleshcreep (right) perform during the traditional pantomime Jack and the Beanstalk on stage at the Theatre Royal Bath.
Sylvester McCoy:
Time Lord tenure (1987-1996)
He was the last actor to play the Doctor after the show got cancelled. All was quiet for a while but in the mid-nineties McCoy took on the role of the Doctor again for the 1996 move and handed over the Doctor Who baton to Paul McGann.
There had been the Doctor Who 30th special Dimensions in Space but McCoy was step back onto the Tardis briefly for the 1996 film. The movie was a backdoor pilot which saw McCoy's Doctor meet an unfortunate end after he was shot dead in the streets of San Francisco.
McCoy then went on to do plays parts on stage, including The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and the Fool to Ian McKellan's King Lear. McCoy was Peter Jackson's second choice to play Bilbo Baggins in The Lord of the Rings trilogy but ultimately lost out to Ian Holm. However, McCoy most recently played a wizard called Radagast the Brown in Jackson's The Hobbit trilogy. He is set to reprise his role for The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug.
Sylvester McCoy as Radagast the Brown in 'The Hobbit'
Paul McGann:
Time Lord tenure (1996)
Although McGann had the shortest of tenures as the Doctor, he has been associated with role ever since. In order to create cohesion between the television series and the film, McGann recently took on the mantae of the Doctor again for The Night of the Doctor , a mini-episode in the run-up to the 50th anniversary.
Following his first turn as the Time Lord in 1996, McGann has worked in several films such as The Queen of the Damned and Lesbian Vampire Killers. But he has had more success on British television, featuring in numerous programmes. Some of his most recent work has been on ITV's A Mother's Son and BBC's Ripper Street and Luther. Despite playing the Doctor, McGann has managed to avoid being typecast.
Paul McGann as the Doctor in 'Night of the Doctor' (BBC)
Christopher Eccleston:
Time Lord tenure (2005)
The actor who helped bring back Doctor Who in 2005 left after one series in the role. After exiting the show, Eccleston went on to play roles in US science fiction superhero show Heroes. He also played John Lennon in the television biopic Lennon Naked and a man forced into drug dealing in the critically acclaimed The Shadow Line.
He has also had success on the big screen in Hollywood films including G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra, The Dark is Rising and Thor: The Dark World. Time and again Eccleston continues to leave critics and audiences moved by his brilliant performances and he is having a successful career after Doctor Who.
Christopher Eccleston in 2007 Hollywood film 'The Dark Is Rising'
David Tennant:
Time Lord tenure (2005-2010)
Recently voted the nation's favourite Doctor, Tennant has had a tough time leaving behind his Time Lord past. Playing the Doctor sent his profile soaring however, he has taken on numerous roles since leaving. His biggest success to date was as the hard-bitten cop Alec Hardy in ITV's crime drama Broadchurch.
He has also taken on a number of different roles on stage, including Hamlet opposite Patrick Stewart, Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing and currently playing the title role in Richard II. The Scottish star will be back on our screens again in The Day of the Doctor as the tenth Doctor. It will take a long time before Tennant can fully free himself of the mantle of the Doctor but it is interesting to watch his career progress.
David Tennant's most famous role post-'Doctor Who' as surly police officer Alec Harding in 'Broadchurch'
Matt Smith:
Time Lord tenure (2010-2013)
We have two more adventures left with the eleventh Doctor but Matt Smith has already filmed them and is moving on to other things. During his time as the Time Lord, Smith did play various roles in other projects, including Christopher Isherwood in Christopher and His Kind and Bert Bushnell in Bert and Dickie. He also played a character in Ryan Gosling's directorial debut How to Catch a Monster, which required him to shave off his hair.
But Smith is not resting on his laurels, the actor recently made his own debut in the directing chair with a short film called Cargese. Smith will be taking on the role of the murderous Wall Street banker Patrick Bateman in a musical adaptation of American Psycho. It's safe to say that Smith is doing everything he can to make sure his most famous role will not be the Doctor with this raft of projects.
Matt Smith will be leaving 'Doctor Who' in December, he has been working on Ryan Gosling's directorial debut 'How to Catch a Monster' in the US
The ‘Doctor Who’ 50th anniversary special ‘The Day of the Doctor’ will be on 23 November on BBC1
| Jon Pertwee |
How many points does a conversion score in rugby union? | From William Hartnell to Matt Smith: What the Doctors did next | The Independent
From William Hartnell to Matt Smith: What the Doctors did next
Neela Debnath looks back at the careers of the Doctors after leaving the Tardis
Friday 22 November 2013 09:24 BST
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From William Hartnell to Matt Smith: What the Doctors did next
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William Hartnell (centre) as the Doctor alongside Dracula and Frankenstein's monster in 'Doctor Who' episode 'The Chase' in 1965
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Patrick Troughton in 'Doctor Who' serial 'The Web of Fear', one of nine long-lost episodes of Doctor Who which have not been seen since the 1960s but which have been recovered after they were tracked down to a store room in Nigeria
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English actor Patrick Troughton holding one of his own paintings outside at his home in Teddington, London in 1981. The work is a copy of Monet's 'Poppy Field'
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Jon Pertwee played the third Doctor and here poses with a Dalek
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Jon Pertwee as scarecrow Worzel Gummedge
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Tom Baker as the Doctor and Mary Tamm as his companion Romana on the set of 'Doctor Who'
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Tom Baker at a 'Doctor Who' audio recording session London, five-part adventure, 'Hornet's Nest'. Since 'Doctor Who' he has done a lot of voice work, most notable as the narrator on 'Little Britain'
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Actor Peter Davison dressed as the fifth Dr Who in the Tardis at BBC Television Centre in 1981
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Peter Davison now, the actor has gone on to star in television shows such as 'Law and Order UK' and 'Lewis'. He even made a guest appearance as the Doctor in the Children in Need special 'Time Crash' opposite David Tennant (left)
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Colin Baker as the sixth incarnation of the Doctor and one of the most underrated actors to have taken on the role
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Lewis Bradley as Jack (centre) and Colin Baker as Fleshcreep (right) perform during the traditional pantomime Jack and the Beanstalk on stage at the Theatre Royal Bath.
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Sylvester McCoy as a quizzical incarnation of the Time Lord
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Sylvester McCoy at the world premiere of 'The Hobbit' movie in which he plays a wizard called Radagast the Brown
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Paul McGann who played the Doctor for one adventure in the 1996 film
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Paul McGann has gone on to star in numerous television shows, here is a shot from ITV's 'A Mother's Son'.
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Christopher Eccleston as the Doctor and Billie Piper as his companion Rose Tyler
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Christopher Eccleston in 2007 Hollywood film 'The Dark Is Rising'
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David Tennant as the tenth Doctor, standing alongside companion his companion Rose Tyler played by Biller Piper
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David Tennant's most famous role post-'Doctor Who' as surly police officer Alec Harding in 'Broadchurch'
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Doctor Who star Matt Smith
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Matt Smith will be leaving 'Doctor Who' in December, he has been working on Ryan Gosling's directorial debut 'How to Catch a Monster' in the US
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The 11 Doctors
There is a myth that once a Doctor Who actor leaves the role they are forever typecast as the Time Lord and end up running their careers into the ground. But is that criticism fair? We take a look back at the careers of the men who have played the Doctor.
William Hartnell
Time Lord tenure (1963-1966)
William Hartnell left Doctor Who due to his ailing health. After his time on the show he starred in several other things, including police drama series Softly, Softly: Taskforce and No Hiding Place. He also had a role in the thriller Tomorrow at Ten which was to be his last film appearance before his death in 1975. His deteriorating health was limiting but he did reprise his role as the Doctor for the show's 10th anniversary special in 1973. Hartnell's tenure as the first Doctor has ensured his legacy as a great actor. Most recently, archive footage featuring him as the first Doctor was used on an episode of Doctor Who.
William Hartnell (centre) as the Doctor alongside Dracula and Frankenstein's monster in 'Doctor Who' episode 'The Chase' in 1965
Patrick Troughton:
Time Lord tenure (1966-1969)
After stepping off the Tardis, Troughton had numerous film and television roles, including The Omen, Coronation Street and The Sweeney. He even appeared in the first ever episode of Inspector Morse. It seems that for Troughton, Doctor Who may have been the highlight of his career as he never reached such success in subsequent roles.
He also made an appearance in the 20th anniversary special The Five Doctors. Alongside acting, Troughton painted and even produced a copy of Monet's 'Poppy Field'. Sadly, he died of heart attack in 1987, however his legacy does live on. The eleventh Doctor, Matt Smith, has stated that the second Doctor is his favourite, and his performance has inspired his own incarnation of the Time Lord.
English actor Patrick Troughton holding one of his own paintings
Jon Pertwee:
Time Lord tenure (1970-1974)
Jon Pertwee bowed out of Doctor Who and went on to play the scarecrow Worzel Gummidge in the children's programme of the same name. To a generation of children he was known as the Doctor, and to another he was known as the friendly scarecrow, achieving success even after Doctor Who. Pertwee did reprise the role of the Doctor in the 20th anniversary special in 1983. He passed away in 1996 at the age of 76.
Jon Pertwee as scarecrow Worzel Gummedge
Tom Baker:
Time Lord tenure (1974-1981)
Possibly one of the greatest and most famous of the Doctors, Baker has said Doctor Who was one of the nicest jobs he ever did but also killed his career. He played the part for seven years - the longest that any actor has done so.
While his career never really took off or matched the popularity of Doctor Who, he had parts in television shows such as Monarch of the Glen in the noughties and the Dungeons and Dragons film flop starring Jeremy Irons.
It is Baker's voiceover work that has been keeping him going, his booming sonorous tones have been on everything from The Magic Roundabout to Little Britain. Both Matt Lucas and David Walliams were Doctor Who fans and asked Baker to be their narrator.
The actor has even written a dark children's story called The Boy Who Kicked Pigs about a nasty little boy who gets his comeuppance after causing a series of 'unfortunate accidents'. Baker's deliciously dark wit comes through. Like all Doctor Who stars, Baker is a firm fixture on the Science Fiction convention circuit.
Tom Baker at a 'Doctor Who' audio recording session London, five-part adventure, 'Hornet's Nest'. Since 'Doctor Who' he has done a lot of voice work, most notable as the narrator on 'Little Britain'
Peter Davison:
Time Lord tenure (1981-1984)
The youngest actor to play the Doctor, Davison was already known for his work on All Creatures Great and Small and The Tomorrow People. Since leaving Doctor Who, Davison has remained a permanent fixture on British television and starring in everything from Miss Marple, Heartbeat, Jonathan Creek, Midsomer Murders and At Home with the Braithwaites.
More recently he has been a guest star on sitcom Miranda and is currently in Law and Order UK, in which he starred alongside Doctor Who actress Freema Agyeman, who played companion Martha Jones opposite David Tennant's Time Lord.
Doctor Who has never really left Davison on a personal level because his daughter Georgia Moffet starred in a recent episode of the show. While working on the show Moffet met her future husband Tennant, so Davison is now the father-in-law to another Doctor. Davison reprised the role of the Doctor several time since leaving the show, most recently in a Children in Need special called Time Crash.
Peter Davison now, the actor has gone on to star in television shows such as 'Law and Order UK' and 'Lewis'. He even made a guest appearance as the Doctor in the Children in Need special 'Time Crash' opposite David Tennant (left)
Colin Baker:
Time Lord tenure (1984-1986)
Considered by many to be the worst Doctor - which is simply not true - the actor has continued to have a strong career. Although his work does not reach the heights of his Doctor Who stardom, Baker has had roles in both television and most notably on stage. He has starred in stage roles including She Stoops To Conquer, H.M.S. Pinafore and The Woman in White.
Baker was in the first episode of television show Jonathan Creek and Dangerfield. Last year he took part in reality television show in I'm A Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! and came eighth out of 12. Like all Doctor Who actors, Baker plays the Doctor in audio plays produced by Big Finish and is also on tour on the convention circuit. Baker has continued to have success which suggests that his time of Doctor Who did not spell the end of his career.
Lewis Bradley as Jack (centre) and Colin Baker as Fleshcreep (right) perform during the traditional pantomime Jack and the Beanstalk on stage at the Theatre Royal Bath.
Sylvester McCoy:
Time Lord tenure (1987-1996)
He was the last actor to play the Doctor after the show got cancelled. All was quiet for a while but in the mid-nineties McCoy took on the role of the Doctor again for the 1996 move and handed over the Doctor Who baton to Paul McGann.
There had been the Doctor Who 30th special Dimensions in Space but McCoy was step back onto the Tardis briefly for the 1996 film. The movie was a backdoor pilot which saw McCoy's Doctor meet an unfortunate end after he was shot dead in the streets of San Francisco.
McCoy then went on to do plays parts on stage, including The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and the Fool to Ian McKellan's King Lear. McCoy was Peter Jackson's second choice to play Bilbo Baggins in The Lord of the Rings trilogy but ultimately lost out to Ian Holm. However, McCoy most recently played a wizard called Radagast the Brown in Jackson's The Hobbit trilogy. He is set to reprise his role for The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug.
Sylvester McCoy as Radagast the Brown in 'The Hobbit'
Paul McGann:
Time Lord tenure (1996)
Although McGann had the shortest of tenures as the Doctor, he has been associated with role ever since. In order to create cohesion between the television series and the film, McGann recently took on the mantae of the Doctor again for The Night of the Doctor , a mini-episode in the run-up to the 50th anniversary.
Following his first turn as the Time Lord in 1996, McGann has worked in several films such as The Queen of the Damned and Lesbian Vampire Killers. But he has had more success on British television, featuring in numerous programmes. Some of his most recent work has been on ITV's A Mother's Son and BBC's Ripper Street and Luther. Despite playing the Doctor, McGann has managed to avoid being typecast.
Paul McGann as the Doctor in 'Night of the Doctor' (BBC)
Christopher Eccleston:
Time Lord tenure (2005)
The actor who helped bring back Doctor Who in 2005 left after one series in the role. After exiting the show, Eccleston went on to play roles in US science fiction superhero show Heroes. He also played John Lennon in the television biopic Lennon Naked and a man forced into drug dealing in the critically acclaimed The Shadow Line.
He has also had success on the big screen in Hollywood films including G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra, The Dark is Rising and Thor: The Dark World. Time and again Eccleston continues to leave critics and audiences moved by his brilliant performances and he is having a successful career after Doctor Who.
Christopher Eccleston in 2007 Hollywood film 'The Dark Is Rising'
David Tennant:
Time Lord tenure (2005-2010)
Recently voted the nation's favourite Doctor, Tennant has had a tough time leaving behind his Time Lord past. Playing the Doctor sent his profile soaring however, he has taken on numerous roles since leaving. His biggest success to date was as the hard-bitten cop Alec Hardy in ITV's crime drama Broadchurch.
He has also taken on a number of different roles on stage, including Hamlet opposite Patrick Stewart, Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing and currently playing the title role in Richard II. The Scottish star will be back on our screens again in The Day of the Doctor as the tenth Doctor. It will take a long time before Tennant can fully free himself of the mantle of the Doctor but it is interesting to watch his career progress.
David Tennant's most famous role post-'Doctor Who' as surly police officer Alec Harding in 'Broadchurch'
Matt Smith:
Time Lord tenure (2010-2013)
We have two more adventures left with the eleventh Doctor but Matt Smith has already filmed them and is moving on to other things. During his time as the Time Lord, Smith did play various roles in other projects, including Christopher Isherwood in Christopher and His Kind and Bert Bushnell in Bert and Dickie. He also played a character in Ryan Gosling's directorial debut How to Catch a Monster, which required him to shave off his hair.
But Smith is not resting on his laurels, the actor recently made his own debut in the directing chair with a short film called Cargese. Smith will be taking on the role of the murderous Wall Street banker Patrick Bateman in a musical adaptation of American Psycho. It's safe to say that Smith is doing everything he can to make sure his most famous role will not be the Doctor with this raft of projects.
Matt Smith will be leaving 'Doctor Who' in December, he has been working on Ryan Gosling's directorial debut 'How to Catch a Monster' in the US
The ‘Doctor Who’ 50th anniversary special ‘The Day of the Doctor’ will be on 23 November on BBC1
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What other common name is used for Halloween? | Halloween vocabulary, Halloween word list - www.myvocabulary.com
Halloween Information:
1. The first recorded Halloween celebration in the USA occurred in 1921 in Anoka, MN
2. The Haunted House Capital of the World is located in Kansas City, MO where the city features "The Beast."
3. Amusement Today judged Kennywood, PA as the third best Halloween event. Kennywood is located near Pittsburgh.
4. Statistics show that at Knott�s "Scary"Farm located on 100 acres in Buena Vista, CA, more than 1,000 people visit.
5.Some authors of scary stories include: Ray Bradbury, Shirley Jackson, Dean Koontz, J.C. Oates, Edgar Allan Poe and H.G. Wells
6. Names of some spooky places in the US:
Black Cat, AR
Tombstone, AZ
An additional (151) Halloween vocabulary word list: Many thanks to a teacher-participant, MP, in Scotland:
abhorrent, abode of the dead, afraid, annihilation, apparition, Banshee, bewitching, Black Mass, blood covenant, bloodcurdling, blood letting, bloodsucking, bony, brimstone, brutalize, bumps in the night, cloves of garlic, cockroaches, crawling, creaking, creepy, creeping, Cyclops, damned, death, decapitated, decomposing, deja vu, dematerialize, disembody, disembowel, disgusting, disturbing, dunking for apples, doomed, dragon, Druids, ectoplasm, entomb, exorcise, exorcism, exorcist, feasting, fiend, flesh eating, foul, freak, frozen to the spot, frozen with fear, Gargoyles, gasping, Gehenna, Ghost busters, ghost train, grave, Grim Reaper, grisly, grotesque, growling, groaning, gorging, grotesque, gruesome, guise, hackles rising, hair raising, heinous, hideous, hobgoblins, horrible, Hottentots, howling, infest, hysteria, insanity, maggot ridden, manic, maniac, manifestation, Medusa, mesmerize, metamorphosis, moaning, monster, monstrous, moldy, mummy, mutilate, nightmarish, number three, obliterate perverse, possessed, prey, petrifying, psychopath, rasp, repugnant, revolting, ritualistic, sarcophagus, sacrifice, Sangoma, screeching, scythe, shrieking, slayer, spirit, spiritualist, Styx, soul sucker, tomb, torture, troll, ugly, wailing, warlock, weird, werewolf, whispering, witch doctor, wooden stake, zap
Halloween Lesson Plan ACTIVITIES: Have students, friends:
1. Draw or find pictures of items suggestive of Halloween: ex: a black cat, a cauldron etc. etc.
2. Make, buy or cook some food that would be unusual
3. Name thirteen groups of things that are similar (treats, items, costumes, words etc.)
4. Create a list of safety procedures for children who trick-or-treat
5. Name some item that has the same shape as a hat that a witch would wear.
6. Find/bring into class something a witch might own
7. Discover as many words as possible that include the letters b-o-o
8. Carve/decorate pumpkins and have a contest.
9. Find a scary story you can share: make-up, books, newspaper
10. Have a contest to name items to be put in a witch's brew.
11. List other means of traveling a witch could choose if her broom were lost, stolen or broken...
12. As a group, decide what kinds of people could get along with a witch (someone in the news, a cartoon figure, a comic character or someone known!)
13. Invent a spooky/ghost/pumpkin/black cat story that takes place in a cemetery
14. Hold an art contest and pick winners from 1-3 categories
15. Have students rename popular stores with names that suggest Halloween (Ex: FedEx=DeadEx, PakMail=RatMail etc.)
16. Have a parade of costumes and a party afterward
17. Create a Ghost Story Contest
18. List at least 5 words that describe a strange or scary scene (examples: hallucination, cemetery, labyrinth, miasma, cobwebs)
19. Give at least 5 words that tell how a person would feel in scary situations (examples: petrify, goose bumps, chills, cringe, eerie)
20. Name at least five mysterious words (examples: cauldron, sinister, macabre, metamorphosis, slink, slither, skitter, premonition)
21. Find at least five action verbs for eerie stories (examples: wail, quake, quiver, conjure, hallucinate, scare)
22. Make a Halloween Cut-Out Mask and allow plenty of room for eyes
Halloween Lesson Plans and discussion questions:
1. Do you know the legend of Jack 'O Lantern, an Irish folktale? Explain
2. Mary Shelley wrote a book in 1818 about a famous monster. Can you name this creature? What do you know about the story?
www.myvocabulary.com offers more than 680 word lists including a Pumpkins and Zombies vocabulary word list here: Pumpkins and Zombies .
To see more Halloween, Wizards, Monsters word games, please go to these word puzzles and themed content links with Latin word roots:
| Halloween |
If you Suffer from Samhainophobia, what do you fear? | Halloween in United Kingdom
Home Calendar Holidays United Kingdom Halloween
Halloween in United Kingdom
Halloween is an observance annually celebrated on October 31. Some people hold Halloween parties on or around this date, where the hosts and guests often dress up as skeletons, ghosts or other scary figures. Common symbols of Halloween include pumpkins, bats and spiders.
Witches' hats and carved pumpkins symbolize Halloween.
Witches' hats and carved pumpkins symbolize Halloween.
©iStockphoto.com/Nikolay Suslov
What Do People Do?
Halloween celebrations in the United Kingdom include parties where guests are often expected to arrive in a costume to reflect the day's theme. Other people gather together to watch horror films, either at home or at a cinema.
Some children go trick-or-treating. This means that they dress up and go to other peoples' houses, knocking on the door for treat of sweets or a snack. Those who do not give out a treat may be tricked with a joke instead.
Halloween has its origins in pagan festivals in England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. Many stores and businesses see Halloween as a chance to promote products with a Halloween theme.
Public Life
Halloween is not a bank holiday in the United Kingdom. Schools, businesses, stores and other organizations are open as usual. Public transport services run on their normal timetables.
Background
Halloween has its origins in pagan festivals held around the end of October in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. People believed that, at this time of year, the spirits of dead people could come 'alive' and walk among the living. They thought that it was important to dress up in costumes when venturing outside, to avoid being harmed by the spirits. This may be the origin of the Halloween costumes seen today. In Puritan times, Halloween celebrations were outlawed, but they were revived in later times.
Halloween used to be called All Hallows Eve, or the day before All Saints' Day, observed on November 1. Halloween is also known as Nut-crack Night, Thump-the-door Night or Apple and Candle Night. Some people call Halloween Bob Apple Night or Duck Apple Night. This comes from a traditional game played at this time of year and known as 'apple bobbing' or 'apple ducking'. A bucket or other container is filled with water and one or more apples are floated on the water. The contestants take turns trying to catch an apple with their teeth. They must hold their hands behind their backs at all times.
Some people believe that apple bobbing is a reminder of the way women accused of witchcraft in the middle ages were tried. They were tied to a chair and repeatedly ducked into a river or pond. If a woman drowned, she was declared innocent. If she survived, she was declared a witch and burnt at the stake. Others think that apple bobbing is a way for young people to predict who they will marry or whether their partner is faithful.
Some aspects of the modern Halloween celebrations, such as carving lanterns out of vegetables originated long ago. Others were introduced more recently, often as a form of commercial promotion. Many customs originated in the United States and have travelled back to the United Kingdom.
Symbols
There are various symbols are associated with Halloween. The colors orange and black are very common. Other symbols include pumpkin lanterns, witches, wizards, ghosts, spirits and characters from horror films. Animals associated with the festival include bats, spiders and black cats.
About Halloween in other countries
Read more about Halloween .
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Who wrote the screenplay for the film 'The Exorcist'? | Interview with The Exorcist Writer/Producer William Peter Blatty - IGN
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Interview with The Exorcist Writer/Producer William Peter Blatty
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Interview with The Exorcist Writer/Producer William Peter Blatty
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By Steve Head
IGN FilmForce's Steve Head recently met with The Excorcist Writer/Producer William Peter Blatty to discuss his researching of real-life exorcisms, writing the book and screenplay, and the changes made in The Exorcist: The Version You¿ve Never Seen.
William Peter Blatty has been in the movie industry for over 40 years, writing such films as the Pink Panther movie A Shot in the Dark, Gunn, The Great Bank Robbery, The Exorcist, and The Exorcist III, which he also directed.
The Exorcist earned 10 Academy Award nominations, winning 2: Best Adapted Screenplay (William Peter Blatty) and Best Sound.
The Exorcist: The Version You¿ve Never Seen, offering 11 minutes of never-before-seen footage and a new redesigned soundtrack expanded to six-track digital surround, will be released nationwide this Friday, September 22nd.
The official Exorcist website can be found at TheExorcist.net
Read IGN FilmForce's review of the new version of The Exorcist by clicking HERE . An interview The Exorcist's Linda Blair can be found HERE .
IGN FILMFORCE: Is there any connection with the story you wrote to a situation that may have occurred with Shirley MacLaine's daughter, Sachiko?
BLATTY: No. But Shirley was my first choice for the part because I had modeled the character of the mother (Chris MacNeil) on her. Not on Jane Fonda. On Shirley. Shirley was the first to read it. It didn't happen. And the next thing I knew, Jason Miller was telling me that he'd run into Shirley, who to this day I love, and she told him that the cover illustration on the book jacket was her daughter Sachiko . And the next time I saw Shirley, I said, "Shirley, how would I get the picture of Sachiko put on the cover?" She said, "Well, you broke into the house and you took it." I said, "Well, I didn't do that. Someone at Harper & Row created that image. How? I have no idea. It was not Sachiko."
IGN FILMFORCE: In preparing your first book, how many cases of exorcism were you aware of?
BLATTY:There had only been 3 cases of possession that I knew of prior to 1969, in the entire country, in the entire century.
IGN FILMFORCE: This story was initially inspired by a 1949 case, a Washington Post article, or series of articles about an exorcism in St. Louis. What was it about that story that really tells you that it's graphic?
BLATTY: Well, I not only read it, but I heard some details of the exorcism in my New Testament class at Georgetown. 1949. The teacher was Eugene Gallagher.
Like so many Catholics, I've had so many little battles of wavering faith over the course of my life. And I was going through one at that time. And when I heard about this case and read the details, that seemed so compelling. I thought, my God, if someone were to investigate this and authenticate it, what a tremendous boost to faith it would be. I thought, someday I would like to see that happen. You know, I would like to do it.
IGN FILMFORCE: So there was a gap built in, saying as far as that you read this story and this was enough to write the novel.
BLATTY: Sure. At the time, of course, I wasn't a writer.
I'd sold the book first. Actually to a paperback publisher. I had nothing. I just had the idea.
IGN FILMFORCE: Bantam was it?
BLATTY: Bantam Press. And they commissioned me to write it. And when that was completed, they sold it to Harper and Row. And then I put it out to every movie studio in town. And they all turned it down (he laughs).
IGN FILMFORCE: How many copies did your book sell?
BLATTY: Thirteen million.
IGN FILMFORCE: When The Exorcist became a best seller, is that when Hollywood changed it's mind and everybody wanted to do the movie after they all rejected it?
BLATTY: No. No. It happened because of the Warner Brothers executive's dog. Warner Brothers, along with everyone else had turned it down. The story department had read it and... (he motions as if tossing the script aside.) Then a producer got interested in it, and he gave it to John Calley, who was in charge of creative affairs at Warner Brothers.
IGN FILMFORCE: John Calley. He's now running Columbia Pictures.
BLATTY: Yes. That's right. And John read it at his home at night. He was in bed. John told me he got spooked. He was alone in the house, and it was creepy. So he said... (patting the table) whatever the dog's name was... "Come on up on the bed here." The dog had up until then been forbidden EVER to get on the bed. He got whipped if he got on the bed. "No, no... come on, come on." (patting the table again). The dog wouldn't come up. It ended up in a titanic struggle between Calley and the dog. Calley was dragging the dog up, the dog is pining and digging his claws into the wooden floor. He finally got him up on the bed. He realized at that moment, I think, that the book was hot. He was terrified.
IGN FILMFORCE: What really carried over well from the book was the general atmosphere ¿ the creepiness of the situation. The hospital scenes were frightening in their own way. Was that intentional?
BLATTY: I tried to make every bit of it as creepy as I could. And I had the same response you do. I feel the same way. The hospital scenes, that procedure was so real.
IGN FILMFORCE: The procedure in the film. The...
BLATTY: Arteriogram. Those are NYU medical students who are simulating the procedure. They're not doing anything to her. But this is the bonus. I know there's been a lot of hyper-talk and writing about people fainting and vomiting and all of that. Anybody faints, it's during that scene, the arteriography scene.
I was standing in the back of a theater in New York at the first public press screening of the film, too nervous to sit down. And along came a woman who got up in about the fifth or sixth row. A young woman, who started walking up the isle, slowly at first. She had her hand to her head. And then I could see her lips moving. She got close enough, and I could hear her murmuring, "Jesus, Jesus, Jesus." I thought, if this is Pauline Kale, we're dead. (He laughs.)
IGN FILMFORCE: Has there been any new information revealed about the St. Louis case over the past couple years?
BLATTY: No. Although, I read an attempted debunking of that particular case, or a portion of it. I got as far as the point where the writer mentioned the bed that the Evangelical Lutheran Minister had for the boy in his house overnight to observe whether or not there was any phenomena. It was reported by [the minister] to be rolling around, moving. Furnishings moving. This writer said it turns out that that bed was on rollers. Now I have a vision, fifty years later, of this writer, going into that house, and finding the same bed and examining the rollers. You know, either that or the diary of someone who is morbidly obsessed with beds on rollers and wrote about it. I mean, that's preposterous. What he had to say after that, I have no idea.
IGN FILMFORCE: Your communication with Father Bowdern, the exorcist for the case; you had approached him for assistance...
BLATTY: In fact, I still have the letter from Fr. William Bowdern, who passed away, the Jesuit exorcist. I wanted help. And of course, there was the man's diary.
IGN FILMFORCE: Did you have access to the dairy?
BLATTY: No. Not in the beginning. I asked for it. He went to the Cardinal in St. Louis, Missouri. And they said, "No. No. No. We have sworn secrecy and confidentiality to the family of this boy. They STRICTLY do not want any kind of publicity over being connected."
Of course, this furthered my belief that this may be the real thing. They are not nuts. They don't want anyone... They don't want this in the National Enquirer.
He closed his letter by saying... "I'm sorry. But I want to help you. I think a lot of good could be done for a lot of people if they knew what happened. But I can't."
But he said, "I can tell you one thing... The case I was involved with was the real thing. I had no doubt about it then. I have no doubt about it now. Good luck with your apolistic pursuits."
IGN FILMFORCE: You eventually saw the diary?
BLATTY: I did. I had already written the novel. And I'm delaying writing the screenplay, which I secretly feel can't be done... can't be done. I get a big brown envelope one day. I open it... There's an accompanying letter. It's from a monk, one of the Alexian Brothers at the Alexian Brothers Hospital in St. Louis, who was part of this exorcism. And he said, "This was found in the beside table of one of our brothers who passed away recently. And I looked it over. And I read your novel. And I thought you'd be very interested in this." It was the Xerox copy of the diary.
IGN FILMFORCE: So did his diary influence elements of the production?
BLATTY: It gave Bill Friedkin confidence that he was dealing with reality. He had countered there was no role of levitation. There was no levitation in the diary. But there was an incident. There was a Professor from Seattle University. And he was permitted into the boy's room. No one was there but this professor and the boy. The exorcist was not present. And he claimed afterward to have seen, he told the exorcist, that he saw a bedside table level up to the ceiling... which is where we got the idea of the levitation. And then dip back down again. But it's his comment that was more miraculous and extraordinary than the event itself. He said, "Well, there's a lot about electromagnetic forces that we don't fully understand." (laughs) That was his response.
IGN FILMFORCE: Did you ever try to contact the young boy?
BLATTY: No. At least once a year, Fr. Bill Bowdern would plead with me. "Please be careful. Don't ever say anything ever to connect your book, the movie, with this boy. Don't go on television and do this now or you hurt somebody connected to it. Please. Please. Very deeply disturbed over it. Don't do it." So I would never have dreamed of doing that. Unlike this guy who wrote for Strange magazine who then went up and knocked on the door.
IGN FILMFORCE: Spiritually, has the novel and the film affected you as you'd hoped?
BLATTY: Well, the research into it affected me. And the novel, it very much strengthened my faith.
IGN FILMFORCE: There was quite a reaction in the early '70s. Did any of the alleged cases after the novel catch your attention?
BLATTY: I only got a couple of funny letters like that at the time of the novel. In fact, one of the letters really had to do with succubus. They were very convincing letters, by the way. And I simply wrote then saying, you know, I'm not the one who can tell you what kind of help you need.
IGN FILMFORCE: Are you involved with the current film project about the experiences of Fr. Merrin in North Africa?
BLATTY: No. Not me. I have nothing to do with that. That weirdo project with Merrin in Africa. They seem unaware that that's been done already in Exorcist II. Merrin in Ethiopia. I don't think that's ever going to happen. And I hope and pray to God it doesn't.
IGN FILMFORCE: Then are you writing a separate sequel, or a prequel?
BLATTY: I'm not writing a new one.
IGN FILMFORCE: The sequel, Exorcist II: The Heretic...
BLATTY: Was that a movie? (he laughs)
IGN FILMFORCE: Exorcist III was much better.
BLATTY: Thank you. 1990. Wow. It took me that long to think of a follow up to the original story. That's why I didn't do [Exorcist II]. I don't know how the people came up with that.
IGN FILMFORCE: Patrick Ewing as the Angel in Exorcist III. That was interesting.
BLATTY: Oh! The Angel of Death. (He laughs)
IGN FILMFORCE: For The Exorcist: The Version You've Never Seen, what's new for the 11 minutes and which of the added scenes do you believe are most crucial?
BLATTY: There's an entirely new incidental shot at the very beginning that was never in any cut of the picture. The longest sequence is the first doctor scene, when Regan is being examined. It's really very important to show the onset of the development. Now, you might not have noticed, nobody seems to know, but in the original version, Regan is seen being joking, jolly, laughing, walking around at the party. The next thing we know she's urinating on the carpet. And she's telling her mother, "What's wrong with me?" And her mother says, "Well, honey, it's just like the doctor says..." What doctor? (laughs) Is the doctor anywhere?
IGN FILMFORCE: The doctor consulting between her...
BLATTY: There was none. No scene with a doctor was ever shown. The rest of the line was "Keep taking those pills like the doctor says." So this corrects that.
There are some critical scenes involving Max Von Sydow. The first is the scene on the staircase. The scene with Max comforting her (Chris). Then, the brandy and the bottle scene.
One of the more subtle but pivotal scenes deepening the spiritual was the metal scene ¿ when Chris gives the metal back to Fr. Dyer. In the original version, unlike the novel, he takes the metal. She rides off. Now it's as intended in the novel. She gives him the metal. He then says, "Why don't you keep it." She takes it, symbolizing for this atheistic woman that the door to faith has been opened. She'll think about it.
IGN FILMFORCE: Concerning another new scene, the Spider Walk. What was your inspiration for this?
BLATTY: It's based on some kind of reality. In the alleged victims of possession that I studied, in almost every case they are not ambulatory people. They're not CPAs by day committing serial murders at night. They're not anything in these movies like The Fallen. These people are very ill, and they're subject to psychomotor seizures. And it's associated with hysteria because they have no other name for it. And some of the victims of alleged possession or hysteria were noted to be able to do things such as... one girl was described as bending over backwards until her head was touching the floor, and shrieking in pain the entire time as though she were being forced, somewhat coerced to do this. And that was the genesis in my mind of the Spider Walk.
IGN FILMFORCE: Why wait so long for the release of this version?
BLATTY: It's taken me all this time to persuade Bill Friedkin to give us his original cut, which this is.
IGN FILMFORCE: Then, what were William Friedkin's reservations about this?
BLATTY: He's very honest. When I said, "Why did you do that, Bill?" He said, "Bill, I had no idea that the picture was a hit. And therefore I cut it down to two hours because I didn't think any audience was going to be able to take more than two hours of anything." And that was the reason.
IGN FILMFORCE: And Friedkin had already received an Oscar for The French Connection, so he wasn't exactly a lightweight director.
BLATTY: Oh, no. Hardly.
IGN FILMFORCE: So you weren't skeptical about any of the changes to this new, actually first version of the film?
BLATTY: I've been campaigning like anything for restoring these changes. For 27 years. I wrote a book about it, well, a portion of the book was devoted to these scenes and why they should have been in the movie.
IGN FILMFORCE: The Exorcist of course is a classic film, and with this version how do you see it overall as better bearing the themes?
BLATTY: There was no moral center to the film without these scenes. None. It's whatever. It went from shock to shock, very exciting, wonderful. It made me a very comfortable man for most of my adult life. But all the while, everyone says, "Oh! It's a classic! It's a classic!" It's fine. But I told Billy, and he now agrees with me too... "Yes, it's a classic, but the first version you showed me... Wow... that's a difference."
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| William Peter Blatty |
What was name of the sequel to the film Scream called? | William Peter Blatty reflects on 40th anniversary of 'The Exorcist' - LA Times
William Peter Blatty reflects on 40th anniversary of 'The Exorcist'
William Peter Blatty
George Napolitano / Getty Images
William Peter Blatty attends a screening of "The Exorcist Extended Director's Cut" at The Museum of Modern Art in New York.
William Peter Blatty attends a screening of "The Exorcist Extended Director's Cut" at The Museum of Modern Art in New York. (George Napolitano / Getty Images)
Susan King
For the last four decades, William Peter Blatty's demonic possession thriller, " The Exorcist ," has ranked as the ultimate in scare fare. His 1971 novel sat atop the New York Times bestseller list for more than four months, and director William Friedkin's 1973 blockbuster film version, for which Blatty earned the adapted screenplay Oscar, is largely held as a masterpiece of the horror genre.
But in a recent phone conversation ahead of Tuesday's 40th anniversary Blu-ray release of "The Exorcist," Blatty noted that on its release the novel had actually been dead on arrival at bookstores.
His publishers, Harper & Row, had spent a "fortune" promoting his horror tale about a young girl possessed by the devil. "I got very nice reviews," said Blatty, 85, who now lives in Bethesda, Md. "I did a 26-city tour with 12 to 13 interviews a day. But nobody was buying the book."
It got so bleak that, at one point on the tour, he was met by a representative of the publishing house and was told that the May Co. department store, huge in the '70s, had returned all its copies of the book. "That is the way it was in city after city."
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Hollywood also initially turned a cold shoulder. "It was submitted to every studio in town," Blatty said. "I could paper the walls of my bathroom with rejection slips."
After doing a pre-interview for a possible guest appearance on "The Dick Cavett Show," the interviewer told him not to hold his breath about getting a slot on the popular talk show because the host wasn't keen on paranormal stories.
And then, new forces began to hold sway.
"I always believe that there is a divine hand everywhere," said Blatty, who prior to "The Exorcist" had co-written such Blake Edwards comedies as 1964's "A Shot in the Dark" and penned the screenplays to several films, including the 1965 adaptation of his novel "John Goldfarb, Please Come Home!"
Sometime after his dispiriting interview for the Cavett show, Blatty was having lunch at the Four Seasons with a woman from Harper & Row when she got a phone call. "She said to me, 'Can you get over to the show, like, within minutes?'"
It seems a guest had suddenly dropped out of that night's show and he was desperately needed. "I threw down my napkin and ran all the way," he said, recalling the twist of fate. "I got into makeup and went into the green room."
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As he waited for his brief appearance scheduled for the final minutes of the show, that "divine hand" intervened further. Blatty doesn't recall what exactly happened with the first guest, but he remembers that he was gone after the first commercial. Then the second guest spot, Robert Shaw , was truncated because, Blatty noted, he may have been a bit tipsy. So rather than his allocated five minutes, Blatty talked about "The Exorcist" for nearly 45 minutes on national TV.
It was the boost the book needed. "The Exorcist" rose to No. 1 on the New York Times best-seller list and suddenly Hollywood took notice. The book found its way to then- Warner Bros. studio head John Calley, who read the novel and was duly terrified by it, luckily for future movie audiences.
Warner Bros. Home Entertainment's Blu-ray features the original theatrical version and the extended director's cut of the film, which stars Ellen Burstyn as Chris MacNeil, the mother of young Regan (Linda Blair), who is possessed by the devil; Jason Miller as the conflicted Father Damien Karras, who is called in to see Regan; and Max von Sydow as the veteran priest Father Merrin, who ultimately exorcises the demon from Regan.
Blatty is also front and center in two new featurettes — "Beyond Comprehension: William Peter Blatty's 'The Exorcist'" and "Talk of the Devil." "Beyond Comprehension" follows Blatty, who also wrote and directed the 1990 sequel "The Exorcist III," to the cottage in Encino where he wrote the original novel and then to "The Exorcist" location in Georgetown University where, as a student, Blatty was told by a priest of an actual case of possession. "Talk of the Devil" features footage — which hasn't been seen in decades — of several interviews the priest, Eugene Gallagher, gave after the release of "The Exorcist."
"I am going to tell you something now that may stun you and you may think I'm making this up — but I'm not," Blatty said suddenly. "When I was writing the novel, I thought I was writing a supernatural detective story that was filled with suspense with theological overtones. To this day, I have zero recollection of even a moment when I was writing that I was trying to frighten anyone."
| i don't know |
What is a group of witches called? | Coven - Witchcraft Terms and Tools - Witchcraft
Witchcraft Terms and Tools - Coven
Modern Wiccan coven celebrating a Handfasting ceremony in Avebury, England (2005) (from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca )
In Wicca and other similar forms of modern Neopagan witchcraft, a coven is a gathering or community of witches, a group of believers who gather together for ceremonies of worship, such as Drawing Down the Moon or celebrating the Sabbats . Other words may also be used, such as clan, grove, sept, touta, cove.
The word �coven� (or �covan�) was originally a late medieval (c.1500) Scots word meaning a gathering of any kind, deriving from the Latin root word �convenire� (meaning to come together or to gather). The first recorded use of it being applied to witches, however, came much later, in the 1662 trial of Isobel Gowdie , which described a coven of thirteen members. Even then, the word remained largely unused in English until 1921, when Margaret Murray promoted the idea, now much disputed, that historically all witches across Europe met in groups of thirteen which they called �covens�.
The number of witches in a coven may vary, and any meeting of three or more can be considered a coven. Twenty is often considered a rule-of-thumb maximum, although covens of up to sixty are not unheard of. Some covens limit membership to thirteen, possibly in deference to Murray 's theories, and possibly on the grounds that this is the maximum number which can be comfortably accommodated in the traditional 9-foot circle . However, some groups consider that a coven of as many as thirteen can lead to unwieldy group dynamics and an unfair burden on the leadership.
A coven usually has one or two leaders, known as the High Priestess and/or High Priest, and each coven is usually autonomous and makes its own decisions (depending on the particular tradition it follows). Some covens are very democratic in their practices; some are very hierarchical, strongly regimented and autocratically run. When a coven grows too large to be manageable, it may split or "hive". In Wicca , a newly made High Priest or High Priestess (with 3rd Degree ordination) may also leave to start their own coven, and strike off in new directions.
Alex Sanders' coven practising "skyclad" (1968) (from http://red-witch.blogspot.com/ )
Many covens (called initiatory covens) require that the leaders initiate new members before they can be considered part of the group or tradition , which usually involves some kind of formal induction ceremony and oath of loyalty after the prospective member has carried out the required level of study (often for the traditional year-and-a-day). Other covens operate on a self-initiation basis, or accept initiates from other groups or traditions .
Some covens work in robes, some in modified street clothing, and a few go �skyclad� or naked. Some are �teaching covens� and are happy to take on newcomers; others prefer to keep to the current membership and aim to develop a closer family-type relationship. Some �open covens�, or those with an �inner circle� and �outer circle�, allow interested outsiders to get a taste of coven practice without committing themselves. Some covens are gender-segregated, although most are open to both sexes and often try to maintain a more or less even balance of male and female members.
Many covens also have some system of degrees or ranks based on the level of expertise or experience of the members (although these vary significantly between traditions ). Typical degree divisions might be: Neophyte (a student preparing for basic initiation as a witch); First Degree (a witch who has been initiated, but has not yet undertaken any advanced study); Second Degree (a witch who has an intermediate knowledge of the craft, which in some traditions may also confer priesthood); Third Degree (a witch who has studied the craft in depth, and is capable of teaching others and/or serving as High Priest/High Priestess); Elder (in some traditions , a witch of advanced knowledge and who has been active for a number of years).
| Coven |
Which priests first celebrated Halloween? | Reclaiming: Witchcraft FAQ
Can visitors come to a Witch's religious service?
1. What is Witchcraft or Wicca?
Witchcraft is a religion. Historically, Wicca is one type of Witchcraft, but recently the term "Wicca" is sometimes applied to Witchcraft in general. These days in the United States, people who practice this religion may call themselves Witches or Wiccans. It is an earth-based religion, in some ways similar to Native American spirituality. The religion of Witchcraft or Wicca is recognized by most state governments, the federal government, and the United States Armed Forces. Courts have recognized the right of prisoners to practice this religion on an equal basis with other religions.
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2. Is Witchcraft new?
Yes and no. It is a modern religion, but it is partly based on what we know about the beliefs and practices of people in Old Europe, centuries before Christianity, Judaism, or Islam. Many Witches are very interested in reaching way, way back in human history -- as far as 25,000 years ago, because they believe that in those times, religion in the Middle East and Europe was based on the idea the earth itself is sacred, and that divine power exists in everything in nature. But modern Witches also blend ideas and practices from many times and cultures, which is a modern thing to do. Also, we add our own understanding and new interpretations to old traditions, and create new forms of religious practice that are appropriate for today.
Sometimes people call Witchcraft, "the Old Religion" because they believe it is connected to the beliefs of people in pre-Christian Europe. Witchcraft is part of what is called "Neo-Paganism," which is a modern trend in Canada, the United States and Europe. Neo-Pagans are people who are exploring nature-based religious traditions which have historical roots in pre-Christian European culture. Other modern Pagans include, for example, Druids, Church of All Worlds, Feraferia, and Radical Faery.
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3. Why do you call yourselves Witches?
The word 'Witch" is a very powerful word. Witches have chosen to use it, even though we realize that it sometimes causes misunderstanding.
The attitude toward the word "witch" in wider society is paradoxical. On the one hand, most people will say they do not "believe in witches." Yet they react strongly, even fearfully, when they learn that someone is a Witch. Some of the explanation must be the influence of Hollywood and certain fairy tales that describe witches as ugly old women with evil intentions and supernatural powers.
Although there is debate among scholars about this subject, most Witches believe that for thousands of years in Europe, the people in a village known as "witches" were highly respected women whom everyone consulted for advice about illness, injury, childbirth, and even emotional troubles. They were mainly women, and they had special knowledge about herbs and various kinds of remedies. They were protectors of human life, and also loved, protected and respected animals and plants.
Using the word "Witch," then, reflects admiration for the role that modern Witches believe these people of ancient times played in the life of their communities and a desire to be like them. Also, using this word reminds everyone that long ago, in European culture, there were women with special knowledge and skills and the power to heal and help -- so as the word, "'Witch," is reclaimed, we hope at the same time to reclaim some of this very positive power of women.
Note that both women and men are called "Witch," and most Witches do not generally use terms such as "warlock" or "male witch" for men.
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4. Do Witches believe in God?
Yes and no. We do not believe in a father-figure who lives in some place other than earth, and who rewards and punishes people. But we do use the word "god." More often, though, we use the word "goddess." For Witches these two words mean something very different from how people in the Christian, Jewish, or Muslim faiths use them.
The earth is the most familiar and beloved part of the universe to humans, spinning in the sky like all the planets and stars, its origins and destiny unknown and possibly unknowable. The earth is literally the source of life and when we die our bodies return to the earth, so it is through the earth that we are connected to the mystery and beauty of the cosmos. We believe that our most important lessons come from nature, since that is what surrounds us, and we are part of it. For us, the earth is sacred, meaning something to be cherished and given our highest respect, and worth dedicating our lives to protecting. We call the earth "the Mother," and "the Goddess."
The "God" is a very different concept; it means all that lives, grows, and dies -- so that includes all plants and animals. Sometimes the sun represents the God because every year it grows bright in the summer, and fades (or dies) in the winter.
Obviously, both men and women have both God and Goddess energy in them. Many things in nature are associated with aspects of the Goddess and the God. A mountain may represent the Goddess and the power to endure, to sustain strength. A snake, which can shed its skin, also represents the Goddess and the power to transform, while an egg may represent the eternal cycle of life, death and rebirth. The "Horned God" refers to animals with horns and antlerssheep, goats, deerand represents that aspect of our own natures which is wild and untamed. The "Green One" refers to the young God, the new grasses and plants in springtime, and represents our own powers of tenderness and vulnerability as well as the miracle of rebirth and rejuvenation.
Often, Witches today call on the Goddess or the God using names that come from other historical periods, and other cultures, especially Celtic, Greek, and Roman -- but some Witches also use the names of Egyptian, African, Scandinavian, Native American, Chinese, and Indian gods and goddesses. This is a very modern phenomenon, since obviously, a woman living in a small village in Scotland 500 years ago would probably not have known about the religions of these other cultures. But for modern Witches, discovering the many connected concepts in various spiritual traditions, and feeling that we are sharing an understanding of the sacredness of nature, and of spiritual power, with other cultures and other times has become a basic part of our religious life. We try to be extremely careful not to "rip off" other people's spiritual practices: we do not imitate other religions, but we recognize that different cultures always affect each other when they come in contact, so we are open to the influence of other religions which are harmonious with ours.
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5. Do Witches worship Satan?
No. Witches don't even believe in Satan. It might be that, during the Inquisition, the Inquisitors confused their idea of the Devil with the Witches' idea of the Horned God but that concept is actually related to animal life and has nothing to do with an evil god or spirit who causes harm. (Satanism is a completely different religion from Witchcraft, but articles in newspapers and magazines often confuse the two, or think they are the same thing. Some of the confusion may arise from the fact that the symbol of the pentacle, a five-pointed star enclosed in a circle, is an important symbol in both religions. Most witches use the pentacle with one point at the top, although a few use the "inverted" pentacle, with two points of the star at the top. The "inverted" star is generally used in Satanism.)
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6. Do Witches have a Bible?
No. There is no single sacred text that all Witches read or believe contains divine truth. Some specific Traditions within the Craft may have a particular book or text which is used by adherents of that Tradition, or which contains authoritative teaching, or is required reading. However, any book calling itself a "Bible" for Witches is not an especially sacred book for all witches, like the Bible for Christians, or the Koran for Muslims, or the Torah for Jews. Generally it is just a title that the publisher or author hoped would sell books.
Many Witches have read and been influenced by books written by various authors about Witchcraft and magic. (A Bibliography page for the Reclaiming Website is currently under construction.) Some Witches also draw on the research and writings of people in other fields of study, including history, anthropology, philosophy, feminist theory, and even biology and other sciences. Since Witchcraft is a nature religion, many Witches study plant and animal life. But many Witches do not rely on reading at all for learning about their religion. They may learn from other Witches, or may draw on their own direct experiences and what they learn through their own religious practice, either alone or with their covens or with their wider community.
Many Witches or covens have their own personal journal, usually called a "Book of Shadows" in which they record things that are important to their religious understanding and growth.
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7. Do Witches sacrifice animals or humans?
No. There are religions that do animal sacrifice, but Witchcraft is not one of them. Most Witches love animals, and have beloved pets. Many Witches work for animal rights, and are against using animals in experiments. Many Witches are vegetarians. As for sacrificing people - that's ridiculous - of course not.
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8. Do Witches believe in good and bad?
Yes. One of our most basic rules is: Harm no-one, and you may do as you wish. (The traditional words are: "An (meaning "if") it harm none, do what ye will.") It sounds simple, but this law requires us to consider the consequences of our actions very carefully. Under this principle comes one of our favorite sayings of the Goddess: "All acts of love and pleasure are my rituals."
In the natural order of things, a person is born, grows to become adult, and eventually dies in old age. Anything we do that protects this natural order is good. So this includes things like: taking good care of our children; doing scientific research to find better medicines; driving safely; protecting our bodies; protecting the environment. When something interferes with the natural cycle of birth, maturity, and natural death, it is bad - for example: starvation; war; murder; drug or alcohol abuse; car accidents; pollution.
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9. What do Witches mean by spirit?
The Spirit is the Center of the Circle: it is life, which is created by the elements of Air, Fire, Water and Earth. In our belief system, life is part of a continuous circle with death. We sing, "Air I am, Fire I am, Water, Earth and Spirit I am." We also sing, "We are a Circle within a Circle, with no beginning and never ending." Many Witches also believe the Spirit is our consciousness that exists independent of our bodies, and that lives forever.
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10. Do Witches believe in an afterlife?
Yes, most Witches believe in some form of reincarnation, or rebirth -- either in the sense that we all get recycled because everything comes from the earth and our bodies go back into the earth when we die, or in the sense that our individual identity, our spirit, becomes connected to a new person or life-form. Witches do not believe in heaven or hell.
Most Witches would acknowledge that they cannot prove their beliefs one way or another, so we call this area of belief an area of Mystery. But most Witches would agree with this song: "It's the blood of the ancients that runs through our veins, and the forms pass, but the circle of life remains." We are all aware of our connections with our ancestors, and of the fact that, in some sense, we will live in our descendants.
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11. Are there different kinds of Witches?
Yes. Just as there are Catholics, Baptists, Presbyterians, Russian Orthodox, Quaker, Pentecostal, and many other sects of Christianity and there are Conservative, Reform and Hassidic Jews, and Shiite, Fundamentalist, and liberal Muslims, Witches belong to dozens of different sects, which we call "Traditions." Just to name a few, there are: New Reformed Order of the Golden Dawn; Gardnerian; Faery; Celtic. The Reclaiming Tradition is a feminist and relatively non-hierarchical tradition which began on the West Coast of California. [For more information, go to our " About Reclaiming " page for two articles on Reclaiming Tradition history.]
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12. Do Witches practice black magic?
No. When people say "black magic" what they really mean is "evil magic." It is unethical for a Witch to use magic to do something that she could not ethically do by other means if they were available.
Most Witches do not generally think of magic itself as "black" or "white." What we do believe is that a person's intention is the most important thing. And most Witches are extremely reluctant to put out harmful energy, because of the Threefold Law, which says that "everything you do comes back to you three times."
What about "putting a hex" on someone? Well, if there is a rapist in the neighborhood, a group of Witches might want to restrain him, to keep him from doing further harm, or even to assist the authorities to arrest him. They might get together to try to use their psychic energy to do that. This is a form of hexing because it is trying to keep the rapist from doing something he wants to do. Actually, the "magic" Witches would do in those circumstances is not very different from Christians or Jews "praying" for the same purposes. In both cases, we are using our minds to call on the spirits and powers we believe in, with the intention of affecting something in the world.
During the Inquisition, thousands and thousands of innocent people were accused of "hexing" whenever anything went wrong -- if a baby had a birth defect, or the cows got sick, or the rains were late. Witches believe that such events were probably used as excuses to persecute and get rid of the powerful women in the villages. People became so hysterical that many other people were also killed, even children. It is painful & sometimes frightening to modern Witches that such prejudice and ignorance are still alive today.
Of course some particular person could have evil intentions and really do something bad, or even misuse this religion. This is unusual, and tragic when it happens. It is important to remember that usually, when somebody who commits a crime turns out to be Catholic, or Protestant, or Jewish nobody thinks it is because of their religion they did something bad. Usually the religion of a criminal is not mentioned.
Generally, if you hear of somebody making a dramatic public display of being a "Witch" with evil powers, that person is not accepted by real Witches as a sincere and responsible member of the religion. Most real Witches are embarrassed by such people, and upset about the harm they cause by encouraging negative stereotypes. But they are not considered powerful or dangerous otherwise.
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13. What is a coven?
A coven, or a circle, is a small group of Witches who meet regularly to practice their religion. It may be that traditionally a coven had 13 members, but nowadays it could have fewer or more. Some Traditions have strict rules about how covens are organized and others have no rules at all about this.
Some covens are all women, or all men; others are mixed. Some are hierarchical with priests or priestesses or leaders with other titles; some are lineage-based; some are affinity-based; and some make their own rules about who can join. Many covens prefer to keep their own way of doing things secret. Members of a coven often become extremely close to each other, and may consider each other as family.
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14. Does Witchcraft have priests or ministers?
Yes. In some Traditions, everyone is considered to be a Priest or Priestess, and in others only certain people are given that title. Some traditions have a hierarchy and recognize only a few people, or one person, as High Priest or High Priestess, or equivalent title. There is no uniform system of training or accreditation which is used by all Traditions.
The Covenant of the Goddess (called "COG") is an organization of many covens and circles and is officially recognized in most states as a church or religious organization. It issues legally recognized clergy credentials to qualified people and a Priestess or Priest with these credentials can perform a legally recognized marriage.
Priestesses and Priests also lead many other rites of passage, celebrations and rituals, for example: Funerals; Healing Rituals; Welcomings and Naming Ceremonies for babies; Coming of Age rituals to honor girls when they begin to menstruate, and for boys when they are old enough to be recognized as young men. A "Handfasting" ritual is a ceremony of commitment and/or marriage (legally recognized or not) which may be performed for a mixed-sex or same-sex couple or for alliances of more than two people.
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15. What kind of People are Witches?
It is just as difficult to say who the Witches are, as to say who the Jews, or Muslims, or Catholics, or Protestants are. We are waitresses, secretaries, carpenters, lawyers, prisoners, mechanics, soldiers, grandmothers, computer programmers, theologians, gardeners, teachers, etc. We are men and women, young and old. Most Witches are of European descent, but some are African-American, Asian-American, Pacific Islanders, Chicanas, mixed race, etc. Some are disabled, some are athletes or dancers. Basically, anybody can be a Witch.
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16. How do people join?
Everyone has to find her or his own spiritual path, and often the path into the Craft is difficult to find. Although there are hundreds of books available and many websites, most Witches are very quiet about their religion. They do not believe in trying to convert people. Those who find their way into the Craft have generally made a significant effort to do so.
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17. Can visitors come to a Witch's religious service?
Coven meetings are almost never open to outsiders, although some may, rarely, allow outsiders to attend by invitation.
Larger religious services are generally called "rituals" and most are private events open only to those personally invited. Some Traditions do have rituals that are open to the public and held in a public place. Public rituals in the Reclaiming Tradition are announced on the Reclaiming website.
Visitors are welcome to public rituals as long as they come with a respectful attitude (see Ritual Etiquette - ecell), and especially if they would welcome a Witch to visit their own worship service. They will understand more if they read a little first, but it is not necessary. Visitors must be willing to participate with an open mind and heart. It is not usually appropriate just to stand around and watch, unless they are disabled and physically unable to participate.
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Which famous actor in the film 'Ghostbusters' also co-wrote the film? | Dan Aykroyd: new Ghostbusters is funnier and scarier than original films | Film | The Guardian
Ghostbusters (2016)
Dan Aykroyd: new Ghostbusters is funnier and scarier than original films
Actor who co-wrote and starred in first two movies in comedy franchise has praised reboot, after trailer received heavy criticism
‘I’m paying to see that’ ... Dan Aykroyd. Photograph: Allstar/Universal Pictures/Sportsphoto Ltd
Tuesday 31 May 2016 04.34 EDT
Last modified on Thursday 7 July 2016 05.35 EDT
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Original Ghostbuster Dan Aykroyd has claimed the controversial new Ghostbusters movie is funnier and scarier than the 1984 film after viewing test footage.
Is Ghostbusters the unfortunate victim of Hollywood hitting peak reboot?
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Aykroyd played Raymond Stantz in the first Ghostbusters and its 1989 sequel. He also came up with the original idea for the spooky saga, and co-wrote the screenplay for both earlier movies.
“As originator of the original: Saw test screening of new movie,” the Canadian actor wrote on Facebook . “Apart from brilliant, genuine performances from the cast both female and male, it has more laughs and more scares than the first 2 films plus Bill Murray is in it! As one of millions of man-fans and Ray Stantz, I’m paying to see that and bringing all my friends!”
Aykroyd has been a key supporter of the reboot, which sees Melissa McCarthy, Kristen Wiig, Leslie Jones and Kate McKinnon as the new quartet of ghost hunters. He is due to take a cameo in the new film alongside surviving fellow Ghostbusters Murray (the original film’s Peter Venkman) and Ernie Hudson (Winston Zeddemore).
Director Paul Feig has dismissed controversy over the casting of four women in the lead roles as “vile, misogynistic shit”, but an early trailer for the reboot became the most disliked in YouTube history last month.
Marketing executives have been called out for apparently spiriting away the new female quartet from packaging for some merchandise tie-ins. And there was a separate row over the casting of the African American comic Jones as a supposedly stereotypical “street-smart New Yorker” in March.
Ghostbusters opens in the US and UK on 15 July.
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Which Yorkshire fishing/seaside town features in the 1897 novel, Dracula? | Bill Murray - Film Actor, Radio Personality, Television Actor - Biography.com
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quotes
“I think all phases of one's career are serious if you take it seriously no matter if you are doing high profile dramatic pieces or not.”
“Movie acting suits me because I only need to be good for ninety seconds at a time.”
Bill Murray
Bill Murray - Voice of a Generation (TV-14; 1:51) Ivan Reitman talks about Bill Murray's ironic way of speaking and how it represents his generation.
Synopsis
Born in 1950 in Illinois, Bill Murray eventually relocated to New York City, where he took his comedic talents to radio's National Lampoon Hour. In 1975, he was in an off-Broadway spin-off of the comedy radio show when Howard Cosell recruited him for a show called Saturday Night Live. Meanwhile, Lorne Michaels had his own Saturday Night Live running concurrently, and when Murray joined the cast in 1976, he began crafting the comedic persona that became his calling card for many films to come, from Stripes to Caddyshack. In his later career, Murray took on more seriocomic roles in many of director Wes Anderson 's movies, as well as Sofia Coppola ’s Lost in Translation (2003), which earned him an Oscar nomination for best actor.
Early Life
Actor and comedian Bill Murray was born William J. Murray on September 21, 1950, in Wilmette, Illinois. The fifth of nine children, Murray was a self-proclaimed troublemaker, whether it was getting kicked out of Little League or being arrested at age 20 for attempting to smuggle close to nine pounds of marijuana through Chicago's O'Hare Airport. In an attempt to find direction in his life, he joined his older brother, Brian Doyle-Murray, in the cast of Chicago's Second City improvisational comedy troupe.
'Saturday Night Live'
He eventually relocated to New York City, where he took his comedic talents on air in the radio show National Lampoon Hour (1973-74) alongside Dan Aykroyd , Gilda Radner and John Belushi . In 1975, both Murray brothers were in an off-Broadway spin-off of the radio show when Bill was spotted by sportscaster Howard Cosell, who recruited him for the cast of his ABC variety program Saturday Night Live With Howard Cosell (1975-76). On NBC, a program also named Saturday Night Live (1975- ) was creating a much bigger sensation. A year later, producer Lorne Michaels tapped Murray to replace Chevy Chase , who had moved on to pursue a film career.
It was on the set of Saturday Night Live that Murray created the sleazy, insincere comedic character that became his calling card for many films to come. He also earned an Emmy award for Outstanding Writing for his work on the show. It didn't take long for Murray to move from the small screen to the big screen, and his first major film role was in the 1979 box office hit Meatballs. This was followed by the biographical flop Where the Buffalo Roam (1980), in which Murray starred as gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson .
Blockbuster Comedies and Hiatus
Murray redeemed himself later that year by going back to his comedic roots with the cult classic Caddyshack. He continued with a string of successes on film, such as in the army farce Stripes (1981), Tootsie (1982) and Ghostbusters (1984), the latter of which co-starred Aykroyd and Harold Ramis . The comedy was one of the decade's biggest hits, earning almost $300 million worldwide and spawning a sequel, a cartoon series, action figures and even a chart-topping theme song.
Murray's next move caught loyal fans off guard. He starred in and co-wrote an adaptation of the Somerset Maugham novel The Razor's Edge in 1984, which had been a lifelong dream. The hairpin turn from farce to literary drama proved too sharp, and the film was a failure. Murray spent the next several years away from Hollywood, only making a cameo appearance in the 1986 musical comedy Little Shop of Horrors.
Comeback
Murray finally made his comeback in 1988 with Scrooged, a darkly comedic version of Charles Dickens 's A Christmas Carol. While it performed moderately well, it was not the smash many predicted—nor was 1989's Ghostbusters II. But Scrooged went on to become a holiday classic, and it runs seemingly around the clock at Christmastime. In 1991, Murray starred in What About Bob?, which was an unqualified hit, followed by the equally acclaimed Groundhog Day in 1993 and Ed Wood in 1994.
'Tenenbaums' and 'Translation'
In 1998, Murray played what many believed to be one of his finest roles in Wes Anderson's Rushmore. As a business tycoon competing with an eccentric 15-year-old for the affections of a first grade teacher, Murray won Best Supporting Actor from both the New York Film Critics Circle and the National Society of Film Critics. The film's success helped put the actor back at the forefront, and Murray was added to Anderson's stable of go-to actors. Murray drew further exposure that year from his appearance as a sleazy lawyer in the controversial Wild Things.
In 1999, he appeared in Tim Robbins 's Cradle Will Rock and in 2000 he played the affably dense Bosley in the Charlie's Angels remake. In 2001, he once again gained critical praise for his role in Anderson's The Royal Tenenbaums. In 2003, Murray signed on to voice Garfield in Fox's live-action adaptation of the comic-strip feline and teamed up yet again with director Anderson for the offbeat comedy The Life Aquatic With Steve Zissou (2004). The same year, Murray received an Academy Award nomination for his starring role in Sofia Coppola's Lost in Translation (2003).
For his next performance, Murray made a cameo in the Anderson film The Darjeeling Limited (2007), following that with starring turns in the comedy film Get Smart and the children's adventure film City of Ember (2008). In 2009, continuing his work in the realm of dramas, he starred in Jim Jarmusch 's The Limits of Control.
Recent Roles
More recently, Murray earned rave reviews for his portrayal of Franklin D. Roosevelt in Hyde Park on Hudson (2012). The film follows Roosevelt's relationship with his distant cousin and confidante Margaret Stuckley ( Laura Linney ). He also reunited with Anderson for a role in Moonrise Kingdom that same year.
Murray was also in Anderson's next film, The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014) with Jude Law and Ralph Fiennes , as well as The Monuments Men (2014) with George Clooney , Matt Damon and John Goodman . Murray was also nominated for a lead actor Golden Globe for his role in the comedy St. Vincent (2014), co-starring Melissa McCarthy and Naomi Watts . That same year he starred as Jack Kennison in the acclaimed HBO miniseries Olive Kitteridge, for which he earned his second Emmy Award. In 2015, Murray was seen in the comedy Rock the Kasbah portraying a music manager who starts to handle the career of an Afghani teen.
Personal Life
Murray was married to Margaret "Mickey" Kelley from 1981 to 1994. They have two sons, Homer and Luke. In 1997, he married Jennifer Butler, with whom he has four sons: Jackson, Cal, Cooper and Lincoln. They divorced in 2008.
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In which year did Gaston Leroux write the novel The Phantom of the Opera? | Gaston Leroux (Author of The Phantom of the Opera)
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Gaston Louis Alfred Leroux was a French journalist and author of detective fiction.
In the English-speaking world, he is best known for writing the novel The Phantom of the Opera (Le Fantôme de l'Opéra, 1910), which has been made into several film and stage productions of the same name, such as the 1925 film starring Lon Chaney, and Andrew Lloyd Webber's 1986 musical. It was also the basis of the 1990 novel Phantom by Susan Kay.
Leroux went to school in Normandy and studied law in Paris, graduating in 1889. He inherited millions of francs and lived wildly until he nearly reached bankruptcy. Then in 1890, he began working as a court reporter and theater critic for L'Écho de Paris. His most important journalism came when he began working as an Gaston Louis Alfred Leroux was a French journalist and author of detective fiction.
In the English-speaking world, he is best known for writing the novel The Phantom of the Opera (Le Fantôme de l'Opéra, 1910), which has been made into several film and stage productions of the same name, such as the 1925 film starring Lon Chaney, and Andrew Lloyd Webber's 1986 musical. It was also the basis of the 1990 novel Phantom by Susan Kay.
Leroux went to school in Normandy and studied law in Paris, graduating in 1889. He inherited millions of francs and lived wildly until he nearly reached bankruptcy. Then in 1890, he began working as a court reporter and theater critic for L'Écho de Paris. His most important journalism came when he began working as an international correspondent for the Paris newspaper Le Matin. In 1905 he was present at and covered the Russian Revolution. Another case he was present at involved the investigation and deep coverage of an opera house in Paris, later to become a ballet house. The basement consisted of a cell that held prisoners in the Paris Commune, which were the rulers of Paris through much of the Franco-Prussian war.
He suddenly left journalism in 1907, and began writing fiction. In 1909, he and Arthur Bernède formed their own film company, Société des Cinéromans to simultaneously publish novels and turn them into films. He first wrote a mystery novel entitled Le mystère de la chambre jaune (1908; The Mystery of the Yellow Room), starring the amateur detective Joseph Rouletabille. Leroux's contribution to French detective fiction is considered a parallel to Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's in the United Kingdom and Edgar Allan Poe's in America. Leroux died in Nice on April 15, 1927, of a urinary tract infection.
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Who played 'Countess Dracula' in the 1971 film of the same name? | Gaston Leroux - Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read Online. Discuss.
Gaston Leroux
Biography of Gaston Leroux
Gaston Leroux (1868-1927), French journalist and author wrote Le Fant�me de l'Op�ra; The Phantom of the Opera (1910);
Suddenly the dressing-room door opened and the maid came out by herself, carrying bundles. He stopped her and asked how her mistress was. The woman laughed and said that she was quite well, but that he must not disturb her, for she wished to be left alone. And she passed on. One idea alone filled Raoul's burning brain: of course, Daae wished to be left alone for him! Had he not told her that he wanted to speak to her privately?
Hardly breathing, he went up to the dressing-room and, with his ear to the door to catch her reply, prepared to knock. But his hand dropped. He had heard a man's voice in the dressing-room, saying, in a curiously masterful tone:
"Christine, you must love me!"
And Christine's voice, infinitely sad and trembling, as though accompanied by tears, replied:
"How can you talk like that? When I sing only for you!"--Ch. 2
Daae's triumphant night is marked by shadowy events surrounding the "Opera Ghost"; her and Raoul are led down into the dark depths of Paris's Op�ra Garnier and the haunted realm of the human heart, their love tested over and over again. Set in the 19th century, Leroux's now most-famous novel, written in gripping journalistic style, was first serialised in the French newspaper Le Gaulois in 1909 and other newspapers in Europe and North America. It was first translated to English in 1911 by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos (1865-1921). A notable example in the Gothic genre with illustrations by Andr� Castaigne, it was not popular when first published. However the 1925 black and white film starring Lon Chaney as Erik "The Angel of Music" and Mary Philbin as Christine Daae brought the novel much over-due attention. Phantom has now been translated to numerous languages and inspired many adaptations to film and stage, Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical version being the longest-running New York Broadway production to-date.
Gaston Louis Alfred Leroux was born on 6 May 1868 in Paris, France, son of Marie Alphonsine and Julien Leroux. His grandparents owned a ship-building company in the small coastal village of St. Valery-en-Caux in Normandy, France, where he resided with his parents. He loved the life of sailing and fishing, and early on knew he wanted to become a writer. Young Gaston attended school in Caen, writing poetry, short stories, and studying the works of Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas pere . He then travelled to Paris where he studied law. He obtained his degree in 1889 but at that point, after years of study, he was no longer interested in the profession, although his knowledge would serve him well in future writing.
He next obtained a position as court reporter, drama critic and journalist, travelling abroad and writing articles for L'Echo de Paris and Le Matin. One of his articles described the 1896 events surrounding the death of a patron at the Paris Opera House when one of the chandelier's counterweights fell. After his father's death in 1889 Gaston was left a considerable inheritance, which he promptly went about spending, acquiring a taste for good food and wine and gambling. In 1899 he married Marie Lefranc, but it was not to last. While in Switzerland in 1902 he met Jeanne Cayatte with whom he had two children, Alfred Gaston and Madeleine. Gaston and Jeanne married in 1917.
As a noted reporter, Leroux attended trials, interviewed prisoners, and witnessed executions by guillotine, but he also travelled the world to such far away ports as Russia, Asia, and Africa and thus acquired a first-hand view of some remarkable events of his time. While he also dabbled as playwright he had also been working on novels for many years, such as Seeking of the Morning's Treasures (1903) and his first "locked room mystery" featuring reporter Joseph Rouletabille The Mystery of the Yellow Room (1908). The seven book series also includes The Perfume of the Lady in Black (1909) and The Secret of the Night (1914). His first novel in his Ch�ri-Bibi series was published in 1913, followed by such titles as The Veiled Prisoner (1923) and The Dark Road (1924).
Inspired by the works of Edgar Allan Poe , Stendhal, and Arthur Conan Doyle , Leroux wrote numerous novels of adventure, mystery, and horror, but also romance and fantasy. Other works by Leroux include The Queen of the Sabbath (1909), The Double Life (1904), The Bride of the Sun (1915), The Man Who Came Back From the Dead (1916), Balaoo (1913), The Haunted Chair (1922), The Kiss that Killed (1924), The Machine to Kill (1924), and The Adventures of a Coquette (1926).
Gaston Leroux died at the age of fifty-nine, on 15 April 1927 at his home in Nice, France. He now rests in the Cimeti�re du Ch�teau in Nice, France.
Biography written by C. D. Merriman for Jalic Inc. Copyright Jalic Inc. 2009. All Rights Reserved.
The above biography is copyrighted. Do not republish it without permission.
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Who played Doctor Watson in the 1959 Hammer Horror classic The Hound of The Baskervilles? | The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959) directed by Terence Fisher • Reviews, film + cast • Letterboxd
Peter Cushing makes for a quite fine Sherlock Holmes, however this is probably far from the best adaptation of The Hound of the Baskervilles and I should definitely try to see the Basil Rathbone version one of these days.
Blindspot Blog Post: www.skonmovies.com/2016/12/blindspot-2016-classic-horror-hound-of.html
Review by dadgumblah ★★★★
Hammer remake of the Sir Arthur Conan Doyle classic story is a great movie on its own merits, with Peter Cushing making an excellent Sherlock Holmes, André Morell quite fine as Doctor Watson, and Christopher Lee very good as Sir Henry Baskerville. Francis De Wolff also gives a very good performance as the helpful but very grumpy Doctor Mortimer. This is the familiar tale of Holmes and Watson investigating the supposed centuries-old curse on the Baskerville family by a legendary hound from hell. Cushing, methinks, is every bit as good as Basil Rathbone in playing Holmes, although he only did the one film. However he did sixteen television episodes as Holmes in the U.K., which I have yet to see. Hammer does a very lush job as usual with this being the first color film of a Holmes movie. Their production values are also awesome as usual. Great stuff!
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In what year did the infamous Jack the Ripper terrify the population of east London? | The Hound of The Baskervilles – UK Horror Scene
The Hound of The Baskervilles (1959)
Directed by Terence Fisher
Starring Peter Cushing, Christopher Lee, André Morell
Runtime – 87 minutes
Out NOW on Blu-Ray from Arrow Video
The Hound of The Baskervilles was written by Arthur Conan Doyle in 1902 and was the third story to feature the London detective, Sherlock Holmes. This film version is the first colour outing for Holmes, it is also the first time he was portrayed by the superb gent Peter Cushing, he later went on to star in a Sherlock Holmes TV series in 1968 where once again he dealt with the Hound, he also went on to star as Conan Doyle in the TV Movie, The Great Houdini 1976.
This is a classic tale of a mysterious curse on the aristocratic Baskerville family but given a make over by the Hammer Horror team. Yes, things have changed from the novel, but that happens in nearly every adaptation and the changes here only add to the effectiveness that allows this telling of a classic to stand above the rest.
The film begins with doctor Richard Mortimer (Francis De Wolff) telling Holmes the history of the depraved aristocrat Sir Hugo Baskerville (David Oxley) and the devil dog that sealed his fate. Holmes adopts a ‘Just the Facts’ attitude that reminded me of Dan Aykroyd in Dragnet and added an element of authority I have not seen in other incarnations of Holmes. With the arrival of Sir Henry (Christopher Lee) returning to the family estate, events escalate and Holmes tries to protect Hugo believing his life to be in danger, not from a possible hound of hell but something more sinister.
Cushing’s portrayal as the Baker Street enforcer is in my opinion the most definitive, he is less tolerant of others than Basil Rathbone was previously and quite aggressive in his pursuit of justice. It is evident that Cushing had a great fondness for Holmes and brought his passion to the character. This film also hit the nail with the casting of Dr Watson (André Morell) who gives a performance that is less bumbling buffoon and more a competent companion to Holmes, both Cushing and Morell are flawless and the chemistry between them works exceedingly well.
It was such a pleasure to watch Christopher Lee show off his extreme talent as an actor, he excels as the leading man here and not in the usual mantle of monster. It was odd to see him as a romantic interest in this film but again it goes to show that he come from a generation where acting truly was art. The film unfolds with enough suspense and mystery and is very fast paced, never allowing a dull moment, sit back and watch art. The titular monster of this piece, although notin the same category as Hammer’s usual suspects also had a makeover, distancing itself from the book and giving it a unique edge and making it not look out of place in the Hammer catalogue.
This version of The Hound of The Baskervilles is often described as being as being the most critically acclaimed of Hammer’s collection, is this a fair statement? I’d like to say yes! When I think of Hammer Horror, I think of Dracula (1958), The Devil Rides Out (1968), Twins of Evil (1971) and this,The Hound of the Baskervilles, but most importantly it’s the cast, what made Hammer Horror great was the calibre of performers, no one will ever come close to Cushing and Lee. I can hardy believe this film is over 50 years old! Hammer Horror were revolutionary in their time and became as much an icon as its stars.
9 out of 10
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Who was burnt at the stake for witchcraft in 1431? | Joan of Arc - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com
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Joan of Arc’s Early Life
Born around 1412, Jeanne d’Arc (or in English, Joan of Arc) was the daughter of a tenant farmer, Jacques d’Arc, from the village of Domrémy, in northeastern France. She was not taught to read or write, but her pious mother instilled in her a deep love for the Catholic Church and its teachings. At the time, France had long been torn apart by a bitter conflict with England (later known as the Hundred Years’ War), in which England had gained the upper hand. A peace treaty in 1420 disinherited the French crown prince, Charles of Valois, amid accusations of his illegitimacy, and King Henry V was made ruler of both England and France. His son, Henry VI, succeeded him in 1422. Along with its French allies (led by Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy), England occupied much of northern France, and many in Joan’s village, Domrémy, were forced to abandon their homes under threat of invasion.
Did You Know?
In a private audience at his castle at Chinon, Joan of Arc won the future Charles VII over by supposedly revealing information that only a messenger from God could know; the details of this conversation are unknown.
At the age of 13, Joan began to hear voices, which she determined had been sent by God to give her a mission of overwhelming importance: to save France by expelling its enemies, and to install Charles as its rightful king. As part of this divine mission, Joan took a vow of chastity. At the age of 16, after her father attempted to arrange a marriage for her, she successfully convinced a local court that she should not be forced to accept the match.
Joan’s Journey to Orléans
In May 1428, Joan made her way Vaucouleurs, a nearby stronghold of those loyal to Charles. Initially rejected by the local magistrate, Robert de Baudricourt, she persisted, attracting a small band of followers who believed her claims to be the virgin who (according to a popular prophecy) was destined to save France. When Baudricort relented, Joan cropped her hair and dressed in men’s clothes to make the 11-day journey across enemy territory to Chinon, site of the crown prince’s palace.
Joan promised Charles she would see him crowned king at Reims, the traditional site of French royal investiture, and asked him to give her an army to lead to Orléans, then under siege from the English. Against the advice of most of his counselors and generals, Charles granted her request, and Joan set off for Orléans in March of 1429 dressed in white armor and riding a white horse. After sending off a defiant letter to the enemy, Joan led several French assaults against them, driving the Anglo-Burgundians from their bastion and forcing their retreat across the Loire River.
Downfall of Joan of Arc
After such a miraculous victory, Joan’s reputation spread far and wide among French forces. She and her followers escorted Charles across enemy territory to Reims, taking towns that resisted by force and enabling his coronation as King Charles VII in July 1429. Joan argued that the French should press their advantage with an attempt to retake Paris, but Charles wavered, even as his favorite at court, Georges de La Trémoille, warned him that Joan was becoming too powerful. The Anglo-Burgundians were able to fortify their positions in Paris, and turned back an attack led by Joan in September.
In the spring of 1430, the king ordered Joan to confront a Burgundian assault on Compiégne. In her effort to defend the town and its inhabitants, she was thrown from her horse, and was left outside the town’s gates as they closed. The Burgundians took her captive, and brought her amid much fanfare to the castle of Bouvreuil, occupied by the English commander at Rouen.
Joan of Arc: From Witch to Saint
In the trial that followed, Joan was ordered to answer to some 70 charges against her, including witchcraft, heresy and dressing like a man. The Anglo-Burgundians were aiming to get rid of the young leader as well as discredit Charles, who owed his coronation to her. In attempting to distance himself from an accused heretic and witch, the French king made no attempt to negotiate Joan’s release.
In May 1431, after a year in captivity and under threat of death, Joan relented and signed a confession denying that she had ever received divine guidance. Several days later, however, she defied orders by again donning men’s clothes, and authorities pronounced her death sentence. On the morning of May 30, at the age of 19, Joan was taken to the old market place of Rouen and burned at the stake. Her fame only increased after her death, however, and 20 years later a new trial ordered by Charles VII cleared her name. Long before Pope Benedict XV canonized her in 1920, Joan of Arc had attained mythic stature, inspiring numerous works of art and literature over the centuries and becoming the patron saint of France.
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Dame Maggie Smith played which character in Hogwarts? | Famous cases: The trial of Joan of Arc — Brightside
Famous cases: The trial of Joan of Arc
The journey of an illiterate farm girl who became first a soldier then a saint.
In 1429, France was fighting the English in the Hundred Years’ War. The English had captured nearly all of northern France, including Paris, as well as some parts of the southwest. They had laid siege to Orléans, which was the only remaining loyal French city north of the Loire river. Its strategic location made it the last obstacle to an assault on the rest of the French heartland.
In this defeated French court Joan, a 17 year old peasant, appeared. She claimed that Saint Michael, Saint Catherine, and Saint Margaret told her to drive out the English and bring Prince Charles to Reims for his coronation. The French court was so desperate for help that they allowed an illiterate farm girl to take charge of her country’s army.
War criminal or witch?
Amazingly Joan led the French to victory. She captured the city of Orléans and fought her way successfully to Reims, where in 1429 Charles VII was crowned King of France. However on 23rd May 1430, Joan was captured by the English. It was the usual custom for prisoners of war to be ransomed, but Joan’s family had no money and the king failed to intervene.
The English could not understand how they had been defeated by a mere girl, so they decided to try Joan for witchcraft, and turned her over to the Church authority. In addition to the charges of sorcery, heresy and witchcraft, Joan was also tried for the offence of wearing men's clothing.
The Bishop of Beauvais, Pierre Cauchon was appointed as the examiner and judge of the trial. Joan's interrogation lasted many months. Cauchon had hoped she would break and confess, but she did not, and the clerk commissioned to collect testimony against Joan could find no evidence. Yet despite the lack of confession and the lack of evidence the court went ahead with the trial, denying Joan a legal advisor. Under Inquisitorial guidelines, Joan should have been confined to a prison under the supervision of female guards Instead, the English kept her guarded by their own soldiers.
A formidable witness
The trial record demonstrates her remarkable intellect. The transcript's most famous exchange is an exercise in subtlety. Asked if she knew whether she was in God's grace, she answered: 'If I am not, may God put me there; and if I am, may God so keep me.' The question is a scholarly trap. Church doctrine held that no one could be certain of being in God's grace. If she had answered yes, then she would have convicted herself of heresy. If she had answered no, then she would have confessed her own guilt.
Joan had agreed to wear only women’s clothing, however towards the end of the trial she resumed her male clothing, either as a defence against rape or because her clothes were stolen. On this technical issue Joan was charged as a relapsed heretic and on the 30th May 1431 she was burnt at the stake in the marketplace of Rouen.
Correcting the record
Pope Callixtus III authorised a retrial after the war ended at the request of Inquisitor-General Jean Brehal and of Joan's mother. The aim of the retrial was to investigate whether the trial had been handled justly. A panel of theologians analysed testimony from 115 witnesses, and concludes that Joan was a martyr. The panel also concludes that Cauchon was a heretic for having convicted an innocent woman in pursuit of a vendetta.
Nearly 500 years after her death, the Church canonized Joan of Arc. On 9th May 1920, Pope Benedict XV declared her a saint of the Catholic Church.
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"I promise to speak truth on what touches your Case; but the more you constrain me to swear, the later will I tell you."
"That which God had made me do, had commanded or shall command, I will not fail to do for any man alive."
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'No Sleep Till Brooklyn' was a hit single for which group in 1987? | Beastie Boys Blazed Billboard Chart History | Billboard
Beastie Boys Blazed Billboard Chart History
Beastie Boys Blazed Billboard Chart History
B eastie Boys ' Billboard chart history is as eclectic as the group itself.
The trio's (Mike Diamond, Adam Horovitz and the late Adam Yauch) "Licensed to Ill" album made history in 1987 as the first rap album to hit No. 1 on the Billboard 200 chart. The blockbuster set reached the top on March 7, 1987 and spent seven straight weeks at No. 1.
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The album spun off two Billboard Hot 100 hit singles, the No. 7 smash "(You Gotta) Fight For Your Right (To Party!)" and the No. 48-peaking "Brass Monkey." Other tracks from that monumental set also saturated radio, such as "Fight's" B-side "Paul Revere," "Hold It Now, Hit It," "It's the New Style" and "No Sleep Till Brooklyn."
"Licensed to Ill" was a monster seller, spending 73 weeks on the Billboard 200 and selling nine million copies in the U.S. according to the Recording Industry Association of America.
The act continued to release successful albums all the way through last year, with the bow of "Hot Sauce Committee Part Two," which debuted and peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard 200. All told, the group claimed six top 10 albums, with four of those reaching No. 1. After "Licensed to Ill" claimed the pole position, they returned with the chart-toppers "Ill Communication" (1994), "Hello Nasty" (1998) and "To the 5 Boroughs" (2004).
Since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales data in 1991, Beastie Boys have sold 20 million albums -- making them the biggest-selling rap group in that span of time. In the so-called SoundScan-era, "Licensed to Ill" has sold 5.5 million in the U.S. Since the firm began tabulating digital sales in 2003, the Beastie Boys have moved 5.9 million song downloads. Unsurprisingly, their biggest selling download is "Fight For Your Right," with 746,000 sold.
After the breakthrough with "Fight For Your Right," Beastie Boys would occasionally return to the Hot 100 chart later in their career, but found success on many genre charts. Throughout its career, the band placed hits on the Pop Songs, Alternative, Rap, Mainstream Rock, Dance/Club Play Songs and R&B/Hip-Hop charts.
On the Alternative tally, the group hit No. 1 once, with 2004's "Ch-Check It Out" from the "To the 5 Boroughs" album. Over on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, they tallied top 40 hits with "It's the New Style" (No. 22 in 1986) and "Paul Revere" (No. 34 in 1987). And on the Dance/Club Songs chart, they managed a total of four hits, going as high as No. 15 with the funky "Hey Ladies" in 1989. "Ladies" was also a No. 10 Rap hit for the act in 1989.
Beastie Boys' Top Five Billboard Hot 100 Hits:
Rank - Title - (Year) - Hot 100 Peak Position
1. "(You Gotta) Fight For Your Right (To Party!)" - 1987 - No. 7
2. "Intergalactic" - 1998 - No. 28
3. "Hey Ladies" - 1989 - No. 36
4. "Brass Monkey" - 1987 - No. 48
5. "Ch-Check It Out" - 2004 - No. 68
Beastie Boys' top Hot 100 hits ranking is based on actual performance on the weekly Billboard Hot 100 chart. Songs are ranked based on an inverse point system, with weeks at No. 1 earning the greatest value and weeks at No. 100 earning the least. To ensure equitable representation of the biggest hits from each era, certain time frames were weighted to account for the difference between turnover rates from those years.
| Beastie Boys |
What was the original name of Cliff Richard's backing group The Shadows before they realised there was already an American group with the same name? | Beastie Boys - No Sleep till Brooklyn. Song online and lyrics.
Beastie Boys
Beastie Boys - No Sleep till Brooklyn
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Beastie Boys
Listen online Beastie Boys - No Sleep till Brooklyn song for free from 1987.08.20 - Madison Square Garden, New York (Split) album. This song has lots of fans! Right now you can enjoy Beastie Boys - No Sleep till Brooklyn lyrics. If you like Beastie Boys music, listen other songs on Tidido.com
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Who had a 1983 hit with 'Too Shy'? | Kajagoogoo - Too Shy - Top of the Pops 1983 - YouTube
Kajagoogoo - Too Shy - Top of the Pops 1983
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Uploaded on Dec 9, 2008
TOTP 1983
| Kajagoogoo |
Which real-life Russian did Boney M sing about in 1978? | The Year in Music - 1983
The Year in Music - 1983
Boy George, Cyndi Lauper, George Strait
By 1983 the "New Music" of the Eighties -- a blend of rock, soul, disco and reggae wrapped in synth -- had become well-established, and record sales were up after a long slump that had started in the late 1970s. According to TIME Magazine, a "diverse but irresistible mix of sounds has brought the kids back not only to the record racks but to the clubs and concerts as well." A plethora of new acts had injected life into the music industry, with a lot of help from MTV, which by September of this year was reaching over 15 million households. Many of the new acts came from overseas -- in fact, it could be said that a second "British Invasion" occurred in the early Eighties, with groups like The Human League, Soft Cell, Culture Club, Duran Duran, A Flock of Seagulls and the Thompson Twins setting the electropop parameters. Australian groups like Men at Work and INXS were also beginning to fare quite well in America. On the dance floor, David Bowie's "Let's Dance" and Michael Jackson's "Billie Jean" defined the post-disco beat. Last year, rock radio had been playing 75% rock classics; this year they played 75% new music.
MTV's five "vee-jays" -- Nina Blackwood, Mark Goodman, Alan Hunter, J.J. Jackson and Martha Quinn -- were airing 300 videos a day, none of which MTV paid for. Record companies realized that rock videos were highly effective sales devices. In 1981, only 23 of Billboard's Top 100 singles were supported by videos; in 1983, over 50% of them were -- as were 17 of the Top 20 albums. MTV sold more music in a single year than radio had in the past five. Research by MTV's parent company, Warner/Amex, revealed that MTV viewers bought an average of nine albums a year, well above the national average. And the average MTV viewer was 25 and made over $30,000 a year -- a statistic that did not escape the 125 advertisers who paid $1,500 for 30 seconds of airtime. In 1982 Les Garland, Vice President of Programming for MTV, said, "The record companies were in serious trouble in 1980 and 1981. They didn't know if [MTV] would help. But they're just now starting to . . . have visions of coming back." No band was more effective than Duran Duran in riding the video wave to success; in 1983 MTV was giving plenty of air play to four of their videos -- "Hungry Like the Wolf," "Rio," "Save A Prayer" and "Girls on Film." However, in spite of the second British Invasion, the most requested act on MTV was the duo of Hall & Oates, which had enjoyed a string of big hits in the early Eighties, including "Maneater," "Private Eyes" and "Your Kiss Is On My List."
This was the year that MTV conquered the New York City and Los Angeles markets, and network television as well as local outfits were packaging their own video programs. Ted Turner's WTBS superstation debuted Night Tracks and in July NBC introduced its Friday Night Videos. Video jukeboxes began showing up in clubs and restaurants all across the country.
Record companies were having no luck convincing Congress that home taping should be made illegal (as it was in other countries, including Britain.) CBS had created a "spoiler" -- a device in the recording system that when activated by an electronic signal on the pre-recorded cassette or LP prevented duplication -- but didn't dare use it unless legislation required other companies to do likewise. Compact discs were a new idea that many experts in the field doubted would ever really catch on; although no one disputed that CD sound quality was superior to that of cassettes or LPs, the cost of a CD player was prohibitively high at $800-$1,500, while the CD itself cost $20. To recoup expenses for videos airing on MTV for free, record companies began marketing video singles, 10-15 minute video cassettes. Meanwhile, independent label Arista signed a distribution deal with RCA, while Chrysalis did the same with CBS and Motown linked up with MCA.
In 1983 a profound change in country music began to take root in Nashville. Texas-born George Strait had two Number One hits -- "Amarillo By Morning" and "You Look So Good In Love" -- and paved the way for the neo-traditionalist movement that would put an end to the "Nashville Sound," as well as to country music's post-Urban Cowboy sales slump. Many felt that country music had lost its way, and neo-traditionalists like Strait and those who followed -- Randy Travis, Clint Black, Garth Brooks and Alan Jackson -- would show it how to get back to basics with a sound that stemmed from honky tonk and western swing traditions. A mother-daughter team of musicians calling themselves The Judds hit the country music scene in 1983, and would play a significant role in the transformation; this year they released their first single "Had a Dream (For the Heart)." The neo-traditionalist movement would conquer Nashville in a few short years, its ascendancy marked by the release of the 1986 Randy Travis album Storms of Life, which would sell three million copies and make Travis the first country artist ever to go multi-platinum.
The Bee Gees lost a plagiarism suit filed by Ronald H. Selle, a church choir director who claimed the band's 1977 Grammy Award winning hit "How Deep Is Your Love" was derived from his song "Let It End." Interior Secretary James Watt banned The Beach Boys from performing at the Fourth of July bash in Washington DC's Mall because, he said, the band would attract "an undesirable element." In November, Michael Jackson's 14-minute (and $1.1 million) video for "Thriller" debuted at the Metro Theater in Westwood, California, and showed up on MTV two weeks later. The reaction was astonishing. MTV's Nielsen rating soared. Jackson's Thriller album was selling 600,000 copies a week. In December, TIME magazine declared that a "musical revolution" was taking place, one in which "video will be the way to keep time with the future."
Hall & Oates concert poster; Toto concert poster; Pat Benatar concert pass
Top Ten Singles
1. "The Girl Is Mine" - Paul McCartney & Michael Jackson
2. "Down Under" - Men At Work
3. "Dirty Laundry" - Don Henley
4."Maneater" - Hall and Oates
5. "Sexual Healing" - Marvin Gaye
6. "Mickey" - Toni Basil
8. "Baby Come To Me" - Patti Austin w/ James Ingram
9. "Rock The Casbah" - The Clash
10. "Gloria" - Laura Branigan
1. "Baby Come To Me" - Patti Austin w/ James Ingram
2. "Down Under" - Men At Work
3. "Shame On The Moon" - Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet Band
4. "Stray Cat Strut" - Stray Cats
5. "Africa" - Toto
6. "You And I" - Eddie Rabbitt
7. "Sexual Healing" - Marvin Gaye
8. "Goody Two Shoes" Adam Ant
9. "Pass The Dutchie" - Musical Youth
10. "You Can't Hurry Love" - Phil Collins
March
1. "Billie Jean" - Michael Jackson
"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me" - Culture Club
3. "Hungry Like The Wolf" - Duran Duran
4. "Shame On The Moon" - Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet Band
5. "Back On The Chain Gang" - Pretenders
6. "You Are" - Lionel Richie
7. "We've Got Tonight" - Kenny Rogers & Sheena Easton
8. "Stray Cat Strut" - Stray Cats
9. "Separate Ways" - Journey
10. "One On One" - Hall and Oates
April
2. "Come On Eileen" - Dexy's Midnight Runners
3. "Mr. Roboto" - Styx
4. "Beat It" - Michael Jackson
5. "Jeopardy" - Greg Kihn Band
6. "Hungry Like The Wolf" - Duran Duran
7. "Separate Ways" - Journey
8. "One On One" - Hall and Oates
9. "Do You Really Want To Hurt Me" - Culture Club
10. "Der Kommissar" - After The Fire
May
1. "Beat It" - Michael Jackson
2. "Let's Dance" - David Bowie
3. "Overkill" - Men At Work
4. "She Blinded Me With Science" - Thomas Dolby
5. "Flashdance-What A Feeling" - Irene Cara
6. "Jeopardy" - Greg Kihn Band
7. "Little Red Corvette" - Prince & The Revolution
8. "Solitaire" - Laura Branigan
9. "Der Kommissar" - After The Fire
10. "My Love" - Lionel Richie
June
1. "Flashdance-What A Feeling" - Irene Cara
2. "Time (Clock of the Heart)" - Culture Club
3. "Let's Dance" - David Bowie
4. "Overkill" - Men At Work
5. "Electric Avenue" - Eddy Grant
6. "Beat It" - Michael Jackson
7."Don't Let It End" - Styx
8. "My Love" - Lionel Richie
9. "Affair Of The Heart" - Rick Springfield
10. "There's Always Something There To Remind Me" - Naked Eyes
July
1."Every Breath You Take" - Police
2. "Electric Avenue" - Eddy Grant
3. "Flashdance-What A Feeling" - Irene Cara
4. "Never Gonna Let You Go" - Sergio Mendes
5. "Wanna Be Startin' Something" - Michael Jackson
6. "Come Dancing" - Kinks
8. "Is There Something I Should Know" - Duran Duran
9. "Too Shy" - Kajagoogoo
10. "Stand Back" - Stevie Nicks
August
1. "Every Breath You Take" - Police
2. "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" - Eurythmics
3. "She Works Hard For The Money" - Donna Summer
4. "Maniac" - Michael Sembello
5. "Stand Back" - Stevie Nicks
6. "Is There Something I Should Know" - Duran Duran
7. "It's A Mistake" - Men At Work
8. "(Keep Feeling) Fascination" - Human League
9. "Flashdance-What A Feeling" - Irene Cara
10. "Puttin' On The Ritz" - Taco
September
2. "Sweet Dreams (Are Made Of This)" - Eurythmics
3. "Tell Her About It" - Billy Joel
4. "The Safety Dance" - Men Without Hats
5. "Puttin' On The Ritz" - Taco
6. "Total Eclipse Of The Heart" - Bonnie Tyler
7. "Every Breath You Take" - Police
8. "Human Nature" - Michael Jackson
9. "Don't Cry" - Asia
10. "Making Love Out Of Nothing At All" - Air Supply
October
1. "Total Eclipse Of The Heart" - Bonnie Tyler
2. "Making Love Out Of Nothing At All" - Air Supply
3. "True" - Spandau Ballet
4. "Islands In The Stream" - Kenny Rogers & Dolly Parton
5. "King Of Pain" - Police
6. "One Thing Leads To Another" - The Fixx
7. "The Safety Dance" - Men Without Hats
8. "All Night Long" - Lionel Richie
9. "Tell Her About It" - Billy Joel
10. "(She's) Sexy + 17" - Stray Cats
November
1. "All Night Long" - Lionel Richie
2. "Islands In The Stream" - Kenny Rogers & Dolly Parton
3. "Say Say Say" - Paul McCartney & Michael Jackson
4. "Uptown Girl" - Billy Joel
5. "Total Eclipse of the Heart" - Bonnie Tyler
6. "Cum On Feel The Noize" - Quiet Riot
7. "One Thing Leads To Another" - The Fixx
8. "Love Is A Battlefield" - Pat Benatar
9. "Suddenly Last Summer" - Motels
10. "Delirious" - Prince & The Revolution
December
1. "Say Say Say" - Paul McCartney & Michael Jackson
2. "Say It Isn't So" - Hall and Oates
3. "All Night Long" - Lionel Richie
4. "Uptown Girl" - Billy Joel
5. "Union Of The Snake" - Duran Duran
6. "Love Is A Battlefield" - Pat benatar
7."Owner Of A Lonely Heart" - Yes
8. "Twist Of Fate" - Olivia Newton-John
9. "Islands In The Stream" - Kenny Rogers & Dolly Parton
10. "Church Of The Poison Mind" - Culture Club
| i don't know |
Who had a hit in 1984 with '99 Red Balloons'? | 99 Luftballons by Nena Songfacts
99 Luftballons by Nena Songfacts
Songfacts
This was one of the songs in the '80s to make a point about the brinkmanship and paranoia/hysteria surrounding the issue of war. The song talks about Nena and the listener buying 99 Balloons in a shop and letting them go, for fun. These balloons show up on the radar as unidentified objects and both sides scramble planes and go to full alert to counteract a perceived nuclear attack, when in fact it is the most childlike of things, a bunch of balloons.
The song, though difficult to understand, is about the dreams of the German people that were lost after World War II. The 99 balloons represent the many dreams that each person had. At the end of the song, she just wants to prove that the German people did have dreams by finding one balloon - she finds one balloon, a dream, and lets it go. >>
Suggestion credit:
Josh - Pleasant Plains, IL
Nena's guitarist, Carlo Karges, got the idea for the song after watching balloons being released at a Rolling Stones concert in West Berlin. He wrote the lyrics and Nena's keyboard player Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen wrote the music.
Nena's real name is Gabriela Kerner. She was is a band called The Stripes before forming her own group.
This was released in Germany, where Nena was from. Their record company had no intention of releasing it in America until a disc jockey at radio station KROQ in Los Angeles found a copy and started playing it. They recorded an English version (the original words are in German, and yes, "Captain Kirk" in German is still "Captain Kirk") with the title translated as "99 Red Balloons" and released it in the US, where it was a big hit.
Nena is a true one-hit-wonder outside of Germany, where she didn't even come close to another hit. Before this, however, her single "Nur Getraumt" was a #1 hit in Germany.
The California ska band Goldfinger released a popular cover version in 2000 on their album Stomping Ground that was used on the soundtrack of the 2001 film Not Another Teen Movie. Their version features one verse in German; lead singer John Feldmann said he had to take lessons to learn how to say some German words before recording it. >>
Suggestion credit:
Josh - Pleasant Plains, IL
The English-language version was #1 in the UK for three weeks in March 1984. It was the first of two songs about nuclear war to top the charts in the UK that year; the other was "Two Tribes" by Frankie Goes To Hollywood. >>
Suggestion credit:
Emery - London, England
"Luftballons" literally translates to "Air Balloons" in German, and means regular party balloons.
The Goldfinger version was used in a 2015 commercial for Coca-Cola as part of the company's campaign to recognize the 100th anniversary of it's iconic bottle.
| Nena |
What is the name of Iron Maidens mascot who appears on their album covers and who has also featured in a video game? | Nena — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and photos at Last.fm
deutsch
Nena is the stage name of German singer and actress Gabriele Susanne Kerner (born 24 March 1960 in Hagen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany). Nena was also the name of the band with whom she released the 1984 English recording of her most well-known song " 99 Red Balloons " (orginally released in Germany in 1983 as "99 Luftballons")
Nena acquired her nickname, which means "baby girl" in Spanish, at the age of 3 during a vacation to Spain. Her first band was… read more
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Who had a hit single with 'Werewolves Of London'? | Warren Zevon - Werewolves of London Lyrics | SongMeanings
Warren Zevon
Werewolves of London is found on the album Excitable Boy .
Found on more albums:
A Quiet Normal Life: The Best of Warren Zevon
Stand in the Fire
I'll Sleep When I'm Dead (An Anthology)
Spooky Tunes & Scary Melodies
Genius: The Best of Warren Zevon
Stand in the Fire [Bonus Tracks]
Excitable Boy [Bonus Tracks]
Learning to Flinch [Limited Edition]
Karaoke: Classic Rock, Vol. 1 [30 Tracks]
I saw a werewolf with a Chinese menu in his hand
Walking through the streets of Soho in the rain
He was looking for a place called Lee Ho Fook's
Gonna get a big dish of beef chow mein
Aaoooooo!
If you hear him howling around your kitchen door
Better not let him in
Little old lady got mutilated late last night
Werewolves of London again
He's the hairy-handed gent who ran amuck in Kent
Lately he's been overheard in Mayfair
Better stay away from him
He'll rip your lungs out, Jim
I'd like to meet his tailor
Aaoooooo!
Well, I saw Lon Chaney walking with the Queen
Doing the Werewolves of London
I saw Lon Chaney, Jr. walking with the Queen
Doing the Werewolves of London
I saw a werewolf drinking a pina colada at Trader Vic's
And his hair was perfect
Aaoooooo!
| Warren Zevon |
How many number 1 singles did Kim Wilde and her dad Marty have between them? | Warren Zevon on Apple Music
To preview a song, mouse over the title and click Play. Open iTunes to buy and download music.
Biography
Few of rock & roll's great misanthropes were as talented, as charming, or as committed to their cynicism as Warren Zevon. A singer and songwriter whose music often dealt with outlaws, mercenaries, sociopaths, and villains of all stripes, Zevon's lyrics displayed a keen and ready wit despite their often uncomfortable narrative circumstances, and while he could write of love and gentler emotions, he did so with the firm conviction that such stories rarely end happily. Though he frequently worked with luminaries of the Los Angeles soft rock scene, Zevon was always the odd man out, someone who shared their exacting musical standards but not their smugly satisfied view of the world around them, and he remained a cheerful pessimist right up to the moment he met a fate that could have visited one of his own characters. Warren William Zevon was born in Chicago, Illinois on January 24, 1947, and the facts of his early life read like a picaresque novel. Zevon's father, a Russian émigré, was a professional gambler who spent most of his time on the road, while his mother was a devout Mormon who looked after the family. When Zevon was young, his family moved to Fresno, California, and as he developed a precocious interest in music in his early teens and learned to play the piano and the guitar, young Warren became acquainted with the author and orchestra director Robert Craft. Craft in turn introduced the youngster to the noted composer Igor Stravinsky, who befriended Zevon and welcomed him into his home several times. While Zevon would remain fascinated with classical music, he also developed a passion for folk and rock & roll, and not long after his parents finally divorced, the 16-year-old Zevon quit high school, hopped in a car his father gave him, and headed for New York City, where he intended to become a pop star. Zevon fared better than most starry-eyed would-be rock & roll sensations; he paired up with an old-school friend, Violet Santangelo, and formed a folk-rock duo called lyme & cybelle (they insisted the name be spelled in lower case), who scored a recording contract with White Whale Records and released a single, "Follow Me," which made it to 65 on the Billboard pop charts in 1966. However, after a second 45, Zevon quit the duo to move to Los Angeles, and over the next few years, he struggled to support himself as a contract songwriter (two of his compositions, "Outside Chance" and "Like the Seasons," were recorded by White Whale's best known act, the Turtles), composing commercial jingles, and as a session musician. In 1969, noted producer, talent scout, and eccentric Kim Fowley, impressed by Zevon's songwriting, offered to produce an album for him; as Zevon once told a reporter, "Fowley called me up one day and asked very simply, 'Are you prepared to wear black leather and chains, f--- a lot of teenage girls and get rich?' I said yes." For good or ill, the virtue of the young women in question remained unchanged, as did Zevon's bank account; the album, Wanted Dead or Alive, was a critical and commercial flop. After the failure of his first album, Zevon joined the Everly Brothers' touring band as pianist, and following the duo's acrimonious split in 1973, he would work with both Don and Phil as solo artists. However, an attempt to complete a second album failed to get off the ground, and in frustration, Zevon left the United States for Spain, where he spent a summer playing in a small tavern and writing songs. By the fall of 1975, he had returned to Los Angeles, and after sharing a home for a while with a pair of struggling pop performers, Lindsay Buckingham and Stevie Nicks, Zevon had already struck up a friendship with Jackson Browne, who was on the cusp of major stardom and one of the most well-respected songwriters on the West Coast. While Zevon and Browne's styles were very different, Browne greatly admired his new friend's talent, and not only helped Zevon land a deal with Asylum Records, but also produced his first album for the label. Simply titled Warren Zevon, the album (which featured Zevon's former roommates Buckingham and Nicks, who had since found stardom in Fleetwood Mac, as well as Bonnie Raitt and several members of the Eagles) didn't sell especially well but won rave reviews, and Linda Ronstadt would give Zevon her seal approval by covering three tunes from the album. Browne took Zevon on tour to support the album, and in 1978, they returned to the studio to cut Zevon's second album. Excitable Boy became an unexpected success after the song "Werewolves of London" stormed the singles charts, and Zevon finally became a rock star. However, fame and wealth fueled his addiction to alcohol, and a stay in treatment preceded his third album for Asylum, 1980's Bad Luck Streak in Dancing School. Zevon was clean and sober for the tour that followed, and a live album during the final dates of the tour, 1981's Stand in the Fire, confirmed Zevon was a force to be reckoned with. Zevon explored his addictions in several songs on 1982's The Envoy, which proved unfortunately prescient; not long after its release, he fell back into drinking, and Asylum dropped him from their roster. By 1984, Zevon was back on the wagon and eager to prove himself again. Looking to explore new musical territory, he reached out to Peter Buck, Mike Mills, and Bill Berry of R.E.M., who were college radio heroes but a few years away from mainstream success. With three-quarters of R.E.M. as his rhythm section, the quartet cut a single under the name Hindu Love Gods, and a couple years later, they hit the studio to record Zevon's 1987 album Sentimental Hygiene. The album, which also featured guest spots from Bob Dylan, Neil Young, and George Clinton, earned Zevon a new deal with Virgin Records and won enthusiastic reviews from critics. (A set of covers Zevon recorded with Buck, Mills, and Berry would later be released under the title Hindu Love Gods.) Zevon's second effort for Virgin, 1989's Transverse City, was an ambitious concept album about a world in collapse, but despite the presence of several high-profile guests (including Jerry Garcia and David Gilmour), the album was a commercial failure, and Zevon was once again without a label. He returned to duty in 1991 after striking a deal with Giant Records, but the three albums he cut for the label (Mr. Bad Example, Learning to Flinch, and Mutineer) received little notice from critics or fans, and his career seemed to be fading into the distance. However, Zevon enjoyed a resurgence through an unlikely source -- David Letterman. A fan of Zevon's music, Letterman made him a frequent guest on his talk show, and when bandleader Paul Shaffer was unable to appear on the broadcast, Zevon became his usual substitute. The television exposure reminded audiences of Zevon's dry wit and powerful musical gifts, and with his profile on the rise, Zevon signed a deal with the independent label Artemis Records, who issued his mordantly witty meditation of mortality, Life'll Kill Ya, in 2000. Zevon's next album, My Ride's Here, included a guest appearance by Letterman on the track "Hit Somebody! (The Hockey Song)," while Hunter S. Thompson, Carl Hiaasen, and Paul Muldoon all co-wrote songs with Zevon for the project. In the fall of 2002, Zevon began experiencing dizziness and shortness of breath, and despite a lifelong distrust of doctors, he consulted a physician on the advice of his dentist. He was diagnosed with peritoneal mesothelioma, a virulent and inoperable form of lung cancer, and was told he was not likely to live more than a few months. After going public with his condition on September 12, 2002, he began marshalling his strength to complete a final album, with many friends and admirers stepping in to help, including Jackson Browne, Bruce Springsteen, Tom Petty, Dwight Yoakam, Ry Cooder, and Don Henley. On October 30, Zevon appeared as the sole guest on David Letterman's show, playing his songs, discussing his life and his health, and advising viewers to "Enjoy every sandwich." Against the odds, Zevon lived long enough to see the release of his final album, The Wind, on August 26, 2003, as well as the birth of his twin grandsons. He died on September 7, 2003; five months later, The Wind earned him two posthumous Grammy awards, for best contemporary folk album and best rock duo performance (for "Disorder in the House" with Bruce Springsteen). ~ Mark Deming
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| i don't know |
How many grooves are on one side of an LP record? | How many grooves are on a record? - Everything2.com
How many grooves are on a record?
by Sylvar
Fri Jul 20 2001 at 14:12:06
Many years ago, when dinosaurs ruled the earth, music was recorded on vinyl discs. (Still is, in fact, but now it's a specialty product.)
Each disc generally had two groove s -- one on either side -- each of which spiral s inwardly in such a narrow pattern that it looked almost like concentric circle s.
As a result, it became a piece of second-class wit to ask a mark how many groove s were on a record . If you thought it through, you'd realize that there were two.
However, some engineer s have occasionally decided to push the envelope . A few album s have two interlocking grooves on one side, and unless you pay attention, it's a matter of chance as to which set of songs is played.
In the 1960s, there was a novelty record that would let you play roulette at home. It had 38 groove s on a side . To use it, you let the LP spin on the turntable for a little while, then brought down the tone arm to hear which number had been randomly selected.
Next time some wiseguy asks you this question, you can say: " Two ... except when there are more."
by Ashley Pomeroy
Fri Jul 20 2001 at 14:45:21
Although the traditional answer to this question is 'two', some records even have fewer than two grooves. Test pressings of albums and singles, either vinyl , acetate or some other less durable material, are often created as a double-disc set, with one side of each disc being blank , as it is quicker and easier to press a single side of a record twice than to press two sides of a single record. Furthermore, artists on a stritch budget at a time when vinyl was prevalent could pay for a single-sided pressing, and some DJs nowadays prefer single-sided records for reasons outlined in one-sided LP .
So, a record can have anything from one to a potentially infinite number of grooves. If a record has no grooves, it's not a record, it's just a plastic disc, or an object d'art of the kind produced by Project Dark . Having said that, the question 'is a record without a groove still a record?' is the kind of thing one might be asked when applying for a philosophy degree at Cambridge University .
The most famous multi-groove record is probably Monty Python 's 1973 LP ' Matching Tie & Handkerchief ', which had a double groove on side two, although only the original vinyl pressing included this feature. Subsequent reissues (and editions on cassette and compact disc ) simply ran the two sides twos sequentially.
Another clever vinyl trick is the endless groove, a loop which doesn't spiral into the run-off area and could presumably cause havoc with a jukebox, if a single was to feature such a thing; Peter Gabriel's ' Peter Gabriel ' features one of these, as did Lou Reed's ' Metal Machine Music '. As far as I know no-one has yet released a single consisting of a single circular ring etched in the vinyl, although Napalm Death have produced songs short enough to fit (the classic being ' You Suffer '). Multiple locked grooves are popular in the techno world, and both Speedy J 's ' Loudboxer ' and Richie Hawtin 's ' DE9: Closer to the Edit ' were released in locked-groove forms (both albums boasting over 200 tracks, presumably of great interest to DJs and/or remixers).
Thanks to sneff , mkb and enth for the information in the last paragraph.
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What is Paul McCartney's middle name? | Multi Grooved Records : snopes.com
-
-
Claim: Some "multi-sided" records have two or more grooves per side, causing them to play different material depending upon where the stylus is cued each time.
Status: True.
Origins: Although it is by no means the oldest example of a multiple-groove record, the most frequently cited recording of this sort is the infamous
"three-sided" Matching Tie and Handkerchief album by Monty Python (Arista
AL 4039,
1973). One side of the album (both sides were mischievously labeled
"Side 2")
was "normal"; the other contained a pair of grooves, each of which held different material. Which groove the listener heard depended upon where the needle was dropped. (Later pressings of the record did not include the double groove.)
Another memorable example of a multiple-groove recording was a late 1970s flexi-disc called "A Super Spectacular Day," issued by MAD magazine. The disc played a standard introductory section about the start of a wonderful, "super-spectacular" day, then produced one of several different comedic "bad" endings to that day (involving such topics as alien abduction, zits, and a visiting mother-in-law).
Other uses of multiple-groove recordings involve various games (such as horse races or mystery games) where the outcome is determined by which of the record's multiple grooves is played. Similarly, other modern-day records have incorporated this feature, including:
A Laurie Anderson LP featuring a "three-track" side: each track contained a different recording of the song "You're The Guy I Want To Share My Money With" by Laurie Anderson, William Burroughs, or John Giorno.
The 12" version of Kate Bush's "Sensual World," with one track containing the standard vocal version and the other playing an instrumental version.
The 12" version of the Fine Young Cannibals' "Good Thing" single (1989), which held two different mixes of the same song.
Last updated: 23 May 2007
Johnson, Kim. The First 20 Years of Monty Python.
New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989.
Tags:
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Who wrote the music and lyrics to the musical `Anything Goes`? | Broadway Musical Home - Anything Goes
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Anything Goes
by Cole Porter , Guy Bolton, P.G. Wodehouse, Howard Lindsay, and Russel Crouse
Playing at a Theatre Near You
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About the Musical
Originally penned in 1934 with music and lyrics by American composer and songwriter Cole Porter , this musical comedy has been updated several times throughout the last century.
Story:
Billy instantly falls in love with a beautiful girl he meets in a taxi. When he discovers she’s boarding the SS American, the same London-bound ship his boss and co-worker Reno are boarding, he sneaks aboard himself. The beautiful girl, Hope, is engaged to a stuffy British aristocrat, Lord Evelyn, but that doesn’t stop the love-struck Billy. With the help of other passengers, Billy seeks to shake Reno, whose love he doesn’t return, and capture the heart of the girl of his dreams - all without hurting anyone’s feelings.
Ethel Merman, Mickey Deems, Barbara Lang, Hal Linden, Kenneth Mars, Eileen Rodgers
Director
Patti LuPone, Bill McCutcheon, Howard McGillin, Rex Everhart, Anne Francine, Anthony Heald, Kathleen Mahony-Bennett
Director
1
Original Cast
Patti LuPone, Howard McGillin, John Cunningham, Boyd Gaines, Linda Hart, Kaitlin Hopkins, Elizabeth Hubbard, Michael McGrath, Brad Anderson
Director
521
Original Cast
Sutton Foster, Joel Grey, Jessica Walter, John McMartin, Colin Donnell, Adam Godley, Laura Osnes, Jessica Stone, Walter Charles, Robert Creighton, Andrew Cao, Raymond J. Lee
Revised Book
Kathleen Marshall
Producer
Roundabout Theatre Company (Todd Haimes: Artistic Director; Harold Wolpert: Managing Director; Julia C. Levy: Executive Director; Gene Feist: Founding Director)
Musical Director
Michael Gibson and Bill Elliott
Scenic Design
Guy Bolton and P.G. Wodehouse
Starring
Bing Crosby, Ethel Merman, Charles Ruggles, Ida Lupino, Grace Bradley, Arthur Treacher, Robert McWade, Richard Carle, Margaret Dumont
Click on a song name to listen/purchase it on
CDs
1988 Theatre World Award Nominations
Linda Hart
Best Featured Actor in a Musical - Bill McCutcheon
Best Choreography
Best Actor in a Musical - Howard McGillin
Best Actress in a Musical - Patti LuPone
Best Featured Actor in a Musical - Anthony Heald
Best Direction of a Musical
Best Scenic Design
1988 Drama Desk Award Nominations
Outstanding Revival
Award Outstanding Actress in a Musical - Patti LuPone
Outstanding Choreography
Outstanding Actor in a Musical - Howard McGillin
Outstanding Director of a Musical
Award Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical - Anthony Heald
Award Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical - Bill McCutcheon
Outstanding Orchestration
Best Revival of a Musical
Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Musical - Sutton Foster
Best Choreography
Best Direction of a Musical
Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Role in a Musical - Adam Godley
Best Costume Design of a Musical
Best Scenic Design of a Musical
Best Lighting Design of a Musical
Best Sound Design of a Musical
2011 Drama Desk Award Nominations
Outstanding Revival of a Musical
Outstanding Actress in a Musical - Sutton Foster
Outstanding Director of a Musical
Outstanding Choreography
Outstanding Sound Design in a Musical
Outstanding Actor in a Musical - Colin Donnell
Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical - Laura Osnes
Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical - Adam Godley
Outstanding Costume Design
2011 Drama League Award Nominations
Distinguished Revival of a Musical
Distinguished Performance Award - Colin Donnell
Distinguished Performance Award - Sutton Foster
2011 Outer Critics Circle Award Nominations
Outstanding Revival of a Musical
Outstanding Choreographer
Outstanding Actress in a Musical - Sutton Foster
Oustanding Featured Actor in a Musical - Adam Godley
2012 Grammy Award Nominations
| Cole Porter |
For what is Michael Eavis best known in the music world? | Anything Goes (1936) - IMDb
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A young man falls in love with a beautiful blonde. When he sees her being forced onto a luxury liner, he decides to follow and rescue her. However, he discovers that she is an English ... See full summary »
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Directors: Stuart Heisler, Mark Sandrich
Stars: Fred Astaire, Bing Crosby, Joan Caulfield
In 18th-century Italy, an orphan's debt to the man who raised him threatens to separate him forever from the woman he loves.
Directors: Mervyn LeRoy, Michael Curtiz
Stars: Fredric March, Olivia de Havilland, Donald Woods
Edit
Storyline
A young man falls in love with a beautiful blonde. When he sees her being forced onto a luxury liner, he decides to follow and rescue her. However, he discovers that she is an English heiress who ran away from home and is now being returned to England. He also discovers that his boss is on the ship. To avoid discovery, he disguises himself as the gangster accomplice of a minister, who is actually a gangster on the run from the law. Written by [email protected]
An Explosion of Merriment See more »
Genres:
24 January 1936 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Tops Is the Limit See more »
Box Office
Mono (Western Electric Noiseless Recording)
Color:
Did You Know?
Trivia
One of over 700 Paramount productions, filmed between 1929 and 1949, which were sold to MCA/Universal in 1958 for television distribution, and have been owned and controlled by Universal ever since. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
Reno Sweeney : [singing] In olden days a glimpse of stocking / Was looked on as something shocking, / Now, Heaven knows, / Anything goes!
[as she sings the words "anything goes", the title of the film appears onscreen]
User Reviews
This initial film version of Anything Goes is quite enjoyable for fans of Bing Crosby, Ethel Merman, and Cole Porter
30 November 2014 | by tavm
(Baton Rouge, La.) – See all my reviews
After so many years of knowing this was on YouTube, I finally decided to watch this initial film version of Cole Porter's musical Anything Goes. Ethel Merman reprises her Broadway role as Reno Sweeney and got to sing the Porter songs, "I Get a Kick Out of You" and "You're the Top" which she performed with the other film star, Bing Crosby, though both songs had some lyric changes either because of the Production Code or because Paramount didn't want to have stars not contracted to that studio mentioned in the latter song. Oh, and "Anything Goes" was only sung briefly by Merman at the beginning. Anyway, this was quite a funny farce though it takes a while before one gets what's going on and even then, you have to really pay attention to understand it! Charlie Ruggles is a hoot as someone disguising as a missionary man and Margaret Dumont is her funny dowager self sharing a scene with him. The non-Porter songs aren't bad, either, and Ida Lupino was a luminous leading lady here. So on that note, this version of Anything Goes is worth a look. P.S. The reason I decided to watch this now was because I've been reviewing the Our Gang shorts in chronological order as well as some films outside of the series that has some of those kid players in the same way. So it was that OG player Jerry Tucker has a part here doing some mischief between Crosby, Merman, and Ruggles and another man who's laying in a deck chair. And the version I watched on YT had the alternate title, Tops Is the Limit.
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Joan of Arc was also known as The Maid of 'where'? | Joan of Arc
The feast day for Joan of Arc is celebrated on May 30th
Also known as: Maid of Orleans; Jeanne d'Arc; Jean D'arc; Jehanne Darc
Joan of Arc, a patron saint of France and a national heroine, led the resistance to the English invasion of France in the Hundred Years War. She was born 6 January 1412 at Greux-Domremy, Lorraine, France; the third of five children to a farmer, Jacques Darc and his wife Isabelle de Vouthon in the town of Domremy on the border of provinces of Champagne and Lorraine. Her childhood was spent attending her father's herds in the fields and learning religion and housekeeping skills from her mother. When Joan was about 12 years old, she began hearing "voices" of St. Michael, St. Catherine, and St. Margaret believing them to have been sent by God. These voices told her that it was her divine mission to free her country from the English and help the dauphin gain the French throne. They told her to cut her hair, dress in man's uniform and to pick up the arms. So Joan scraped the sheep manure off her feet, cut her hair "short and round in the fashion of young men", went to her uncle, Robert de Baudricourt, and persuaded him to provide her an escort to Chinon. He gave her a horse and a dagger slender enough for her maiden's hand, along with a tunic and trousers, boots, and a boy's black cap. He heard her six-man escort swear an oath that they would see her safely to Chinon; they wrapped their horses' feet in rags to muffle their clops and set off.
Twelve days later, they arrived at the Dauphin's court. Joan immediately located the Dauphin (he was the spindliest man there.) "I am called Joan the Maid," she told him. "Give me soldiers and I will raise the siege of Orl�ans." So the Dauphin had armor made for her, and a banner with the image of Christ on a rainbow and her motto, Jhesus--Maria. Joan revealed that the sword she intended to carry lay buried at the church of St. Catherine at Fierbois; it would be recognized by the five crosses cut into its blade. And so it was. With around three thousand soldiers and some of the Dauphin's best knights, she travelled to Orl�ans. In the midst of battle Joan had her foot on the first rung of a scaling ladder when a winging arrow plunged through her shoulder, close to her neck. Her knights carried her from the field and cut the iron tip off the arrow. Joan tugged the shaft out of her flesh herself, climbed up on her horse, and rode back to victory. Joan battled her way to Reims, so that the Dauphin, trailing along behind her, could be crowned. He could not be crowned with the crown of Charlemagne, since the English had already stolen it; but the canons of the Cathedral of Reims dug up a modest substitute. His barons draped him in a blue mantle embroidered with golden fleurs-de-lis, and the archbishop anointed him. He was now Charles VII, King of France. At the coronation, Joan of Arc was given a place of honor beside him.
However, the king refused to take her advice that he should press the military advantage. When she attempted to recapture Paris from the English, he denied her adequate support, and the attempt failed. In May 1430 she was taken prisoner in battle, and tried on an accusation of sorcery and heresy. Charles made no effort to ransom her or rescue her, although her first captors would almost certainly have accepted a ransom. She was convicted and burned at the stake on 30 May 1431, being then a little less than nineteen and a half years old. The French, however, eventually went on to win the war and to expel the English from France. King Charles, perhaps because it was not to his advantage to have it said that he had been crowned by a witch and a heretic, and that he owed his victories and his kingdom to a pact with the Devil, pressured the Church courts for a review of the verdict against Joan, and got her condemnation annulled in 1456. She came to be regarded as a French national hero, and was eventually canonized by the Pope in May 1920. Her day (or a Sunday close to it) is a French national holiday. She is ranked with Denis of Paris and Remi of Rheims as one of France's three great national saints. She is honored by the Church, not for winning military victories, or even because her visions were necessarily authentic, but because, being persuaded of the will of God for her life, she responded in faith and obedience to that will as she understood it.
The exclamation of the English soldier, "God forgive us: we have burned a saint," was formally justified 375 years later when St. Joan was canonized in a great ceremony at Rome. Only ten years after her execution, however, the belated recognition by Charles VII of the greatness of her services, rising patriotism of France and the breach between England and Burgundy opened the way for a review of her sentence. A new court was appointed, this time at Paris and in the hands of the French king; the testimony was reviewed, the conclusion of the earlier court reversed and the Maid declared innocent. The personality of Joan of Arc is interesting for its own sake, particularly when it is placed against the false or declining piety of so many others in her time. But her career also has a deeper and wider significance. It is one of the earliest and best indications of what is more and more impressed on you when you study this period. It is in this time that we find embedded the roots of one of the most powerful of the forces, whether good or bad, that were to influence all modern history, the sense of nationality, the response of peoples to the appeal of patriotism, the united support by the whole people of a centralized government.
Prayer to St. Joan of Arc For Faith
St. Joan you are a timeless model for all men and women to follow.
The impatience and frustration you showed with your generals and king shows your humanness that we can relate to in our own life and struggles.
Help us in our daily life.
You lived this statement to the fullest that "Christianity can be preached only by living it."
Help us do the same.
I ask you for this special favor .....................................Thank you.
Amen
| The Maid of Orleans |
Which traveller first visited China in 1271? | Jeanne d'Arc, La Pucelle d'Orléans (1412 - 1431) - Genealogy
Jeanne d'Arc, La Pucelle d'Orléans
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Jeanne d'Arc, La Pucelle d'Orléans
Also Known As:
"St. Joan of Arc", "Saint Joan of Arc the Maid of Orleans", "jeanne d'Arc la pucelle"
Birthdate:
in Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France
Immediate Family:
Jan 6 1412 - Domrémy-la-Pucelle, Lorraine, France
Death:
brother
About Jeanne d'Arc, La Pucelle d'Orléans
Patent: The Lord of Féron; filed a petition in October 1550 along with his uncle Robert Le Fournier, to confirm the transmission of nobility through the female line, which had been allowed under the provisions of the original patent of nobility issued to Jehanne Darc (St. Joan of Arc) and her family in 1429
Jeanne d'Arc - Wikipedia - German
Saint Joan of Arc or The Maid of Orléans
Saint Joan of Arc or The Maid of Orléans (French: Jeanne d'Arc, ca. 1412]– 30 May 1431 is considered a national heroine of France and a Catholic saint.
A '*peasant' girl born in eastern France who claimed Divine guidance, she led the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years' War which paved the way for the coronation of Charles VII. She was captured by the Burgundians, sold to the English, tried by an ecclesiastical court, and burned at the stake when she was nineteen years old.
(Joan being a 'peasant girl' is speculative and not exactly true stemming from fetish opinions via popular academia. There is an alternative theory that she was the legitimate daughter of Charles VI and Isabeau of Bavaria, for more go here: Was Joan of Arc a Peasant Girl? The Evidence Says No! )
Joan asserted that she had visions from God which instructed her to recover her homeland from English domination late in the Hundred Years' War.
Down to the present day, Joan of Arc has remained a significant figure in Western culture. From Napoleon onward, French politicians of all leanings have invoked her memory.
Joan of Arc - archive
Decline of the medieval Inquisition in France.
In 1430 Pierre Cauchon, the bishop of Beauvais, promoted a trial against Joan of Arc, who was also known as the "Maid of Orleans". In the fifteen months since her involvement in 1429, she had subverted the course of the war between the English and the French. She did this by liberating Orléans and defeating the English invaders on several occasions.
The reasons behind this process were politically motivated. Cauchon aspired to become cardinal, but to obtain this and further recognitions, he needed the support of the King of England and the Duke of Bedford, who in turn needed to rid themselves of Joan. Furthermore, giving to her victories a diabolic origin would have been a conceivable way to alleviate their men's morale. Thus the decision to involve the Inquisition, which therefore did not instigate the trial and in fact showed a reluctance throughout its duration.
Seventy charges were brought against her, including accusations of witchcraft and dressing as a male. Joan was first condemned to life imprisonment and the deputy-inquisitor, Jean Le Maitre, obtained from her assurances of relinquishing her male clothes. However, after four days, in which she was allegedly tortured by English soldiers and possibly raped, she refused again to wear female clothes, which was seen as a sign of her return to heresy. She was therefore burnt at the stake two days later, on 30 May 1431.
In 1455, by the order of King Charles VII of France, who Joan had publicly supported, a rehabilitation trial was opened in the Notre Dame de Paris to investigate the dubious circumstances which led to Joan's execution. The Inquisitor-General of France was put in charge of the trial. After a careful analysis of all the proceedings, including Joan's answers to the allegations, he pronounced null her condemnation.
Joan of Arc was eventually canonized in 1920. The rehabilitation of Joan of Arc was also unprecedented in the previous history of the Inquisition, reflecting a clear signal in the decline of the Medieval Inquisition in France .
Further reading
Thurston, Herbert. "St. Joan of Arc." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 9 Aug. 2014 < http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08409c.htm >.
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Which composer wrote the operas Tosca, Madame Butterfly and Turandot? | Giacomo Puccini Profile, Classical Music Composer
December 22, 1858 - Lucca, Italy
Died:
November 29, 1924 - Brussels, Belgium
Puccini Quick Facts:
Puccini's operas Tosca, La Boheme, Turandot, and Madame Butterfly are some of the most often performed operas in the world and are regularly included in opera companies' repertoire.
Puccini was born into a musical dynasty that covered nearly two centuries.
Puccini wrote his first opera in 1884, called "Le villi;" an eastern European legend of vampiric witches.
Puccini died before completing his most famous opera, Turandot. Franco Alfani completed the opera by composing the final duet.
Puccini's most famous aria, bar none, is " Nessun Dorma " from the opera, Turandot, largely in part to Pavarotti's performances .
Family Background and Childhood:
As I mentioned earlier, Puccini was born into a musical dynasty. His father, Domenico Puccini, was an Italian composer who wrote several piano sonatas and concertos. Domenico died when Puccini was just five years old.
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Puccini's family, now without income, was aided by the city of Lucca, and his father's position as the cathedral organist was held open for Puccini once he became of age. Puccini studied music with several of his fathers pupils, however, he never took the church job that was held for him. Instead, after seeing an eye-opening performance of Verdi's Aida, Puccini dedicated his life and career to opera.
Young Adult Life:
Puccini enrolled at Milan Conservatory in 1880. He studied with Antonio Bazzini, a well-known violinist and composer, and Amilcare Ponchielli, who composed the opera La gioconda . That same year, Puccini wrote his first liturgical piece, Messa, a mass ordinary that foreshadowed his upcoming operatic compositions. In 1882, Puccini entered a contest and began composing his first opera, Le Villi. After the piece was finished and performed in 1884, he did not win the contest. His second opera, Edgar, fell flat and was not well-received. For his later operas, Puccini was extremely picky about his librettists.
Mid Adult Life and Rise to Fame:
When Puccini wrote his second opera, he was commissioned by Giulio Ricordi (a highly successful publisher). Though the opera was a disaster due to the poor libretto , Ricordi stayed by Puccini's side. After finally finding suitable librettists (Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa), Puccini composed Manon Lescaut in 1893. Met with huge success, his third opera opened the door to great wealth and fame. The next three operas he composed have easily become the world's most beloved and performed: La Boheme (1896), Tosca (1900), and Madame Butterfly (1904). These operas earned Puccini a substantial amount of wealth and fame.
Puccini's Scandalous Marriage:
After his mother died, Puccini skipped town with his lover, Elvira Gemignani, who was married to another man, and moved to Milan in 1891. Though their relationship was frowned upon, the two were quite passionate about their love and even had a baby boy, named Antonio. In 1904, they finally married after Elvira's husband passed away. After Puccini's success and rise to fame, the public (much like today) became interested in his private life. It was clear that Elvira was a jealous woman. Convinced the house maid had an affair with Puccini, Elvira relentlessly questioned her to the point she finally committed suicide.
Late Adult Life and Death:
Able to spend his money, Puccini had a penchant for fine cigars and fast cars. He nearly killed himself after a severe accident. He also built a villa "Villa Museo Puccini" which is now owned by his granddaughter. Puccini did not write music quite as frequently. He wrote only four operas between 1904 to 1924, likely due to several major events. The family of the poor maid who Elvira bullied to death, successfully sued Elvira, which caused Puccini to pay for damages. His friend and publisher, Recordi, died in 1912. In 1924, Puccini nearly finished with Turandot died after surgery to remove his throat cancer.
Puccini's Operas:
| Giacomo Puccini |
Which Marquis, are the rules that govern the sport of boxing, named after? | Giacomo Puccini - Biography - IMDb
Giacomo Puccini
Jump to: Overview (3) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (1) | Trivia (4)
Overview (3)
Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini
Mini Bio (1)
Italian composer, one of the greatest exponents of operatic realism, who virtually brought the history of Italian opera to an end. His mature operas include "La Bohème" (1896), "Tosca" (1900), "Madama Butterfly" (1904), and "Turandot" left incomplete.
- IMDb Mini Biography By: Marcos Eduardo Acosta Aldrete
Spouse (1)
(1904 - 29 November 1924) (his death) (1 child)
Trivia (4)
Considered by many, to be the greatest Italian composer of his generation.
His opera "La Boheme" was a major influence on the rock musical "Rent." In fact, not only do most of the major characters have the same or similar names, some of the musical numbers correspond as well. "Musetta" became Maureen, and Rent makes direct reference in its text to "Musetta's Waltz," which is re-imagined as "The Tango Maureen." "Light my candle," which introduces the character Mimi, contains the line "They call me Mimi," which is an exact translation of a line in the same scene in his Italian opera.
The first performance of the opera "Madame Butterfly" (in Milan) went so badly, that Puccini would later say "I died a bit so Butterfly could live".
"O Mio Babbino Caro" written by Giacomo Puccini is the opening song in the film "Sophia Lazzati" (2016).
See also
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William Harvey the man who discovered the circulation of the blood was born in which English town? | BBC - History - William Harvey
z
William Harvey © Harvey was an English physician who was the first to describe accurately how blood was pumped around the body by the heart.
William Harvey was born in Folkestone, Kent on 1 April 1578. His father was a merchant. Harvey was educated at King's College, Canterbury and then at Cambridge University. He then studied medicine at the University of Padua in Italy, where the scientist and surgeon Hieronymus Fabricius tutored him.
Fabricius, who was fascinated by anatomy, recognised that the veins in the human body had one-way valves, but was puzzled as to their function. It was Harvey who took the foundation of Fabricius's teaching, and went on to solve the riddle of what part the valves played in the circulation of blood through the body.
On his return from Italy in 1602, Harvey established himself as a physician. His career was helped by his marriage to Elizabeth Browne, daughter of Elizabeth I's physician, in 1604. In 1607, he became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and, in 1609, was appointed physician to St Bartholomew's Hospital. In 1618, he became physician to Elizabeth's successor James I and to James' son Charles when he became king. Both James and Charles took a close interest in and encouraged Harvey's research.
Harvey's research was furthered through the dissection of animals. He first revealed his findings at the College of Physicians in 1616, and in 1628 he published his theories in a book entitled 'Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus' ('An Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in Animals'), where he explained how the heart propelled the blood in a circular course through the body. His discovery was received with great interest in England, although it was greeted with some scepticism on the Continent.
Harvey was also the first to suggest that humans and other mammals reproduced via the fertilisation of an egg by sperm. It took a further two centuries before a mammalian egg was finally observed, but nonetheless Harvey's theory won credibility during his lifetime.
Harvey retained a close relationship with the royal family through the English Civil War and witnessed the Battle of Edgehill. Thanks to Charles I he was, for a short time, warden of Merton College, Oxford (1645 - 1646). He died on 3 June 1657.
| Folkestone |
Who became the first prime minister of India on its independence in 1947? | William Harvey (1579-1657), English physician who discovered the circulation of the blood
English physician who discovered the circulation of the blood
(1578-1657)
WILLIAM HARVEY (1578-1657), the discoverer of the circulation of the blood, was the eldest son of Thomas Harvey, a prosperous Kentish yeoman, and was born at Folkestone on April 1, 1578. After passing through the grammar school of Canterbury, on the 31st of May 1593, having just entered his sixteenth year, he became a pensioner of Caius College. Cambridge; at nineteen he book his B.A. degree, and soon after, giving chosen the profession of medicine he went to study at Padua under Fabricus and Casserius (see ANATOMY, vol. i. pp. 809, 810). At the age of twenty-four Harvey became doctor of medicine, April 1602. Returning to England in the first year of James I., he settled in London; and two years later he married the daughter of Dr Lancelot Brown, who had been physician to Queen Elizabeth. In the same year Harvey became a candidate of the Royal College of Physicians, and was duly admitted a fellow (June 1607). In 1609 he obtained the reversion of the post of physician to St Bartholomews Hospital. His application was supported by the king himself and by Dr Atkins, the president of the college. On the death of Dr Wilkinson in the course of the same year he succeeded to the post. He was thrice censor of the college, and in 1615 was appointed Lumleian lecturer. In the following yearthe year of Shakespeares deathhe began his course of lecturers, and first brought forward his views upon the movements of the heart and blood.1 Meanwhile his practice increased, and he had the lord chancellor, Francis Bacon, and the earl of Arundel among his patients. In 1618 he was appointed physician extraordinary to James I., and on the next vacancy physician in ordinary to his successor. In 1628, the year of the publication of the Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis, he was elected treasurer of the College of Physicians, but at the end of the following year he resigned the office, in order, by command of Charles I., to accompany the young duke of Lennox (James Stuart, afterwards duke of Richmond) on his travels. He appears to have visited Italy, and returned in 1632. Four years later he accompanied the earl of Arundel on his embassy to the emperor. He was eager in collecting objects of natural history, sometimes causing the earl anxiety for his safety by his execution in a country infested by robbers after the Thirty Years War. In a letter written in this journey, he says"By the way we could scarce see a dog, crow, kite, raven, or any bird, or anything to anatomize; only some few miserable people, the reliques of the war and the plague, whom famine had made anatomies before I came." Having returned to his practice in London at the close of the year 1636, he accompanied Charles I. in one of his journeys to Scotland (1639 or 1641). While at Edinburgh he visited the Bass Rock; he minutely described its abundant population of sea-fowl in his treatise De Generatione, and incidentally speaks of the then credited account of the solan goose growing on trees as a fable. He was in attendance on the king at the battle of Edgehill (October 1642). Where he withdrew under a hedge with the prince of Wales and the duke of York (then boys of twelve and ten years old), "and took out of his pocket a book and read. But he had not read very long before a bullet of a great gun grazed on the ground near him, which made him remove his station," as he afterward told Aubrey. After the indecisive battle, Harvey followed Charles I. to Oxford. "where," writes the same gossiping narrator, "I first saw him, but was then too young to be acquainted with so great a doctor. I remember he came several times to our college (Trinity) to George Bathurst, B.D., who had a hen to hatch eggs in his chamber, which they opened daily to see the progress and way of generation." In Oxford he remained three years, and there was some chance of his being superseded in his office at Sr Bartholomews Hospital, "because he hath withdrawn himself from his charge, and is retired to the party in arms against the Parliament." It was no doubt at this time that his lodging at Whitehall were searched, and not only the furniture seized but also invaluable manuscripts and anatomical preparations.2
While with the king at Oxford he was made warden of Merton College, but a year later, in 1646, that city surrendered to Fairfax, and Harvey returned to London. He was now sixty-eight years old, and having resigned his appointments and relinquished the cares of practice, lived in learned retirement with one or other of his brothers. It was in his brother Daniels house at Combe that Dr (afterwards Sir George) Ent, a faithful friend and disciple (1604-1689), visited him in 1650. "I found him," he says, "with a cheerful and sprightly countenance investigating, like Democritus, the nature of things. Asking if all were well with him"How can that be, he replied, when the state is so agitated with storms and I myself am yet in the open sea? And indeed, were not my mind solaced by my studies and the recollection of the observations I have formerly made, there is nothing which should make me desirous of a longer continuance. But thus employed, this obscure life and vacation from public cares which would disgust other minds is the medicine of mine." The work on which he had been chiefly engaged at Oxford, and indeed since the publication of his treatise on the circulation in 1628, was an investigation into the recondite but deeply interesting subject of generation. Charles I. had been an enlightened patron of Harveys studied, hat put the royal deer parks at Windsor and Hampton Court at his disposal, and had watched his demonstration of the growth of the chick with no less interest than the movements of the living heart. Harvey bad now collected a large number of observations, though he would probably have delayed their publication. But Ent succeeded in obtaining the manuscripts, with authority to print them or not as he should find the. "I went from him," he says, "like another Jason in possession of the golden fleece, and when I came home and perused the pieces singly, I was amazed that so vast a treasure should have been so long hidden." The result was the publication of the Exercitationes de Generatione (1651).
This was the last of Harveys labours. He had now reached his seventy-third year. His theory of the circulation had been opposed and defended, and was now generally accepted by the most eminent anatomists both at home and abroad. He was known and honoured throughtout Europe, and his own college erected a statue in his honour (1652), "viro monuments suis immortali." In 1654 he was elected to the highest post in his profession, that of president of the college; but the following day he met the assembled fellows, and declining the honour for himself on account of the infirmities of age, recommended the-election of the late president Dr Prujean. He accepted, however, the office of consilirius, which he again held in the two following years. He had already enriched the college with other gifts besides the honour of his name. He had raised for them "a noble building of Roman architecture (rustic work with Corinthian pilasters), comprising a great parlour or conversation room below and a library above;" he had furnished the library with books, and filled the museum with "simples and rarities," as well as with specimens of instruments used in the surgical and obstetric branches of medicine. At last he determined to give to his beloved college his paternal estate at Burmarsh in Kent. His wife had died some years before, his brothers were wealthy men, and he was childless, so that he was defrauding no heir when, in July 1656, he made the transfer of this property, then valued at £56 per annum, with provision for a salary to the college librarian and for the endowment of an annual oration, which is still given on the anniversary of the day. The orator, so Harvey orders in his deed of gift, is to exhort the fellows of the college "to search out and study the secrets of nature by way of experiment, and also fro the honour of the profession to continue mutual love and affection among themselves."
Harvey, like his contemporary and great successor Sydenham, was long afflicted with gout, but he preserved his activity of mind to an advanced age. In his eightieth year, on the 3d of June 1657,1 he was attacked by paralysis, and though deprived of speech was able to send for his nephews and distribute his watch, ring, and other personal trinkets among them. He died the same evening, "the palsy giving him an easy passport," and was buried with great honour in his brother Eliabs vault at Hempstead in Essex, "annorum et famae satur."
Aubrey, to whom we owe most of the minor particulars about Harvey which have been preserved, says"In person he was not tall, but of the lowest stature; round faced, olivaster complexion, little eyes, round, very black, full of spirits; his hair black as a raven, but quite white twenty years before he died." The best portrait of him extant is by Cornelius Jansen in the library of the College of Physicians, one of those rescued from the great fire, which destroyed their original hall in 1666. It has been, often engraved, and is prefixed to the fine edition of his works published in 1766.
Harveys Work on the Circulation.In estimating the character and value of the discovery announced in the Exercitatio de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis, it is necessary to bear in mind the previous state of knowledge on the subject. Aristotle taught that in man and the higher animals the blood was elaborated from the food in the liver, thence carried to the heart, and sent by it through the veins over the body. His successors of the Alexandrian school of medicine, Erasistratus and Herophilus, further elaborated his system, and taught that, while the veins carried blood from the heart to the members, the arteries carried a subtle kind of air or spirit. For the practical physician only two changes had been made in this theory of the circulation between the Christian era and the 16th century. Galen has discovered that the arteries were not, as their name implies, merely air-pipes, but that they contained blood as well as vital air or spirit. And it had been gradually ascertained that the nerves (_____) which arose from the brain and conveyed "animal spirits" to the body were different from the tendons or sinews (_____) which attach muscles to bones. First, then, the physicians of the time of Linacre knew that the blood is not stagnant in the body. So did Shakespeare and Homer, and every augur who inspected the entrails of a victim, and every village barber who breathed a vein. Plato even used the expression GREEK. But no one had a conception of a continuous stream returning to its source (a circulation in the true sense of the word) either in the system or in the lungs. If they used the word circulation, as did Caesalpinus,2 it was as vaguely as the French policeman cries "Circulez." The movements of the blood were in fact though to be slow and irregular in direction as well as in speed, like the "circulation of air in a house, or the circulation of a crowd in the streets of a city. Secondly, they supposed that one kind of blood flowed from the liver to the right ventricle of the heart, and thence to the lungs and the general system by the veins, and that another kind flowed from the left ventricle to the lings and general system by the arteries. Thirdly, they supposed that the septum of the heart was pervious and allowed blood to pass directly from the right to the left side. Fourthly, they had no conception of the functions of the heart as the motor power of the movement of the blood. They doubted whether its substance was muscular; they supposed its pulsation to be due to expansion of the spirits it contained; they believed the only dynamic effect which it had on the blood to be sucking it in during its active diastole, and they supposed the chief use of its constant movements to be the due mixture of blood and spirits.
Of the great anatomists of the 16th century, Sylvius (In Hipp, et Gal. Phys. Partem Anatom, Isagoge) described the valves of the veins; Vesalius (De Humani Corporis Fabrica, 1542) ascertained that the septum between the right and left ventricles is complete, though he could not bring himself to deny the invisible pores which Galens system demanded. Servetus, in his Christianismi Restitutio (1553), goes somewhat further than his fellow-student Vesalius, and says"Paries ille medius non est aptus ad communicationem et elaborationem illam; licet aliquid resudare possit;" and, from this anatomical fact and the large size of the pulmonary arteries he concludes that there is a communication in the lungs by which blood passes from the pulmonary artery to the pulmonary vein"Eodem artificio quo in hepate fit transfusio a vena porta ad venam cavam propter sanguinem, fit etiam in pulmone transfusion a vena arteriosa ad arteriam venosam propter spiritum." The natural spirit of the left side and the vital spirit of the right side of the heart were therefore, he concluded, practically the same, and hence two instead of three distinct spiritus should be admitted. It seems doubtful whether even Servetus rightly conceived of the entire mass of the blood passing through the pulmonary artery and the lung. The transference of the spiritus to the lungs, and its return to the left ventricle as spiritus vitalis, was the function which he regarded as important. Indeed a true conception of the lesser circulation as a transference of the whole blood of the right side to the left was impossible until the corresponding transference in the greater or systemic circulation was discovered. Servatus, however, was the true predecessor of Harvey in physiology, and his claims to that honour are perfectly authentic and universally admitted.3
The way then to Harveys great work had been paved by the discovery of the valves in the veins, and by that of the lesser circulation,the former due to Sylvius and Fabricius, the latter to Servetus,but the significance of the valves was unsuspected, and the fact of even the pulmonary circulation was not generally admitted in its full meaning.
In his treatise Harvey proves (1) that it is the contraction, not the dilatation, of the heart which coincided with the pulse, and that the ventricles as true muscular sacs squeeze the blood which they contain into the aorta and pulmonary artery; (2) that the pulse is not produced by the arteries enlarging and so filling, but by the arteries being filled with blood and so enlarging; (3) that there are no pores in the septum of the heart, so that the whole blood in the right ventricle is sent to the lungs and round by the pulmonary veins to the left ventricle, and also that the whole blood in the left ventricle is again sent into the arteries, round by the smaller veins into the venae cavae, and by them to the right ventricle againthus making a complete "circulation"; (4) that the blood in the arteries and that in the veins is the same blood; (5) that the action of the right and left sides of the heart, auricles, ventricles, and valves, is the same, the mechanism in both being for reception and propulsion of liquid and not of air, since the blood on the right side, though mixed with air, is still blood; (6) that the blood sent through the arteries to the tissues is not all used, but that most of it runs through into the veins; (7) that there is no to and fro undulation in the veins, but a constant stream from the distant parts towards the heart; (8) that the dynamical starling-point of the blood is the heart and not the liver.
The method by which Harvey arrived at his complete and almost faultless solution of the most fundamental and difficult problem in physiology has been often discussed, and is well worthy of attention. He begins his treatise by pointing out the many inconsistencies and defects in the Galenical theory, quoting the writings of Golden himself, of Fabricius, Columbus, and others, with great respect, but with unflinching criticism. For, in his own noble language, wise men must learn anatomy, not from the decrees of philosophers, but from the fabric of nature herself, "nec ita in verba jurare antiquitatis magistrate, ut veritatem amicam in apertis relinquant, et in conspectus omnium deserant." He had, as we know, not only furnished himself with all the knowledge that books and the instructions of the best anatomists if Italy could give, but, by a long series of dissections, had gained a far more complete knowledge of the comparative anatomy of the heart and vessels than any contemporarywe may almost say that any successor, until the times of Hunter and Meckel. Thus equipped he tells us that he began his investigations into the movements of the heart and blood by looking at themi.e., by seeing their action in living animals. After a modest preface, he heads his first chapter "Ex vivorum dissectione, quails sit cordis motus." He minutely describes what he saw and handled in dogs, pigs, serpents, frogs, and fishes, and even in slugs, oysters, lobsters, and insects, in the transparent minima squilla, "quae Anglice dicitur a shrimp," and lastly in the chick while still in the shell. In these investigation he used a perspicillum or simple lens. He particularly describes his observations and experiments on the ventricles, the auricles, the arteries, and the veins. He shows how the arrangement of the vessels in the foetus supports his theory. He adduces facts observed in disease as well as in health to prove the rapidity of the circulation. He explains how the mechanism of the valves in the veins is adapted, not, as Fabricius believed, to moderate the flow of blood from the heart, but to favour its flow to the heart. He estimates the capacity of each ventricle, and reckons the rate at which the whole mass of blood passes through it. He elaborately and clearly demonstrates the effect of obstruction of the blood-stream in arteries or in veins, by the forceps in the case of a snake, by a ligature on the arm of a man, and illustrates his argument by figures. He then sums up his conclusion thus:"Circulari quadam motu, in circuitu, agitari in animalibus sanguinem, et esse in perpetuo motu; et hanc esse actionem sive functionem cordis quam pulsu peragit; et omnino motus et pulsus cordis causam unam esse." Lastly, in the 15th, 16th, and 17th chapters, he adds certain confirmatory evidence, as the effect of position on the circulation, the absorption of animal poisons and of medicines applied externally, the muscular structure of the heart and the necessary working of its valves. The while treatise, which occupies only 67 pages of large print in the quarto edition of 1766, is model of accurate observation, patient accumulation of facts, ingenious experimentation, bold yet cautions hypothesis, and logical deduction.
In one point only was the demonstration of the circulation incomplete. Harvey could not discover the capillary channels by which the blood passes from the arteries to the veins. This gap in the circulation was supplied several years later by the great anatomist Malpighi, who in 1661 saw in the lungs of a frog, by the newly invented microscope, how the blood passes from the one set of vessels to the other. Harvey saw all hat could he, seen by the unaided eye in his observation on living animals; Malpighi, four years after Harveys death, by another observation on a living animal, completed the splendid chain of evidence. If this detracts from Harveys merit it leaves Servetus no merit at all. But in fact the existence of the channels first seen by Malpighi was as clearly pointed to by Harveys reasoning as the existence of Neptune by the calculations of Le Verrier and of Adams.
Harvey himself and all his contemporaries were well aware of the novelty and importance of his theory. He says in the admirable letter to Dr Argent, president of the College of Physicians, which follows the dedication of his treatise to Charles I., that he should not have ventured to publish "a book which alone asserts that the blood pursues its course and flows back again by a new path, contrary to the received doctrine taught so many ages by innumerable learned and illustrious men," if he had not set forth his theory for more than nine years in his college lectures, gradually brought it to perfection, and convinced his colleagues by actual demonstrations of the truth of what he advanced. He anticipates opposition, and even obloquy or loss, from the novelty of his views. These anticipations however, the event proved to have been groundless. If we are to credit Aubrey indeed, he found that after the publication of the De Motu "he fell mightily in his practice; twas believed by the vulgar that he was crackbrained, and all the physicians were against him." But the last assertion sook him, they must soon have returned, for Harvey left a handsome fortune. By his own profession the book was received as it deserved. So novel a doctrine was not to accepted without due demonstrations for years; they were already convinced of the truth of his theory, urged its publication, continued him in his lectureship, and paid him every honour in their power. Abroad the book was widely read and much canvassed. Few accepted the new theory; but no one dreamt of claiming the honour of it fro himself, nor for several years did any one pretend that it could be found in the works of previous authors. The first attack on it was a feeble tract by one Primerose, a pupil of Riolanus (Exerc. Et Animadv. In Libr. Harvei de Motu Cord. et Sang. 1630). Five years later Parisanus, an Italian physician, published his Lapis Lydius de Motu Cord. et Sang. (Venice, 1635), a still more bulky and futile performance. Primeroses attacks were "imbellia pleraque" and "sine ictu;" that of Parisanus "in quamplurimis turpius," according to the contemporary judgment of Vessling. Their dullness has protected them from further censure. Caspar Hoffmann, professor at Nuremberg, while admitting the truth of the lesser circulation in the full Harveian sense, denied the rest if the new doctrine. To with great consideration yet with modest dignity, beseeching him to convince himself by actual inspection of the truth of the facts in question. He concluded"I accept your censure in the candid and friendly spirit in which you say you wrote it; do you also the same to me, now that I have answered you in the same spirit." This letter is dated May 1636, and in that year Harvey passed through Nuremberg with the earl of Arundel, and visited Hoffmann. But he failed to convince him; "nec tamen valuit Harveius vel persuading the obstinate old Galenist to soften his opposition to the new doctrine, and thinks that his complete conversion might have been effected if he had but lived a little longer"nec dubito quin concessisset tandem in nostra castra." While in Italy the following year Harvey visited his old university of Padua, and demonstrated his views to Professor Vessling. A few months later this excellent anatomist wrote him a courteous and sensible letter, with certain objections to the new theory. The answer to this had not been preserved, but it convinced his candid opponent, who admitted the truth of the circulation in a second letter (both were published in 1640), and afterwards told a friend. "Harveium nostrum si audis, agnosces coelestem sanguinis et spiritus ingressum ex arteries per venas in dextrum cordis sinum." Meanwhile a greater convert, Descartes, in his Discours sur la Méthode (1637) had announced his adhesion to the new doctrine, and refers to "the English physician to whom belongs the honour of having of having first shown that the course of the blood in the body is nothing less than a kind of perpetual movement iin a circle. Wslaeus of Leyden, Regius of Utrecht, and Schlegel of Hamburg successively adopted the new physiology. Of these professors, Regius was mauled by the pertinacious Primerose and mauled him in return (Spongia qua eluuntur sordes quae Jac. Primirosius, &c., and Antidotum adv. Spongiam venenatam Henr. Regii). Descartes afterwards repeated Harveys vivisections, and, more convinced that ever, demolished an unlucky Professor Plempius of Louvain, who had written on the other side. Dr George Ent also published an Apologia pro Circulatione Sanguinies in answer to Parisanus.
At last Riolan ventured to published his Enchiridium Anatomicum (1648), in which he attacks Harveys theory, and proposes one of his own. Riolan had accompanied the queen dowager of France (Maria de Medici) on a visit to her daughter at Whitehall, and had there met Harvey and discussed his theory. He was, in the opinion of the judicious Haller, "vir asper et in nuperos suosque coaevos immitis ac nemini parcens, nimis avidus suarum laudum praecox et se ipso fatente anatomicorum princes. Harvey replied to the Enchiridium with perfectly courteous language and perfectly conclusive arguments, in two letters De Circulatione Sanguinis, which were published at Cambridge in 1649, and are still well worth reading. He speaks here of the "circuitus sanguinis a me inventus." Riolan was convinced, but lived to see another professor of anatomy appointed in his own university who taught Harveys doctrines. Even in Italy, Trullius, professor of anatomy at Rome, expounded the new doctrine in 1651. But the most illustrious converts were Pecquest of Dippee, the discoverer of the thoracic duct, and of the true course of the lacteal vessels, and Thomas Bartholinus of Copenhagen, in his Anatome ex omnium Veterum Recentiorunque Observationibus, imprimis Institutionibus beati mei parentis Caspari Bartholini, ad Circulationem Harveianam et vasa lymphatica renovate (Leydem 1651). At last Plempius also retracted all his objections; for, as he candidly stated, "having opened the bodies of a few living dogs, I find that all Harveys statements are perfectly true." Hobbes of Malmesbury could thus say in the preface to his Elementa Philosophiae that his friend Harvey, "solus quod sciam, docriniam vonam superata invidia vivens stabilivit."
It has been made a reproach to Harvey that he failed to appreciate the importance of the discoveries of the lacteal and lumphatic vessels by Aselli, Pecquet, and Bartholinus. In three letters on the Darmstadt, one to Dr Morrison of Paris (1652) and two to Dr Horst of Darmstadt (1655), a correspondent of Bartholins, he discusses these observation, and shows himself unconvinced of their accuracy. He writes, however, with great moderation and reasonableness, and excuses himself from investigating the subject on the score of the infirmities of age; he was then above seventy-four. The following quotation shows the spirit of these letters:"Laudo equidem summopere Pecqueti aliorumque in indaganda veritate industriam singularem, nec dubito quin multa adhue in Democriti puteo abscondita sint, a venture seculi indefatigabili diligentia expromeda." Bartholin, though reasonably disappointed in not having Harveys concurrence, speaks of him with the utmost respect, and generously says that the glory of discovering the movements of the heart and of the blood was enough for one man.
Harveys Work on Generation.We have seen how Dr Ent persuaded his friend to publish this book in 1651. It is between five and six times as long as the Exerc. De Motu Cord. et Sung., and is followed by excursus De Partu, De Uteri Membranis, De Conceptione; but, though the fruit of as patient and extensive observations, its value is far inferior. The subject was far more abstruse, and in fact inaccessible to proper investigation without the aid of the microscope. And the field was almost untrodden since the days of Aristotle. Fabricius, Harveys masters, in his work De Formatione Ovi et Pulli (1621), had alone preceded him in modern times. Moreover, the seventy-one chapters which form the book lack the coordination so conspicuous in the earlier treatise, and some of them seem almost like detached chapters of a system which was never completed of finally revised.
Aristotle had believed that the male parent furnished the body of the future embryo, while the female only nourished and formed the seed; this is in fact the theory on which, in the Eumenides of Aeschylus, Apollo obtains the acquittal of Orestes. Galen taught almost as erroneously that each parent contributes seeds, the union or which produced the young animal. Harvey, after speaking with due honour of Aristotle and Fabricius, begins rightly "ab ovo"; for, as he remarks, "eggs cost little and are always and everywhere to be had," and moreover "almost all animals, even those which bring forth their young alive, and man himself, are produced from eggs" ("omnia omnino animalia, etiam viviparam atque hominem adeo ipsum, ex ovo progini"). This dictum, usually quoted as :omne vivum ex ovo," would alone stamp this work as worthy of the discoverer of the circulation of the blood, but it was a prevision of genius, and was not proved to be a fact until Von Baer discovered the mammalian ovum in 1827. Harvey proceeds with a careful anatomical description of the ovary and oviduct of the hen, describes the new-laid egg, and then gives an account of the appearance seen on the successive days of incubation, from the 1st to the 6th, the 10th, and the 14th, and lastly describes the process of hatching. He then comments upon and corrects the opinions of Aristotle and Fabricius, declares against spontaneous generation (though in one passage he seems to admit the current doctrine of production of worms by putrefaction as an exception), proves that there is no semen faemineum, that the chalazae of the hens egg are not the semen galli, and that both parents contribute to the formation of the egg. He describes accurately the first appearance of the ovarian ova as mere specks, their assumption of yelk, and afterwards of albumen. In chapter xlv. He describes two methods of production of the embryo from the ovum: one is metamorphosis, or the direct transformation of pre-existing material, as a worm from an egg, or butterfly from an Aurelia (chrysalis); the other is epigenesist, or development with addition of parts, the true generation observed in all higher animals. Chapters xlvi.-1. are devoted to the abstruse question of the efficient cause of generation, which after much discussion of the opinions of Aristotle and Sennertius, Harvey refers to the action of both parents as the efficient instruments of the first great cause.1 He then goes on to describe the order in which the several parts appear in the chick. He states that the punctum saliens or foetal heart is the first organ to be seen, and explains that the nutrition of the chick is not only effected by yelk conveyed directly into the midgut, as Aristotle taught, but also by absorption from yelk and white by the umbilical (omphalomeseraic) veins; on the fourth day of incubation appear two masses (which he eddly names vermiculus), one of which develops into three vesicles, to form the cerebrum, cerebellum, and eyes, the other into the breastbone and thorax; on the sixth or seventh day come the viscera, and lastly, the feathers and other external parts. Harvey points out how nearly this order of development in the chick agrees with what he had observed in mammalian and particularly in human embryos. He notes the bifid apex of the foetal heart in man and the equal thickness of the ventricles, the soft cartilages which represent the future bones, the large amount of liquor amnii and absence of placenta which characterize the foetus in the third months: in the fourth the position of the testes in the abdomen, an the uterus with its Fallopian tubes resembling the uterus bicornis of the sheep; the large thymus; the caecum, small as in the adult, not forming a second stomach as in the pig, the horse, and the hare; the lobulated kidneys, like those of the seal ("vitulo," sc. Marino) and porpoise, and the large suprarenal veins, not much smaller than those of the kidneys (li.-lvi). He failed, however, to trace the connexion of the urachus with the bladder. In the following chapters (lxiii.-lxvii.) he described the process of generation in the fallow deer or the roe. After again insisting that all animals arise from ova, that a "conception" is an internal egg and an egg an extruded conception, he goes on to describe the uterus of the doe, the process of impregnation, and the subsequent development of the foetus and its membranes, the punctum saliens, the cotyledons of the placenta, and the "uterine milk," to which Professor Turner has lately recalled attention. The treatise concludes with detached notes on the placenta, parturition, and allied subjects.
Harveys other Writing and Medical Practice.The remaining writings of Harvey which are extant are unimportant. A complete list of them will be found below, together with the titles of those which we know to be lost. Of these the most important were probably that on respiration, and the records of post-mortem examinations. From the following passage (De Partu, . 550) it seems that he had a notion of respiration being connected rather with the production of animals heat than, as then generally supposed, with the cooling of the blood. "Haec qui diligenter perpenderit, naturamque aeris diligenter introspexerit, facile opinor fatebitur eundem nec refrigerationis gratia nec in pabulum animalibus concede. Haec autem obiter duntaxat de respiratione diximus, proprio loco de eadem forsitan copiosius disceptaturi."
Of Harvey as a practicing physician we know very little. Aubrey tell us that "he paid his visits on horseback with a footcloth, his man following on foot, as the fashion then was." He adds"Though all of his profession would allow him to be an excellent anatomist. I never heard any that admired his therapeutic way. I knew several practitioners that would not have given threepence for one of his bills" (the apothecaries used to collect physicians prescriptions and sell of publish them to their own profit), "ad that a man could hardly tell by his bill what he did aim at." However this may have been,and rational therapeutics was impossible when the foundation-stone of physiology had only just been laid,we know that Harvey was an active practitioners, performing such important surgical operations as the removal of a breast, and he turned his obstetric experience to account in his book on generation. Some hood practical precepts as to the conduct of labour are quoted by Willoughby, a contemporary. He also took notes of the anatomy of disease; these unfortunately perished with his as a forerunner of Morgagni; for Harvey saw that pathology is but a branch of physiology, and like it must depend first on accurate anatomy. He speaks strongly to this purpose in his first epistle to Riolanus: "Sicut enim sanorum et boni habitus corporum dissection plurimum as philosophiam et rectam physiologiam facit, ita corporum morbosorum et cachecticorum inspection potissimum ad pathologiam philosophicam." The only specimen we have his observations in morbid anatomy is his account of the post-mortem examination made by order of the king on the body of the famous Thomas Parr, who died in 1635, at the reputed age of 152. Harvey insists on the value of physiological truths for there own sake, independently of their immediate utility; but he himself gives us an interesting example of the practical application of his theory of the circulation in the cure of a large tumour by tying the arteries which supplied it with blood (De Generat., Exerc. xix.).
The following is believed to a be a complete list of all the known writings of Harvey, published and unpublished:
Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordiset Sanguinis, 4to, Frankfort-on-the-Maine, 1628; Exercitationes duae Anatomicae de Circulatione Sanguinis, ad Johannem Riolanum, filium, Parisiensem, Cambridge, 1649; Exercitationes de Generatione Animalium, quibus acced unt quaedam de Partu, de Membranis ac Humoribus Uteri, et de Conceptione, 4to, Lond., 1651; Anatomia Thomae Parr, first published in the treatise of Dr John Betts, De Ortu et Natura Sanguinis, Svo, Lond., 1669. Letter(1) to Caspar Hoffmann of Nuremberg, May 1636; (2) to Schlegel of Hamburg, April 1651; (3) three to Giovanni Nardi of Florence, July 1651, Dec. 1653. 1653, and Nov. 1655; (4) two to Dr Morrison of Paris, May 1652; (5) two to Dr Horst of Darmstadt, Feb 1654-5 and July 1655; (6) to Dr Vlackveld of Haarlem, May 1656. His letters to Hoffmann and Schlegel are on the circulation; those to Morrison, Horst, and Vlackveld refer to the discovery of the lacteals; the two to Nardi are short letters of friendship. All these letters were published by Sir George Ent in his collected works (Leyden, 1687). Of two MS. letters, one on official business to the secretary Dorchester was printed by Dr Aveling, with a facsimile of the crabbed handwriting (Memorials of Harvey, 1875), and the other, about a patient, appears in Dr Williss Life of Harvey, 1878. Praelectiones anatomicae universalis per me Gul. Harveium medium Londinensem, anat. Et chir, professorem, an. Dom, 1616, aetat. 37,MS notes of his Lumleian lectures in Latinare in the British Museum library; they are almost illegible, but were partly deciphered and photograph of one of the pages taken by Dr Sieveking; for an account of them see his Harveian Lecture for 1877. A second MS. has been discovered in the British Museum, entitled Gulielmus Harveius de Musculis, Motu Locali, &c., and an account of it was published by Dr George Paget (Notice of an unpublished MS. of Harvey, Lond., (1850). The following treatises, or notes towards them, were lost either in the pillaging of Harveys house, or perhaps in the fire of London, which destroyed the old College of PhysiciansA Treatise on Respiration, promised, and probably at least in part completed (pp. 82, 550, ed. 1766); Observationes de usu Lienis; Observationes de motu locali, perhaps identical with the above-mentioned manuscript; Tractatum physiologicum; Anatomia medicalis (apparently notes of morbid anatomy); De Generatione Insectorum. The fine 4to edition of Harveys Works published by the Royal College of Physicians in1766, was superintended by Dr Mark Akenside; it contains the two treatises, the account of the post-mortem examination of old Parr, and the six letters enumerated above. A translation of this volume by Dr Willis, with Harveys will, was published by the Sydenham Society, 8vo, Lond., 1649.
The following are the principal biographies of HarveyAubreys Letters of Eminent Persons, &c. (vol. ii., Lond., 1813), first published in 1685, the only contemporary account; in Bayles Dictionnaire Historique et Critique, 1698 and 1720 (Eng. Ed., 1738); in the Biographia Britannica, and in Aitkens Biographical Memoirs; the Latin Life by Dr Lawrence, prefixed to the college edition of Harveys Works in 1766; memoir in Lives of British Physicians, Lond., 1830; a Life by Dr Robert Willis, founded on that by Lawrence, and prefixed to his English edition of Harvey in 1847; the much enlarged Life by the same author, published in 1878; the biography by Dr Munk in the Roll of the College of Physicians, 2d. ed., vol. i., 1879.
The literature which has arisen on the great discovery of Harvey, on his methods and his merits, would fill a library. The most important contemporary writings have been mentioned above. The following list gives some of the most remarkable in modern times:the article in Bayles dictionary quoted above; Anatomincal Lectures, by Wm. Hunter, M.D., 1784; Sprengell, Geschichte der Arzneikunde, Halle, 1800, vol. iv.; Flourens, Histoire de la Circulation, 1854; Lewis, Physiology of Common Life, 1859, vol. i. pp. 291-345; Ceradini, La Scoperta della Circolazione del Sangue, Milan, 1876; Tollin, Die Entdeckung des Blutkreislaufs durch Michael Secret, Jena, 1876; Kirchner, Die Entdeckung des Blutkreislaufs, Berlin, 1878; Willis, in his life Life of Harvey; Wharton Jones, "Lecture on the Circulation of the Blood," Lancet for Oct. 25 and Nove. 1, 1879; an the Harveian Orations, especially those by Dr Sieveking, Dr Guy, and Prof. Rolleston. (P. H. P-.S)
Footnotes
FOOTNOTES (page 502)
(1) A venerable MS. Notebook in Harveys own crabbed handwriting was discovered only lately in the British Museum, with the title "Praelectiones anatomicae," &c. this, so far as it has been deciphered, contains the germs of his great discovery.
(2) "Ignoscant milhi niveae animae, si, summarum injuriarum memor, levem gemitum effudero. Doloris mihi haec causa est: cum, inter nuperos nostros tumultus et bella plusquam civilian, serenissimum regem (idque non solum senatus permissione sed et jussu) sequor, rapaces quaedam manus non modo aedium mearum supellectilem, omnem expilarunt, sed etiam, quae mihi causa gravior querimoniae, adversaria mea, multorum annorum laboribus parta, e museo meo summoverunt. Quo factum est ut observations plurimae, praesertim de generatione insectorum, cum republicae literariae (ausim dicere) detrimento, perierint."De Gen., Ex lxviii. To this loss Cowley refers
"O cursed war! who can forgive thee this?
Houses and towns may rise again,
And ten times easier tis
To rebuild Pauls than any work of his."
FOOTNOTES (page 503)
(1) This is the date usually given according to the college annals. Grangers Biographical History of England makes it June 30; Hamey, a contemporary, June 15; while Dr Lawrence, following the inscription on the tomb, gives June 3, 1658.
(2) Indeed the same word, GREEK, occurs in the Hippocratic writings, and was held by Van der Linder to prove that to the father of medicine himself, and not to Columbus or Caesalpinus, belonged the laurels of Harvey.
(3) Realdus Columbus (De Re Anatomica, 1559) formally denies the muscularity of the heart, yet correctly teaches that blood and spirits pass from the right to the left ventricle, not through the septum, but through the lungs, "quod nemo hactenus aut animadvertit aut scriptum reliquit." The fact that Harvey quotes Columbus and not Servetus is explained by the almost entire destruction of the writings of the latter, which are now among the rarest curiosities. The great anatomist Fabricius, Harveys teacher at Padua, described the valves of the veins more perfectly than had Sylvius. Ruini, in his treatise on the Anatomy and Diseases of the Horse (1590), taught that the left ventricle sends blood and vital spirits to all parts of the body except the lungsthe ordinary Galenical doctrine. Yet on the strength of this phrase Professor Ercolani has actually put up a tablet in the veterinary school at Bologna to Ruini as the discoverer of the circulation of the blood! The claims of Caesalpinus, a more plausible claimant to Harveys laurels, are scarcely better founded. In his Quaestiones Peripateticae (1571) he followed Servetus and Columbus in describing what we now know as the pulmonary "circulation" under that name, and this is the only foundation for the assertion (first made in Bayles dictionary) that Caesalpinus knew "the circulation of the blood." He is even behind Servetus, for he only allows part of the blood of the right ventricle to go round by this "circuits"; some, he conceives, passes through the hypothetical pores in the septum, and the rest by the superior cava to the head and arms, by the inferior to the rest by the superior cava to the head and arms, by the inferior to the rest of the body"Hanc esse venarum utilitatem ut omnes partes corporis sanguinem pro nutrimento deferant. Ex dextro ventr° cordis vena cava sanguinem crassiorem, in quo calor intensus est magis, ex altero autem ventr°, sanguinem temperatissimum ac sincerrissum habente, egreditur aorta." Caesalpinus seems to have had no original views on the subject; all that he writes is copied from Galen or from Servetus except some erroneous observations of his own. His greatest merit was as a botanist; and no claim to the "discovery of the circulation" was made by him or by his contemporaries. When it was made, Haller decided conclusively against it. The fact that an inscription was lately placed on the bust of Caesalpinus at Rome, which states that he preceded others in recognizing and demonstrating "the general circulation of the blood," is only a proof of the blindness of misplaced national vanity.
FOOTNOTES (page 505)
1 So in Exerc. Liv." "Superior itaque et divinior opiefx, quam est homo, videtur hominem fabricare et conservare, et nobillior artifex. Quam gallus, pullum ex ovo producere. Nempe agnoscimys Deum, Creatorem summum atque omnipotentem, in cunctorum animallium fabrics ubique praesentem esse, et in operibus suis quasi digito monstrari; cujus in procreatione pulli instrumenta sint gallus et gallina
Nee eniquam sane haec attributa convenient nisi omnipotenti rerum Principio, quocunque demum nominee idipsum appellare lubuerit; sive Montem divinam cum Aristotle, sive cum Platene Animal Mundi, aut cum allis Naturam naturantem. vei cum ethnicis Saturnum aut Iovem; vel potius (ut nos decet) Creatorem ac Patrem omnium quae in coelis et terries, a quo animalia corumque origins dependent, cujusque nutu sive effato flunt et generantur omnia
The above article was written by Philip H. Pye-Smith, M.D.: F.R.S.; Physician, Guy's Hospital, London; author of An Introduction to the Study of Diseases o the Skin, etc.
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Which British explorer translated the Arabian Nights and had a famous 20th century namesake? | Entering the Forbidden City of Mecca, 1853
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It was a dangerous journey; any misstep could have cost him his life. In 1853 intrepid British explorer Sir Richard Francis Burton disguised himself as an Islamic pilgrim and made the trek into the heart of Arabia visiting the holy cities of Medina and Mecca. If his true identity as a European Christian had been exposed, the penalty for his indiscretion would have been death.
Richard Francis Burton
Mecca was the birthplace of the prophet Mohammed and is the home of the Kaaba, a small cube-shaped building enclosed within a mosque that is revered as the holiest site in Islam. In the year 630, Mohammed conquered Mecca and declared the Kaaba as the center of Islam, requiring that the faithful make a pilgrimage (the Hajj) to the site at least once in their lifetime. Because of its sacredness, Mecca became, and remains, a "forbidden city" - off limits to non-Muslims.
It was Burton's plan to disguise himself as a Muslim pilgrim, join the Hajj and enter the holy city. Burton had been preparing for his adventure for years. As a British soldier stationed in India, He had immersed himself in Islam and learned Arabic. In the early 1850s he gained permission to take a leave from the British Army and traveled to Egypt to prepare for his adventure. He immediately took on the disguise of a Muslim, his success prompting him to begin his journey into Arabia in July 1853. He traveled by caravan first to Medina and from there to Mecca. Within a few months he returned to Egypt.
Burton published his description of his journey in a three-volume book that became an immediate sensation in England. The adventurer was elevated to the status of folk hero and later enhanced his reputation by beginning an unsuccessful quest to find the source of the Nile River.
"...a splendid camel in front of me was shot through the heart."
We join Burton's journey as the caravan he is part of leaves the holy city of Medina on its way to Mecca.
ADVERTISMENT
"We dismounted to gaze at the venerable minarets and the green dome which covers the tomb of the Prophet. The heat was dreadful, the climate dangerous, and the beasts died in numbers. Fresh carcasses strewed our way, and were covered by foul vultures. The Caravan was most picturesque. We traveled principally at night, but the camels had to perform the work of goats, and step from block to block of basalt like mountaineers, which being unnatural to them, they kept up a continual piteous moan. The simoom and pillars of sand continually threw them over.
Water is the great trouble of a Caravan journey, and the only remedy is to be patient and not to talk. The first two hours gives you the mastery, but if you drink you cannot stop. Forty-seven miles before we reached Mecca, at EI Zaribah, we had to perform the ceremony of EI Ihram, meaning 'to assume the pilgrim garb'. A barber shaved us, trimmed our moustaches; we bathed and perfumed, and then we put on two new cotton cloths, each six feet long by three and a half broad. It is white, with narrow red strips and fringe, and worn something as you wear it in the baths. Our heads and feet, right shoulder and arm, are exposed.
We had another fight before we got to Mecca, and a splendid camel in front of me was shot through the heart. Our Sherif Zayd was an Arab Chieftain of the purest blood, and very brave. He took two or three hundred men, and charged our attackers. However, they shot many of our dromedaries and camels, and boxes and baggage strewed the place; and whence we were gone the Bedawi would come back, loot the baggage; and eat the camels.
On Saturday, the 10th of September, at one in the morning, there was great excitement in the Caravan, and loud cries of 'Mecca! Mecca! Oh, the Sanctuary, the Sanctuary!' All burst into loud praises and many wept. We reached it next morning, after ten days and nights from EI Medinah. I became the guest of the boy Mohammed, in the house of his mother.
First I did the circumambulation of the Haram. Early next morning I was admitted to the house of our Lord; and we went to the holy well Zemzem, the holy water of Mecca, and then the Ka'abah, in which is inserted the famous black stone, where they say a prayer for the Unity of Allah.
Then I performed the seven circuits round the Ka'abah, called the Tawaf. I then managed to have a way pushed for me through the immense crowd to kiss it. While kissing it, and rubbing hands and forehead upon it, I narrowly observed it, and came away persuaded that it is an aerolite. It is curious that almost all agree upon one point, namely, that the stone is volcanic. Ali Bey calls it mineralogically a 'block of volcanic basalt, whose circumference is sprinkled with little crystals, pointed and straw-like, with rhombs of tile-red felspath upon a dark ground like velvet or charcoal, except one of its protuberances, which is reddish'. It is also described as 'a lava containing several small extraneous particles of a whitish and of a yellowish substance'."
A Second Visit
Burton returned to Mecca about a week later and was able to actually enter the sacred Kaaba.
the Kaaba
"A crowd stood gathered round the Ka'abah, and I having no wish to stand bareheaded and barefooted in the midday September sun. At the cry of 'Open a path for the Haji (pilgrim) who would enter the House!' the gazers made way. Two stout Meccans, who stood below the door raised me in their arms, whilst a third drew me from above into the building. At the entrance I was accosted by several officials, dark-looking Meccans, of whom the blackest and plainest was a youth of the,Ben!l Shaybah family, the true blood of the EI Hejaz.. He held in his hand the huge silver-gilt padlock o fthe Ka'abah, and presently, taking his seat upon a kind of wooden press in the left corner of the hall, he officially inquired my name, nation, and other particulars. The replies were satisfactory, and the boy Mohammed was authoritatively ordered to conduct me round the building, and to recite the prayers. I will not deny that, looking at the windowless walls, the officials at the door, and a crowd of excited fanatics below...my feelings were of the trapped-rat description,...A blunder, a hasty action, a misjudged word, a prayer or bow, not strictly the right shibboleth, and my bones would have whitened the desert sand. This did not, however, prevent my carefully observing the scene during our long prayer, and making a rough plan with a pencil upon my white ihram."
References:
This eyewitness account appears in: Burton, Richard Frances, Personal Narrative of a Pilgimage to el Medinah and Meccah (1857); Brodie, Fawn, M., The Devil Drives: a Life of Sir Richard Burton (1967).
How To Cite This Article:
"Entering the Forbidden City of Mecca, 1853", EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2006).
In the 1880s, Burton translated and published The Kama Sutra and Arabian Nights in England.
| Richard Burton |
The Peasants' Revolt, aka. Wat Tyler's Rebellion or the Great Rising, was a major uprising across large parts of England in what year? | Entering the Forbidden City of Mecca, 1853
Printer Friendly Version >>>
It was a dangerous journey; any misstep could have cost him his life. In 1853 intrepid British explorer Sir Richard Francis Burton disguised himself as an Islamic pilgrim and made the trek into the heart of Arabia visiting the holy cities of Medina and Mecca. If his true identity as a European Christian had been exposed, the penalty for his indiscretion would have been death.
Richard Francis Burton
Mecca was the birthplace of the prophet Mohammed and is the home of the Kaaba, a small cube-shaped building enclosed within a mosque that is revered as the holiest site in Islam. In the year 630, Mohammed conquered Mecca and declared the Kaaba as the center of Islam, requiring that the faithful make a pilgrimage (the Hajj) to the site at least once in their lifetime. Because of its sacredness, Mecca became, and remains, a "forbidden city" - off limits to non-Muslims.
It was Burton's plan to disguise himself as a Muslim pilgrim, join the Hajj and enter the holy city. Burton had been preparing for his adventure for years. As a British soldier stationed in India, He had immersed himself in Islam and learned Arabic. In the early 1850s he gained permission to take a leave from the British Army and traveled to Egypt to prepare for his adventure. He immediately took on the disguise of a Muslim, his success prompting him to begin his journey into Arabia in July 1853. He traveled by caravan first to Medina and from there to Mecca. Within a few months he returned to Egypt.
Burton published his description of his journey in a three-volume book that became an immediate sensation in England. The adventurer was elevated to the status of folk hero and later enhanced his reputation by beginning an unsuccessful quest to find the source of the Nile River.
"...a splendid camel in front of me was shot through the heart."
We join Burton's journey as the caravan he is part of leaves the holy city of Medina on its way to Mecca.
ADVERTISMENT
"We dismounted to gaze at the venerable minarets and the green dome which covers the tomb of the Prophet. The heat was dreadful, the climate dangerous, and the beasts died in numbers. Fresh carcasses strewed our way, and were covered by foul vultures. The Caravan was most picturesque. We traveled principally at night, but the camels had to perform the work of goats, and step from block to block of basalt like mountaineers, which being unnatural to them, they kept up a continual piteous moan. The simoom and pillars of sand continually threw them over.
Water is the great trouble of a Caravan journey, and the only remedy is to be patient and not to talk. The first two hours gives you the mastery, but if you drink you cannot stop. Forty-seven miles before we reached Mecca, at EI Zaribah, we had to perform the ceremony of EI Ihram, meaning 'to assume the pilgrim garb'. A barber shaved us, trimmed our moustaches; we bathed and perfumed, and then we put on two new cotton cloths, each six feet long by three and a half broad. It is white, with narrow red strips and fringe, and worn something as you wear it in the baths. Our heads and feet, right shoulder and arm, are exposed.
We had another fight before we got to Mecca, and a splendid camel in front of me was shot through the heart. Our Sherif Zayd was an Arab Chieftain of the purest blood, and very brave. He took two or three hundred men, and charged our attackers. However, they shot many of our dromedaries and camels, and boxes and baggage strewed the place; and whence we were gone the Bedawi would come back, loot the baggage; and eat the camels.
On Saturday, the 10th of September, at one in the morning, there was great excitement in the Caravan, and loud cries of 'Mecca! Mecca! Oh, the Sanctuary, the Sanctuary!' All burst into loud praises and many wept. We reached it next morning, after ten days and nights from EI Medinah. I became the guest of the boy Mohammed, in the house of his mother.
First I did the circumambulation of the Haram. Early next morning I was admitted to the house of our Lord; and we went to the holy well Zemzem, the holy water of Mecca, and then the Ka'abah, in which is inserted the famous black stone, where they say a prayer for the Unity of Allah.
Then I performed the seven circuits round the Ka'abah, called the Tawaf. I then managed to have a way pushed for me through the immense crowd to kiss it. While kissing it, and rubbing hands and forehead upon it, I narrowly observed it, and came away persuaded that it is an aerolite. It is curious that almost all agree upon one point, namely, that the stone is volcanic. Ali Bey calls it mineralogically a 'block of volcanic basalt, whose circumference is sprinkled with little crystals, pointed and straw-like, with rhombs of tile-red felspath upon a dark ground like velvet or charcoal, except one of its protuberances, which is reddish'. It is also described as 'a lava containing several small extraneous particles of a whitish and of a yellowish substance'."
A Second Visit
Burton returned to Mecca about a week later and was able to actually enter the sacred Kaaba.
the Kaaba
"A crowd stood gathered round the Ka'abah, and I having no wish to stand bareheaded and barefooted in the midday September sun. At the cry of 'Open a path for the Haji (pilgrim) who would enter the House!' the gazers made way. Two stout Meccans, who stood below the door raised me in their arms, whilst a third drew me from above into the building. At the entrance I was accosted by several officials, dark-looking Meccans, of whom the blackest and plainest was a youth of the,Ben!l Shaybah family, the true blood of the EI Hejaz.. He held in his hand the huge silver-gilt padlock o fthe Ka'abah, and presently, taking his seat upon a kind of wooden press in the left corner of the hall, he officially inquired my name, nation, and other particulars. The replies were satisfactory, and the boy Mohammed was authoritatively ordered to conduct me round the building, and to recite the prayers. I will not deny that, looking at the windowless walls, the officials at the door, and a crowd of excited fanatics below...my feelings were of the trapped-rat description,...A blunder, a hasty action, a misjudged word, a prayer or bow, not strictly the right shibboleth, and my bones would have whitened the desert sand. This did not, however, prevent my carefully observing the scene during our long prayer, and making a rough plan with a pencil upon my white ihram."
References:
This eyewitness account appears in: Burton, Richard Frances, Personal Narrative of a Pilgimage to el Medinah and Meccah (1857); Brodie, Fawn, M., The Devil Drives: a Life of Sir Richard Burton (1967).
How To Cite This Article:
"Entering the Forbidden City of Mecca, 1853", EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2006).
In the 1880s, Burton translated and published The Kama Sutra and Arabian Nights in England.
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Who was the first woman to fly the Atlantic? | Amelia Earhart - Biography, Facts, and Pictures
Amelia Earhart
By Stephen Sherman , Sept. 26, 2012.
The world's most famous female aviator disappeared in 1937, as she attempted to become the first woman to fly around the world. With her navigator, Fred Noonan, her Lockheed Electra was last heard from about 100 miles from the tiny Pacific atoll, Howland Island, on July 2, 1937. President Roosevelt authorized an immediate search; no trace was ever found; notwithstanding the endless efforts by conspiracy theorists to find evidence that she landed on an island.
Over the years, the disappearance of Amelia Earhart has spawned almost as many conspiracy theories as the Lindbergh Kidnapping and the Kennedy Assassination.
She achieved a number of aviation records:
the first woman to fly across the Atlantic, in 1928
the second person to fly solo across the Atlantic, in 1932
the first person to solo from Hawaii to California, in 1935
Guided by her publicist and husband, George Putnam, she made headlines in the era when aviation gripped the public's imagination.
Childhood and Education
Amelia Earhart was born on
July 24, 1897
in Kansas, the daughter of Edwin and Amy Earhart. At the age of three, she was sent to live with her grandmother (her namesake), mainly because the old woman needed company and a distraction from the deaths of her mother, her son, and her daughter-in-law, as well as the poor mental condition of her husband Alfred. The grandparents (or grandmother) raised Amelia during her early childhood. She liked their home in Atchison, Kansas, especially her large bedroom with views of the nearby river, now a museum open to the public. She enjoyed her life with her grandparents: learning to read at five, and secure in a place where it seemed that almost everyone was family. But her grandmother was timid, and a worrier, and did not approve of Amelia's tomboy tendencies, so Amelia kept her pony-riding, tree-climbing, snow-sledding, and hunting activities to herself. Her parents were only 50 miles away, and she summered with them, so she remained close to them during these years.
Education
When she was seven, her father Edwin took the family to the St. Louis World's Fair, where, on riding the Ferris wheel, she learned that she rather enjoyed heights. She learned to build and make things with her own hands, once making a crude roller coaster out of two-by-fours, a packing box, and roller-skate wheels. She was an avid reader, and even as a child read Harper's Magazine for Young People, and the novels of Dickens and Thackeray. One of her favorite poems was "Atalanta in Calydon" by Algernon Charles Swinburne; it's a poem about a warrior maiden, who hunts and kills a boar with Meleager.
From the first grade, she attended the College Preparatory School in Atchison. It was a tiny place, with only about 30 students, housed in a building that used to be a stable. Amelia was bright, but her independent spirit and lack of interest in recitation did not endear her to the teachers. In high school, cheerleading was not enough for her, she wanted to play on the basketball team.
Like Pappy Boyington , her family circumstances were unsettled, marked by moves and alcoholism in the family. The odd family arrangement (Amelia living with her grandparents in Atchison, her younger sister Muriel with the girls' parents in Kansas City) lasted until Amelia was ten, when she rejoined with her mother and father.
Her father Edwin, was well-educated, but tended to the impractical; money just slipped through his fingers. His in-laws, the Otises, helped him out a lot (including taking care of Amelia), but Edwin's extravagance remained a problem. In 1908, he got a new job, with the Rock Island railroad, which required him to move to Des Moines. Now, the arrangement with the Atchison grandparents was no longer feasible, so Amelia joined them in Iowa, and saw her first airplane, at the 1908 Iowa State Fair. For a few years, Edwin did well, moving into a newer, larger houses almost every year, as his income grew. But his spendthrift nature won out, and he kept living beyond his means, and increasingly turning to alcohol. He moved out for a time, but Amy (Amelia's mother) implored him to return.
The death of Amelia's grandparents, the Otises, was the final blow. The Otises were quite wealthy, with an estate worth over $170,000 (a huge sum in those days). While the will sought to provide for the grandchildren, it excluded Edwin and Amy. A lengthy, messy struggle ensued. During this time, Edwin had lost his job, and was forced to accept a menial position in St. Paul, which required another family move, to Minnesota.
In the 1913-14 school year, at St. Paul Central High School, where Amelia was more in control of her own destiny, she did very well, keeping a grade point average in the high eighties, with a curriculum including Latin, German, and Physics.
In 1916, she matriculated at Ogontz, a highly-regarded women's college, what used to be called a "finishing school," outside of Philadelphia. In her three semesters there, Amelia played field hockey, studied Shakespeare & Latin, and attended concerts of the Philadelphia Symphony. When the United States entered World War One in 1917, Amelia was drawn in and served as a nurse with the Volunteer Aid Detachment (VAD) of St. John Ambulance Brigade.
Flight
She took her first ride in an airplane in 1920. After her flight with barnstormer Frank Hawks, she said "As soon as we left the ground, I knew I myself had to fly." Indeed, within a few days, she took her first flying lesson, in a Curtiss JN-4 Jenny. Six months later, she bought her own airplane, a yellow Kinner Airster, that she dubbed "The Canary." Like Gabby Gabreski , she was not a naturally gifted pilot, but she persevered, built up her flying time, and even broke the woman's altitude record in 1922.
The mid-Twenties were difficult years for Amelia. Her mother finally divorced Edwin, thus ending that part of Amelia's family life. She studied at Columbia for a time, but lack of money compelled her to withdraw. She had a long-term engagement to one Sam Chapmen, but they never married. She was active in aviation and social work, living in Medford, Massachusetts for a time. She flew whenever she could, distributing free passes to a carnival on one occasion, and was active in Boston aviation circles.
Across the Atlantic
She became the first woman to fly across the Atlantic on June 18-19, 1928. The flight was the brainchild of Amy Guest, a wealthy, aristocratic American expatriate living in London. Aware of the huge publicity that would accrue to the first woman to fly the Atlantic, the 55 year old Mrs. Guest had purchased a Fokker F7 trimotor from Commander Richard Byrd, to make the flight herself. Her family objected, and she relented, as long as the "right sort" of woman could make the flight. The "right sort" would take a good picture, be well-educated, and not be a publicity-seeking gold-digger. The Guest family hired George Putnam, a New York publicist who had promoted Lindbergh's book We, to look for a suitable women pilot. He selected the little-known Amelia Earhart, and introduced her as "Lady Lindy".
While the flight instantly made her world-famous, she was little more than a passenger in the Fokker tri-motor "Friendship." They took off from Trepassy, Newfoundland, and after a 20 hour and 40 minute flight, landed in Burry Port, Wales. When they went on to London, another huge mob welcomed them. The pilots, Wilmer Stutz and Louis Gordon, were all but forgotten in the media frenzy surrounding the first woman to fly across the Atlantic.
Pictures and Comments
Amelia Earhart was a photographer and publicist's dream. Not only did she fly airplanes and break aviation records, she looked good doing so. She seemed to be both beautiful and down-to-earth, the type of good looks that might let her be called "America's Sweetheart." Shown on the left are a small sample of the countless photographs taken of Amelia Earhart in the 1920s and 1930s. Apparently she posed willingly for all of them: studio portraits, glamour shots. head shots, full-length pictures, in and around various airplanes, with numerous celebrities and politicians, etc.
The first photo, taken about 1930, is a classic glamour shot of the era: a three-quarter view, dressed with a fur collar, soft focus, and complimentary lighting. You can see a faint inscription in the lower part of the picture.
By comparison, the second one is less contrived, and probably a more accurate picture of Amelia, as you might see her on the street.
I love the one of her (holding a bouquet of flowers) and New York City Mayor Jimmy Walker, the third photo. He was a character himself, and he looks every bit the part of the glad-handling, smooth-talking, but corrupt, Irish politician that he was.
Fourth and fifth are two more formal portraits. Note the desk and vase that she is standing next to in the fifth one.
The sixth picture shows Amelia Earhart checking the airplane's equipment before her first flight across the Atlantic in 1928.
Continue reading about Amelia the Aviator
© 1999-
| Amelia Earhart |
Who wrote The Pilgrim's Progress? | Timeline . Amelia Earhart . American Experience . WGBH | PBS
Other Timelines
July 24, 1897: A 20th Century Childhood
Amelia Mary Earhart is born in Atchison, Kansas, to parents Amy Otis and Edwin Stanton Earhart. Her sister, Muriel, is born two years later.
Amelia lives primarily with her maternal grandparents in Atchison during the school year and spends summers with her parents in Kansas City. Despite her grandmother?s disapproval, Amelia spends her free time roaming the outdoors — riding imaginary horses, climbing trees, sledding, and hunting.
1908
Amelia rejoins her parents in Des Moines, Iowa. She sees an airplane for the first time at the Iowa State Fair and later recalls being unimpressed — “It was a thing of rusty wire and wood and looked not at all interesting.” It was not until a decade later, at a stunt-flying exhibition, that Amelia's passion for flight is awakened.
1910-1915
These are turbulent, difficult years for Amelia and her family. Amelia's grandmother, who raised her, dies in 1911. Her father struggles with alcoholism, losing his job and checking into a sanatorium for a month to rehabilitate himself. The family moves to St. Paul, Minnesota in 1913. When Edwin is again unable to recover and find a job, Amy leaves him and moves with Amelia and Muriel to Chicago.
June 1916: Amelia's Education
Amelia graduates from Hyde Park High School in Chicago. She excels in science, only enrolling at Hyde Park after determining that it had the best science program in the area. However, she has trouble making friends — her yearbook caption reads, “A.E. — the girl in brown who walks alone.”
Fall 1916-1918
Amelia attends the Ogontz School, an exclusive finishing school outside of Philadelphia. She again excels in her studies and becomes Vice President of her class. She does not graduate, however, choosing instead to volunteer at Toronto's Spadina Military Hospital as a nurse for wounded World War I soldiers.
While in Toronto, she attends a flying exposition with a friend. A stunt pilot dives at Amelia and her friend — “I am sure he said to himself, “watch me make them scamper,"“ Amelia later recalled — but Amelia stands her ground. She points to this incident as a personal awakening — “I did not understand it at the time, but I believe that little red airplane said something to me as it swished by.”
Fall 1919-1920
Amelia enters the pre-med program at Columbia University but after a year decides to leave to join her parents, who have reunited in Los Angeles.
December 28, 1920: Hooked on Flying
Amelia attends an air show on Long Beach with her father. With pilot Frank Hawk, she takes her first ride in an airplane. “By the time I had got two or three hundred feet off the ground, I knew I had to fly,” she later recalled.
Library of Congress
Amelia Earhart as a young aviatrix in the 1920s.
January 3, 1921
Amelia has her first flying lesson with pilot Neta Snook. She works a variety of jobs — truck driver, photographer, stenographer — to save money for these lessons, and six months later is able to purchase her first airplane, a yellow Kinner Airster biplane she names the Canary .
December 15, 1921
Amelia passes her flying license tests given by the National Aeronautic Association. She flies in the Pacific Coast Ladies' Derby in Pasadena two days later.
October 22, 1922
Amelia sets an unofficial altitude record for female pilots after flying the Canary to 14,000 feet.
May 16, 1923
Amelia is issued an international pilot's license by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI ), becoming the 16th woman ever to achieve this.
1924: Hiatus from Aviation
Amelia's parents divorce, and Amelia drives with her mother from California to Massachusetts where they move in with sister Muriel. Amelia goes to New York briefly to reenroll at Columbia, but she soon moves back to Boston where she works first as a teacher and then as a social worker at Denison House, teaching English to Syrian and Chinese immigrants.
1927
Amelia joins the Boston chapter of the National Aeronautic Association, and is occasionally featured in newspapers as an advocate for aviation and female pilots.
Library of Congress
Amelia Earhart, c. 1928
June 17-18, 1928: Overnight Stardom
Amelia Earhart, pilot Wilmer Stultz, and co-pilot and mechanic Louis Gordon depart from Newfoundland in the Friendship , a tri-motor seaplane. They arrive in Wales over 20 hours later and are greeted by cheering crowds.
Amelia does not think she deserves any acclaim for being the first woman passenger on a trans-Atlantic flight — “Stultz did all the flying — had to. I was just baggage, like a sack of potatoes.” She adds, “Maybe someday I'll try it alone.”
Summer 1928
Amelia's book about the Friendship flight, 20 Hrs. 40 Min. , is published. Amelia teams up with publicist George Putnam to write it, and he quickly promotes her to celebrity status. Amelia goes on a national book tour, endorses products like Lucky Strike cigarettes and Modernaire Earhart Luggage, and becomes known as “Lady Lindy” because of her resemblance to Charles Lindbergh. She also becomes Aviation Editor for Cosmopolitan magazine.
August 1929: Taking the Initiative
Amelia buys another airplane, a single engine Lockheed Vega. In the Vega, she participates in the Women's Air Derby race from Santa Monica to Cleveland, coming in third place.
November 2, 1929
Amelia helps found The Ninety-Nines, Inc., the first organization for women aviators. She will become its first president in 1931 and holds that position for two years, during which time she also uses her celebrity status to promote the growth of American commercial airlines.
July 5, 1930
Amelia sets the women's world flying speed record of 181.18 miles per hour. Between 1930 and 1935, Amelia will set seven women's speed and distance records.
February 7, 1931
Amelia Earhart marries George Palmer Putnam. Wary of the institution of marriage, Amelia refused George's proposals six times before she agrees. She will emphasize that her marriage is a “partnership” with “dual control.”
1932
Amelia with New York City mayor James Walker
May 20-21, 1932: The Record Setter
Amelia Earhart becomes the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. She departs from Newfoundland and lands in a pasture in Northern Ireland.
This act earns her the Distinguished Flying Cross from Congress, the Cross of Knight of the Legion of Honor from the French government, and the Gold Medal of the National Geographic Society from President Hoover, becoming the first woman to ever receive this prestigious award. The site of her landing in Ireland now has a small museum, the Amelia Earhart Centre.
August 24-25, 1932
Amelia Earhart becomes the first woman to fly solo across the North American continent and back.
1933
Amelia visits the White House. From this visit she develops a friendship with First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt .
Amelia flies across North America for the second time, breaking her own record with a faster flight time.
1934
Amelia receives the Harmon Trophy for America's Outstanding Airwoman for the third year in a row.
January 11, 1935
Amelia is the first person to fly solo from Honolulu, Hawaii to Oakland, California. This year she will also fly solo from Los Angeles to Mexico City (April 19-20) and later from Mexico City to New York (May 8). In between flights she works as a career counselor to women at Purdue University.
July 1936: The Round-the-World Flight
Purdue University finances a new plane for Amelia, a Lockhead Electra 10E which she calls the “Flying Laboratory,” though the plane was purchase less for scientific research and more for Amelia's new dream: a “prize - one flight which I most wanted to attempt - a circumnavigation of the globe as near its waistline as could be.”
Amelia and her husband George Putnam plan for her world flight, raising money and consulting with advisers, mechanics, and navigators.
March 17, 1937
Amelia and her navigator, Fred Noonan, along with Captain Harry Manning and stunt pilot Paul Mantz, fly the first leg of the trip from Oakland, California to Honolulu, Hawaii in 15 hours and 47 minutes.
When they try to continue from Honolulu three days later, the plane ground-loops during take-off and they have to call off the flight.
June 1, 1937
Amelia departs on a second attempt, this time departing from Miami, Florida with the plan of traveling from west to east. Fred Noonan is her only crew member on this second flight. They complete nearly 22,000 miles of the flight, stopping in South America, Africa, India, and Lae, New Guinea.
Courtesy of Seaver Center for Western History Research
Amelia Earhart
July 2, 1937
Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan depart from Lae. Their destination is Howland Island, a tiny island in the Pacific only 13,200 feet long and 2,650 feet wide. Amelia and Noonan cannot find the island, however, and they lose radio contact with the Coast Guard cutter Itasca , who can hear that they are lost but cannot return communication.
They disappear over the Pacific Ocean. President Roosevelt issues a massive search for Amelia and Noonan, and George Putnam finances his own search until October 1937, but their efforts are unsuccessful.
January 5, 1939
| i don't know |
What nationality was Nicolas Copernicus? | Nicolaus Copernicus Biography: Facts and Discoveries
The Copernican Planisphere, illustrated in 1661 by Andreas Cellarius.
Credit: Public domain
In the early 1500s, when virtually everyone believed Earth was the center of the universe, Polish scientist Nicolaus Copernicus proposed that the planets instead revolved around the sun. Although his model wasn't completely correct, it formed a strong foundation for future scientists to build on and improve mankind's understanding of the motion of heavenly bodies.
Indeed, other astronomers built on Copernicus’ work and proved that our planet is just one world orbiting one star in a vast cosmos loaded with both, and that we’re far from the center of anything.
[See also our overview of Famous Astronomers and great scientists from many fields who have contributed to the rich history of discoveries in astronomy.]
Here is a brief biography of Copernicus:
Celestial education
Born on Feb. 19, 1473, in Poland, Copernicus traveled to Italy at the age of 18 to attend college, where he prepared for a career in the church. As part of his education, he studied astrology — reading the stars to learn about future events — because at the time it was felt important for priests and doctors. Astronomy, the motion of heavenly bodies, was an important element of this. (Today, astronomy is a recognized science, whereas astrology is not .)
Nicolaus Copernicus
Credit: Public Domain
While attending the University of Bologna, he lived and worked with astronomy professor Domenico Maria de Novara, doing research and helping him make observations of the heavens. When he returned to Poland to take up official duties in Frauenburg, his room in one of the towers surrounding the town boasted an observatory, giving him ample time and opportunity to study the night sky. Copernicus never took orders as a priest, but instead continued to work as a cleric.
A new model
In Copernicus' lifetime, most believed that Earth held its place at the center of the universe. The sun, the stars, and all of the planets revolved around it.
One of the glaring mathematical problems with this model was that the planets, on occasion, would travel backward across the sky over several nights of observation. Astronomers called this retrograde motion . To account for it, the current model, based on the Greek astronomer and mathematician Ptolemy's view, incorporated a number of circles within circles — epicycles — inside of a planet's path. Some planets required as many as seven circles, creating a cumbersome model many felt was too complicated to have naturally occurred.
In 1514, Copernicus distributed a handwritten book to his friends that set out his view of the universe. In it, he proposed that the center of the universe was not Earth, but that the sun lay near it. He also suggested that Earth's rotation accounted for the rise and setting of the sun, the movement of the stars, and that the cycle of seasons was caused by Earth's revolutions around it. Finally, he (correctly) proposed that Earth's motion through space caused the retrograde motion of the planets across the night sky (planets sometimes move in the same directions as stars, slowly across the sky from night to night, but sometimes they move in the opposite, or retrograde, direction).
It wasn't until he lay on his deathbed at the age of 70 that Copernicus published his book, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium ("On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres"). In it, Copernicus established that the planets orbited the sun rather than the Earth. He lay out his model of the solar system and the path of the planets.
Refining the work
Although Copernicus' model changed the layout of the universe, it still had its faults. For one thing, Copernicus held to the classical idea that the planets traveled in perfect circles. It wasn't until the 1600s that Johannes Kepler proposed the orbits were instead ellipses. As such, Copernicus' model featured the same epicycles that marred in Ptolemy's work, although there were fewer.
Copernicus' ideas, published only two months before he died, took nearly a hundred years to seriously take hold. When Galileo Galilei claimed in 1632 that Earth orbited the sun, building upon the Polish astronomer's work, he found himself under house arrest for committing heresy against the Catholic church.
Despite this, the observations of the universe proved the two men correct in their understanding of the motion of celestial bodies. Today, we call the model of the solar system, in which the planets orbit the sun, a heliocentric or Copernican model.
— Nola Taylor Redd, SPACE.com Contributor
| Polish |
With what social reform is Elizabeth Fry associated? | Nicolaus Copernicus (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Nicolaus Copernicus
First published Tue Nov 30, 2004; substantive revision Wed Aug 5, 2015
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) was a mathematician and astronomer who proposed that the sun was stationary in the center of the universe and the earth revolved around it. Disturbed by the failure of Ptolemy's geocentric model of the universe to follow Aristotle's requirement for the uniform circular motion of all celestial bodies and determined to eliminate Ptolemy's equant, an imaginary point around which the bodies seemed to follow that requirement, Copernicus decided that he could achieve his goal only through a heliocentric model. He thereby created a concept of a universe in which the distances of the planets from the sun bore a direct relationship to the size of their orbits. At the time Copernicus's heliocentric idea was very controversial; nevertheless, it was the start of a change in the way the world was viewed, and Copernicus came to be seen as the initiator of the Scientific Revolution.
1. Life and Works
Nicolaus Copernicus was born on 19 February 1473, the youngest of four children of Nicolaus Copernicus, Sr., a well-to-do merchant who had moved to Torun from Cracow, and Barbara Watzenrode, the daughter of a leading merchant family in Torun. The city, on the Vistula River, had been an important inland port in the Hanseatic League. However, fighting between the Order of the Teutonic Knights and the Prussian Union in alliance with the Kingdom of Poland ended in 1466, and West Prussia, which included Torun, was ceded to Poland, and Torun was declared a free city of the Polish kingdom. Thus the child of a German family was a subject of the Polish crown.
The father died in 1483, and the children's maternal uncle, Lucas Watzenrode (1447–1512), took them under his protection. Watzenrode was a very successful cleric — he was to become bishop of Warmia (Ermland in German) in 1489 — and he both facilitated his nephew's advancement in the church and directed his education. In 1491 Copernicus enrolled in the University of Cracow. There is no record of his having obtained a degree, which was not unusual at the time as he did not need a bachelor's degree for his ecclesiastical career or even to study for a higher degree. But the University of Cracow offered courses in mathematics, astronomy, and astrology (see Goddu 25–33 on all the university offerings), and Copernicus's interest was sparked, which is attested to by his acquisition of books in these subjects while at Cracow.[ 1 ]
In 1495 Watzenrode arranged Copernicus's election as canon of the chapter of Frombork (Frauenberg in German) of the Cathedral Chapter of Warmia, an administrative position just below that of bishop. He assumed the post two years later, and his financial situation was secure for life. In the meantime, following in his uncle's footsteps, Copernicus went to the University of Bologna in 1496 to study canon law (see Goddu part 2 on what Copernicus may have encountered in Italy). While at Bologna he lived with the astronomy professor Domenico Maria Novara and made his first astronomical observations. In addition, as Rosen (1971, 323) noted, “In establishing close contact with Novara, Copernicus met, perhaps for the first time in his life, a mind that dared to challenge the authority of [Ptolemy] the most eminent ancient writer in his chosen fields of study.” Copernicus also gave a lecture on mathematics in Rome, which may have focused on astronomy.
Copernicus's studies at Bologna provided an advantage he did not have at Cracow — a teacher of Greek. Humanism began to infiltrate the Italian universities in the fifteenth century. As Grendler (510) remarked, “By the last quarter of the century, practically all universities had one or several humanists, many of them major scholars.” Antonio Cortesi Urceo, called Codro, became professor at Bologna in 1482 and added Greek several years later. Copernicus may have studied with him, for Copernicus translated into Latin the letters of the seventh-century Byzantine author Theophylactus Simocatta (MW 27–71) from the 1499 edition of a collection of Greek letters produced by the Venetian humanist printer Aldus Manutius. Aldus had dedicated his edition to Urceo. Copernicus had his translation printed in 1509, his only publication prior to the On the Revolutions (De revolutionibus). It is important to note that Copernicus's acquisition of a good reading knowledge of Greek was critical for his studies in astronomy because major works by Greek astronomers, including Ptolemy, had not yet been translated into Latin, the language of the universities at the time.
Copernicus left Bologna for Frombork in 1501 without having obtained his degree. The chapter then approved another leave of absence for Copernicus to study medicine at the University of Padua. The medical curriculum did not just include medicine, anatomy, and the like when Copernicus studied it. Siraisi (1990, 16) noted that “the reception in twefth-century western Europe of Greek and Islamic technical astronomy and astrology fostered the development of medical astrology…the actual practice of medical astrology was greatest in the West between the fourteenth and the sixteenth centuries.” Astrology was taught in the medical schools of Italy. “The importance attached to the study of the stars in medieval medical education derived from a general and widely held belief that the heavenly bodies play an intermediary role in the creation of things here below and continue to influence them throughout their existence. The actual uses of astrology in medical diagnosis and treatment by learned physicians were many and various. ‘Astrological medicine’ is a vague and unsatisfactory term that can embrace any or all of the following: first, to pay attention to the supposed effect of astrological birth signs or signs at conception on the constitution and character of one's patients; second, to vary treatment according to various celestial conditions…third, to connect the doctrine of critical days in illness with astrological features, usually phases of the moon; and fourth, to predict or explain epidemics with reference to planetary conjunctions, the appearance of comets, or weather conditions” (Siraisi, 1981, 141–42). It is true that astrology required that medical students acquire some grounding in astronomy; nevertheless, it is likely that Copernicus studied astrology while at the University of Padua.[ 2 ]
Copernicus did not receive his medical degree from Padua; the degree would have taken three years, and Copernicus had only been granted a two-year leave of absence by his chapter. Instead he matriculated in the University of Ferrara, from which he obtained a doctorate in canon law. But he did not return to his chapter in Frombork; rather he went to live with his uncle in the episcopal palace in Lidzbark-Warminski (Heilsberg in German). Although he made some astronomical observations, he was immersed in church politics, and after his elderly uncle became ill in 1507, Copernicus was his attending physician. Rosen (1971, 334–35) reasonably conjectured that the bishop may have hoped that his nephew would be his successor, but Copernicus left his uncle because his duties in Lidzbark-Warminski interfered with his continuing pursuit of his studies in astronomy. He took up residence in his chapter of Frombork in 1510 and stayed there the rest of his life.
Not that leaving his uncle and moving to Frombork exempted Copernicus from continued involvement in administrative and political duties. He was responsible for the administration of various holdings, which involved heading the provisioning fund, adjudicating disputes, attending meetings, and keeping accounts and records. In response to the problem he found with the local currency, he drafted an essay on coinage (MW 176–215) in which he deplored the debasement of the currency and made recommendations for reform. His manuscripts were consulted by the leaders of both Prussia and Poland in their attempts to stabilize the currency. He was a leader for West Prussia in the war against the Teutonic Knights, which lasted from 1520–1525. He was physician for the bishop (his uncle had died in 1512) and members of the chapter, and he was consulting physician for notables in East and West Prussia.
Nevertheless, Copernicus began to work on astronomy on his own. Sometime between 1510 and 1514 he wrote an essay that has come to be known as the Commentariolus (MW 75–126) that introduced his new cosmological idea, the heliocentric universe, and he sent copies to various astronomers. He continued making astronomical observations whenever he could, hampered by the poor position for observations in Frombork and his many pressing responsibilities as canon. Nevertheless, he kept working on his manuscript of On the Revolutions. He also wrote what is known as Letter against Werner (MW 145–65) in 1524, a critique of Johann Werner's “Letter concerning the Motion of the Eighth Sphere” (De motu octavae sphaerae tractatus primus). Copernicus claimed that Werner erred in his calculation of time and his belief that before Ptolemy the movement of the fixed stars was uniform, but Copernicus's letter did not refer to his cosmological ideas.
In 1539 a young mathematician named Georg Joachim Rheticus (1514–1574) from the University of Wittenberg came to study with Copernicus. Rheticus brought Copernicus books in mathematics, in part to show Copernicus the quality of printing that was available in the German-speaking cities. He published an introduction to Copernicus's ideas, the Narratio prima (First Report). Most importantly, he convinced Copernicus to publish On the Revolutions. Rheticus oversaw most of the printing of the book, and on 24 May 1543 Copernicus held a copy of the finished work on his deathbed.
2.1 Pre-Copernican Astronomy
Classical astronomy followed principles established by Aristotle. Aristotle accepted the idea that there were four physical elements — earth, water, air, and fire. He put the earth in the center of the universe and contended that these elements were below the moon, which was the closest celestial body. There were seven planets, or wandering stars, because they had a course through the zodiac in addition to traveling around the earth: the moon, Mercury, Venus, the sun, Mars, Jupiter. Beyond that were the fixed stars. The physical elements, according to Aristotle moved vertically, depending on their ‘heaviness’ or ‘gravity’; the celestial bodies were not physical but a ‘fifth element’ or ‘quintessence’ whose nature was to move in perfect circles around the earth, making a daily rotation. Aristotle envisioned the earth as the true center of all the circles or ‘orbs’ carrying the heavenly bodies around it and all motion as ‘uniform,’ that is, unchanging.
But observers realized that the heavenly bodies did not move as Aristotle postulated. The earth was not the true center of the orbits and the motion was not uniform. The most obvious problem was that the outer planets seemed to stop, move backwards in ‘retrograde’ motion for a while, and then continue forwards. By the second century, when Ptolemy compiled his Almagest (this common name of Ptolemy's Syntaxis was derived from its Arabic title), astronomers had developed the concept that the orbit moves in ‘epicycles’ around a ‘deferrent,’ that is, they move like a flat heliacal coil around a circle around the earth. The earth was also off-center, on an ‘eccentric,’ as the heavenly bodies moved around a central point. Ptolemy added a point on a straight line opposite the eccentric, which is called the ‘equalizing point’ or the ‘equant,’ and around this point the heavenly bodies moved uniformly. Moreover, unlike the Aristotelian model, Ptolemy's Almagest did not describe a unified universe. The ancient astronomers who followed Ptolemy, however, were not concerned if his system did not describe the ‘true’ motions of the heavenly bodies; their concern was to ‘save the phenomena,’ that is, give a close approximation of where the heavenly bodies would be at a given point in time. And in an age without professional astronomers, let alone the telescope, Ptolemy did a good job plotting the courses of the heavenly bodies.
Not all Greek astronomical ideas followed this geocentric system. Pythagoreans suggested that the earth moved around a central fire (not the sun). Archimedes wrote that Aristarchus of Samos actually proposed that the earth rotated daily and revolved around the sun.[ 3 ]
During the European Middle Ages, the Islamic world was the center of astronomical thought and activity. During the ninth century several aspects of Ptolemy's solar theory were recalculated. Ibn al-Haytham in the tenth-eleventh century wrote a scathing critique of Ptolemy's work: “Ptolemy assumed an arrangement that cannot exist, and the fact that this arrangement produces in his imagination the motions that belong to the planets does not free him from the error he committed in his assumed arrangement, for the existing motions of the planets cannot be the result of an arrangement that is impossible to exist” (quoted in Rosen 1984, 174). Swerdlow and Neugebauer (46–48) stressed that the thirteenth-century Maragha school was also important in finding errors and correcting Ptolemy: “The method of the Maragha planetary models was to break up the equant motion in Ptolemy's models into two or more components of uniform circular motion, physically the uniform rotation of spheres, that together control the direction and distance of the center of the epicycle, so that it comes to lie in nearly the same position it would have in Ptolemy's model, and always moves uniformly with respect to the equant.” They found that Copernicus used devices that had been developed by the Maragha astronomers Nasir al-Din Tusi (1201-1274), Muayyad al-Din al-Urdi (d. 1266), Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (1236-1311), and Ibn al-Shatir (1304–1375). In addition, Ragep, 2005, has shown that a theory for the inner planets presented by Regiomontanus that enabled Copernicus to convert the planets to eccentric models had been developed by the fifteenth-century, Samarqand-trained astronomer ali Qushji (1403–1474).[ 4 ]
Renaissance humanism did not necessarily promote natural philosophy, but its emphasis on mastery of classical languages and texts had the side effect of promoting the sciences. Georg Peurbach (1423–1461) and (Johannes Müller) Regiomontanus (1436–1476) studied Greek for the purpose of producing an outline of Ptolemaic astronomy. By the time Regiomontanus finished the work in 1463, it was an important commentary on the Almagest as well, pointing out, for example, that Ptolemy's lunar theory did not accord with observations. He noted that Ptolemy showed the moon to be at various times twice as far from the earth as at other times, which should make the moon appear twice as big. At the time, moreover, there was active debate over Ptolemy's deviations from Aristotle's requirement of uniform circular motion.
2.2 The Commentariolus
It is impossible to date when Copernicus first began to espouse the heliocentric theory. Had he done so during his lecture in Rome, such a radical theory would have occasioned comment, but there was none, so it is likely that he adopted this theory after 1500. Further, Corvinus, who helped him print his Latin translation in 1508–09, expressed admiration for his knowledge of astronomy, so that Copernicus's concept may have still been traditional at this point. His first heliocentric writing was his Commentariolus. It was a small manuscript that was circulated but never printed. We do not know when he wrote this, but a professor in Cracow cataloged his books in 1514 and made reference to a “manuscript of six leaves expounding the theory of an author who asserts that the earth moves while the sun stands still” (Rosen, 1971, 343; MW 75). Thus, Copernicus probably adopted the heliocentric theory sometime between 1508 and 1514. Rosen (1971, 345) suggested that Copernicus's “interest in determining planetary positions in 1512–1514 may reasonably be linked with his decisions to leave his uncle's episcopal palace in 1510 and to build his own outdoor observatory in 1513.” In other words, it was the result of a period of intense concentration on cosmology that was facilitated by his leaving his uncle and the attendant focus on church politics and medicine.
It is impossible to know exactly why Copernicus began to espouse the heliocentric cosmology. Despite his importance in the history of philosophy, there is a paucity of primary sources on Copernicus. His only astronomical writings were the Commentariolus, the Letter against Werner, and On the Revolutions; he published his translation of Theophylactus's letters and wrote the various versions of his treatise on coinage; other writings relate to diocesan business, as do most of the few letters that survive. Sadly, the biography by Rheticus, which should have provided scholars with an enormous amount of information, has been lost. Therefore, many of the answers to the most interesting questions about Copernicus's ideas and works have been the result of conjecture and inference, and we can only guess why Copernicus adopted the heliocentric system.
Most scholars believe that the reason Copernicus rejected Ptolemaic cosmology was because of Ptolemy's equant.[ 5 ] They assume this because of what Copernicus wrote in the Commentariolus:
Yet the widespread [planetary theories], advanced by Ptolemy and most other [astronomers], although consistent with the numerical [data], seemed likewise to present no small difficulty. For these theories were not adequate unless they also conceived certain equalizing circles, which made the planet appear to move at all times with uniform velocity neither on its deferent sphere nor about its own [epicycle's] center…Therefore, having become aware of these [defects], I often considered whether there could perhaps be found a more reasonable arrangement of circles, from which every apparent irregularity would be derived while everything in itself would move uniformly, as is required by the rule of perfect motion. (MW 81).
Goddu (381–84) has plausibly maintained that while the initial motivation for Copernicus was dissatisfaction with the equant, that dissatisfaction may have impelled him to observe other violations of uniform circular motion, and those observations, not the rejection of the equant by itself, led to the heliocentric theory. Blumenberg (254) has pointed out that the mobility of the earth may have been reinforced by the similarity of its spherical shape to those of the heavenly bodies.
As the rejection of the equant suggests a return to the Aristotelian demand for true uniform circular motion of the heavenly bodies, it is unlikely that Copernicus adopted the heliocentric model because philosophies popular among Renaissance humanists like Neoplatonism and Hermetism compelled him in that direction.[ 6 ] Nor should we attribute Copernicus's desire for uniform circular motions to an aesthetic need, for this idea was philosophical not aesthetic, and Copernicus's replacing the equant with epicyclets made his system more complex than Ptolemy's. Most importantly, we should bear in mind what Swerdlow and Neugebauer (59) asserted:
Copernicus arrived at the heliocentric theory by a careful analysis of planetary models — and as far as is known, he was the only person of his age to do so — and if he chose to adopt it, he did so on the basis of an equally careful analysis.
In the Commentariolus Copernicus listed assumptions that he believed solved the problems of ancient astronomy. He stated that the earth is only the center of gravity and center of the moon's orbit; that all the spheres encircle the sun, which is close to the center of the universe; that the universe is much larger than previously assumed, and the earth's distance to the sun is a small fraction of the size of the universe; that the apparent motion of the heavens and the sun is created by the motion of the earth; and that the apparent retrograde motion of the planets is created by the earth's motion. Although the Copernican model maintained epicycles moving along the deferrent, which explained retrograde motion in the Ptolemaic model, Copernicus correctly explained that the retrograde motion of the planets was only apparent not real, and its appearance was due to the fact that the observers were not at rest in the center. The work dealt very briefly with the order of the planets (Mercury, Venus, earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, the only planets that could be observed with the naked eye), the triple motion of the earth (the daily rotation, the annual revolution of its center, and the annual revolution of its inclination) that causes the sun to seem to be in motion, the motions of the equinoxes, the revolution of the moon around the earth, and the revolution of the five planets around the sun.
2.3 On the Revolutions
The Commentariolus was only intended as an introduction to Copernicus's ideas, and he wrote “the mathematical demonstrations intended for my larger work should be omitted for brevity's sake…” (MW 82). In a sense it was an announcement of the greater work that Copernicus had begun. The Commentariolus was never published during Copernicus's lifetime, but he sent manuscript copies to various astronomers and philosophers. He received some discouragement because the heliocentric system seemed to disagree with the Bible, but mostly he was encouraged. Although Copernicus's involvement with official attempts to reform the calendar was limited to a no longer extant letter, that endeavor made a new, serious astronomical theory welcome. Fear of the reaction of ecclesiastical authorities was probably the least of the reasons why he delayed publishing his book.[ 7 ] The most important reasons for the delay was that the larger work required both astronomical observations and intricate mathematical proofs. His administrative duties certainly interfered with both the research and the writing. He was unable to make the regular observations that he needed and Frombork, which was often fogged in, was not a good place for those observations. Moreover, as Gingerich (1993, 37) pointed out,
[Copernicus] was far from the major international centers of printing that could profitably handle a book as large and technical as De revolutionibus. On the other [hand], his manuscript was still full of numerical inconsistencies, and he knew very well that he had not taken complete advantage of the opportunities that the heliocentric viewpoint offered…Furthermore, Copernicus was far from academic centers, thereby lacking the stimulation of technically trained colleagues with whom he could discuss his work.
The manuscript of On the Revolutions was basically complete when Rheticus came to visit him in 1539. The work comprised six books. The first book, the best known, discussed what came to be known as the Copernican theory and what is Copernicus's most important contribution to astronomy, the heliocentric universe (although in Copernicus's model, the sun is not truly in the center). Book 1 set out the order of the heavenly bodies about the sun: “[The sphere of the fixed stars] is followed by the first of the planets, Saturn, which completes its circuit in 30 years. After Saturn, Jupiter accomplishes its revolution in 12 years. The Mars revolves in 2 years. The annual revolution takes the series' fourth place, which contains the earth…together with the lunar sphere as an epicycle. In the fifth place Venus returns in 9 months. Lastly, the sixth place is held by Mercury, which revolves in a period of 80 days” (Revolutions, 21–22). This established a relationship between the order of the planets and their periods, and it made a unified system. This may be the most important argument in favor of the heliocentric model as Copernicus described it.[ 8 ] It was far superior to Ptolemy's model, which had the planets revolving around the earth so that the sun, Mercury, and Venus all had the same annual revolution. In book 1 Copernicus also insisted that the movements of all bodies must be circular and uniform, and noted that the reason they may appear nonuniform to us is “either that their circles have poles different [from the earth's] or that the earth is not at the center of the circles on which they revolve” (Revolutions, 11). Particularly notable for Copernicus was that in Ptolemy's model the sun, the moon, and the five planets seemed ironically to have different motions from the other heavenly bodies and it made more sense for the small earth to move than the immense heavens. But the fact that Copernicus turned the earth into a planet did not cause him to reject Aristotelian physics, for he maintained that “land and water together press upon a single center of gravity; that the earth has no other center of magnitude; that, since earth is heavier, its gaps are filled with water…” (Revolutions, 10). As Aristotle had asserted, the earth was the center toward which the physical elements gravitate. This was a problem for Copernicus's model, because if the earth was no longer the center, why should elements gravitate toward it?
The second book of On the Revolutions elaborated the concepts in the first book; book 3 dealt with the precession of the equinoxes and solar theory; book 4 dealt with the moon's motions; book 5 dealt with the planetary longitude and book 6 with latitude.[ 9 ] Copernicus depended very much on Ptolemy's observations, and there was little new in his mathematics. He was most successful in his work on planetary longitude, which, as Swerdlow and Neugebauer (77) commented, was “Copernicus's most admirable, and most demanding, accomplishment…It was above all the decision to derive new elements for the planets that delayed for nearly half a lifetime Copernicus's continuation of his work — nearly twenty years devoted to observation and then several more to the most tedious kind of computation — and the result was recognized by his contemporaries as the equal of Ptolemy's accomplishment, which was surely the highest praise for an astronomer.” Surprisingly, given that the elimination of the equant was so important in the Commentariolus, Copernicus did not mention it in book 1, but he sought to replace it with an epicyclet throughout On the Revolutions. Nevertheless, he did write in book 5 when describing the motion of Mercury:
…the ancients allowed the epicycle to move uniformly only around the equant's center. This procedure was in gross conflict with the true center [of the epicycle's motion], its relative [distances], and the prior centers of both [other circles]…However, in order that this last planet too may be rescued from the affronts and pretenses of its detractors, and that its uniform motion, no less than that of the other aforementioned planets, may be revealed in relation to the earth's motion, I shall attribute to it too, [as the circle mounted] on its eccentric, an eccentric instead of the epicycle accepted in antiquity (Revolutions, 278–79).
2.4 Rheticus and the Narratio prima
Although Copernicus received encouragement to publish his book from his close friend, the bishop of Chelmo Tiedemann Giese (1480–1550), and from the cardinal of Capua Nicholas Schönberg (1472–1537), it was the arrival of Georg Joachim Rheticus in Frombork that solved his needs for a supportive and stimulating colleague in mathematics and astronomy and for access to an appropriate printer. Rheticus was a professor of mathematics at the University of Wittenberg, a major center for the student of mathematics as well as for Lutheran theology. In 1538 Rheticus took a leave of absence to visit several famous scholars in the fields of astronomy and mathematics. It is not known how Rheticus learned about Copernicus's theory; he may have been convinced to visit Copernicus by one of the earlier scholars he had visited, Johann Schöner, though, as Swerdlow and Neugebauer (16) noted, by “the early 1530's knowledge of Copernicus's new theory was circulating in Europe, even reaching the high and learned circles of the Vatican.” Rheticus brought with him some mathematical and astronomical volumes, which both provided Copernicus with some important material and showed him the quality of the mathematical printing available in the German centers of publishing.[ 10 ] Rheticus's present of the 1533 edition of Regiomontanus's On all Kinds of Triangles (De triangulis omnimodis), for example, convinced Copernicus to revise his section on trigonometry. But Rheticus was particularly interested in showing Copernicus the work of the Nuremberg publisher Johann Petreius as a possible publisher of Copernicus's volume. Swerdlow and Neugebauer (25) plausibly suggested that “Petreius was offering to publish Copernicus's work, if not advertising by this notice that he was already committed to do so.” Rheticus wrote the Narratio prima in 1540, an introduction to the theories of Copernicus, which was published and circulated. This further encouraged Copernicus to publish his Revolutions, which he had been working on since he published the Commentariolus.
The Narratio prima was written in 1539 and took the form of a letter to Johann Schöner announcing Copernicus's findings and describing the contents of the Revolutions. He dealt with such topics as the motions of the fixed stars, the tropical year, the obliquity of the ecliptic, the problems resulting from the motion of the sun, the motions of the earth and the other planets, librations, longitude in the other five planets, and the apparent deviation of the planets from the ecliptic. He asserted that the heliocentric universe should have been adopted because it better accounted for such phenomena as the precession of the equinoxes and the change in the obliquity of the ecliptic; it resulted in a diminution of the eccentricity of the sun; the sun was the center of the deferents of the planets; it allowed the circles in the universe to revolve uniformly and regularly; it satisfied appearances more readily with fewer explanations necessary; it united all the spheres into one system. Rheticus added astrological predictions and number mysticism, which were absent from Copernicus's work.
The Narratio prima was printed in 1540 in Gdansk (then Danzig); thus, it was the first printed description of the Copernican thesis. Rheticus sent a copy to Achilles Pirmin Gasser of Feldkirch, his hometown in modern-day Austria, and Gasser wrote a foreword that was published with a second edition that was produced in 1541 in Basel. It was published again in 1596 as an appendix to the first edition of Johannes Kepler's Mysterium cosmographicum (Secret of the Universe), the first completely Copernican work by an adherent since the publications by Copernicus and Rheticus.
2.5 Printing On the Revolutions and Osiander's Preface
The publication of Rheticus's Narratio prima did not create a big stir against the heliocentric thesis, and so Copernicus decided to publish On the Revolutions. He added a dedication to Pope Paul III (r. 1534–1549), probably for political reasons, in which he expressed his hesitancy about publishing the work and the reasons he finally decided to publish it. He gave credit to Schönberg and Giese for encouraging him to publish and omitted mention of Rheticus, but it would have been insulting to the pope during the tense period of the Reformation to give credit to a Protestant minister.[ 11 ] He dismissed critics who might have claimed that it was against the Bible by giving the example of the fourth-century Christian apologist Lactantius, who had rejected the spherical shape of the earth, and by asserting, “Astronomy is written for astronomers” (Revolutions, 5).[ 12 ] In other words, theologians should not meddle with it. He pointed to the difficulty of calendar reform because the motions of the heavenly bodies were inadequately known. And he called attention to the fact that “if the motions of the other planets are correlated with the orbiting of the earth, and are computed for the revolution of each planet, not only do their phenomena follow therefrom but also the order and size of all the planets and spheres, and heaven itself is so linked together that in no portion of it can anything be shifted without disrupting the remaining parts and the universe as a whole” (Revolutions, 5).
Rheticus returned to Wittenberg in 1541 and the following year received another leave of absence, at which time he took the manuscript of the Revolutions to Petreius for publishing in Nuremberg. Rheticus oversaw the printing of most of the text. However, Rheticus was forced to leave Nuremberg later that year because he was appointed professor of mathematics at the University of Leipzig. He left the rest of the management of printing the Revolutions to Andrew Osiander (1498–1552), a Lutheran minister who was also interested in mathematics and astronomy. Though he saw the project through, Osiander appended an anonymous preface to the work. In it he claimed that Copernicus was offering a hypothesis, not a true account of the working of the heavens: “Since he [the astronomer] cannot in any way attain to the true causes, he will adopt whatever suppositions enable the motions to be computed correctly from the principles of geometry for the future as well as for the past …these hypotheses need not be true nor even probable” (Revolutions, xvi). This clearly contradicted the body of the work. Both Rheticus and Giese protested, and Rheticus crossed it out in his copy.
2.6 Sixteenth Century Reactions to On the Revolutions
Copernicus's fame and book made its way across Europe over the next fifty years, and a second edition was brought out in 1566.[ 13 ] As Gingerich's census of the extant copies showed, the book was read and commented on by astronomers. Gingerich (2004, 55) noted “the majority of sixteenth-century astronomers thought eliminating the equant was Copernicus' big achievement.”
While Martin Luther may have made negative comments about Copernicus because the idea of the heliocentric universe seemed to contradict the Bible,[ 14 ] Philip Melanchthon (1497–1560), who presided over the curriculum at the University of Wittenberg, eventually accepted the importance of teaching Copernicus's ideas, perhaps because Osiander's preface made the work more palatable. His son-in-law Caspar Peucer (1525-1602) taught astronomy there and began teaching Copernicus's work. As a result, the University of Wittenberg became a center where Copernicus's work was studied. But Rheticus was the only Wittenberg scholar who accepted the heliocentric idea. Robert Westman (1975a, 166–67; 2011, chap. 5) suggested that there was a ‘Wittenberg Interpretation’: astronomers appreciated and adopted some of Copernicus's mathematical models but rejected his cosmology, and some were pleased with his replacement of the equant by epicyclets. One of these was Erasmus Reinhold (1511–1553), a leading astronomer at Wittenberg who became dean and rector. He produced a new set of planetary tables from Copernicus's work, the Prutenic Tables. Although, as Gingerich (1993, 232) pointed out, “there was relatively little to distinguish between the accuracy of the Alfonsine Tables and the Prutenic Tables,” the latter were more widely adopted; Gingerich plausibly suggested that the fact that the Prutenic Tables more accurately predicted a conjunction between Jupiter and Saturn in 1563 made the difference. Reinhold did not accept the heliocentric theory, but he admired the elimination of the equant. The Prutenic Tables excited interest in Copernicus's work.
Tycho Brahe (1546–1601) was the greatest astronomical observer before the invention of the telescope. He called Copernicus a ‘second Ptolemy’ (quoted in Westman 1975, 307) and appreciated both the elimination of the equant and the creation of a planetary system. But Tycho could not adopt the Copernican system, partly for the religious reason that it went against what the Bible seemed to preach. He, therefore, adopted a compromise, the ‘geoheliostatic’ system in which the two inner planets revolved around the sun and that system along with the rest of the planets revolved around the earth.
Among Catholics, Christoph Clavius (1537–1612) was the leading astronomer in the sixteenth century. A Jesuit himself, he incorporated astronomy into the Jesuit curriculum and was the principal scholar behind the creation of the Gregorian calendar. Like the Wittenberg astronomers, Clavius adopted Copernican mathematical models when he felt them superior, but he believed that Ptolemy's cosmology — both his ordering of the planets and his use of the equant — was correct.
Pope Clement VII (r. 1523–1534) had reacted favorably to a talk about Copernicus's theories, rewarding the speaker with a rare manuscript. There is no indication of how Pope Paul III, to whom On the Revolutions was dedicated reacted; however, a trusted advisor, Bartolomeo Spina of Pisa (1474–1546) intended to condemn it but fell ill and died before his plan was carried out (see Rosen, 1975). Thus, in 1600 there was no official Catholic position on the Copernican system, and it was certainly not a heresy. When Giordano Bruno (1548–1600) was burned at the stake as a heretic, it had nothing to do with his writings in support of Copernican cosmology, and this is clearly shown in Finocchiaro's reconstruction of the accusations against Bruno (see also Blumenberg's part 3, chapter 5, titled “Not a Martyr for Copernicanism: Giordano Bruno”).
Michael Maestlin (1550–1631) of the University of Tübingen was the earliest astronomer after Rheticus to adopt Copernicus's heliocentricism. Although he wrote a popular textbook that was geocentric, he taught his students that the heliocentric system was superior. He also rejected Osiander's preface. Maestlin's pupil Johannes Kepler wrote the first book since the publication of On the Revolutions that was openly heliocentric in its orientation, the Mysterium cosmographicum (Secret of the Universe). And, of course, Kepler eventually built on Copernicus's work to create a much more accurate description of the solar system.
Bibliography
A. Complete Works of Copernicus
In 1972 the Polish Academy of Sciences under the direction of J. Dobrzycki published critical editions of the Complete Works of Copernicus in six languages: Latin, English, French, German, Polish, and Russian. The first volume was a facsimile edition. The annotations in the English translations are more comprehensive than the others. The English edition was reissued as follows:
Minor Works, 1992, trans. E. Rosen, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press (originally published as volume 3 of Nicholas Copernicus: Complete Works, Warsaw: Polish Scientific Publishers, 1985). Referred to herein as MW.
On the Revolutions, 1992, trans. E. Rosen, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press (originally published as volume 2 of Nicholas Copernicus: Complete Works, Warsaw: Polish Scientific Publishers, 1978). Referred to herein as Revolutions.
B. Other Translations of Copernicus's Works
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, 1955, trans. C.G. Wallis, vol. 16 of Great Books of the Western World, Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica; 1995, reprint, Amherst: Prometheus Books.
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, 1976, trans. and ed. A.M. Duncan, Newton Abbot: David & Charles.
“The Derivation and First Draft of Copernicus's Planetary Theory: A Translation of the Commentariolus with Commentary,” 1973, trans. N.M. Swerdlow, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 117: 423–512.
C. Translations of Other Primary Sources
Bruno, G., 1977, The Ash Wednesday Supper, trans. E.A. Gosselin and L.S. Lerner, Hamden: Archon Books, 1995; reprint, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Rheticus, G.J., Narratio prima, in E. Rosen, 1971, 107–96.
D. Secondary Sources
Blåsjö, V., 2014, “A Critique of the Arguments for Maragha Influence on Copernicus,” Journal for the History of Astronomy, 45: 183–195.
Blumenberg, H., 1987, The Genesis of the Copernican World, trans. R.M. Wallace, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Cohen, I.B., 1960, The Birth of a New Physics, Garden City: Anchor Books; rev. ed., New York: W.W. Norton, 1985.
–––, 1985, Revolutions in Science, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Crowe, M.J., 1990, Theories of the World from Antiquity to the Copernican Revolution, New York: Dover Publications.
Finocchiaro, M.A., 2002, “Philosophy versus Religion and Science versus Religion: the Trials of Bruno and Galileo,” in H. Gatti (ed.), 51–96.
Gatti, H. (ed.), 2002, Giordano Bruno: Philosopher of the Renaissance, Aldershot: Ashgate.
Gillespie, C.C. (ed.), 1970–80, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, New York: Scribner's.
Gingerich, O., 1993, The Eye of Heaven: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, New York: American Institute of Physics.
–––, 2002, An Annotated Census of Copernicus' De revolutionibus, Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers; Nuremberg, 1543 and Basel, 1566.
–––, 2004, The Book Nobody Read: Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus, New York: Walker & Company.
Goldstein, B., 2002, “Copernicus and the Origin of His Heliocentric System,” Journal for the History of Astronomy, 33: 219–235.
Goddu, A., 2010, Copernicus and the Aristotelian Tradition: Education, Reading, and Philosophy in Copernicus's Path to Heliocentrism, Leiden: Brill.
Grendler, P., 2002, The Universities of the Italian Renaissance, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Hallyn, F., 1990, The Poetic Structure of the World: Copernicus and Kepler, trans. D. Leslie, New York: Zone Books.
Koestler, A., 1989, The Sleepwalkers, London: Penguin, reprint of 1959 edition.
Koyré, A., 1957, From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
–––, 1973, The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus, Kepler, Borelli, trans. R.E.W. Maddison, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Kuhn, T., 1957, The Copernican Revolution, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Morrison, R., 2014, “A Scholarly Intermediary between the Ottoman Empire and Renaissance Europe,” Isis, 105: 32–57.
Ragep, F.J., 2005, “Ali Qushji and Regiomontanus,” Journal for the History of Astronomy, 36: 359–71.
–––, 2007, “Copernicus and His Islamic Predecessors,” History of Science, 45: 65–81.
Rosen, E.,1970a, “Copernicus,” in Gillespie (ed.), 3: 401–11.
–––, 1970b, “Rheticus,” Gillespie (ed.), 11: 395–97.
–––, 1971, Three Copernican Treatises, 3d ed., New York: Octagon Books.
–––, 1975, “Was Copernicus' Revolutions Approved by the Pope?” Journal of the History of Ideas, 36: 531–42.
–––, 1984, Copernicus and the Scientific Revolution, Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Co.
Saliba, G., 2007, Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Shumaker, W., 1979, The Occult Sciences in the Renaissance: A Study in Intellectual Patterns, Berkeley: University of California Press, reprint of 1972 edition.
Siraisi, N., 1981, Taddeo Alderotti and His Pupils: Two Generations of Italian Medical Learning, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
–––, 1990, Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine: An Introduction to Knowledge and Practice, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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–––, 1975b, “Three Responses to the Copernican Theory: Johannes Praetorius, Tycho Brahe, and Michael Maestlin,” in Westman (ed.), 1975c.
–––, (ed), 1975c, The Copernican Achievement, Berkeley: University of California Press.
–––, 2011, The Copernican Question: Prognostication, Skepticism, and Celestial Order, Berkeley: University of California Press.
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A Witness Protection specialist becomes suspicious of his co-workers when dealing with a case involving high-tech weapons.
Director: Chuck Russell
At the end of the century, Satan visits New York in search of a bride. It's up to an ex-cop who now runs an elite security outfit to stop him.
Director: Peter Hyams
After his family is killed by a terrorist act, a firefighter goes in search of the one responsible.
Director: Andrew Davis
A tough Russian policeman is forced to partner up with a cocky Chicago police detective when he is sent to Chicago to apprehend a Georgian drug lord who killed his partner and fled the country.
Director: Walter Hill
With the help of a magic ticket, a young film fan is transported into the fictional world of his favorite action film character.
Director: John McTiernan
A tough cop must pose as a kindergarten teacher in order to locate a dangerous criminal's ex-wife, who may hold the key to putting him behind bars.
Director: Ivan Reitman
A physically perfect but innocent man goes in search of his long-lost twin brother, who is a short small-time crook.
Director: Ivan Reitman
A wrongly convicted man must try to survive a public execution gauntlet staged as a game show.
Director: Paul Michael Glaser
A fearless, globe-trotting, terrorist-battling secret agent has his life turned upside down when he discovers his wife might be having an affair with a used car salesman.
Director: James Cameron
A retired elite Black Ops Commando launches a one man war against a group of South American criminals who have kidnapped his daughter .
Director: Mark L. Lester
When a man goes for virtual vacation memories of the planet Mars, an unexpected and harrowing series of events forces him to go to the planet for real - or does he?
Director: Paul Verhoeven
A former FBI agent turned small-town sheriff agrees to help the FBI chief infiltrate the Chicago mafia when the FBI chief's son is killed by them.
Director: John Irvin
Edit
Storyline
In the near future, cloning is now technically advanced, but human cloning is still illegal. Adam Gibson (Schwarzenegger) returns home after working with his friend Hank Morgan (Rapaport), only to find a clone of himself with his family. Before he has chance to find out the truth, he is attacked by a group who want him dead. Adam must escape and find out the truth from the creator of the clones, Michael Drucker (Goldwyn). Adam knows for sure he couldn't have been cloned, but isn't ready for what he's about to hear. Written by simon
Are You Who You Think You Are See more »
Genres:
Rated PG-13 for strong action violence, brief strong language and some sensuality | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
17 November 2000 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
On the Sixth Day See more »
Filming Locations:
$13,020,883 (USA) (17 November 2000)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
Jack Nicholson was considered for the role of Michael Drucker, but was deemed too expensive. See more »
Goofs
Given that a dog is supposed to eat, it would seem illogical to have the option to make a dog with softer teeth. Since they are selling the dogs to rich people, though, it seems likely they would make whatever people are willing to buy, and if that means the dogs need a special diet, then so be it. See more »
Quotes
Adam Gibson : You read my mind?
Drucker : Just the highlights.
See more »
Crazy Credits
On the Region 1 DVD release, in "The Future Is Coming" making-of featurette, a member of the production crew (Nancy Tate) is credited as a "Cloned Consultant". See more »
Connections
(Fair Oaks, Ca) – See all my reviews
"The 6th Day" marks the return of Arnold Schwarzenegger to a role that seems to be second nature to him: action. This time there is an added twist; there is actually a decent plot attached to it.
"The 6th Day" revolves around a man who has been cloned and ends up on the run from a corporation who wants him dead. Arnold is this man who has lost his family, life and taking on the corporation who took it from him. All the while, Arnold is searching within himself to find a way to get his family back.
The 6th Day" boasts a cast that includes Robert Duvall, Michael Rooker, Tony Goldwyn and Sarah Wynters. I knew the second I saw these names flash across the screen I was in for a real treat.
The best thing about "The 6th Day" is the performance of Schwarzenegger because he is not only an action star in this film but a dramatic actor as he combines these two talents to pull off one of his better performances of his career.
Arnold did not make this film a hit by himself, he had a little help from his friends. From Robert Duvall who played the doctor who performed the cloning operations to Michael Rooker, who was one evil henchmen with his menacing attitude and presence "The 6th Day" is one great film to see.
I enjoyed how the plot of film didn't rely solely on the action sequences. Though, the action is fine and dandy; I believe that a film needs more than just action and "The 6th Day" has it.
"The 6th Day" is one of the best Arnold films I've seen including the "Terminator" series. It is filled with action, twists, turns, edge of your seat suspense and drama that will appeal to all movie fans of every age.
51 of 75 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| Arnold Schwarzenegger |
In the 1991 film 'Basic Instinct', who played Detective Nick Curran? | The 6th Day (2000) - IMDb
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Futuristic action about a man who meets a clone of himself and stumbles into a grand conspiracy about clones taking over the world.
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Title: The 6th Day (2000)
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A Witness Protection specialist becomes suspicious of his co-workers when dealing with a case involving high-tech weapons.
Director: Chuck Russell
At the end of the century, Satan visits New York in search of a bride. It's up to an ex-cop who now runs an elite security outfit to stop him.
Director: Peter Hyams
After his family is killed by a terrorist act, a firefighter goes in search of the one responsible.
Director: Andrew Davis
A tough Russian policeman is forced to partner up with a cocky Chicago police detective when he is sent to Chicago to apprehend a Georgian drug lord who killed his partner and fled the country.
Director: Walter Hill
With the help of a magic ticket, a young film fan is transported into the fictional world of his favorite action film character.
Director: John McTiernan
A tough cop must pose as a kindergarten teacher in order to locate a dangerous criminal's ex-wife, who may hold the key to putting him behind bars.
Director: Ivan Reitman
A physically perfect but innocent man goes in search of his long-lost twin brother, who is a short small-time crook.
Director: Ivan Reitman
A wrongly convicted man must try to survive a public execution gauntlet staged as a game show.
Director: Paul Michael Glaser
A fearless, globe-trotting, terrorist-battling secret agent has his life turned upside down when he discovers his wife might be having an affair with a used car salesman.
Director: James Cameron
A retired elite Black Ops Commando launches a one man war against a group of South American criminals who have kidnapped his daughter .
Director: Mark L. Lester
When a man goes for virtual vacation memories of the planet Mars, an unexpected and harrowing series of events forces him to go to the planet for real - or does he?
Director: Paul Verhoeven
A former FBI agent turned small-town sheriff agrees to help the FBI chief infiltrate the Chicago mafia when the FBI chief's son is killed by them.
Director: John Irvin
Edit
Storyline
In the near future, cloning is now technically advanced, but human cloning is still illegal. Adam Gibson (Schwarzenegger) returns home after working with his friend Hank Morgan (Rapaport), only to find a clone of himself with his family. Before he has chance to find out the truth, he is attacked by a group who want him dead. Adam must escape and find out the truth from the creator of the clones, Michael Drucker (Goldwyn). Adam knows for sure he couldn't have been cloned, but isn't ready for what he's about to hear. Written by simon
Are You Who You Think You Are See more »
Genres:
Rated PG-13 for strong action violence, brief strong language and some sensuality | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
17 November 2000 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
On the Sixth Day See more »
Filming Locations:
$13,020,883 (USA) (17 November 2000)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
Jack Nicholson was considered for the role of Michael Drucker, but was deemed too expensive. See more »
Goofs
Given that a dog is supposed to eat, it would seem illogical to have the option to make a dog with softer teeth. Since they are selling the dogs to rich people, though, it seems likely they would make whatever people are willing to buy, and if that means the dogs need a special diet, then so be it. See more »
Quotes
Adam Gibson : You read my mind?
Drucker : Just the highlights.
See more »
Crazy Credits
On the Region 1 DVD release, in "The Future Is Coming" making-of featurette, a member of the production crew (Nancy Tate) is credited as a "Cloned Consultant". See more »
Connections
(Fair Oaks, Ca) – See all my reviews
"The 6th Day" marks the return of Arnold Schwarzenegger to a role that seems to be second nature to him: action. This time there is an added twist; there is actually a decent plot attached to it.
"The 6th Day" revolves around a man who has been cloned and ends up on the run from a corporation who wants him dead. Arnold is this man who has lost his family, life and taking on the corporation who took it from him. All the while, Arnold is searching within himself to find a way to get his family back.
The 6th Day" boasts a cast that includes Robert Duvall, Michael Rooker, Tony Goldwyn and Sarah Wynters. I knew the second I saw these names flash across the screen I was in for a real treat.
The best thing about "The 6th Day" is the performance of Schwarzenegger because he is not only an action star in this film but a dramatic actor as he combines these two talents to pull off one of his better performances of his career.
Arnold did not make this film a hit by himself, he had a little help from his friends. From Robert Duvall who played the doctor who performed the cloning operations to Michael Rooker, who was one evil henchmen with his menacing attitude and presence "The 6th Day" is one great film to see.
I enjoyed how the plot of film didn't rely solely on the action sequences. Though, the action is fine and dandy; I believe that a film needs more than just action and "The 6th Day" has it.
"The 6th Day" is one of the best Arnold films I've seen including the "Terminator" series. It is filled with action, twists, turns, edge of your seat suspense and drama that will appeal to all movie fans of every age.
51 of 75 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| i don't know |
In 1983 a British politician appeared with Tracy Ullman in a Pop Video. Who was the politician? | Neil Kinnock - Bio, Facts, Family | Famous Birthdays
Neil Kinnock
Politician Born In Wales#6
About
Politician in the British Labour Party who served as a Member of Parliament from 1970 to 1995 and Vice President of the European Commission from 1999 to 2004.
Before Fame
He was born an only child and earned a degree in industrial relations and history from the University College of South Wales and Mommouthshire in 1965.
| Neil Kinnock |
What was the nickname of 60's singer Brenda Lee? | Tracey Ullman : definition of Tracey Ullman and synonyms of Tracey Ullman (English)
Lifetime Achievement Award
2009 Tracey Ullman
Tracey Ullman (born 30 December 1959) is a British stage and television actress, comedienne, singer, dancer, director, screenwriter and author.
Her early appearances were on British TV sketch comedy shows A Kick Up the Eighties (with Rik Mayall and Miriam Margolyes ) and Three of a Kind (with Lenny Henry and David Copperfield ). After a brief but high-profile singing career, she appeared as Candice Valentine in Girls On Top with Dawn French and Jennifer Saunders .
She emigrated from the UK to the US and created her own network television series, The Tracey Ullman Show , from 1987 until 1990, from which The Simpsons was spun off in 1989. She later produced programmes for HBO , including Tracey Takes On... (1996–1999), for which she has won numerous awards. She has also appeared in several feature films. Ullman's most recent sketch comedy series, Tracey Ullman's State of the Union , ran from 2008 to 2010 on Showtime .
Contents
14 External links
Early life
Ullman was born Trace Ullman in Slough , Buckinghamshire (now in Berkshire ), the daughter of Dorin, of both British and Roma extraction, and Antony Ullman, a Polish Roman Catholic , who worked as a solicitor. [1] Ullman later recalled, "My real name is Trace Ullman, but I added the 'y.' My mother said it was spelled the American way, but I don't think she can spell! I always wanted a middle name. My mum used to tell me it was Mary but I never believed her. I looked on my birth certificate and I didn't have one, just Trace Ullman." [2] Ullman's father had been a Polish soldier evacuated from Dunkirk in 1940. He subsequently worked as a furniture salesman and travel agent. When she was six, Ullman's father died of a heart attack while reading her a bedtime story. [3] He was 50 years old. In an effort to cheer up her family, Tracey recounts putting on shows in her mother's bedroom, performing alongside her older sister, Patti. That first show was entitled The Patti Ullman Show. [3] "I was a spin-off!" recalled Ullman. In her nightly performances she would mimic neighbours, family members, friends, and celebrities. [3] Soon after, Ullman's mother remarried.
At the age of 12, a headmaster saw Ullman's future potential, and recommended her to the Italia Conti Academy stage school. Although the school gave Ullman her first taste of the stage, she does not look back on it fondly.
At the age of 16, Ullman began finding jobs as a dancer, and soon landed a role in Gigi in Berlin . [4] Upon returning to England , she joined the "Second Generation" dance troupe. [5] She also began appearing in variety shows.
The exposure led to her casting in numerous West End musicals, including Grease , and The Rocky Horror Show . [6] During this time Ullman was cast in a play at London's Royal Court Theatre [7] for an improvised play about club acts. Entering the competition, Ullman created the character Beverly, a born-again Christian chanteuse. The performance was a big hit and she won the "Best Newcomer Award". [8] The BBC became interested and offered her the chance to star in her own show. In 1983, Ullman took part in the workshops for Andrew Lloyd-Webber 's upcoming musical, Starlight Express , playing the part of Pearl.
Music career
In 1983, Ullman succeeded as a singer on the punk label Stiff Records , [9] although her style was more comic romantic than punk. [10] She had six songs in the UK Top 100 in less than two years. Her 1983 debut album, You Broke My Heart in 17 Places , featured her first hit single, " Breakaway " (famous for her performance with a hairbrush as a microphone ); the international hit cover version of label-mate Kirsty MacColl's " They Don't Know " went to No.2 in the UK, and No.8 in the U.S. MacColl sang backing vocals on Ullman's version. It would later become the theme song to Ullman's later television series, Tracey Takes On....
Follow-up singles, a cover of Doris Day 's "Move Over Darling", which reached No.8 in the UK, and the cover of Madness' "My Girl", which Ullman changed to "My Guy's Mad at Me", were released. [11] (The "My Guy" video featured the British Labour Party politician Neil Kinnock , at the time the Leader of the Opposition ) [12]
Ullman's songs were over-the-top evocations of 1960s and 1970s pop music with a 1980s edge, "somewhere between Minnie Mouse and the Supremes " as the Melody Maker put it, or "retro before retro was cool", as a retrospective reviewer wrote in 2002. Her career received another boost when the video for "They Don't Know" featured a cameo from Paul McCartney ; at the time Ullman was filming a minor role in McCartney's film Give My Regards to Broad Street . [13] Ullman released her second and last album, You Caught Me Out , in 1984.
Her final hit, "Sunglasses" (1984), featured comedian Adrian Edmondson in its music video. During this time, she also appeared as a guest VJ on MTV in the United States. [14]
In her HBO stand-up special, Tracey Ullman: Live and Exposed , Ullman recreated her music career, recounting how she entered the business, and why she left it. Performances of many of her hit singles were also performed in front of an audience for the performance. In October 2006, Ullman took part in the BBC Four documentary series, If It Ain't Stiff, a mini-series dedicated to the history of the label. [15] A new "remastered" version of ...17 Places was released in 2007.
Television career
Early years
Along with her stint in the music world, Ullman began working in television. Between 1981 and 1984 she starred in sketch comedies A Kick Up the Eighties and Three of a Kind for the BBC. In 1985, she donned a blond wig and took the role of a promiscuous gold digger named "Candice Valentine" on the ITV sitcom Girls On Top . She left after one season, due to being pregnant and giving birth to her first child in 1986.[ citation needed ]
At this point, US television beckoned, and renowned television producer James L. Brooks came calling. The two had discussed working together previously, but it was not until 1987 that they created The Tracey Ullman Show . Ullman played a variety of characters, completely unrecognisable with the help of makeup, prosthetics and padding. The show was the first commercial hit for then unknown Fox channel. Paula Abdul served as the show's choreographer . The then-unknown Abdul even used her early music recordings for the series' strenuous dance numbers.
The Tracey Ullman Show earned four Emmys and spawned The Simpsons , which was featured in simple cartoon shorts (created by cartoonist Matt Groening at the behest of Ullman Show producer James L. Brooks ). Ullman provided the voice of Emily Winthrop, a British dog trainer on The Simpsons episode " Bart's Dog Gets an F " (1991). [16] In 1992 Ullman filed a lawsuit against Twentieth Century Fox in Los Angeles Superior Court over profits from the later half hour incarnation of The Simpsons . She wanted a share of The Simpsons' merchandising and gross profits and believed she was entitled to $2.5 million of the estimated $50 million Fox made in 1992. The Fox network had paid her $58,000 in royalties for The Simpsons as well as $3 million for the 3½ seasons her show was on the air. As Ullman had continued her professional relationship with former producer Brooks, only the studio and not Brooks was named in the suit. Brooks was allowed to videotape his testimony as he was in the middle of filming I'll Do Anything , in which Ullman appeared. Eventually the courts ruled in favor of the network. [17] [18]
HBO
Ullman returned to television in 1993, but this time in cable television. Two specials were created allowing Ullman to bring life to a host of new characters. The first, Tracey Ullman: A Class Act , took a humorous jab at the British class system, and co-starred Monty Python alumnus Michael Palin . [19] For the second, Tracey Ullman Takes On New York , Ullman decided to take on a more American subject, New York City . [20] Both specials drew praise and awards. HBO became interested in doing a Tracey Takes On... series, and Ullman and her husband, Allan McKeown, set up production in Los Angeles in 1995.
Tracey Takes On... premiered 24 January 1996, on HBO . Each episode would focus on a topic for Ullman to "take on" and examine. The series would have two to three long sketches, and many small interview-styled bits, with her many characters commenting on that week's topic. Unlike the Fox show, Tracey Takes On... was shot on location, not filmed in front of a live audience. Making the switch to a cable-produced series enabled Ullman free rein to do and say as she pleased.
A kiss with Tracey Ullman Show alum Julie Kavner kicked off the series' first episode. [21] Ullman portrayed characters, both male and female, made up of many ethnicities. This included an Asian donut shop owner, a (male) cab driver from the Middle East , and an African-American airport security guard. [22] The series went on to win eight Emmys , numerous CableACE Awards and a host of other media awards, and was critically acclaimed. In 1997, it won the Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Series Emmy Award category for the episode Vegas. [23] In 1998 the series was published in book form, Tracey Takes On... . The series was also awarded GLAAD awards for its portrayal of gay and lesbian characters. Tracey Takes On... completed its four-season run in 1999.
Oxygen stint
In 2001, Ullman took a break from her character-based series and created a chat show for Oxygen , Tracey Ullman's Visible Panty Lines. The show's main focus was fashion. Ullman had developed her own clothing website a few years prior. Interviewees included Arianna Huffington and Charlize Theron . The series lasted for two seasons, and ended in 2002.
Return to HBO
A Takes On... spin-off pilot was produced in 2003, Tracey Ullman in the Trailer Tales . Tales spotlighted just one of Ullman's most popular characters, Ruby Romaine. The pilot aired, but no series was ever commissioned.
Tracey returned to HBO in the summer of 2005, with her autobiographical one-woman stage show, Tracey Ullman: Live and Exposed . [24] The show garnered another Emmy nomination. [25]
Showtime
Upon her naturalization in the United States, it was announced in April 2007 that she would be making the move from her 14-year working relationship with cable network, HBO, to the rival, Showtime . [26] Ullman was to create a brand new series for the network, that would be inspired in part by her recently gained naturalisation. [27] The series would focus on America, "the good, the bad, and the absolutely ridiculous", which also served as the series tag line.
Ullman credits senior programmer, Robert Greenblatt, as a big influence in her decision for the move, and the network's budding roster of hit shows. [28] Greenblatt was a young development director during her Tracey Ullman Show days, and was enthusiastic to get her over to Showtime. [29] Five episodes were ordered for the first season.
For the first time since the early years of her career at the BBC, Ullman was not only creating a new lineup of original characters, but rather, also impersonating famous ones. [30] Tracey Ullman's State of the Union debuted on 30 March 2008.
The critical response to "State of the Union" was overwhelmingly positive. [31] [32] [33] One critic pointed out a change in Ullman's humour:
It’s been fascinating to watch Ullman evolve from, say, Imogene Coca and Carol Burnett to something leaner and meaner, like a young Whoopi Goldberg . Or Lenny Bruce , with his surreal jive and need to shock. Or Lily Tomlin , signaling in coded transmissions through a worm hole to some parallel universe. Or Anna Deavere Smith , chameleon and exorcist, seeing around corners and speaking in tongues. Or, of course, Robin Williams , before all the bad films and worse career choices, a brilliant mind unmade of equal parts politics and paranoia, music video and psychotherapy , a scrambled shaman egghead and Jack–in–a–Pandora’s box. Think of America as performance art. [34]
Ullman has commented that the United States is, "now able to laugh at itself more," embracing more satiric humour, rather than deeming it "unpatriotic". Now that she's an official citizen, Ullman joked that she, "won't end up in Guantánamo Bay ," [35] for speaking her mind.
Ullman hoped to continue the series after season one. [36] Showtime announced that it had greenlighted a second season for 2009. [37] It was commissioned for a third run for 2010.
Other notable work
Ullman was the modern-day cartoon voice of Little Lulu . [38] She also had a recurring role as an unconventional psychotherapist in Ally McBeal , a role that won her an American Comedy Award . [39]
Ullman co-starred with Carol Burnett in the television adaptation of Once Upon a Mattress . Ullman played Princess Winnifred, a role originally made famous by Burnett on Broadway, who took on the role of the evil Queen. [40]
Film career
Along with her television work, Ullman has featured in many films throughout her career. Her first theatrical film was a small role in Paul McCartney 's 1984 film Give My Regards to Broad Street . This was followed by a supporting role in the 1985 Meryl Streep drama Plenty which gained Ullman international acclaim for her comic and dramatic performance.
Stock footage of Ullman was used in the film The Queen with Helen Mirren . The footage was used without her permission.[ citation needed ]
Personal life
Ullman married producer Allan McKeown on 27 December 1983; they have two children, Mabel Ellen McKeown (born 1986) and John Albert Victor McKeown (born 1991). Mabel McKeown works for Harriet Harman in a job funded by the Labour Party . She unsuccessfully ran as Labour's candidate in the by-election in Cremorne in Kensington and Chelsea Council in 2010. She once contributed to the Huffington Post . [42] She has also campaigned for Labour in her native country.
Ullman became an American citizen in December 2006 and now holds dual citizenship of the United States and the United Kingdom. [43] [44] In 2006, Ullman topped the list for the "Wealthiest British Comedians", with an estimated wealth of £ 75 million. [45]
Filmography
On 5 December 2006, Tracey was honored at the Museum of Television and Radio along with likes of Carol Burnett , Lesley Visser , Lesley Stahl , Jane Pauley and Betty White , in the She Made It category.
In April 2009, it was announced that Ullman would be awarded a Lifetime Achievement BAFTA LA Award, the following May. She became the first recipient of the Charlie Chaplin award for comedy on 9 May 2009. [48]
Awarded
London Critics' Circle Award Most Promising New Actress "Four in a Million" 1981
BAFTA Award Best Light Entertainment Performance "Three of a Kind" and "A Kick Up the Eighties" 1983
Golden Globe Award Best Actress in a Television Series (Comedy or Musical) 1987
Emmy Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Program "Tracey Ullman Show" 1988–89
American Comedy Award Funniest Female Performer of the Year 1988
Emmy Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program "Tracey Ullman Show" 1989–90
Emmy Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program "The Best of the Tracey Ullman Show" 1989–90
Theatre World Special Award 1991
Emmy Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series " Love & War " 1992–93
American Comedy Award Funniest Female Performer in a Television Special "Funny Women of Television" 1992
Emmy Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Programme "Tracey Ullman: Takes On New York" 1993–94
CableACE Award Best Performance in a Comedy Series "Tracey Ullman: Takes on New York" 1994
Women in Film Lucy Award in recognition of her excellence and innovation in her creative works that have enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television 1995 [49]
Emmy Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Series Tracey Takes On... 1996–97
CableACE Award Best Actress in a Comedy Series Tracey Takes On... 1996
CableACE Award Best Variety Special or Series Tracey Takes On... 1996
American Comedy Award Funniest Female Performer in a Television Special Women of the Night IV 1996
Golden Satellite Best Actress in a Television Series (Musical or Comedy) Tracey Takes On... 1997
The Actor Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Tracey Takes On... 1998
Emmy Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Ally McBeal 1998–99
American Comedy Award Funniest Female Leading Performer in a Television Series Tracey Takes On... 1998
American Comedy Award Funniest Female Guest Appearance in a Television Series Ally McBeal 1999
American Comedy Award Funniest Female Leading Performer in a Television Series Tracey Takes On... 1999
American Comedy Award Funniest Female Leading Performer in a Television Series Tracey Takes On... 2000
Satellite Awards – Best Performance in a Comedy Series, Tracey Ullman 2008
Bibliography
| i don't know |
George Michael was one. Who was the other member of the duo 'Wham'? | Wham! - Biography - IMDb
Biography
Jump to: Mini Bio (1) | Trivia (9)
Mini Bio (1)
Wham! were the biggest-selling pop musicians of the 1980s and one of the first internationally successful Boy Bands. The pop duo comprised of George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley , who hailed from Bushy Meads, in Hertfordshire, England.
They came to prominence in 1982 with their top five hit 'Young Guns (Go for It)' and followed this record up with three more top-ten hits and a number one debut album, 'Fantastic' (1983). The rest is history. They remained at the top of the charts until their split in 1986.
- IMDb Mini Biography By: Matt Lee-Williams
Trivia (9)
Members were George Michael , Andrew Ridgeley .
Wham! achieved the following chart hits in the United Kingdom: (singles) 'Young Guns (Go for It!)' No.3, 'Wham Rap! (Enjoy What You Do)' No. 8, 'Bad Boys' No.2, 'Club Tropicana' (No.4), 'Club Fantastic Megamix' No.15, 'Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go' No. 1, 'Careless Whisper' No.1, 'Freedom' No.1, 'Everything She Wants/Last Christmas' No.2, 'I'm Your Man' No.1, 'The Edge of Heaven' No.1. (albums) 'Fantastic' No.1, 'Make It Big' No.1, 'The Final' No.2, 'The Best of Wham! ... If You were There' (No.4).
George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley produced 2 certified 'Gold' videos while with Wham! : 'Wham! The Video' (1984) and 'Wham! In China: Foreign Skies' (1986).
Wham! were known as Wham! UK in the United States (for a short time) because their name conflicted with another US band.
George Michael is of Greek Cypriot descent; Andrew Ridgeley is of Egyptian-Italian origin.
Because of the Band Aid single 'Do They Know It's Christmas' (1984) reaching No. 1, the Wham! single 'Last Christmas / Everything She Want' was the highest-selling single to peak at the No. 2 spot.
Wham scored three No. 1 hits in America: 'Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go', 'Careless Whisper', and 'Everything She Wants' - three No.1 records in a row (1984).
'Careless Whisper' (1984) was written by both George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley . They were just 17 and (George) initially came up with the saxophone riff on the back of a No. 32 bus. It reached No. 1 in 17 countries and certified Platinum.
First western pop group to tour China (1985).
See also
| Andrew Ridgeley |
Name the character played by Harrison Ford in the 2000 film 'What Lies Beneath'? | Wham! | Rolling Stone
artists > W > Wham! > Bio
Wham! Bio
Dismissed as a contrived teenybopper act during its mid-'80s reign on the pop chart, the duo Wham! Is remembered for its cotton-candy singles, and as singer/songwriter George Michael's {see entry} vehicle to fame. Michael met Wham!'s other half, Andrew Ridgeley, when they were schoolmates in Bushey, a London suburb. In 1979 the two began playing together in a ska-based band, the Executive. When that group dissolved, they wrote songs, made demos, and landed a deal with Innervision Records, a fledgling British label. Wham!'s debut album, Fantastic, entered the U.K. chart at #1. Innervision kept most of the royalties, though, and after some legal hassles, the duo switched to Epic.
Their first Epic single, 1984's "Wake Me Up Before You Go Go," premiered at #1 in England; later that year, buoyed by a bouncy video featuring Michael and Ridgely cavorting in sportswear, it topped the American charts. The ballad "Careless Whisper" also reached #1 in both countries, as did Wham!'s second album, Make It Big. The hits "Everything She Wants" (#1), "Freedom" (#3), and "I'm Your Man" (#3) followed in 1985. Meanwhile, critics speculated that Michael, as Wham!'s principal writer and producer, was destined to pursue a career independent of Ridgeley, whose car racing and girl chasing were more conspicuous than his musical contributions. When Wham! Did split, in 1986 – the year of its third album, Music From The Edge of Heaven (#10) – they went out, fittingly, with a bang: a sold-out farewell concert before 72,000 fans at London's Wembley Stadium.
Ridgeley has found little post-Wham! Musical success. His 1990 solo album, Son of Albert (#130, 1990) bombed in the U.S. and the U.K., producing only one minor U.K. hit, "Shake" (#58, 1990). After failed turns as an auto racer and a restaurateur, Ridgeley, seemingly content to live on Wham! Royalties, put his playboy ways behind him and settled down in an English farmhouse with Bananarama [see entry] singer Keren Woodward and her son, took up surfing, and became an environmental activist for the British lobbying group Surfers Against Sewage.
This biography originally appeared in The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll (Simon & Schuster, 2001).
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Who played John Shaft in the 2000 film version of 'Shaft'? | Shaft (2000) - IMDb
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New York City police detective John Shaft (nephew of the original 1970s detective) goes on a personal mission to make sure the son of a real estate tycoon is brought to justice after a racially-motivated murder.
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1 win & 13 nominations. See more awards »
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Cool black private eye John Shaft is hired by a crime lord to find and retrieve his kidnapped daughter.
Director: Gordon Parks
An attorney defends an officer on trial for ordering his troops to fire on civilians after they stormed a U.S. embassy in a third world country.
Director: William Friedkin
An American master chemist plans to score big on a once in a lifetime drug deal. All does not go as planned and he is soon entangled in a web of deceit.
Director: Ronny Yu
The story of what happens one day in New York when a young lawyer and a businessman share a small automobile accident on F.D.R. Drive and their mutual road rage escalates into a feud.
Director: Roger Michell
An imprisoned drug kingpin offers a huge cash reward to anyone that can break him out of police custody and only the LAPD's Special Weapons and Tactics team can prevent it.
Director: Clark Johnson
In a desperate attempt to prove his innocence, a skilled police negotiator accused of corruption and murder takes hostages in a government office to gain the time he needs to find the truth.
Director: F. Gary Gray
A brood of fire-breathing dragons emerges from the earth and begins setting everything ablaze, establishing dominance over the planet.
Director: Rob Bowman
After surviving a brutal attack (Instrument used was a board with nails in it) by a student, teacher Trevor Garfield moves from New York to Los Angeles.
Director: Kevin Reynolds
A covert counter-terrorist unit called Black Cell led by Gabriel Shear wants the money to help finance their war against international terrorism, but it's all locked away. Gabriel brings in convicted hacker Stanley Jobson to help him.
Director: Dominic Sena
An extreme sports athlete, Xander Cage, is recruited by the government on a special mission.
Director: Rob Cohen
A tough-minded drama about two friends in South Central Los Angeles and the violence that comes between them.
Director: David Ayer
Four brothers look to avenge their mother's death.
Director: John Singleton
Edit
Storyline
New York Police Detective John Shaft is the lead detective on a sensitive case, a young black man is severely beaten. The man's companions tell Shaft that their friend humiliated the one who was sprouting racial slurs at him. Shaft confronts him and he says he's Walter Wade Jr. , the son of a wealthy man. Shaft finds that he has the id of a woman who's a waitress at the bar where Wade and the guy who was attacked were. When Wade continues to hurl racist comments, Shaft smacks him. Shaft later learns because of his actions Wade was granted bail and fled. Two years later, Wade returns and Shaft arrests him. At his hearing when the judge grants him bail, that's when Shaft throws his badge at the judge. He then sets out to get Wade by finding the waitress. Wade in the meantime asks a drug dealer named Peoples Hernandez to find the waitress and make sure she doesn't talk. Written by [email protected]
Still the man, any questions?
Genres:
Rated R for strong violence and language | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
16 June 2000 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
$21,714,757 (USA) (16 June 2000)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
According to an interview with Christian Bale , one of the main reasons why he took the role was because of a fight scene between Walter Wade and Shaft on an airport runway. The scene was filmed but was cut to make room for more scenes with Jeffrey Wright who scored highly with preview audiences. See more »
Goofs
At the beginning of the movie, the blood is on Walter's left hand when Shaft arrests him. In all of the flashbacks, the blood is on the right hand. See more »
Quotes
by T. Allen, L. Campbell and J. Skinner
Performed by Liberty City
(Atlanta, GA) – See all my reviews
Thirty years is a long time to wait to make a sequel, especially when no one is clamoring for one. Director/Writer/Producer John Singleton decided it was about time. The result is a solid, but undistinguished crime drama. The elements of this story have been told so many times that they are becoming hackneyed. A tough, no-nonsense cop fights evil and corruption to bring justice to the streets while often disregarding the law. A spoiled rich kid is trying to get away with murder by hiring a drug dealer to snuff an eyewitness with the help of a couple of dirty cops. This is not vanguard material.
Singleton's direction is good in the action sequences (of which there are plenty) and adequate in the dramatic scenes. In this film, he doesn't bring much innovation to the screen, with very straightforward shots and mundane locations. In an overly reverent gesture to the original film, he brings back Richard Roundtree (the original Shaft) as the current Shaft's (Samuel L. Jackson) uncle and mentor. There is also a cameo appearance by Gordon Parks, the director of the original, and of course, Isaac Hayes theme song is back.
The film is elevated from mediocrity by the acting. Samuel L. Jackson is an outstanding actor and slips on the character of this tough, streetwise cop like a tailored glove. When he's bad, he's very very bad and when he is good, he's almost saintly. Christian Bale also gives a fine performance as the despicable rich kid who thinks his wealth puts him above the law. Jeffrey Wright is explosive as the egomaniac drug lord. The supporting actors are also excellent.
This is an entertaining film despite its lack of originality. I rated it a 7/10. Action junkies add a point or two. This film is extremely violent with a high body count.
31 of 38 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
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| Samuel L. Jackson |
The 1960s/70s singer 'Junior Walker' was backed by what group? | 'Shaft' Reboot? Shut Your Mouth! | Movie News | Movies.com
Movies.com > Movie News > 'Shaft' Reboot? Shut Your Mouth!
'Shaft' Reboot? Shut Your Mouth!
'Shaft' Reboot? Shut Your Mouth!
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Way back in 1971, John Shaft was a trailblazing character, an assertive African-American private investigator played by Richard Roundtree who never backed down from the police and was catnip to the ladies. Shaft won an Academy Award for Isaac Hayes' iconic theme song and was a big hit at the box office, spawning two sequels.
It also inspired a remake in 2000, starring Samuel L. Jackson as the nephew of John Shaft, who faced off against the villainous Christian Bale. Now a new version is under development, with veteran producer John Davis (Predator) and his production company taking charge for New Line studio. No other details have been revealed yet, although The Wrap is reporting that a new actor will be cast in the lead role.
While the original Shaft was very much a product of his time, especially in regard to his cavalier attitude toward woman, the 2000 remake modified his behavior, tamping down his sexual activity and fleshing out his personality, as well as the supporting characters, to produce something closer to a straight dramatic movie that also featured action sequences, rather than a straight action blockbuster.
To attempt to remake the original, with its dated sexism and slang intact, would be foolhardy. On the other hand, making John Shaft into a politically correct character would be equally foolish. As a comparison point, Denzel Washington and director Antoine Fuqua teamed to make a big-screen version of The Equalizer that earned more than $192 million at the worldwide box office. While the original TV version featured a Caucasian actor, the character's race was never an issue in the series, and neither is it an issue in the movie; he's simply a man with a particular set of skills who cannot stand idly by while a grave injustice against a young woman is committed.
John Shaft, on the other hand, is entirely a proactive character, a proud African-American man who is respected in his community for the principled stand he has taken against corruption, and his refusal to ignore racism on the part of authority figures. But, while he respects the law, he doesn't hesitate to commit a few "minor" offenses in pursuit of the greater good as he sees it.
Now the question becomes how to strike a balance and create a new character who will "risk his neck for his brother man" and "won't cop out when there's danger all about," as Isaac Hayes sang in 1971. Who will be that new "black private [eye]"?
Just for fun, here's Isaac Hayes performing the original theme song at the Academy Awards ceremony, complete with Sammy Davis Jr.'s reaction afterward.
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He starred in and sang the theme song for 'Hi-De-Hi. Who is he? | David Croft: Hi-De-Hi!
1 Jan 1980 � 30 Jan 1988
Writing Partnership
Croft & Perry
Synopsis
Hi-de-Hi! is set in Maplins, a holiday camp owned by entrepreneur, Joe Maplin, in the fictional seaside town of Crimpton-on-Sea. The show is loosely based on Jimmy Perry�s experiences working as a Butlin�s Redcoat after the War.
The show begins at the beginning of the 1959 camp season, where the camp staff return to find the entertainments manager Mr Baverstock has been sacked for stealing charity money from the camp wishing well. In his place they find Jeffrey Fairbrother a Cambridge University archaeology professor, who has tired of academia and taken on the role. The bashful, softly spoken boffin is clearly ill-suited to his new posting and immediately provokes the ire of comic Ted Bovis, an old-school chancer who had his eye on the job. In contrast, Welsh senior Yellowcoat, Gladys Pugh, is extremely taken with the new arrival.
Other characters included Ted's sidekick: Spike Dixon; supercilious dance instructors Barry and Yvonne Stuart-Hargreaves; alcoholic Punch and Judy man Mr Partridge, Jockey Fred Quilley, and chalet maid Peggy Ollerenshaw.
Most episodes involve Ted Bovis and Spike attempting to scam the well-meaning Fairbrother, who spends most of his time trying to avoid the romantic approaches of senior Yellowcoat and sports organiser, Gladys Pugh, as he is currently divorcing his wife. Most of the characters in the show were out-of-work actors and entertainers either at the tail-end of their careers or awaiting the elusive "big break". Then there is Peggy, the over-excitable chalet maid who won viewers' hearts with her desperate attempts to become a Yellowcoat.
At the start of the 6th series, Jeffrey Fairbrother has left, to be replaced by Squadron Leader Clive Dempster: the new, more rakish Camp Entertainment Manager who Gladys eventually marries. They emigrate to Australia!.
Trivia
Former Goon Harry Secombe was originally considered for the part of Ted Bovis.
Hi-de-Hi was made into a musical, called Hi-de-Hi - The Holiday Musical, and was a sell out success in Blackpool, Bournemouth and London
At the height of its popularity, the BBC had plans to make it into a feature film, but this did not come to fruition.
In August 2009 Hi-de-Hi!, the stage show toured in Torquay.
Holiday Rock the Hi-de-Hi! rock and roll style theme tune became a chart hit in 1981, sung by Paul Shane, and featuring several members of the cast on backing vocals. It was performed on Top of the Pops.
Hi-de-Hi! was one of the first BBC shows to capitalise on the merchandise market, with products such as board games, albums, books, toys and t-shirts available to buy.
The show won a BAFTA as Best Comedy Series in 1984
Simon Cadell met David�s daughter Beckie while filming Hi-de-Hi in Harwich. He married her in 1986 and they had two sons; Patrick and Alec.
| Paul Shane |
In 1984 Tina Turner had a hit with 'Private Dancer'. Who wrote it? | David Croft: Hi-De-Hi!
1 Jan 1980 � 30 Jan 1988
Writing Partnership
Croft & Perry
Synopsis
Hi-de-Hi! is set in Maplins, a holiday camp owned by entrepreneur, Joe Maplin, in the fictional seaside town of Crimpton-on-Sea. The show is loosely based on Jimmy Perry�s experiences working as a Butlin�s Redcoat after the War.
The show begins at the beginning of the 1959 camp season, where the camp staff return to find the entertainments manager Mr Baverstock has been sacked for stealing charity money from the camp wishing well. In his place they find Jeffrey Fairbrother a Cambridge University archaeology professor, who has tired of academia and taken on the role. The bashful, softly spoken boffin is clearly ill-suited to his new posting and immediately provokes the ire of comic Ted Bovis, an old-school chancer who had his eye on the job. In contrast, Welsh senior Yellowcoat, Gladys Pugh, is extremely taken with the new arrival.
Other characters included Ted's sidekick: Spike Dixon; supercilious dance instructors Barry and Yvonne Stuart-Hargreaves; alcoholic Punch and Judy man Mr Partridge, Jockey Fred Quilley, and chalet maid Peggy Ollerenshaw.
Most episodes involve Ted Bovis and Spike attempting to scam the well-meaning Fairbrother, who spends most of his time trying to avoid the romantic approaches of senior Yellowcoat and sports organiser, Gladys Pugh, as he is currently divorcing his wife. Most of the characters in the show were out-of-work actors and entertainers either at the tail-end of their careers or awaiting the elusive "big break". Then there is Peggy, the over-excitable chalet maid who won viewers' hearts with her desperate attempts to become a Yellowcoat.
At the start of the 6th series, Jeffrey Fairbrother has left, to be replaced by Squadron Leader Clive Dempster: the new, more rakish Camp Entertainment Manager who Gladys eventually marries. They emigrate to Australia!.
Trivia
Former Goon Harry Secombe was originally considered for the part of Ted Bovis.
Hi-de-Hi was made into a musical, called Hi-de-Hi - The Holiday Musical, and was a sell out success in Blackpool, Bournemouth and London
At the height of its popularity, the BBC had plans to make it into a feature film, but this did not come to fruition.
In August 2009 Hi-de-Hi!, the stage show toured in Torquay.
Holiday Rock the Hi-de-Hi! rock and roll style theme tune became a chart hit in 1981, sung by Paul Shane, and featuring several members of the cast on backing vocals. It was performed on Top of the Pops.
Hi-de-Hi! was one of the first BBC shows to capitalise on the merchandise market, with products such as board games, albums, books, toys and t-shirts available to buy.
The show won a BAFTA as Best Comedy Series in 1984
Simon Cadell met David�s daughter Beckie while filming Hi-de-Hi in Harwich. He married her in 1986 and they had two sons; Patrick and Alec.
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Who played the starring role in the 1992 film 'Malcolm X'? | Malcolm X (Widescreen) DVD (1992) Starring Denzel Washington; Directed by Spike Lee; Warner Home Video | OLDIES.com
"...Triumphant....Denzel Washington gives the performance of the year..."
USA Today - 11/18/1992
"...Washington's great performance dominates....MALCOLM X conveys its subject's magnetism and lifelong evolution, while forever synergizing its lead performer and his role..." -- 4 out of 4 stars
Entertainment Weekly - 11/20/1993
"...A triumph, an intimate and engrossing biographical saga....With MALCOLM X, Lee has created a galvanizing political tragedy..."
Chicago Sun-Times - 12/27/1992
"...In a time when political currents are moving quickly, Lee is one of the few American filmmakers with the clout and the will to make a controversial film like this..."
Total Film - 05/01/2000
"...It quivers with righteous rage. Washington is remarkable throughout..."
Product Description:
Spike Lee brings the life of African-American leader Malcolm X (an intense Denzel Washington in an Oscar-nominated performance) to the big screen in this sprawling, epic biographical drama. Born Malcolm Little, son of a Nebraska preacher, on May 19, 1925, he became one of the most militant leaders and charismatic spokesmen of the black liberation movement before his assassination at the Audubon Ballroom in New York City on February 21, 1965. The film sweeps through his early life as a small-time hustler and thief with his friend Shorty (Lee), his conversion to Islam in jail, and his subsequent life as a controversial spiritual leader and husband of Betty Shabazz (Angela Bassett). Malcolm's tragic assassination is presented as a conspiracy of Nation of Islam leaders; the film shows how his philosophy has been realized in the lives of others who have been moved by his words. Filmed with great visual flair by Lee, the film is a work of entertainment as much as it is a historical artifact. Washington captures the spiritual conversion of the hero with a sincerity that is entirely as believable and ultimately moving as it was in the book that inspired the film, THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MALCOLM X.
Plot Synopsis:
The controversial chronicle of the life of spiritual and political leader, Malcolm X, assassinated at age 39 by black extremists, this well-made, epic film is directed by African-American auteur Spike Lee, garnering an Academy Award nomination for Denzel Washington as the charismatic leader.
Plot Keywords:
Production Notes:
Theatrical release: November 18, 1992.
Filmed on location in New York and Fishkill, New York; New Jersey; Boston, Massachusetts; Mecca, Saudi Arabia; Soweto, South Africa; and Egypt.
MALCOLM X began shooting September 16, 1991, and was completed January 26, 1992.
The screenplay was begun by Arnold Perl, who died in 1971, more than twenty years before Spike Lee filmed it. Many others worked on it over the years, including James Baldwin, Calder Willingham, David Mamet, David Bradley, and Charles Fuller.
The film's estimated budget was $34 million. Budget battles plagued the production from the beginning. Initially, director Spike Lee had requested $33 million for the film, a reasonable sum considering the size and scope of the project but far greater than his previous budgets (the highest being $14 million for JUNGLE FEVER). Additionally, his five previous films combined grossed less than $100 million domestically. As a result of this (and the studio's reluctance to fund black-themed material), Warner Bros. only offered $20 million for a two-hour and 15-minute film, plus an additional $8 million from Largo Entertainment for the foreign rights. When the film went $5 million over budget, Lee kicked in most of his salary, but failed to keep the financiers from shutting down post-production. Lee went public with his battles and raised funds from celebrity friends, such as Oprah Winfrey, Michael Jordan, and Bill Cosby to regain control of his embattled project. Warner eventually kicked in more funds after a positive screening of a rough cut.
Norman Jewison was originally intended to direct. Lee created an uproar by insisting that only an African-American director could handle this material (especially given the dearth of films devoted to black culture), and eventually Jewison dropped the project.
Still yet another controversy erupted over Lee's unauthorized use of amateur cameraman George Holliday's video of the Rodney King beating. Holliday charged Lee with copyright infringement for incorporating the footage into the film's opening sequence without permission.
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| Denzel Washington |
What is the only UK No. 1 single for Fleetwood Mac? | Denzel Washington - Film Actor, Filmmaker, Television Actor, Director - Biography.com
Denzel Washington
Former star of the hit TV drama 'St. Elsewhere,' actor/director Denzel Washington has earned popular and critical acclaim for his roles in an array of feature films, including 'Glory,' 'Malcolm X,' 'Training Day,' 'American Gangster' and 'Flight.'
IN THESE GROUPS
»
quotes
“No matter how big a movie is, I never want it to be just another gig.”
“I think we all have some point in our lives where we’ve gone too far and you have to come back.”
“My professional work is being a better actor. I don't know how to be a celebrity.”
“I called my mother, and she said I was being filled with the Holy Spirit. I was like, 'Does that mean I can never have wine again?'”
“I'm not a liberal or a conservative completely. Who is? Or why do you have to be? You assess the pros, the cons, of both sides and you make an intelligent decision.”
“Acting is just a way of making a living, the family is life.”
“Acting's like someone asking you for years to write the characters, but they write the book.”
“Man gives you the award but God gives you the reward.”
“If I am a cup maker, I'm interested in making the best cup I possibly can. My effort goes into that cup, not what people think about it.”
“If you don't trust the pilot, don't go.”
“Do what you got to do so that you can do what you want to do. And fail big.”
Denzel Washington
Denzel Washington - Full Episode (TV-14; 45:36) Denzel Washington is a two-time Academy Award winner and the leading African-American actor of his generation.
Synopsis
Born in Mount Vernon, New York, on December 28, 1954, Denzel Washington first studied journalism at Fordham University but then discovered an interest in acting. He made his feature film debut in the comedy A Carbon Copy (1981) and was cast on the hit TV medical drama St. Elsewhere (1982-8). He went on to appear in several hit movies, including Philadelphia, Man on Fire, The Book of Eli, American Gangster and Flight, and won Oscars for his roles in Glory and Training Day.
Early Life
Actor Denzel Hayes Washington was born on December 28, 1954, in Mount Vernon, New York. Washington is considered to be one of the most engaging leading men of our time. He is the son of a Pentecostal minister and a beauty shop owner and has two siblings. Washington first took the stage around the age of 7 or 8, appearing in a talent show at his local Boys & Girls Club. The club provided him with a safe place to be and to help keep him out of trouble. When he was 14, his parents' marriage broke down and he and his older sister were sent away to boarding school.
Washington went to Fordham University, but he proved to be a poor student initially. After taking some time away from college, he returned to the university with a new interest in acting. Washington later won a scholarship to the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco, and afterwards worked with the Shakespeare in the Park ensemble.
Oscar Wins and Directorial Debut
Washington made his feature film debut in the comedy A Carbon Copy (1981). He also appeared in a number of off-Broadway productions and in television movies before being cast in a starring role in the hit television medical drama St. Elsewhere (1982–88). Washington grabbed his first of five Oscar nominations for Cry Freedom (1987) as real-life South African apartheid martyr Steve Biko . He later won a best supporting actor Oscar for Glory (1989).
Washington proved time and again he could disappear into a role and mesmerize audiences. He appeared in several notable films throughout the 1990s, including Spike Lee collaborations like the jazz outing Mo’ Better Blues (1990) and biopic Malcolm X (1992; in another Oscar-nominated performance). Other projects from this era included The Pelican Brief (1993), Philadelphia (1993), Crimson Tide (1995), Courage Under Fire (1996) and The Hurricane (1999), for which he received a Golden Globe for best actor and another Oscar nomination.
In 2001, Washington received his second Oscar (this time in a leading role) for the cop thriller Training Day. The following year, he directed his first film, the drama Antwone Fisher, in which he also co-starred. Washington would once again step behind the camera for the historical The Great Debaters (2007), which profiled a winning African-American debate team.
Action Hits and 'Flight'
Several hits followed, including Man on Fire (2004), The Manchurian Candidate (2004) and Lee's Inside Man (2006), which co-starred Jodie Foster and Clive Owen . Washington also starred as Frank Lucas , a real-life heroin kingpin from Harlem, in the 2007 film American Gangster, opposite Russell Crowe . In 2009, Washington starred as MTA Dispatcher Walter Garber in the remake of the classic film The Taking of Pelham 1 2 3, co-starring John Travolta .
In more recent years, Washington has continued to explore a range of roles. He starred in the 2010 futuristic tale The Book of Eli. That same year, Washington won a Tony Award for his work in Fences, a revival of the August Wilson classic drama. He landed a $20 million payday for the 2012 action thriller Safe House, in which he played a CIA agent gone rogue, and the film grossed more than $200 million worldwide. Washington next appeared in the comparatively low-budget drama Flight (2012), earning accolades and his sixth Oscar nomination for his performance as a pilot with substance abuse problems. He then teamed up with Mark Wahlberg for the 2013 crime drama 2 Guns and had another action hit in 2014 with The Equalizer.
In early 2016, Washington received the Cecil B. DeMille Award from the Hollywood Foreign Press Association at its annual Golden Globe telecast. Later that year he directed and starred in Fences, a drama adapted from a play written by August Wilson. For his onscreen role in the film, he was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Actor.
Personal Life
Denzel Washington married actress Pauletta Pearson in 1983; they have four children. Their oldest son, John David, was drafted in 2006 by the NFL's St. Louis Rams. He now plays for the Sacramento Mountain Lions in the United Football League. Their other children are daughter Katia and twins Olivia and Malcolm.
Videos
| i don't know |
Which animal can sleep 3 years but only mates once - 12 hours? | Alpine Marmots (Marmota marmota)
Alpine marmot
Marmots hibernate for up to eight months! They spend the four months they are awake having babies and preparing for the next hibernation. During hibernation they take only 2-3 breaths a minute and their heartbeat slows down from their normal 120 beats to 3-4 beats a minute!
Common Poorwill (Phalaenoptilus nuttallii)
Common Poorwill. Photo credit ken-ichi
It isn’t often that you hear about a bird that sleeps the bad weather away, that’s because the Common Poorwill is the only known bird species to hibernate. It picks a spot under shallow rocks or rotten logs and stays there for up to five months. Its daily energy needs drop by 93% and it can stay asleep for 100 days! Once hibernation is over, it needs seven hours to get back to its normal temperature.
Bears
Black Bear
Only four species of bear are hibernators: American Black Bear, Asiatic Black bear, Brown bear and Polar bear . These furry mammals don’t hibernate in the true sense because their body temperature only drops a little bit and they can wakeup at any moment. In fact, a pregnant mama bear will have her cubs during the hibernation period . Like true hibernators, the bear’s heartbeat will slow down and they can go for a long time without having any food. During hibernation a Black bear’s heart can drop from 40-50 to 8 beats per minute and they can last as long as 100 days without eating or drinking!
Bats
Bat
When bats are left alone, they can be some of the longest hibernators. In the wild, big brown bats have spent 64-66 days in hibernation while in captivity one lasted an incredible 344 days! These little guys don’t have to eat but they do wake up to drink. Their heart rate drops from 1000 beats per minute to only 25 and some bats only take a breath every 2 hours.
Fat-Tailed Dwarf Lemurs (Cheirogaleus medius)
fat-tailed dwarf lemur. Photo credit: Frank Vassen
Fat-Tailed Dwarf Lemurs live in Madagascar where temperatures in June and July usually stay about 30 degrees C. Now that might seem pretty warm to you, but this is actually the coldest time of the year for these lemurs. During this cold spell Fat-tailed Dwarf Lemurs pick a tree and settle there for about seven months until the rains return in November and food is available again. During their hibernation, they live off the fat in their tail (hence fat-tailed) losing close to 50% of their body weight!
Common Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina)
Box turtle
Hibernating box turtles are found in well hidden spots around Southern North America (USA and Mexico). The length of their winter sleep depends on the location and turtle subspecies: some can last as short as 77 days or as long as 154 days. Their heart beat drops to just one every 5-10 minutes and they don’t have to breathe in air at all (although they do take in oxygen through their skin). They are still very sensitive to the changing environment around them, if they wake up too early they will likely not survive.
Bumblebees
Bumblebee
When the temperature drops, males and worker bees die off but the queen survives by hibernating. She hibernates in a hole in the soil, in rotten tree stumps or under leaf litter. She will emerge 6-8 months later, warm-up and then find a nice spot to build a nest and create a whole new team of bees .
Garter snake
group garter snake
Unlike the bumblebee queen, who hibernates alone, garter snakes hibernate in groups. In Canada, where winters are exceptionally cold, there can be hundreds and sometime thousands of snakes grouped together for warmth. Once spring arrives and the snow melts, they head out of their winter homes to bask in the sun. It’s quite a sight to see!
Hedgehog
Hedgehog
Hedgehogs are some of the deepest hibernators around. Some can sleep through the whole winter! Their body temperature drops and they breathe so little that it can hardly be seen. They have special cells that release heat 20 times faster than white cells. If temperatures drop too low, their heart beat picks up to produce more heat, which wakes them up briefly before they fall asleep again.
Snail
Snail
Snails have a built in bed for their hibernation. They go into their shell, close up the hole with a skin made of chalk and slime that keeps the moisture in. During this time, they use almost no energy and don’t have to eat anything at all. In some areas where there is little rain, snails can hibernate for years!
| Snail |
Louis the XVI France only two what were recorded in his lifetime? | 30 Strangest Animal Mating Habits - Neatorama
Neatorama
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Ah, sex. Birds do it, bees do it. Wait a minute! How exactly do they do it? The mating rituals of some animals are wonderfully bizarre. For example: did you know that some insects' genitals explode during sex? Or that some fish can change gender?
Intrigued? Read on for 30 of the most bizarre animal mating habits.
Honey Bee: Exploding Testicles.
The reproductive cycle of bees is fascinating - and complex. But here's the short story: a queen is selectively bred in a special "queen cell" in the hive and fed royal jelly by worker bees to induce her to become sexually mature.
A virgin queen that survives to adulthood without being killed by her rivals will take a mating flight with a dozen or so male drones (out of tens of thousands eligible bachelors in the colony). But don't call these drones lucky because during mating, their genitals explode and snap off inside the queen!
Strange as it is, this actually makes evolutionary sense: the snapped-off penis acts as a genital plug to prevent other drones from fertilizing the queen. But tell that to the dead drone whose penis just exploded.
[Note: this strategy is so successful that it is apparently employed by other species of animals, such as the male wasp spider ]
(Image Credit: Veebl [Flickr])
Bonobo: Make Love Not War
Bonobo, striking a pose (Image Credit: Kabirdas [Flickr])
Who said that violence is the only way to solve fights over food or territory? Instead of fighting, bonobos [wiki] have sex! Actually, their whole societal structure seems to revolve around sex.
Bonobos use sex as greetings, a mean of solving disputes, making up for fights, and as a favors in exchange for food. They tongue kiss, engage in oral sex, mutual masturbations, have face-to-face genital sex and even have a strange "penis fencing" ritual!
In their 1996 book titled Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence, Richard Wrangham and Dale Peterson wrote:
"Chimpanzees and Bonobos both evolved from the same ancestor that gave rise to humans, and yet the Bonobo is one of the most peaceful, unaggressive species of mammals living on the earth today. They have evolved ways to reduce violence that permeate their entire society. They show us that the evolutionary dance of violence is not inexorable".
Flatworm: Make Love AND War.
Penis fencing flatworms. (Image Credit: PBS/The Shape of Life )
If bonobos "penis fence" as foreplay, flatworms do it for real.
For flatworms, sex is more like war than love. Like all sea slugs, flatworms are hermaphrodites (they have both male and female sexual organs). In this case, the male organ turns out to be two dagger-like penises that they use to hunt as well as mate. During mating, two flatworms fight (i.e. "penis fence") to stab each other, while avoiding getting stabed.
The "loser" who gets stabbed will absorb the sperm through its skin and then scoots off to bear the burden of motherhood! ( Source , with a cool video you shouldn't miss.)
Frigatebird: Fanciful Big Red Balloon.
Hit play or go to Link [ YouTube ]
Those fanciful male peacocks have nothing on frigatebirds! A male frigatebird has a throat sac that it can inflate with hard work - it takes over a period of twenty minutes - into a giant red, heart-shaped balloon. He then waggles his head from side to side, shakes his wings and calls the females to check him out.
A female frigatebird will mate with the male with the biggest and shiniest balloon. During sex, the male bird will sweetly put his wings over her eyes to make sure she doesn't get distracted by other males with even nicer balloons! ( Source )
Red-Sided Garter Snake: An Annual Mating Ball Orgy
Red-sided garter snake mating ball (Image Credit: Robert Mason , professor of Zoology at the Oregon State University, from News and Communications Service at OSU)
Strange Fact 1. The annual mating of red-sided garter snakes is a tourist attraction in Manitoba, Canada. That's because when a female garter snake emerges from hibernation, she releases a pheromone that attracts hundreds of male snakes in the vicinity to rush her and create a large squirming "mating ball."
Strange Fact 2. Like many snakes, the male garter snake has two penises, called "hemipenes," on each side of its body. The male will try to use the best-positioned penis to mate with the female in the center of the mating ball.
Strange Fact 3. As if the two facts above aren't strange enough, turns out there is a "she-male" snake who releases pheromones just like the females do (and fools hundreds of other males to pile up on him/her). Why? Scientists think that this gives the she-male warmth and protection (and attention, too, I'm sure). ( Source )
Bonus: From Current Science:
The annual red-garter mating balls are a big tourist attraction in Manitoba—and a source of many tales. One unsuspecting couple built a house on top of an empty snake pit one summer, only to find their property swarmed by thousands of red-sided garters returning to their traditional hibernation den in the fall. The couple quickly relocated their new house. ( Source )
Hyena: The Females Got Balls!
Spotted hyena. (Image credit: LA Dawson , Wikipedia )
Female hyenas wear the pants in the family. They're bigger and stronger than the males. And definitely much more aggressive. Heck, they even got balls. Really.
A female hyena has a pseudopenis, basically an enlarged clitoris, that they can erect at will. To mate, the meeker male has to insert his penis into her pseudopenis. That's difficult for the males, but still nothing compared to the female having to give birth through a penis!
Biologist Laurence Frank describes something else that is strange about hyenas - the way they say hello to each other:
After being separated for a few hours, spotted hyenas engage in "greeting" displays that entail lifting their legs and exposing their erect pseudopenises for inspection. Subordinate females often initiate greetings and this is the only known case of an erection being a submissive gesture. "This unusual display is not without its risks [because] each hyena puts its reproductive organs in immediate proximity to very powerful jaws," says Frank. "On the rare occasions when the aggression escalates to fighting, the resulting damage may be severe enough to destroy or seriously compromise the reproductive competence of the injured party." (Source)
Manakin: Moonwalking to Impress the Ladies
There's dancing and there's dancing - like the moonwalk that the male Manakin does to impress the ladies! Michael Jackson has nothing on them manakins!
Hit play or go to Link [YouTube] - Thanks Xopl and Kamilf!
Giraffe: Not in Estrus? No Thanks!
Male giraffe nudging the female's rump to induce urination. (Image credit: Liz Leyden)
With that ridiculously long neck of theirs, mating is hard work for male giraffes. So, when a male happens upon a female giraffe, he will perform a procedure known as the "fleshmen sequence" to see if she is in estrus. First, he nudges her rump to induce urination. He then takes a mouthful of urine. If it tastes good to him, then he begins to court her.
Actually, "court" may be too strong a word: the male giraffe basically follows her around until she gives in and lets him have her! (Source)
Emperor Penguin: Starvin' for Love
Emperor penguins and chicks (Image Credit: BrynJ [Flickr])
Emperor Penguins, the subject of the popular 2005 documentary March of the Penguins, have a strange “marriage”. Penguin couples spend their lives apart from each other and meet once a year in late March, after traveling as far as 70 miles (112 km) inland - on foot or sliding on their bellies! - to reach the breeding site.
Once there, penguins look for their mates by making a bugling call. Male penguins generally stay in one place, lower their head to their chest and call out to the females. Once they find one another, they would stand breast to breast, repeatedly bow to each other and sing (okay, “bugle”).
Now, onto the mating itself: Like in most birds, penguins have no external genitalia. That’s right, male penguins don't have penises and the females don’t have vaginas. The male’s sperm is produced in the testes and stored in his cloaca (kind of an all purpose orifice for defecating, urinating, and reproduction). The female also has a cloaca that leads to the ovaries. The female penguin lies flat on the ground and the male penguin presses his cloaca onto hers and passes the sperms through.
Once the egg is laid, the female Emperor Penguin transfers it very carefully to her mate (if the egg touches the ice, it would freeze and die), who then keeps the egg warm by tucking it under a large fold of skin until it hatches. The female penguin immediately returns to the sea to feed, leaving the male without food for about two months. The male penguins would huddle together in large groups to conserve body heat in the cold and harsh environment, where winds can reach up to 120 mph (200 km per hour). When the female returns, she finds her mate (and chick) by listening to one particular bugle over thousands other.
When it was released, March of the Penguins sparked a controversy when the Christian right claimed it as a parable of monogamy amongst other things. Turns out, Emperor Penguins are serially monogamous – meaning that for that breeding season, they only have one mate. However, if they can’t find one another the next season (and most can’t – only about 15% of pairs find each other in subsequent year, and just 5% in the third year) they will choose new mates.
Dolphin: That's Not His Hand.
A pair of dolphins mating (left), while a friend swims nearby without a hint of embarassment (Image Credit: Carmelo Aquilina [Flickr])
Here's something you probably don't know about Flipper: he has retractable penis. And if that's not cool enough, here's something else: his penis is prehensile. And it swivels. In fact, a male dolphin can use his penis to explore objects just like a hand.
Male dolphins also have a very strong sex drive. It can mate many, many times in a day. Now here's the bad news: male dolphins aren't that much of a stud. The average time to ejaculation? 12 seconds.
Another hushed-up fact is that male dolphins have a ravenous sexual appetite: they often try to hump inanimate objects and even other animals like sea turtles. When a pack of male dolphins happen upon a female, often times they will attempt to force her to mate.
Percula Clownfish: Your Mommy Was Your Daddy.
Clownfish in Kayauchi Banta, Okinawa (Image Credit: Nemo's great uncle [Flickr])
In Disney's animated movie Finding Nemo, the animators forgot to tell you one thing about clownfish: they can change gender!
Clownfish live in a group consisting of a breeding pair of male and female, as well as some non-breeding males. There is strict hierarchy based on size: the largest is the female, next largest is the male, and then the non-breeding males.
If the female dies (or gets fished, I suppose), the male will change sex and become the female! Then the largest of the non-breeding males will get a promotion to become the breeding male.
Giant Panda: X-Rated Panda Porn!
Who cares about sex? Let's eat! (Image Credit: peiqianlong [Flickr])
For a while, zookeepers had trouble getting pandas raised in captivity to breed. In fact, male and female pandas showed little interest in sex - that is until someone at the Chengdu Giant Panda Breeding and Research Base in Sichuan Province, China, had the bright idea of showing them panda porn!
Now, when pandas reach adulthood, zookeepers there show them steamy videos of panda sex as part of their initiation rites .
Galapagos Giant Tortoise: The Longest Neck Wins.
Link [YouTube].
To determine who gets to mate, male Galapagos giant tortoises will rise on their legs and stretch their necks. The shorter tortoise will cry uncle and leave the taller, larger tortoise to mate.
The victor then proceeds to attract a female by bellowing and bobbing his head furiously. When he has found a mate, the male rams the female and nips her legs until she draws them in, thereby immobilizing her. He then proceeds to mount her.
Mating can last for hours, during which the male grunts and roars loudly (see video clip). If he seems terribly excited about the whole deal, that's probably because he's been waiting a long time for sex. See, it takes 40 years for Galapagos giant tortoises to reach sexual maturity.
So what happened to the short "loser" male tortoises? Frustrated males have been observed humping rocks and even other frustrated males (why, there's even a YouTube clip ).
Garden Snail: Love Darts
Roman snails mating: the gallery (Image Credit: Robert Nordsieck)
Snails' genitals are on their necks, right behind their eye-stalks. Not weird enough? Read on.
Snails are hermaphrodites, meaning they have both male and female sexual organs, but they do not self-fertilize.
Before two snails mate, they shoot "love darts" made of calcium at each other. People used to think that these sharp darts are nutritional gifts, like you give someone you love a box of chocolate.
Snail love dart (Image Credit: Prof. Ronald Chase )
Scientists now think, however, that these darts serve a more sinister purpose. The mucus on the darts allow more sperms to be stored in the snail's uterus (and thus helped it gain an edge in reproduction).
There's no advantage to the target snail (getting hit may even be dangerous as snails are really, really bad shots). Indeed, snails jostle each other not only to get into a better position to fire their darts, but also to avoid getting hit themselves! ( Source )
Bedbug: Traumatic Insemination
Here's chivalry for you: the male bedbugs don't even bother with the female's sex organs. Instead, a male bedbug uses its scimitar-like sexual organ to impale the female bedbug's body and deposit his sperm!
Scientists even have a cute name for this sort of thing: "traumatic insemination." Ouch!
Porcupine: Wee Marks the Spot.
Quick: how do porcupines mate? If you answer: "carefully," you'd only be half right - it's also "bizarrely." Indeed, porcupines have a very bizarre mating habit:
First of all, female porcupines are interested in sex only about 8 to 12 hours in a year! Second, to court a female during the short mating season, a male porcupine stands up on his hind legs, waddles up to her, and then sprays her with a huge stream of urine from as far as 6 feet away, and drench his would-be paramour from head to foot!
If the female wasn't impressed, she'll scream and shake off the urine. But, if she is ready, then she'll rear up to expose her quill-less underbelly and let the male mount her from the behind (that's the only safe position for porcupines!). Once mating begins, the female is insatiable: she forces the male to mate many times until he is thoroughly exhausted. If he gets tired too quickly, she will leave him for another male! ( Source )
Red Velvet Mite: The Love Gardener
Red Velvet Mite (Image Credit: erica_naturegirl [Flickr])
Red velvet mite, which is as big as one of the letters in this sentence, has a peculiar mating habit.
The male releases its sperms on small twigs or stalks in what scientists call the "love garden", then lays down an intricate silken trail to the spot. When a female stumbles upon this trail, she will follow it to seek out the "artist". If she likes his work, then she will sit on the sperm.
However, if another male spots the garden, he will trash it and lay his own instead! (Source)
Bowerbird: Obsessive Decorator of Bachelor Pad
Satin Bowerbird in front of his bower (Image Credit: bdonald [Flickr])
To attract a mate, the male bowerbird [wiki] builds an amazingly complex structure called a bower. It is made of twigs and often shaped like a small hut.
The male bird then decorates his "bachelor pad" bower with a variety of objects as gifts: flowers, feathers, stones, and even bits of discarded plastics and glass. Hundreds of pieces are carefully arranged in monochromatic themes (i.e. all blue items). The bird is so anal that it will get really angry if you mess up its pile (say, by putting one differently colored pebble in its pile).
The male bowerbird spends hours sorting and arranging things. In fact, it will break its focus only to go to a different males' bowers to steal stuff and mess the place up!
Macaque: Sneaky Attackers
Is it time to attack yet? (Image Credit: Hunda [Flickr])
Male macaques will pay (in form of fruits) to get a peek at the hind quarters of a female macaque.
Actually, that's not all: they will also pay to gaze at pictures of dominant "celebrity" monkeys (i.e. the high-ranking males) in their pack. Huh.
Anyways, if that isn't enough bad behavior for you, think about this: macaque males will attack their enemy when he is at his weakest: during orgasm.
Attackers often use considerable cunning to get near their victim without arousing any suspicion. They may feign indifference by barely glancing at him, digging casually in the sand or pretending to collect handfuls of pebbles. But the moment their victim ejaculates, they jump him, hitting, biting and tugging at his fur. ( Source )
Fire Ant: Queen and Workers "Negotiate" the Colony's Sex Ratio
Ants have a complex social structure. Case in point: some scientists used to think that worker ants are all females who control the queen (a simple egg-laying machine) and kill their brothers while still larvae.
It turns out the queen has more say than this: she controls the number of females and male eggs she lays.
But why does a colony's sex ratio matter? A queen wants to propagate her line by producing another queen, which needs male drones to mate and produce a colony. Worker ants, on the other hand, have no use for males (which die after mating).
So, the queen and her daughters negotiate a rather violent solution: when she needs male drones, the queen will "overwhelm" the colony with male eggs. The female workers will kill many of their brothers, but they can't kill them all! ( Source )
Sea Hare: Mating Chain
Aplysia dactylomela, a genus of sea hares, in a mating chain
(Image Credit: Anne DuPont)
Sea hares, like all sea slugs (see flatworm above), are hermaphrodites. But that's not all - they're efficient hermaphorodites! When sea hares mate, they form a mating chain of several animals!
The sea hare in front acts as the female to the one directly behind it. Sometimes, they even form a giant circle, with everyone inside happily mating the day away. (Source)
Argonaut: Detachable Penis
Argonaut or paper nautilus is a weird species of octopus. First, they have a highly divergent sexual dimorphism. That's science-speak for the difference in body sizes between males and females. A female argonaut grows up to 10 cm (~ 4 in.) with shells as large as 45 cm (~ 18 in.) The male, however, is only 2 cm (3/4 in) long!
But that's not why argonaut is on this list. The male argonaut produces a ball of spermatozoa in a special tentacle called a hectocotylus [wiki]. When meeting a female it fancies, the male then detaches its penis to swim by itself to the female!
Hectocotylus (Image Credit: Julian Finn, Macalogist )
This detachable swimming penis was actually first noted by an Italian naturalist back in the 1800s, who mistook it for a parasitic worm!
Whiptail Lizard: Sex? No Thanks! We'll Clone Ourselves Instead.
Whiptail Lizard in pseudocopulation (Image Credit: Tino Mauricio, Daily Texan)
How does a whiptail lizard have sex? Trick question! There are no males - all whiptail lizards are females, so they can't have sex at all. Wait a minute - so how do they reproduce? By cloning themselves:
In the bizarre life of a whiptail lizard, reproduction is preceeded by pseudocopulation, where two females act out the roles of a male mounting a female (they switch roles later on).
Apparently, this is required to stimulate egg production in both lizards. When the eggs hatch, they will be all-female clones of the mother lizard. (Source)
Straw Itch Mite: Incestuous Brothers
After they are born, the male straw itch mites (pyemotes) hang around their mom, stinging her to suck out her body fluids.
The male mites are born sexually mature. In fact, they will immediately grab and mate with their sister within minutes of her birth!
(Image Source: Ronald Ochoa, Systematic Entomology Laboratory)
Banana Slug: Penis Stuck? Chew It Off!
Banana slugs checking each other out for size (Image Credit: Husond , Wikipedia )
Banana slug, the beloved mascot of UC Santa Cruz, has a weird mating habit. First of all, they have an enormous penis. (In fact, their latin name dolichyphallus translates to "giant penis.") The average size of a banana slug penis is 6 to 8 inches. This is incredibly impressive, considering their entire body length is 6 to 8 inches as well!
Banana slugs are hermaphrodites, so two slugs will try to fertilize each other. To mate properly, a slug must choose a mate roughly its own size - if it miscalculates, its penis will get stuck during copulation.
This isn't just an embarrassing faux pas, the other slug will actually bite off the stuck penis, a term scientists euphemistically called "apophallation." (Source)
Anglerfish: Let's Me Be A Part of You. Literally.
The Prickly Deep Sea Anglerfish males becoming one with their female (Image Credit: David Paul/Mark Norman, Australian Conservation Foundation )
Anglerfish, a deep sea fish named for the spiny appendage on its head that it uses as bait to "fish" its prey, has an unusual mating habit. As it spends its time in the bottom of the ocean, finding a mate is a problem - but the species solved this evolutionary challenge beautifully.
At first, scientists were perplexed because they've never caught a male anglerfish. Also, all female anglerfish have a lump on their body that looks like a parasite. Only later did scientists discover that the lump is the remain of the male fish.
The tiny male anglerfish are born without any digestive system, so once they hatch, they have to find a female quickly. When a male finds a female, he quickly bites her body and releases an enzyme that digests his skin and her body to fuse the two in an eternal embrace. The male then wastes away, becoming nothing but a lump on the female anglerfish's body!
When the female is ready to spawn, her "male appendage" is there, ready to release sperms to fertilize her egg.
Barnacle: Inflatable Penis
Yes, that long thing is a barnacle penis mating with its neighbor (Image Credit: Sue Scott, MarLIN )
Barnacles, those crustaceans that stick themselves to the bottom of boats (much to the consternation of sailors everywhere), are stuck in one position all their lives.
So, how do they mate? The solution, turns out, is brilliantly simple: the barnacle has an inflatable penis that is up to 50 times as long as its body. In fact, it has the longest penis in the animal kingdom, relative to body length!
Fruit Fly: World's Longest Sperm
The title of world's longest sperm actually belongs to a tiny fruit fly called Drosophila bifurca. When the coiled sperm is straightened out, it measures about 2 inches which is over 1,000 times longer than a human sperm. In fact, the testes of a fruit fly makes up 11 percent of the body mass of the male!
Turns out the very long sperm is evolutionarily driven by the just-as-long female reproductive tract, which is like an obstacle course, complete with harsh chemicals to weed out weak sperms. ( Source )
Argentine Lake Duck: Very Well-Endowed, Can Even Lasso a Female.
The very well-endowed Argentine Lake Duck (Image Credit: K. McCracken [pdf])
The Argentine lake duck may be small, but don't take pity on it. See, the drake (male duck) of the lowly fowl has the longest penis of any bird species in the world.
From head to tail, the Argentine lake duck measures about 17 inches. That also happens to be the length of its corkscrew-shaped penis when stretched out. The tip of the penis is soft and brush-like, which the drake uses to brush away sperms deposited by a previous suitor.
University of Alaska Kevin McCracken explains that the ducks are promiscuous, and the long penis may be an evolutionary adaptation for the males to become more attractive to the females. That, and the drake also uses his penis to "lasso" a female who tries to escape from it. ( Source )
Gorilla: Big, But Not So Big.
Silverback (a male gorilla): size ain't everything! (Image Credit: dbarronoss [Flickr])
Let's end this lengthy article with the gorillas, the largest of all living primates.
Upside: Mature male gorillas, called silverbacks, are huge (up to 425 lb., sometimes even more). A silverback lives in a troop of 5 up to 30 females, with which he mates all year long. There is little competition for females, since a large silverback is scary and can easily protect its group from challengers.
Downside: 1 1/2 inch (~ 4 cm) penis. (Yeah, no competition for females remember?). So, remember that next time someone say you're an "800-lb gorilla" - it may just be an insult!
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How many people were reported to have died in the Great Fire of London in 1666? | Officially, More People Died Falling Off the Great Fire of London Monument Than in the Fire—But Only Officially | Smart News | Smithsonian
Officially, More People Died Falling Off the Great Fire of London Monument Than in the Fire—But Only Officially
Which makes more sense, considering the fire destroyed nearly 90 percent of the homes in the city
smithsonian.com
March 4, 2014
On Sunday, September 2, 1666, London caught on fire. The city burned through Wednesday, and the fire—now known as The Great Fire of London—destroyed the homes of 70,000 out of the 80,000 inhabitants of the city. But for all that fire, the traditional death toll reported is extraordinarily low: just six verified deaths.
To remember the fire, the city of London erected a monument. Six people have committed suicide by jumping off of it , and two have fallen accidentally to their deaths. You might hear this fun fact repeated on tours or forums: more people have died from falling off the monument than died in the fire.
It’s probably not actually true. Fire has a tendency to destroy things, including bodies, and many, many people have pointed out that the deaths of the poor and middle-class people living in the city were probably never recorded. Officials didn't sort through bones and fragments of charred bodies of the middle and lower class—forensic technology wasn’t exactly advanced in 1666.
In his book The Great Fire of London: In That Apocalyptic Year, 1666 , author Neil Hanson writes that “several hundred and quite possibly several thousand” people likely died in the fire. Which makes more sense, considering the fire destroyed nearly 90 percent of the homes in the city.
So while this particular fun fact is fun, it’s probably not true.
Like this article?
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What country do Great Danes come from? | Great Fire of London 1666
The people of London who had managed to survive the Great Plague in 1665 must have thought that the year 1666 could only be better, and couldn't possibly be worse!
Poor souls…they could not have imagined the new disaster that was to befall them in 1666.
A fire started on September 2nd in the King's bakery in Pudding Lane near London Bridge. Fires were quite a common occurrence in those days and were soon quelled. Indeed, when the Lord Mayor of London, Sir Thomas Bloodworth was woken up to be told about the fire, he replied "Pish! A woman might piss it out!" . However that summer had been very hot and there had been no rain for weeks, so consequently the wooden houses and buildings were tinder dry.
The fire soon took hold: 300 houses quickly collapsed and the strong east wind spread the flames further, jumping from house to house. The fire swept through the warren of streets lined with houses, the upper stories of which almost touched across the narrow winding lanes. Efforts to bring the fire under control by using buckets quickly failed. Panic began to spread through the city.
As the fire raged on, people tried to leave the city and poured down to the River Thames in an attempt to escape by boat.
Absolute chaos reigned, as often happens today, as thousands of 'sightseers' from the villages came to view the disaster. Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn, the diarists, both gave dramatic, first-hand accounts of the next few days. Samuel Pepys, who was a clerk of the Privy Seal, hurried off to inform King Charles II. The King immediately ordered that all the houses in the path of the fire should be pulled down to create a 'fire-break'. This was done with hooked poles, but to no avail as the fire outstripped them!
By the 4th September half of London was in flames. The King himself joined the fire fighters, passing buckets of water to them in an attempt to quell the flames, but the fire raged on.
As a last resort gunpowder was used to blow up houses that lay in the path of the fire, and so create an even bigger fire-break, but the sound of the explosions started rumours that a French invasion was taking place…. even more panic!!
As refugees poured out of the city, St. Paul's Cathedral was caught in the flames. The acres of lead on the roof melted and poured down on to the street like a river, and the great cathedral collapsed. Luckily the Tower of London escaped the inferno, and eventually the fire was brought under control, and by the 6th September had been extinguished altogether.
Only one fifth of London was left standing! Virtually all the civic buildings had been destroyed as well as 13,000 private dwellings, but amazingly only six people had died.
Hundreds of thousands of people were left homeless. Eighty-nine parish churches, the Guildhall, numerous other public buildings, jails, markets and fifty-seven halls were now just burnt-out shells. The loss of property was estimated at £5 to £7 million. King Charles gave the fire fighters a generous purse of 100 guineas to share between them. Not for the last time would a nation honour its brave fire fighters.
In the immediate aftermath of the fire, a poor demented French watchmaker called (Lucky) Hubert, confessed to starting the fire deliberately: justice was swift and he was rapidly hanged. It was sometime later however that it was realised that he couldn't have started it, as he was not in England at the time!
Although the Great Fire was a catastrophe, it did cleanse the city. The overcrowded and disease ridden streets were destroyed and a new London emerged. A monument was erected in Pudding Lane on the spot where the fire began and can be seen today, where it is a reminder of those terrible days in September 1666.
Sir Christopher Wren was given the task of re-building London, and his masterpiece St. Paul's Cathedral was started in 1675 and completed in 1711. In memory of Sir Christopher there is an inscription in the Cathedral, which reads, "Si Monumentum Requiris Circumspice". - "If you seek his monument, look round".
Wren also rebuilt 52 of the City churches, and his work turned the City of London into the city we know today.
Some buildings did survive the conflagration, but only a handful can still be seen to this day. For details and photos, please see our article, ' Buildings that Survived the Great Fire of London' .
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"Who said - ""One more drink and Ill be under the host""?" | The Big Apple: “One more drink and I’d have been under the host!”
Entry from February 03, 2011
“One more drink and I’d have been under the host!”
Dorothy Parker (1893-1967) was known for her wit and often lunched at the Algonquin Hotel (59 West 44th Street in Manhattan), forming a “Round Table” of gossip and ideas with other writers from 1919 until the 1930s. She was cited by 1944 as having said, “One more drink and I’d have been under the host!”
This fuller expression has been cited since at least 1965 (Parker’s authorship is not certain, although it’s been printed on Algonquin cocktail napkins):
“I can take one martini,
Two at the very most.
Three put me under the table,
And four put me under the host.”
Wikipedia: Dorothy Parker
Dorothy Parker (August 22, 1893 – June 7, 1967) was an American poet and satirist, best known for her wit, wisecracks, and eye for 20th century urban foibles.
From a conflicted and unhappy childhood, Parker rose to acclaim, both for her literary output in such venues as The New Yorker and as a founding member of the Algonquin Round Table. Following the breakup of the circle, Parker traveled to Hollywood to pursue screenwriting. Her successes there, including two Academy Award nominations, were curtailed as her involvement in left-wing politics led to a place on the infamous Hollywood blacklist.
Parker went through three marriages (two to the same man) and survived several suicide attempts, but grew increasingly dependent on alcohol. Dismissive of her own talents, she deplored her reputation as a “wisecracker”. Nevertheless, her literary output and reputation for her sharp wit have endured.
(...)
Algonquin Round Table years
In 1921, her career took off while she was writing theatre criticism for Vanity Fair, which she began to do in 1918 as a stand-in for the vacationing P. G. Wodehouse. At the magazine she met Robert Benchley, who became a close friend, and Robert E. Sherwood. The trio began lunching at the Algonquin Hotel on a near-daily basis and became founding members of the Algonquin Round Table. The Round Table numbered among its members the newspaper columnists Franklin Pierce Adams and Alexander Woollcott. Through their re-printing of her lunchtime remarks and short verses, particularly in Adams’ column “The Conning Tower,” Dorothy began developing a national reputation as a wit.
1975, ©1974.
Pg. 70:
I remember a very famous female star in Hollywood who, when I asked her at a party if I could get her another martini, said, “I only have one. If I have two, I’m under the table. And if I have three, I’m under the host.”
23 December 1988, New Orleans (LA) Times-Picayune, “Here’s to those who sent toasts” by Angus Lind, pg. E3, col. 1:
To a dry martini
Angie, as well as Harry Gamble of New Orleans and Peter Low of Metairie, also sent in nearly-similar versions of this one, to be offered by a woman:
“Here’s to the dry martini;
Always a perfect toast;
Three, I’m under the table,
Four, I’m under the host.”
A Journey into Dorothy Parker’s New York
By Kevin C. Fitzpatrick
Berkeley, CA: Roaring Forties Press
2005
| Dorothy Parker |
The average Britain in their life consumes 1000 lb of what? | Killer Fiction: "I'll Have A Martini. Two At The Most. Three, I'm Under The Table...Four, I'm Under The Host."
"I'll Have A Martini. Two At The Most. Three, I'm Under The Table...Four, I'm Under The Host."
A huge shout out to my girl, Dorothy Parker, for the title.
Last week's New Yorker Magazine had the best cartoon ever. And since there's probably no way I can get permission to show it here, I'll describe it.
It was called, "The Three Martini Breakfast." And the picture consisted of a man slumped over the breakfast table, a woman in a fetal position passed out under a chair, the breakfast on the stove was on fire, there were broken martini glasses and an empty bottle of vodka with a wide-eyed cat watching it all. Brilliant. Wish I'd thought of that.
So, just now my nine year old son is in the bathtub and he calls down, "Mom! Can you get me a glass of water?'
Me: I'm busy with my KF blog. Get it yourself.
Jack: I can't. You need to get it for me.
Me: Why?
Jack: I'm relaxing.
After grinding my teeth and counting to ten - an application that's usefulness goes WAY beyond the shaken baby syndrome years - I decide to ignore him completely and keep working on the blog. That's how important you guys are to me.
It's been a crazy week since I Shot You Babe came out and I've gotten a lot of e-mails from fans already (many of them who've read the book and are screaming, "NOOOOOOO," for some reason). I had a signing Saturday at the local Borders, an interview with the newspaper on Sunday and here and there have guest blogged on some great sites. I have another signing this Saturday at the Davenport, IA Barnes & Noble and a signing next week at the Romance Writers of America Conference in D.C.
In the meantime, I've got dishes in the dishwasher; laundry going so I can pack for my son's vacation with a friend (I can't believe he gets a #!%*! vacation!) and because I require clean underwear; am cleaning one catbox and two guinea pig cages; have bills to pay and today I put Sgt. Assassin on a plane to Iraq for the next year. That's him in the photo above. And yes, I know what he's looking at. And no, my head really isn't larger than his.
What you can't see is that he's now in great physical shape except for the broken ankle. He could probably wear my jeans if he wanted to. Life is so unfair.
As you can guess, I'm having a drink. A big one. With an orange umbrella (which looks weird sticking out of a beer bottle), ice cream sandwhiches (two...I'm not a total pig) and a complete lack of self-respect.
So this blog is unnaturally short. Blame Hellion. I was on the Romance Writers Revenge drinking virtual Bombay Bombers and a strange, smoking drink named Assassin's Last Call. And since I thought that was fun in a completely non-satisfying way (real alcohol is way better), I thought a little contest was in order.
Come up with a drink based on my series. You can base it on one of the characters, a scene or what have you. This weekend, I'll have some of my girlfriends over and we will test out these potions. Whichever one is best (meaning it tastes good and doesn't render us blind, fat or just plain pissed off) wins a complete set of the Bombay Series signed by moi.
Are you up to the challenge? I sure as hell hope so, because I could use a good amnesia-inducing drink. Let's see what you've got.
The Assassin
| i don't know |
What animal provides 50% of all the protein eaten in Peru? | Food in Peru - Peruvian Food, Peruvian Cuisine - traditional, popular, dishes, diet, history, common, meals, rice, main
Food in Peru - Peruvian Food, Peruvian Cuisine
Peru
Recipes
1 GEOGRAPHIC SETTING AND ENVIRONMENT
Peru is South America's third-largest country, with an area of 496,226 square miles (1,285,220 square kilometers), slightly smaller than the state of Alaska. Peru is divided into three contrasting topographical regions: the coast, the Andean highlands, and the Amazon rainforest to the east, with 18 rivers and 200 tributaries. The Peruvian Andes are divided into three chains. The western mountain chain runs parallel to the coast and forms the Peruvian continental divide. Less regular are the Cordillera Central and Cordillera Oriental. Lake Titicaca (Lago Titicaca), the highest navigable lake in the world (about 12,500 feet/3,800 meters high), lies partly in Peru and partly in Bolivia.
2 HISTORY AND FOOD
The first inhabitants of Peru are believed to have migrated from Asia around 6000
B.C.
These early nomadic (roaming) tribesmen relied on the hunting of animals and the gathering of fruits and plants to survive. By 5000
B.C.
, small communities were established and the early cultivation of cotton, chili peppers, beans, squash, and maize (similar to corn) began. Most of the early settlers lived near the coast, where the wet climate allowed for planted seeds to grow.
One of the world's most popular vegetables, papas (potatoes), were first grown in Peru. The earliest remains of potatoes have been discovered at archeological sites in southern and eastern Peru, dating as far back as 400
B.C.
However, it was not until the 1400s that Europeans first came in contact with the potato. They took the vegetable back to Europe, where it was slow to gain acceptance. Europe now cultivates the largest number of potatoes, but Peru continues to produce the largest potato varieties and has been referred to as the "Potato Capital of the World." Potatoes were not the only vegetable in ancient Peru, however. Avocado
pits have been discovered buried with mummies dating as far back as 750
B.C.
The Incas came to power in the 1400s. They survived mostly on maize and potatoes that they planted on terraces that they carved out of steep hillsides (which can still be seen today). Their empire was short-lived, however. In 1528, the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro discovered Peru and was intrigued by the riches of the Inca Empire. The Spanish helped to introduce chicken, pork, and lamb to the Incas. In return, the Incas introduced the Spanish to a wide variety of potatoes and aji (chili peppers). As the Spanish gained control, they demanded that the natives grow such European crops as wheat, barley, beans, and carrots. As European disease struck the Incas and a shortage of labor arose, slaves from Africa were brought over to work on the new plantations. Africans contributed such foods as picarones (anise-sweetened, deep-fried pastries made from a pumpkin dough), to the Peruvian cuisine, as did Polynesians from the Pacific Islands, the Chinese, and the Japanese.
Baked Papas (Potato) Skins
In a large bowl, sprinkle the yeast over the lukewarm water and stir to dissolve.
Add the sugar, egg, pumpkin, and salt; combine thoroughly.
Add the flour, ½ cup at a time, until the dough becomes too stiff to beat with a wooden spoon.
Turn the dough out onto a lightly floured board and knead in enough of the remaining flour to prevent the dough from sticking to your fingers.
Continue kneading until the dough is smooth and elastic (about 8 minutes).
Shape it into a ball and place in a greased bowl. Cover and let rise in a warm place for 1 hour, or until doubled in size.
Punch down the dough and tear off pieces, shaping into doughnut-like rings, about 3 inches in diameter.
Heat about 1-inch of oil in a deep skillet and fry the fritters for about 5 minutes, turning them once, until crisp and golden brown.
Drain on paper towels and serve immediately with warm maple syrup.
Makes 12 servings.
3 FOODS OF THE PERUVIANS
The Peruvian cuisine largely consists of spicy dishes that originated as a blend of Spanish and indigenous foods. Such dishes are often referred to as Criolla , or Creole. Aji (chili) is the most popular spice in Peru and is used in a variety of ways to give food extra flavor. Mint, oregano, basil, parsley, and cilantro are also included in Peruvian dishes, particularly soups and stews. Aside from spices, however, potatoes, rice, beans, fish, and various grains are essential staples (foods eaten nearly everyday) in the Peruvian diet.
Peru's unique variety of climates and landscapes has helped to make the Peruvian menus some of the most diverse in South America. Such geographical variety gives Peru distinct culinary regions that are
The diet of people living in the highlands includes corn, potatoes, and rice. These women offer sacks of dried corn and other grains to shoppers at a market near Lake Titicaca.
Cory Langley
divided into coastal, mountainous/highland, and tropical. In addition, the impact of various ethnic influences can be seen through indigenous (native), Spanish, Asian, and African cooking styles and dishes.
The Pacific Ocean provides Peru with a wide variety of seafood, particularly for those who live near the coast. Ceviche —fish, shrimp, scallops, or squid marinated in a lime and pepper mixture—might be considered one of the country's national dishes, due to its overwhelming popularity. It is often served with corn-on-the-cob, cancha (toasted corn), or sweet potatoes. Salads in this region are also common, particularly huevos a la rusa (egg salad) and palta rellena (stuffed avocado).
The mountainous/highland diet closely resembles food the Incas prepared hundreds of years ago. Basic staples of potatoes, corn, rice, and various meats (especially beef and pork) are common ingredients in the highland cuisine. Choclo con queso (corn on the cob with cheese) and tamales (meat-filled corn dumplings) are popular corn dishes. Lechón (suckling pig), cuy (guinea pig), chicharrones (deep-fried pork and chicken), and pachamanca (meat cooked over a hot stone pit) are common meat dishes in this area. Soups containing an abundance of spices, onions, and eggs, as well as freshly caught fish from Lake Titicaca (particularly trout), help satisfy the highlanders' appetites.
Meats and fresh fruits and vegetables are the basis of the tropical Peruvian diet. Bananas, plantains (similar to the banana), and yucca (similar to a yam) are readily available, and therefore are eaten in great quantities. Inhabitants of the tropical region also enjoy a variety of fish, wild game (such as boars, monkeys, pigs, deer, and chickens), and plenty of rice.
Choclo con Queso (Corn on the Cob with Cheese)
Ingredients
Corn on the cob (one with the largest kernels you can find)
Monterey jack cheese, cut into small cubes
Box of toothpicks
Procedure
Boil corn on the cob in salted water in a large pot, about 15 minutes.
Let cool and remove kernels from cob by standing the cob on an end and slicing downward with a knife.
Place a few kernels of corn with one cube of cheese on each toothpick (or as fits). Serve cold.
Makes about 3 dozen.
Street vendors throughout the country often sell some of Peru's most beloved food and drinks. Coconut-, chocolate-, and lemon-flavored tortas (cakes) are sweet and loved by Peruvians of all ages. Helado (ice cream) is a favorite among children. Snacks such as fried plantain and chifles (banana chips) are widely available, as is Inka Cola, a Peruvian bubble-gum-flavored soft drink. What is not available from vendors will likely be sold at a local meat or produce market or a local panaderías (bakery).
Frozen Orange Delight
Rind of 1 orange, grated
Procedure
In a saucepan, bring water to a boil. Stir in the sugar until it has completely dissolved.
Allow the sweetened water to cool for about 20 minutes.
Mix in the orange juice, lemon juice, and orange rind.
Pour this mixture into 2 ice cube trays with the dividers removed, or use a freezer-proof bowl, pie plate, or cake pan.
Freeze until solid, and serve like ice cream or sherbet.
Makes about 2 pints.
Flan, a sweet dessert garnished here with a slice of star fruit, is a favorite in restaurants throughout Peru.
Cory Langley
4 FOOD FOR RELIGIOUS AND HOLIDAY CELEBRATIONS
As a result of Peru's heavy Spanish influence, most Peruvians (90 percent) are devout Catholics. Christian holidays such as Easter, Christmas, and All Saints' Day are joyously celebrated throughout the country, often with fireworks, bullfights, dancing, and roast pig. The remainder of the population adheres to indigenous beliefs, believing in the gods and spirits the Incas once did hundreds of years ago. Many Christian holidays coincide with existing traditional festivals, allowing most Peruvians, regardless of differences in beliefs, to celebrate together.
Christmas brings great joy to the Christians of Peru, especially children who await the arrival of Santa Claus. Families use the holiday time to travel to the homes of family and close friends. Because of the number of people rushing about through Peru's streets, vendors rush to sell holiday foods and other goods to passing people. Sweet mango juice, bakery rolls, and homemade doughnuts coated with sugar and syrup are Christmas favorites. Flan, caramel custard enjoyed throughout Central and South American countries (as well as Spain, the Philippines, and the United States), is also a dessert enjoyed by Peruvians.
Flan
¼ cup sugar, plus ¾ cup sugar
4 drops lemon juice
Procedure
Preheat oven to 350°F.
In a small saucepan, heat ¼ cup sugar and drops of lemon juice over low heat until mixture is dark brown, like caramel syrup. (Don't worry if syrup burns a little.)
Pour into a flan mold (oven-proof straight-sided souffle dish or individual molds work nicely), covering all sides and bottom with the sugar syrup.
Place in the refrigerator while preparing flan.
Bring milk and vanilla to a boil in a small pot over low heat.
In a separate mixing bowl, combine the eggs and ¾ cup sugar, beating well.
Slowly add the egg and sugar mixture to the boiled milk.
Pour into refrigerated mold. Place flan mold into a larger baking dish. Add water to a depth of about one inch, and carefully place in the oven.
Bake 35 to 40 minutes. Flan is done when knife inserted in the center comes out clean.
Cool and remove from mold. Serve chilled.
Serves 4 to 6.
Carnavales (kar-nah-VAH-lays; Carnival) is an elaborately celebrated national holiday that takes place a few days before Lent. It is the last opportunity for people to drink and dance before the fasting period of Lent begins, when such activities are not allowed. During these few days, some practice native traditions of rounding up wild game to present to a priest or mayor, who in return provides chichi and cocoa leaves. The offering of the animals dates back several hundred years to the Incas, who used to give offerings of food to the gods in hope for a good harvest. Papas a la huancaína (potatoes with cheese) is a popular meal during Carnival.
Papas a la Huancaína (Potatoes with Cheese)
Ingredients
⅛ teaspoon ground red pepper, or to taste
Salt, to taste
3 cups Monterey Jack or Swiss cheese, shredded
½ teaspoon turmeric
1½ cups heavy cream
6 potatoes, drained, peeled, and quartered
1 to 2 hard-boiled eggs, for garnish
Procedure
Scrub the potatoes, place them in a saucepan, cover with water, and boil until tender (about 20 minutes). Drain, allow the potatoes to cool. Peel them, cut them into quarters, and set aside.
In a small mixing bowl, combine the lemon juice, red pepper, and salt. Add onion slices and coat them with the mixture. Stir well and set aside.
Heat oil in a large skillet over low heat.
Add cheese, turmeric, and heavy cream. Stirring constantly, continue cooking over low heat until cheese melts and mixture is smooth.
Add the cooked potatoes and gently stir to heat through, about 5 minutes. Do not allow mixture to boil, or it will curdle.
Transfer to a serving bowl and garnish with hard-boiled eggs.
Sprinkle onion mixture over the potatoes. Serve immediately while potatoes are hot.
Serves 6.
5 MEALTIME CUSTOMS
Peruvians are extremely hospitable and enjoy preparing and eating meals with company. Guests often consider being invited for dinner as a semiformal occasion. Nice clothes are worn and a small gift of flowers, chocolates, or wine is offered to the host on such occasions.
Most of the time, however, Peruvians simply prepare meals for themselves. Meals consumed by a typical village family often depend on the altitude of their village and what crops can thrive there. People living in mountainous areas can grow potatoes and select grains, as well as raise llamas, sheep, goats, and cattle. At lower altitudes, fruits and vegetables such as lemons, limes, palta (avocados), and aji (chilies) can be cultivated.
Villagers are often responsible for their own land and must spend much of the day tending to it. As a result, a villager's day begins early, usually around dawn. The woman of the house will begin her day preparing an herbal tea called mate (MAH-tay) and various foods for her family. A light desayuno (breakfast) may include triangular-shaped rolls, roasted wheat kernels, mote (boiled dried corn), bread, and te (tea) or cafe (coffee). The main meal of the day is almuerzo (lunch), which the woman of the house typically begins preparing while her family eats desayuno in the early morning. Almuerzo is important so workers will not be hungry in the fields. It may consist of a thick broth of potatoes, corn, and barley, palta aji sauce (avocado chili sauce) with vegetables, and cool beverages. Adults may enjoy chicha , a beer made of fermented maize, while children might prefer jugos (fruit juice), gaseosa (soft drink), or hot cocoa.
Cena (dinner) is often the most filling, despite almuerzo typically being the main meal of the day. Potatoes will almost always make up one of the two to three dishes served for cena . Mote (boiled dried corn) with meat or the popular ceviche (marinated seafood) may complete lunch or dinner. Children may drink chicha morada (a soft drink made from maize) as a refreshing accompaniment to most meals.
Peruvians enjoy sweets, whether it is an extra-sweet soft drink or honey-filled dessert. Churro , a deep-fried, honey-filled pastry, revolución caliente (crunchy, spicy cookies), and arroz con leche (rice and milk) are sold by street vendors throughout the country. Shish kebabs, seafood, fruit juice, empanadas (meat- or cheese-filled pies), and other popular Peruvian fare are also sold by vendors.
Many Peruvian children do not eat at midday during school hours. However, a combination of mote , noodles, beans, and potatoes is commonly eaten among school children.
Ceviche (Marinated Seafood)
2 pounds white fish fillet (preferably sea bass), cut into small pieces
¼ cup fresh lime juice (or more, if needed)
2 onions, thinly sliced
1 to 2 chilies, finely chopped
Black pepper
1 teaspoon salt
Procedure
Mix the lime juice with the onion slices, oil, cilantro, garlic, chilies, pepper, and salt in a mixing bowl.
Place the fish in a shallow glass or ceramic dish just large enough to hold it in a single layer. Pour the lime-juice mixture over it. The fish must be completely covered with the mixture. Add more lime juice if necessary.
Cover tightly with plastic wrap and refrigerate for several hours (or overnight) until the fish is "soft cooked." (Make certain it has marinated long enough.) Serve on lettuce leaves garnished with onion rings, thin strips of pepper, and sweet potatoes and/or corn on the cob.
Serves 4 to 6.
Arroz con Leche (Rice and Milk)
Ingredients
½ cup white rice, uncooked
Cinnamon powder (plus cinnamon sticks, optional)
3 cloves
½ cup raisins
Procedure
Boil the rice in 2 cups of water with the sugar, sticks of cinnamon (if available), and cloves, and cook according to package directions.
After the rice has finished cooking, add the milk, butter, and raisins. Let cool, and then refrigerate, covered, until ready to serve.
Sprinkle cinnamon powder on top and serve in dessert bowls.
Makes 4.
6 POLITICS, ECONOMICS, AND NUTRITION
About 19 percent of the population of Peru are classified as undernourished by the World Bank. This means they do not receive adequate nutrition in their diet. Of children under the age of five, about 8 percent are underweight, and over one-quarter are stunted (short for their age).
In a 1992–1993 census, it was found that nearly 22 percent of children aged 4-years-old and younger suffered from a serious Vitamin A deficiency. A lack of this vitamin can lead to blindness. In addition, iodine deficiencies have caused nearly one-third of school age children to develop goiter, an inflammation of the thyroid gland (usually in the neck). Protein deficiencies are declining, thanks to the introduction of high-protein maize, according to the United States Mission to the European Union. High levels of protein can prevent malnourishment in children growing up in developing nations, such as Peru. Organizations such as PROKID (also known as Help for Poor Peruvian Children) are helping to make a difference. Established in October 2000, one of the goals of the organization is to educate mothers about the nutritional needs of their children.
7 FURTHER STUDY
Falconer, Kieran. Peru: Cultures of the World . Tarrytown, N.Y.: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 1995.
King, David C. Peru: Lost Cities, Found Hopes . Tarrytown, N.Y.: Benchmark Books, 1998.
Peru . 4 th ed. Victoria, Australia: Lonely Planet Publications Pty. Ltd., 2000.
Peru Handbook . 2 nd ed. Bath, England: Footprint Handbooks, 1999.
The Rough Guide to Peru . 3 rd ed. London: Rough Guides Ltd., 1997.
Traveler's Peru Companion . Old Saybrook, CT: The Globe Pequot Press, 1999.
Web Sites
| Guinea pig |
Who was the first US president to have been born in a Hospital? | Food in Peru - Peruvian Food, Peruvian Cuisine - traditional, popular, dishes, diet, history, common, meals, rice, main
Food in Peru - Peruvian Food, Peruvian Cuisine
Peru
Recipes
1 GEOGRAPHIC SETTING AND ENVIRONMENT
Peru is South America's third-largest country, with an area of 496,226 square miles (1,285,220 square kilometers), slightly smaller than the state of Alaska. Peru is divided into three contrasting topographical regions: the coast, the Andean highlands, and the Amazon rainforest to the east, with 18 rivers and 200 tributaries. The Peruvian Andes are divided into three chains. The western mountain chain runs parallel to the coast and forms the Peruvian continental divide. Less regular are the Cordillera Central and Cordillera Oriental. Lake Titicaca (Lago Titicaca), the highest navigable lake in the world (about 12,500 feet/3,800 meters high), lies partly in Peru and partly in Bolivia.
2 HISTORY AND FOOD
The first inhabitants of Peru are believed to have migrated from Asia around 6000
B.C.
These early nomadic (roaming) tribesmen relied on the hunting of animals and the gathering of fruits and plants to survive. By 5000
B.C.
, small communities were established and the early cultivation of cotton, chili peppers, beans, squash, and maize (similar to corn) began. Most of the early settlers lived near the coast, where the wet climate allowed for planted seeds to grow.
One of the world's most popular vegetables, papas (potatoes), were first grown in Peru. The earliest remains of potatoes have been discovered at archeological sites in southern and eastern Peru, dating as far back as 400
B.C.
However, it was not until the 1400s that Europeans first came in contact with the potato. They took the vegetable back to Europe, where it was slow to gain acceptance. Europe now cultivates the largest number of potatoes, but Peru continues to produce the largest potato varieties and has been referred to as the "Potato Capital of the World." Potatoes were not the only vegetable in ancient Peru, however. Avocado
pits have been discovered buried with mummies dating as far back as 750
B.C.
The Incas came to power in the 1400s. They survived mostly on maize and potatoes that they planted on terraces that they carved out of steep hillsides (which can still be seen today). Their empire was short-lived, however. In 1528, the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro discovered Peru and was intrigued by the riches of the Inca Empire. The Spanish helped to introduce chicken, pork, and lamb to the Incas. In return, the Incas introduced the Spanish to a wide variety of potatoes and aji (chili peppers). As the Spanish gained control, they demanded that the natives grow such European crops as wheat, barley, beans, and carrots. As European disease struck the Incas and a shortage of labor arose, slaves from Africa were brought over to work on the new plantations. Africans contributed such foods as picarones (anise-sweetened, deep-fried pastries made from a pumpkin dough), to the Peruvian cuisine, as did Polynesians from the Pacific Islands, the Chinese, and the Japanese.
Baked Papas (Potato) Skins
In a large bowl, sprinkle the yeast over the lukewarm water and stir to dissolve.
Add the sugar, egg, pumpkin, and salt; combine thoroughly.
Add the flour, ½ cup at a time, until the dough becomes too stiff to beat with a wooden spoon.
Turn the dough out onto a lightly floured board and knead in enough of the remaining flour to prevent the dough from sticking to your fingers.
Continue kneading until the dough is smooth and elastic (about 8 minutes).
Shape it into a ball and place in a greased bowl. Cover and let rise in a warm place for 1 hour, or until doubled in size.
Punch down the dough and tear off pieces, shaping into doughnut-like rings, about 3 inches in diameter.
Heat about 1-inch of oil in a deep skillet and fry the fritters for about 5 minutes, turning them once, until crisp and golden brown.
Drain on paper towels and serve immediately with warm maple syrup.
Makes 12 servings.
3 FOODS OF THE PERUVIANS
The Peruvian cuisine largely consists of spicy dishes that originated as a blend of Spanish and indigenous foods. Such dishes are often referred to as Criolla , or Creole. Aji (chili) is the most popular spice in Peru and is used in a variety of ways to give food extra flavor. Mint, oregano, basil, parsley, and cilantro are also included in Peruvian dishes, particularly soups and stews. Aside from spices, however, potatoes, rice, beans, fish, and various grains are essential staples (foods eaten nearly everyday) in the Peruvian diet.
Peru's unique variety of climates and landscapes has helped to make the Peruvian menus some of the most diverse in South America. Such geographical variety gives Peru distinct culinary regions that are
The diet of people living in the highlands includes corn, potatoes, and rice. These women offer sacks of dried corn and other grains to shoppers at a market near Lake Titicaca.
Cory Langley
divided into coastal, mountainous/highland, and tropical. In addition, the impact of various ethnic influences can be seen through indigenous (native), Spanish, Asian, and African cooking styles and dishes.
The Pacific Ocean provides Peru with a wide variety of seafood, particularly for those who live near the coast. Ceviche —fish, shrimp, scallops, or squid marinated in a lime and pepper mixture—might be considered one of the country's national dishes, due to its overwhelming popularity. It is often served with corn-on-the-cob, cancha (toasted corn), or sweet potatoes. Salads in this region are also common, particularly huevos a la rusa (egg salad) and palta rellena (stuffed avocado).
The mountainous/highland diet closely resembles food the Incas prepared hundreds of years ago. Basic staples of potatoes, corn, rice, and various meats (especially beef and pork) are common ingredients in the highland cuisine. Choclo con queso (corn on the cob with cheese) and tamales (meat-filled corn dumplings) are popular corn dishes. Lechón (suckling pig), cuy (guinea pig), chicharrones (deep-fried pork and chicken), and pachamanca (meat cooked over a hot stone pit) are common meat dishes in this area. Soups containing an abundance of spices, onions, and eggs, as well as freshly caught fish from Lake Titicaca (particularly trout), help satisfy the highlanders' appetites.
Meats and fresh fruits and vegetables are the basis of the tropical Peruvian diet. Bananas, plantains (similar to the banana), and yucca (similar to a yam) are readily available, and therefore are eaten in great quantities. Inhabitants of the tropical region also enjoy a variety of fish, wild game (such as boars, monkeys, pigs, deer, and chickens), and plenty of rice.
Choclo con Queso (Corn on the Cob with Cheese)
Ingredients
Corn on the cob (one with the largest kernels you can find)
Monterey jack cheese, cut into small cubes
Box of toothpicks
Procedure
Boil corn on the cob in salted water in a large pot, about 15 minutes.
Let cool and remove kernels from cob by standing the cob on an end and slicing downward with a knife.
Place a few kernels of corn with one cube of cheese on each toothpick (or as fits). Serve cold.
Makes about 3 dozen.
Street vendors throughout the country often sell some of Peru's most beloved food and drinks. Coconut-, chocolate-, and lemon-flavored tortas (cakes) are sweet and loved by Peruvians of all ages. Helado (ice cream) is a favorite among children. Snacks such as fried plantain and chifles (banana chips) are widely available, as is Inka Cola, a Peruvian bubble-gum-flavored soft drink. What is not available from vendors will likely be sold at a local meat or produce market or a local panaderías (bakery).
Frozen Orange Delight
Rind of 1 orange, grated
Procedure
In a saucepan, bring water to a boil. Stir in the sugar until it has completely dissolved.
Allow the sweetened water to cool for about 20 minutes.
Mix in the orange juice, lemon juice, and orange rind.
Pour this mixture into 2 ice cube trays with the dividers removed, or use a freezer-proof bowl, pie plate, or cake pan.
Freeze until solid, and serve like ice cream or sherbet.
Makes about 2 pints.
Flan, a sweet dessert garnished here with a slice of star fruit, is a favorite in restaurants throughout Peru.
Cory Langley
4 FOOD FOR RELIGIOUS AND HOLIDAY CELEBRATIONS
As a result of Peru's heavy Spanish influence, most Peruvians (90 percent) are devout Catholics. Christian holidays such as Easter, Christmas, and All Saints' Day are joyously celebrated throughout the country, often with fireworks, bullfights, dancing, and roast pig. The remainder of the population adheres to indigenous beliefs, believing in the gods and spirits the Incas once did hundreds of years ago. Many Christian holidays coincide with existing traditional festivals, allowing most Peruvians, regardless of differences in beliefs, to celebrate together.
Christmas brings great joy to the Christians of Peru, especially children who await the arrival of Santa Claus. Families use the holiday time to travel to the homes of family and close friends. Because of the number of people rushing about through Peru's streets, vendors rush to sell holiday foods and other goods to passing people. Sweet mango juice, bakery rolls, and homemade doughnuts coated with sugar and syrup are Christmas favorites. Flan, caramel custard enjoyed throughout Central and South American countries (as well as Spain, the Philippines, and the United States), is also a dessert enjoyed by Peruvians.
Flan
¼ cup sugar, plus ¾ cup sugar
4 drops lemon juice
Procedure
Preheat oven to 350°F.
In a small saucepan, heat ¼ cup sugar and drops of lemon juice over low heat until mixture is dark brown, like caramel syrup. (Don't worry if syrup burns a little.)
Pour into a flan mold (oven-proof straight-sided souffle dish or individual molds work nicely), covering all sides and bottom with the sugar syrup.
Place in the refrigerator while preparing flan.
Bring milk and vanilla to a boil in a small pot over low heat.
In a separate mixing bowl, combine the eggs and ¾ cup sugar, beating well.
Slowly add the egg and sugar mixture to the boiled milk.
Pour into refrigerated mold. Place flan mold into a larger baking dish. Add water to a depth of about one inch, and carefully place in the oven.
Bake 35 to 40 minutes. Flan is done when knife inserted in the center comes out clean.
Cool and remove from mold. Serve chilled.
Serves 4 to 6.
Carnavales (kar-nah-VAH-lays; Carnival) is an elaborately celebrated national holiday that takes place a few days before Lent. It is the last opportunity for people to drink and dance before the fasting period of Lent begins, when such activities are not allowed. During these few days, some practice native traditions of rounding up wild game to present to a priest or mayor, who in return provides chichi and cocoa leaves. The offering of the animals dates back several hundred years to the Incas, who used to give offerings of food to the gods in hope for a good harvest. Papas a la huancaína (potatoes with cheese) is a popular meal during Carnival.
Papas a la Huancaína (Potatoes with Cheese)
Ingredients
⅛ teaspoon ground red pepper, or to taste
Salt, to taste
3 cups Monterey Jack or Swiss cheese, shredded
½ teaspoon turmeric
1½ cups heavy cream
6 potatoes, drained, peeled, and quartered
1 to 2 hard-boiled eggs, for garnish
Procedure
Scrub the potatoes, place them in a saucepan, cover with water, and boil until tender (about 20 minutes). Drain, allow the potatoes to cool. Peel them, cut them into quarters, and set aside.
In a small mixing bowl, combine the lemon juice, red pepper, and salt. Add onion slices and coat them with the mixture. Stir well and set aside.
Heat oil in a large skillet over low heat.
Add cheese, turmeric, and heavy cream. Stirring constantly, continue cooking over low heat until cheese melts and mixture is smooth.
Add the cooked potatoes and gently stir to heat through, about 5 minutes. Do not allow mixture to boil, or it will curdle.
Transfer to a serving bowl and garnish with hard-boiled eggs.
Sprinkle onion mixture over the potatoes. Serve immediately while potatoes are hot.
Serves 6.
5 MEALTIME CUSTOMS
Peruvians are extremely hospitable and enjoy preparing and eating meals with company. Guests often consider being invited for dinner as a semiformal occasion. Nice clothes are worn and a small gift of flowers, chocolates, or wine is offered to the host on such occasions.
Most of the time, however, Peruvians simply prepare meals for themselves. Meals consumed by a typical village family often depend on the altitude of their village and what crops can thrive there. People living in mountainous areas can grow potatoes and select grains, as well as raise llamas, sheep, goats, and cattle. At lower altitudes, fruits and vegetables such as lemons, limes, palta (avocados), and aji (chilies) can be cultivated.
Villagers are often responsible for their own land and must spend much of the day tending to it. As a result, a villager's day begins early, usually around dawn. The woman of the house will begin her day preparing an herbal tea called mate (MAH-tay) and various foods for her family. A light desayuno (breakfast) may include triangular-shaped rolls, roasted wheat kernels, mote (boiled dried corn), bread, and te (tea) or cafe (coffee). The main meal of the day is almuerzo (lunch), which the woman of the house typically begins preparing while her family eats desayuno in the early morning. Almuerzo is important so workers will not be hungry in the fields. It may consist of a thick broth of potatoes, corn, and barley, palta aji sauce (avocado chili sauce) with vegetables, and cool beverages. Adults may enjoy chicha , a beer made of fermented maize, while children might prefer jugos (fruit juice), gaseosa (soft drink), or hot cocoa.
Cena (dinner) is often the most filling, despite almuerzo typically being the main meal of the day. Potatoes will almost always make up one of the two to three dishes served for cena . Mote (boiled dried corn) with meat or the popular ceviche (marinated seafood) may complete lunch or dinner. Children may drink chicha morada (a soft drink made from maize) as a refreshing accompaniment to most meals.
Peruvians enjoy sweets, whether it is an extra-sweet soft drink or honey-filled dessert. Churro , a deep-fried, honey-filled pastry, revolución caliente (crunchy, spicy cookies), and arroz con leche (rice and milk) are sold by street vendors throughout the country. Shish kebabs, seafood, fruit juice, empanadas (meat- or cheese-filled pies), and other popular Peruvian fare are also sold by vendors.
Many Peruvian children do not eat at midday during school hours. However, a combination of mote , noodles, beans, and potatoes is commonly eaten among school children.
Ceviche (Marinated Seafood)
2 pounds white fish fillet (preferably sea bass), cut into small pieces
¼ cup fresh lime juice (or more, if needed)
2 onions, thinly sliced
1 to 2 chilies, finely chopped
Black pepper
1 teaspoon salt
Procedure
Mix the lime juice with the onion slices, oil, cilantro, garlic, chilies, pepper, and salt in a mixing bowl.
Place the fish in a shallow glass or ceramic dish just large enough to hold it in a single layer. Pour the lime-juice mixture over it. The fish must be completely covered with the mixture. Add more lime juice if necessary.
Cover tightly with plastic wrap and refrigerate for several hours (or overnight) until the fish is "soft cooked." (Make certain it has marinated long enough.) Serve on lettuce leaves garnished with onion rings, thin strips of pepper, and sweet potatoes and/or corn on the cob.
Serves 4 to 6.
Arroz con Leche (Rice and Milk)
Ingredients
½ cup white rice, uncooked
Cinnamon powder (plus cinnamon sticks, optional)
3 cloves
½ cup raisins
Procedure
Boil the rice in 2 cups of water with the sugar, sticks of cinnamon (if available), and cloves, and cook according to package directions.
After the rice has finished cooking, add the milk, butter, and raisins. Let cool, and then refrigerate, covered, until ready to serve.
Sprinkle cinnamon powder on top and serve in dessert bowls.
Makes 4.
6 POLITICS, ECONOMICS, AND NUTRITION
About 19 percent of the population of Peru are classified as undernourished by the World Bank. This means they do not receive adequate nutrition in their diet. Of children under the age of five, about 8 percent are underweight, and over one-quarter are stunted (short for their age).
In a 1992–1993 census, it was found that nearly 22 percent of children aged 4-years-old and younger suffered from a serious Vitamin A deficiency. A lack of this vitamin can lead to blindness. In addition, iodine deficiencies have caused nearly one-third of school age children to develop goiter, an inflammation of the thyroid gland (usually in the neck). Protein deficiencies are declining, thanks to the introduction of high-protein maize, according to the United States Mission to the European Union. High levels of protein can prevent malnourishment in children growing up in developing nations, such as Peru. Organizations such as PROKID (also known as Help for Poor Peruvian Children) are helping to make a difference. Established in October 2000, one of the goals of the organization is to educate mothers about the nutritional needs of their children.
7 FURTHER STUDY
Falconer, Kieran. Peru: Cultures of the World . Tarrytown, N.Y.: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 1995.
King, David C. Peru: Lost Cities, Found Hopes . Tarrytown, N.Y.: Benchmark Books, 1998.
Peru . 4 th ed. Victoria, Australia: Lonely Planet Publications Pty. Ltd., 2000.
Peru Handbook . 2 nd ed. Bath, England: Footprint Handbooks, 1999.
The Rough Guide to Peru . 3 rd ed. London: Rough Guides Ltd., 1997.
Traveler's Peru Companion . Old Saybrook, CT: The Globe Pequot Press, 1999.
Web Sites
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Who won an Oscar posthumously, for Best Actor in the American film 'Network'? | Oscars Awarded Posthumously
Who was the first actor to receive an Oscar posthumously?
The Answer:
The only actor to win an Oscar posthumously was Peter Finch , who won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1977 for his role in the movie
Network
The British-Australian actor, who was also nominated for his role in
Sunday Bloody Sunday
(1971), died of a heart-attack on Jan. 14, 1977, in Beverly Hills, while promoting the movie. His widow, Aletha Finch, accepted the award at the 49th annual Academy Awards .
An Oscar has been awarded posthumously to several non-actors, the first being Sidney Howard , screenwriter of
Gone With the Wind
in 1939. Others include Edward G. Robinson , who was given a special honorary award by the Academy in 1973. And in 1993, "Hollywood 10" member Dalton Trumbo received a belated, posthumous award for writing the screenplay to 1953's
Roman Holiday
. The film had won an award for his "front" Ian McLellan Hunter.
—The Editors
| Peter Finch |
Sergai Kalenikov holds the world record in what? | The 49th Academy Awards Memorable Moments | Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
Home / Oscars / Oscars® Ceremonies / Oscars® Ceremonies / The 49th Academy Awards Memorable Moments
The 49th Academy Awards Memorable Moments
Best Picture: Rocky
Rocky also won Academy Awards for Directing (John G. Avildsen) and Film Editing (Richard Halsey and Scott Conrad).
Sylvester Stallone became the third person in Oscar history to be nominated in a single year as both an actor and as a screenwriter (the others were Charles Chaplin in 1940 and Orson Welles in 1941).
Peter Finch was the first performer to win a posthumous Oscar (Best Actor in Network). The award was accepted by his widow.
Barbra Streisand became the first Oscar-winning actress to also be an Academy Award-winning composer. Evergreen, from A Star Is Born, won the Song category; Streisand wrote the music, with lyrics by Paul Williams.
Lina Wertmüller was the first woman to be nominated for Directing (Seven Beauties).
Richard Pryor, Jane Fonda, Ellen Burstyn, and Warren Beatty shared hosting duties.
Muhammad Ali surprised Sylvester Rocky Stallone – and the audience – when he appeared on stage. The two men briefly engaged in a good-natured spar.
In March 1976, the American League voted to expand to Toronto and in August, the new team was named the Blue Jays.
In April 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak formed the Apple Computer company.
In April 1976, the Ramones released their first album, called Ramones.
On June 4, 1976, the Boston Celtics defeated the Phoenix Suns 128-126 in triple overtime in Game 5 of the NBA Finals at the Boston Garden.
In June 1976, the CN Tower, the world’s tallest free-standing structure, opened to the public in Toronto.
On July 29, 1976, the so-called Son of Sam fired shots at Donna Lauria and Jody Valenti while they were sitting in a car in the Bronx, killing Lauria and wounding Valenti. It was the first in a series of shootings by the serial killer who terrorized New York City over the course of the next year
In July 1976, NASA released the Face on Mars photo, taken by Viking 1.
In July 1976, during the Summer Olympics in Montreal, Canada, 14-year-old Nadia Comaneci became the first gymnast in Olympic history to be awarded a perfect score of 10. She went on to receive seven perfect scores and three gold medals at the Montreal Games and became the youngest all-around gold medalist.
In September 1976, Frank Sinatra brought Jerry Lewis's former partner, Dean Martin, on stage, unannounced, at the 1976 Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon in Las Vegas, Nevada, reuniting the comedy team for the first time in over 20 years.
On November 2, 1976, Jimmy Carter defeated the incumbent president, Gerald Ford, in the U.S. presidential election.
Special Achievement Award
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Who won the best actress Oscar for the 1959 film Room at the Top? | 1959 Academy Awards® Winners and History
Room at the Top (1959, UK)
Actor:
CHARLTON HESTON in
"Ben-Hur" , Laurence Harvey in "Room at the Top", Jack Lemmon in
"Some Like It Hot" , Paul Muni in "The Last Angry Man", James Stewart in "Anatomy of a Murder"
Actress:
SIMONE SIGNORET in "Room at the Top", Doris Day in "Pillow Talk", Audrey Hepburn in "The Nun's Story", Katharine Hepburn in "Suddenly, Last Summer" , Elizabeth Taylor in "Suddenly, Last Summer"
Supporting Actor:
HUGH GRIFFITH in
"Ben-Hur" , Arthur O'Connell in "Anatomy of a Murder", George C. Scott in "Anatomy of a Murder", Robert Vaughn in "The Young Philadelphians", Ed Wynn in "The Diary of Anne Frank"
Supporting Actress:
SHELLEY WINTERS in "The Diary of Anne Frank", Hermione Baddeley in "Room at the Top", Susan Kohner in "Imitation of Life", Juanita Moore in "Imitation of Life", Thelma Ritter in "Pillow Talk"
Director:
WILLIAM WYLER for
"Ben-Hur" , Jack Clayton for "Room at the Top", George Stevens for "The Diary of Anne Frank", Billy Wilder for
"Some Like It Hot" , Fred Zinnemann for "The Nun's Story"
MGM's (producer Sam Zimbalist) and director William Wyler's three and a half-hour long epic drama
Ben-Hur (with a spectacular sea battle and eleven minute chariot race choreographed by Yakima Canutt) broke the previous year's all-time record of Gigi (1958). It was the most-honored motion picture in Academy Awards history up to that time and for many years - until 1997, with its record-breaking eleven Oscars from twelve nominations. And it was the most expensive film of its time, budgeted at $15 million.
Ben-Hur was a re-make of MGM's own 1926 silent film of the same name, and the first and only re-make to have won the Best Picture award. Both films were based on or inspired by General Lew Wallace's novel (first published in 1880) about the rise of Christianity. Ironically, the famed director Cecil B. DeMille, who had made 'Ben-Hur-like' films throughout his lifetime - without the same awards success as the 1959 winner, died the same year (on January 21, 1959).
The awards for the Best Picture film covered the following categories: Best Picture, Best Actor (Charlton Heston), Best Supporting Actor (Hugh Griffith), Best Director, Best Cinematography, Best Art Direction, Best Sound, Best Musical Score, Best Film Editing, Best Special Effects, and Best Costume Design. It lost out on only a single nomination, for Best Screenplay credited to Karl Tunberg (although other writers included Maxwell Anderson, S.N. Behrman, Christopher Frye, and Gore Vidal). [The Best Screenplay Oscar was won by Neil Paterson for his intelligent script for Room at the Top.]
The Best Picture's competition came from less sweeping dramas:
director Otto Preminger's Anatomy of a Murder (with seven nominations and no wins), a sensational small-town trial and courtroom drama regarding the suspected rape of an Army lieutenant's wife
director George Stevens' The Diary of Anne Frank (with eight nominations and three wins - Best Supporting Actress, Best B/W Cinematography, and Best B/W Art Direction/Set Decoration), the overproduced story of the hiding of the Frank family in cramped conditions during the Nazi occupation
Fred Zinnemann's religious melodrama taken from Kathryn Hulme's novel, The Nun's Story (with eight nominations and no wins), about a free-spirited young nun who worked in the Congo and Belgium during WWII
director Jack Clayton's acclaimed and sensational British film Room at the Top (with six nominations and two wins - Best Actress and Best Screenplay), about the romance between a Yorkshire milltown worker and an older, unhappily married woman
Four of the five Best Picture nominees were also Best Director-nominated. Billy Wilder's signature film
Some Like It Hot (with six nominations and one win - Best B/W Costume Design) about two unemployed musicians who disguise themselves as women in an all-girl band to escape gangsters, supplanted Best Picture-nominated Anatomy of a Murder as the fifth director-nominated film.
Three stars of the socially-realistic, sexually-frank British-made film Room at the Top were nominated for acting awards:
Laurence Harvey (with his sole nomination) as Best Actor for his performance as Joe Lampton - an ambitious, ruthless, working-class anti-hero and social climber engaged in a cruel affair - his most well-known film role
British actress Hermione Baddeley (with her sole nomination) was nominated for Best Supporting Actress as music-teacher Elspeth (Simone Signoret's knowing friend).
French actress Simone Signoret (with her first of two career nominations - and sole Oscar win) won the Best Actress award for her role as older married woman Alice Aisgill - the sexy, soon-abandoned, and suffering tragic mistress of a cynical, exploitative young opportunist (Laurence Harvey)
Signoret was the first actress to ever receive an Oscar for a performance in a British or foreign-made film (a non-Hollywood film). [The second French actress to be an Oscar winner was Juliette Binoche for her supporting role in The English Patient (1996).]
The Best Actor winner was Charlton Heston in the title role of
Ben-Hur as Judah Ben-Hur - a rich patrician Jew who is denounced as a traitor by former childhood friend and Roman commander Messala (Stephen Boyd) and sentenced to life as a Roman galley slave, while his mother and sister are sent to a leper colony. Reprieved after saving the life of a Roman commander, Ben-Hur returns to seek bitter revenge in the chariot race. It was Heston's only nomination and sole win in his long, distinguished film career in which he usually portrayed historical characters. Heston's win marked the first time a performer received an Oscar for a Biblical film role, possibly the result of block voting for the Best Picture winner.
Other Best Actor nominees included:
the category's favorite - Jack Lemmon (with his second of eight career nominations) as Jerry/Daphne - a bass-playing musician-on-the-run in drag - one of his funniest and best roles - in director Billy Wilder's
Some Like It Hot
Paul Muni (with his fifth and last career nomination) in his last performance as Dr. Sam Abelman - a Brooklyn Jewish doctor who selflessly helps the poor in director Daniel Mann's The Last Angry Man (with two nominations and no wins)
James Stewart (with his fifth and last career nomination) as the small-town defense attorney Paul Biegler in Anatomy of a Murder - noted for its long trial scenes as he defends white Army lieutenant (Ben Gazzara) accused of murdering a black tavern owner for allegedly raping his wife (Lee Remick)
Laurence Harvey - see above
The four nominees who lost the Best Actress Award to Simone Signoret included two Hepburns:
Audrey Hepburn (with her third of five career nominations) as Sister Luke who eventually renounces her vows in The Nun's Story
Katharine Hepburn (with her eighth of twelve career nominations) as an insane, wealthy dowager Mrs. Venable who wishes that doctor Montgomery Clift would perform a lobotomy on her niece (co-star Elizabeth Taylor) in Gore Vidal's adaptation of Tennessee Williams' play by director Joseph L. Mankiewicz, Suddenly, Last Summer (with three nominations and no wins)
Elizabeth Taylor (with her third of four consecutive nominations) as Hepburn's mentally-disturbed niece Catherine Holly in Suddenly, Last Summer
Doris Day (with her sole career nomination!) as Jan Morrow - a 'virgin' who shares a telephone party line with Rock Hudson in the romantic comedy by director Michael Gordon, Pillow Talk (with five nominations and one win - Best Story/Screenplay) - this was the first teaming of the two comedy stars in the popular series of films
Two co-stars playing lawyers in Anatomy of a Murder received Best Supporting Actor nominations:
George C. Scott (with his first of four career nominations) as Claude Dancer - a slick, cynical prosecuting attorney
Arthur O'Connell (with his second and last unsuccessful career nomination) as Parnell McCarthy - an alcoholic lawyer (co-star James Stewart's assistant)
In addition, there were two others:
Robert Vaughn (with his sole career nomination) was nominated for his role as Korean war veteran Chet Gwynn who is charged with murder and defended by an ambitious young Philadelphian lawyer (co-star Paul Newman) in director Victor Sherman's The Young Philadelphians (with three nominations and no wins)
Ed Wynn (with his sole career nomination) for his performance as Albert Dussell - a dentist in hiding with the Franks in The Diary of Anne Frank
In a surprise upset (Scott had a much superior performance), Welshman Hugh Griffith (with his first of two career nominations - and his sole Oscar win) won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar as colorful horse-training Arab Sheik Ilderim in
Ben-Hur - his first American-made film. [It would be another 44 years until another film would win both Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor Oscars - Mystic River (2003).]
Two co-stars in Douglas Sirk's Imitation of Life (with two nominations and no wins), a re-make of the 1934 film starring Claudette Colbert and film adaptation of Fannie Hurst's romantic novel - a weepy melodrama with Lana Turner, were nominated for Best Supporting Actress:
Juanita Moore (with her sole nomination) as Annie Johnson - Lana Turner's self-sacrificing black maid
twenty-three year old Susan Kohner (with her sole nomination) as Sarah Jane Johnson - Moore's light-skinned black daughter. [Kohner was the daughter of Mexican actress Lupita Tovar.]
also, Thelma Ritter (with her fifth of six unsuccessful career nominations) was nominated for her role as Doris Day's imbibing housekeeper Alma in Pillow Talk
The winner in the Best Supporting Actress category was Shelley Winters (with her second nomination - and first Oscar win) as Mrs. Van Daan in director George Stevens' The Diary of Anne Frank - an indomitable mother, and one of the Jews hiding out from the Nazis with the Frank family in a cramped attic in Amsterdam. It was the first of Winters' mature, serious character roles. [Winters' first nomination was for a role in another Stevens film - A Place in the Sun (1951) . In 1965, she starred in her third Stevens film, The Greatest Story Ever Told, but won a nomination - and her second Oscar - for a role in director Guy Green's film A Patch of Blue (1965).]
An Honorary Oscar, a bittersweet recognition, was awarded to the under-appreciated Buster Keaton, one of the silent screen's greatest comedic characters, who was known as 'The Great Stone Face.' His award was for "his unique talents which brought immortal comedies to the screen," such as Sherlock, Jr. (1924), The Navigator (1924),
The General (1927) , Steamboat Bill, Jr. (1928) , and The Cameraman (1928).
Oscar Anomalies:
Francois Truffaut's "French New Wave" film and first feature film, the semi-autobiographical The 400 Blows (Fr.) (aka Les Quatre Cents Coups) received only a single Best Writing: Original Story and Screenplay nomination, but no nomination in the Foreign Language Film category (won by Black Orpheus). And Jean-Pierre Leaud's performance was snubbed as frustrated 12 year-old Parisian schoolboy and juvenile offender Antoine Doinel who was placed in a detention work camp - the film was famous for the ending (with a zoom and freeze-framed shot) in which the boy fled toward the beach and seashore. Similarly, Swedish director Ingmar Bergman's Wild Strawberries received only one nomination for Best Writing: Story and Screenplay. Unbelievably, both films lost their sole nominations to Pillow Talk.
Oscar Snubs and Omissions:
Because of the sweep by
Ben-Hur , many other films were bypassed, including Hitchcock (again!), for another MGM film - the definitive caper film
North By Northwest . Although the film had three minor nominations, it was ignored in the Best Picture, Best Director, and all acting categories. Cary Grant, playing a debonair Roger Thornhill - a Manhattan ad executive and the victim of mistaken identity (believed to be a secret agent), the cool Eva Marie Saint, villain James Mason, Jessie Royce Landis in a supporting role as Grant's mother Clara, and the score by Bernard Herrmann were seriously ignored by the Academy.
Stephen Boyd deserved a Best Actor or Supporting Actor nomination for his role as Messala (when compared to Hugh Griffith's nomination/win as Best Supporting Actor). And Howard Hawks' outstanding Rio Bravo with John Wayne as sheriff John T. Chance, Dean Martin as Dude, and Angie Dickinson as Feathers - the director's response to
High Noon (1952) and similar in its cast composition to
Red River (1948) , received no nominations!
Single Oscar winner
Some Like It Hot (for Black and White Costume Design) received nominations for Best Actor (Jack Lemmon), Best Director (Billy Wilder), and Best Screenplay (Billy Wilder), but the nominations overlooked the following:
its Best Picture potentiality
Tony Curtis in a cross-dressing, dual role as Joe/Josephine (and often playing Cary Grant in impersonations)
Joe E. Brown as love-struck, ardent suitor and millionaire Osgood E. Fielding III
and Marilyn Monroe in her quintessential comedic role as the breathy, bourbon-swigging, sexy, ukulele-strumming singer Sugar Kane Kowalczyk in an all-girls band (memorably singing I Wanna Be Loved By You)
And Lee Remick was un-nominated for her role as slutty, allegedly-raped Laura Manion (wife of Army Lieutenant Ben Gazzara) in the oft-nominated but completely bypassed Anatomy of a Murder.
Ingmar Bergman's Wild Strawberries (1957), considered for awards in 1959, received only one unsuccessful nomination for Best Original Screenplay (Bergman). Both Bergman and Victor Sjostrom were snubbed as Best Director and Best Actor (as Professor Borg) respectively.
| Simone Signoret |
What did ancient Egyptians rub on their penis to enlarge them? | Best Actress Oscar Winners of the 1950s
Best Actress Oscar Winners of the 1950s
Best Actress Oscar Winners of the 1950s
Newcomers, Powerhouse Divas and Stage Actresses
By Laurie Boeder
Updated March 02, 2016.
Actresses new to the silver screen did well among the Best Actress Oscar winners of the 1950s, often beating out established actresses in great roles. As usual, the academy tended to favor women in big, juicy dramatic roles over those in comedies and romances, no matter their caliber or public appeal. In a decade filled with strong roles for women, some great actresses were never recognized.
Born Yesterday. Columbia Pictures
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One of the hottest races in Oscar history brought newcomer Judy Holliday her first and only Academy award, playing the girlfriend of a corrupt pol in the charming Born Yesterday, a rare win for a comic role. Bette Davis might have won for her brilliant role in All About Eve , the year’s Best Picture, but votes were siphoned off by her costar Anne Baxter, also nominated. Gloria Swanson was equally deserving for her courageous out-of-retirement turn as a faded silent screen star in the noir masterpiece Sunset Boulevard . Eleanor Parker rounded out the nominations in the inferior Caged, and Oscar snubbed Katharine Hepburn in Adam’s Rib. Check Amazon rating »
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A Streetcar Named Desire. Warner Brothers
2. 1951 Best Actress - Vivian Leigh in 'A Streetcar Named Desire'
Two powerhouse actresses in truly great films collided in 1951, with Vivian Leigh’s ruined southern belle in Streetcar winning out over Katharine Hepburn’s indomitable spinster in The African Queen . (I’d have given the award to Hepburn, but it was a tough call.) Trailing far behind the two battling divas in the nominations were Shelley Winters as a pregnant factory worker in the melodrama A Place in the Sun, Jane Wyman as a noble nanny in The Blue Veil, and Eleanor Parker as a wife hiding a secret in Detective Story.
Come Back, Little Sheba. Paramount
3. 1952 Best Actress - Shirley Booth in ‘Come Back, Little Sheba’
Newcomer Shirley Booth won for the role she created on stage of a dowdy, frumpy housewife whose husband longs to be rid of her in William Inge's bleak play. Also nominated were Julie Harris, recreating her stage role as the young girl in The Member of the Wedding; Bette Davis, again playing a fading actress in The Star; Joan Crawford with her final nomination as a playwright in Sudden Fear; and Susan Hayward in the biopic of World War II entertainer Jane Froman, With a Song in My Heart. Oscar ignored a few serious divas in 1952: Maureen O’Hara’s feisty Irishwoman in The Quiet Man; Grace Kelly's Quaker wife in High Noon; and Marlene Dietrich in Rancho Notorious.
Roman Holiday. Paramount
4. 1953 Best Actress - Audrey Hepburn in 'Roman Holiday'
Lovely Audrey Hepburn took the honors as a rebellious princess escaping her duties and tooling around on a Vespa in the beloved romance Roman Holiday. She knocked out Deborah Kerr’s steamy performance in the Hawaiian surf in From Here to Eternity, the year’s Best Picture, and adorable French actress Leslie Caron in the bittersweet musical Lili. Also defeated were gorgeous Ava Gardner in the racy tale of a love triangle, Mogambo, and Maggie MacNamara in The Moon is Blue. Oscar failed to nominate costars Marilyn Monroe and Jane Russell for their crowd-pleasing escapades in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes.
The Country Girl. Paramount
5. 1954 Best Actress - Grace Kelly in 'The Country Girl'
The luminous Kelly played against type as a the dowdy, bitter wife of an alcoholic singer, certainly not her best role. She bested Judy Garland’s heartbreaking comeback turn as the wife of a fading, alcoholic actor in a remake of a A Star is Born, as well as the first black woman to be nominated for Best Actress, Dorothy Dandridge as factory worker Carmen Jones. Also nominated were Jane Wyman, playing a blind woman in the soap opera Magnificent Obsession, and Audrey Hepburn, as the chauffeur’s daughter in Sabrina . Kelly should have been nominated as the plucky fashion editor in Rear Window , and Oscar ought to have given a nod to Judy Holliday for the delightful It Should Happen to You.
The Rose Tattoo. Paramount
6. 1955 Best Actress - Anna Magnani in 'The Rose Tattoo'
A relative newcomer again beat veteran actresses with multiple past nominations, as Magnani won for her sultry widow tempting a dim truck driver in The Rose Tattoo. Katharine Hepburn was more deserving as a spinster having a fling with a gorgeous Italian in Summertime, her sixth of 12 career nominations. Susan Hayward lost her fourth bid as an alcoholic singer in I’ll Cry Tomorrow; Eleanor Parker lost her third of three failed bids in the biopic of an Australian opera singer, Interrupted Melody; and Jennifer Jones lost the last of her five nominations as a doctor in Love is a Many-Splendored Thing. Oscar snubbed Doris Day as a singer with a gangster husband in Love Me or Leave Me.
Anastasia. 20th Century Fox
7. 1956 Best Actress - Ingrid Bergman in 'Anastasia'
Bergman came galloping back to the Oscars some years after her scandalous affair with director Roberto Rosselini damaged her career. She won for her role as a guttersnipe trained to masquerade as the missing Russian princess. She beat Katharine Hepburn’s poignant outing (again as a spinster) in The Rainmaker; Deborah Kerr as the English teacher in the popular musical The King and I; Nancy Kelly recreating her stage role as the mother of a sociopathic tot in The Bad Seed; and Carroll Baker in the creepy Tennessee Williams story Baby Doll. Oscar snubbed Doris Day again in Alfred Hitchcock’s The Man Who Knew Too Much, and Marilyn Monroe’s touching turn in Bus Stop.
The Three Faces of Eve. 20th Century Fox
8. 1957 Best Actress - Joanne Woodward in ‘The Three Faces of Eve’
A newcomer won again in 1957: elegant Joanne Woodward with her extraordinary portrayal of a real-life woman with multiple personalities. Her compelling performance bested Elizabeth Taylor in the film of the bestselling Southern novel Raintree County, and Anna Magnani as a mail-order bride in Wild is the Wind. Lana Turner lost her first and only nomination as a sexually-frustrated widow in the soaper Peyton Place, and lovely Deborah Kerr lost her fourth of six failed career nominations as a shipwrecked nun in Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison. Oscar unjustly bypassed the superb Marlene Dietrich for her title role in Witness for the Prosecution .
I Want to Live. United Artists
9. 1958 Best Actress - Susan Hayward in 'I Want to Live'
Hayward finally won her fifth nomination, as a woman on death row in San Quentin. She was good, but for my money, Rosalind Russell’s irresistible Auntie Mame should have won. Poor Deborah Kerr lost her fifth nomination, as a lonely spinster in love with a retired military blowhard in Separate Tables; Elizabeth Taylor lost as the sexually ravenous Maggie in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof; and Shirley MacLaine lost her first nod, as a working girl in Some Came Running. The snubs were rampant -- no nod for Kim Novak in, essentially, a dual role in Hitchcock’s Vertigo ; and Ingrid Bergman was ignored for both Indiscreet and Inn of the Sixth Happiness.
Room at the Top. Remus
10. 1959 Best Actress - Simone Signoret in ‘Room at the Top’
Frenchwoman Signoret won as the victimized mistress of a manipulative social climber in the British film Room at the Top, defeating Audrey Hepburn turning her back on her vows in A Nun’s Story. Katharine Hepburn and Elizabeth Taylor may have canceled each other out, both nominated for the controversial Suddenly Last Summer, a bizarre Tennessee Williams story. Doris Day received her first and only nomination for Pillow Talk, the first in her popular series of light-hearted romances with costar Rock Hudson. Unforgivably, Oscar snubbed Marilyn Monroe for her defining role as Sugar in Some Like it Hot , along with Lee Remick as a nasty little tart in Anatomy of a Murder.
| i don't know |
Which bird has legs but cant walk? | Birds' legs and feet: Different shapes
Southern Cassowary
Black-winged Stilt
Others frequent the same type of habitat, but with vegetation, involving the need of long legs, in order to walk and run through bushes and scrubs.
The birds of the wet areas also need long legs to forage in shallow or deeper waters.
Some large terrestrial birds such as ostrich and other similar species, have didactylous feet, with only two strong toe forwards.
Ostrich
On the other hand, the aerial birds often perch on branches in trees, and need flexible toes with claws, able to grasp strongly the branch when they rest or sleep. They have the most common anisodactylous feet, with three toes forwards and one toe backwards.
The creepers which are arboreal species have zygodactylous toes (two forwards and two backwards) allowing them to climb along the tree trunks. We find this type of feet in Psittaciformes , but also in Picidae and Sittidae families.
Eurasian Treecreeper
Little Woodpecker
In addition, the Sittidae, and mainly the nuthatches, are able to forage upside down, and to move over the tree trunk upwards and downwards.
But we can find several very different shapes, such as webbed feet in aquatic birds ( Anseriformes , Laridae and numerous shorebirds), lobed feet in coots or grebes, very long thin toes in jacanas, and semi-palmated feet in several shorebirds’ species.
Eurasian Coot
Least Grebe
African Jacana
Some aquatic birds such as gannets, cormorants and pelicans, have anisodactylous feet, with the four toes joined by the same membrane.
Great Cormorant
Juvenile
The Apodiformes have short legs with pamprodactylous feet, with four toes forwards, allowing them to grasp the rim of the nest. These birds belong to the Apodidae Family and are almost exclusively aerial, landing only for nesting.
Common Swift
The short legs are well adapted to the behaviour of Trochilidae when they feed on nectar inside the flowers.
Costa's Hummingbird
And some species found in the Galliforme Order, show a spur on the rear legs, just above the other toes.
Ring-necked Pheasant
Legs and feet tell us how and where the bird is living, what is its foraging behaviour, if it moves by running, walking or swimming.
As the bill, legs and feet are very important tools allowing each species to feed, to catch preys, to kill them. In fact, they are for the bird that are for us forks, knifes or shoes!
We will learn more about each group in detail though the following pages.
| Hummingbird |
If you were eating fragrant meat in Hong Kong what is it? | Birds' legs and feet: Different shapes
Southern Cassowary
Black-winged Stilt
Others frequent the same type of habitat, but with vegetation, involving the need of long legs, in order to walk and run through bushes and scrubs.
The birds of the wet areas also need long legs to forage in shallow or deeper waters.
Some large terrestrial birds such as ostrich and other similar species, have didactylous feet, with only two strong toe forwards.
Ostrich
On the other hand, the aerial birds often perch on branches in trees, and need flexible toes with claws, able to grasp strongly the branch when they rest or sleep. They have the most common anisodactylous feet, with three toes forwards and one toe backwards.
The creepers which are arboreal species have zygodactylous toes (two forwards and two backwards) allowing them to climb along the tree trunks. We find this type of feet in Psittaciformes , but also in Picidae and Sittidae families.
Eurasian Treecreeper
Little Woodpecker
In addition, the Sittidae, and mainly the nuthatches, are able to forage upside down, and to move over the tree trunk upwards and downwards.
But we can find several very different shapes, such as webbed feet in aquatic birds ( Anseriformes , Laridae and numerous shorebirds), lobed feet in coots or grebes, very long thin toes in jacanas, and semi-palmated feet in several shorebirds’ species.
Eurasian Coot
Least Grebe
African Jacana
Some aquatic birds such as gannets, cormorants and pelicans, have anisodactylous feet, with the four toes joined by the same membrane.
Great Cormorant
Juvenile
The Apodiformes have short legs with pamprodactylous feet, with four toes forwards, allowing them to grasp the rim of the nest. These birds belong to the Apodidae Family and are almost exclusively aerial, landing only for nesting.
Common Swift
The short legs are well adapted to the behaviour of Trochilidae when they feed on nectar inside the flowers.
Costa's Hummingbird
And some species found in the Galliforme Order, show a spur on the rear legs, just above the other toes.
Ring-necked Pheasant
Legs and feet tell us how and where the bird is living, what is its foraging behaviour, if it moves by running, walking or swimming.
As the bill, legs and feet are very important tools allowing each species to feed, to catch preys, to kill them. In fact, they are for the bird that are for us forks, knifes or shoes!
We will learn more about each group in detail though the following pages.
| i don't know |
What country invented Phone cards? | The History of Prepaid Phone Cards, telecom articles
The History of Prepaid Phone Cards
In 1975 the idea of a prepaid phone card was first brainstormed by SIDA; a vending machine manufacturer and distributor located in Italy. In the fall of 1975 SIDA sought alternative means to using coins to operate pay phones. At the time there was a shortage of medal coins in Italy and pay phone vandalism was becoming overbearing. Phones were often being destroyed, or stolen.
Just a few months later, in early 1976 came the release of the first phone card. Cards were printed on thin cardboard with a magnetic strip as result of dealing with the coin shortage. Pay phone users would insert the card into the pay phone and it would start deducting minutes from your card. Like many new products, problems arose from the first batch of phone cards. They were to thin and consistently jammed the pay phone.
Just one year after the introduction of phone cards, their novelties had spread across the continent. By 1977 Austria, France, Sweden and The United Kingdom were among the first in Europe to adapt to the new phone card system.
About five years later in 1982, prepaid phone cards were introduced in Japan. Similar to Europe, Japan was also having a coin shortage problem. Therefore, using a calling card was an easy solution to their problems. Nippon Telephone and Telegraph, a prominent telecommunications company in Japan, was the first company to release phone cards. They were sold throughout the subway in Tokyo and Osaka.
Since the invention of phone cards, companies throughout Europe and Japan continuously worked to improved the quality. In 1984 the first chip-based "smart cards" were introduced in France.
Almost ten years after, the eastern world had been successfully using phone cards they were introduced to the United States in 1987 by World Telecom Group. Siemens and General Electric were responsible for the distribution of the cards. Using their own technology they created a magstripe, which was an upgrade from the European version of smart cards. The magstripe is commonly seen today on the backside of credit cards, the magnetic strip. The magstripe contains a variety of information, including your name, card number, address and more.
The development and practicality of calling cards continued to grow. In 1988 Dr. Steve Hiscocks assembled the first calling card catalog. It was distributed in England to prepaid phone card collectors.
The following year, major United States telecom provider AT&T joined the prepaid calling card world. They began to mass product phone cards.
Just two years after calling cards have become prominent (1989) in the contiguous United States they were released in Hawaii.
In 1990 New York's Regional Bell Operating Company (RBOC) created the first non-magstripe phone card. These newly invented phone cards work similar to phone cards today. They require dialing a toll free access number and using a PIN (Personal Identification Number) to place charges on your account. The new system provides more versatility with phone cards. Allowing use any phone nationwide.
For the next few years phone cards continue to prosper. By 1992 most major telecommunication companies had released their own brand of phone cards. Cards were no longer using the magstripe and had completely switched over to an access number and PIN.
Like the dot com boom, the phone card market exploded. Industry-wide revenues reached 12 million dollars. While sales for future years were expected to double. Just one year later in 1993 calling card sales reached an unpredicted high of 25 million dollars. Sales continued to grow through the mid 90s reaching 650 million dollars by 1995.
Between 1996 and 2000 sales continued to rise exponentially soaring over 3 billion dollars.
With a diverse marketing and unlimited client potential the calling card industry continued to skyrocket. By 2000 even smaller based telecommunication companies had released their own calling cards. They could be found on the Internet or in the post office, super market, convenience store and gas stations.
Then in 2001 the industry changed again with the release of the first prepaid cell phone. These phones work similar to calling cards. The entire phone and minutes are prepaid. Prepaid cell users purchase recharge cards for their phones.
| Italy |
An Arab/Israeli band Abu Hafla - record called 'Humping' meaning what? | Phone Cards 101 - Phone Cards History
Phone Cards 101
Site menu
Home More on Phone Cards Phone Cards History Phone Card Industry Phone Card Providers Phone Cards Terminology Phone Card Charges Phone Cards FAQ Phone Cards Collecting Phone Card Links
History of Phone Cards
Prepaid phonecards were invented in Europe in the mid Seventies. Calling cards took another 11 years to reach the US. Since then the calling card and phone card industry has grown exponentially worldwide. Today, phonecards are sold in over 185 countries across the world.
1975: Phone cards were invented in the fall of 1975. The company involved, SIDA, was not in the telecommunications industry, but was a manufacturer and supplier of vending machines.
1976: The first prepaid phone cards were produced and put on the market in Italy to combat payphone vandalism. In fact there was a shortage of coins in Italy at the time and payphone theft was common. Cards were introduced with a magnetic strip on the back for use in special phones to combat the coin shortage. The first cards were too thin and jammed frequently.
1977: Prepaid calling cards using magnetic strip authorization spread to the rest of Europe. In particular to Austria, Sweden, France, and The United Kingdom. They became reasonably popular.
1978: Inductive technology was invented in 1978 by Nelson G.Bardini in Brazil. The system uses a series of coils embedded in the card including on which blows when the card is used up. The card was first shown at a national inventors' exhibition in 1982.
1982: Japan's Nippon Telephone and Telegraph introduced the first Japanese pre-paid phone card. Japanese commuters had to use a large coin to operate payphones on their subways. The Japanese card was considerably more convenient and was sold to tens of thousands of daily subway riders in Osaka and Tokyo.
1984: France experiments with chip-based "smart cards".
1987: World Telecom Group is the first company to launch a significant phone-card product in the United States. GPT, a consortium formed by Siemens and GEC (General Electric Company), developed and issued cards with their own magstripe technology. This is now among the most widely used magstripe cards.
1988: The first catalog of telecards for phone card collectors was published by Dr. Steve Hiscocks, in England.
1989: AT&T enters the prepaid calling card market. The first remote telecards appeared in Hawaii.
1990: NYNEX (New York's RBOC or Regional Bell Operating Company) offers the first non magnetic based calling card in the U.S. These were prepaid calling cards that used a PIN (Personal Identification Number) as a means of identification. Nynex's card permitted the cardholder to dial an 800 number and enter his PIN to make long distance phone calls. This method permitted the caller to make phone calls from any telephone anywhere in the U.S. without the need for coins or incurring hotel surcharges, encountering call-blocked numbers, or any of the other additional items routinely used to bloat public phone bills.
1992: All of the major regional and long distance phone companies including Sprint, and many of the smaller carriers were offering pre-paid phone cards. Industry-wide revenues reached $12 million with projections calling for double that over the next several years. This projection proved to be radically short of things to come.
1993: Phonecard sales exceed $25 Million, more than double that of the previous year.
1994: Displaying exponential growth, calling card sales exceed $250 Million.
1995: Sales hit $650 million. US West provides the first chip-based prepaid cards. Sprint releases "FONCARD" and Bell Atlantic temporarily discontinues its calling card efforts.
1996: Calling card sales reach an unprecedented $1 Billion. American Express experiments with a trial prepaid calling card.
1997: Sales reach over $2 Billion.
2000: Sales of over $3 Billion are achieved with no end to the expansion in sight. Projected sales for calling card industry reaches 10 Billion dollars per year by the year 2010.
2001: The first disposable combination cellphone/calling cards make their appearance.
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First ad on Radio Luxemburg 1930s for Bile Beans - which are what? | The Bizarre World (but eye-catching advertising art) of British “Bile Beans” | downthetubes.net
Home / downthetubes News / Other Worlds / Art and Illustration / The Bizarre World (but eye-catching advertising art) of British “Bile Beans”
The Bizarre World (but eye-catching advertising art) of British “Bile Beans”
Posted by: John Freeman August 6, 2016 in Art and Illustration , Features Comments Off on The Bizarre World (but eye-catching advertising art) of British “Bile Beans”
1940s Bile Beans poster, presumed the work of ad agency S.H. Benson
Bile Beans? Really? Who on earth would buy such a product?
Well, as it turns out, quite a lot of people, swayed it seems by canny advertising, despite the dubious and much challenged health claims… And you can still buy a tribute t-shirt thanks to Snow-Home, a shop in York.
Bile Beans, Wikipedia relates , was a “patent medicine” – a laxative and tonic that was sold as glossy black pills, first marketed in the 1890s in the UK.
The product supposedly contained substances extracted from a hitherto unknown vegetable source from Australia, but its alleged inventor, by a chemist called Charles Forde, was a fiction.
An original Bile Bean tin.
In their early years Bile Beans were marketed as “Charles Forde’s Bile Beans for Biliousness”, and sales relied heavily on newspaper advertisements. Among other cure-all claims, Bile Beans promised to “disperse unwanted fat” and “purify and enrich the blood”.
The company was exposed for making fraudulent claims in 1905 when it tried to shut down a rival , but that didn’t stop them making the product.
By the early 1930s, advertising for Bile Beans had become increasingly targeted at women, promising them health, bright eyes and a slim figure if taken regularly.
When Radio Luxembourg started longwave commercial radio broadcasts in English in 1933, its first advertisers were Fulford’s Bile Beans and Zam-Buk.
This Bile Beans Women’s Auxiliary Air Force Postcard “For Radiant Health And A Lovely Figure” is available as a modern postcard
During the 1940s newspaper advertising was supplemented by a poster campaign. Aimed at maintaining high levels of purchasing by women, the posters featured young ladies dressed to participate in various activities, including horse riding, swimming and hiking; the designs were the work of S. H. Benson , a London advertising agency that was absorbed into Ogilvy, Benson, and Mather in 1971, whose clients also included Bovril and Guinness.
Despite their perhaps dubious claims, Bile beans continued to be made until the 1980s. The business was so successful that its final owner Frank Fulford was able to purchase Headingley Castle in Leeds in 1909, and to donate artworks to the museum at Temple Newsam , now run by Leeds City Council.
Ghost signage for Bile Beans in York. Image: ilovetigerplanes
A 1940s ‘ghost sign’ advertising Bile Beans, painted on the wall of the delightful-looking Me & Mrs Fisher Cafe at 18 Lord Mayors Walk, just outside the city walls in York, prompted local design shop Snow-Home to start marketing a t-shirt based on the design in 2014.
Snow-Home Bile Beans T-Shirt
“The Bile Beans sign is unique to York, it’s a part of the substance of the city and I wanted to recognise that,” Snow-Home owner Angus McArthur told local paper York Press at the time.
“In a way the t-shirt is a parody of the millions of generic branded t-shirts worn promoting global sports brands and fashion labels. A Bile Beans t-shirt is far more intimate in its appeal, outside of York the effect is diluted.”
My thanks to Peter Gray whose social media post prompted this foray into the world of patent medicine.
| Laxative |
In 1987 the Jockey Club disqualified a horse that had eaten what? | The FunBoxs Biggest Quiz Ever .. | Page 1 | Orphelia's FunBox 2 Main forum | Guild Forums | Gaia Online
Orphelia's FunBox 2 Main forum
Posted: Thu Apr 18, 2013 11:40 pm
The are 10 thousand questions in this, and they continue in the next page.
Stop!!! Please read the rules below, before you start.
Please read the 2nd post below for the current prize.
✪Welcome to the Quiz of Quizzes, this is like the biggest quiz ever to be introduced in the FunBox.
✪Once you've done the quiz, please pm Orphie to get your prize. LABEL YOUR PM, AS QUIZ FINISHED, INCLUDE WHAT PAGE You've started and what page you finished on..
✪If the quiz asks you to name people and you don't want to use real names, why don't you make them up, instead of being rude about it. Remember it's FUN. BE CREATIVE.
✪If the questions do not appeal to you just put an N/A in it.
✪Please note that due to the amount of questions, some may be repeated . Feel free to change the question and your own answer.
✪Feel free to use Google to get your answers if you're not sure about anything. However, having the wrong answers isn't going to fail you. This isn't School.
✪To all the sane, enjoy this. To the not so sane, have fun. lol
Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:01 pm
Current prize is Jet the Kitten star for those that complete this .
✪
Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:04 pm
Disney:
1...In The Sword in the Stone, what does Merlin call The Greatest Force on Earth?
2...In Aladdin, what is the name of Jasmine's pet tiger?
3..How did Walt's Brother Roy propose to his wife Edna?
4..In Peter Pan, Captain Hook had a hook on which one of his hands?
5...What is now considered the fastest ride in Walt Disney World?
6...What author wrote the book that the animated feature The Jungle Book is based on?
7..When does Mary Poppins say she will leave the Banks' house?
8..What is the name of the farm where the Barnstormer is located?
9..Who is the man that supplied the synthesized voice for the Main Street Electrical Parade from 1979 to 1991?
10..What are the names of the 2 trouble makers in Cranium Command in EPCOT?
12..In the Lion King, where does Mufasa and his family live?
13..What is the motto for the Rescue Aid Society in The Rescuers?
14..In Dumbo, where is Mrs. Jumbo when the stork delivers her baby?
15..Minnie Mouse had a bird that appeared in 1 cartoon along with Figaro from Pinocchio. What was the bird's name?
16..What town is the setting for the Disney Movie "The Love Bug?"
17..What is the name of the sound system created for Fantasia?
18..What are the names of Walt Disney 3 Brothers?
19..In Beauty and the Beast, how many eggs does Gaston eat for breakfast?
20..During the battle with Aladdin, what type of animal does Jafar transform himself into?
21..Which full length animated feature did Walt Disney originally consider having as a Live Action Film with Mary Martin having the lead role?
22..Before Mickey Mouse, what Disney character was suggested to be the Sorcerer's Apprentice in Fantasia?
23..After being on earth, where did Hercules first meet his father Zeus?
24,,In Toy Story, what game does the slinky play?
25..In Mary Poppins, what animal was on the end of Mary Poppins' umbrella that spoke?
26..When Walt Disney World opened in October of 1971, who gave the opening day speech?
27..What was the first roller coaster attraction at Walt Disney World, Space Mountain or Big Thunder Mountain??
28..What is the name of Donald Duck's sister (Also the mother of Huey Dewey & Louie) ?
29..What was the first fairy tale that Walt Disney made a cartoon about? Answer: Little Red Riding Hood
30..In Cranium Comman in EPCOT, what is the name of the young boy whose brain is piloted by Buzzy?
31..In Hercules, Hades promised not to harm Megara provided that Hercules give up his strength. How long did he have to agree to give up his strength for?
32..What actor provided the voice of Lumiere in Beauty & the Beast?
33..Friday's Question:What is the name of the original novel that inspired the full length feature animation: The Hunchback of Notre Dame?
34..Which Disney Full Length Animated Fetaure was the last one to use a storybook as an introduction in the begining of the movie?
35.Including Main Street, how many stops does the Disneyland Railroad make? And name them if you can.
36..What is the only cartoon created by Walt Disney that had an Easter Theme? Hint: It was a Silly Symphony.
37..In what full length animated feature would you find a villain named Sykes?
38..In Aladdin, another actor was suggested to do the voice of the parrot Iago, who was it??
39..In MGM studios, the Tower of Terror is exactly 199 feet high, why was it made that specific height?
40..What was the name of the dragon (god wanna be) in Mulan and who provided his voice?
41..What Disney Full Length Animated Feature was released in only 14 theaters throughout the world and why?
42..In Lady & the Tramp, by what name did Tony call Tramp?
43..What is the name of the 2,100 foot-long stream that travels through Typhoon Lagoon in WDW that guests can ride in an inner tube through ?
44..In the beginning of the animated feature Dumbo, they zoom in on a map of the US to the state where the circus goes for the winter,what state do they zoom in on??
45..What was the name of the whale in Pinocchio?
46..In Downtown Disney in WDW there is a restaurant on aboat named Fulton's Crab House, what was it called before that?
47..In Walt Disney World's Carousel of Progress, how many different theaters are there?
48..During the ballroom scene of Beauty & the Beast, what color is Belle's Gown?
49..What was the first Disney Full Length Animated Feature that used the wide screen process of Cinema Scope?
50..How many individual panels make up the exterior shell of Spaceship Earth in EPCOT?
51..In Alice in Wonderland, what is the name of Alice's kitten?
52..Friday's Question: In the Little Mermaid when Ariel sees Prince Eric, what type of celebration was happening on the ship??
53..What actor was the first to receive a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor for providing a voice in a Disney Full Length Feature Animation?
54..In the Aristocats, what kind of truck does O'Malley spot to give Dutchess and the kittens a ride back to Paris in?
55..In Splash Mountain, Brer Fox has a book titled: "How to Catch a Rabbit", who is the author of that book?
56..Where in WDW can you find the Neverland Club for kids?
57..In front of Cinderella's Castle there is a statue of Walt Disney & Mickey Mouse holding hands...What is this statue called?
58..Where in Walt Disney World can you find the Roaring Fork, and what is it?
59..In the Rescuers, where is the Rescue Aid Society headquarters located?
60..Who is the nurse maid to the children in Peter Pan?
61..In Pluto's cartoon "Judgement Day", Pluto is put on trial, what type of animals make up the jury?
62..In what Disney Full Length Animated Feature can you find a character named Diablo, and what type of character is he?
63..In Hunchback of Notre Dame, Tony Jay supplied the voice of Judge Frollo. What was another character he supplied a voice for in a different full length feature animation?
64..In Walt Disney World, what is the name of the lake located near the Yacht & Beach Club and Boardwalk Resorts?
65..What is the name of the Hall in Walt DIsney World where the Hoop-Dee-Doo Dinner Show is held?
66..What was the name of the first color Disney comic strip?
67..According to the bell tower in Cinderella, what time does the royal ball start?
68..What was the first Mickey Mouse cartoon made in color?
69..How many branches are on the swiss family treehouse in Walt Disney World?
70..When Pinocchio is transformed into a real boy, what is different about his hands?
71..The Living Seas in EPCOT is home to the largest salt water tank in the world, how many gallons does it hold?
72..In the Hunchback of Notre Dame, what was the name of the Captain of the Guard, and what actor supplied his voice?
73..What is the name of Pocahontas' father?
74..In Which Disneyland Attraction can you find the phrase "Verdict First, Sentence Afterward" ?
75..What Disney Animated Character is considered the Treasurer for Disney according to the print on each Disney Dollar?
76..Which Resort at Walt Disney World has the largest amount of rooms?
77..What was the name of the 1992 television series which featured Goofy in it?
78..What were the names of Walt Disney's Parents?
79..What was the first year that Disney released 2 full length feature animations in the same year and what were the movies?
80..In which park's Fantasyland will you find the attraction, "Alice's Curious Labyrinth"?
81..In Hercules What is the name of Hercules' trainer and what type of creature is he?
82..What type of animal is the Sultan's throne shaped like in Aladdin?
83..In Beauty and the Beast, what feature was given to Belle only so she would stand out in the village and seem that she really did not fit in?
84..Who kidnapped Hercules when he was a baby?
85..What is the name of the Hummingbird in Pocahontas?
86..How many rows of seats are there in the boats for "It's a Small World"?
87..What was the first Full Length feature animation to use closing credits?
88..In the Spaceship Earth scene where the family is watching television, who is sitting on the couch?
89..What does the rain symbolize in the the second to last scene of The Lion King?
90..What Animal Kingdom show was created using assets from a retired entertainment offering at Disneyland?
91..Voice actress June Foray's debut was in "Cinderella". What was her role?
92..The Living Seas in EPCOT was renovated in 2006 to fit the theme of what movie?
93..What was the first film to be worked on by the legendary "Nine Old Men" of the Disney animation department?
94..In A Bugs Life, what kind of drinks do the two bugs, that bit a dog, order?
95..In Animal Kingdom, much like Harambe in Africa, Asia is represented by a fictitious village known as Anandapur. What does this name mean?
96..What is the oldest attraction in the Magic Kingdom of Walt Disney World?
97..What is the name of the moving company from Toy Story and what is the significance of the name used?
98..In Spaceship Earth in EPCOT, what are the two monks doing?
99..The Test Track vehicles are usually boarded from the passenger side or drivers side?
100..What was the first Disney animated feature conceived and produced in 3-D?
101..What is the last line spoken in the Carousel of Progress before the family breaks into song?
102..What is the name of the stone formation atop which Simba is presented and from which Mufasa and Simba survey their kingdom?
103..What is the only Disney World theme park that boasts two entrances?
104..What is significant about the track in the Great Movie Ride being 1,928 feet long?
105..In The Lion King, what does Nala's name mean in Swahili?
106..How tall is the Eiffel Tower replica in EPCOT?
107..What is the newest value resort at Walt Disney World that is soon to open and what are the names of its themed areas?
108..What was the song from Aladdin "A Whole New World" originally going to be titled as?
109..How many rooms does Disney's Wilderness Lodge have?
110..How many stars are there in the compass in front of Sleeping Beauty Castle in Disneyland?
111..What was the name of the attraction that was on the site of what is now Test Track in EPCOT?
112..How many colors did artists have to use to design Jiminy Cricket?
113..Who is the singing voice of Belle in Beauty and the Beast?
114..What silent film star was used as the model for the sorcerer in Fantasia?
115..Where in Walt Disney World can you find the Gurgling Suitcase bar?
116..By what name does Aladdin give to his flying carpet?
117..What two famous actors did Genie mimic in Aladdin?
118..n the Aristocats what does Thomas O' Malley say Duchess' eyes are like?
119..True or False.... was the Tower of Terror ever really struck by Lightning?
120..In Cars, what are the names of Lightning McQueen's two biggest fans?
121..What are the official Disney names of custodians in the parks?
122..What does Pooh do in his Thoughtful spot?
123..In 1966, what Disneyland attraction did Walt and Roy Disney take to their boyhood hometown from Park?
124..Which royal couple received an animation cel from Walt Disney to celebrate their marriage and from what Full Length Animated Feature was it from?
125..In which animated feature can you hear the fight song from the University of Southern California (USC)?
126..Who suggested the title "Fantasia" to Walt Disney?
127..What was the name the cartoon television series that features Mowgli, Baloo, and Bagheera featuring them as young children?
128..In Ratatouille when Linguini is trying to find a place for Remy to hide, it is revealed his boxers have a logo on them from what Disney / Pixar film?
129..The Incredibles was the first Disney Pixar film to receive a PG rating, what was the second?
130..What was the first Disney film to be released on Blu-Ray before DVD?
131..Which actor voiced the character of Little John in Disney's "Robin Hood"?
132..What company distributed the Mickey Mouse comic strip?
133..When Lilo and Stitch walk past this store selling calendars with images from around the world, the what image is on the Orlando calendar?
134..What Hall of Fame was Walt Disney inducted into in 2000?
135..What is the name of the technique created by Disney for use in Tarzan, which allows 2D hand-drawn characters to exist seamlessly in a fully 3D environment?
136..What is the name of the woman that makes suits for the Incredibles?
137..What famous author's story inspired the "Bongo" sequence of Fun and Fancy Free?
138..In the Aristocats, what kind of truck do O'Malley, Dutchess and the kittens sneak onto for a ride back to Paris?
139..What were the first 2 Disney attractions to utilize the Omni-Mover concept for the ride vehicles?
140..In the Disney film John Carter..... what does the inscription above John Carters tomb read, and what is its translation?
141..What is the official working title of the next Monsters Inc Disney Pixar movie that will actually be a prequel and released in 2013?
142..In Test track, what is the difference in temperature between the hot and cold rooms?
143..What are the ride vehicles in Spaceship Earth named?
144..What are the three original Walt Disney World Adventure Land attractions that opened in 1971 and are still operating?
145..In Typhoon Lagoon, what is the home port as seen on the back of the boat Miss Tilly?
146..The song "A Step in the Right Direction" was dropped from the final version of which film?
147..Who's the leader of the lemons in "Cars 2"?
148..What number is on the sign above the Disneyland Fire Department signifying its Main Street address?
149..What is the angle of the incline for the track to bring you to the top of Space Mountain?
150..What's on the end of Mary Poppins' umbrella handle?
151..What make and year is the sheriff in Cars?
152..According to Greek Mythology, who is the father of King Triton from the Little Mermaid?
153..Who was the second person to voice Mickey Mouse?
154..What kind of animal does princess Jasmine have for a pet in Aladdin?
155..Who provides the voice of Scar in The Lion King?
156..When Jeremy Irons was used for the voice to narrate Spaceship Earth in EPCOT, who did he replace?
157..What year was Song of the South originally released?
158..In Brave what is the name of the castle where the Highland Games were held?
159..What color is the string of beads broken by Cinderella's stepsisters?
160..Who wrote the novel that 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea was based on?
161..Which full-length feature animation includes the song "Skumps"?
162..What kind of car is Sally in Cars?
163..What is the name of the man who guides you through your course in Test Track?
164..What is the sea witches name from The little mermaid?
165..Who was Ursula's evil sister in The Little Mermaid 2: Return to the Sea?
166..Who destroys the powers of the Black Cauldron?
167..What 2 attractions opened up in 1973 and Walt Disney World Magic Kingdom?
168..What is the name of the soon to be opened Beauty and the Beast themed restaurant in the Magic Kingdom expansion area of Walt Disney World?
169..What animation centered feature did lyricist Howard Ashman contribute to the making of Beauty and the Beast?
170..What highway is depicted in the movie Cars?
171..Which song does the Beast sing at the conclusion of Act I in the theatrical production of "Beauty and the Beast"?
172..When was the first issue of Walt Disney Comics released?
173..Which Disneyland ride opened with the renovation of Tomorrowland in 1998 and closed in September of 2000?
174..Which attraction at Disneyland is only one-third the length of the same at Walt Disney World Resort?
175..Approximately how long would it take if you wanted to stay in all the guest rooms in all of the hotels and resorts currently open on Walt Disney World property at a rate of one room per night?
176..What is the name of the Great White Shark in Finding Nemo?
177..Which Walt Disney World Attraction isn't just for entertainment with more than 30 tons of fruit and vegetables being grown there every year for Disney restaurants?
178..Of all Disney Parks, which features a castle modeled after the original at Disneyland?
179..What fast food restaurant tycoon did Walt Disney train with for World War I in Sound Beach, Connecticut?
180..In 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea, where was the Nautilus built?
181..Who played Zorro in the Disney TV series of the same name?
182..In Toy Story, what game does slinky play?
183..What ear did the Genie in Aladdin wear his earring?
184..What name is Walt Disney World called in the Florida statutes?
185..Disney's Carousel of Progress was first seen at what World's Fair?
186..What is the name of the patriotic attraction that brings to life our nation's chief executives?
187..What was the name of the first Circle Vision 360 movie to be shown at Walt Disney World?
188..What Disney World park opened in April 1989?
189..In Cars what color rookie stripe did Lightning McQueen have on his rear bumper?
190..What color was Belle's ball gown in Beauty and the Beast?
191..Who wrote the songs for The Little Mermaid?
192..Phil Harris is the voice of Little John in Disney's Robin Hood, what other famous bear did Phil voice?
193..What Disney animated feature was the first to have a pop version of the film's main song play over the end credits?
194..In The Little Mermaid, what name does Ursula use when disguising herself as a human?
195..What was the first Disney Animation film and first animation film in the world to make one billion dollars at the worldwide box office?
196..In Test Track in EPCOT what numbers does the controller mention when he says?..
197..What was the name of the first Sherman Brothers song Annette Funicello recorded?
198..In Epcot, what was the name of the dog in HORIZONS?
199..In Mulan, what does Chi Fu's name literally mean in Chinese?
200..Which Emmy Award did Walt Disney win in 1955?
201..What insect is considered good luck in China according to the film Mulan?
202..What 2 Disney animated feature films had their debut in New York 51 years apart?
203..Who provided the whistling for the animatronic robin during the song A Spoonful of Sugar in Mary Poppins?
204..In what year did the Walt Disney Company begin being traded on the New York Stock Exchange?
205..Based on early cartoons, what was the name of Minnie Mouse's pet bird?
206..Which silent film inspired Walt Disney to create the animated short Steamboat Willie?
207..In 1939, Walt Disney bought the rights to what stories from the Harris family for the movie Song of the South?
208..What is the name of Sid's sister in Toy Story?
209..How many months did it take to build Spaceship Earth in EPCOT?
210..What was the first Disney full length feature animation film to openly deal with warfare?
211..In Tarzan, to see how Tarzan's body would move while sliding down a log, the animators based his movement on what pro skateboarder?
212..Who narrated the Johnny Appleseed animated segment from the 1948 feature "Melody Time"?
213..In Alice in Wonderland, what is the name of the woods written on the sign that Alice stumbles upon?
214..In Bugs Life, what is the can that is the restaurant in Bug City?
215..Which witch had a broomstick named Beelzebub in the Disney short Trick or Treat?
216..In the Country Bear Jamboree, who does Teddi Barra invite to come up and see her sometime?
217..How many dropping shafts are in the Twilight Zone Tower Of Terror?
218..What is the correct name of the Disneyland Paris castle?
219..What is the name of the father dalmation in 101 dalmatians?
220..What is the name of Pongos wife from 101 Dalmatians?
221..Who designed Mary Poppins' traveling costume?
222..What Disney Movie has the song Little Patch of Heaven?
223..What Disney character is reported to have 2,320,413 individual strands of hair?
224..What company produced the first Disney phonograph record?
225..After receiving the recognition from the Emperor of China, what does Mulan do?
226..Who competed with Mickey for Minnie's affection in the 1936 cartoon Mickey's Rival ?
227..When you leave Future World in EPCOT and enter World Showcase, if you bear right around the lagoon, which country do you encounter first?
228..In Toy Story 3, what kind of doll is Lotso?
229..What is the name of the restaurant located at the entrance to the Animal Kingdom and accessible from inside and outside the park?
230..In Disney's the Jungle Book what kind of animal is Baloo?
231..In Disney's Robin Hood what was the name of the snake?
232..In Disney's The Fox and the Hound what was the hound's name?
233..In Disney's Robin Hood who does the voice of the Rooster?
234..In Disney's Aladdin what kind of pet does the Princess Jasmine have?
235..In Disney's Bambi, what is the skunks name?
236..In the Disney movie Pocahontas what was the raccoon's name?
237..In the Disney version of Beauty and the Beast, who is the voice of the teapot?
238..In the Disney movie The Sword and the Stone what was the owl's name?
239..In the Disney classic The Sword and the Stone, what was the young king called?
240..In the first scene of the Carousel of Progress, how long do they say it takes for a person to make it from New York to California by train?
241..In the second scene of the Carousel of Progress, how long do they say it takes for a person to make it from New York to California by train?
242..What classic movie inspired Walt to create the Jungle Cruise attraction?
243..What Downtown Disney restaurant allows you to eat with the dinosaurs?
244..In the Country Bear Jamboree, what is the name of the song that the Sun Bonnets sing?
245..What is the name of the General Store in the Western Scene of the Great Movie Ride in Disney's Hollywood Studios?
246..How many rows are there in an Expedition Everest train?
247..What year did "Wonders of Life" open in Epcot?
248..How many total turns are there on Test Track?
249..In Monsters, Inc. Laugh Floor, who is "always watching"?
250..What is on top of Gomer's piano in Country Bear Jamboree?
251..In Spaceship Earth in EPCOT where does the narrator say that ... monks toil endlessly?
252..How many towers are on Cinderella Castle?
253..What city was Walt Disney born in?
254..In the Great Movie Ride, what scene is after Singing in the Rain?
255..What actor is sitting on a horse in the Great Movie Ride?
256..In Dsneys an extremely goofy movie what is the gammas leaders last name?
257..In Brave, what classic Disney / Pixar icon appears as a wooden trinket on a worktable?
258..What does Snow White make the dwarfs do before they can eat dinner ?
259..What kind of camp is Andy at when Woody is stolen in Toy Story 2? Cowboy
260..Tarzan has a scene where a toy Disney dog drops out of the professor's pocket. What dog is it?
261..In which Disney attraction can you hear this recorded phrase ..Kindly watch your step please. Watch your step?
262..What is the largest single attraction that Disney Imagineers have ever built for one of the parks?
263..What year did Expedition Everest open?
264..What stopped Scott Calvin from enjoying Santa's classic Christmas Eve treat of milk and cookies?
265..What was the name the 1978 Disney featurette about a Judean boy who sells his donkey to Bethlehem-bound travelers?
266..In Disney's the Santa Clause what actor was the part of Santa originally written for?
267..How long did it take Judy the elf to perfect her hot cocoa recipe in "The Santa Clause" trilogy?
268..Who played Jacob Marley's ghost in "Mickey's Christmas Carol"?
269..What is the name of the "Head" salesmen in the Jungle Cruise?
270..While singing in Hercules, what prize does Meg say that she has already won?
271..According to the song in Splash Mountain, "everybody's got a..." what?
272..What was Belle's hobby in Beauty and the Beast?
273..What was Thumper originally going to be named in the first draft of the Bambi script?
274..In which Disney animated feature can you hear the fight song from the University of Southern California (USC)?
275..How many musical bears perform in the Magic Kingdom's Country Bear Jamboree?
276..Which actress gave the Blue Fairy her voice in Pinocchio?
277..Who wrote the Pirates of the Caribbean theme song "Yo Ho, Yo Ho, A Pirate's Life for Me"?
278..What Disney film was the highest-grossing movie of 1995?
279..What is the last name of Al from Als Toy Barn in Toy Story 2?
280..How many total characters are there in Toy Story 3?
281..What is the name of Bambi's true love?
282..In dungeon cell of the Pirates of the Caribbean queue line, what game are the two pirate skeletons playing?
283..In the Little Mermaid when Ariel is singing "Part of Your World" in her grotto, there is a bust shown of what US President?
284..What was the first Disney film to have its songs published and copyrighted by the newly created Walt Disney Music Company?
285..Who was used as the model for both Belle and Ariel?
286..How many colors, did animators have to use for the character Jiminy Cricket in Pinocchio?
287..What was the name of the Time Magazine July 29, 1957 article that centered around the success of the Disney Company?
288..In Finding Nemo, in the tank gang in the dentist's office, the germophobic purple and yellow fish is the only one never mentioned by name. What name was he later given after the movie?
289..In Finding Nemo, what is the name of the school on the diploma on the dentist's wall?
290..What are the names of the 2 Space Mountain tracks?
291..Which name was Daisy Duck originally known by, in her first cartoon with Donald Duck?
292..Who gave Walt his first real art supplies?
293..What Disney Full Length Animated Feature did writers term the story pitch as "Bambi in Africa meets Hamlet", or "Bamlet"?
294..How many words does Mary Poppins and Mrs. Banks speak to each other in the film?
295..According to the attraction story how many people were aboard the Tower of Terror elevator that crashed?
296..What was the original name for The Great Movie Ride in Disney Studios?
297..What Pixar film was the first feature that was nominated for both Best Picture and Best Animated Feature?
298..In Finding Nemo, what is the name of the fish that yells "Oh, my gosh! Nemo's swimming out to sea!"?
299..What was the first animated film to make one billion dollars at the worldwide box office?
300..What was the first Disney animated film to earn any Academy Award nomination since The Rescuers?
301..What are the ride vehicles for Expedition Everest referred to as?
302..In Monsters Inc when Sulley and Mike are walking to work, what is the name of the food store that they pass on the street?
303..What type of headgear do Rat and Mole wear in “The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad”?
304..In The Carousel of Progress, what are John & Sarah going to the Fourth of July celebration dressed as?
305..Who did script writers for The Lion King originally envision as the voice for Mufasa before James Earl Jones?
306..In Lady and the Tramp what was the name of the song howled by the dogs while in the pound?
307..What is Boo's real name in Monsters Inc?
308..In Alice in Wonderland what is wrong with the White Rabbit's pocket watch?
309..What was the first Disney Full Length Feature animation to have its setting be in America?
310..In The Little Mermaid, how many tentacles does Ursula have?
311..How many marble busts are in Haunted Mansion's library?
312..What was reportedly the first Disney attraction to exit directly into a gift shop?
313..According to the map of the projected landing of Experiment 626 in Lilo and Stitch, on what island does the story takes place?
314..In a Goofy Movie during which song did Mickey Mouse make a cameo appearance while hitchhiking with Donald?
315..What organization presented Walt Disney with a special medal, in 1935, in recognition of the fact that Mickey Mouse was "a symbol of universal good will." ?
316..What was the first Disney animated feature to have a pop version of the film's main song play over the end credits?
317..What scene from Lady and the Tramp did Walt Disney originally want cut from the movie but ended up being one of the most iconic moments in Disney?
318..How long did it take Disney animators to create the wildebeest stampede scene in the Lion King?
319..What character did Walt Disney play in a school function as a young child that he would eventually feature in a popular full length animated feature?
320..According to the animated feature Mulan, what bugs are considered a symbol of good luck in China?
321..Which Disney short features a hungry coyote named Bent-Tail?
322..Which hand did Captain Hook lose and have replaced with a hook in the Original play of Peter Pan?.
323..What actor who provided a voice in another Disney Full Length Feature Animation was originally going to voice Governor Ratcliffe in Pocahontas?
324..How many seats are in each theater of The Carousel of Progress? 240
325..In Wreck it Ralph, what is the significance of the high score of Wreck-It-Ralph's game cabinet 120501?
326..What was one of the the things Bert would sell as one of his jobs in Mary Poppins?
327..What was the last film that longtime Disney studio songwriters Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman wrote songs for until The Tigger Movie?
328..Many Disney movies are given a code word to use for identification purposes during production. What film had the code word... Helium?
329..What is the name of the River Guardian that Hercules defeats while saving Meg?
330..What are the names of the 2 main turtles in Finding Nemo?
331..In Monsters Inc what does Sulley's big armchair in his apartment have in the back of it?
332..Who provided the voice of Mufasa in The Lion King?
333..In what year was Little Mermaid adapted for a Broadway Musical?
334..Originally, in Mulan which guardian did the ancestors want to send to get Mulan back? T
335..Who provided the voice for Splash Mountain's Brer Bear? Hint he also provided the voice of Brer Bear in Song of the South.
336..What Disney character's name in Latin means 'nobody' or 'no one'?
337..In Sleeping Beauty Princess Aurora's mother does not have a name in the movie, but in promotional materials she was given one. What was is?
338..In It's Tough To Be A Bug, what type of insect says, "I'll be back"?
339..Who is the unofficial mascot of DinoLand U.S.A in Animal Kingdom and what breed of Dinosaur is she an exact replica of?
340..Which Pirates of the Caribbean movie had a fire on the sound stage where the film was being shot resulting in $350,000 in damage?
341..What were the only 2 classic Walt Disney films to use watercolored backgrounds?
342..What was the first Disney feature available on DVD?
343..In Lady and the Tramp what was the reasoning for the animators to make it so Darling and Jim Dear's faces are rarely seen?
344..How far does your Kali River Rapids ride vehicle ascend at the beginning of the ride?
345..What music score accompanies the dancing flowers in “Fantasia”?
346..What was the first animated Disney "princess" film to get a PG rating by the MPAA?
347..What year did the first Mickey Mouse doll debut?
348..In The Great Movie Ride's Gangster Alley scene, what is the name of the garage that the car comes out of on your right?
349..What other Disney / Pixar film did Chuckles the Clown appear in before Toy Story 3?
350..What was the first film produced by Pixar to be shown in 3D?
351..In one of the Haunted Mansion stretching room portraits, how many men are in the picture sinking into the quick sand?
352..What famous singer was offered a role as a pirate, in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl but had to decline due to previous engagements?
353..Some scenes of woodland creatures and the forest fire in Bambi are actually unused footage from what other Disney movie?
354..How many train cars are there in one of the Walt Disney World Big Thunder Railroad runaway mine trains?
355..In what Disney film is Earth referred to as Section 17, Area 51?
356..What full length animation feature was the very first to have a parade theme at what was then called Disney s MGM Studios?
357..What year did 20,000 Leagues Under The Sea close in Walt Disney World?
358..What is the name of the virtual video game played in the last scene of Carousel of Progress?
359..Which pavilion is located between Japan and France in Epcot's World Showcase?
360..Who gets his nose stuck in a beehive in Splash Mountain?
361..How many Oscar statues did Walt Disney receive for Snow White?
362..What is Madame Medusa looking for in The Rescuers?
363..In what Walt Disney World Resort can you find a bar called The Gurgling Suitcase?
364..In what Disney attraction have you heard this phrase... "I'd like to point out some of the exotic plants here. There's one...there's another one" ?
365..What was first Disney movie to feature people who have belly buttons?
366..In Toy Story 2 what was one of the things that Mrs Potato head packed for her husband that she seemed he could not leave with out?
367..What Disney Movie Character said ... "Well, don't I feel just sheepish?
368.."Two Worlds" is a song from which Disney film?
369..In which city is the Disney film Ratatouille based?
370..What is the last name of Al from Al's Toy Barn in Toy Story 2?
371..In Monster Inc what is the name of the preschool teacher taking her class on a tour of the Scream Factory and what is significant about her name?
372..What Disney Dad took a ride in something called the EAC?
373..What is the last line that is spoken in The Lion King and who speaks it?
374..What is the name of Hercules' foster father on earth?
375..In Pirates of the Caribbean, what three things are the pirates in jail holding to entice the dog holding the jail cel keys?
376..Which song is sung by Geppetto after he finishes painting Pinocchio?
377..What is the little girl carrying in the elevator in Twilight Zone Tower of Terror?
378..In what attraction would you see a clock tower, a volcano, and mermaids?
379..What does Jeb from Home on the Range like to collect?
380..What Letter-and-Number Sequence appears in every Pixar Film and what is its significance?
381..In the Lion King, what character's name means Comrade or Friend in Swahili?
382..What was the original working title of the film Song of the South?
383..What Golfer won the the first championship at the inaugural 1971 Walt Disney World Open Invitational?
384..In what Disney Attraction can you hear the song "Sooner or Later" being played?
385..Where in Walt Disney World is the Garden Grove Cafe?
386..Where in Walt Disney World is the Side Show Arcade?
387..To begin your adventure at Disney Quest, what is the name of the elevator you ride in?
388..What actor portrayed the stomach in Cranium Command?
389..What Disney movie character is an American White Shepherd?
390..25 songs were originally written for the film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ... but how many songs were actually used?
391..What was the first film to be worked on by all nine of the legendary "Nine Old Men" of the Disney animation department?
392..In Toy Story what is the name of the rocket that Sid strapped to Buzz?
393..In EPCOT, who was the narrator for Spaceship Earth between 1986 and 1994?
394..In what Walt Disney World Attraction have you heard this phrase? "The best thing about us: you can't live without us!"
395..What are the names of the 3 enemy dogs in Up?
396..Which actor portrayed Bobbys' right brain in the old attraction Cranium Command?
397..What was Dumbos mother's name originally going to be?
398..In Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Dopey was originally going to be able to speak. Who was set to provide his voice if it did happen?
399..Before UP was nominated in 2010, what was the only Full Length Animated Feature to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture?
400..What is the name of the first drop on Splash Mountain?
401..In Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End .. Captain Barbossa can be seen wearing what type of ring?
402..What is the name of the summer cowboy camp Andy is going to in Toy Story 2?
403..In the Haunted Mansion, who is Madame Leota named after?
404..In Finding Nemo, what character did Co-writer Bob Peterson also provide a voice for?
405..In Mulan, by what nickname does Mushu call the Great Stone Dragon after the statue breaks apart?
406..What does a philatelist do?
407..After which actor was Mickey Mouse named?
408..Which mythological figure flew so close to the sun that the wax on his wings began to melt?
409..What's your current amount of posts, check by looking at the My Gaia tab.
410..Do you think you will make a lot of gold doing this quiz?What's the current amount of gold you have? [only if you wish to share]
411..What is the capitol of the Netherlands?
412..Name the ghost who appears at a banquet in Shakespeare's Macbeth?
413..What are you currently questing on Gaia?
414..Do you think you'd make that quest possible to obtain the item?
415..What is the green pigment in plants called?
416..Where was the strongest Earthquake in 1999?
417..To the nearest mile, what is the length of the marathon?
418..In terms of the amount of alcohol you get, which is the most expensive: whiskey, beer, or wine?
419..What is the capitol of South Africa?
420...What is the capitol of New Zealand?
421..What's something you enjoy doing on Gaia?
422..How often do you drink coffee or tea?
423..What's the time now?
424..How big is your computer
425..How old is your computer?
426..When will you buy a new one?
427..What do you think of Club Verge?
428..Are you a member in the Guild?
429.. What's your favorite shows from the 70's?
430..Any favorites in the 80's
431..What's on TV right now, that's worth watching?
432..What song can you sing right now?
433..Do you sleep with the light on?
434..How often do you buy roses, or flowers?
435..Do you like day light savings?
436..Who is J.Lo currently married to?
437..Do you have many paintings hanging on the wall?
438..How many clocks do you have in your room?
439..Who is Ralph the mouth?
440..When is Easter?
441..Can you invite me to your house for Thanks giving?
442..Do you think that one hour sleep is enough?
443..How often do you get together with friends?
444..What do you think of Glee?
445..Do you complain when you're watching a movie and then the adds come on?
446..Do you own a remote control organizer?
447..Is your yard large?
448..What hair style impresses you the most from both sexes?
449..How often do you go to the hairdresser?
450..Who sings, oh baby one last kiss?
451..Does this white background annoy you?
452..Do you think that someone on Gaia does not like you?
453..If so, why do you think that?
454..What forums do you like and dislike?
455..Do you find that when you're chatting to someone in the forums, they log out during a great conversation?
456..In regards to the above question, are you one of them?
457..Do you ever say goodnight to the people you chat to?
458..How far is the city from where you live?
459..What's your favorite episode from Charmed?
460..Ever watched Dead like Me?
461..How many kids were in the Brady bunch?
462..What was the name of the Brady's house keeper?
463..Who was the eldest kid in the Brady family?
464..Name a movie that your parents grew up with?
465..Have you ever watched that movie?
466..Name a song that your parents grew up with?
467..Do you like Guilds or forums more?
468..How many guilds are you a member of?
469..How often do you post in Guilds?
470..Do you participate in contests much?
471..Do you collect shop a dockets?
472..Do you own many books?
473..Is your book collection neatly in place?
474..What is messy right now?
475..Do you keep your feet elevated when you're sitting next to the compy?
476..Do you think it's time for new Emotes?
477..We don't have many colors to chose from. Don't you think it's about time?
478..Music: how many notes in the scale?
479..Which country has the largest Christian population?
480..Do you like polls?
481..Do you like to post to earn gold, or to chat?
482..Do you buy coffee from the shop often?
483..Do you read the rules before you post in a thread?
484..How often do you eat your favorite meal?
485..How big is your fridge?
486..What one religion are you fascinated with?
487..Have you ever tried Brandy? But only if you're at a drinking age.
488..Do you have real plants in your house, or imitation ones?
489..Do you like seafood?
490..Can you make an apple pie?
491..Can you dance the waltz?
492..What do you consider to be romantic music?
493..How old do you think old is?
494..What is a spring chicken?
495..Are you someone who has good manners?
496..What's something that's really annoying about Gaia?
497..Do you drive yet?
498..If so, what car do you own?
499..What is meant by the saying. 'You old Goat'?
500..Enjoying the questions, so far?
Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:06 pm
501..What animal comes in types spotted striped and brown?
502..In UK tennis where is the Stella Artois tournament held?
503..What author wrote about Adrian Mole?
504..Who is the unit of sound named after?
505..What group of people meet at Kingdom Halls?
506..What international rugby team perform The Hakka before match?
507..Kolpeuryntomania is what sexual activity?
508..Punk Drummer Chris Miller what name when he Damned in 70s?
509..Wayne Brazel shot and killed what Western figure in 20th cent?
510..North Andover Massachusetts its illegal to have what weapon?
511..Mickey Mouse's Pluto had what name when he first appeared?
512..Hebrew and what are the official languages in Israel?
513..Rita Kuti Kis represented Hungary in what sport?
514..Jackson Whipps Showalter was a US champion at what?
515..Who wrote The Hunchback of Notre Dame?
516..Tsaritsyn in Russia used to be known as what?
517..Violetta Valery is better know as who in the world of opera?
518..Sarah Jane Fulks - Anne Francis Bobbins both married who?
519..What Australian town used to be called Stuart until 1925?
520..Lagnoperissia is a fancy name for what sexual condition?
521..In Little Rock Arkansas men/women can get 30 days jail what?
522..Alfred Bailey started what annual publication in mid 19th century?
523..What pop star served a football apprenticeship with Brentford?
524,,Iron statue of Vulcan looks down Red Mountain what US city?
525..Whose autobiography was entitled The Sport of Queens?
526..Who made his name with Jimmy James and the Blue Flames?
527..In The Arabian Nights what was Ali Babas job?
528..Coco Channel a fashion star had what real first name?
529..An Aficionado originally followed what sport?
530..Sir Henry Cole got John Callcot Horsley design? to save time?
531..Who was murdered in Bohemia in 929?
532..In Long Beach California where is specifically illegal to curse?
533..The Indestructible Iron man fights against the Electronic Gang Hong K?
534..Name the Editor in Chief New York Herald sent Stanley to Africa?
535..If you Manuxorate what are you doing?
536..The brutal treatment of Billy Hayes was the inspiration what film?
537..In Greek mythology Atlas was a member of what group?
538..Fritz Von Werra was the only German pilot WW2 to do what Escape?
539..What word - last arrow in archery contest or the final outcome?
540..Nicky Chinn Mike Chapman wrote Suzi Quatro No 1 UK song?
541..Oscar winner was rejected as Honey Rider Dr No too small tits?
542..What nationality was first person in space not US or Russian?
543..J K Rowling wrote the Harry Potter series what do the JK mean?
544..In Connecticut it is specifically illegal to dispose of what?
545..Mary Cathleen Collins changed her name to what?
546..Wesley Snipes and who starred in the film Money Train 1995?
547..In what Elvis film does he play a hillbilly garage hand?
549..Where did John Lenon marry Yoko Ono (place name)?
550..What US president was born in Corsica?
551..Mastigothymia is sexual arousal from what?
552..What pop group saw their first 5 singles enter UK charts at No 1?
553..In 1949 the Thought Police first appeared in what novel?
554..Photographic inventor suicided 1932 said my work is done why wait?
555..Who was born at Daisy Hill Puppy Farm?
556..In Portacello Idaho concealed weapons are illegal unless what?
557..Operation Market Garden WW2 involved the invasion of where?
558..What 1969 film last line Clint Eastwood "I fall off em everywhere"?
559..What game Johnny Archer Chang Feng-Pang been world champs?
560..Who was the first Englishman to die in an aircrash?
561..Moriaphillia is sexual arousal from what?
562..The Wadomo tribe in Zimbabwe have what physical oddity?
563.Long Legged Hannah and Marty's Express what pastime involved?
564..In WW2 what came between Sword and Gold?
565..Benjamin Briggs captained what mystery ship?
566..John Lowe Oct 1984 got £102000 first to do what on TV?
567..What was invented 1970 US Dr Buddy Lapidus marketed 1975?
568..Marilyn Louis born 1922 changed her name to what star of 40s?
569..In Guernee Illinois women over 200lb are banned from what?
570..A menial working class in Old Japan and Greek letter what word?
571..Phil Collins played what character on the London stage 1960s?
572..On the Omen series Damien was the devil - what second name?
573..What was RJ Mitchell's contribution to WW2?
574..In what sport are bacon hamburgers chips prunes spuds terms?
575,,What characters first appeared in Entertaining Young Gussie?
576..Omolagnia is sexual arousal from what?
577..Fabled creature Head Man Body Lion Tail Scorpion Pork quills?
578..Inspecting Galvaynes Groove tells you what?
579..French German Italian 3 official languages Switzerland what 4th?
580..Graham McPherson changed his name to what?
581..Paris born Philippe Pages changed his name to what?
582..In Brainard Minnesota every man must do what by law?
583..Richard Attenbourough what character in The Great Escape?
584..What was superhero Green Lantern vulnerable to?
586..What was The Liberty Bell manufactured 1900s Charles Fey?
587..Who played Dr McCoy in the original Star Trek series?
589..German film of the 1920s starred Max Schreck as a vampire?
590..A Renifleur gets aroused from doing what?
591..What song gave a 9 year old US a UK No 1 lots weeks 1972/73?
592..Who was the first American to receive the Nobel Literature prize?
593..Hercules had to clean the stables in one night - whose?
594..What US state named in 1664 in honour of Sir George Cateret?
595..Name of the "cow town" Joseph McCoy developed in the 1860s?
596..In Ghandi who played the General caused massacre Amritsar?
597..Sting Vogue Moschino Adidas Police Wires Ice types of what?
598..Film The Dead Heat Merry go Round 60s what stars first 1 line?
599..Edgar Cuthwellis was option but the author chose another what?
600..Operation Chastise during WW2 better known as what?
601..In Columbus Ohio its illegal for shops to sell what on Sundays?
602..A Sitophilliac gets sexually aroused from what?
603..Sacrofricosis is what sort of sexual behaviour?
604..According to law what must all London Taxis always carry?
605..Im Westen Nicht Neues what famous novel 20s later film?
606..Anreas Cornelis van Kujik was who’s manager?
607..What was unique about all the mens foil winners 1952 Olympics?
608..Maryland No1 Montana No 1 Minnesota No 3 types of what?
609..What aria from Madam Butterfly is a Michelle Pfeiffer 1996 film?
610..Ei-Hajj Malik Ei-Shabazz better known as who?
611..What opera premiered in Paignton Devon 30th December 1879?
612..Name the first space probe to land on the moon 13 Sept 1959?
613..In what film did Paul Robeson sing Old Man River?
614..In El Monte California its illegal for who/what to sleep in bathtub?
615..Who compete in the Maccabiah Games?
616..What TV family lived at 1124 Morning Glory Circle Westport Con?
617..Poland has a coastline along which sea?
618..Colonel Paul W Tibbets did it first - what?
619..What fish has its head at right angles to its body?
620..Kate Mulgrew plays who in a Gene Roddenbery based series?
621..What is the oldest bridge over the Seine in Paris?
622..An Ochlophilliac gets sexually aroused from what?
623..In Oxford university what can you not take into the library by rule?
624..An Asian gecko and a sweet European wine what word fits both?
625..What common word comes from the French for purse or wallet?
626..Daimants Sur Canape French translation of what film?
627..Tracy Marrow a former convict born 1958 changed name to what?
628..Marmolada nearly 11000 feet highest peak what mountain range?
629..Dr George Wander invented what drink in Switzerland 1860s?
630..Broadway 59 music Ordinary Couple, Preludium, Processional?
631..Rhus Radicans shrub green flowers white berries common name?
632..Fulton John Short - Later John Fulton first US to do what?
633..In Malibu California its illegal to do what in a theatre?
634..In fiction who's mother Monique Delacroix died when he was 11?
635..Charles Henry Stuard Gmelin was the first UK what 6 Apr 1896?
636..Salvatore A Lombino used Ewan Hunter what famous pen name?
637..What song on the Rubber Soul album became No 1 Overlanders?
638..Palindromic word means raise to the ground or a mine passage?
639..The Mexican bearded and what are the only venomous lizards?
640..In WW2 Germans used a Schlusselmaschine E what do we call it?
641..Away we Go was the original 1942 title what musical show/film?
642..Gemellus is a fancy name for what?
643..Where would you find the Ponte de Sospiri?
644..In Rosemead California its illegal to eat what with a fork in public?
645..Hierosolymitan is of Greek origin and pertains to what city?
646..Not Indians what links Cherokee Apache Arapaho Comanche?
647..Brilliant Bumper Bubbles Bigheart Boofuls Baby Bonny are who?
648..E J Allen led spy team to South Civil war what name better known?
649..Gene Kelly Michael York Joss Ackland all played who?
650..Who wrote The Last Frontier first published in 1959?
651..In what TV series did we see Del Floria tailors shop?
652..Kenneth Weekes nick Ban Ban born Boston only US do what?
653..Glen Morris was the last Olympic gold medallist to do what 1938?
654..In Mexico it is illegal for the police to sell what?
655..Hydrated Magnesium Silicate is better known as what?
656..Seen on Egyptian rivers what is a Shadoof used for?
657..Old Arabic word for palm of the hand is what in modern sport?
658..What General Motors plastic bodied car was built in Tennessee?
659..George W Trendle and Fran Striker created what Western hero?
660..Biblical city was the code for RAF bombings of Hamburg WW2?
661..What musical was produced on London stage 30 years after film?
662..What was Vivian Leigh’s character won Oscar in her 30s?
663..In what Italian town can you find the Piazza del Erbe?
664..What author married Leon Trotsky’s secretary in 1924?
665..In Delaware by law a newlywed must do what if wife asks?
666..Where would you find an Orcadian?
667..The Venice Cup is for women only playing what?
668..What is Supergirls Kryptonian name?
669..Name the hero Len Deightons Ipcress File and Funeral in Berlin?
670..Who commanded Bill Jukes Cecco Noodler Skylights Starkey?
671..Anna M Jarvis of Philadelphia instituted what she never qualified?
672..Robert Brown M Caroline Bliss Moneypenny who was Bond?
673..What countries head of state has been dead for years?
674..If you were using Highroller Snooker 7 Lukki what are you doing?
675..Can you see Lenny Bruce E A Poe Karl Marx H G Wells etc?
676..In Key West Florida what are barred from racing in city limits?
677..What began 24 Jan 1848 thanks to John Marshall at Sutters mill?
678..Who played by Luther Adler Roy Goldman Peter Sellers etc?
679..What is the SI unit of power equal to 1.341 horsepower?
680..Anna Maria Louisa Italiano changed her name to what?
681..In Scandinavian mythology what is the day of final doom called?
682..His campaign slogan was vote for AuH20 whats his name?
683..Organisation in the US was co-founded by Ballington Booth?
684..Paul French George E Dale pseudonyms for what SF author?
685..In what country is the worlds largest pyramid?
686..What was/is the giant Musashi built in Japan in 1974?
687..In sporting terms loose on left Tight on the right who is in centre?
688..In Frankfort Kentucky its illegal to shot what off a policeman?
689..Dybowski's Formosa and Japanese are types of what?
690..In what area of Washington does the State Dept hang out?
691..Who made his debut in a 1955 Warner Brothers cartoon?
692..What is the English title of Voyna i Mir?
693..The stuff that dreams are made off - last words in what film?
694..Nessiteras Rhombopteryx Latinised name of what - as a Hoax?
695..In the game of Bridge what are the first six tricks won called?
696..Batrachophobia is a fear of what?
697..What was the name of Alistair Macleans first best selling novel?
698..Name the superspy man from Z.O.W.I.E. played James Coburn?
699..In what sport would you see a Chistera?
670..In Washington its illegal to buy what on Sunday?
671..Who wrote the musical The Desert Song?
672..Eddie Slovak only American to do what 31/01/1945?
673..In Wyoming it is illegal to wear what in a theatre?
674..In New Zealand what is a Punga?
675..In Feng Shui what colour inspires passion?
676..In English superstition what bird should you wish good day?
677..What city was known as Christiana until 1925?
678..William Hartnell was the first to play what TV character?
679..Who wrote the play " What the Butler saw "?
680..In 1998 the space probe Luna Perfecta found what on the moon?
681..What sea is directly north of Poland?
682..What was the original filling of the savaloy sausage?
683..Carlos Menim was elected president of what country in 1989?
684..In Natoma Kansas illegal to throw knives at people wearing what?
685..What is the Tibetan Yab Yum?
686..Crossair originated in what European country?
687..What does a Zamboni do?
688..What is the name of the cranial bone just above your ear?
689..Who led the Soviets when they invaded Hungary in 1956?
690..What tennis player made it to finals US open 8 times in 80s?
691..What musical direction comes from the Italian meaning cheerful?
692..What nationality was Fredrick Chopin?
693..Which Nobel Prize is not awarded annually in Stockholm?
694..What book translates as My Struggle?
695..When a satellite is closest to Earth its position is called what?
696..In 1659 Massachusetts outlawed what?
697..What can keep for up to 4 years if stored in a cool dark place?
698..What French relish sounds like a machine gun firing?
699..Fundador is a potent brandy made in what country?
700..Who directed Serpico?
701..Type of precious stone has a name literally means blue rock?
702..Middle ages it was believed birds picked mates what Saints day?
703..A Russian space programs name meant East what was it?
704..Which Greek hero finally tamed Pegasus?
705..What is the Western ( cowboy ) name for a motherless calf?
706..The PH scale measures acid or alkali what's PH stand for?
707..What character Tamed the Shrew in the Shakespeare play?
708..In St Louis Missouri its illegal for a fireman to rescue who?
709..Casanova ate fifty each morning to increase potency 50 what?
710..In sport what stands four feet by six feet?
711..What name is given to the smallest type of liquor glass?
712..What was Heindrich Himler's job before lead Gestapo in WW2?
713..What author criticised evangelism in his novel Elmer Gantry?
714..What was the first man made object to leave the solar system?
715..What holiday is called Head of the World in the Jewish faith?
716..What gemstone has a name literally meaning not intoxicated?
717..Who starred in Ceiling Zero as a pilot?
718..Italians often eat a whole what to cover garlicky breath?
719..What is the longest river in western Europe?
720..In Oxford Ohio its illegal for a woman to disrobe where?
721..Celibate Egyptian priests were forbidden to eat what aphrodisiac?
722..What countries native name is Land of the long white cloud?
723..Who would you expect to see in the Leftorium?
724..The Italian for tail what comes at the end of a musical score?
725..Caesar Salad originated in which country?
726..In Schulter Okalahoma illegal for towel wearing women do what?
727..Bacardi and Carioca rums come from what country?
728..In RKO movies what does RKO stand for?
729..What golden yellow gem sounds like a fruit related to lemons?
730..What country finally adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1752?
731..What was the name of John Glens first orbiting craft?
732..The murder of Gonzago was performed in what Shakespeare play?
733..What's the collective noun for a group of gulls?
734..In astronomy what are rapidly rotating neutron stars called?
735..Nicknamed The Tiger who lead France at the end of WW1?
736..What microscopic animals name comes from Greek little Staff?
737..Goddess sprang full grown from the forehead of her father Zeus?
738..In Morrisville Pennsylvania women need permit to wear what?
739..What are put into an omelette in a Hangtown Fry?
740..What English brand of sherry is considered the King desert wine?
741..Mickey Rooney made a series of films based on what family?
742..What gemstone was reputed to heal eye ailments?
743..What Russian revolutionary founded Pravda?
744..What country is ruled by King Hans Adam II?
745..In 1856 John C Freeman was the first what?
746..What are ratite birds the only ones not to do?
747..In 1959 Able Baker first put out in space by USA what were A/B?
748..According to Christian religion what happened at Epiphany?
749..In South Carolina what's barred Fountain Inn without wear pants?
750..Who wrote The Poseidon Adventure?
751..V.O. and Pedigree whiskeys made by what Canadian company?
752..Noel Coward gave what director his start on In Which we Serve?
753..How many spices are mixed in allspice?
754..What was Richard Wagner's second Opera - idea during sea trip?
755..According to its name what major Italian city is the new city?
756..What is the only flag permitted to be flown over the US flag?
757.Where was Mark Twain born?
758..What is the name of the ruling house of Monaco?
759..The word Atom comes from the Greek meaning what?
760..From Memphis restaurants its illegal to take what away?
761..What gems name means sea water in Latin?
762..Danish variety caraway flavoured liquor driest and most famous?
763..What Soviet leader seized control from Khrushchev in 1964?
764..A primate called a Galago has what more common name?
765..What Shakespeare King was killed at Pontefract Castle?
766..Name the Lieutenant Colonel who was first black US in space?
767..What is a Shofar?
768..Who directed Spartacus and Lolita?
769..An Ounce whisky glass and a small keg what same name?
770..California Valley and a Chinese cabbage what word means both?
771..In the Simpsons who is the godfather of the Springfield mafia?
772..In Mesquite Texas its illegal for children to have what?
773..Who rode a horse called Phantom?
774..Who sang the theme song in the Bond film For Your Eyes Only?
775..What actor died during the filming of Gladiator?
776..Who would perform the Maha Mantra?
777..Mould board Disc and Rotary are types of what?
778..In the US flamingos are only outnumbered by what similar thing?
779..What's unusual about Ernest Vincent Wrights 50000 word novel?
780..What film star role was played by over 48 different animals?
781..Collective nouns a Blessing of what animal group?
782..In New York where is it illegal to talk to a stranger?
783..The average one has 248 muscles in its head - what?
784..In WW2 what linked members of the Caterpillar club?
785..What cartoon character was 5 foot 6 inches tall?
786..What part of the body is most bitten by insects?
787..In sport what is exactly 5 foot 8 inches off he ground?
788..An average person does it six times a day - what?
789..What is the oldest known cultivated vegetable?
790..Name Elvis Presley's twin brother?
791..What causes an Iatrogenic illness?
792..In Florida it is illegal for a single woman to do what on Sunday?
793..What French cheese is ripened in caves?
794..Term literally jointed foot applies to insects spiders and crabs?
795..In what European city was the first book in English published?
796..In what US state is the town of Maggie's Nipples?
797..The Musee de Orsay in Paris was originally what?
798..Meridian is a shade of what colour?
799..In what country was John McEnroe born?
800..Who was offered and rejected the role of Indiana Jones?
801..Juliet Gordon Low founded what in Savannah Georgia 1912?
802..California illegal to shoot game from moving vehicle except what?
803..Where is your Puricle?
804..What European country has no head of state?
805..Almonds - the nuts - are members of what general family?
806..Name the first US president to serve ice cream at a state dinner?
807..What was pirate Captain Kidd's first name?
808..The cob nut is the fruit of what tree?
809..The Rikkesmuseum is in what European city?
810..A shark is the only fish that can do it - do what?
811..In Italy what is Provolone?
812..In Hartford Connecticut its illegal to do what to wife on Sunday?
813..Not obvious colours - what links orange silver purple?
814..The are 336 on a standard one 336 what on what?
815..90% of bird species are what?
816..In Yorkshire in 1872 what took 3 days to pass by?
817..In 1985 William Beckman paid no tax on £100000 profit why?
818..50% of the US annual rainfall falls in what month?
819..In what country would you dance The Sirtaki?
820..What is the common name for a birds Ventriculus?
821..Where on your body would you find your Rasceta?
822..In Oregon it is illegal to wear what on clothing in public?
823..What animal is in the hassen in hassenpfeffer?
824..What city in the USA has the fewest % of native born residents?
825..In some parts of China what is the Long Nosed General?
826..What creature in nature is most sensitive to heat?
827..In London in 1985 a man was convicted of stealing two what?
828..Who wrote The Last Picture Show?
829..Who was nicknamed The Bronx Bull?
830..What male name comes from Greek meaning defender of men?
831..3 chemical elements most % human body O 65% C 18% and??
832..In Charleston by law carriage horses must have what?
833..A Polyorchid has at least three what?
834..In 1963 what finally ended in Alaska?
835..Who played the role of Miss Hannigan in the film Annie?
836..3 countries on 2 continents Russia Turkey (Asia Europe) and??
837..What kind of car was Kitt in Knight Rider?
838..In the first voyager program who were the Maquis fighting?
839..Who are Patience and Fortitude at New Yorks Public Library?
840..What happened to Laika first dog in space?
841..Tartuffo in Spain Kartoffel in Germany and Russia what is?
842..In Virginia its illegal for a man to do what to his wife?
843..What are male crabs known as?
844..What female name comes from the Greek for foreign woman?
845..What is the oldest soft drink in the USA?
846..Who or what could win a Golden Clio award?
847..If you were indulging in Sciomanchy what are you doing?
848..What could an Australian win a Stanley for?
849..Name Hopalong Cassidy's horse?
850..What food stuffs name come from the Italian for Pick me Up?
851..A Librocuricularist does what in bed?
852..In Seattle women can get six months for doing what to men?
853..Two villains first appear in Batman Comics 1 - Joker and who?
854..In Astrology what is the ruling planet of communication?
855..What singer sang the song Spank Me?
856..In what state did the 1862 Sioux uprising start?
857..In 1988 there was a shortage of what exotic food fish?
858..What male name comes from Greek meaning lover of horses?
859..If you suffered from a luxating patella what wrong with you?
860..Musashi was the first Japanese to use two what simultaneously?
861..White ribbed red cabbage is named from Italian for Chicory?
862..In Wyoming its illegal for women to stand within 5 feet of what?
863..Someone who dibbles is drinking like what?
864.George Armstrong Custer was court martialed in 1867 for what?
865..Name the Australian film about the pianist Halstadt?
866..What is a Characin?
867..What actor began his career doing Doctor Pepper commercials?
868..In cookery a ganache is made from cream and what?
869..What kind of car was the General Lee in Dukes of Hazard?
870..What male name comes from the German meaning army rule?
871..What spice is essential in a New England Clam Chowder?
872..In West Virginia its illegal to snooze where?
873..In SF California by law what is guaranteed to the masses?
874..In Star Trek what is the name of Spock's father?
875..What company produces Olympia beer?
876..What vegetable is found in the dish chicken divan?
877..In what country is the car model the Treka produced?
878..Whose slogan was plop plop fizz fizz?
879..What actor is the spokesman for the National Rifle Association?
880...What would you find on Pink Sheets?
881...Name the first web browser publicly available?
882..In Kansas the law prohibits shooting rabbits from where?
883..In MASH who planted the vegetable garden?
884..Dragon Stout is brewed in what city / country?
885..What company introduced the first commercial minicomputer 65?
886..What was Mae West sent to the workhouse for in 1926?
887..Aurore Dupin b 1804 changed her name what 19th cent author?
888..What was the name of Juliet's cousin killed by Benvolio in R+J?
889..Jockey / Author d**k Francis what injury on his wedding day?
890..Mary Kelly was the last known who?
891..Name the person who caused Chicago kids to get school milk?
892..In New York by law the death penalty is required for what act?
893..In the Superman comics name the shrunken city in a bottle?
894..What beer is represented by a goat?
895..What fish is known as poor mans lobster?
896..What movie actor was (among other jobs) a bridge painter?
897..What was the most commonly occurring name on the internet?
898..What astrological star sign covers July 24 - August 23?
899..What song is about a sheep stealing suicide?
900..Who wrote The Screwtape Letters?
901..Name the first car model with transverse engine front wheel drive?
902..In Texas its illegal to shoot a buffalo from where?
903..In the Flintstones Dino was Fred's pet who was Barnie's?
904..Ouagodougou is the capitol of what country?
905..Roy Rogers girlfriend Dale Evans rode what named horse?
906..Goyanthlay (one who yawns) famed under what Mexican name?
907..What does the initials NMT on a prescription mean?
908..What is the world tallest horse?
909..In WW2 the Germans launched operation Bernhard - what?
910..What is the ruling planet of the astrological sign Taurus?
911..What bird lays the largest clutch of eggs?
912..In Texas by law criminals must give their victims what?
913..On ER what is the character name of Mark Greens daughter?
914..What Zimbabwe beer is named after a river?
915..In what part of New York did the Great Gatsby live?
916..Name Merlin's owl in Disney's Sword in the Stone?
917..Jerry Yang and David Filo created what?
918..Who was the leader of the notorious Gambino Mafia family?
919..Name William Shakespeare son?
920..What is Barbara Streisand's middle name?
921..What is Caracalla?
922..In Thailand its illegal to step on what?
923..In Lynch Heights Delaware its illegal to do what in an airplane?
924..Victor Buono played what Batman villain in the original series?
925..What Ferrari model was named after the makers son?
926..Actor was known as Singing Sandy (dubbed) early in career?
927..A Stag with 12 point antlers is known as a what?
928..In what state was the largest cavalry battle in the civil war?
929..In the Bible Jesus walked on water who else did this?
930..What was Motowns biggest hit in 1968?
931..The Kung San people live in what area of Africa?
932..What is the most popular Mexican beer in the USA?
933..In Kansas its illegal to eat what on Sunday?
934..In the Beverly Hillbillies what did Jethro get Jed for his birthday?
935..Whose cusine would offer you Leberkas?
936..Where did Hamlet send his girlfriend Ophelia?
937..What was the police chiefs name in the first two Jaws films?
938..What group sang about a Suicide Blonde?
939..What African country gained independence in 1980?
940..Where were the 1964 winter Olympics held?
941..In Sioux language the Paha-sapa is what place?
942..What Wimbledon finalist (loser 1879) murdered his wife?
943..In Topeka Kansas its illegal to install what in your house?
944..Simpson's what was Homers nickname as baseball team mascot?
945..What companies cars are nicknamed mopars?
946..Rhett Butler of Gone With the Wind was born where?
947..The King Cobra is the only snake that does what?
948..What does a hotwalker do?
949..In what county did the Aryan race originate?
950..What 80s band had a hit with Tainted Love?
951..What is a Texas Ruby Red?
952..What is used to flavor Kriek Belgian beer?
953..In Halstead Kansas doing what is illegal at the airport?
954..In Life of Brian what name does Stan want to be known as now?
955..Its all Greek to me comes from what Shakespeare play?
956..What was the name of the high school in the movie Grease?
957..In what city was the first playboy club opened in 1960?
958..In the Bible in what city did Jesus perform his first miracle?
959..What was the Mark Twain in WW2?
960..Charcarodon Carcharias is the Latin name for what creature?
961..If a prescription said b.i.d. what would it mean?
962..What Indian tribe did the army most often use as scouts?
963..In Brockton Mass you must have a licence to enter where?
964..Happy Days was a spin off from what US TV show?
965..What river in Africa carries the most water?
966..HG Wells invisible man had what physical oddity?
967..Who was known as The King of Pop?
968..Measure for Measure deals with what contemporary theme?
969..Where is the base city for Porsche cars?
970..What is Gohan?
Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:08 pm
1001..Two most commonly sold items in stores are sodas and what?
1002..Your eyeballs are 3.5% what?
1003..Rafflesia flowers smell like what to attract pollinators?
1004..Where would you find an ideo locator?
1005..Why did Ghengis Khans soldier ride female horses?
1006..G Roddenbery Star Trek 2 radical ideas Spock's Ears and what?
1007..What country had three presidents - in the same day?
1008..In England it is specifically illegal to be drunk where?
1009..What mammal has hair - on the soles of its feet?
1010..Harvard University was originally called what?
1011..There are 300 distinct different types of what food?
1012..The are 16 of these on a dollar bill - 16 what?
1013..What is the coldest capital city in the world?
1014..Janette Rankin in 1917 first to do what?
1015..The average person in a lifetime grows 7 foot of what?
1016..Hotfoot Teddy was the original name of what icon?
1017..Victoria Australia law illegal wear pink what after noon Sunday?
1018..Collective nouns - a tribe or trip of what?
1019..England its illegal for a lady to do what on a public conveyance?
1020..What country has three capital cities Admin Legislate Judicial?
1021..The human bodies got 45 miles of them - what?
1022..The Best or Nothing is the motto of what company?
1023..Johnny Depp is afraid of what?
1024..Samuel Morse the inventor was originally what till he was 46?
1025..What dog has the best eyesight?
1026..Who cut the US flag to pieces and was honoured for it?
1027..England its illegal for a boy under 10 to see a naked what?
1028..What is banned by public schools in San Diego?
1029..Unusual words - What's the only word 4 double letters in a row?
1030..In Tokyo there is a restaurant restricted to who?
1031..The average person does it 17 times a day - what?
1032..What is the most common sexual fantasy act?
1033..The Eggplant is part of what family of plants?
1034..What Canadian province has been virtually rat free since 1905?
1035..What ancient languages writing has no spaces between words?
1036..Collective nouns - a group of swans are called what?
1037..In England placing what upside down is considered treason?
1038..Duffel bags were made in Duffel - what country?
1039..What happened French President Fronsois Faure on dying 1899?
1040..Born Aug 24 to Sept 23 what star sign?
1041..In Star Trek who would go to Sha Ka Ree?
1042..What makes Kirminski church in Finland unique?
1043..January in the USA is National what month?
1044..Name the Monkeys only film made in 1969?
1045..What was French frigate Isere's most famous cargo?
1046..56% of men have had sex where?
1047..In Scotland its illegal to be drunk in possession of what?
1048..Where does the dollar sign come from?
1049..They are only found in Lake Nicaragua - what are?
1050..The Chinese only do it every 10 years – what?
1051..Name Popeye's hungry friend?
1052..Countries name means Place where one struggles with God?
1053..November 18th is who's birthday?
1054..16th century where the most fashionable place to wear a ribbon?
1055..In Singapore you can be fined 10% of income for not doing what?
1056..What country is the world leader in Cobalt Mining?
1057..What is the national religion of Scotland?
1058..The average West German does it every seven days - what?
1059..How did Lavan in Utah get its name?
1060..What should be done with a used worn out flag?
1061..Small country has more 1000 dialects and two official languages?
1062..What was the first daily comic strip in the USA?
1063..Review This show suspends all belief it will never work what??
1064..What's the most popular name for a male pet cat?
1065..In South Korea traffic police must report what?
1066..In Elkhart Indiana it's illegal for a barber to threaten to do what?
1067..George Bush removed what from the White House menus?
1068..in 1907 who was the first English writer win Nobel prize literature?
1069..Name the science fiction writer who lives in Sri Lanka?
1070..What pop group were dedicated followers of fashion?
1071..Name Elvis Presley's father?
1072..In what novel does Dr Hannibal Lecter first appear?
1073..The Ionian islands are nearest what country?
1074..In Portsmouth Ohio who does the law rank with vagrants thieves?
1075..In WWW terms what does i.e. mean on a domain name?
1076..Seawood's Folly is better known as what today?
1077..What is a Roastchaffer?
1078..What Pope started the Inquisition?
1079..Ecuador was named after who / what?
1080..Liza Minelli played what character in Cabaret?
1081..Who wrote the scripts for Hill street Blues?
1082..What European language is unrelated to any other language?
1083..In the 70s The Bahamas gained independence from who?
1084..In Kentucky people wearing what on streets get police protection?
1085..In what country did bongo drums originate?
1086..Stewart Goddard changed his name to become what pop hit?
1087..What's the main feature of a Chong Sang skirt?
1088..The Davis Strait lies between Canada and where?
1089..Henri Charrier is better known by what nickname?
1090..What fashion designer is credited with the Bob hairstyle?
1091..Melba sauce is made from what fruit?
1092..Who was with Macbeth when he met the witches?
1093..Children take SATs what does SAT stand for?
1094..In Winston-Salem N Carolina its illegal under 7 year olds do what?
1095..A lion and a sword appear on what countries flag?
1096..A carbonade is a dish that must contain what?
1097..What company owns Rolls Royce motors?
1098..What was Oscar Wilde's only novel?
1099..What writer lived at hilltop near Hawkshead now museum to her?
1100..French artist Edward Degas noted for what particular subject?
1101..Who is the Greek God of the sky and the universe?
1102..Collective nouns - a Dule of what?
1103..The pharaoh hound is the only dog that does what?
1104..In Blue Earth Minnesota illegal under 12s do what without parent?
1105..Fallstaff first appears in what Shakespeare play?
1106..What is a roker?
1107..A vestiphobe is afraid of what?
1108..In what film would you find The Orgasmitron?
1109..Racing driver James Hunts nickname was Hunt the what?
1110..In 1906 the John Gable Entertainer was the first what?
1111..In the food industry what is TVP - i.e. what's it stand for?
1112..Who wrote the book Coma?
1113..What country designed and developed the bayonet?
1114..In Massachusetts its illegal to put what in clam chowder?
1115..Collective nouns - A Descent of what creatures?
1116..What's the words most popular brand of malt whisky?
1117..Prospective Italian grave diggers have to take what test?
1118..Who was the lead singer in Herman's Hermits?
1119..According to Elvis Presley who / what was Little Elvis?
1120..In US Emergency rooms what toy is often found in rectums?
1121..What is Calvados?
1122..Who first appeared on TV December 17th 1989?
1123..Turf Stone and Hedge are all types of what?
1124..A Seattle ordinance says goldfish in bowls must do what in buses?
1125..What animals are likely to die first from global warming?
1126..In the film Tommy who played The Acid Queen?
1127..What is a goat sucker?
1128..Where would you find the Spanish steps?
1129..Five named Beatles on Abbey Road cover J P G R and who?
1130..Bennie Hills Ernie fastest milkman in the west - name his horse?
1131..How did Van Gogh dispose of his ear?
1132..According to survey what European country has the vainest men?
1133..Who would spin a Gob on their nose end?
1134..In Albany New York what's it illegal to do in the streets?
1135..Collective nouns - What are a group of greyhounds called?
1136..Who first played Flash Gordon on film?
1137..What basic skill is lacking in most Royal Navy entrants?
1138..What common word comes from Knights after the Crusades?
1139..What was the most valuable thing ever stolen?
1140..The Intelligent whale was the nickname of an early what?
1141..What welsh singer used to work as a condom tester?
1142..What speed record has remained unbroken since 1938?
1143..The annual Hackademy awards are given for what?
1144..Idaho Falls Idaho its illegal for over 88 year olds to do what?
1145..Old times mid eastern women swallowed what as contraceptive?
1146..Who narrated Jeff Wayne's War of the Worlds?
1147..What was invented 1963 150 billion made since?
1148..What used to be caught in a fanny trap?
1149..What toy was first launched as The Magic Screen?
1150..Originally a Toss Pot did a lot of what?
1151..Amanda by the Sea was a US version of what UK comedy show?
1152..A is Alpha is the international alphabet but A used to be what?
1153..According to psychologists the happiest people watch what TV?
1154..In Tampa Bay Florida its illegal who who/what to leave ships?
1155..Men women compete 3 Olympic sports Equestrian Shooting??
1156..If you were c**k Throppling what you be doing?
1157..What animal has the best hearing?
1158..In what film did Mary Poppins - Julie Andrews bare her nipples?
1159..A Scatologist studies what Excrement?
1160..How was Tristram Shandy (fictional character) circumcised?
1161..Men must toss what at least 3 times during Olneys Great Race?
1162..What have men played with for longer than anything else?
1163..Collective nouns - A Down or Husk of what animals?
1164..In Urbana Illinois its illegal for who/what to enter the city limits?
1165..In Russia by law the homeless must be where after 10pm?
1166..Name the racehorse decapitated in the Godfather?
1167..In the opera Tosca what was Tosca's profession?
1168..Where will the 2002 Winter Olympics be held?
1169..What is the US equivalent of the UK Anglican church?
1170..Paper Porter Dresser Mud Dauber types of what?
1171..In the theatre what do the initials FOH stand for?
1172..Name Irelands oldest licensed whiskey distillery?
1173..Name the capitol of Libya?
1174..In New Jersey 1879 stopping a constable doing what $25 fine?
1175..What links Mozart's Don Giovanni and Bizet's Carmen location?
1176..West End Girls was the debut hit for what pop duo in the 80s?
1177..Who sculpted the four lions in Trafalgar Square?
1178..In what modern country is mount Ararat?
1179..Walter Gropius founded what art / design movement?
1180..Elizabeth Bennett is the central character in what novel?
1181..What are Ingrid Marie and Blushing Golden?
1182..Edward Ricardo Braithwait wrote what novel?
1183..Who was the court portrait painter of Henry the Eighth?
1184..In Massachusetts by law bars cannot offer what?
1185..In 1887 who solved his first case?
1186..In the 19th century what was known as inheritance powder?
1187..What did model manufacturers Airfix first make?
1188..In what TV series did we meet Admiral Nelson?
1189..How would you feel if you were forswanked?
1190..What kind of wood is used on Rolls Royce dashboards?
1191..In the rhyme who married The Owl and the Pussycat?
1192..Which US actor woke up when a elephant crapped on his head?
1193..In Cornwall where would you find two legged knockers?
1194..In North Carolina $50 fine for having what furniture on front porch?
1195..What would you do with a blue willie?
1196..USSR saying No ugly women in world just shortage of what?
1197..What two things are used to stuff a welshman?
1198..n Old England what would you do with your titties?
1199..What creature has seven penises assorted shapes sizes?
1200..What English king was killed with a red hot poker up his arse?
1201..Parachutes were invented for what use?
1202..What is the most commonly prosecuted illegal act?
1203..In Florida it's illegal to molest what?
1204..In Old English what kind of person often had a 'shite'?
1205...If the vestal virgins were caught having sex what punishment?
1206..What act do the French call The English Perversion?
1207..What cartoon characters first name is Quincy?
1208..In USA by law only 2 paid services limited to one sex - what?
1209..In the olden days what would you put in a large Bosom?
1210..What activity is featured in the magazine Winkers World?
1211..In the Terminator film who was the boy who would be the leader?
1212..Leather Apron was an alternative name for what famous figure?
1213..In Wisconsin by law you must carry fire insurance on what?
1214..English law males should do it 2 hours week watched by vicar?
1215..1836 Mr Gray a gasfitter 10 years penal servitude stealing what?
1216..What does a Belly Man do for a living?
1217..In parts of Siberia wives threw what at men to show wanted sex?
1218..What animal has the most taste buds over 27000?
1219..What is sometimes nicknamed Adams Profession?
1220..Until 1955 in England you needed a licence to take what on road?
1221..Who is known in Argentina as The Filthy Satanic Whore?
1222..In what European country are the villages Vomitville and Fukking?
1223..A Illinois law prohibit men from doing what in public?
1224..According to a survey what people have the most hated job UK?
1225..In a poll newlyweds spend most time on honeymoon doing what?
1226..What profession makes regular use of vibrators?
1227..What was used at Wimbledon for the first time in 1971?
1228..What part of the body ages the fastest?
1229..Mr Doberman developed the breed protection at work - what job?
1230..Elvis Presley Adolf Hitler Errol Flynn all had what kinky habit?
1231..Apart from drinks what used to be stored in pub cellars?
1232..In Memphis Tennessee beggars must have what before begging?
1233..How do you catch a Phart?
1234..What can be rigid, semi-rigid, or non-rigid?
1235..A Capriphiliac has sex with who or what?
1236..What was The King of Trains and The Train of Kings?
1237..Who used to do naked cartwheels to amuse the English settlers?
1238..In brewing what do the initials OG stand for?
1239..What sport can take place on sand ice or water?
1240..Florence Nightingale took what cos she was around young men?
1241..The sweetener saccharin is made from what?
1242..In Maryland its illegal to frighten who or what?
1243..What is the word Taxi short for?
1244..Sportsman are most likely to get diseased anuses / rectum?
1245..After his death what bit Walter Raleigh did his wife carry around?
1246..What kind of person would have had a t**t on?
1247..The character Marion Crane died in what film?
1248..16th century husband had to stop doing what to wives after 10pm?
1249..What company was the first to mass produce watches in 1893?
1250..48 extras from what Oscar win film died within a year making it?
1251..In Tennessee age of consent is at 16 unless the girl is what?
1252..James Edgar in 1890 was the worlds first store what?
1253..What is the correct name for a male red deer?
1254..In what country were Trabant cars made?
1255..For which Olympic athletic event is there no official world record?
1256..RCA and what other company launched the first vinyl records?
1257..Excluding cars what the most commonly used 4 wheel devices?
1258..Where on a woman is her J spot?
1259..In 17th century if you got Xmas clap what have you been given?
1260..Indiana smoking banned in the legislature building except when?
1261..In Bexley Ohio its illegal to put what in an outhouse?
1262..Well known phrase Mad as a Hatter - but what made them mad?
1263..Pluto Greek god of the underworld - what was Plutus god of?
1264..Victoria was not Queen Victoria's first name - what was?
1265..Indoors 6 players a side outdoors numbers vary what sport?
1266..Scapegoat meaning blame taker comes from what religion?
1267..What is the correct name for a dandelion seed ball?
1268..Dianne Fossy the naturalist is famed working with what animals?
1269..In musical notation there are five lines in a what?
1270..Silverwood Michigan its illegal to kill what using your hands?
1271..What is the correct name for the flower the Michaelmass Daisy?
1272..Round, flat, filbert or sword types / shapes of what tool?
1273..Who wrote the novel The Seventh Scroll?
1274..The song Mack the Knife comes from what stage show?
1275..Johnny Rotten describe sex as five minutes of what?
1276..An Arizona prostitutes organization is called TWATS meaning?
1277..An elephants p***s is shaped like what?
1278..Where was the worlds first air raid in 1849 from hot air balloons?
1279..What is a Rocky mountain canary?
1280..In Haifa Israel its illegal to take what to the beach?
1281..In medicine what is nicknamed a blue pipe?
1282..What did Farters collect?
1283..Psychologists say men who prefer small breasts what mentally?
1284..What country had the first banknotes?
1285..A Blue Tits breast is what color?
1286..What sport was called The Royal Sport?
1287..What British author was offered £250000 to write book of ET?
1288..If you were given a French Gobelin what would you have had?
1289..What cities underground has the most stations?
1290..In Lang Kansas illegal ride a donkey in public unless it has what?
1291..What creature make the loudest noise - 188 decibels?
1292..What gets nine inches longer when its up?
1293..What was Lady Chatterlys first name?
1294..Enid Blyton character name changed to white beard for PC USA?
1295..Mans formal dress coat called tails is named after what bird?
1296..Christine Jorgensen in 1952 was the worlds first what?
1297..Name the first chocolate bar created by Forest Mars in 1923?
1298..In the poem who dug c**k robins grave?
1299..In what athletic event is it illegal to carry weights?
1300..In Arkansas a man can only do what legally once a month?
1301..The fish eating bulldog is what type of creature?
1302..What has been called The most unnatural of all perversions?
1303..What are the most commonly ordered item from sex catalogs?
1304..What creature will only mate if the females mouth is full?
1305..Knickerbockers used to be the residents of where?
1306..What is the name for a chicken less than one year old?
1307..British playwright wrote the screenplay for The French Lt Woman?
1308..What explorer wrote the history of the word in prison in 1600s?
1309..British king was known to family friends as David his last name?
1310..At the Alamo its illegal to drop what nut shells on the ground?
1311..In Brookings South Dakota its illegal for a cat to live where?
1312..What police resource was first used in the Jack the Ripper case?
1313..The Algarve is in what country?
1314..The term red herring comes from what activity?
1315..The Egyptian god Horus had the head of what creature?
1316..In 1964 who was the first non royal to appear on a UK stamp?
1317..Name the Hong Kong stock exchange?
1318..In what city was Mozart born?
1319..Margaret Thatcher day is 10th January in what area?
1320..What is a bandy bandy?
1321..What did Brian Epstein manage before the Beatles?
1322..What was Bogart's full characters name in Casablanca?
1323..What fruit is used to flavour Southern Comfort?
1324..What 70s pop group was originally called The Engaged Couples?
1325..What would you do with a soft c**k?
1326..What is Warren Beatty's first name?
1327..What is the fastest creature raced for sport?
1328..In Jones Chapel Alabama illegal guy take gal where till 4th date?
1329..What is a Cattalo?
1330..US Pres mom said Looking at my children wish I'd stayed virgin?
1331..Name Lancashire town first test tube baby born?
1332..The New Testament originally written in what language?
1333..What would you do with a Romeo's Rouser?
1334..Where did Cajun music originate?
1335..1727 Helen Morris put in asylum for putting what in a newspaper?
1336..Grolsch lager comes from what country?
1337..Who wrote the Savoy Operas?
1338..In Okalahoma City its illegal for a prisoner to wear what?
1339..Steven the 1st founded what country in 1000 ad?
1340..What was originally called Eskimo Pie?
1341..Cab is a shortened version of what word?
1342..If silence is golden what is silver?
1343..What queen banned mirrors as she got older?
1344..Starts with F ends with K if you cant get one you use your hand?
1345..What is the main ingredient of an edible f*****t?
1346..What is the only Christian country in Asia?
1347..In Christian myth man was created from dust what in Islam?
1348..In Bristol Rhode Island its illegal to smoke during what event?
1349..13th century Paris brothels were the first to have what?
1350..In what country did Bridge originate?
1351..A snake has two penises but only one what other organ?
1352..Canaan Banana was the first president of where?
1353..What hairs are the last to lose their colour with age?
1354..Ignoring obvious what links Venus and Mercury?
1355..In golf what is the penalty for playing with your opponents ball?
1356..What insect in Spain is known as La Cucaracha?
1357..In what country was Che Guevara born?
1358..In Kansas City its illegal to what with more than 12 potatoes?
1359..In Texas it's illegal for what profession to be communists?
1360..The Black Death came to England from what port?
1361..Which coin weighs exactly one Troy ounce?
1362..The Perils of Penelope and Dastardly and Mutley spin offs what?
1363..The Mantu and Heath tests check for what infectious disease?
1364..Which US state has a buffalo or bison on its flag?
1365..What would you do with a nan p***k in Thailand?
1366..In 1895 the world's first disposable item made - what was it?
1367..In Odessa Texas Star of David and Peace symbol are what?
1368..Porn star Candida Royale was named after what?
1369..The Brownies ( junior Girl Guides) used to be named what?
1370..Brass is an alloy of copper and what?
1371..R D Blackmore wrote which classic novel?
1372..In what country was Greenpeace founded in 1971?
1373..In squash what color dot indicates the slowest ball used?
1374..A statue of Lady Godiva stands in the centre which English city?
1375..Eddie Irvine is contracted to drive for which car company in 2001?
1376..The Bazuki is a traditional musical instrument of what country?
1377..The word athletics comes from the Greek athlos meaning what?
1378..Jeri Ryan plays what character in the Star Trek series?
1379..In 1925 the worlds first what opened Luis Obispo California?
1380..Norma Talmage in 1927 made the first - the first what?
1381..Where is your zygomatic bone?
1382..What item used in offices was voted the product of the century?
1383..What is named after Dr Ernest Grafenberg?
1384..The horned dinosaur Torosaurus had the biggest what on land?
1385..The US IRS manual gives the plan for collecting taxes after what?
1386..Where was the worlds first supermarket built (country)?
1387..Bubba is Yiddish for what?
1388..In the USA where would you see a crossbuck?
1389..Los Pedernales is a Spanish translation what TV show?
1390..Palas is the correct name for what playing card?
1391..According to Hite report masturbating women like to use what?
1392..Collective nouns - a spring of what?
1392..Cous-cous is Iranian for what?
1394..Brings your ancestors back to life - translated advert for what?
1395..A doromaniac had a compulsion to do what?
1396..Detroit, Skokie Illinois St Paul Minnesota what official instrument?
1397..Church law once mandated death for believing in what?
1398..The Phoenician symbol for mouth is now what letter of alphabet?
1399..What US city buys the most blond hair dye?
1400..Name two self cleaning organs?
1401..What cities Gothic cathedral started 1386 was completed 1805?
1402..Who wrote the series of Palisair novels?
1403..Alcoholics get the DTs what does it stand for?
1404..Flying fish is the national dish of which country?
1405..Dr Susan Lark recommend what cure for menstrual cramps?
1406..Bunc was the first name for what product?
1407..200 years ago all white people knew what were deadly poison?
1408..In East Anglia England what put in house walls to ward off evil?
1409..The Greek word meaning The writings of prostitutes now what?
1410..According to the ancient Chinese what cures headaches?
1411..In 1904 May Sutton Brandy was the first US woman to do what?
1412..All American umpires wear what?
1413..Texans consume 40% of farm grown what in the USA?
1414..Most of these animals are bisexual - what animal?
1415..People answered the first telephones by saying what?
1416..St Boniface is the Saint of what?
1417..Frass is the correct word for what?
1418..What is the fastest growing religion in Ireland?
1419..One person in Texas is killed annually doing what?
1420..Bob Dylan said you should never trust anyone what??
1421..Rocket USA is going to produce a wind up doll what figure 2002?
1422..What body of water separates Australia and Papua New Guinea?
1423..George Washington Thomas Jefferson Sam Adams all did what?
1424..In California more what are raised than in any other state?
1425..Hebrew comes from a Babylonian word meaning what?
1426..Ejaculation comes from the Latin meaning what?
1427..A cat is feline but what's leporine?
1428..In some religions mistletoe represents God's what?
1429..Patricia McCormick became USA first what January 20th 1957?
1430..1894 Orville Gibson started worlds oldest company make what?
1431..What country has the lowest teen pregnancy rate Western world?
1432..What shop outnumbers McDonald's 3 to 1 in the USA?
1433..Corie Ten Boom was the first licensed female what in Holland?
1434..The first what was installed in Antarctica in 1997?
1435..In 1897 who were the first baseball team introduce a ladies day?
1436..The President of Gabon banned the use of what word in country?
1437..Which domesticated pet animal is never mentioned in the Bible?
1438..50 years ago Texas giving advice on what was prison sentence?
1439..What activity burns up 140 calories per hour?
1440..There are over 32000 known species of what in the world?
1441..May 21st 1881 Clara Barton founded what?
1442..If a dog is canine what is cirvine?
1443..Pliny the philosopher believed dead souls went into what?
1444..An arenaceous plant grown in what type of soil?
1445..Who wrote the book The Complete Angler in 1653?
1446..Back Blanket and Button Hole types of what?
1447..There are over 1000 recognized slang words for what?
1448..What USA state drinks the most beer?
1449..Who or what was "strong to the finish"?
1450..Who's band was The Quarrymen?
1451.. Which was the most successful Grand National horse?
1452.. Who starred as the Six Million Dollar Man?
1453..In the song Waltzing Matilda - What is a Jumbuck?
1454..Who was Dan Dare's greatest enemy in the Eagle?
1455.. What is d**k Grayson better known as?
1456.. What was given on the fourth day of Christmas?
1457..What does a funambulist do?
1458.. What is the name of Dennis the Menace's dog?
1459.. What are bactrians and dromedaries?
1460.. Who played The Fugitive?
1461.. Who was the King of Swing?
1462.. Who was the first man to fly across the channel?
1463.. Who starred as Rocky Balboa?
1464..In which war was the charge of the Light Brigade?
1465..Who invented the television?
1466..Who would use a mashie niblick?
1467..In the song who killed c**k Robin?
1468.. What do deciduous trees do?
1469..In golf what name is given to the No 3 wood?
1470.. If you has caries who would you consult?
1471.. What other name is Mellor’s famously known by?
1472..What did Jack Horner pull from his pie?
1473.. How many feet in a fathom?
1474.. which film had song Springtime for Hitler?
1475.. Name the legless fighter pilot of ww2?
1476.. What was the name of inn in Treasure Island?
1477.. What was Erich Weiss better known as?
1478.. Who sailed in the Nina - Pinta and Santa Maria?
1479.. Which leader died in St Helena?
1480.. Who wrote Gone with the Wind?
1481.. What does ring a ring a roses refer to?
1482.. Whose nose grew when he told a lie?
1483.. Who has won the most Oscars?
1484.. What would a Scotsman do with a spurtle?
1485..Which award has the words for valor on it?
1486.. If you had pogonophobia what would you be afraid of?
1487.. Who would take silk as part of their job?
1488.. Who won an Oscar for the African Queen?
1489..Who sang the theme song in 9 to 5?
1490.. What in business terms is the IMF?
1491.. Ringo Star narrates which children's TV series?
1492.. Which country grows the most fruit?
1493.. Which company is owned by Bill Gates?
1494.. What would you do with a maris piper?
1495.. In Casablanca what is the name of the nightclub?
1496.. What was the first James Bond book?
1497.. What kind of animal is a lurcher?
1498.. What is the currency of Austria?
1499.. What is the Islamic equal to the red cross?
1500.. In fable who sold a cow for five beans?
Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:10 pm
1501.. How did Alfred Nobel make his money?
1502.. Who was the first man to run a sub four minute mile?
1503.. What are Munroes?
1504.. Which car company makes the Celica?
1505.. Air Lingus is the national airline of which country?
1506.. Who discovered radium?
1507..What does an alopecia sufferer lack?
1508.. Who painted The Haywain?
1509.. Triskadeccaphobia is the fear of what?
1510.. What is a baby rabbit called?
1511.. Which country had The Dauphin as a ruler?
1512.. Who did Michael Caine play in the Ipcress File (both names)?
1513.. Who won Euro song contest Save All Your Kisses For Me?
1514.. Which country had the guns of Naverone installed?
1515..What is a Winston Churchill?
1516.. Who or what lives in a formicarium?
1517.. What type of acid is used in car batteries?
1518.. It’s a flock of sheep what's a group of owls called?
1519.. What animal would you find in a form?
1520.. Who in books and films was the man of bronze?
1521.. Who was Stan Laurels partner?
1522.. What kind of food is Cullan Skink?
1523.. What is classified by the A B O system?
1524.. What plant does the Colorado beetle attack?
1525.. Where did the Pied Piper play?
1526.. To where in France do the sick make pilgrimages?
1527.. In which city was the famous black hole?
1528.. Christopher Cockerel invented what?
1529.. Ray Bolger played who in The Wizard of Oz?
1530.. Sabotage is French - What did the saboteurs use?
1531.. Which part of the human body contains the most gold?
1532..had rubella what would you have caught?
1533.. Mohs scale hardest substance is diamond - what's the softest?
1534.. La Giaconda is better known as what?
1535.. Who wrote the Opera Madam Butterfly?
1536.. What links - Goa - Kerula - Assam - Bihar?
1537.. Eric Arthur Blaire was the real name of which author?
1538.. Names - Baker Cook obvious what did Cordwainer do?
1539.. Which country do Sinologists study?
1540.. Rudy Stevens became famous under which name?
1541.. Which non alcoholic cordial is made from pomegranates?
1542..What is Orchesis - either professional or amateur?
1543.. Taken literally what should you see in a Hippodrome?
1544.. Who wrote the Man in the Iron Mask?
1545.. Which 1993 Disney film starred Bet Middler as a witch?
1546.. Who piloted the first flight across the English channel?
1547.. What was the first James Bond film?
1548.. What 1991 film won best film, actor, actress, director Oscars?
1549.. What was the capital of Ethiopia?
1550.. Aescapalious emblem staff snake Greek Roman god of what?
1551.. Giacomo Agostini - 122 Grand Prix 15 world titles what sport?
1552.. What is the largest state in the USA?
1553.. Led Deighton trilogy Game Set Match What 3 Capitals?
1554.. Alan Stuart Konigsberg famous as who?
1555.. Which human rights organisation founded 1961 got Nobel 1977?
1556.. Whose autobiography was The long walk to Freedom?
1557. What was discovered in 1922 by Howard Carter?
1558.. Clyde Tonbaugh discovered what planet in 1930?
1559.. Who won the women's heptathlon at Seoul in 1988?
1560.. Who wrote Northanger Abbey?
1561.. Who ran through the streets naked crying Eureka?
1562.. Who composed the Brandeberg concertos full names?
1563.. Who won the World Series in 1987?
1564.. What is the correct term of address to the Pope?
1565.. In which city was Alexander Graham Bell born in 1847?
1566.. Who composed the ballets Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker?
1567.. AG Bell opened school in Boston in 1872 for Teachers of what?
1568.. Benjamin Kubelsky 1894 fame as what comedian?
1569.. In the Old Testament what book comes between Obadiah - Micah?
1570.. Robin Williams dressed in drag for which 1993 film?
1571.. Which chess piece could be a member of the church?
1572.. Which German word means lightning war used in WW2?
1573.. Broccoli belongs to what family of plants?
1574.. Who designed the first Iron ship the Great Britain in 1845?
1575.. Whose boat Bluebird was recently raised from Coniston water?
1576.. in 1951 which (of two) car companies introduced power steering?
1577.. Who wrote Catch 22 (both names)?
1578.. Which country set up the world’s first chemistry lab in 1650?
1579.. What links the names Botvinik, Tal, Karpov, Fischer?
1580..What is the national flower of Japan?
1581.. Bombardier Billy Wells was seen on many Rank films - why?
1582.. Where in France do claret wines come from?
1583.. What did mathematician John Napier invent in 1614?
1584.. What was the world’s first high level programming language 1957?
1585.. Consumption was the former name of which disease?
1586.. Which American state is nicknamed The Diamond State?
1587.. What are the Sirocco, Mistral and Chinook?
1588.. Who wrote about Willie Wonka and the Chocolate Factory?
1589.. Who, at USA customs declared, nothing but my genius?
1590.. Issur Danielovitch became famous a who?
1591.. Who sailed in the Golden Hind?
1592.. What was the name of the plantation in Gone with the Wind?
1593.. Who won the 1988 Superbowl?
1594..Which group believes in The Great Architect of the Universe?
1595.. Robert Alan Zimmerman real name of who?
1596.. Processed Galena produces which metal?
1597.. Who wrote Gulliver’s Travels (both names)?
1598.. What is a Ha Ha?
1599.. In Japan what is Seppuku?
1600.. Who discovered blood circulation?
1601.. Who wrote Brave New World (full name)?
1602.. What links Calabria, Liguria, Puglia and Veneto?
1603.. Which city in Rajasthan has riding breeches named after it?
1604.. Portugal has had six Kings with what first name?
1605.. What martial arts name means gentle way?
1606.. Jean Claude Killy famous in which sport?
1607.. Kimberlite contains what precious item?
1608.. Who directed Dr Strangelove?
1609.. Rene Lalique - Art Nouveau designer worked what material?
1610.. Who created the children's land of Narnia and Lion Witch Wardrobe?
1611.. What animal lives in a drey?
1612.. Why is Louise Brown - born 1978 famous?
1613.. The title of whose book translates as my struggle?
1614.. Anna Mary Robinson - famous American painter - what name?
1615.. In which country would you find the Negev desert?
1616.. Which character has been played by the most actors?
1617.. In Greek mythology a Hamadryads spirit guarded what?
1618.. Jocasta was the wife of Laius and the mother of who?
1619.. Who wrote The Rights of Man - and The Age of Reason?
1620.. What is the capital of Sicily?
1621..What was invented by Dr Edward Land in 1947?
1622.. Syd Barett, Roger Waters, Richard Wright, Nick Mason - Group?
1623.. Carlo Collodi created which famous children's character?
1624.. What is mainly extracted from pitchblende?
1625.. Which connects Delft, Sevres, Wedgwood, Chelsea?
1626.. Which country introduced the worlds first diesel loco in 1912?
1627.. in 1656 Christian Huygens invented what type of timekeeper?
1628.. Duvali, Dushira and Holi are religious days in which religion?
1629.. In what industry did John Davidson Rockefeller get rich?
1630.. The Mau Mau were terrorists in which country late 50s early 60s?
1631..Who wrote the Opera Madam Butterfly?
1632..What links - Goa - Kerula - Assam - Bihar?
1633..Eric Arthur Blaire was the real name of which author?
1634..Names - Baker Cook obvious what did Cordwainer do?
1635..Which country do Sinologists study?
1636..Rudy Stevens became famous under which name?
1637..Which non alcoholic cordial is made from pomegranates?
1638..What is Orchesis - either professional or amateur?
1639..Taken literally what should you see in a Hippodrome?
1640..Who wrote the Man in the Iron Mask?
1641..Which 1993 Disney film starred Bet Middler as a witch?
1642..Who piloted the first flight across the English channel?
1643..What was the first James Bond film?
1644..What 1991 film won best film, actor, actress, director Oscars?
1645..What was the capital of Ethiopia?
1646Aescapalious emblem staff snake Greek Roman god of what?
1647..Giacomo Agostini - 122 Grand Prix 15 world titles what sport?
1648..What is the largest state in the USA?
1649Led Deighton trilogy Game Set Match What 3 Capitals?
1650..Alan Stuart Konigsberg famous as who?
1651..Which human rights organisation founded 1961 got Nobel 1977?
1652..Whose autobiography was The long walk to Freedom?
1653..What was discovered in 1922 by Howard Carter?
1654..Clyde Tonbaugh discovered what planet in 1930?
1655..Who won the women's heptathlon at Seoul in 1988?
1656..Who wrote Northanger Abbey?
1657..Who ran through the streets naked crying Eureka?
1658..Who composed the Brandeberg concertos full names?
1659..Who won the World Series in 1987?
1660..What is the correct term of address to the Pope?
1661..In which city was Alexander Graham Bell born in 1847?
1662..Who composed the ballets Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker?
1663..AG Bell opened school in Boston in 1872 for Teachers of what?
1664..Benjamin Kubelsky 1894 fame as what comedian?
1665..In the Old Testament what book comes between Obadiah - Micah?
1666..Robin Williams dressed in drag for which 1993 film?
1667..Which chess piece could be a member of the church?
1668..Which German word means lightning war used in WW2?
1669..Broccoli belongs to what family of plants?
1670..Who designed the first Iron ship the Great Britain in 1845?
1671..Whose boat Bluebird was recently raised from Coniston water?
1672..in 1951 which (of two) car companies introduced power steering?
1673..Who wrote Catch 22 (both names)?
1674..Which country set up the world’s first chemistry lab in 1650?
1675..What links the names Botvinik, Tal, Karpov, Fischer?
1676..What is the national flower of Japan?
1677..Bombardier Billy Wells was seen on many Rank films - why?
1678..Where in France do claret wines come from?
1679..What did mathematician John Napier invent in 1614?
1680..What was the world’s first high level programming language 1957?
1681..Consumption was the former name of which disease?
1682..Which American state is nicknamed The Diamond State?
1683..What are the Sirocco, Mistral and Chinook?
1684..Who wrote about Willie Wonka and the Chocolate Factory?
1685..Who, at USA customs declared, nothing but my genius?
1686..Who sailed in the Golden Hind?
1687..What was the name of the plantation in Gone with the Wind?
1688..Who won the 1988 Superbowl?
1689..Which group believes in The Great Architect of the Universe?
1690..Robert Alan Zimmerman real name of who?
1691..Processed Galena produces which metal?
1692..Who wrote Gulliver’s Travels (both names)?
1693..What is a Ha Ha?
1694..In Japan what is Seppuku?
1695..Who discovered blood circulation?
1696..The dunnock is another name for which common bird?
1697..If someone said they were from Hellas - which country?
1698..Who was the son of Zeus and Maia - Gods Messenger?
1699..Roy Scherer jr became famous as who?
1700..Who wrote Brave New World (full name)?
1701..What links Calabria, Liguria, Puglia and Veneto?
1702..Which city in Rajasthan has riding breeches named after it?
1703..Portugal has had six Kings with what first name?
1704..What martial arts name means gentle way?
1705..Jean Claude Killy famous in which sport?
1706..Kimberlite contains what precious item?
1707..Who directed Dr Strangelove - 2001 - The Shining (full name)?
1708..Rene Lalique - Art Nouveau designer worked what material?
1709..Who created the children's land of Narnia and Lion Witch Wardrobe?
1709..What animal lives in a drey?
1710..Why is Louise Brown - born 1978 famous?
1711..The title of whose book translates as my struggle?
1712..Anna Mary Robinson - famous American painter - what name?
1713..In which country would you find the Negev desert?
1714..Which character has been played by the most actors?
1715..In Greek mythology a Hamadryads spirit guarded what?
1716..Jocasta was the wife of Laius and the mother of who?
1717..Who wrote The Rights of Man - and The Age of Reason?
1718..What is the capital of Sicily?
1719..What was invented by Dr Edward Land in 1947?
1720..Syd Barett, Roger Waters, Richard Wright, Nick Mason - Group?
1721..Carlo Collodi created which famous children's character?
1722..What is mainly extracted from pitchblende?
1723..Which connects Delft, Sevres, Wedgwood, Chelsea?
1724..Which country introduced the worlds first diesel loco in 1912?
1725..in 1656 Christian Huygens invented what type of timekeeper?
1726..Duvali, Dushira and Holi are religious days in which religion?
1727..In what industry did John Davidson Rockefeller get rich?
1728..The Mau Mau were terrorists in which country late 50s early 60s?
1729..What movie cast included James Garner, Richard Attenbourough,
1730..Steve McQueen, Charles Bronson, Donald Pleasance, James?
1731..Coburn, Gordon Jackson, Angus McPhee among many others?
1732..If you suffer from epistaxis what is wrong?
1733..In which book would you find the manservant Pas Partout?
1734..What animals name translates as water horse?
1735..In Greek mythology who killed the Gorgon?
1736..Which two metals are alloyed to make pewter?
1737..In 1899 the Eastman company in the USA produced first what?
1738..What links - Sarte, Neitzsche, Russell and Decartes?
1739..In 1643 Evangalisa Torichelli invented the first what?
1740..Which Spanish painter has first exhibition at 16 - also 4 year blue?
1741..Where did the mutineers of the Bounty settle?
1742..What is the longest river in Italy?
1743..What does a polyandric women have more than one of?
1744..What links Brazil, Uruguay, Mozambique and Angola?
1745..What is the American equivalent of the Irish Poteen?
1746..Who was the last king of Troy killed by Achilles son Pyrrhus?
1747..In 1911 the archaeologist Hiram Bingham discovered what lost city?
1748..Who won the Superbowl in 1989?
1749..Who wrote the book Billy Budd also Moby d**k?
1750..Which highwayman rode the horse Black Bess?
1751..Barry Allen was the alter ego of which DC comic superhero?
1752..In 1901 which brand of car was seen for the first time?
1753..Brisbane is the state capital of which SE Australian state?
1754..In Norse mythology what is the name of the ultimate battle?
1755..In 1890 the first electric what opened in London?
1756..Who wrote the children's novel Swallows and Amazons?
1757..Oil seed rape belongs to which plant family?
1758..Which Norwegian politicians name became a word for traitor?
1759..What is the capitol of Morocco?
1760..What shape were the sailors plates in Nelsons navy?
1761..What religion links Weasak, Dhrammacacka, and Bhodi day?
1762..Linus Torwalds invented and wrote what?
1763..The bander macaque has which commoner name?
1764..Zambia and Zimbabwe used to be called what?
1765..What is the staple food of one third of the worlds population?
1766..Paul Robeson the singer of old man river had what profession?
1767..Rene Laennac invented which aid for doctors in 1810?
1768..Jagger, Richards, Wyman, Jones, Watts, Stewart - which band?
1769..What digit does not exist in Roman Numerals?
1770..Who was nicknames The desert Fox (both Names)?
1771..What aid to archaeologists from 197 bc was found in Egypt 1799?
1772..Which annual sporting event between 2 teams started in 1829?
1773..Who was the jeweller to the Russian Court famous Easter eggs?
1774..What type of food is Taramasalata?
1775..What links Samuel Delaney, Fredrick Pohl, Harlan Ellison?
1776..Randolph Crane became famous as which cowboy actor?
1777..Ageusia is the loss of which sense?
1778..Which Irish political parties name translates as we ourselves?
1779..Henry Ford used assembly line in 1908 but someone before 1901?
1780..Who performed the first heart transplant in South Africa?
1781..What is the common name for the star Sirius?
1782..What calculating aid was invented by William Oughtred in 1662?
1783..Which Athenian philosopher wrote nothing - immortalised by Plato?
1784..Who designed the WW 1 plane Camel and co designed Hurricane?
1785..Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull were born in which US state?
1786..In 1666 Jesuit Bark was used as a prevention against what?
1787..In 1971 which USA space probe was first to orbit another planet?
1788..What links Catalonia, Andalusia, Cantabria, Galicia?
1789..Ingemar Stenmark won record 85 world cup races in what sport?
1790..Who wrote the music for the ballets Firebird and Rites of Spring?
1791..What common legal item literally means under penalty?
1792..Who was the only person to win world titles on bikes and cars?
1793..What is the oldest swimming stroke?
1794..Which European country is divided into areas called Cantons?
1795..Which medical tool was developed by Sanctorius in 1612?
1796..What weapon was invented by Ernest Swinton used in 1916?
1797..Which mythological King chained grapes rose water fell?
1798..Who created Tarzan (all names) in 1914?
1799..Camellia Sinesis evergreen shrub better known as what?
1800..In 1901 who first transmitted radio signals across Atlantic?
1801..Who won six consecutive Wimbledon titles in the 1980s?
1802..What Italian building material translates as baked earth?
1803..What links Buddy Holly, Lyndon Johnston, Janice Joplin?
1804..Which eponymous character was Thane of Cawder Glaimes?
1805..Who wrote the 39 steps (both names)?
1806..Who won the Superbowl in 1987?
1807..What is the food tofu made from?
1808..Who was the son of Poseidon and Ampherite?
1809..Annie Mae Bullock became famous under which name (both)?
1810..What linked Armenia, Georgia, Latvia and Moldavia?
1811..What is the state capitol of New Jersey?
1812..Who won an Oscar for best supporting actor in Spartacus 1960?
1813..What was invented by James Dewer in 1872?
1814..Who was the Roman goddess of the hearth?
1815..Viticulture is the growing of what plants?
1816..In 1953 what was first successfully transmitted in the USA?
1817..Who wrote the Thin Man in 1934 (both names)?
1818..Angel falls Venezuela Highest but where second Highest?
1819..Whitcome Judson in 1891 invented what for fastening shoes?
1820..Who sold Louisiana to the USA in 1803?
1821..Gregory Pincus, John Rock, Gerhart Domangk developed what?
1822..The Gloucester E 28/39 first flew in 1941 - what was unusual?
1823..Women compete between USA and UK in Wightman Cup - Sport?
1824..Woolworth's - the 5 /10 cent store started in which us state 1979?
1825..Which actress starred in the original King Kong in 1933 (both)?
1826..Except Australia 1 New Zealand 1 USA all since 1870 want??
1827..What's missing from ale that’s included in beer?
1828..Until 1971 what was the name of Zaire?
1829..Karl Lienstater discovered which medical breakthrough in 1901?
1830..Who is the only American president elected unopposed?
1831..Which countries men use the most deodorant?
1832..Who played Billy the Kid in The Left Handed Gun?
1833..What was the first credit card?
1834..What links Humphry Davie, Michael Faraday, Madam Curie?
1835..Hippophagic society members support what?
1837..1836..What did Britain swap Havana for with Spain in 1763?
1838..What is the crime of embracery?
1839..Which country made the worlds first feature film in 1906?
1840..Who wrote Gentlemen Prefer Blonds?
1841..What was Norman Bates hobby in Psycho?
1842..What was Casanovas day job?
1843..Where is the worlds largest gold depository?
1844..Why did the state of Indiana ban Robin Hood in 1953?
1845..Angelo Scicilano better know as who?
1846..How did George II die?
1847..What did Marlon Brando and George C Scott refuse?
1848..Why was convict 2599 unusual in Pen State prison 1924?
1849..What is 6 inches bigger in Summer?
1850..What two ingredients make the dish angels on horseback?
1851..What was Charles Dickens last (unfinished) novel?
1852..Which sea on Earth has no beaches?
1853..Reuben Tice died trying to invent a machine to do what?
1854..De Witt Wallace founded what?
1855..Who is the Patron Saint of thieves?
1856..According to his business card what job did Al Capone do?
1857..Humans are 10,000 times more sexually active that what animal?
1858..Shirley Schrift became famous as which actress?
1859..In Kansas what can a waiter not do in a teacup (legally)?
1860..Which country has the smallest birth rate?
1861..Which 1956 film caused riots in cinemas?
1862..Who did the USA buy the Virgin islands from?
1863..Who played the scarecrow in the Wiz (all black wiz of oz)?
1864..What was or is a Waltzing Mathilda?
1865..Which country was the first to introduce old age pensions?
1866..Which hats became popular with children in 1956?
1867..Malden Serkiovitch famous as which actor?
1868..What is it illegal to pawn in New York?
1869..What hospital did Dr Kildare work at?
1870..Collective nouns - a smuck of what?
1871..Who was Cleopatra's first husband?
1872..Who was John Dawkins better known as?
1873..Which film star has his statue in Leicester Square?
1874..Virginia McMath became famous as which actress?
1875..What is the name of Captain Ahab's ship?
1876..Roosevelt won the 1932 election - who lost it?
1877..Who wrote The History of Mr Polly?
1878..What is the first day of Lent?
1879..Mr Chips said goodbye - from which fictional school?
1880..Who buried the treasure on Treasure Island?
1881..Which TV series was narrated by Walter Winchell?
1882..In which country was Auschwitz?
1883..What was the first British instrumental to top the USA charts?
1884..On which national flag is there an eagle and a snake?
1885..What group of animals would be in a clowder?
1886..What is a Sam Browne?
1887..What is the chemical symbol for tungsten?
1888..Who are the two most translated English writers?
1889..Citius Altius Fortius is the motto of what organisation?
1890..What is the main ingredient of sauce Lyonnaise?
1891..Who played Miss Marple in 6 films (both names)?
1892..From what language does the word alphabet come?
1893..In the nursery rhyme what is Fridays child?
1894..What was the first film made in cinemascope?
1895..Where was the battle of Hastings fought?
1896..A pearmain is what type of fruit?
1897..What colour is the bull on an archery target?
1898..What was the Rolling Stones first no 1 hit?
1899..Name both rival gangs in West Side Story?
1900..In golf what do the Americans call an albatross?
1901..Which classical composer wrote the Hungarian Rhapsody?
1902..When is St Swithens day?
1903..What are ceps morels and chantrelles?
1904..Which part of his body did Charlie Chaplin insure?
1905..In golf what would you put in your shag bag?
1906..A bind is a group of what type of fish?
1907..Which author created Fu Manchu?
1908..Mrs Darell Waters (translated 128 languages) pen name?
1909..Who played the pawnbroker in the film of that name?
1910..What was the first manufactured item to be sold on Hire Purchase?
1911..Which letters denote Jesus Nazareth King of the Jews?
1912..In France if you were served le miel what would you eat?
1913..The Greek for circle of animals gives it name to what?
1914..Who was the Roman god of agriculture?
1915..What is ikebana?
1916..What nationality was Morse inventor of the famous code?
1917..Goa used to be a colony of which nation?
1918..What does a galactophagist drink?
1919..What did God create on the fifth day (both)?
1920..Where was Bob Dylan born?
1921..In the 18th century what would a pencil be?
1922..Agrippa poisoned her husband/uncle who was he?
1923..Who was the mother of Castor and Pollux?
1924..What are the snaffle Pelham and Weymouth?
1925..Walter Koenig played which part in the Star Trek series?
1926..Who had a hit with Devil Woman?
1927..What were the first false teeth made from?
1928..The jealous Athena turned who into a spider?
1929..What was the first Carry On film?
1930..Who was the female lead in The Shootist?
1931..What is a dzo?
1932..Which leader lives in the Potola?
1933..What wood was the cross supposed to be made of?
1934..Joseph Levitch became famous as who?
1935..If you planted a bandarilla what are you doing?
1936..What was the first Pink Floyd album?
1937..in which city was the first public opera house opened?
1938..In what Elvis film did he play a double role?
1939..The Aphrodite of Melos has a more famous name - what?
1940..Which country invented the concentration camp?
1941..John Huston scored a hit with his first film - what??
1942..Stan laurel, Mickey Rooney, Lana Turner what in common?
1943..What real person has been played most often in films?
1944..Scotopic people can do what?
1945..What is the most critical thing keeping bananas fresh transport?
1946..What is the name of the Paris stock exchange?
1947..Whose music featured in The Clockwork Orange?
1948..What was the Troggs most famous hit?
1949..In Japan what colour car is reserved for the royal family only?
1950..What city has Kogoshima as its airport?
1951..What was gangsters George Nelsons nickname?
1952..Whose first wife was actress Jayne Wyman?
1953..In MASH what is Radars favourite drink?
1954..What do you give on the third wedding anniversary?
1955..What is a baby whale called?
1956..In which film did the Rolls Royce have the number plate AU1?
1957..Vladamere Ashkenazy plays what musical instrument?
1958..With which organ does a snake hear?
1959..On what is the Mona Lisa painted?
1960..What is the second most common international crime?
1961..Count de Grisly was the first to perform what trick in 1799?
1962..Who wrote Les Miserable?
1963..Which bird turns it head upside down to eat?
1964..The colossus of Rhodes was a statue of who?
1965..Who rode a horse called Bucephalus?
1966..To which London club did Mycroft Holmes belong?
1967..What did William Addis invent in prison?
1968..What is the only duty of police Gracthenvissers in Amsterdam?
1969..Kleenex tissues were originally intended as what in 1915?
1970..Who invented popcorn?
1971..What is the colour of mourning in Turkey?
1972..For what is spirits of salt another name?
1973..Which game is played on an oval with 18 player per team?
1974..In the Winnie the Pooh stories what is Kanga’s baby called?
1975..Which actor is common to Magnificent 7 and Dirty Dozen?
1976..Who saved Andromeda from the sea monster?
1977..What flower is the symbol of secrecy?
1978..What item were originally called Hanways?
1979..What is Brussels best known statue?
1980..in which language does God Jul mean happy Xmas?
1981..Which flying pioneer was nicknamed the lone eagle?
1982..Horse statue - mounted man - on two legs - how man die?
1983..Which American state produces the most potatoes?
1984..Who wrote Dr Zhivago?
Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:16 pm
2001..What is the only creature that can turn its stomach inside out?
2002..What is Milan's opera house called?
2003..What is the oldest most widely used drug on earth?
2004..What type of animal is a Samoyed?
2005..In which country did draughts (checkers) originate?
2006..Shane Fenton became famous as who?
2007..What is the worlds most popular green vegetable?
2008..What does a racoon do before eating its food?
2009..What other name is used for the snow leopard?
2010..Which drink did Bach enjoy so much he wrote a cantata for it?
2011..Who invented the first safety razor in 1895?
2012..What nationality is Thor Heyerdahl?
2013..What 3 ingredients make a sidecar cocktail?
2014..A spunder or drift is the name for a group of what animals?
2015..What is Erse?
2017..What did table tennis balls used to be made from?
2018..If you had variola what disease have you got?
2019..Which playing card is called the Curse of Scotland?
2020..Which painter did Hans van Meegeren most fake?
2021..Which country had the first women MPs 19 in 1907?
2022..In 1969 what category was added to the Nobel prizes?
2023..In which city was Bob Hope born?
2024..In the human body where is your occiput?
2025..Who wrote the Star Spangled Banner?
2026..Which food did Victorians deride as little bags of mystery?
2027..Which actor was dubbed the muscles from Brussels?
2028..Which film star was the first to appear on a postage stamp?
2029..What would you expect to find in a binnacle?
2030..Which Hollywood star has made the cover of Life most times?
2031..Which Mediterranean countries orchestra is bigger than its army?
2032..What links stags tails, pickled worms, gallstones, tomatoes?
2033..Baked beans were originally served in what sauce?
2034..Where can you buy a copy of Penguin News?
2035..Who was the hero of the old TV cop series Dragnet?
2036..Which African country was founded by Americans?
2037..What was Britain called - before it was Britain?
2038..What part of a frog do you rub to hypnotise it?
2039..How did multi millionaire Russell Sage save money?
2040..How was USA president James Buchanan different from all rest?
2041..What's involved in 20% of car accidents in Sweden?
2042..What's unusual about evangelist Amy Semple McPhersons coffin?
2043..Who would use a swozzle?
2044..What does a tailor do with his plonker?
2045..Churches in Malta have two what?
2046..Marnie Nixon what Deborah Kerr Natilie Wood Audrey Hepburn?
2047..Which Italian tractor maker tried making cars in 1960s?
2048..What first appeared on Page 1 of the Times 3 May 1966?
2049..Caruso put what in Nellie Melbas hand singing tiny hand frozen?
2050..What would you do with an Edzell blue?
2051..In what month did the Russian October revolution take place?
2052..Nobody's perfect is the last line in which classic comedy film?
2053..How did Buffalo Bill stick to one glass whisky a day?
2054..In 1760 what means of personal transport was invented?
2055..What three counties were Eliza Dolittle taught to pronounce?
2056..In Hitchcock's film The Trouble with Harry - what was the trouble?
2057..What was the first gramophone record made from?
2058..What did George Washington soak his wooden teeth in for taste?
2059..George V1 Mozart Al Jolson Casanova - which organization?
2060..Who said "Its so long since sex I forget who gets tied up"?
2061..St Appolonia Patron Saint of what?
2062..What is measured on the Gay-Lussac scale?
2063..A squid found in New Zealand had the biggest what ever seen?
2064..What was the first country to guarantee freedom of worship?
2065..Which famous person invented the cat flap?
2066..By law what can you not do in Minnesota with your washing line?
2067..Why do Tibetans grow long nails on little fingers?
2068..Richard Penniman became famous as who?
2069..What is a snood?
2070..Who said "men are creatures with two legs and 8 hands"?
2071..Which European country eats the most breakfast cereal?
2072..Philosopher Jeremy Bentham has a very unusual pet - what?
2073..What country did Italy invade in 1935?
2074..Who sang the title song in the film Grease?
2075..What is produced in a ginnery?
2076..What was made illegal in England in 1439?
2077..What was invented by Dr Albert Southwick in 1881?
2078..In which country are you most likely to die from a scorpion sting?
2079..Who is the most filmed author?
2080..Excluding religious works what is the worlds top selling book?
2081..Who sold the most albums on a single day?
2082..What was the last item shown on British TV before WW2?
2083..What countries people had the longest life expectation?
2084..Who said "I like Beethoven especially the poems"?
2085..What does the entire economy of the island of Nauru depend on?
2086..John Glen first USA to orbit earth was in which service?
2087..Oedipus was named after what - literal translation?
2088..What fish can hold objects in its tail?
2089..Who is the most filmed comic strip character?
2090..Whose version of A View to a Kill reached 1 in USA 2 in UK?
2091..Which country grows the most potatoes?
2092..What does a drosomoter measure?
2093..Which English Kings armour has the biggest codpiece?
2094..Which country was the first to abolish capitol punishment 1826?
2095..In law what is a co-parcener?
2096..Which pop group had a hit with Silence is Golden?
2097..Greek mathematician cylinder enclosed sphere carved on grave?
2098..What does a psephologist study?
2099..Where would you find line of Mars - Girdle of Venus?
2100..British call this bird species tits - what do Americans call them?
2101..Which country owns the Hen and Chicken islands?
2102..Who created the TV series - The man from UNCLE?
2103..Which film director described actors as cattle?
2104..Shirley Bassey sang three Bond themes - which 3 films?
2105..Barring rain - in which athletics event would you get wet?
2106..What colour is the flesh of the Charentais melon?
2107..Who appeared on the first US postage stamps (both names)?
2108..Who was the first person elected to US swimming hall fame?
2109..The guillotine was invented for chopping off what?
2110..Which country invented the bedsprings?
2111..Whets the difference between fog and mist?
2112..What did Spanish scientists fit to cows to increase milk yield?
2113..What people founded cheese making in England?
2114..What is the first name of Mr Toad - in Toad of Toad Hall?
2115..Atephobia is a fear of what?
2116..What are Grapnel, Bruce, Danforth, Plough types of??
2117..Why did Handel compose The Messiah?
2118..Red flags flown by French ships - Joli Rouge origin of what name?
2119..in which country could you spend a Kwanza?
2120..John Henry Deutchendorf famous as who (both names)?
2121..Mitre Dovetail Jig and Hack are types of what?
2122..Tracey and Hepburn first film in 1942 was what?
2123..Antimacassars were fitted to chairs - what is macasser?
2124..Jack Ketch 1663 1686 had what job?
2125..Nekal was the first type of what product (Germany 1917)?
2126..Who was the first Grand Prix driver to used a safety belt in 1967?
2127..The SF award the Hugo is named after Hugo who??
2128..Maurice Micklewhite became famous as who?
2129..What do Ombrophobes fear?
2130..If you had a Brassica Rapa what vegetable would you have?
2131..Boob Day in Spain is what day in Britain (practical jokes played)?
2132..What crime did Theresa Vaughn commit 62 times in 5 years?
2133..Who sailed in a ship called Queen Ann's Revenge?
2134..Saponification is the process that makes what common product?
2135..Blue red green yellow four Olympic rings colour what's missing?
2136..Detective Philip Marlow smokes what brand?
2137..Who landed on Timor Island after being cast adrift?
2138..What is the more common name of the Chaparral c**k?
2139..In what language did St Paul write his epistles?
2140..Ian Fleming's house was called Goldeneye - which country?
2141..Alfred Schneider became famous as who?
2142..A C-Curity was the original name of what common object?
2143..Fidelity Bravery Integrity is which organisations motto?
2144..Who was the first black entertainer to win an Emmy award?
2145..Anthony Daniels played who in a series of films?
2146..Of what material was the hairspring made in early watches?
2147..In 1860 Napoleon III banquet - serving dishes dearer gold - what?
2148..Which author created d**k Tracy?
2149..What is the worlds most widely used vegetable?
2150..What are lentigines?
2151..What type of animal is a vmi-vmi?
2152..What did Mege-Mouries invent in 1870 winning a Napoleon prize?
2153..What was Walt Disney's middle name?
2154..Who would you expect to find in Castle Gondolofo?
2155..What two items make up the dish devils on horseback?
2156..What does ludo mean (literally)?
2157..The Detours changed to The High Numbers then what name?
2158..What animal was believed to be a cross camel - leopard?
2159..An elephant has 400000 what in its trunk?
2160..What color is cerulean?
2161..Who composed the Air for the G string (init and name)?
2162..What were Twinkletoes - Lucky Jim (stuffed cats) first to do?
2163..What are kreplach?
2164..The pica pica is what common bird?
2165..What male human feature was taxed in Elizabethan times?
2166..Which record company rejected the Beatles as being past it?
2167..From which country does spinach originate?
2168..British policemen have truncheons what is USA equivalent?
2169..In DC comics Linda Lee Danvers is whose alter ego?
2170..In what country does the cow tree grow - sap looks tastes milk?
2171..The penny black - worlds first stamp - what was second?
2172..Which country produces Tokay?
2173..Where could you legally flash your dong - then spend it?
2174..The Bald Eagle is Americas bird - What is Britain's?
2175..Australian Clement Wragge instituted what?
2176..What does Zip stand for in the American Zip Code?
2177..What wood is plywood mostly made from?
2178..What is a Hummum?
2179..In which sport are left handed people banned from playing?
2180..What food was invented in a sanatorium in 1890?
2181..What is a Bellwether?
2182..What was Procul Harem's greatest hit?
2183..Percy Shaw invented what in 1934?
2184..What animal produces its own sun tan lotion?
2185..What was a Nuremberg egg?
2186..What was the name of Isaac Newton's dog - caused fire in lab?
2187..Who was eaten by dogs in the Old Testament?
2188..In literature who is the alter ego of Percy Blakney?
2189..Juglans Regia is the real name of what type of nut tree?
2190..What album cover (by the Rolling Stones) had a zip on the side?
2191..What lives in a holt?
2192..Who is the Patron Saint of dancers and actors?
2193..What is the worlds tallest grass?
2194..Who owned the newspaper in Lou Grant - Nancy Marchand?
2195..Who reputedly first said - if in doubt tell the truth?
2196..John Richie became famous under what name?
2197..In Greek mythology who rowed the dead across the river Styx?
2198..Alfred White was a famous author under which name?
2199..Which acid was first prepared from distilled red ants?
2200..Who invented doctor Who?
2201..What took place on London's serpentine first time 16 June 1930?
2202..Which European city was the bride of the sea?
2203..Who (not Peter Sellers) played Inspector Clouseau in 1968?
2204..Where could you find the Lutine Bell?
2205..Yabusame is the Japanese version of what sport?
2206..Which Dickens novel is considered an autobiography?
2207..Dendrologists worship what?
2208..What is the national sport of Finland?
2209..Who was Agrippa's son?
2210..Peter Goldmak invented what in 1948?
2211..Milton lost which sense?
2212..What are camel haired brushes made of?
2213..How did the Greek dramatist Aeschalys die?
2214..Playing card - Raymond Shaw trance - Manchurian Candidate?
2215..Eiffel designed the Eiffel tower - what was his first name?
2216..The Salk vaccine is used against what disease?
2217..If you are born between June 23rd and July 23rd what star sign?
2218..An alloy of Iron - Chromium and Nickel makes what?
2219..Who said "Public service is my motto"?
2220..Drakes Golden Hind was originally called what?
2221..In what film did Elvis play a Red Indian?
2222..What did the Victorians call servant regulators?
2223..Which country first used the fountain pen?
2224..What is the more popular name for the Londonderry Air?
2225..Freyr was the Norse god of what?
2226..TAP is the national airline of which country?
2227..In which country is the port of Frey Bentos?
2228..The Koh-i-Nor is a famous diamond - what does the name mean?
2229..A nilometer measures the rise and fall of what?
2230..What was Britain's first colony (annexed in 1583)?
2231..Joseph Lister - first operation antiseptic - 1867 on who?
2232..What was Black Beauties original name?
2233..Who was the original Peeping Tom looking at?
2234..What element is present in all organic compounds?
2235..What was Professor Moriarties first name?
2236..Who was known as the Little Brown Saint?
2237..Who rode a horse called Morengo?
2238..A skulk is a group of which animals?
2239..Who defended World heavyweight title twice on same night in 1906?
2240..What part of an aircraft is the empennage?
2241..We know who wrote Little Women but who wrote Little Men?
2242..Who was the Goddess of the rainbow?
2243..In European city can you be jailed for not killing furry caterpillars?
2244..Who was Olive Oyls boyfriend - before Popeye?
2245..Sienna law forbids women of what name from prostitution?
2246..What do the letters MG stand for on cars?
2247..Who was the first actor to appear on cover of Time magazine?
2248..Polyphemus was the leader of which group of mythical giants?
2249..What does a pluviomoter measure?
2250..Which game was illegal in Elizabethan England?
2251..What nationality was Oddjob?
2253..What language has the most words?
2254..Which film star used to be a circus acrobat?
2255..The comma bacillus causes what disease?
2256..Which country invented Venetian Blinds?
2257..What is a quadriga?
2259..Pupik means belly button in what language?
2260..What is the main ingredient in Borsch?
2261..What was the name of Dr Dolittle’s Parrot?
2262..What was the name of William Tells son (the apple head boy)?
2263..Laika was the first ever dog to do what?
2264..Where could you spend a Markka?
2265..What links a bick, throat, half swage, punching hole?
2266..The Fagus is the Latin name of what type of tree?
2267..If you have Chlorosis what colour does the skin go?
2268..The French say Bis - what word do the English use?
2269..Of what are Karakul, Texel, Romney Marsh types?
2270..What is biltong?
2271..What type of fish is Scomber Scombrus?
2272..What are brick, fontina, port salut, quargel types of?
2273..In which country did the turnip originate?
2274..Tchaikovsky died of which disease?
2275..Sam Barraclough owned which film star?
2276..Which animals can live longest without water?
2277..Captain Hanson Gregory Crockett created what void in 1847?
2278..Kaka means parrot in which language?
2279..Who wrote A Town Like Alice?
2280..Which fruit contains the most protein?
2281..Ignatius Loyola founded which organisation?
2282..Which 16th century Italian wrote The Prince?
2283..A meander bend in a river, named from river meander - where?
2284..Who tells the story in The Arabian Nights?
2285..Alfred Jingle appears in which Dickens novel?
2286..Vaselina and Brillantino were alternate names which film?
2287..Chaplin ate a boot in the Gold Rush - what was it made of?
2288..Phoebe Anne Mozee better known as who?
2289..What is the tenth letter of the Greek alphabet?
2290..If you were misocapnic what do you hate?
2291..In sailing ship days who often acted as the ships doctor?
2292..An isoneph on a map joins places of equal what?
2293..Bumper Harris - wooden leg - what Job on London Underground?
2294..Who is Ivanhoe's wife?
2295..The Lent Lilly has a more common name - what?
2296..What would you be if you were a coryphée?
2297..Whose last words were - "Clito I owe a c**k to Asclepius"?
2298..What does the German word Panzer literally mean?
2299..What is Frances longest river?
2300..In which month is the Munich beer festival held?
2301..What was the name of Norse God Thor's hammer?
2302..Who ordered John the Baptists execution?
2303..What was Walt Disney's first cartoon character?
2304..What medication discovered in 1928 but introduced 1940?
2305..Who wrote Beau Geste?
2306..Prophesied the Chalus the Greek - Die on day - did of what?
2307..Who is Aladdin's father?
2308..What American state is the Badger state?
2309..Why was Fred Lorz disqualified 1904 Olympic marathon?
2310..In China what color does the bride traditionally wear?
2311..A muster is a group of which birds?
2312..Bohea is a type of what?
2313..In which country were antibiotics first used?
2314..Which country grew the first Orange?
2315..Gossima was the original name of what game?
2316..Wild marjoram is also known as what?
2317..What was the name of Roses monkey in Friends?
2318..Horse brasses - on dreyhorses - originally what purpose?
2319..Alfred Hitchcock admitted to being terrified of what?
2320..What was the name of Sancho Panza's donkey?
2321..What is Steganography?
2322..An Albert chain is usually attached to what?
2323..An unkindness is a group of what birds?
2324..A fellmonger deals in what items?
2325..What colour habit do Franciscan monks wear?
2326..Nenen-Kona is sold in Russia - what do we call it?
2327..Hugh Lofting created which famous character?
2328..What was the name of Russian bear mascot 1980 Olympics?
2329..What ingredient must French ice cream contain by law?
2330..A kindle is the name for a group of what young animals?
2331..What is the commonest symbol on flags of the world?
2332..Which country is alphabetically last?
2333..Smiths Bon-Bons changed their name to what after 1840?
2334..Minerva is the Goddess of what?
2335..What type of animal is a jennet?
2336..If you were crapulous what would you be?
2337..Where would you Wedel?
2338..What is the correct name for a baby otter?
2339..What colour is the gemstone peridot?
2340..Sanskrit is an old language - what does the word mean?
2341..In which country do they play houlani - type of hockey?
2342..What does the name Tabitha mean?
2343..With what is spangy played?
2344..Where did Spam get its name?
2345..The Pogues took their name from Pogue Mahone - what mean?
2346..What comes after the year of the snake - Chinese calendar?
2347..Mosi-oa-Tunya - Smoke that Thunders - what natural feature?
2348..One person every 6 seconds dies from what?
2349..Approximately 40 million of what are consumed each year?
2350..What is the worlds largest rodent?
2351..Which winter game is known as the roaring game?
2352..The first known what happened in Wisconsin 1878?
2353..Which 2 countries will host the 2002 Soccer World Cup finals?
2354..In 1935 Charlton C McGee invented what in the USA?
2355..Which French philosopher created analytical geometry?
2356.The length of what is approximately 1/10th circumference of earth?
2357..What was the world's first computer bug in 1946?
2358..What does a polythesistic person believe in?
2359..Who founded the Greek theatre?
2360..Maria Magdelana Von Losch Beyyer know as who?
2361..If you suffered from tantartism what would you be doing?
2362..Which literary prize started in 1968?
2363..What links Fitzroy, Essenden, Collingswood and Carlton?
2364..What countries people spend most private money on recreation?
2365..What links The Reivers, Grapes of Wrath, Humboldt’s Gift?
2366..USA has most airports which country has second most?
2367..In 1829 Walter Hunt invented what common item?
2368..Fredrick Sanger discovered which medical life saver?
2369..Who invented punched cards used in early computing 1880s?
2370..Why did Roselin Franklin (pre discovered dna helix) no Nobel?
2371..What is a Dwarf Goby?
2372..What types can be saddle, plane or pivotal?
2373..1500 paces was what Roman measurement?
2374..Denis Gabor of Hungary 1971 Nobel prize for what invention?
2375..Who gave the UN the land in NY to build their HQ?
2376..In 1779 Abraham Darby built the worlds first what?
2377..What is the worlds oldest monotheistic religion?
2378..An aubade or alborda is a song - but what type?
2379..What sport links Castle Cup, Red Stripe Cup, Ranji Trophy?
2380..What countries leader does not have an official residence?
2381..Which writer coined the word Cyberspace in 1984?
2382.Demeter was the Greek god of what (Ceres Roman)?
2383..What film won the 1943 Oscar as best film?
2384..What do ungulate animals alone have?
2385..Dr Ludwig L Zamenhof invented what 1887 Poland?
2386..Who wrote The Picture of Dorian Grey in 1891?
2387..Who composed The Planets suit (both names)?
2388..What links Doric, Ionic, Tuscan, Corinthian and Composite?
2389..What is phonetic alphabet word for U?
2390..Why were women barred from original Olympic Games?
2391..In which USA state is Churchill Downs racetrack?
2392..In 1867 Lucian B Smith invented what restraint?
2393..In 1961 which Henry Mancini record won Grammy record of year?
2394..What links Willie Brant, Lech Walesa, Yasser Arafat?
2395..Which countries government spends most in social security %?
2396..Archaeopteryx was the first what?
2397..In 1810 in England Peter Durand invented what?
2398..Who was offered the presidency of Israel in 1952 (turned down)?
2399..What is the oldest known infectious disease?
2400..A JPEG is a picture file format - what does JPEG stand for?
2401..What is the worlds largest sea (in area)?
2402..Which islands wildlife is 90% unique?
2403..What are truffles - highly prized as food?
2404..Which Game is Played 15 a side and scores 3 or 1 points?
2405..What was invented in 1855 45 years later than it was needed?
2406..What links Sissinnius, Zosimus, Liberius, Sergius V1,Victor II?
2407..What is the world largest seed?
2408..Bristlemouths are the worlds most common what?
2409..What swims at 1/8 inch an hour?
2410..Trypanophobia is fear of what?
2411..Chogori is better know by what boring name?
2412..Colonel Jacob Schick invented what in 1928 in USA?
2413..What links Duke Wellington, Earl Derby, Marquis Salisbury?
2414..In 1996 which Celine Dion album Grammy album of year?
2415..What weight is the lightest in Amateur Boxing?
2416..Which country has the worlds biggest (on land) National Park?
2417..What language speakers were shot Russia and Germany 1930s?
2418..Ronald Ross campaigned for the destruction of what?
2419..Who won two Nobel prizes in different fields?
2420..Name 3rd cent BC Greek mathematician wrote The Elements?
2421..Evidence of what alternative treatment found in 5300 mummy?
2422..North Fork Roe River - worlds shortest - which US state?
2423..In 1879 James Ritty invented what?
2424..Who wrote the novel Tom Jones in 1749?
2425..What links Millionaires, Metropolitans, Black Hawks, Silver seven?
2426..What country - largest earthquake of 20th cent 8.6 Richter 1906?
2427..The okapi belongs to what family of animals?
2428..Dimitri Mendeleyev is credited with the discover of what?
2429..What feature of a triangle makes it scalene?
2430..Taphophobia is fear of what?
2431..In the Chinese New Year what year follows Rat?
2432..Genuphobia is the fear of what?
2433..Percy LeBaron Spencer invented what in 1945 in USA?
2434...St Peter was the first Pope - Who was second?
2435..What 1945 film won best picture, actor, director Oscars?
2436..What is the literal translation of pot-pouri?
2437..Who did James Bond marry - character - (both names)?
2438..What is studied in the science of somatology?
2439..What was Hugh Hefner's jet plane called?
2440..What profession did Handel originally study?
2441..What European nation was the first to drink tea?
2442..Beaufort - the wind scale man - had what job?
2443.What bird is the symbol of Penguin books (children's section)?
2444..Diane Leather was the first woman to do what?
2445..What is Admiral Sir Miles Messervy usually known as?
2446..Which part of the body is most sensitive to radiation?
2447..What film made 58 times - cartoon, porrno, operatic, ballet?
2448..Mr Chips said goodbye from Brookfield school - What subject?
2449..In which American city can you get doctorate in hambugerology?
2450..Which author created The Saint (both names)?
2451..What was Edison’s first practical invention?
2452..Frigophobia fear of what?
2453..Which company invented the transistor radio in 1952?
2454..Who is the only solo performer to win Euro song twice?
2455..Franz Liszt was the farther in law of what composer?
2456..In what town was Leonardo Da Vinci born?
2457..Who directed the Halloween series of films?
2458..What metal impurity makes rubies red and emeralds green?
2459..Helen Mitchell became famous as what soprano?
2460..Robert Whithead invented what weapon in 1866?
2461..Zymase and Glucose combine to form what drug?
2462..Translated literally what does television mean?
2463..Not as soups what have gazpacho - vichyssoise in common?
2464..Who was the Greek goddess of retribution?
2468..47 people worked on a committee to produce what work?
2469..What book was made into the first feature length British cartoon?
2470..Who first said "Publish and be Damned"?
2471..Edwin Drake sank the first of them in 1859 - what were they?
2472..Calico cloth was invented in which country?
2473..What is dittology?
2474..Who played Pink in the movie The Wall?
2475..Rhabdophobia fear of what?
2476..Dr C W Long was the first to use what (anaesthetic) in 1842?
2477..Jamie Farr played what role in MASH?
2478..Whets the correct name for golf club called Texas Wedge?
2479..Whose nickname was slowhand (both names)?
2480..Which country invented the mariners compass?
2481..What countries international car registration letters are DZ?
2482..The name Malissa means what?
2483..What was Acadia?
2484..Dragoon, Antwerp, Poulter, Tumbler, Horseman types of what?
2485..What was the first frozen food available in Britain in 1937?
2486..If you suffer from cynanthropy what do you think you are?
2487..What is the phonetic alphabet word for letter P?
2488..What is a runcible spoon?
2489..The artist Abbott Thayer's developed what for military use?
2490..What did Francis Bacon call The Purest of Pleasures?
2491..What is the largest single known gold object in the world?
2492..Madame Pauline de Vere first female circus performer - do what?
2493..How was Alexander the Greats body preserved?
2494..Californian law no shooting any animal - moving car except what?
2495..Peter Falk plays Lt Colombo but who was first offered role?
2496..What type of birds (Hugin + Munin) sit on the shoulders of Odin?
2497..Where are you most likely to have a serious accident?
2498..Melvin R Bissell invented what in 1876 in the USA?
2499..Peniaphobia fear of what?
2500..About which game has most books been written?
Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:18 pm
2501..Albert De Salvo was better known as who?
2502..What was the last European nation to accept the potato?
2503..Students at Cambridge - no dogs - what Lord Byron keep?
2504..King Mongut had aprox 9000 wife's/concubines what country?
2505..Only approx one third worlds population uses what regularly?
2506..William Tayton was the first man to do what?
2507..Clemintina Campbell famous as who?
2508..What should you give after 15 years of marriage?
2509..What is a Charollais?
2510..What place is called Rapa-nui by its native inhabitants?
2511..Where was/is the original Penthouse?
2512..What pop group took their name from a Herman Hess novel?
2513..How often does a Hebdomadal Council meet?
2514..What was unusual about Tyrell's car in the 1976 Spanish G Prix?
2515..In what country is the Eucumbene Dam?
2516..Males outnumber females by 5 to 1 in what addiction?
2517..For what would an Edgar be awarded or won?
2518..What are salopettes?
2519..Which society cared - plague victims when physicians left 1665?
2520..Domenikos Theotocopoulos born Crete - died Spain - who?
2521..What nation on average takes most time to eat meals?
2522..Dr F Lanchester invented what motor safety aid in 1902?
2523..Halophobia fear of what?
2524..Arthur Jefferson better known as who?
2525..Why is the city La Paz in Bolivia safe from fire?
2526..What is the national drink of Yugoslavia?
2527..Agnes the girls name means what?
2528..What were the wicks in the Vestal Virgins lamps made from?
2529..Who is the Patron Saint of France?
2530..What are you supposed to give/get for 40 years of marriage?
2531..What is the Roman Numeral for 1000?
2532..What fashion did General Ambrose Burnside start in Civil War?
2533..In what village do Tom Sawer and Huckleberry Finn live?
2534..What Opera's story is about a female cigar factory worker?
2535..E is the international car registration plate for which country?
2536..USA has most roads what country has second most?
2537..In the Chinese calendar what year follows Monkey?
2538..What river flows through 8 countries and four capitols?
2539..What does the word Desert (from Latin desertus) translate as?
2540..In 1848 The London Daily News carried the worlds fist what?
2541..What is a Kakapoo?
2542..Part of the human body can expand 20 times its normal size?
2543..In the 1920s Dr Ida Rolf developed Rolfing as what alt therapy?
2544..Which dinosaurs name translated as speedy predator?
2545..Price one kilo went from $63 to $260 in 1976 when sale illegal?
2546..The island of Yap has the worlds largest what?
2547..Which tennis player was sued by his fan club?
2548..What animal - faster horse - longer no h20 camel - see behind?
2549..What is a chemically castrated c**k called?
2550..Nessus killed Hercules - What was Nessus?
2551..Eva Shain was the first woman to do what?
2552..Ben Franklin invented it - Britain tried it in 1916 - What?
2553..In which country is Mount Aspiring National Park?
2554..Alfred Wallace coined which phrase - Wrongly given to Darwin?
2555..Who won the first Nobel prize for Physics in 1901 - gave away?
2556..What countries days include Fire day, Water day and wood day?
2557..What city has the longest metro system?
2258..Yoga (the meditation) is a Sanskrit word meaning what?
2559..What was invented 1903 - patented 1906 G C Beilder?
2560..Which SF author invented the idea of the com Satellite?
2561..What country consumes the most coal each year?
2562..What was ********* the goddess of?
2563..What are a Galliard, Sarabande, Morisca and Courente?
2564..Who composed the overture Hebrides (Fingals cave) two names?
2565..Tanjong Panger Container Terminal where worlds largest con port?
2566..What would an anemometer measure?
2567..In Britain pool and snooker players call it side - what USA name?
2568..What form modern sculpture invented Calder named Dechamp?
2569..What book featured Topsy who growed?
2570..Where - accident 1953 - motor sport killed 83 spectators?
2571..James Outram invented what?
2572..If you were eating calemare - what are you snacking on?
2573..Which women injured riding, eloped with a poet, dog called Flash?
2574..The Bermuda Bowl is world championship in which game?
2575..ROK international car registrations which country?
2576..USA has most cars what country has second most?
2577..All Sikhs must possess five things - one is a Kangha - what is it?
2578..What colour graded slope do expert skiers use?
2579..Randy Newman said short people don’t have what?
2580..To which gentleman's club did Phineas Fogg belong?
2581..What’s the only alt therapy fully recognised Western medicine?
2582..Over 90% of the worlds total population of what gone since 1970?
2583.. J M Jacquard invented first programmable device - what?
2584..Sobek was an Egyptian god - in what form is he seen?
2585..The Amati family were famous for making what?
2586..Oliver was fed gruel - its made from water and what?
2587..Arnold Cream was a famous (early) boxer - who?
2588..Bunyon wrote Pilgrims Progress - where?
2589..Who did Mork call to each week on Ork?
2590..What composer boasted "I could set a laundry list to music"?
2591..What dinosaurs name translates as three horned?
2592..Nacre is more commonly known as what?
2593..In the 18th century Siberia used solid blocks of what as money?
2594..In fable who pulled the thorn from the lions paw - not eaten?
2595..Thomas Chippendale mostly worked in what wood?
2596..The USA has the most railtrack - what country second?
2597..What device did Henry Doherty patent in 1972?
2598..Earl D Biggers created which oriental detective (both names)?
2599..Whose backing group was The Coconuts?
2600..What does soviet mean?
2602..Aleksei Leanov was the first to do what?
2603..What is the name of Moses and Aaron's sister?
2604..The American Triple Crown - Belmont st Kentucky Derby and??
2605..John Gore, Edward Saunders pioneered what org in Australia?
2606..What dog in ancient China was restricted to the aristocracy?
2607..Which actor wrote the book The Outlaw Trail?
2608..What was pirate Captain Flint's ship called?
2609..Bartommelo Christofori invented what?
2611..Daisy Hawkins original name of which Beatles hit song?
2612..Name Captain Nemo's pet seal?
2613..Rouget de Lisle did what to make him famous?
2614..The Caspian Java Bali what became extinct in 19th Century?
2615..Whose magazine is called The Watchtower?
2616..What does a manometer measure?
2617..Why did the USA govt open Lincolns coffin in 1887 and 1901?
2618..You'll Never Walk Alone came from which 1945 musical show?
2619..Which Greek philosopher wrote The Republic and The Laws?
2620..EAU international car registration plate which country?
2621..Iolanda Balas - Romania - won 150 consecutive events - what?
2622..What county has the largest army in the world?
2623..In which city is the worlds oldest museum - Ashmolian 1679?
2624..Which American state has the motto Esto Perpetua - its forever?
2625..What is the correct name for The Laughing Jackass?
2626Marilyn Munroe was the model for which Disney Character?
2627..Which insect has the best eyesight?
2628The Campbell-Stokes recorder measures what with a glass ball?
2629..Which country are the current Olympic Rugby Champions 1924?
2630..What did William Young invent in 1800?
2631..Who was La Purcelle of Voltair's poem?
2632..Name the actor who played Ben Casey (both Names)?
2633..What links Elvis Presley, Bruce Willis, Richard Gere?
2634..What - advertised phrase "Even your best friends wont tell you"?
2635..Who wrote Don't count your chickens before they are hatched?
2636..Last Words I am Dying with the help of too many Physicians?
2637..Man shall not live by bread alone - Which NT book?
2638..RL international car registration plate which country?
2639..Which dinosaurs name translates as double beam?
2640..Which SF author wrote The Day it Rained Forever?
2641..Who said "The die is cast" (on crossing the Rubicon)?
2642..Who composed Peter and the Wolf in 1936 (both names)?
2643..Who painted the Water Lilly Pond in 1899 (both names)?
2644..Magazine wrote "Fighting for peace" is like ******** for chastity?
2645..In what film was line A mans gotta do what a mans gotta do?
2646..Which famous whore said - God is love but get it in writing?
2647..Jenny Von Westphalen was married to who?
2648..What city is closest to Copacabana beach?
2649..Who wrote the music for the film ET (both names)?
2650..In Greek legend what was Pygmalion's kingdom?
2651..What was the first penal colony in New South Wales?
2652..In Hamlet who is Ophelia's father?
2653..Guru Nanak founded which religion?
2654..What was unusual about the Gossamer Albatross aeroplane?
2655..What country is nearest to the North Pole?
2656..If you were in Lou Grants office what city are you in?
2658..For which company did Elvis Costello program computers?
2659..In what Hitchcock film did Shirley MacLaine debut in 1956?
2660..The original Peeping Tom had what job?
2661..What song is sung the most?
2662..What city is known as The worlds chocolate capital?
2663..What is detective Hercules Poirot's brothers name?
2664..To what family does the hippopotamus belong?
2665..Smith most common USA name what's second?
2666..Who secretly married Sara Lowndes in November 1965?
2667..The Mbuti tribe in Africa are the worlds what?
2668..Grace Metalious wrote which famous novel (and TV show)?
2669..Who said Old age isn’t so bad - considering the alternative?
2670..Who composed the opera Billy Budd in 1951 (both names)?
2671..What film was a California cinema showing when it went on fire?
2672..What phantom ship is said to haunt The Cape of Good Hope?
2673..In which city is the worlds oldest tennis court from 1496?
2674..What word appears over 46000 times in the Bible?
2675..What food dishes name translates as pepper water?
2676..In 1891 what city held the first weightlifting world championship?
2677..In what magazine does Alfred E Newman appear?
2678..What amateur Reached Wimbledon Semi final in 1977?
2679..Who said Politics is the art of the possible 11 Aug 1867?
2680..What advertised phrase Born 1820 still going strong?
2681..Hugh O'Brian played the lead in what Old Western series?
2682..What dinosaurs name translates as roof lizard?
2683..In which country did Turkeys originate?
2684..What is Radar from MASH home town?
2685..In Macbeth what witch speaks first?
2686..What fabled monster has a lions head and a serpents tail?
2687..CH car international registration plate which country?
2688..Who said - Give us the tools and we will finish the job Feb 1941?
2689..In The Marriage of Figaro - who did Figaro marry?
2690..What state was founded by Mohammed Ali Jinnah?
2691..What nationality are the most immigrants to the USA?
2692..Who steals the Pink Panther in the original film?
2693..What is Challa?
2694..Cher Ami saved the Lost Battalion in 1918 what was it?
2695..Whose girlfriend was Virginia Hill - he killed her B Hills 1947?
2696..What is the oldest known alcoholic beverage?
2697..In 1986 Graceland was the Grammy album of the year – who’s?
2698..Bob Cummings played which character (both names)?
2699..Complete advertising phrase from 1935 My Goodness?
2700..Who said - "The bigger they come the harder they fall" 1899?
2701..What is Lolita's surname in Vladimere Nabokovs novel?
2702..From what country does the Elkhound originate?
2703..An isohel on a map joins place of equal what?
2704..A Regatta is a boat races - where was the original Regatta?
2705..In England what would you buy or get at a Mop Fair?
2706..Who was the little gentleman in velvet - death William III?
2707..From what country does soave wine originally come?
2708..Antipater of Sidon first listed what 2nd Century AD?
2709..What are Limerick, Round Bend, Aberdeen and Octopus?
2710..What fluid ran through the Greek Gods instead of blood?
2711..Who is Oscar, Zoroaster, Phadrig, Isaac, Norman,Henkle,?
2712..Emmanual, Ambrose Diggs?
2713..The Marie Celeste sailed from which port?
2714..In Milton's Paradise Lost what was the lowest point of Hell?
2715..Pat Reid wrote which book - filmed and TV often?
2716..How was William Huskinson killed in 1830 - first ever?
2717..In which country is Zug?
2718..Who was captured and kept in a cage by Stromboli?
2719..Which USA record producer played maracas Stones 1st album?
2720..Who was nicknamed The Brocton Bomber?
2721..Name the Hotel in Arthur Haley's novel / film of same name?
2722..Frank and Jesse James father had what job?
2723..What was the Grammy album of the year in 1967 (Full name)?
2724..McLean Stevenson played which character in MASH?
2725..Which company slogan was "We're No 2 We try harder"?
2726..Who said the quickest way of ending a war is to lose it?
2727..5 items a Sikh must have Comb Dagger Hair Metal Bracelet and?
2728..Edward Teach became famous as who?
2729..To which dog was a statue erected in Edinburgh?
2730..What does a Puissance event test in showjumping?
2731..Who wrote the music to the film The Odessa File?
2732..Which Dickens novel features Waxford Squears?
2733..What is the national flower of Australia?
2734..A nudist is Spain fined £65 - £60 for being nude and £5 for what?
2735..Adolf Hitler took nude photos of Ava Brown - What part why?
2736..What links Sheffield, Edinburgh, Rome?
2737..What pet did Florence Nightingale carry with her?
2738..What did the S stand for in Harry S Truman?
2739..Women 375 - 1 Men 1400 - 1 chance of doing what?
2740..What colour is Octopus blood?
2741..A Rafter is a collection of what creatures?
2742..In Maryland it is illegal to maltreat which creature?
2743..What are the worlds smallest trees - (not Bonsai)?
2744..Paul Revere was a silversmith, copper engraver and what?
2745..What fruit did Eve give to Adam in the bible?
2746..Gavrilo Princip assassinated who?
2747..What is the only bird that can smell?
2748..Apart from man what is New Zealand's only native mammals?
2749..Wo Fat was the enemy of which TV detective?
2750..Who entered a contest to find his own look-alike and came 3rd?
2751..What colour is worn for funerals in Egypt?
2752..What country excludes women from the graveside rituals?
2753..An Arab horse has less what than other horses?
2754..An exultation is a group of what animals?
2755..Pertussis has what more common name?
2756..Which actress was jailed in 1982 for tax evasion?
2757..In what country did red onions originate?
2758..March 21st to April 20th is what Star sign?
2759..Viscum Album provides an excuse for stealing what?
2760..A haboob creates what?
2761..Felix Salten wrote which Disney cartoon?
2762..Nephologists study what?
2763..Speed skating started in which country?
2764..What job did Ernest Hemmingway do in WW1?
2765..Betty Joan Perske is better known as who?
2766..What was the name of the Roman God of sleep?
2767..Vivaldi the composer had what other profession?
2768..What is the name of the four holy books of the Hindus?
2769..Pat Sullivan created which cartoon character?
2770..What is the national flower of Mexico?
2771..The Pindus is the main mountain range in what country?
2772..What animal always gives birth to same sex twins?
2773..What was the final episode of MASH called?
2774..Joe Yule jr born 1920 became famous as who?
2775..In what sport are Triffus, Miller and Rudolf moves?
2776..Albert Finney turned down which role - Peter O Tool - Oscar?
2777..Douglas Engelbart invented what - we all use it?
2778..Hans Christian Anderson had what job before writing?
2779..What colour is named after a battle fought in Italy in 1859?
2780..In Scotland what was the tawse?
2781..Which authors books are most borrowed from libraries?
2782..What do you add to vegetables to make the dish salmagundi?
2783..What is unusual about the nobody crab?
2784..Collective nouns - what group af animals are a labour?
2785..Durbarry is cream of a vegetable soup - what one?
2786..What is the Australian name for a long narrow ox bow lake?
2787..Les Reed wrote which famous song for a Welsh singer?
2788..What does hours d'oeurve literally mean?
2789..Nossa Senhora da Aparecida is the Patron Saint which country?
2790..What airline used to be called Dobrolet?
2791..The Acropolis - what does the word literally mean?
2792..What is a Dolly Varden?
2793..Whose last words were - "That was the best soda I ever tasted"?
2794..What is the common name for the astyeroidea?
2795..Jonquil is a shade of what colour?
2796..Vincent Furnier is better known as who?
2797..If you were severed a dish 'belle h'elen what fruit would it be?
2798..Terrance Nelhams became better knows as who?
2799..d**k Turpin the highwayman served and apprenticeship as what?
2800..What is the main food of the Oyster catcher bird?
2801..In which cop show did Petrie and Isbecki appear?
2802..In the Bolshoi ballet what does the word Bolshoi mean?
2803..Which acid gives nettles their sting?
2804..In the Hindu religion what is a Mandir?
2805..Which wine grape variety is most planted in California?
2806..A paddling is a group of which animals?
2807..From what country does the dish skordalia come?
2808..What is a geoduck?
2809..What is Sean Connery's real first name?
2810..What nationally was Mata Hari shot as a spy?
2811..Who said - Toe err is human - But it feels divine?
2812..Names - Baker - Cook Smith easy - what did a Chandler do?
2813..Declan McManus became famous as who?
2814..Robert Fitzroy captained which famous ship?
2815..Who said "I have no problems with drugs - only policemen"?
2816..Which American city was named after a British Prime Minister?
2817..Spelling counts - what is the singular of scampi?
2818..What plant was named after the Greek goddess of the rainbow?
2819..Which sailor dreamed of Toasted Cheese in Treasure Island?
2820..Who played the girl on the motorcycle in a film of same name?
2821..What writer was paid $5 for writing thanks?
2822..What sort of animal is a fennec?
2823..Vermicelli pasta literally translates as what?
2824..Ernest Hemmingway, Oscar Wilde, Ranier Maria Rilke - Common?
2825..What foodwise is a Fieldlane Duck?
2826..When does a Bride walk up the Aisle?
2827..How did Marc Quinquadron die while setting a new world record?
2828..Why two car thieves caught trying to sell stolen car in 1976?
2829..Billie Holiday, James Dean, Eva Peron, Janis Joplin - Common?
2830..What subject Ben Franklins letter to Royal Academy - Brussels?
2831..Reginald Carey became famous as who?
2832..What is a Chorizo?
2833..What do the quarters of a hot cross bun symbolise?
2834..What is the literal translation of terrapin?
2835..What to a French or Spanish man is an OVNI?
2836..What is it against the law to kill in Pacific Grove California?
2837..Ernest Hemmingway said what would protect against allergies?
2838..The Gettysburg Address was written on what?
2839..Collective nouns - a siege of?
2840..Who was banned from writing USA Constitution - secret Jokes?
2841..The 9 banded armadillo and humans have what in common?
2842..How did Attila the Hun die on honeymoon?
2843..What better name is Mary Westmacott better known?
2844..In the Bible what did David give Saul as a dowry for Michal?
2845..What did Dr Samuel Mudd do that your inspired "name is mud"?
2846..How do you Rizzle something?
2847..If you suffered from pruritus - what would be wrong?
2848..Andr'e Gide the writer was expelled from school for what crime?
2849..What is the most popular Saints name?
2850..What type of food is a Munster plum?
2851..Old superstition Wearing socks inside out protection from what?
2852..What food item did Pythagoras advise his followers to avoid?
2853..What happened to the first traffic lights outside HP 1868?
2854..What was unusual - beauty contest judge Percy Moorby 1985?
2855..What ruined Cesar Borgia's honeymoon night?
2856..John Ruskin - Art Critic - Marriage collapsed when wife had what?
2857..Who called himself 8th wonder of world cos of his big d**k?
2858..What given out celebrate birthday of King Bjumbal Thailand 1983?
2859..What would a nidologist be interested in?
2860..In the 18th century what job did a fart-catcher do?
2861..What is a young pigeon called?
2862..Around which French town is the champagne industry located?
2863..What country invented castanets?
2864..Who is the patron saint of music?
2865..Whose first box office film was called Risky Business?
2866..What is the smallest state of Australia?
2867..What is measured by an interferometer?
2868..What airlines identification code is VS?
2869..In which G&S operetta is eating a sausage roll a secret sign?
2870..What emperor ordered St Peter crucified?
2871..What was the name of Ali Babas female slave?
2872..In which novel does the character Quebec Bagnet appear?
2873..Sarah Josepha Hall wrote what?
2874..What is the main ingredient of faggots?
2875..Who were the first people to measure the year?
2876..Who voices the female hyena in the lion king?
2877..Anthony McMillan became famous as who?
2878..Roy Thines played David Vincent in which TV series?
2879..What colour is the cap given to an England cricket player?
2880..What capital city began as the village of Edo?
2881..Whose music was on the soundtrack of When Harry met Sally?
2882..In which sport is there a York round?
2883..In Penny Lane what is the nurse selling from a tray?
2884..Whose last words were "lets do it"?
2885..The Black Swan is native to which country?
2886..Who said "All the world's art ain't worth a good potato pie"?
2887..Collective nouns a Toc of what?
2888..If you had podobromhidrosis what would you have?
2889..What instrument is also called the octave flute?
2890..What type of food is coulibac?
2891..What spice is used to make a whiskey sling?
2892..What sort of creature is a tarantula hawk?
2893..Where does the spice saffron come from?
2894..What tennis player had trials with Bayern Munich soccer club?
2895..Which children's character was created by Mary Tourtel?
2896..What does the name Ghengis Khan mean?
2897..Who was Canada's first prime minister?
2898..In Utmost Good Faith is the motto of which organisation?
2899..The Shadows first record went straight to no 1 - what was it?
2900..What is the most common disease in the world?
2901..Cirrus is a cloud type - what literal translation of its Latin name?
2902..Which country was the first to make seat belts compulsory?
2903..What do Stacey Keach and Oscar Wilde have in common?
2904..Mathew Webb swam the channel - where did he drown?
2905..In what movie did Sinatra sing My Kind of Town?
2906..Whose last unfinished novel was The Last Tycoon?
2907..What do callipygian people have?
2908..Collective nouns a Host of?
2909..Zubin Mehta conducted who in concert?
2910..Who wrote and starred in the 1922 version of Robin Hood?
2911..Where were the 1952 Olympics held?
2912..Franz Halls The Laughing Cavalier - what's the paintings real title?
2913..Cheers exterior shots featured a real bar - what's it name?
2914..What flavouring is used in the Belgian beer Kriek?
2915..A young what is called an Eyas?
2916..Who was given an honorary Oscar in 1985 after 50 years acting?
2917..Handel's Harmonious Blacksmith was written for what instrument?
2918..Which US state is known as the Nutmeg State?
2919..In a Gynocracy - who rules?
2920..In golf the no 10 iron is usually called what?
2921..What was the name of the Jester in As You Like It?
2922..What alternative scale (not Richter) measures earthquakes?
2923..A paratrichosic person has extra what?
2924..What is added to brandy to make a sidecar?
2925..Josip Broz became famous as who?
2926..The Pampero blows over which mountains?
2927..Which Canadian city is know as The Steel City?
2928..If an alloy is an amalgam what metal must it contain?
2929..What stretch of water separates Italy and Sicily?
2930..The Althing rules in which country?
2931..Who won an Oscar for the soundtrack to Chariots of Fire?
2932..Collective nouns - a Barren of what?
2933..Dorethy Parker said "Scratch an actor and you will find" what?
2934..What animal could be Siberian or Caspian?
2935..Collective nouns - an Array of what?
2936..The Plains of Abraham overlook which city?
2937..The Mariners Compass or Pyxis is what?
2938..The Sam Maguire Trophy is played for in which sport?
2939..The Somers Islands has what more familiar name?
2940..The Three Stars is the national ice hockey team which country?
2941..How did camerawoman Lee Lyon die while working?
2942..What type of animal is a markhor?
2943..Who received the first ever Gold Disc?
2944..What is the National Bird of India?
2945..Who directed Sharky's Machine?
2946..The Weir of Hermiston - last unfinished novel of who?
2947..What is the last book of the Bible?
2948..What historical event was referred to as Black 47?
2949..What game was patented under the name Sphairistrike?
2950..What organisation did C T Russell found?
2951..Paris and What other capital had the worlds first telephone link?
2952..Tempera uses water and what to paint with?
2953..What colour is the cross on the Greek Flag?
2954..What was used before the baton was invented to conduct?
2955..Leslie Lynch King became famous as who?
2956..Who was Andromedas mother?
2957..Lack of vitamin B1 causes what condition?
2958..What song was The Pittsburgh Pirates anthem?
2859..Whit countries parliament is called The Storting?
2960..Who directed Four Weddings and a Funeral?
2961..Which company developed the Laser Printer?
2962..Parsley is a member of which family?
2963..What does lager literally mean in German?
2963..Franz Kafka wrote in German what nationality was he?
2964..Which car company produced the first front wheel drive 1934?
2965..Who produced the Tom and Jerry cartoons until 1956?
2966..The name of which countries capital means good air?
2967..The sackbut developed into which modern instrument?
2968..The GRA govern which sport?
2969..Which record label signed the Rolling Stones in 1991?
2970..In heraldry gules are what colour?
2971..Reginald Truscott-Jones became famous as who?
2972..What is the food of the secretary bird?
2973..What bridge links a Palace with a State Prison?
2974..The African and French marigolds are native to what country?
2975..Who is the Patron Saint of Grave diggers?
2976..What is Muckle Flugga?
2977..Mary Read and Anne Boney had what job in common?
2978..Short actors stand on what wooden object - to appear bigger?
2979..What is the commonest name for a pub in Britain?
2980..What does the word economy mean in original Greek?
2981..Pok ta Pok started in Mexico - what modern game/sport is it?
2982..George Simenon created Maigret - what nationality was he?
2983..Country singer Hank Wangford had what profession?
2984..Pit Straight - Lesmo Bend - Roggia Bend - which Grand Prix?
2985..What is a Chuckwalla?
2986..Edward Whymper was the first to do what?
2987..What is Pancetta?
Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:20 pm
3001..Which islands capital is Flying Fish Cove?
3002..Where in the world is Radwick racecourse situated?
3003..What has a palimped got?
3004..Treifa foods are forbidden to which religious group?
3005..Which metal is the best conductor of electricity?
3006..What ship was sunk in Auckland harbour in 1987?
3007..A Myologist studies what?
3008..Orpheus went into the underworld to rescue who?
3009..Where on the human body is the skin the thinnest?
3010..Colleen McCullough wrote which best selling book?
3011..What would you put on your escutcheon - if you had one?
3012..The Germans call them Stumphhose - what are they?
3013..Who might wear a wimple?
3014..What is the largest country in Africa?
3015..What tree can be English, American or Eurasian?
3016..Which dictator preferred 50,000 rifles to 50,000 votes?
3017..What was Alka-Seltzer first marketed as?
3018..What would be happening if you suffered from canitis?
3019..According to the proverb which fruit tastes sweetest?
3020..What animals name literally translates as earth pig?
3021..What dance is usually performed to Orpheus in the Underworld?
3022..What country was once named New France?
3023..Name ship sunk by the submarine Conqueror Falklands War?
3024..In which country were modern banknotes first used?
3025..What was invented in the Humpty Dumpty store Oklahoma?
3026..Which country produces wine in the Casablanca valley?
3027..The Air Canada Silver Broom is won in which sport?
3028..Iain Stewart - dropped - looked too normal - what pop group?
3029..What is the main flavor of aioli?
3030..What was the worlds first passenger jet aircraft?
3031..What does the syrinx help a bird to do?
3032..What member of the weasel family is over 1 meter or 3 feet long?
3033..Capability Brown was a famous Landscape Gardener 1st name?
3034..Boccaccios collection of ten stories are known as what?
3035..What do fennel leaves taste of?
3036..What country is the home of the Ashanti people?
3037..12 is the atomic number of which metal?
3038..What was Beethoven's only opera?
3039..In which of Aristophanes plays do the women refuse sex?
3040..Which Australian writer won the Nobel prize in 1973?
3041..What is a hypocaust?
3042..What 18th century German soldier told very tall tales of himself?
3043..Which country imports the most champagne?
3044..Thomas Keneally wrote which book (Oscar winning film)?
3045..What is the name of the metal discs set in a tambourines rim?
3046..Beethoven, Brahms, Chopin, Handel, Liszt, Ravel what in common?
3047..What were China 14 Raduga 14 Himwari 3?
3048..What is a Flemish Giant?
3049..Somerset Maugham, A J Cronin, Richard Gorden - in common?
3050..What does Stet mean to a printer?
3051..In Paris what are FD Roosevelt Stalingrad Louis Blanc?
3052..English writer - Died Typhoid - Drank Paris water - Prove safe?
3053..What food item in French literally means twice cooked?
3054..What religions sacred writings are divided into the Tripitaka?
3055..Herodotus the Greek is known as the father of what?
3056..The old French Royal family - Boy Scouts share what symbol?
3057..We have used the Latin phrase ad hoc - what literally mean?
3058..Which dancer died in 1927 strangled by scarf on car wheel?
3059..What do astronomers call the red sky before sunrise?
3060..A beast of prey sometimes called a glutton - what is it?
3061..French novelist - nearly 100 books all La Comedie Humaine?
3062..What is the correct name for food permitted under Moslem laws?
3063..What country is known to its inhabitants as Suomen Tasavalta?
3064..What French blue cheese (similar to stilton) is made ewes milk?
3065..A Suffragan has what job?
3066..Segmental, Primitive, Doucine, Elliptical are types of what?
3067..Who got Judas job as the twelfth apostle?
3068..Which famous horse race was won Urban sea, Carnegie, Lammtarra?
3069..Elvis Stojko was an ice skating word champion - what country?
3070..What animals make up the Suidae family?
3071..What is the word (derived from Malay) for unhusked rice?
3072..Joel Chandler Harris wrote which series of stories?
3073..We have heard of the Renaissance - what's it literally mean?
3074..In film making what does a Blimp do?
3075..Where would you find a Walloon?
3076..What do we call what the Japanese call Oshugatsu?
3077..Tete-beche is a familiar term in which hobby?
3078..Good King Wenceslas was the King of which country?
3079..Sir Jack Cohen founded what?
3080..What does rabbi literally mean?
3081..What port lies at the mouth of the Swan river?
3082..Who starred in the film Sixth Sense?
3083..KLM is the national airline of which country?
3084..Name the most famous English artist who painted mostly horses?
3085..Who were Curier Ellis and Acton Bell?
3086..What is the official title of the ambassador of the Pope?
3087..Chaconne, Rigadoon, Passepied are all types of what?
3088..What British birds lay only one egg during the nesting season?
3089..Who would use a Jigger, Buzz, Flagging iron, Round shaver, Adze?
3090..What pop group had a "Message in a Bottle"?
3091..If an Italian was having Pranzo what would they be having?
3092..What currency consists of 100 Groschen?
3093..In Greek mythology who created man?
3094..Hibernia was the Roman name for which country?
3095..Mincing Lane in London is traditionally home of what trade?
3096..What sport is played at Smiths Lawn?
3097..What are fallows, lutinos and opalines?
3098..In Paris there are two islands - Ile de la Cite and what?
3099..Mapother IV is the real surname of what film star?
3100..Jean-Christopher Denner invented what musical instrument?
3101..Mendavoy and Martinez are characters in which TV show?
3102..Fredrick Bulsara was the lead singer of what pop group?
3103.The Titanic has a sister ship - name it?
3104..What was sharkskin once used as?
3105..What does an otologist study?
3106..What is the essential ingredient in a Mornay sauce?
3107..Sardines are the young of which fish?
3108..Who wrote Oedipus Rex?
3109..The Camorra was the forerunner of what organisation in the USA?
3110..What is a Havana Brown?
3111..What did Simon of Cyrene do in The Bible?
3112..In what sport is a stimpmeter used?
3113..Gene Hackman sheriff Big Whiskey - got Oscar - What film?
3114..What countries flag red circle on green background?
3115..Georgius Panayiotou became famous under what name (both)?
3116..Capers are pickled flower seeds of what plant?
3117..In 1925 at Windsor Bookies went on strike - against what?
3118..What is a doucet?
3119..What is the worlds largest sand island northeast of Brisbane?
3120..FT (London) Dow Jones (USA) what is Japans Share Index called?
3121..Who was the leader of the wolf pack in The Jungle Book?
3122..What's the difference between sleeping gorillas and men?
3123..Nobody Does it Better was sung in which Bond film?
3124..Halcyon is the poetic name for which bird?
3125..Who had a hit with Sylvia's Mother?
3126..Who composed the music for the opera The Tales of Hoffman?
3127..In the Bible from whom did David steal his wife Bathsheba?
3128..The Cassegranian, Gregorian and Schmidt are types of what?
3129..Shakespeare - Antony, Romeo, Othello - what in common?
3130..What instrument is sometimes called the clown of the orchestra?
3131..What world capital city is heated by volcanic springs?
3132..What is the main ingredient of a Maron glace?
3133..Only one woman's lifespan is given in the Bible - Who?
3134..What causes the tangy smell at the seaside?
3135..In 1976 in USA 23 people got swine fever and died from what?
3136..Who said "If a lie is told in the Whitehouse Nixon gets a royalty"?
3137..In the 1976 Olympics who were the Yellow Bananas?
3138..Amuhea Princess of Medes was the wife of who?
3139..What Roman Emperor was killed by an overdose of laxative?
3140..How did folk singer Roy Harper catch Toxoplasmosis?
3141..What was Louis 14th born with two of - that amazed everyone?
3142..The Associated Powers - the original proposed name of what?
3143..Which author published 59 new books in 1955?
3144..If you had distrix what condition would you have?
3145..What did the ancient Greeks use instead of soap?
3146..X only letter in alphabet that there is no name for who using?
3147;;What country do Brazil nuts come from?
3148..Why would women dislike using a West Indian d***o?
3149..Which country invented French fried potatoes?
3150..In 1990 there were 99 public executions Suadi Arabia - Drugs How?
3151..Marion Barry - Mayor of Washington arrested for what?
3152..What head of Government was the first to give birth in office?
3153..34% of Californian Male students 10% of Female lied to get what?
3154..The sale of what counterfeit delicacy outranged the French?
3155..In February 1990 160 million bottles of what were withdrawn?
3156..What sport was deemed to violate civil rights banned New York?
3157..What is Damson Cheese?
3158..What was the name of the ship that brought Dracula to England?
3159..In Australian slang what is underground Mutton?
3160..PG Woodhouse books Bertie Wooster used what London Club?
3161..Why would a train spotter want to see number 4468?
3162..Samuel de Champlain founded which city?
3163..Tour de France what colour jersey best Hill Climber wear?
3164..What country had an airline called Rottnest?
3165..Fuggles and Goldings are varieties of what?
3166..Fingal O'Flaherty Wills is better knows as who?
3167..Britain's call it sellotape - What's the brand name in Australia?
3168..John Dunlop developed pneumatic tyres - what profession?
3169..Zoisite is a semi precious stone - National stone which country?
3170..The Thunderbirds boys were named after what theme?
3171..Britain's most dangerous job used to kill one person every 3 days?
3172..In the Bible who did God appear to on Mount Horab?
3173..What animal head appears on the badge of the RCMP?
3174..St John the Divine wrote which book of the Bible?
3175..Collective nouns - A Chair of what (tradesmen)?
3176..Distaff is the female family side - what is the male?
3177..Who is the patron saint of Gypsies?
3178..In cookery how is something julienne prepared?
3179..In Ireland what is a Gombeen Man?
3180..In Australian slang what is a dishlicker?
3181..How - two thieves convicted 1984 executed in Sudan Aug 1990?
3182..What is Samsoe a type of?
3183..A fylfot is a heraldic name for what symbol?
3184..Where would you find a howdah?
3185..In what country is the language Fanti spoken?
3186..What flowers name translates from the Greek as Water Vessel?
3187..Which of Henry the Eights wives was the widow of elder brother?
3188..The Boys from Syracuse is based on what Shakespeare play?
3189..Hathor was the Egyptian goddess of what?
3190..The larva of the click beetle is called what?
3191..In Australian slang what is a ten ounce sandwich?
3192..What is the name of the largest moon of Jupiter?
3193..The Mason-Dixon line separates Pennsylvania and what state?
3194..The kinkajou belongs to what family of animals?
3195..What is the Hindu Kush?
3196..Caligari is the capital of what island?
3197..Grunge music originated in which American city?
3198..The word bungalow comes from which language?
3199..What is the Japanese Shinkasen?
3200..In what country are the Drakesberg mountains?
3201..Name the author who created Hannibal Lecter?
3202..Dodie Smith wrote what book (later filmed by Disney)?
3203..Venice stands on what river?
3204..Gary Boker Bobby Harrison Ray Rodger were in what pop group?
3205..What country launched its first space rocket January 1961?
3206..What have Jan Zajic and Quang Duc got in common?
3207..In 1962 - cost 20,000 - size of a small suitcase - what?
3208..In France what is Framboise?
3209..What held up a Cricket test Match between England Pakistan?
3210..What was banned from New York schools in 1962?
3211..How to Handle a Woman came from which stage musical?
3212..James Drury starred in which TV western series?
3213..Who had a hit with the song Loco-Motion?
3214..Who won the Tour de France 4 times 1961 to 1964?
3215..What new domestic device was launched by Hoover in 1963?
3216..What was the Soviet Vostok 3 space flight the first to do?
3217..What was the first country to leave the United Nations?
3218..What car company made the first glass fibre racing car?
3219..What whisky brand was advertised with two terrier dogs?
3220..Dorothy Cavis-Brown made news at Wimbledon - why?
3221..What did The Musician Union ban on TV in 1966?
3222..What is a travelator?
3223..Who wrote the novel Love Story (Both Names)?
3224..What job did Agatha Christies husband do?
3225..Britain Ireland and what country joined the EEC simultaneously?
3226..In Australian slang what kind if food is a mystery bag?
3227..Who was Cuisine Minceur designed for?
3228..French riot police were ordered to the Rivera to deal with what?
3229..Who recorded the Album In Through the Out Door?
3230..Jan 21 1976 What linked Bahrain and Rio de Janeiro?
3231..In the 60s a Yellow Golliwog worn by a girl symbolised what?
3232..What kind of creature was Sam on the Muppet Show?
3233..Who had a hit with Tiger Feet?
3234..Patty Hearst was kidnapped (later joined) which organisation?
3235..The Murryfield Racers play which sport?
3236..Quakers Natural, Prewetts Honey, California Revival - types what?
3237..What was Paul McCartney's first solo album called?
3238..What company pioneered floppy discs?
3239..What were Tricity Triumph, Kelvinator, Lec De Lux?
3240..What tennis players name meant Tall trees by still water?
3241..Which musical did the song Send in the Clowns come from?
3242..Where in Australia were British satellites launched in early 70s?
3243..What was Clint Eastwood's first film as a director?
3244..Who wrote the Science Fiction novel Slaughterhouse Five?
3245..What was a Royal Navy frigate accused throwing Cod War 1973?
3246..Who wrote the novel The French Lieutenants Woman?
3247..Whose cat was sold for $153000 in an Arizona auction?
3248..Who wrote the play Amadeus?
3249..Jeff Lynne - Roy Wood - Bev Bevan - what pop group?
3250..Where did Jim Morrison die?
3251..What did the Ayatollah Khomeni ban in 1979?
3252..Mstislav Rostropovich was a maestro on what instrument?
3253..What is Kensington Gore?
3254..Margarita Carmen Casino became famous as who?
3255..What job does the Gaffer do in the film industry?
3256..What was the name of Dagwood Bumstead and Blondies dog?
3257..What short sighted cartoon character had a nephew - Waldo?
3258..What Shakespeare play was the basis of The Forbidden Planet?
3259..Frederick Austerlitz became famous as who?
3260..What is a Maine Coon once thought to be extinct?
3261..What dictator was the first to be abducted prosecuted USA drugs?
3262..In which EEC country is abortion still illegal?
3263..What heavyweight boxer was nicknamed The Cinderella Man?
3264..What is the capitol of Chechnya?
3265..What is absinthe traditionally flavoured with?
3266..In 1829 Cyrill Damien invented which musical instrument?
3267..At the battle of Actium who beat Mark Anthony and Cleopatra?
3268..What links Ada - Lisp - Algol?
3269..How did Joy Friedericke Victoria Adamson die in 1985?
3270..What city stands on the river Torens?
3271..In Hindu mythology Agni is the god of what?
3272..To the ancient Greeks what was an agora?
3273..Tomika and Uyeshiba are the two main forms of what?
3274..Where was Napoleon bornAjaccio?
3275..Which Greek astronomer wrote the Almagest?
3276..The Queen has what music with her breakfast?
3277..Baile Atha Cliath - Official name what capitol city?
3278..In the wild what animal pollinates banana plants?
3279..What colour is the Black Box carried in aircraft?
3280..Taidje Khan became famous under which name?
3281..Autolycus - accomplished invisible thief Greek myth whose son?
3282..In the theatre what is behind Barn Doors?
3283..Joe Yule became famous as who?
3284..Norse mythology who was killed with mistletoe by blind Hodur?
3285..Bob Clampett created which character in 1938?
3286..Who wrote the children's classic Ann of Green Gables?
3287..Gaur, Gayal, Banteng and Kouprey are types of what?
3288..What is the literal meaning of Cenotaph?
The Yellow Kid by Richard Felton Outcault in 1896 first what?
3289..What did drinkers first see on Jan 24 1935?
3290..Allium Sativum is better known as what?
3291..Rhapsody, Aromel, Tamella Cambridge favourite types of what?
3292..What arts/literary movement founded by Tristan Tzara in 1915?
3293..Which author wrote screenplay Bonds You Only Live Twice?
3294..Dalmatian dogs are born which colour or colours?
3295..What did Emily Davidson do?
3296..Edward de Bono - Maltese Doctor - developed what concept?
3297..The song I Talk to the Trees comes from what musical?
3298..What is the capitol of Ghana?
3299..In Greek mythology who was the Goddess of Chastity?
3300..What was Madam Curie's husbands name?
3301..The USA president lives in the White House - Who Blue House?
3302..What does an aronophobe fear?
3303..What links Edegra, Cavetra and Erix?
3304..In what city is the worlds largest carpet manufacturer?
3305..What element was named after the Greek word for green?
3306..What hotel hosted the first Oscar ceremony?
3307..The name of which Indian city means Village of Boiled Beans?
3308..James Hoban designed what?
3309..Semiology is the study of what?
3310..What county has its map on its flag?
3311..What X rated movie won an Oscar?
3312..Lucknow is a city in India - and what other country?
3313..Mitsibushi - now cars - planes during war - literally means what?
3314..What invention was nicknamed the Noisy Serpent in 1902?
3315..In which sport would you find the Sag Wagon?
3316..What product was introduced as a cure for urinatary problems?
3317..In New Zealand what is morepork?
3318..In what city was Audry Hepburn born?
3319..In what country was the worlds first wildlife sanctuary set up?
3320..What word could Ernie Bilko not say without stuttering?
3321..What country has a regiment of bicycle mounted soldiers?
3322..Who did Valerie Solernis shoot on Jun 3rd 1968 in New York?
3323..Shakespeare character says "Blow winds and crack your cheeks"?
3324..In what Hitchcock film did the heroine find shrunken head in bed?
3325..Amaxophobia is the fear of what?
3326..The Bovespa is the stock exchange in which country?
3327..What is a Dandie Dinmont?
3328..Shoot a Waco was the original name for what drink?
3329.Who wrote the satire Candide published in 1759?
3330..Whose ghost appears in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar?
3331..In which play and film does Jean Valjean appear?
3332..Psychologists says men who do what during sex are insecure?
3333..Whose is supposed to have had sex with his nanny when aged 9?
3334..What animal can sleep 3 years but only mates once - 12 hours?
3335..In Norway 1980 man fined for being drunk in charge of what?
3336..Louis the XVI France only two (recorded) what in his lifetime?
3337..The same Louis did not consummate his marriage 7 years - why?
3338..Only 6 people died in what historic event?
3339..Why could William Tell not have shot the apple with a crossbow?
3340..How did the Emperor Claudius die?
3341..What country do Great Danes come from?
3342..Who said - "One more drink and Ill be under the host"?
3343..The average Britain in their life consumes 1000 lb of what?
3344..What animal provide 50% of all the protein eaten in Peru?
3345..Jimmy Carter was the first US president to have done what?
3346..Who won an Oscar posthumously?
3347..Which actor has been portrayed most on screen by other actors?
3348..Sergai Kalenikov holds the world record in what?
3349..In California you can't legally buy a mousetrap without what?
3350..Who won the best actress Oscar 1959 Room at the Top?
3351..What did ancient Egyptians rub on their dicks to enlarge them?
3352..Which animal has legs but cant walk?
3353..A Paris grocer was jailed for two years in 1978 stabbing wife what?
3354..Howard Hughs used to store what in large metal containers?
3355..Which classical poet said Amor vincet omnia Love Conquers all?
3356..If you were eating fragrant meat in Hong Kong what is it?
3357..What country invented Phonecards?
3358..What was invented in Rome 63 bc by Marcus Tiro?
3359..What is the literal Greek translation of Sarcophagus?
3360..French artist Aquabouse paints cows in what material?
3361..An Arab/Israeli band Abu Hafla - record called Humping meaning?
3362..First ad on Radio Luxemburg 1930s for Bible Beans - which are??
3363..74 year old Margaret Weldon FL 2 hole in one 2 days - unusual?
3364..In 1987 the Jockey Club disqualified a horse that had eaten what?
3365..A Baseball travels 9% faster in which US city?
3366..What was Joseph Pujol - La Petomanes stage act?
3367..James H Pierce was the last silent film actor to play who?
3368..What said I'm never through with a girl till I've had her three ways?
3369..Iris Somerville - killed London 1982 - Lightning struck what?
3370..What play is set in Venice and Cyprus?
3371..In 1797 3 pence could buy you a good (second hand) what?
3372..Between 1659 and 1681 illegal celebrate what in Massachusetts?
3373..What Saint said - Lord grant me Chastity - but not ye t?
3374..The average Britain in their life consumes 18 lb of what?
3375..Roller coasters originated in what country?
3376..What unusual item can you buy - vending machine Paris Metro?
3377..We've heard phrase I don’t give a toss - but Tos Greek for what?
3378..A Dorset shop sells bookends made from 140 mill year old what?
3379..Every ship in the Royal Navy have customised what?
3380..What meat outsells mutton and lamb combined in Sweden?
3381..An American in Maine got a divorce cos wife fed him only what?
3382..How did Pope Hadrian IV die?
3383..Who said "sex appeal 50% what you got 50% they think you got"?
3384..St Fiacre is the Patron Saint of what?
3385..William Buroughs coined what phrase used by Steppenwolf 1968?
3386..What TV did 44 million USA watch while 27m Eisenhower sworn in?
3387..Between 15 and 20% of what disappear from shops each year?
3388..French racing driver Jean Behra kept a spare what in his pocket?
3389..President Roosevelt was the first president to do what?
3390..What is unusual about the number 8549176320?
3391..Who said in 1951 - "I married beneath me - All women do"?
3392..In Iowa 1978 Judge dismissed drink driving charge - why?
3393..1936 film started with world war and ended with space flight?
3394..In 1984 BA stewardess called police she'd left what in cupboard?
3395..Until 1819 technically you could be hung for what in Britain?
3396..What's still legal in Paraguay if the participants are blood doners?
3397..Tsar Paul I decreed death by flogging to anyone mentioned what?
3398..What actress said "I dress for women - Undress for men"?
3399..The average Britain in their lifetime eats 5400 what?
3400..Here we go round the mulberry bush - what was original bush?
3401..What hath God Wrought was first message sent by Who 1844?
3402..In what city 1985 was the worlds first computer museum opened?
3403..What elements name comes from the Greek for light bearing?
3404..Astronomer Josephe-Jerome de Lalande eat what on bread butter?
3405..Skeleton is derived from Greek - what is its literal translation?
3406..Edward Hunter USA Journalist invented what term Korean war?
3407..A man has first at 18 then every day spent 106 days by 60 what?
3407..What links Da Vinci, Picasso, Charlie Chaplain, Ben Franklin?
3409..Flies and humans can both get which condition?
3410..We call them Turkeys what do the Turks call them?
3411..The Audi car company created by August Horch – means what Latin?
3412..What country has the worlds most vending machines per capita?
3413..Who said - "A woman only a woman - good cigar is a smoke"?
3414..Hans Steininger had the world longest what - that killed him?
3415..In Czarist Russia it was illegal to do what?
3416..What play has line - Shall there be no more cakes and ale?
3417..A fisherman in the Arral sea had his boat destroyed by what?
3418..St Brigit of Ireland could do what amazing trick for visitors?
3419..Thomas Watson in 1943 there is a worlds market for 5 - what?
3420..What product did the first commercial in the USA advertise?
3421..Estimated there are 4 100 million billion molecules cubic inch what?
3422..In Ohio by law pets have to carry what?
3423..The average man or woman spends one year of their life - what?
3424..80% of household dust is actually what material?
3425..What is the best wood for making pencils?
2426..The average Britain in their lifetime eats 4907 what?
2427..Oysters can do what - according to water temperature?
2428..Name USA city it's illegal to have a nude shop dummy on display?
3429..Hey Big Spender comes from what musical?
3430..What is the more common name for the Buddleia?
3431..What does the boys name Paul mean?
3432..International Airline Registrations N is what country?
3433..20s Robert 50s Robert 70s Michael what US top boys name 90s?
3434..What is Top Kanal in Poland?
3435..Rice-Kellogg invented what in 1924?
3436..Breakfast at Tiffanies - famous film - who wrote the book?
3437.Cecil B De Mille the film director had what middle name?
3438..If music was played leggiero how should it be done?
3439..Who sculpted Rima, Genisis and Ecco Homo?
3440..The Fool in French and the Runner in German what in English?
3441..In what game/sport is the McRobinson shield played for?
3442..53 is the international dialling code for what country?
3443..Nut - Neuth - Nuit alterative names Egyptian goddess of what?
3444..In heraldry animals addorsed are in what position?
3445..The locals call it Al-Magrib what do we call this country?
3446..Traditionally what should be given on an 11th anniversary?
3447..Barbara, Carignan, Cinsaut, and Nebbilo are verities of what?
3448..If you landed at Balice airport where would you be?
3449..Galt MacDermot wrote what 1967 musical stage show?
3450..What planet in our system is not named after a god?
3451..By US Congress law 1832 citizens should do what annually?
3452..What book was banned in Ireland in 1932?
3453..In Breton Alabama there is a law against riding what down street?
3454..Who would use a claque?
3455..18% of USA coins 7% of notes have what on them?
3456..Oryza sativa is what staple food item?
3457..Catherine the Great kept who in an iron cage in her bedroom?
3458..The Selenas Valley was the rejected title what Steinbeck book?
3459..Azote was the original name of what element?
3460..What animals cannot swim?
3461..In Riverside Cal its illegal to kiss unless both wipe lips with what?
3462..What USA city is also a slang name for a pineapple?
3463..What was banned in US movie theatres in the 1920s?
3464..If you were performing a fillip what are you doing?
3465..What unusual flavour did the Jell-O company try in 1942?
3466..The interior of what is called the paste?
3467..What was Robin Williams paid for Disney's Aladdin in 1982?
3468..More than 40% of USA women were once what?
3469..What uses 28 calories if done for one minute?
3470..In 1820 what was taxed in Missouri?
3471...What is the official drink of the state of Ohio?
3472..The Russian composer Alexander Borodin had what other job?
3473..18% of animal owners do what with their pets?
3474..The UIT govern what sport?
3475..90% of Americans consider themselves what?
3476..In Minnesota it is illegal to tease what animal?
3477..She is the Chinese name of what year (animal)?
3478..Who wrote The Deceiver 1991 and The Fist of God 1993?
3479..What does the name Stephen mean - from the Greek?
3480..International Airline Registrations SX is what country?
3481..Sport variable ground size 120x150yd min 170x200 max?
3482..50% of Dutch men have never done what?
3483..If you Absterse something what do you do?
3484..Musa acuminata is what favourite food item?
3485..In a year the average person walks four miles doing what?
3486..What was the first film to use stereophonic sound?
3487..The letter B comes from Egyptian hieroglyphics meaning what?
3488..in 1995 13 books every minute sold in US were on what subject?
3489..There are more telephones than people in what city?
3490..In the middle ages you could be fined four pence murdering who?
3491..What food Scots once refuse to eat cos it was not in the Bible?
3492..33% of what are fake in the USA?
3493..What holiday islands have no rivers or lakes - rain water only?
3494..If you suffered from Chirospasm what have you got?
3495..What links Bob Hope John Huston Ryon O'Neil Bo Diddley?
3496..Little Jumping Flea literal trans of what Hawaiian instrument?
3497..In Alaska it is illegal to look at a moose from where?
3498..More that I/3 adults do what average 3 time each morning?
3499..A furfy is Australian slang for what?
3500..Who said China is a big country inhabited by many Chinese?
Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:22 pm
3501..In a recent survey women disliked what part of male body most?
3502..The US had 5% world population and 70% of worlds what?
3503..In 1902 What did Mary Anderson invent?
3504..If you landed at Arlanda airport where would you be?
3505..The FEI govern what sport?
3506..Traditionally what should be given on a 20th anniversary?
3507..In Somalia its illegal to carry old chewing gum where?
3508..What food did the Romans call Pointed Stick?
3509..Name the pet alligator in Miami Vice?
3510..In California 22 " is the minimum legal length of saleable what?
3511..On any given day half of Americans are on what?
3512..Gondolas in Venice are traditionally what colour?
3513..Benjamin who was the first Lord Mayor of Dublin?
3514..What country declared itself first atheist state in 1967?
3516..Where was Bacardi originally made?
3517..What is six inches in height and no bigger by the rules?
3518..Until 1862 there was a tax in England for those who used what?
3519..a Paralian always lives near what?
3520..The US uses up 7000 tons of what annually?
3521..Allium cepa - one of the lilicaea - world most used food item?
3522..International Airline Registrations OO is what country?
3523..What vegetable was considered a cure for sex problems in old Egypt?
3524..In Milan citizens can be fined $100 if they don’t always do what?
3525..What does the name Barbara mean - from Greek?
3526..The locals call it Misi what do we call this country?
3527..Sport is played on a variable ground 50x100yd min 100x130 max?
3528..Cavalier in French Springer in German what in English?
3529..Woodwind Instrument size between Clarinet and Bassoon?
3530..Who wrote Of Human Bondage and The Moon and Sixpence?
3531..What is the Roman numerals for 3000?
3532..The lack of calcium in the diet causes what condition?
3533..Where would you find Lunate Triquetral and Hamate?
3534..What are Jean Bernard, Pierre St-Martin and Berger in France?
3535..Dallol Ethiopia has what claim to fame?
3536..Where are Bay of Heats and Bay of Dew Sinus Aestuum - Roris?
3537..The star constellation Lepus has what English name?
3538..Lauris Nobilis is the Latin name of what common herb?
3539..If you suffered from varicella what have you got?
3540..Chi is the Chinese year of what?
3541..A Comte France Landgraf Germany Conde Italy what England?
3542..In heraldry what is a vertical line dividing a shield called?
3543..The Templeton prize is awarded annually for progress in what?
3544..International car registration letters what country is ZA?
3545..In England what is the most popular girls name of the 90s?
3546..Rosencrantz and Guilderstern are dead - name playwright?
3547..Lucy Johnson became famous under what name?
3548..What is a Tam Tam?
3549..FITA are the governing body of what sport?
3550..Denzil Washington's first film as director was what?
3551..What is Canada's oldest city founded in 1608?
3552..In the Jewish religion what's banned during The three weeks?
3553..Who wrote the hymn Hear my Prayer?
3554..38 million Americans one in five don’t like what?
3555..Alan Ginsberg is credited with inventing what 60s phrase?
3556..Where would you find a pintle?
3557..Who created Woody Woodpecker?
3558..Winston Churchill had a dog - what type?
3559..Who was born in Chicago 5th December 1901 died 1966?
3560..What is the name of Paul McCartney's official fan club?
3561..By US government figures people have tried 28000 ways of what?
3562..If you suffer from Tinea Pedis what have you got?
3563..What colour is Llamas milk?
3564..In Alberta its illegal to play craps if you are using what?
3565..Narcotics comes from the Greek - what it literally mean?
3566..What did Pope John XX1 use as effective eyewash?
3567..Rhodopsis original Egyptian Cinderella had what job?
3568..Whose attendance compulsory at priests banquets in Egypt?
3569..Siddhartha Gautama became better known as who?
3570..In ancient Greece young brides had to sacrifice what?
3571..Caer-Lud was the former name of what capitol city?
3572..4% of women never do what according to survey?
3573..In superstition if you marry on Saturday you will have what?
3574..What was the first million dollar seller paperback?
3575..Who founded Methodism in 1738?
3576..What was the ancient Egyptian cure for haemorrhoids?
3577..Middle ages Monks denied meat on fast days ate what?
3578..Where was Ice Cream invented?
3579..Brittany Spears - what is her favourite drink?
3580..What job does Charlie Browns father do?
3581..International direct dialling codes what country has 353?
3582..What is the main food of walruses Clams?
3583..30% of people quit this job in USA each year - what job?
3584..Napoleons life was saved by a dog what breed – and he hated dogs?
3586..In 1821 Jacob Fusel worlds fist commercial factory making what?
3587..The star constellation Grus has what English name?
3588..International aircraft registration letters what country is PP or PT?
3589..What was the first 30 minute animated Disney show?
3590..A renaissance doctor - what treatment excluding bleeding?
3591..You could be executed for drinking what in ancient Turkey?
3592..Where did the ancient Egyptians paint pictures of their enemies?
3593..What is found in one third of American homes?
3594..Bowling for lizards was whose favourite TV program?
3595..The name Jesse means what in Hebrew?
3596..According to strain theory crime is mainly committed by who?
3597..In what country was the longbow invented?
3598..Who makes Pringles?
3599..What airline started 24th September 1946 single DC3 - Betsy?
3600..What are a swallowtail and a burgee?
3601..What is the most common sexually transmitted disease in USA?
3602..Who was the Angel in Milton's Paradise Lost?
3603..300000 American teenagers get what every year?
3604..Francesco Seraglio invented what in Australia in early 1960s?
3605..What was Socrates wife's name?
3606..Who "Loved not to wisely but too well" Shakespeare play?
3607..What did Anna Sage "The lady in Red do"?
3608..Who makes Kleenex tissues?
3609..Poon Lim holds the record of 133 days doing what?
3610..Holden Caulfield - Catcher in the Rye - where JD Sal get name?
3611..Marcus Garvey founded what?
3612..Ancient Roman brides wore a wedding dress - what colour?
3613..64% of American teenagers have what in their bedrooms?
3614..Charles Stratton became famous as what circus act?
3615..What is the most common sexual complaint of females over 50?
3616..Who makes Miller Lite beer?
3617..The name Calvin has what unfortunate Latin meaning?
3618..What author was the first published by Bantam paperbacks?
3619..In ancient India what was cut off adulterers?
3620..In British Columbia is illegal to kill what?
3621..The Spear Leek was the original name of what food item?
3622..What was the name of the first Wings album?
3623..Who started Laugh O Gram productions?
3624..Sigmund Freud used a dog to help his psychoanalysis what breed?
3625..In a 1988 survey 12 million Americans don’t know what?
3626..Lobster Newberg was invented at what famous restaurant?
3627..In 18th century England what would you do with whim wham?
3628..The FIC govern what sport?
3629..In England what is the most popular boys name of the 90s?
3630..International car registration letters what country is IS?
3631..In heraldry what is a horizontal line dividing a shield called?
3632..The star constellation Ara has what English name?
3633..Which Roman Emperors name means little boats?
3634..In England what can you not hang out of your window?
3635..The constellation Norma has what English name?
3636..Chu is the Chinese year of what animal?
3637..Vor was the Norse Goddess of what?
3638..OB is the international aircraft registration letters what country?
3639..Who composed the classical piece Peter and the Wolf?
3640..In what sport do women compete for the Uber cup?
3641..What was the last sequel to win best picture award?
3642..How did Stonewall Jackson die?
3643..What are The Chiuhauhan Nubian and Alaskan?
3644..International dialling codes what country is 86?
3645..Thieves Liars Magicians and who were in Dantes 8th circle Hell?
3646..Alphabetically what is the first element in the periodic table?
3647..What order of insects contains the most species?
3648..What famous battle was fought at Pancenoit?
3649..What colour is natural cheddar cheese?
3650..Where was the first Pony Express set up?
3651..What animal originated Groundhog Day?
3652..Abraham Zapruder made the most scrutinised film all time what?
3653..Aesculus is the Latin name of what type of tree?
3654..Where were bagpipes invented?
3655..What is Rice Paper made from?
3656..Jorn Utzon of Denmark designed what landmark?
3657..What is the most popular pizza topping in South Korea?
3658..Which people used to settle legal disputes by head butting?
3659..Hitihita is a character in what book and film?
3660..How does a male koala attract a mate?
3661..Bohemian Rhapsody was on what Queen album?
3662..What is a Boodie?
3663..What character on TV and film must have sex every 7 years?
3664..What was the name of Hamlets father?
3665..Bugs Bunny was a caricature of what actor?
3666..Sherlock Holmes lived in Baker St - What other Detective did?
3667..Spumador was whose horse?
3668..In what American state do most fail to graduate?
3669..Names from Jobs - what in the middle ages did a walker do?
3670..Alfred Butta invented what in 1941 - marketed 1948?
3671..Phobos and Deimos are moons of Mars - what do names mean?
3672..What colour is a giraffes tongue?
3673..Erica is the Latin name for what shrub?
3674..What is the capitol of Fiji?
3675..Disney's Sleeping Beauty what is the name of the Queen witch?
3676..What is the name of Shakespeare's first play?
3677..Regnat Populus - The people rule - motto of what US state?
3678..A Cow Moos - A c**k Crows - What does an Ape do?
3679..The IHF govern what sport?
3680..Levi Stubbs Renaldo Benson Abdul Fakir Laurence Payton Who?
3681..The constellation Lacerta has what English name?
3682..Collective nouns - An Army of what?
3683..What US state has no motto?
3684..Babs Gorden is better know as what heroine?
3685..Jim Thorpe won Olympic pentathlon 1912 who was fifth?
3686..First Impressions was the original title of what classic novel?
3687..What country spends the most per capita in casinos?
3688..In India in 1994 who were finally allowed to vote?
3689..In what language was the first complete bible in US printed?
3690..John Wayne called what film "The most un-American thing ever"?
3691..What country produces the most tobacco in the world?
3692..Collective nouns - A Business of what?
3693..If you were eating Olea Europea what would it be?
3694..What is Jane Fonda's middle name?
3695..Who is the Roman Goddess of flocks and herds?
3696..Where were the first winter Olympics held in 1924?
3697..Which album is on the Billboard top 200 the longest since 1973?
3698..David John Moore Cornwell became famous as who?
3699..In The Hobbit what colour is Bilbo's door?
3700..In what game might you use a flat stick called a kip?
3701..Where was Holmes pal Dr Watson wounded during the war?
3702..Collective nouns - A Husk of what?
3703..Black and Blue play Red and Yellow at what game?
3704..What rank was George Armstrong Custer when he was killed?
3705..Old superstitions - it is bad luck to do what in the morning?
3706..Who said "Bigamy is one husband too many like Monogamy"?
3707..What colour were ETs eyes?
3708,,What is the smallest species of penguin?
3709..What do Fromologists collect?
3710..In the original Wizard of Oz what colour were the slippers?
3711..The Beverley Hillbillies came from what Ozarks town?
3712..Collective nouns - A leap of what?
3713..International dialling codes what county is 20?
3714..What US states name means long river in Indian?
3715..What country has the most elephants?
3716..In WW2 the Graf Spee was forced into what harbour?
3717..Who were the first Australian group to sell a million records?
3718..What was James Deans middle name?
3719..Collective nouns - A Float of what?
3720..In Romeo and Juliet what day is Juliet's Birthday?
3721..George C Scott - what does the C stand for?
3722..In Italy a man can be arrested if found wearing what?
3723..The Arcocarpus altilis was involved in a mutiny - what is it?
3724..In what European country have most land battles been fought?
3725..Gwizador in Poland is who in English?
3726..In what sport is The Lugano Trophy awarded every 2 years?
3727..Who composed the ballets - The Firebird and The Rite of Spring?
3728..OD international aircraft registration letters of what country?
3729..Bragi was the Norse God of what?
3730..Myrastica fragrens is what common spice?
3731..The constellation Mensa has what English name?
3732..Collective nouns - A family of what?
3733..Who was the first woman to receive The Order of Merit 1907?
3734..In terms of hair what does FSH stand for?
3735..On a prescription the Latin expression Ter in Die means what?
3736..What was Sherpa Tensing surname?
3737..Kolduns popular in Russia as analysts in America what are they?
3738..What month was named after Latin for to open?
3739..What is the more common name for Alkane?
3740..How long can a bedbug live without food?
3741..What is a Caryatid?
3742..In Portugal if you bought sem chumbo what is it?
3743..What Japanese name means fried food often at the table?
3744..What is Nelson Mandela's middle name?
3745..What thin net of silk or Rayon named after French place it made?
3746..What French word literally means little skip?
3747..Bib-label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Soda better known as what?
3748..In Slovenian if you heard Na Mesta Pozor Zdaj what sport?
3749..What country has the most Post Offices?
3750..Who said about his songs "some are 10 minutes long some are 6"?
3751..Who would use a punty in their job?
3752..Who would use an ankus in their job?
3753..What is the correct name for the honey bear or potto?
3754..The Marino sheep originated in what country?
3755..What was the first battleship powered by steam turbines 1906?
3756..d**k Tracy the comic strip started life as what name?
3757,,Carson City in Nevada - dubious distinction first what 1924?
3758..What magazine started in America March 1923?
3759..Tenzin Gyatso became what in 1937?
3760..In what country was Mother Theresa born?
3761..In 1918 what were Jelly Babies renamed?
3762..Who was Prime Minister of China 1949 to 1976?
3763..The Egg and I was whose first film?
3764..What British Motor vehicle displayed at 1948 Amsterdam show?
3765..Who first appeared in All Star Comics in 1941?
3766..What fashion designer was responsible for "The New Look"?
3767..The British Patent Office since 1949 banned patents for what?
3768..What colour was Ian Flemming's typewriter?
3769..Which Canadian won the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize for Suez?
3770..Who was the first commoner to appear Royal Mail pack 1964?
3771..What did Canada's Grand Falls change their name to 1964?
3772..Which comic character was dynamited to death in issue 428?
3773..What happened to Charles Brooks in 1982?
3774..What artist was nicknamed "Jack the Dripper" action painting?
3775..In what George Bizet opera do Zugra and Nbadir appear?
3776..Charles Adrian Wettach became famous as what clown?
3777..Martin Fallon Hugh Marlow James Graham Harry Patterson who?
3778..Who created Popeye?
3779..The film The Madness of King George III Dropped III - why?
3780..Who had the part of Dirty Harry - hurt hand - dropped out?
3781..What are Demy, Medium, Royal, Double Crown?
3782..Collective nouns - A Chatter of what?
3783..What word from the Persian means perfumed?
3784..What is a collection of penguins known as?
3785..A place name including worth e.g. Tamworth what's worth mean?
3786..c** Granlo Salis is Latin for what phrase?
3787..What does a crapulent person suffer from?
3788..We have used a cassette but what does it literally mean?
3789..Reykjavik translates into what?
3790..Chambre means what when referring to wine?
3791..What is a SR N4?
3792..What is Christmas Disease?
3793..Who wrote the 1994 biography "Princess in Love"?
3794..Clemantine Campbell became famous under what name?
3795..An Ortaline is a cross between what two items?
3796..What US state is the magnolia state?
3797..The Glis Glis was fattened and eaten by the Romans what is it?
3798..72% of what country is covered by forest?
3799..What was Woody Allen's first film as writer/actor?
3800..On what are the worlds smallest paintings painted?
3801..What city used to be known as Bytown?
3802..Mare Nostrum was the Roman name for what?
3803..Kong Zi is better known as who?
3804..The Romans called it Cambria - what do we call it?
3805..The Red Rose City has what more common name in Jordan?
3806..The Pirate Khair-ed-Din had what Italian name meaning redbeard?
3807..Chopin played what instrument as a child?
3808..In what Shakespeare play does the character Caliban appear?
3809..Cerumen is the technical name for what body part?
3810..If a dish is served Florentine what will it contain?
3811..Frank Gorshin played what role in a 60s series films?
3812..Which Puccini opera featured Nessun Dorma?
3813..British Standard BS2724 might protect what body part?
3814..If you saw Cave Canem written what would you know?
3815..Who was the minstrel that found Richard I imprisoned?
3816..What is a negus - named after inventor?
3817..Stingray Bay named by Cook is now known as what?
3818..Sextilis was the original name for what?
3819..What does a copoclephist collect?
3820..Who is the Patron Saint of florists and gardeners?
3821..Jobs from names - what did a Wayne do?
3822..What countries highest award is The Order of the Elephant?
3823..What is Thalassophobia a fear of?
3824..Who does a Filicide kill?
3825..From the Greek meaning apple what do we call this fruit?
3826..What creature gets its name for the Spanish for slowly?
3827..Name Def Leopards one armed drummer?
3828..Mr Mybug was only interested in sex with Flora in what book?
3829..Where would you find your Coxa?
3830..Bad before a German town name means what?
3831..What name from the French to quibble means a no trump hand?
3832..Collective nouns - what is a group of swans?
3833..Who had a no 1 Album 60s 70s 80s 90s?
3834..What was Spencer Tracy's last film?
3835..Who was the third and favourite son of David in Old Testament?
3836..Who had a hit with "Son of my Father" in 1972?
3837..What fish was the subject of dispute Spain Canada in 1995?
3838..Ratatosk was what animal in Norse mythology - relayed insults?
3839..What ship was blown up at the end of The African Queen?
3840..Richard Carlisle invented an early vending machine selling what?
3841..Nevada means what when translated from Indian?
3842..Where is the oldest known restaurant in the world?
3843..Who is the Roman Goddess of orchards and gardens?
3844..In a recent survey what % of US wives thought husband cheating?
3845..What was the first country to recognise the US as independent?
3846..What soft drink was developed as a hangover remedy?
3847..Edinburgh Castle stands on Arthur's Seat what was Arthur's seat?
3848..Who should have played Indiana Jones and dropped out?
3849..The San Andreas is what type of geological fault?
3850..Name any of the demonstration sports at the Sydney Olympics?
3851..Where was the first Miss World contest held in 1951?
3852..And what country won it?
3853..Japanese hi tec toilets auto wipe buts using what?
3854..In Greek legend who turned men into swine?
3855..After California what US state produces the most wine?
3856..What series was voted the best fiction of the 20th century?
3857..What US state was the last to ratify abolition slavery 1990s?
3858..Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia is the fear of what?
3859..Every day in the US people steal $20000 from where?
3860..C17 H21 N04 is the chemical formula for what?
3861..Who fired the first shots in the 1970 film MASH?
3862..What is the worlds most widely eaten fish?
3863..Beveley Hills Cop was Eddie Murphy but who was it intended for?
3864..What is the literal meaning of Kangaroo?
3865..A digitabulist collects what?
3866..Who said "I’ve watched a lot of baseball - on the radio"?
3867..Collective nouns - a group of police officers?
3868..In Norse mythology Tyr is the god of what?
3869..Brave Belt was the original name of what group?
3870..The Hula Hoop was illegal in what country?
3871..Leonato is the main character in what Shakespeare play?
3872..Who wrote the book Forest Gump?
3873..What product uses the most silver?
3874..What was the former name of the Chrysler Corporation?
3875..In the Bible who was the father of Abraham?
3876..What was the name of the shepherd that got Tremponina Pallidium?
3877..What sport was called Harpastum by the ancient Greeks?
3878..Who was the male star when The Mousetrap first played?
3879..Who was the first actress to endorse a product commercially?
3880..What is a Caldera?
3881..Who wrote the opera Zaide?
3882..What was 1993s biggest selling single?
3883..What is a dhoti?
3884..In Heraldry what is a mullet?
3885..FINA is the governing body of what amateur sport?
3886..40% of Americans have never been where?
3887..What is Switzerland's official name?
3888..Which drink was designed as a malaria cure?
3889..What are lop cheong?
3890..Who would use a barny to reduce noise?
3891..In AFTs top 100 movies only 2 sequels - Godfather and what?
3892..King Thibaw - imprisoned by the British - last king of where?
3893..In 1929 the first what happened on an aircraft?
3894..What is the name of the second highest mountain in Africa?
3895..Who would use a Syllabary?
3896..What was David Leans first film?
3897..The oldest written plan of government in effect is in what country?
3898..Who wrote the poem "The Pied Piper of Hamlin"?
3899..In what film did Tommy Lee Jones make his debut?
3900..In ancient Japan what was used to clean teeth?
3901..What can you shag in Georgia but its illegal in Florida?
3902..Julian d**k George Anne and who make the famous five?
3903..Who was The Little Playful One?
3904..Where was Freddie Mercury born?
3905..What was the name of Thomas Jefferson's home?
3906..Crazy Horse and Custer shared what childhood name?
3907..Bridge River Kwai - Bridges Toki Rio - what actor links films?
3908..Who runs the Spirit Foundation - Aged Abused Orphaned?
3909..Thalia is one of the muses - what's her subject?
3910..In the Little Mermaid fairy tale what happens to her?
3911..Why was Clark Kent rejected military service during WW2?
3912..Who wrote the title song for Live and let Die?
3913..John Quincy Adams was the only US president to do what?
3914..Who cut off Samson's Hair (King James Edition)?
3915..Who was the first woman to win an Oscar best actress 1928?
3916..What Sanskrit word means great king?
3917..Novel gave Hemmingway nick speaker of the lost generation?
3918..What is the name on fake credit cards?
3919..What did Benjamin Franklin claim as his trade?
3920..Which US state gets the most overseas visitors?
3921..What is a wood p***y?
3922..Who wrote the epic poem Samson Agonites?
3923..What is the state tree of Idaho?
3924..Who is the adopted son of Vito Corleone?
3925..What was the name of the first presidential aircraft?
3926..Bill Medly was part of what group?
3927..Who is Dumbella?
3928..What flower is the symbol of culture?
3929..What country consumes the most coke per capita?
3930..In Heraldry there are 60 varieties of what?
3931..What does pp on a music score mean?
3932..LOT is the national airline of what country?
3933..In ancient India how were dead parents traditionally disposed of?
3934..Phalacrophobia is the fear of what?
3935..Humans lose 27 what a day?
3936..Who would use a brannock or what for?
3937..What is the smallest book in the Library of Congress?
3938..Lucille Langhanke born 1906 won an Oscar as who in 1941?
3939..Harrison Ford played CIA agent Jack Ryan - who else has?
3940..The song I know him so well comes from what stage musical?
3941..Lewis Ernest Watts became famous under what name?
3942..Who had a hit with First Cut is the Deepest in 1977?
3943..And who wrote the song?
3944..What is the thing that wives do that annoy most husbands?
3945..And what's the top annoyance among wives?
3946..Name the author who created Brer Rabbit and Brer Fox?
3947..Zane Grey the western writer had what initial profession?
3948..Vivaldi composed The Four Seasons - what's his first name?
3949..In which Irish county is Bantry Bay?
3950..Burning potassium has what colour flame?
3951..De'cappo means what in music?
3952..Name first animated film to be nominated for best picture Oscar?
3953..Jazz Trumpeter John Birks was better known as who?
3954..Jacinth or Hyacinth are alternative names of what mineral?
3955..Nanook is a Canadian word for what animal?
3956..In what prison did Nelson Mandela spend 19 of 27 years in jail?
3957..What should you give on a 35th wedding anniversary?
3958..The Punjab is an area of India meaning what?
3959..In Morse code one dash four dots what number?
3960..What country has the worlds largest merchant navy?
3961..Until computers replaced it who would use a Bloggoscope?
3962..Where did Mathias Rust land his Cessna in 1987?
3963..What does AMSTRAD stand for?
3964..St Sithney is the Patron Saint of what?
3965..What was Super Mario's original name?
3966..Pitcairn Airlines were the first to provide what in 1922?
3967..Sotheby's sold a 200 year old bit of Tibetan what $1500 in 1993?
3968..What caused the first Rednecks to be Redneck?
3969..What is Virga?
Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:24 pm
4001..Jayne Austin had five brothers and one sister name her?
4002..What happened in Britain Sept 3rd 1752?
4003..Complete the Quote "Alas! Poor Yorick! I knew him,?"?
4004..What colour is caffeine?
4005..Who wrote the first song "Come On" Rolling Stones recorded 63?
4006..What was the name of Felix the Cats girlfriend?
4007..Verdi's opera Aida is set in what country?
4008..Jerome Siberman became famous as who?
4009..What battle does the French Legion Celebrate Annually?
4010..What is Falaka?
4011..Hrvataska is what the natives call what country?
4012..What job Michael Cane Uma Thurman Sidney Poitier common?
4013..Who sang for Lauren Bacall in To Have and Have Not?
4014..What animal has the worlds shortest sperm?
4015..Magnum PI wore a baseball cap supporting what team?
4016..The Swathling Cup is played for in what sport?
4017..Robert Redford, Steve McQueen Paul Newman reject $4m role?
4018..Saint Lydwina is the Patron Saint of what sport?
4019..Where was the worlds first televised baseball game?
4020..Itamae have what job in Japan?
4021..Chuck Berry Art Garfunkle Robert Redford had what job?
4022..In The Muppet Movie who sang for Miss Piggy?
4023..What country consumes the most tea per capita?
4024..In Australia what is a Willy-Willy?
4025..Table Tennis competitions only two coloured balls allowed what?
4026..Eye for Eye - Tooth For Tooth what comes next?
4027..Demetria Gene Guynes became famous as who?
4028..What colour was Tweety Bird originally?
4029..In what country would you buy Kingfisher lager?
4030..A Quidnunc is a what - from the Latin Quidnunc what now?
4031..What was Sheena Easton's original name?
4032..The French musical instrument The Viola has what other name?
4033..Female bathing caps were invented to prevent what?
4034..Clinton Oklahoma see two having sex in car what's illegal you do?
4035..Name Australia's highest mountain?
4037..Who won the first Oscar for a musical in 1943?
4038..In The film Reservoir Dogs what song was discussed at the start?
4039..Who was the Beatles original Bass Player?
4040..Which native Indian tribe never signed a peace treaty US govern?
4041..Ralph Wonderone became better known under what name?
4042..Shovelhead, Knucklehead, Panhead types of what?
4043..Murphy's Oil soap is most often used to clean what?
4044..In Singapore you can be publicly caned for failing to do what?
4045..Cathy Rigby was the first woman to do what?
4046..What flavour sweet was created for Ronald Regan?
4047..Lemniscate is the correct name for what symbol?
4048..Corduroy literally translated means what?
4049..What is the only USA state without a natural lake?
4050..Lauds Prime Tierce Sext Nones what comes next?
4051..What colour was Mrs Bates dress in Psycho?
4052..What was Napoleons mothers name?
4053..Terry Bollea became famous under what name?
4054..In Wisconsin its illegal to do what during your wife's orgasm?
4055..What is the only breed of dog that gets gout?
4056..What country has the worlds oldest National Anthem?
4057..William Blake Winston Churchill John Lennon what links?
4058..What domesticated pet is never mentioned in the Bible?
4059..Kellogg's Corn Flakes were invented to do what?
4060..In Texas its illegal to swear in front of what?
4061..What was Alfred Hitchcock's first sound film?
4062..What was known as Arabian Wine?
4063..What does the black and white BMW logo represent?
4064..In Arizona you must register with state before becoming what?
4065..Where are the Luxemburg gardens?
4066..What was Maxwell Smarts cover?
4067..What is the state insect of Texas?
4068..PD James wrote thrillers what does PD stand for?
4069..In what Bible book is "The love of money is the root of all evil"?
4070..In the Beverley Hillbillies what was a potpasser?
4071..Jack Haley played the Tin Man what was the Tin Mans name?
4072..Disney question - who are Daisy Ducks three nieces?
4073..Brassiere comes from an old French word meaning what?
4074..Trimontaine was the original name of where?
4075..In 1861 Dows Ginger Ale was the first to be what?
4076..In Louisiana what personal act is illegal in public?
4077..What breed of dog bites the most humans?
4078..Only humans and what primate can have blue eyes?
4079..What creature is the symbol of Bacardi?
4080..In which country are condoms most commonly used?
4081..What was the name of the saloon in Gunsmoke?
4082..A Vigule or Solidus is what character?
4083..Sourj is Armenian for what?
4084..Who wrote Heart of Darkness?
4085..In the movie what is Shafts first name?
4086..In Pennsylvania legally a man needs written permit from wife do wha?
4087..Grilled on a Ploughshare literal meaning what Japanese dish?
4088..Frank Heyes 1923 on Sweet Kiss only jockey ever to do what?
4089..In an authentic Chinese meal what is served last?
4090..Topolino in Italy is who here?
4091..Holland 1634 1000lb cheese 4 ox 8 pigs 12 sheep bed 1 what Vicero?
4092..Where in the body is the labrynth?
4093..In Shakespeare's Hamlet what herb is said to be for remembrance?
4094..What is Papins Digester - Invented Denis Papin 1679?
4095..A web site with sa in the name is in what country?
4096..Julius Caesar Hamlet Macbeth Richard III links not Obvious?
4097..In Denver Colorado it is illegal to lend what to your neighbour?
4098..Where were Chinese Checkers invented?
4099..What was the first film given the title Blockbuster?
4100..What was the third leading cause of death in 1900?
4101..Where would you find your Glabella?
4102..Until 1990 what was still legal tender in East Germany?
4103..On what hobby is most money spent?
4104..What city has the worlds biggest taxi fleet?
4105..4000 people each year are injured by what household item?
4106..What is the current no 1 aphrodisiac (reputedly)?
4107..In Delaware it is illegal to pawn what?
4108..What animal is mentioned most in the Bible?
4109..What links Socrates Aristotle Janis Joplin?
4110..What is the most common fear people have?
4111..After the US what country imports the most scotch?
4112..In Kansas City its illegal for children to buy what?
4113..What is officially the poorest US state?
4114..And what is officially the richest?
4115..Smith Johnson Williams Brown Jones next US common surnames?
4116..The US eat most ice cream per capita what country second?
4117..In Indiana what is illegal in winter?
4118..In what country did the rumba originate?
4119..Kitty the most common cats name in US what's the second?
4120..According to Homer Simpson what is a feline?
4121..Who sang Shattered Dreams in 1987?
4122..In Tucson Arizona it is illegal for a woman to wear what?
4123..Scottish clan were traitors and caused the Glencoe massacre?
4124..Who played Sarah Conner in 1984s Terminator?
4125..What country consumes the most calories per capita?
4126..What species of fish is caught most?
4127..It is illegal to use what to plough cotton fields in North Carolina?
4128..What is the top New Years Resolution?
4129..What US state has the most murders?
4130..What crime causes the second most number arrests in USA?
4131..Where did doughnuts originate?
4132..E W Hornung created which fictional character?
4133...In Baltimore it is illegal to take what to the movies?
4134...The word Matrix in the Bible means what?
4135...What links Herbert Hoover and Richard Nixon - not the obvious?
4136...Who is Homer Simpson's brother?
4137...In Dallas Texas it is illegal to possess a realistic what?
4138...What country drinks the most beer?
4139...What is the most common breeding bird in the US?
4140..Public Speaking is the most common fear what's the second?
4141..Over 28 million Americans are what?
4142..In Oklahoma it is illegal to bite some else's what?
4143..In Israel what unexpected item is certified Kosher?
4144..What was shown over parliament on a Canadian 2 dollar bill?
4145..What links the Cassowary Kakapo and the Kagu?
4146..On the TV show Frazier what was the dads dogs name?
4147..Between October and March what is illegal in Indiana?
4148..Sylvester and Tweety Pie - Cat Bird started out as what?
4149..Potatoes were fist sold as what?
4150..What is Dennis the Menace's last name?
4151..Ancient China Treason Robbery Adultery what punishment?
4152..It is illegal to sell what in Lehigh New England?
4153..What does the Australian slang word Hooroo mean?
4154..Seven million of these are thrown away each day - what?
4155..Vampire bats prefer to bite what part of a sleeping person?
4156..In what language was The Communist Manifesto written?
4157..In Natchez Missouri it is illegal to provide beer to what?
4158..A Parthenophobe has a fear of what?
4159..Who received 800000 fan letters in 1933?
4160..Who recorded their first song under the names Tom and Jerry?
4161..Monology is the study of what?
4162..In Utah where is it illegal to fish?
4163..What is the penalty for drunk driving in Sumatra?
4164..Stag Party was the original name of what?
4165..What is the name of Fred Flintstones paperboy?
4166..The word Sahara is Arabic for what?
4167...Montana its illegal to have what in your cab without chaperone?
4168...In cooking six drops equal one what?
4169...What was the name of the skunk in Bambi?
4170..What do toads do before mating?
4170..What country is the worlds oldest functioning democracy?
4171..In Miami it is illegal for men to be seen in public wearing what?
4172..What President appears on the US $100000 bill?
4173..80% of the worlds population wears shoes made in what country?
4174..A study in shades of grey in the name of what picture?
4175..What is the worlds oldest snack food - 610 AD?
4176..In Fargo North Dakota you can be jailed for dancing with what?
4178..In 1839 what innovation was added to bicycles?
4179..Who was Time Magazines first man of the year (1927)?
4180..Who lived at 1431 North Beachwood?
4181..What is the most eaten food in the US?
4182..Until 1998 by law The QE hotel must do what if you rent a room?
4183..By law every fifth song on Canadian Radio must be what?
4184..In The Simpson's what was the name of the Barbie type doll?
4185..What country consumes the most fish per capita?
4186..MacDonald farm Sheep Cows Pigs Chicks Ducks Donkeys and what?
4187..Hamida Djandoubi in 1977 was the last one - what?
4188..In Cheyenne Wyoming what is illegal on Wednesday?
4189..What was the first product sold in aerosol sprays?
4190..What was the first magazine to publish a hologram on its cover?
4191..What food was regarded as an aphrodisiac in the Middle Ages?
4192..In Arizona you can have no more than two what in a house?
4193..Nonpariel Mission Caramel Neplus Peerless types of what?
4194..What is a Bunt a part of?
4195..Who had a hit with November Rain?
4196..What is the provincial bird of Yukon?
4197..In Columbus Ohio it is illegal to sell what on Sunday?
4198..What was the first toy advertised on TV in USA?
4199..John Benyon Harris became famous as what S F writer?
4200..Sukkot is a festival in which religion?
4201..If you suffered from pyrexia what have you got?
4202..In Morrisville Penn a woman must have a permit to do what?
4203..In Germany what are the Neubaustrecke?
4204..Where could you see a likeness of Pharaoh Khafres head?
4205..FDA regard 5 Fruit fly maggots 3oz per can acceptable - what?
4206..What are Puli Sloghi and Kuvaszok?
4207..In Oklahoma it is illegal to wear what in bed?
4208..What are Misty Rain Sunshine Blue Honey Rose?
4209..Gin Triple Sec (quantreau) and pineapple juice what cocktail?
4210..Silent night the Christmas carol was first played on what?
4211..During US recessions which group have the most unemployment?
4212..In Florida what is banned in public places after 6pm Thursdays?
4213..Where would you find the phrase Annuit Coeptis?
4214..Nine inches in nautical measure is called what?
4215..Bibendum is whose real name?
4216..What is a logogram - a $ sign is one?
4217..In Tennessee it is illegal to drive if you are what?
4218..We know what lasagne is - what is a lassagnum its named from?
4219..What colour M&M is most prevalent in each packet?
4220..Who is Woodie Woodpeckers girlfriend?
4221..What product sells best in US supermarkets 98.2% of shoppers?
4222..In Ackworth Georgia all citizens must own what by law?
4223..What are Zap Spirit Crazylegs and Chuckles?
4224..What is the name of Toys R Us Giraffe?
4225..Santa Clause works in USA but who delivers gifts in Syria?
4226..What are a Jalpa Jarama Shamal and Merak?
4227..What famous reference work is illegal in Texas?
4228..Rheoboam is a bottle size but also the last king of where?
4229..What is the state bird of Wisconsin?
4230..The Primes and The Distants merged to form what group?
4231..What country drink the most milk per capita?
4232..In Boise Idaho where by law are you not allowed to fish?
4233..Who is Yogi Bears girlfriend?
4234..What fashion designers symbol is a swan?
4235..68% of Americans do what (Trying to be punctual)?
4236..What animal is the mascot of the US Naval Academy?
4237..Who drives a car licensed 6YZ643?
4238..Where was volleyball invented?
4239..Miso a traditional Japanese cooking ingredient is what?
4240..What is mosquitoes main food?
4241..In the Winnie the Pooh books what name is over Poohs door?
4242..What is the name of Superman's Supercat?
4243..What is the most common name in the Bible?
4244..International dialling codes - where is 672?
4245..Newspeak - Portable Handheld Communications Transcribers?
4246..Who is d**k Tracey's girlfriend?
4247..What was first man made object to exceed sound barrier?
4248..What seven letter word do all Americans pronounce wrongly?
4249..What is the main ingredient of mock turtle soup?
4250..What would a German do with a Gravenstein?
4251..How many pints will the 27 inch Americas cup hold?
4252..Where would you find your purlicue?
4253..Who was Barbara Streisands first husband?
4254..What is the name of Porky Pigs father?
4255..Nathan Burnbaum became famous under what name?
4256..In Japan what is Shogi?
4257..Who killed his grandfather with a quoit at the Larrisan games?
4258..Shaddock is another name for what?
4259..What was built by the inmates of Changi Prison Camp?
4260..In Greek legend what was eaten on the Island of Jerba?
4261..Who was Dr Zhivago’s love?
4262..In the Modern 1896 Olympics what was the first event decided?
4263..What was the name of Australia's first girlie magazine in 1936?
4264..Where did the British Brown Bess musket get its name?
4265..Luke wrote two Bible books Luke and what?
4266..What was the only remake to win the best picture Oscar?
4267..Soylent Green the band took name from film and book by who?
4268..Prescribed as cure Beri Beri it cured scrotal dermatitis - what?
4269..Colonel Tom Parker Elvis's manager had what earlier act?
4270..What large animal has a less than two inch erect p***s?
4271..According to 36% of Americans they have done what?
4272..By Indonesian law what is the penalty for masturbation?
4273..By law in Guam who are not allowed to marry?
4274..Lorne Green has only one what (an alligator ate the other)?
4275..21% Americans don’t do it every day 5% never do it - what?
4276..Name the country that starts with A but does not end with A?
4277..Collective nouns - a group of what is a charm?
4278..Who refused the leading male role in Gone With the Wind?
4279..In Florida its illegal for a housewife to do what more 3 times daily?
4280..In America its noise is B flat in England its G what is?
4281..In what US City is most blond hair dye sold?
4282..How many sheep are used to produce one angora sweater?
4283..What is fumet?
4284..85% of American people will eat what this year?
4285..Manu National Park Peru has 1300 different species of what?
4286..Who is Olive Oyls brother?
4287..Montezuma's nephew Cuitlahac name means what?
4288..What make was the first car with air conditioning?
4289..In Bristol England an old law says dogs can do what?
4290..The name of what product - German water Greek olive Oil?
4291..What killed half the US soldiers in WW1?
4292..In Denmark what is a Svangerskabsforebyggendemiddel?
4293..What was the first TV show in colour?
4294..33% of American women lie about what?
4295..What does the word Grizzly mean - as in Grizzly bear?
4296..Collective nouns - a Trip of what?
4297..Wilhelm Steinitz was the world's first what in 1886?
4298..Telesphobia is a fear of what?
4299..Irish Proverb - If you want to be criticized do what?
4300..Cher Ami a homing pigeon won the DSC and had what item?
4301..Who are the Diascuri?
4302..Nichole Dunsdon was the last what in October 1992?
4303..Emperor Claudius passed a law legalising what at banquets?
4304..President Andrew Jackson's funeral 1845 who removed swearing?
4305..There are more the 38000 types of what?
4306..What country has the most bookshops per head population?
4307..Chase and Sandborn first sold what in tins in the US?
4308..What is the opposite of Plenum?
4309..Strontium 90 was the original name of which band?
4310..In Massachusetts it is illegal to duel with what?
4311..Charles Jung invented what in America?
4312..Whose last published novel was Murder from the Past?
4314..A Queef is the name for what?
4315..If an Australian had a Bingle what would it be?
4316..Who declined a Pulitzer Prize for his book Arrowsmith?
4317..Lotta and Vassar were the first two brands of what?
4318..The Jelbukk is a Swedish Xmas decoration - what is it?
4319..Where is David Livingstone Buried (Two Places / countries)?
4320..Sunglasses were invented in China to do what?
4321..The Italian Date is a common name of what fruit?
4322..Graham Kerr became famous under what nickname?
4323..What was the name of the last silent movie made 1929?
4324..What US President said I Promise instead of I swear inaugurate?
4325..What is banned by law in Japanese restaurants?
4326..What is measured in Scroville Units?
4327..If an Australian had trouble with his donk who would he call on?
4328..In Kentucky a man cannot purchase what without his wife?
4329..What country issued a banana shaped stamp?
4330..Who was the first male to appear on the cover of playboy?
4331..What colour are an American porcupines teeth?
4332..8% of people in the world have an extra what?
4333..Leader of the Iroquois Indians same name as what car?
4334..If you were drinking castle beer in what country would you be?
4335..President Hayes 1878 started which annual White house event?
4336..Issac and Willian Fuld invented and patented what in 1892?
4337..What product only sold 1200 bottles in its first year?
4338..German kids wear what round neck for good luck on New Year?
4339..If an Aussie called you a Bananabender what would he mean?
4340..What is the closest living relative to the T Rex?
4341..Who was the Roman Goddess of the land?
4342..Mao Muka Neko Pisica are what Chinese Gypsy Japan Rumania?
4343,,Bonnie Booth (3smilies/icon_cool.gif used what to remove a corn from her foot?
4344..In Michigan it is illegal to put what on your bosses desk?
4345..1949 Popular Mechanics said that future ones less 1.5 tons??
4346..Who said "Iv'e never had an accident worth talking about"?
4347..What is Joeys favourite food in Friends?
4348..Where was the worlds first oil well drilled?
4349..In any given 6 month period 40% of Americans are what?
4350..Who said "A Single death is a tragedy a million a statistic"?
4351..A Weaner is a baby what?
4352..Collective nouns a rhumba of what?
4353..What product sold 330 in the US in its first year?
4354..In Biker Slang what is a Belly Shover?
4355..What do humans get from the Cassava?
4356..If you are on the Choke mountains what country are you in?
4357..In the language of flowers what does the cucumber flower mean?
4358..Who is the Patron Saint of desperation?
4359..How often must one perform a quotidian task?
4360..Brave New World - Aldus Huxley - where name from?
4361..Gail Borden invented what food item?
4362..Where do men play each year for the Challenge Cup?
4363..Fried fish lettuce spinach is a traditional Xmas eve meal where?
4364..An average American eats 28 what in their lifetime?
4365..Who live at 742 Evergreen Terrace?
4366..In Baltimore it is illegal to scrub or wash what?
4367..US 1900 census people with 2 or less what were lower mid class?
4368..Who was the pilot in the first fatal air crash?
4369..What is the scent of an artificial hare at greyhound tracks?
4370..Name two sports where the winner moves backwards?
4371..There is one gallon of water in every cubic mile of what?
4372..In Australian slang what are apricots?
4373..What product only sold 8 in its first year in the USA?
4374..Scottish Hebrides island is defined a big enough sustain what?
4375..Who said "The internet is a good way to get on the net"?
4376..What makes a noise middle octave key of F?
4377..Lyssophobia is the fear of what?
4378..What capital city translates as Capital City in the native tongue?
4379..What flavour is framboise liqueur?
4380..Collective nouns a rag of what?
4381..Two out of 3 visits to an American doctor are for what problems?
4382..In Biker Slang what is a Coupon?
4383..If you were drinking Tiger beer in what country would you be?
4384..Who said "People only see what they are prepared to see"?
4385..In Utah you can get a licence to hunt what?
4386..Epistemophobia is the fear of what?
4387..Which magazine declared bankruptcy in the early 1990s?
4388..What food are astronauts prohibited before a mission?
4389..What product sold 25 bottles in its first year for $50 cost $75?
4390..To what Patron Saint would you pray if you had a headache?
4391..JFK was actually baptised JFFK what was the other F for?
4392..What is the punishment for drunk driving in Norway?
4393..96% of all what are purchased by women?
4394...What did Oliver Pollock invent in 1778?
4395..What are Waist Overalls?
4396..In the language of flowers giving a mushroom meant what?
4397..ORD are the identification letters of what airport?
4398..What woman has the most statues of her?
4399..Choo Kiko Wapi - what have I asked in Swahili?
4400..In Helsinki Finland what's the police alternative to parking tickets?
4401..What word did non-English speakers say sounded prettiest?
4402..If you were drinking Cobra beer in what country would you be?
4403..In Aussie slang what are Bum Nuts?
4404..In Palding Ohio police officers can legally do what to dogs?
4405..New Jersey has a museum with 5400 exhibits of what?
4406..What does a myrmecologist study?
4407..Equator's favourite dish is Seco de Chivo - what is it?
4408..What is a Pygmy Blue?
4409..Emelio Marco Palma was the first to do what in 1978?
4410..After homes and jobs where do Americans spend most time?
4411..Which US place name translates Indian as place of drunkenness?
4412..Luchiano Paverotti has what in his pocket for luck when singing?
4413..Ill Never Forget Whatshisname 1968 film first said ******** – who?
4414..Philematology is the science of what?
4415..What is the most popular name for a boat?
4416..Collective nouns - A Labour of what?
4417..If You were drinking Rolling Rock lager what US state are you in?
4418..In Biker Slang what are Giblets?
4419..In Minnesota its illegal for a woman dressed as what on street?
4420..What word comes from the Latin phrase to crowd together?
4421..In 1999 Dallas Texas passed a law banning what from city?
4422..On Scooby Doo what was Shaggys real name?
4423..Who failed his music class at school?
4424..Who or what was Black Betsy?
4425..20% of Japanese publications are what?
4426..What was the first music CD burned in America?
4427..In ancient Japan public contests were held to find what?
4428..What are scutes?
4429..If a Ghanian says Afishapa what have you been told?
4430..St Gerard is the Patron Saint of who?
4431..In the language of flowers giving mint meant what?
4432..If an Australian called you a Gumsucker what would he mean?
4433..In the language of flowers what does oak leaves mean?
4434..What does a Coprophobe fear?
4435..Collective nouns - a leash of what?
4436..In Lebanon it is legal to have sex with who / what?
4437..Kan Pei - Terveydeksi - Op Je gazonheid 3 ways saying what?
4438..25% of women regularly do what?
4439..Who tell of the mythical Bunyips that eat people?
4440..Who wrote One flew over the Cuckoos Nest?
4441..Japanese Soya noodles are made from what?
4442..What word in English has the most synonyms?
4443..What English word comes from Latin for Sheath for a Sword?
4444..At the end of TVs MASH what character stayed in Korea?
4445..April 20 1896 was the first time people paid to do what?
4446..There are 33 words on the back of a bottle of what beer?
4447..Brigham Young University offers what unusual Major?
4448...What product was originally called Baby Gays?
4449..Women do it twice as often as men - what?
4450..What is the only flavour Jell-o containing any real fruit?
4451..Einstein never wore what if he could avoid it?
4452..What is a tucket?
4453..Beethoven's 9th was his interpretation of what work by Schiller?
4454..A standard what contains eight holes?
4455..What city was chosen but refused the 1976 Winter Olympics?
4456..Where in Europe can you find wild monkeys?
4457..70% of Americans have done what?
4458..What is the name of the Flintstones cat?
4459..Muscatel literally means what in Italian?
4460..A average male will have 2000 what during his lifetime?
4461..What is polenta?
4462..Egg Fu is the enemy of what super hero?
4463..Who was the first honorary US citizen?
4464..What links Bill Clinton Fidel Castro Alb Einstein Jimmy Hendrix?
4465..According to a survey what is the US top family food?
4466..Urea is only found in humans and what other animal?
4467..What group were once called The Warlocks?
4468..What colour is a sunburned turnip?
4469..On Average a West German goes 7 days without doing what?
4470..What product put its logo on Dover cliffs - Act Parliament get off?
4471..Approximately 3 million women in the USA have what?
4472..Harold Sakata was badly burned playing what character?
4473..In the Flintstones in what county is Bedrock?
4474..Ariztid Olt was what early name used by a famed actor?
4475..Who said "Once you are dead you are made for life"?
4476..What does Vodka literally mean?
4477..In Kingsville Texas its illegal for who/what to shag on airport land?
4478..Collective nouns - a hedge of what?
4479..What does a Erotophobe fear?
4480..Who is the Patron Saint of Gout?
4481..In the language of flowers what does yellow lily mean?
4482..What is the Roman Numerals for 4000?
4483..Put the worlds most common forename and surname together?
4484..King James the IV practiced what (and charged) on subjects?
4485..At the Festival of the Cleaver Spartans nailed what to the wall?
4486..43% of Americans regularly do what?
4487..Chachi was a character in Happy days whats it mean in Korean?
4488..Frank Sinatra John Wayne Paul Newman rejected what role?
4489..Who was the first man to set foot on all five continents?
4490..What idea began in London in 1764?
4491..Only humans and what have hymens?
4492..In Connecticut by law restaurants must provide separate what?
4493..DELAG was the worlds first what Oct 16 1909?
4494..Do ahashya da is Navaho for what?
4495..Here comes the judge is from what TV show?
4496..What is a Hindi in Turkey?
4497..Each day 3000 Americans do what for the first time?
4498..Apart from Star Trek Kirk Scott Spock Sulu (actors) what prog?
4499..Elizabeth I had anthrophobia what was she afraid of?
4500..What did Beethoven do before composing?
Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:25 pm
4501..What gives onions their distinctive smell?
4502..Where was the first police force established in 1667?
4503..Who is the largest toy distributor in the world?
4504..The average chocolate bar has eight what in it?
4505..Zorro the heroes name means what in Spanish?
4506..In Chicago its illegal to fish wearing what?
4507..Vegetarians do what more than carnivore / omnivores?
4508..What county has a national dog (only one country has one)?
4509..What is the leading cause of death in China?
4510..What product is consumed most in California?
4511..What flavour is kirshwasser liqueur?
4512..Farina is Italian for what?
4513..Moons of the faithful is the Chinese translation of what fruit?
4514..What science ficton author wrote about The Cities in Flight series?
4515..What literary character was born on September 22 1290?
4516..Patsy Mclenny became famous as who?
4517..What fruits do Elephants eat to get pissed ( ferment inside )?
4518..30% of women have done it but only 10% do it regularly - what?
4519..Its illegal to do what in the French vineyards?
4520..What word come from the Latin phrase "to be ashamed of"?
4521..The Travelmate was designed to allow women to do what?
4522..What TV program first used the word hell?
4523..Termites eat wood twice as fast if what is happening?
4524..What distinguished the 9th and 10th Cavalry?
4525..Choroti women are expected to do what during sex?
4526..What links horses rabbits and rats?
4527..An average American does it 2.2 times a week – what?
4528..How did Queen Victoria ease her menstrual cramp pain?
4529..George Washington carried a portable what?
4530..What make and model of car was Christine in the book and film?
4531..What liqueur is prepared from cumin and caraway seeds?
4532..In Kansas its illegal to eat cherry pie with what?
4533..Tamarack Idaho can't buy what after dark without sheriff permit?
4534..73% of what is produced and consumed in the USA?
4535..97% of all paper money in the USA has traces of what on it?
4536..Catch 22 had what original name - publisher changed it?
4537..Half the population of China is what?
4538..What animals name comes from the Sanskrit to steal?
4539..Telephone poles are mostly made from what wood?
4540..The Spanish word Esposa means both wife and what?
4541..What book was given to all officers in the Confederate army?
4542..What Canadian city has the most bars per capita?
4543..Ninkasi was the ancient Egyptian goddess of what?
4544..Who was the voice of Scooby Doo?
4546..In Glendale Arizona it is illegal for a car to do what?
4547..Who said "Sometimes too much drink is barely enough"?
4548..Joan Peters became famous as who?
4549..Hawaiian Pia Polish Piwo Hungarian Sor - what is it?
4550..All commercially bred turkeys are what?
4551..Wimpy was the working title of what classic movie?
4552..The longest section American slang dictionary what subject?
4553..Climbing boys were banned what did sweeps drop down chimneys?
4554..What was the Bikini originally called?
4555..In Huston Texas they do it most 4.6 times per week - what?
4556..What magazine has the largest unpaid circulation in the US?
4557..More than 100 women make a living from impersonating who?
4558..In Omaha Nebraska its illegal for a barber to shave what?
4559..Ancient Chinese thought what fruit a symbol long life immortality?
4560..Fried Chicken Strawberry Shortcake trad Xmas eve meal where?
4561..Calgary University offers a two day course in what?
4562..Cleopatra sometimes wore a fake what?
4563..in 1980 the Yellow Pages listed a Funeral Home under what?
4564..Most Jell-o contains crushed what?
4565..What colour are the Amazon river dolphins?
4566..What pop group said "Were only in it for the volume"?
4567..Phonetically spelled out what does Esso mean in Japan?
4568..If you had aprosexia what would be impaired or reduced?
4569..90% of New York cabbies are what?
4570..In Massachusetts it is illegal to deliver what on Sundays?
4571..Name the first mailman in Philadelphia?
4572..US school buses are Chrome Yellow but they used to be what?
4573..Harold Edgerton has taken all the worlds photos of what?
4574..15% of American males are what - so are bulls?
4575..Seattle Rome Edinburgh Sheffield what links them?
4576..There are over 800 brands of what for sale in the USA?
4577..In what country do they answer the phone by saying I'm listening?
4578..Who captured the first confederate flag in the US civil war?
4579..Bourbon Miss restaurant by law what must be served with water?
4580..Mary Leta Dorothy Slaton became famous as who?
4581..Who said "More people would be alive if we had a death penalty"?
4582..The Chinese apple is another name for what fruit?
4583..Massachusetts in April the law states that dogs will have what?
4584..What is Daffy Ducks middle name?
4585..In downtown Lima Peru there is a brass statue of who?
4586..43% of women want to try sadomasochism after smelling what?
4587..26% of McDonalds Ontario employees admit doing what?
4588..What is the name of the elephant headed god in India?
4589..The foghorn of the QE2 plays in what note?
4590..McDonalds and Burger King put what on their fries?
4591..Where is a horses poll?
4592..Who rejected the role of Riddler in Batman Forever?
4593..The Victorians began circumcision of male babies to stop what?
4594..What conc. product carried in tankers has a hazardous sign?
4595..In Georgia its illegal for a barber to do what?
4596..25% of sexually active people have tried what?
4597..Who said "Losing my virginity was a career move"?
4598..Hemeroticism is what?
4599..Depeche Mode the 80s groups name translates as what?
4600..Marathon runners have on average 14 a week - what?
4601..41% of American women believe what nationality best husbands?
4602..On Average North American women do what 83 times a year?
4603..46% of women say this is better than sex - what?
4604..Where is the fourth most popular place on a ship to have sex?
4605..And what is the first?
4606..10% of men claim to do this regularly – what?
4607..The word negligee is French and suggests wearer does what?
4608..In Tennessee it is illegal to sell what on a Sunday?
4609..Volney was in hundreds of films where can you see him?
4610..Alces Alces is the Latin name for what animal?
4611..Where do Cuckoo clocks come from?
4612..What used to be measured in Gillettes?
4613..O'Shey Jackson became better known as who?
4614..A talus is what geographical feature?
4615..What is a Godeminche?
4616..In Virginia its against the law for people to bribe except who?
4617..In ancient Greece aristocratic women were deflowered with what?
4618..JRR Tolkein wrote The Lord of the Rings what the JRR stand for?
4619..A Hop Low is the world smallest - what?
4620..What has 121 holes?
4621..What was the first video played on MTV Europe?
4622..Thurl Ravenscroft is the voice of who?
4623..What was Ghengis Khans first job?
4624..In film making what is a martini shot?
4625..What flavours root beer?
4626..30 million people in the USA have diasima - what is it?
4627..In Chaucer's England a mussel was slang for what?
4628..In New Jersey what can't be sold on a Sunday?
4629..What is the name for a male ferret?
4630..Woodpecker Scalps - Porpoise Teeth - Giraffe Tails what links?
4631..What was the city symbol of Pompeii A Winged p***s?
4632..In Old English what is a frieosan?
4633..Who was supposed to play Betelgeuse in the movie?
4634..Psychologist say when a woman wears red she wants what?
4635..67% of dog owners do what at holiday time?
4636..in 1994 314 Americans had what type of surgery?
4637..English ships carried limes protect scurvy what US ships carry?
4638..How many tail feathers has a Kiwi?
4639..What gem was Cleopatra's signet?
4640..Cagney shoves grapefruit Mae Clarke face was going to be what?
4641..In North Carolina its against the law for who / what to fight?
4642..Who said "Sometimes a cigar is just a cigar"?
4643..The word stymie originated in what sport?
4644..What is silviculture?
4645..Rosalind Julia Portia Viola Cymbeline what links not obvious?
4646..What medal shows 3 naked men hands on each others shoulders?
4647..J Worthington Foulfeather was the name of what Disney character?
4648..What was the only film about Vietnam made during the war?
4649..What did archers at the ancient Olympics use as targets?
4650..What national flag has the largest animal emblem - a lion?
4651..If not a bird magician or a spitfire engine What is a Merlin?
4652..What is the Badger state?
4653..In Michigan married couples can be imprisoned unless they what?
4654..Arturo Toscanini played what instrument before conducting?
4655..After the Bible what book did Americans rate as their favourite?
4656..What are the names of the two cats in Disney's Lady + Tramp?
4657..What is the oldest registered trade mark still used in USA?
4658.Whose legs were banned from metro posters too distracting?
4659..Where would a soldier wear a Havelock?
4660..Where are the glasshouse mountains?
4661..What was Napoleon Bonaparte's official emblem?
4662..The USA call her the Maid of Honour what do the British call her?
4663..What airport has the code MME?
4664..In Missouri a man must have a permit to do what?
4665..Clomipramine an anti depressant had what unusual side effect?
4666..What is the name of Madonna's Chiuhauha?
4667..Ilich Ramirez Sanchez became notorious as who?
4668..To a golfer what's a frosty?
4669..What is Xylography?
4670..What is Fonzies full name on Happy Days?
4671..Jacque Cousteau's ship Calypso used to be what before he got it?
4672..What books original title was Murder in the Calais Coach?
4673..What in reality was Dr McCoy's medical scanner in Star Trek?
4674..In Phoenix Arizona you cant walk through a hotel wearing what?
4675..What is tripsophillia?
4676..Name first monochrome film converted electronically to colour?
4677..What does the name Mesopotamia mean?
4678..What was the name of the baby in Three Men and a Baby?
4679..What is a Winter Banana?
4680..In what movie did Richard Drefus make his one line debut?
4681..What is the meaning of the Sioux word Tonka - used for toys?
4682..What are or were Wix Fibs and Fax?
4683..By law In Washington State a concealed weapon must be what?
4684..In Louisiana by law who can't be charged more than 25c haircut?
4685..What is Corvus another name for?
4686..What links fire escapes windshield wipers bullet proof vests?
4687..Growing Up Skipper Mattel doll 1970 what happened arm turned?
4688..Spain Portugal and Algeria are three top produces of what?
4689..What building in New York has 43600 windows?
4690..Where is the worlds largest bullfighting ring?
4691..A Klazomaniac cant stop doing what?
4692..A sheep duck and rooster were worlds the first what?
4693..What American state has the most outhouses?
4694..4What tough guy actor has a real first name of Walter?
4695..What toy is manufactured to a tolerance of 5 thou of a millimetre?
4696..What job is most likely to make the practitioner an alcoholic?
4697..All hospitals in Singapore use what brand name product?
4698..Colgate (the toothpaste) translates to what in Spanish?
4699..In the next 7 days 800 Americans will be injured by what?
4700..British politician John Montigue is credited with inventing what?
4701..How did Bobby Beach - broke all bones over Niagara in barrel die?
4702..Who's Christian names inc Johannes Chrysostomus Theophilus?
4703..In Oklahoma by law baseball teams cannot do what?
4704..What is Ordune?
4705..Why were Mothers called mama or mommy in many languages?
4706..What is Sekkusu in Japan?
4707..Half the worlds population has seen at least one what?
4708..With what song did Status Quo opened the Band Aid concert?
4709..An accolade is something of praise what was original meaning?
4710..Where would you find your shank?
4711..September 22 is National what appreciation day?
4712..The is no known language without a word for this creature - what?
4713..There are butterflies that smell like what?
4714..What does a tsiologist study?
4715..Who was the first American to make $100 million a year?
4716..99% of American households have at least one what?
4717..In Denver Colorado it is illegal to mistreat who / what?
4718..Any sufficiently advanced technology indistinguishable from magic?
4719..70% people would stamp barefoot broken glass that watch what?
4720..56% of Americans believe there is what in heaven?
4721..In Ancient Mesopotamia people worshiped what?
4722..Lachanophobia is the fear of what?
In Kansas by law you cannot drive what down the street?
4723..What is ipsism another name for?
4724..In any one month 36% of Americans eat what for breakfast?
4725..What job has the longest lifespan in the USA average age 77?
4726..Nyse in Swedish Tusszents in Hungarian Kychat in Czeck what?
4727..Faith Hope Charity Fortitude Justice Prudence what's missing?
4728..Morris Frank brought Buddy from Swiss in 1928 what was Buddy?
4729..Stephanie Powers was Girl from UNCLE characters name?
4730..In what city was Americas first stock exchange built?
4731..We know what a fez is but what does fez mean in Turkish?
4732..What product can be found in four out of five American homes?
4733..45% of Americans use what each day?
4734..USA favourite computer passwords are love and sex what UK?
4735..William Moulton Marston Lie Detector and what comic character?
4736..On the Munsters what was Lillie's maiden name?
4737..What did D H Laurence do with his horse Aaron when it died?
4738..What in Japan is a Mawashi?
4739..What links George Patton Jayne Mansfield Margaret Mitchell?
4740..A Badger gets its name from badge meaning what?
4741..Collective nouns - a descent of what?
4742..In Florida its against the law to put what on the school bus?
4743..What is Lygeristia (a limiting thing)?
4744..Who appeared on the first cover of TV guide 3 April 1953?
4745..Who said "To many of our imports are from abroad"?
4746..The Rambunctious and Clever Ones what films name in Taiwan?
4747..What ingredient causes the shine in expensive eye shadow?
4748..What do you call the cap on a fire hydrant?
4749..Who is the Roman Goddess of sorcery hounds and crossroads?
4750..Only three Angels are named in Bible Gabriel Michael and who?
4751..What is the name of Data's cat in Star Trek Next Generation?
4752..What word starts and ends with und?
4753..In what sport would you find a Hosel?
4754..What was banned by law 16th 17th century Venice?
4755..The Nullarbor desert is in Western Australia what's it mean?
4756..Collective nouns - a mustering of what?
4757..Caterpillar comes from the old French what's it literally mean?
4758..What links Cary Grant Mohammed Ali Prince Charles?
4759..In 1923 what new optional accessory was offered on cars?
4760..What is Indiana Jones first name?
4761..What first appeared on the USA domestic market in 1960?
4762..In North Carolina it is illegal for what to race down the street?
4763..What job has a pudentacurist?
4764..Two weeks after hatching what is 3000 times its birth weight?
4765..In 1919 in the USA you could be jailed for doing what in Public?
4766..The Merry Go Round is Broken Down - whose melody is that?
4767..Mark Chapman was carrying what book when he killed Lenon?
4768..Paramount Pictures logo has 22 what?
4769..Why did Ancient Egyptians shave their eyebrows?
4770..Other than fruit what is the only natural food made without killing?
4771..Who is known as Tuhkimo in Finland?
4772..The first Apple Mac hard disk was how big?
4773..Who was the first Marvel Comics superhero?
4774..The word rodent comes from the Latin rodere meaning what?
4775..What was the first video played on MTV?
4776..The Chinese pictogram for trouble also means what?
4777..An Intente is a players manager in what sport?
4778..Collective nouns - A gang of what?
4779..Peladophobia is the fear of what?
4780..After water what is the most consumed beverage?
4781..What is pompoir?
4782..In West Virginia its illegal to cook what - because of smell?
4783..In Norse mythology Odin traded an eye for what?
4784..Who wrote the poem It was the night before Christmas?
4785..What is a pismire?
4786..In Arthur C Clarks Childhoods end the aliens look like what?
4787..What animals name translate from Arabic as He who walks fast?
4788..The worlds what museum is at 19 Green belt North York Ontario?
4789..At her beheading Marie Antoinette wore what colour shoes?
4790..What country has the worst roads averaging 10 deaths per mile?
4791..Magnus Huss (a Swede) coined which word?
4792..In Vancouver a city law says all cars must carry what?
4793..Who made his screen debut in Mad Dog Col 1961 as a cop?
4794..Ernest Breaux a chemist created which product in 1921?
4795..What flowers name derives from the Greek word for testicle?
4795..Who told the evil king Schahriah stories?
4796..Spanakopia is a Greek pie filled with what?
4797..What is in a Ballini cocktail?
4798..John Pierpoint wrote what seasonal ditty?
4799..Where is the world's oldest belltower AD 1069?
4800..What is in the Red Data Book?
4801..April is the cruellest month - which poet wrote that line?
4802..Tyrian Purple is a strong dye made from what?
4803..What countries women most likely to have sex on a first date?
4804..In 19th century England what was a Snickerdoddle?
4805..Joan Sandra Molinsky became famous as who?
4805..If you were acomoclitic what would turn you on?
4806..Who wrote the book - Call of the Wild?
4806..What was the name of Frank Zappas first band?
4807..Who was nicknamed "Queen of the Swashbucklers"?
4808..What Italian stew literally translates as Bone with a Hole?
4809..If you had Cynophillia what type of sex turns you on?
4810..Who directed the movie Wall Street 1987?
4811..In what US state is area 51?
4812..What is Belleek?
4813..What 6th century Greek poet is the father of drama?
4814..Who was the main plotter in the Gunpowder Plot 1605?
4815..In Red Dwarf what did the H stand for on Rimmers head?
4816..Illinois State law its illegal to speak what language?
4817..What US president spent between 11 and 15 hours asleep daily?
4818..Janette MacDonald was nicknamed the Iron what?
4819..Where is the Star Fleet Academy located?
4820..What countries women are most likely to have sex daily?
4821..What is the main ingredient of tahini used in the Middle East?
4822..What is the name of the scale measuring depth of coma (GCS)?
4823..Which 19th century battle UK / USA fought after peace signed?
4824..What place is nicknamed "The City of Lilies"?
4825..In San Jose California where is it illegal to sleep without permit?
4826..What is a Tambura?
4827..In what literary work would you find the yahoos?
4828..In Chinese mythology what is Taimut?
4829..A Hodophile gets sexually aroused by what?
4830..Greek mythology what underground river souls drink and forget?
4831..Jane Peters became famous as who - ( Clark Gables wife )?
4832..In the Canterbury Tales why were the pilgrims travelling?
4833..The locals call it Metohkangmi what do we call it?
4834..What translates as The fist foot way?
4835..The furcula is what part of a bird?
4836..What is an Oklahoma / Arizona / Harlem credit card?
4837..Lucius Tarquinius Superbus was the last king of where?
4838..What is measured with a Snodgrass grathodynamometer?
4839..In LA by law you can't hunt what at night in streetlight?
4840..In Greek mythology who gave the "eyes" to the peacock?
4841..A couple dogging are having sex with others watching where?
4842..Harry Alan Robert Stewart made redundant Britain 1960s Job?
4843..Orbis non Sufficit - World is not enough - whose family motto?
4844..In Tejo a S American game players throw stones at buried what?
4845..What come in varieties Norway Oriental Sitka White Siberian?
4846..Wilhelm Beer and Johan von Madler first good map where 1830?
4847..A musical instrument and the French word for paper clip what?
4848..What links Yul Bryner Burt Lancaster WC Fields Joe E Brown?
4849..Outfit/costume first seen 1914 film Kid Auto Races at Venice?
4850..Evening Star no 92220 was the last what?
4851..Who was found dead in Hollywood's Landmark Hotel 4 Oct 1970?
4852..June 1611 what English navigator was cast adrift by mutineers?
4853..Rams Horn Wandering Bladder Prickly Herald types of what?
4854,,Who sent Stanley to Africa to look for Livingstone?
4855..Who was "The father of magazine science fiction"?
4856..San Francisco by law unleashed what can't walk down market street?
4857..A phalophilliac has a fetish about what?
4858..Who first appeared in the film A Tale of two Kitties in 1942?
4859..Word for slight of hand comes from the French for nimble finger?
4860..What links Steve McQueen Ian Botham Spike Milligan?
4861..A Primagravida is what?
Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:31 pm
5001..Who had a hit no 5 in US 1971 with Bridge over Troubled Water?
5002..Margaret Hookham changed her name famed as who?
5003..Reuben James was the first what 31 Oct 1941?
5004..What minty confection is a boys name - in reverse?
5005..In The Italian Job Noel Coward played what character in prison?
5006..Where is John Frost bridge shown on A Bridge too Far?
5007..Butterfly Falcon Fun Glen Lark Penguin If Topper types of what?
5008..What's the Australian slang name female man trainee sheep farm?
5009..In South Dakota its illegal to show movies that picture what?
5010..What area of London did Jack the Ripper frequent?
5011..Michael Henchard better known as what eponymous literary hero?
5012..What word can go before Work Yard Laying Bat to make others?
5013..What was the name of Roy Rogers dog (now stuffed)?
5014..What authors (unused) final two names are Bower Yin?
5015..Albanian money and a grouse's mating display same word what?
5016..In what 1998 did film David Bowie play Pontius Pilot?
5017..What is the Ikurrina?
5018..German mapmaker Martin Waldseemuller named what?
5019..What word for a cigar type is also Italian for a small loaf?
5020..What is the name of the Australian Film Institute Award?
5021..What countries presidents Yusof Bin Ishak and Wee Kim Wee?
5022..What city in the USA means First People in Indian?
5023..The first cartoon character on the Beano was Eggo what was he?
5024..In Newark its illegal to sell what after 6pm unless Drs note shown?
5025..Klysmophillia is arousal from what?
5026..What independent states name has 10 letters only one vowel?
5027..Florence Nightingale Graham better known as who?
5028..Crown - Ring - Shank - Stock - Fluke parts of what?
5029..Andrew John Woodhouse in fiction was who - Ira Levin novel?
5030..Steve McQueen played Hiltz Great Escape what's first name?
5031..Whose members get "Promoted to Glory" on their death?
5032..What is the common name of Eucalyptus microtheca?
5033..William Sydney Porter is better known as who (literature)?
5034..In Trenton NJ its specifically illegal to throw what in street?
5035..Luke Halpin Sandy Tommy Norden Bud what 1960s TV show?
5037..Who wrote The Caine Mutiny?
5037..Where can you drive your car on the Nippon Clip On?
5038..Lampy is the worlds oldest 1840s insured 1 million oldest what?
5039..Albert Harry Jack and Samuel Eichelbaum known as who?
5040..What is a Merkin - There are two possible correct answers?
5041..What authors only detective work was The Red House Mystery?
5042..Ignoring USA whose motto is E Pluribus Unum?
5043..What Australian slang for a simpleton is also a cockatoo?
5044..What 19th century explorer translated the Kama Sutra?
5045..Real names Susan Alexandria Stage name from Great Gatsby?
5046..What was the Titanic's last port of call?
5047..In Eureka Nevada its illegal for moustached men to do what?
5048..Janine Deckers suicided 1985 had top 10 hit 1962 as who?
5049..Seawise University burned 9 Jan 1972 used to be called what?
5050..What are Berner Florin Parisian frill types of?
5051..A Lady Paramount judges at what sport?
5052..What Shakespeare play is "The Green Eyed Monster" mentioned?
5053..Fatty Arbuckle was the first filmed recipient of what in 1913?
5054..In Scandinavian mythology what bridge linked heaven and Earth?
5055..What was Supergirl's secret identity?
5056..In the UK The Elder Brethren of Trinity House manage what?
5057..Who danced with Gene Kelly in Anchors Aweigh in 1945?
5058..What do Yoni worshipers worship?
5059..In the streets of Elko Nevada walkers are meant to wear what?
5060..Bob Fitzsimmons world boxing champion had what middle name?
5061..Who was the only unidentified person awarded the Victoria Cross?
5062..In what sport would you perform an Adolf?
5063..The French call it "La Train Sifflera Trois Fois" what film is it?
5064..Town Australia is named after the wife Sir C H Todd postmaster?
5065..In Italy what is a "Zuppa Inglese"?
5066..What is the tail fin of a fish called?
5067..Francis Octavia Smith rode Buttercup in 1950s TV who was she?
5068..In Germany who were known as "d**k und Doof"?
5069..In Omaha Parents can be arrested if child does what in church?
5070..What desert wine is a normal ingredient of zabaglione?
5071..In his profession who's entitled to wear the "traje de luces"?
5072..African French Bur Fig Marsh Pot types of what plant?
5073..What was known as the Ox Box?
5074..James L Herlihy wrote what novel - Oscar winning film?
5075..An area of London got its name from a hunting call what?
5076..Leslie Sebastian Charles is better known as who?
5077..What ship meaning new land carried Scott to the Antarctic 1910?
5078..If you had Naphephillia what turns you on?
5079..In Minnesota woman can get 30 days for impersonating who?
5080..What actor dropped out university to be a dishwasher?
5081..What links a Sylvester Stallone character and Panama?
5082..In Nevada it is illegal to drive what on the highway?
5083..Acmegenesis is a fancy name for what?
5084..Who was the leader of the wolves in Kipling's Jungle Book?
5084..Jill Oppenheimer changed her name to become famous as who?
5086..Manya Sklodowska became famous under what name?
5087..What vegetable gets its name from old French / Latin for milk?
5088..Cr.me de Menthe Cr.me de Cacao an light cream what drink?
5089..Cry Freedom was Richard Attenborough's film about who?
5090..In WW2 what was the German codename for invasion of Russia?
5091..In The African Queen what was the name of the steam launch?
5092..FIDE govern what game?
5093..Girls name can mean big fruit basket or a meeting whaling captains?
5094..Who did Fess Parker play in on TV 1964?
5095..In Mississippi it is still legal to kill who?
5096..Who was dropped by 20th cent Fox for being too ugly?
5097..Acrotomphillia is having sex with who or what?
5098..Everest climb 1953 put flags UK UN Nepal and where on top?
5099..Who won the formula 1 championship after death at Monza?
5100..Where would you find a Terret?
5101..He was R C Robinson in 1948 what name famous as now?
5102..What was invented by Henry D Perky 1893 Denver Colorado?
5103..Margin Guaging Angle Corner Flooring types of what tool?
5104..Who was the last British king born outside the UK?
5105..What US ports name means in Choctaw long haired people?
5106..Caractacus Potts drove what car?
5107..What comes in types Rock Ball Greentree Indian Reticulated?
5108..In Yugoslavia if you asked for Pljeskavice what do you get?
5109..In Minneapolis what is the maximum penalty for double parking?
5110..A Curofact is a sexual fetish about what?
5111..Roman orator Marcus Tillius nicknamed what for wart on nose?
5112..Who failed an audition for Fame because was not pretty enough?
5113..What character in the Jungle Books name means frog?
5114..What is a Umiak?
5115..What's the more common name for prepatellar bursitis?
5116..Who wrote Whip Hand Proof and Flying Finish?
5117..Who served under Nelson commanding the Glatton 1801?
5118..What sport in Belgium people compete in the Fleche Walloons?
5119..What Rock group are named for a split paper match splif holder?
5120..Musical instrument is named from the Greek wooden sound?
5121..What Hollywood star was the inspiration for Bugs Bunny?
5122..Amatripsis is what sexual practice?
5123..Who developed the method school of acting?
5124..In France Pate De Grives a la Provencal is made from what?
5125..Under Michigan State law who are officially classed mechanics?
5126..Brother Benedict translated name of what port and food product?
5127..Iceland Glima Iran Kushti Turkey Yagli Russia Sambo what is it?
5128..Joseph Hobson Jagger broke it in 1886 broke what?
5129..What groups demo rejected by EMI in 1965 cos not own songs?
5130..What sporting trophy is named after the US sec of war 1920s?
5131..The density of what is measured on the Rngelmann scale?
5132..What English word meaning disaster comes from Italian for flask?
5133..What was Auguste Bartholdis most famous work 1886?
5134..In literature who taught at the Marcia Blain school for Girls?
5135..What was the full name of the butler in soap - later spin off?
5136..What girls name is also a pass made by a bullfighters cape?
5137..Amomaxia is having sex where?
5138..In Fort Madison Iowa Firemen must do what before attending fire?
5139..Who would be scored on the Apgar scale?
5140..Joel Chandler Harris born December 1848 better known as who?
5141..What was the name of the regimental tune of the 7th cavalry?
5142..Mintonette was the original name of what sport in 1891?
5143..In traditional pantomime who is the sweetheart of Harlequin?
5144..Shellac dissolved in alcohol makes what type of varnish?
5145..What actress/singer once worked in a doughnut shop?
5146..Arthur Flegenheimer died Oct 1935 was better known as who?
5147..What is the magazine of the Jehovah's Witnesses called?
5148..Richard Roundtree played what detective in three 70s films?
5149..Defecolagnia is sexual arousal from what act?
5150..Writer who created Hannah Massay Maggie Rowan Tillie Trotter?
5151..What African countries capitol is named after a US president Liberia?
5152..In New Jersey it is illegal to frown at who?
5153..Herbert Charles Angelo Kuchacevich ze Schluderpacheri - who?
5154..What is a Tallith?
5155..The French call it La Mort aux Trousses what Hitchcock film is it?
5156..What did alchemists seek to turn base metals into gold?
5157..According to the poem who dug the grave for c**k robin?
5158..Lily Cauchoin became famous as who?
5159..Who dropped out of Harvard in 1975?
5160..According to English Church what's legal only tween 8 am 6 pm?
5161..Ipsisism is what common sexual practice?
5162..The Soldiers Song is the National Anthem of what Country?
5163..Who created The Scarlet Pimpernel?
5164..Who was meant to play Annie Okley but was replaced in 1950?
5165..What WW2 resistance movements name is Italian for thicket?
5166..Programming language named after 17th cent French mathematician?
5167..Inciticus was a horse (and Senator) owned by whom?
5168..Who would wear a Hachimaki - or headband?
5169..In North Dakota it is illegal to sleep with what on?
5170..Edmund Dante is what eponymous hero?
5171..Thumb Lock Mongolian Release Mediterranean Draw what sport?
5172..What was the name of Papa Doc Duvaliers secret police Haiti?
5173..Old Testament two non humans can speak the serpent and who?
5174..The Sea Cook was the original title of what famous novel?
5175..Bearbrass founded by John Batman the original name of where?
5176..What branch of mathematics is named for the Latin for pebble?
5177..The Island of Sheep was the last novel of what Buchan Hero?
5178..Eonism is what sexual practice?
5179..Who's first film (THX1138) flopped in 1971?
5180..Who wrote the novel Ben Hur?
5181..Mario first appeared in which video game?
5182..Gynecomania is what compulsion?
5183..What food item literally translates as little donkey?
5184..Who directed the film The African Queen?
5185..In Yuma Arizona what is the punishment for citrus fruit thieves?
5186..What light operas name literally means Honourable Gate?
5187..The Paramours changed their name to what gaining fame?
5188..Action Comics 720 after 58 years who returned engage ring?
5189..Who born US Edu UK Expelled West Point Died Baltimore 40?
5190..What is a Paradiddle?
5191..What European countries national anthem has no official words?
5192..Name of Shakespeare's simple constable in Measure for Measure?
5193..What line on a map connects places of equal rainfall?
5194..Corson and Stoughton are the inventors of what?
5195..Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar famous under what nickname?
5196..Cyprieunia is sex with who or what?
5197..Vladimir Nabokov wrote Lolita in what language?
5198..In Quitman Georgia its illegal for a chicken to do what?
5199..At what farm does Aunt Ada Doom go on about nasty woodshed?
5200..What palindromic grass grows at the seashore?
5201..What biblical towns name means House of Bread in Hebrew?
5202..Where would you find your pollers?
5203..23 29 31 first 3 impossible numbers in what pub game?
5204..For what sport is the Camanachd cup contested?
5205..Who wrote the novel The African Queen?
5206..In Roman times what were Falerian Setine Alban Sorrentine?
5207..Whose motto is " Nation shall speak peace unto Nation "?
5208..What was KFCs Colonel Sanders first name?
5209..What outlaws last words were supposed to be " such is life "?
5210..Ondinism is arousal from what?
5211..In Zion city Illinois its illegal to do what?
5212..Danes Overst Senap Spanish Marques de Marina what in UK?
5213..What puppet was based on the creators former wife Sylvia?
5214..The word amnesia (forgetfulness) derives from what language?
5215..What is Mexico's largest seaside resort?
5216..What playwright wrote The Three Sisters and The Cherry Orchard?
5217..Who composed and played the score for the film Genevieve?
5218..What 17th Century pirate ended up a governor of Jamaica?
5219..Avron Hirsch Goldbogen changed his name to what?
5220..October 1939 what UK battleship sunk torpedo loss 800 lives?
5221..In the bible who slew a quarter of the worlds population?
5222..What indoor football game is named after the Latin Hobby Falcon?
5223..In Britain what is The Andrew?
5224..Parascopisim is what sexual behaviour?
5225..Susannah Yolanda Fletcher became famous as who?
5226..Blanco Gaucho Excelsior Nutcracker Cassette types of what?
5227..What Japanese word ironically means " May you live forever "?
5228..In Iowa state laws prohibits charging admission to see what?
5229..Name the triangular cotton headscarf or Russian grandmother?
5230..Who wrote the novel The Piranhas?
5231..What country calls itself Republika Shqiperise?
5232..Name Dennis the Menace dog Hank Ketchum comics 1950s?
5233..What species of mammal can come in fairy or giant size?
5234..Who was the last Indian chief to die in battle at Wounded Knee?
5235..What is the name of the Turkish aniseed liqueur trans lions milk?
5236..What car manufacturers slogan is forward through technology?
5237..What does a Stupprator prefer sexually?
5238..What are Black Bulger Lawyers Wig Penny Bun types of?
5239..What East Indian herb of the family Pedaliaceae linked Ali Baba?
5240..What girls name is a type of Australian throwing stick?
5241..In Lawrence Kansas its illegal to carry what in your hat?
5242..UK what sized by Grains Peas Singles Doubles Trebles Cobbles?
5243..What sport has Crumb Gatherers Followers Rovers and Wings?
5244..Name the word an anti mine device towed from bows of a ship?
5245..What is a Major Mitchell?
5246..What French actors catch phrase Come with me to the Casbah?
5247..What boys name means Rich Guard?
5248..What is the UKs best selling chocolate snack bar?
5249..Who first appeared in The Mysterious Affair at Styles?
5250..What is a Sybian?
5251..What's the term for the geographical dividing line N/S Korea?
5252..What New York edifice is named after an Italian navigator?
5253..Whose epitaph says "If you seek his monument look around you"?
5254..Who wrote a series of novels about the Ballentines of Africa?
5255..Mary Isobel Catherine O'Brian born 1939 better known as who?
5256..In Maryland it is illegal to take what to the movies?
5257..In USA early last century what were Comet Star Sun Moon?
5258..Who was the only horse ever to beat the legendary Man O War?
5259..What South American cities inhabitants are called portenos?
5260..Churchill It’s a Riddle wrapped in a Mystery in an Enigma what?
5261..What event supposedly occurred in the Coenaculum or Cenacle?
5262..Miss Ellen Church was the worlds first what in 1930?
5263..What Roman Emperor was the first to convert to Christianity?
5264..What sort of sexual practice is Lectamia?
5265..Army Greatcoat Horn of Plenty Diamond Kimono types of what?
5266..What were H47 and L12 that collided causing deaths in 1920s?
5267..What US film was based on Thomas Dixons The Clansman?
5268..In Woodstock NY it's illegal to walk what without a leash?
5269..What capitol city means Bay of Smoke in the local language?
5270..What area in NY is named after a barrier built to keep out Indians?
5271..Bahina de los Cochinos is better known as what?
5272..Family lived small farm Walnut Grove Plumb Creek Minnesota?
5273..Laurence Skikne changed his name to what and found fame?
5274..What's the more common name of the Crux Gammata?
5275..Shakespeare character in The Tempest is the son of Sycorax?
5276..Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu born Skopje 1910 other name?
5277..What was banned in Horneytown North Carolina?
5278..If you were suffering from Preblysis what have you got?
5279..Who wrote The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy?
5280..In The Caine Mutiny Bogart played Cap Queeg who first choice?
5281...Gynelophilous people get aroused from what?
5282..In Los Angeles its illegal to do what on the witness stand?
5283..Israel Beer Josaphat founded what famous service in 1851?
5284..What is the main ore of aluminium?
5285..What sport is played 11 a side on ice with a ball - variable pitch?
5286..Famous 20th century novel is set mainly on fictional Pianosa?
5287..What US city is named after vice president of the mid 1840s?
5288..Capitol city - Cathedrale Notra-Dame - statue Marron Inconnu?
5289..Who took over as Fuhrer after Hitler's death till his arrest 1945?
5290..Rex Stout created what corpulent orchid loving private eye?
5291..C'est manifique mais ce n'est pas la guerre 1854 about what?
5292..What planet did Gustav Holst omit from the planets suite?
5293..Born January 21st to February 19th what star sign are you?
5294..Stanley Kubricks Full Metal Jacket was filmed in what Location?
5294..In what fictional vessel are characters Starbuck Stubb Fedallah?
5296..What weapon is named from musical instrument inv Bob Burns?
5297..What does a hyperphiliac suffer from?
5298..Ventura county California who/what cant have sex without permit?
5299..What in US are Ambassador Ben Franklin George Washington?
5300..What is an Entr'acte in France?
5301..In what game/sport terms Bobble Boom Drop Giraffe Pique Twist?
5302..Link Danny Fisher Charlie Rogers Vince Everett Chad Gates?
5303..Alice Dormouse Mad Hatter who is missing from the Tea Party?
5304..The Harlem Globetrotters had what signature tune?
5305..What countries dialects has varieties called Twi and Fanti?
5306..Sabastian Melmoth died in Paris 1900 better known as who?
5307..What was designed and built in Iowa 1930s by George Nissan?
5308..Link Achtung Adagio Bravo Butterfly Gong Polo Rondo Zebra?
5309..Kiki Haakenson a policeman's daughter was the worlds first what?
5310..Who wrote Last Tango in Brooklyn his third novel?
5311..Irrumation is what sexual practice?
5312..Alexandria MN if wife asks man must do what before sex by law?
5313..In what HG Wells novel does Dr Griffin sometimes appear?
5314..Who said about criticism " I cry all the way to the bank "?
5315..What kind of animal is Beatrix Potters Mrs Tiggy Winkle?
5316..What Australian Prime Minister drowned near Melbourne?
5317..Odysseus captured by Cyclops Polyphemus what false name?
5318..Old Irish law what boys name give to fine murderer paid compo?
5319..What confection named for a French field marshal chef made it?
5320..Who got best actor award for the character Charlie Allnut?
5321..Who was the Roman god of field boundaries?
5322..What is The Adi Granth?
5323..What was the first American state to enter the union 7 Dec 1787?
5324..Knismolagnia is sexual arousal from what?
5325..Missouri has an unusual inalienable right - what?
5326..What famous religious hymn by Augustus Montague Toplady?
5327..Sport control amateur level Federation International de Quilleurs?
5328..What African country and its currency have the same name?
5329..Funeral March of a Marionette theme tune to what old TV show?
5330..Eunectes Murinus largest of its kind in South America - what?
5331..Whose nicknames included " The Idol of the American Boy "?
5332..Film based PK d**k story We can remember it for you wholesale?
5333..Isobella Mary Mayson born 1836 remembered as who?
5334..Who sang Move em out head em up head em up move em on?
5335..Zymurgy is a branch of chemistry concerning what process?
5336..Famous fictional character first appeared in Meet the Tiger 1928?
5337..What was the name of the old man in The Old Man and the Sea?
5338..In Merryville Missouri woman cannot by law wear what?
5339..What sexual practice is maritate?
5340..What fictional doctor employed a butler named Poole?
5341..Jean Francois Gravelet is better remembered as who?
5342..What popular bird derives its name from Abo for Good to Eat?
5343..What screen cowboy rode Tony the Wonder Horse?
5344..Andy Fletcher Dave Gahan Martin Gore Alan Wilder what group?
5345..Who was the English man of religion founded Society of Friends?
5346..What was the second colour film to win best picture Oscar 1951?
5347..What animal in The Jungle book is also a type of uncut velvet?
5348..Who was the US equivalent of Alf Garnet?
5349..Curtis Sliwa founded what in 1979?
5350..An Aria from a Handel opera is Ombra mai fu - what other name?
5351..In Elko Nevada sex without what is illegal?
5352..Maschalophilous people get sexually aroused by what?
5353..What does a Pangram contain?
5354..Ragdoll Korat Sphinx Tiffany - types of what?
5355..Who would wear a Zucchetto?
5356..France named it Chapeau Melon et Bottes de Cuir what UK?
5357..With whom is Ludwig Ritter Von Kochel best associated?
5358..What was the first UK TV series filmed in colour 1964/5?
5359..What island group is named after a type of crocodile?
5360..In the man from UNCLE who were their enemies?
5361..What does a Geophage do?
5362..Joyce Frankenberg born 1951 changed her name to what?
5363...Nadsat was a made up language in what book and film?
5364..What planet is nearest in size to Earth?
5365..In Schulter Oklahoma nude women cannot do what?
5366..In sexual terms what is a mastix?
5367..Norman Maine is a character in what remade twice film?
5368..Alhambra is a strong lager brewed in what country?
5369..Prokofievs opera War and Peace has what first to its credit 1973?
5370..What eponymous Dickens character born with a caul over head?
5371..Where would you find a Fumerole or Solfatara?
5372..Halcyon is a poetic name used for what bird?
5373..Whose designer leisure wear carry the symbol of a crocodile?
5374..Paddie's Wigwam nickname of the RC cathedral what UK city?
5375..The French call it Pas de Calais what do the English call it?
5376..Who walked the Via Dolorosa - literally Dolorous Way?
5377..What is the common two word name for Yuca Brevifolia?
5378..Collective nouns - A cloud of what?
5379..There is a museum in Philadelphia 211 North 3rd Street to what?
5380..What is the most frequently accessed article World Encyclopaedia?
5381..Where would you find a coiffe or muselet?
5382..Men average 12 a year women 18 a year - what?
5383..What classic novel sold only 50 copies authors lifetime?
5384..The average human has seven what each day?
5385..If an Australian called you a cadbury what would he mean?
5386..In the language of flowers what does straw mean?
5387..A young what is called a Cheeper?
5388..Who is the Patron Saint of authors?
5389..What does a Caligynephobe fear?
5390..Collective nouns - A group of beavers is what?
5391..58% of people like what during sex?
5392..What is a braquette?
5394..The Walibri tribe central Australia greet each other how?
5395..In Tremonton Utah illegal for a woman not man what in ambulance?
5396..In Islamic law after having sex with a lamb mortal sin to do what?
5397..US Fed laws specify what colour underwear for Crash Dummies?
5398..Where is your Popliteal Fossa?
5399..What is the national dish of the Faeroe Islands?
5400..What is Kumiss made from in Asia?
5401..A Mai Tai is a cocktail literally meaning what in Tahitian?
5402..What is chiengora?
5403..Only 30% of women do what?
5404..The chupacabra is a legendary Mexican animal what in English?
5405..In Franz Kafkas Metamorphosis Gregor Samsa wakes up as??
5406..Danny Zuko was a main character in what film?
5407..If you ordered Tori Udon in a Japanese restaurant you get what?
5408..Who said "Canada? I don't even know what street Canada is on"?
5409..What links Jerry Garcia Buster Keaton Boris Yeltsin?
5410..What is the literal translation of haute couture?
5411..The Colossus of Rhodes was a statue of who?
5412..Market research says what colour makes people spend more?
5413..Hack - Hog Line - House are terms in what sport?
5414..What do Al Gore and Tommy Lee Jones have in common?
5415..Collective nouns - A tiding of what?
5416..You can get 5 years in Kentucky for sending a friend what?
5417..Hipopota Agravis or guasano is what in Mexican Tequila?
5418..What is the name for a special vibrator worn with straps?
5419..What is a toque?
5420..What movie had the line "We're on a mission from God"?
5421..What is the fourth most common language in the USA?
5422..60% of women experience what?
5423..What is Linus last name in the Peanuts cartoons?
5424..In what movie did Whoopee Goldberg make her debut?
5425..Who turned down the Bogart role in Casablanca?
5426..What token was added to Monopoly in 1999?
5427..Alcohol comes from the Arabic word Al Kohl meaning what?
5428..In Washington state it is specifically illegal to have sex with who?
5429..Who is the Patron Saint of brewers?
5430..China Sun-Fin-Chin, Russia bayan, Norway trekspill what is it?
5431..What animal's p***s is four feet long when erect?
5432..Bulls Blood wine comes from which country Hungary?
5433..The North and South Islands of New Zealand separated by what?
5434..In what Dickens novel is there a case of spontaneous combustion?
5435..In the game Tomb Raider what's Lara Crofts profession?
5436..In 1979 who sang about Walking on the Moon?
5437..What links tulip balloon and flute?
5438..What is the currency of Egypt?
5439..Martina Navratilova won most doubles with which partner?
5440..Names Cook Baker obvious what did a Chandler do?
5441..Rod Taylor starred in a 1960 version of which HG Wells story?
5442..Liam Devlin often appears in novels by which author?
5443..Name the Duke of Wellingtons horse at Waterloo?
5444..There are 72 scenes on what famous article?
5445..Chinese bean sprouts are usually the sprouts of which bean?
5446..Locomotive 4472 is better known by what name?
5447..At Prince Charles's wedding who was the best man?
5448..Which famous ship had a total crew numbering 430?
5449..What takes place in Happy Valley Hong Kong?
5450..Imperial Airways in 1925 was the first to do what?
5451..And what was that movie?
5452..Where is the grave of Oscar Schindler?
5453..Which magazine uses the winged horse Pegasus as it's logo?
5454..Which English King was crowned on Christmas day?
5455..In traditional wedding anniversaries what is given on the eighth?
5456..Collective nouns - a sneak of what animals?
5457..Which country grows the most sugar?
5458..Who would use a technique called pleaching?
5459..Glycyrrhiza Glabra is better known as what?
5460..A kamikaze shooter contains Vodka Triple sec and what?
5461..If you saw a hummock off your port bow what are you looking at?
5462..Name Alfred Hitchcock's first sound film as director?
5463..Chernoble is in which Russian province?
5464..Who does Adrian Mole lust after?
5465..Where did the philosopher Plato teach?
5466..The Moluccas are better known as where?
5467..What used to be called (in Europe) Arabian wine?
5468..Who was killed in The Little b*****d?
5469..What character did Disney add to Winnie the Pooh not in books?
5470..Heinrich the lion founded what city?
5471..J H Robertson invented what?
5472..Name bar John Wilkes Booth got pissed in before killing Lincoln?
5473..In Prokoviev's Peter and the Wolf what instrument is the wolf?
5474..Garlic and Chives belong to which plant family?
5475..There are two general types of skiing Alpine and what?
5476..Adolf Dasler created which company?
5477..Cents in a Dollar Pennies in a Pound what in a French Franc?
5478..What is extracted from the ore cinnabar?
5479..Hugh Lofting created which fictional character?
5480..In what city is the Uffizi art gallery?
5481..Orient Express restarted in 1982 going from London to where?
5482..Collective nouns - a romp of what animals?
5483..Which King was the intended target of the Gunpowder plot?
5484..BB King gave his guitar what nickname?
5485..The town of Banana in Queensland is named after what?
5486..In traditional wedding anniversaries what is given on the seventh?
5487..In what country was the espresso machine invented in 1822?
5488..Who wrote Candide?
5489..What type of wine was Napoleons favorite?
5490..The average person has 1460 what each year?
5491..Who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1972?
5492..Name Santa Clauses (St Nicholas) French brother?
5493..Name the largest Mediterranean island?
5494..Bambi was the first Disney film without what?
5495..Highway 9 is the official name of what thoroughfare?
5496..Film character played by 4 people head body voice breathing?
5497..Mizaru Mikazaru and Mazaru are better known as who?
5498..A weavers knot is known by seamen as a common what?
5499..By law every Swiss citizen must have access to what?
5500..Who played the alien in Predator jumping and climbing scenes?
Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:33 pm
5501..Clark Gable used to do it 4 or more times each day - do what?
5502..Who in US was given Hitler's Supreme Order of German Eagle?
5503..It's illegal in the USA for any citizens to have contact with who?
5504..In Madagascar its illegal for pregnant women to do what?
5505..After English what's the most widely used language on the net?
5506..Two thirds of the worlds geysers are found where?
5507..What town and stream in West Australia same name pop group?
5508..Which European airport has the international code LIS?
5509..AMSTRAD companies name comes from what i.e. what mean?
5510..Where were the worlds first paved streets?
5511..What kills 100000 Americans each year?
5512..The word Angel derives from the Greek meaning what?
5513..What profession has four times the average aids in USA?
5514..Venus is the only planet that does what?
5515..On average what weight nine pounds?
5516..Name the first film to have its sequel released in the same year?
5517..There is approximately one what for each person in the world?
5518..What is Europe's largest port?
5519..Craven Walker invented what 60s fashionable icon?
5520..In Missouri it's illegal for anyone to do what on Sunday?
5521..In 1973 Roland Ohisson was buried in a coffin made of what?
5522..Where in the world can you see the sun rise Pacific set Atlantic?
5523..Name the first cartoon character made into a parade balloon?
5524..What's unusual about the moons of Uranus?
5525..What common word comes from two Greek art/craft area study?
5526..In 1925 two men first drove round Australia in what make of car?
5527..T H White wrote the book for which Disney animated feature?
5528..Egypt Masbout - Armenia Sourg - Japan Koohii what is it?
5529..Marie Tussaud was born in what country?
5530..In traditional wedding anniversaries what is given on the 14th?
5531..Collective nouns - a giggle of what animals?
5532..The Windmills of your Mind was a theme song in what film?
5533..Astronauts cannot do what in space?
5534..Admiral Horatio Nelson suffered from what common condition?
5535..On common ailments Charles Osborne had what for 69 years?
5536..February 1865 only month ever not to have what?
5537..What was the shoulder patch US Army 45th in WW2?
5538..What was first used at the 1904 St Louis Olympic games?
5539..Where is The Popliteal Fossa?
5540..Texas prisons have banned death row prisoners last what?
5541..Ward Green wrote the story for which famous film?
5542..Kinpaku-iri sake contains what unusual ingredient?
5543..Down, husk, trace, trip all collective nouns what creature?
5544..5 African Mediterranean countries share what language?
5545..Which of King Arthur's knights survived his last battle?
5546..What can be Safety, Tableaux or Swag?
5547..Name 18th Century playwrite of The Rivals, School for Scandal?
5548..Of what are Raucous, Spadefoot or Bounties Dwarf types?
5549..What links The Friend, The Tablet and The Universe?
5550..Wool sorters disease is actually what?
5551..What Disney animated feature was the first with end credits?
5552..In 1939 which countries invaded Poland?
5553..Name Stanley Kubrick's last film as director before his death?
5554..Taal is an alternative name for what language?
5555..What is the French phrase that means already seen?
5556..Turks head, Granny and Bowline are types of what?
5557..What character first appeared in the film The Wise Little Hen?
5558..And who was his original voice?
5559..Martina Hinges represents what country at tennis?
5560..In food labelling what does GM mean?
5561..Derived from Greek what does alias literally mean?
5562..Russian blue and Turkish brown are types of what?
5563..What impressionist painted different views Rouen cathedral?
5564..In what Indian city is the Taj Mahal located?
5565..Horses are Equine from the Greek Equus what's it mean?
5566..Since 1991 Crufts London dog show has been held where?
5567..1979 at Clifton suspension bridge Britain's first what happened?
5568..Jodie Foster and Barbara Harris appeared in which Disney film?
5569..Tudor England mans apron shows job white cook what checked?
5570..Jane Taylor 1783 1824 wrote what famous verse?
5571..In Astrology Aquarians are ruled by what planet?
5572..Parathesia is a medical condition with what common term?
5573..What would you be watching if you saw a round or waggledance?
5574..J D Sallenger wrote Catcher in the Rye what's the J D stand for?
5575..Collective nouns a group of geldings is called what?
5576..Apart from a compass what is always found in a ships binnacle?
5577..Zipporah was the wife of who in the Bible?
5578..Elizabethan women had three what modest, rascal and secret?
5579..Marcellite Garner was the first voice for what Disney character?
5580..Ancient Aztecs of Mexico used a rabbit scale to measure what?
5581..The highest USA rank killed WW2 Lt General who killed him?
5582..In Indiana it's illegal for liquor stores to sell what?
5583..Camille Pizarro the impressionist was born in which country?
5584..William Kemmlar in 1890 was the worlds first what?
5585..Mandoura Greece Zampogna Italy Corenmuse France what is it?
5586..What country awards the Nobel peace prize?
5587..Who is Harry Potters main enemy?
5588..Product name from the words Durability Reliability Excellence?
5589..What sport appears in the phonetic alphabet?
5590..What colour is the number 10 on 10 Downing street?
5591..Where in your body is the labyrinth?
5592..Traditional French blend "fines herbes" parsley chives chervil??
5593..The dinosaur apatosaurus used to be called what?
5594..The rover the last is red the rest are white in what sport?
5595..What Disney film was released on December 21st 1960?
5596..Mythological beasts name comes from the Greek chimney man?
5597..Allergic Rhinitis has what more common term?
5598..Who plays Ali McBeal?
5599..What sort of ship was the Marie Celeste?
5600..What philosopher stated "Hell is other people"?
5601..Ecophobia is a fear of what?
5602...What was the first Bond film not to be titled from a Bond book?
5603..Collective nouns a bask of what creatures?
5604..What Olympic event was dropped in 1920?
5605..Where is the TV space alien ALF from?
5606..66% of Americans reading on the toilet read what?
5607..Women do it 4 times more often than men - do what?
5608..Louis Washkansky was the first to do what in 1967?
5609..What is a gharial?
5610..What did Scott find at the North Pole?
5611..The flowers of the curry plant are what colour?
5612..What did Paceard and Balmat conquer in 1786?
5613..In Kiplings Jungle Book Mang was what type of creature?
5614..Collective nouns an erst of what creatures?
5615..What Bond film was entitled The Dead Slave in Japan?
5616..No US president has ever been what?
5617..Al Borak was a flying horse owned by whom?
5618..What links Pacer Burton, Chad Gates, Walter Gulik?
5619..What Disney character was voiced by Pinto Colvig?
5620..What boxer was nicknamed The Ambling Alp?
5621..The Witches Curse alternative name which G&S operetta?
5622..Where was the original Crystal Palace built?
5623..What is a spoodle?
5624..In Kiplings Jungle Book Ikki was what type of creature?
5625..What animal is responsible for most deaths in the USA annually?
5626..What was Hitchcock's last film made in 1976?
5627..In the sport of archery what are the arrows usually made from?
5628..Greeks Romans regarded what herb as symbol immortality?
5629..Who was the first male to appear on the cover of Playboy?
5630..In Welsh Cwrw pronounced koo roo is what?
5631..What sank German submarine U120 in WW2?
5632..In Globe Arizona it's illegal to play cards in the street with who?
5633..What is the most common mammal in the UK?
5634..Name the second most commonly spoken language in Australia?
5635..Which athletic event requires five judges?
5636..Victoria is the only Australian state without what?
5637..What TV show was set in Wentworth Detention Centre?
5638..In the rhyme about magpies what do 5 represent?
5639..Who voiced Mr Spock in the cartoon version of Star Trek?
5640..Europhobia is the fear of what?
5641..In Maryland it's illegal play what Randy Newman song on radio?
5642..In Greek mythology who was the first woman?
5643..Which timepiece has the most moving parts?
5644..What is the official language of Egypt?
5645..Which literary character lives at 4 Privet Road?
5646..Rio's Maracarria stadium has what unusual feature?
5647..What natural phenomenon can never be seen at noon?
5648..In Elizabethan England rich people carried their own folding what?
5649..In ancient China what was hung outside a bad doctors house?
5650..In the Balanta tribe women stayed married until what happened?
5651..In Massachusetts it's illegal to wear what without a licence?
5652..Suzy was a star of a 60s TV show what character did she play?
5653..The average child wears out 730 by age ten 730 what?
5654..In a survey what food did Americans say they hated most?
5655..What vegetable was Emperor Nero's favourite?
5656..What nation invented the toilet seat?
5657..Virginia Woolf always did it standing up - did what?
5658..Mount Teide is the highest mountain in which country?
5659..In what film did the character Regan McNeil appear?
5660..Who rejected the 1964 Nobel prize for literature?
5661..In Alaska it's legal to shoot bears but illegal to do what?
5661..George Jung of Los Angeles in 1916 invented what?
5663..John Paul Getty, world's richest man had what in his house?
5664..What was unusual about the drawings of artist Cesar Ducornet?
5665..Who was the only English King crowned on the battlefield?
5666..In 1901 Dr Dausand demonstrated what that never caught on?
5667..In some areas of Paris what is provided for dogs?
5668..What countries brides get the most diamond engagement rings?
5669..What area in the US translates from the Dutch as Broken Valley?
5670..In ancient Egypt men and women did what opposite to today?
5671..In Youngstown Ohio it's illegal to run out of what?
5672..Who links a western gambler and a private eye?
5673..How did Bunito Mussolini ward off the evil eye?
5674..Both sexes get them but men more often - get what?
5675..Who would use an orange stick?
5676..Jacob German in 1899 got the worlds first what in New York?
5677..Mary Somerville said "It wont last, a flash in the pan" what?
5678..China 300 bc you could not speak to the Emperor without what?
5679..In what US city do they watch the most TV evangelists per cap?
5680,,Egyptian embalmers replaced the bodies eyes with what?
5681..According to a 1997 survey what nation are the best kissers?
5682..In South Dakota it's illegal to fall down and sleep where?
5683..Who was the last living person on a US postal stamp?
5684..What is the main ingredient in a Navarin stew?
5685..What elements name comes from the Greek word for violet?
5686..VH is the international aircraft registration for which country?
5687..Phyllophobia is the fear of what?
5688..What is a cachalot?
5689..What would the ancient Greeks do with an Apodesm?
5690..What is an onychophagist?
5691..In Auburn Washington men can get five years for doing what?
5692..Where in Canada is its d***o?
5693..Topo in Italian Fare in Turkish what in English?
5694..Who did Babe the pig work for?
5695..What sexually arouses a Jactitator?
5696..Nebkheperura was his first name what do we call him today?
5697..What creature gets its name from the Greek word for womb?
5698..In 1885 Canada sold what to US for $150000?
5699..By what more common name do we know Major Boothroyd?
5700..Woman's are faster than men's, they usually have more - what?
5701..In Illinois you can get three years for eavesdropping on who?
5702..What modern word comes from the Latin Dilatare - open wide?
5703..West Indian cricketer Laurence Rowe gave up 1976 mid test why?
5704..What do the EPPY awards honour?
5705..The electric light first available product what's second?
5706..What's the only city today split in two by a wall?
5707..What's the only movie Alfred Hitchcock make twice?
5708..What is the Latin word for poison?
5709..Orienteering began in which country?
5710..What would you expect in a Japanese No Pan Kissa restaurant?
5711..In Massachusetts what's illegal unless bedroom window locked?
5712..The Emperors cup is awarded in what sport?
5713..What famous film maker was first to use the close up?
5714..Chinese cooking what's special about Wolfs hearts Dogs lungs?
5715..The 1961 Mercedes 300sx had two firsts name either?
5716..Who wrote the official biography of Lester Piggott?
5717..What hotel has been the target of the most take over bids?
5718..In Russia the national product is called Soldatsky what is it?
5719..In airline slang what is a 365?
5720..In what case did Perry Mason make his first appearance?
5721..By law who require a cert. of health before entering Kentucky?
5722..Romans used a sharp pointed stick to drive cattle Modern word?
5723..Chokan Moyogi Shakan Han Kengai and Kengai styles of what?
5724..Albert Sauvy coined what term in the 1950s?
5726..What trio were originally called The Rattlesnakes?
5727..The Fields Medal is equal to a Nobel prize in what area?
5728..Novices are called tumblers experienced shiners what job?
5729..What is the Hebrew word for adversary?
5730,,What is the capitol of Venezuela?
5731..What was unusual about Joe Davis the World Snooker Champ?
5732..What's round in London and Paris but Square in New York?
5733..In WW2 what was unique about the US 222 Infantry battalion?
5734..In which 1956 film did Elvis Presley make his debut?
5735..Lepcha people Tibet consider it proper to pay teachers in what?
5736..In medicine what is an Anomaloscope used for?
5737..In the rules of golf what type of bad weather can stop play?
5738..Name the Indian version of Barbie?
5739..Name the Egyptian God of funerals?
5740..Scrutinise Swirl Sniff Sip - what are you doing?
5741..What is the worlds oldest desert - country named after it?
5742..What magazine says We are Number one in a field of One?
5743..The band Steely Dan are named after what?
5744..Famous book divided into three parts Mosques Caves Temples?
5745..What term was coined July 17th 1942 issue of Yank magazine?
5746..In 1947 it began at Callao Peru ended Tuamotu Island what did?
5747..Polyhexamethyleneadipamide is better known as what?
5748..In Greek mythology who built the labyrinth?
5749..Name Disney's first film to win an Academy Award?
5750..In what sport would you find a Tell Tale?
5751..What is the most redesigned appliance in the world?
5752..What started in early 1900s to improve sales sports newspaper?
5753..What come in types Transverse Scimitar and Barchan?
5754..What is the only counties national flag different both sides?
5755..What is located on Boothia's peninsula in Canada?
5756..Morbi in Gujarat is where most of the worlds what are made?
5757..John McLaughlin made sold McLaughlin's Belfast style – what?
5758..Christian Commercial Travellers' Association of America are who?
5759..In what sport would you find a Bagel?
5760..Who turned down the TV role of Doctor Kildare?
5761..Name only sports team to play professionally seven continents?
5762..What is the traditional curse of Adam that affects most of us?
5763..There and back Again is an alternative title of which novel?
5764..IBM is Big Blue Coca Cola Big Red who is Big Black?
5765..According to the ad At Benneton the smallest garment is a what?
5766..In the Bible who came from Gath?
5767..In Tennis where is the Australian Open played?
5768..Hemmingway said there's only 3 sports Bullfighting Car Racing??
5769..What traditional Maori insult was seen in the film Braveheart?
5770..What links Escalator, Kerosene, YoYo, Zipper and Thermos?
5771..Cosmetic brand gets it's name from Latin for as white as snow?
5772..What was the first sport to be filmed?
5773..In the Tom and Jerry cartoons name the other mouse?
5774..What was the first LP record to sell over 1 million copies?
5775..Facts, Briefs, Destiny and Chance were early names for what?
5776..If you take a before meal aperitif what's an after meal one called?
5777..Methyphobia is the fear of what?
5778..Tribology is the study of what?
5779..Name Leonard Nimoy's autobiography?
5780..The Stoner Case was a Sherlock Holmes play - later what story?
5781..In Iowa pouring what down a pub drain with cop there is illegal?
5782..Christobal Colon is better known as who?
5783..What is measured on the Torro scale?
5784..Where would you find the Forte and the Foible strong - weak?
5785..President Woodrow Wilson May 6th 1919 first to do what?
5786..In Australian slang what is a Coughie?
5787..Satan is Lucifer but what does Lucifer mean?
5788..Chapman Root designed it based on a Hoople skirt - what?
5789..What does a Grabatologist collect?
5790..Blind, Comb, Fine Line and Harrow are types of what?
5791..The Millennial Dawnists changed their name to what?
5792..The name of this animal translates as ghost what is it?
5793..What country has two AK47 assault rifles on it's flag?
5794..In film who is the alter ego of Daniel Hillard?
5795..Who was the female star of Basic Instinct?
5796..In computing there are 8 bits to a byte what are 4 bits called?
5797..The Arabs call it Al-Maghrib what do we call it?
5798..The Vietnamese call it The Brother the Chinese The Friend what?
5799..What is a male camel called?
5800..Douglas Adams said what is the best spacecraft propellant?
5801..William Tell was the best crossbow archer and what else?
5802..In what country did tulips originate?
5803..What is specifically defined as 1/48th of an inch?
5804..Church bells of Maralnello Ring Sundays Public Hols and when?
5805..Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms bans what word in adds?
5806..Name the first British film studio set up in the 1930s?
5807..In Hill Street Blues which character used to bite people?
5808..Where would you find a Dry Bible?
5809..Quidnunc means an eager gossip but in Latin literally means?
5810..In the proverb Heaven protects children sailors and who?
5811..Poenosis is what medical condition?
5812..Who in 1958 was the first British Formula one champion?
5813..Carom is a form of what sport / game?
5814..What Disney film features the song "Give a little Whistle"?
5815..What was on the B side of the Beatles 1968 "Hey Jude"?
5816..What country invented cheesecake?
5817..Gone to Texas by Forest Carter is the basis for what film?
5818..Which mammal has the fewest teeth?
5819..In WW2 Air corps non flying members given what nickname?
5820..Collective nouns - what's a group of photographers called?
5821..What event in the Bible occurred at Bethany?
5822..On a prescription what does QOD stand for?
5823..Thomas and Martha were the parents of which hero?
5824..In Greek mythology Clio was the muse of what?
5825..An IVP is used to detect what medical condition?
5826..Don Quixote was the man of La Mancha what's it in English?
5827..Who was the first woman to win an Academy Award?
5828..Where do they speak Malagasy?
5829..What is a mud puppy?
5830..You can ski on the piste but what other sport uses the term?
5831..Name Clint Eastwoods first film made in 1955?
5832..What is the main flavouring in a Greek Tzataili sauce?
5833..What links Dr Spock Errol Flynn and Emperor Nero?
5834..In what series of books did The Empress of Blandings appear?
5835..What colour is iridium?
5836..Who founded ASH ( Action on Smoking and Health ) in 1971?
5837..What organisation opposes ASH?
5838..Who was the 1958 Cha-Cha champion of Hong Kong?
5839..Who directed the 1962 film Lawrence of Arabia?
5840..In mythology Romulus Remus suckled by a shewolf fed by what?
5841..In Gustav Holsts Planets suite what planet is missing?
5842..If you went on the road to Mandalay what country are you in?
5843..Which cathedral has 4440 statues?
5844..Tarom Airlines is the national carrier of which country?
5845..What does an armadillo taste like?
5846..In what French district do most of the best clarets come from?
5847..What was the first complete symphony to be recorded?
5848..Thomas Minton at Stoke on Trent created what in 1789?
5849..What European nation was the first to drink tea?
5850..What's the worlds longest rail journey made no train change?
5851..What was first built in the Place de Greve in 1792?
5852..In what book does Humpty Dumpty first appear?
5853..Who was called The Man of Destiny?
5854..19-19-19 who's vital statistics?
5855..Name both families in Soap?
5855..Where would you find a gemshorn?
5856..The flower convallaria is better known as what?
5857..In what stage show does Frank N Furter appear?
5858..Who invented the rocking chair?
5859..Gerald Thomas directed what series of films?
5860..What did composer Berlioz originally study?
5861..Ocean is NOT recognised International Hydrographic Bureau?
5862..In the Saint series of books what is Inspector Teal's full name?
5863..What is the most common Spanish surname?
5864..The Slave of Duty is alternate title what G&S operetta?
5865..Aconite the poison is obtained from what plant?
5866..What culture introduced hats and crackers at Xmas season?
5867..Chang 1st Wang 2nd what third most common Chinese name?
5868..What word is derived from the Arabic mawsim meaning season?
5869..What's the other name for the statue of Egyptian god Harmachis?
5870..The French call it nature morte the Spanish bodegon what is it?
5871..Oporto in Portugal stands on what river?
5872..What boxer was nicknamed The Boston Strong Boy?
5873..Stage role, written for a man, took 80 years to be played by one?
5874..Sicily is the traditional source of which element?
5875..Name the main horse in Animal Farm?
5876..Strabismus is the correct name for what condition?
5877..What languages appear on the Rosetta stone?
5878..Who used the pseudonym Ellis Bell?
5879..Where were the first glass mirrors made in Europe circa 1300?
5880..Who went to school at Hogwarts Harry Potter?
5881...What was Pierce Brosnan's first James Bond film in 1995?
5882..Who won the best actor award for Marty in 1955?
5883..Name Helen of Troys husband?
5884..Who hired the Mormon Mafia to prevent contamination?
5885..Captain W E Johns invented which hero?
5886..The Passion Play is performed every 10 years where?
5887..What was the theme music to The Exorcist?
5888..Who directed Full Metal Jacket?
5889..In Judo if the referee calls Sono-mama what does it mean?
5890..What mountain overlooks Rio de Janeiro harbour?
5891..What is Romaic?
5892..In what WW1 battle were tanks first used in 1916?
5893..Who are Britain's oldest publisher dating from 1469?
5894..Who was called The Scourge of God?
5895..Victor Barna was world champion five times at what sport?
5896..What sort of wood was Noah's Ark made from?
5897..In Yugoslavian Belgrade is called Beograd what does it mean?
5898..Collective nouns - which creatures are a clamour or building?
5899..First public supply in Britain from river Wey in 1881 what?
5900..In what city was Handel's Messiah first performed?
5901..Who was the first person to wear a wristwatch?
5902..What colour is the wax covering Gouda cheese?
5903..In Norse mythology who was Odin's wife?
5904..Six verified copies of his signature survive - who is he?
5905..What city is at the mouth of the Menam river?
5906..In what sport is the Palma Match contested?
5907..Which musical stage show ( and film ) uses tunes by Borodin?
5908..Ireland and New Zealand are the only countries that lack what?
5909..In cricket how many times does a full toss bounce?
5910..Impressionism comes from painting Impression Sunrise - Artist?
5911..Name the first self contained home computer?
5912..What exploded in 1720?
5913..Who named a city after his horse Bucephalus?
5914..Beethoven's ninth symphony is nicknamed what?
5915..In Spain St John Bosco is the Patron Saint of what?
5916..In 1928 Simon Bolivar was president 3 countries Bolivia and??
5917..Who lit the flame 1956 Olympics and then broke 8 world records?
5918..Ball point pen ink is made from dye and what?
5919..Hans Lippershey made the worlds first practical what?
5920..In Hindu philosophy what does Yoga literally mean?
5921..Which writer rode Devon Loch in the 1956 Grand National?
5922..George Lazenby played James Bond once in which film?
5923..Who was the founder of Judaism?
5924..There must be 15 banked turns on what sporting course?
5925..What is a Lampyris Noctiluca better known as?
5926..Greek Myth Clotho spun Lachesis measured Atropos cut what?
5927..Who built The Flamingo hotel in Las Vegas?
5928..What is the main language of Liechtenstein?
5929..Vivaldi's concertos Opus 8 Numbers 1-4 better known as what?
5930..In Tarka the Otter what was Old Nog?
5931..Which sea is sometimes called the Euxine Sea?
5932..Roger Bannister ran the first sub 4 minute mile who ran 2nd?
5933..What can be types called chordate, needle and cruciform?
5934..Musca Domestica can cause disease in man - what is it?
5935..Name the English chemist who first isolated sodium?
5936..Who wrote Moon River used in Breakfast at Tiffanies?
5937..Name Stephen King's first published novel?
5938..The locals call it Kaapstad what do we call it?
5939..Interpol was founded in 1923 in what city?
5940..Musophobia is a fear of what?
5941..The opera Aida was commissioned in 1869 to mark what event?
5942..In ancient Greece what was a hoplite?
5943..In the Harry Potter books what is Aragog?
5944..Who wrote Goodbye Mr Chips?
5945..Only 15% of French wines have what on the label?
5946..What are blombergs, oak and fire bellied types of?
5947..Sherlock Holmes paid 55 shillings for what?
5948..What is an arras?
5949..Steven Georgi is now Yussef Islam what other name had he?
5950..What literary prize ( worth £30000 ) is for women authors only?
5951..The musical Chu Chin Chow is based on what fable?
5952..Where would you find a parlour, scriptorium, dorter and cellarium?
5953..US tennis open held at Flushing Meadows used to be where?
5954..Where would you find Volans?
5955..The De Beaumont centre in London specialises in what sport?
5956..Sir Francis Drake named it New Albion what is it today?
5957..Which artist painted sixty two self portraits?
5958..What elements name comes from the Greek meaning lazy?
5959..Who directed Star Trek films 3 and 4?
5960..Cretinism is caused by a failure of what?
5961..In Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice name Shylocks wife?
5962..Gold Discs Platinum Discs but who won first Rhodium Disc?
5963..What is a Fata Morgana?
5964..You can do a degree in brewing at Heriot-Watt University where?
5965..Zimbabwe won its first ever Olympic gold in 1980 in what event?
5966..What is or was the capitol of Hong Kong?
5967..In Britain in 1746 what type of clothing was made illegal?
5968..What creature can live up to one year without eating ( you? )?
5969..The worlds first was 69.5 feet long and took a year to make??
5970..What film began "Most of what follows is true"?
5971..The thickness of silk is measured in what?
5972..Charcoal Sulphur Saltpetre make what?
5973..The word Sofa comes from the Arabic meaning what?
5974..What are Arran Pilot Homeguard and Ulster Chieftain?
5975..In 1961 Anton Geesink was the first non Japanese to do what?
5976..What colour is the most popular eye shadow of all time?
5977..Where is the worlds oldest university?
5978..Who was known in Germany as Der Bingle?
5979..Ancient Carthage is in what modern country?
5980..Who's first play was The Room?
5981..What type of creature was Salar - that Tarka would like to eat?
5982..The capitol of Nigeria was Lagos what is it now?
5983..Who composed The Dream of Gerontius?
5984..Captain Macmorris only ever Irishman in what Shakespeare play?
5985..Tintoretto did most of his painting in what city?
5986..What Olympic event only takes place at 70 and 90 meters?
5987..To whom are the Jews Gentiles?
5988..Which plant gets its name from the Persian for turban?
5989..What does GP mean on a music score when all players silent?
5990..What celestial body gets its name from the Greek long haired?
5991..A petrologist studies what?
Posted: Fri Aug 02, 2013 6:34 pm
6001..Who's first book was "Down and Out in Paris and London"?
6002..What killed 23 people in Rostov Russia in July 1923?
6003..What does a librettist do?
6004..How did Dr Watson's first wife die?
6005..Beethoven's third symphony is nicknamed what?
6006..To whom was the Eroica dedicated?
6007..In medieval France a persons rank was shown by the length of??
6008..Women's international gymnastics Beam Box Floor and what?
6009..What song did Rick ask Sam to play in Casablanca?
6010..Pali is the sacred language of who?
6012..In WW1 what were Lucifer's?
6013..In legend who killed the mobster Grendel?
6014..Who stole the English Crown Jewels was pardoned Charles II?
6015..She died at 28 but her book on household management famous?
6016..The Hindu trinity are Shiva Vishnu and who?
6017..Name Hercule Poirot's valet?
6018..Charles S Stratton became famous as who?
6019..In mythology who slew the nine headed hydra?
6020..What country holds the Olympic polo championship?
6021..In Gulliver's Travels name the flying island?
6022..Who wrote Never Love a Stranger?
6023..What city has the most canals?
6024..Where was Oceanus Hopkins born in 1620?
6025..In China big wigs have four but lesser men only two what?
6026..What is the world's warmest sea?
6027..Who played Beau Geste in the 1939 film?
6028..Who composed the Christmas Oratorio?
6029..In Animal Farm what was the name of the farm?
6030..Who owned a chimp called Chee-Chee?
6031..Who's directorial debut was with Reservoir Dogs?
6032..Where was pizza first invented Milan?
6033..Odele and Odette appear in what Tchaikovsky ballet?
6034..In what country is The Duma part of parliament?
6035..Nonage is what reason to stop a marriage?
6036..Kier Auro is good morning in what language?
6037..In what sport does herringboning take place?
6038..What is a marcupium?
6039..At epiquarian.com you would find information about what?
6040..What does a konimeter measure?
6041..A stellate object is shaped like what?
6042..What is MMM minus MD?
6043..Balsa wood gets its name from Spanish what's literal meaning?
6044..Who is the Patron Saint of Accountants?
6045..In what country did the Sabines live?
6046..Who often solved a three pipe problem?
6047..The tumblebug is an alternative name for which insect?
6048..St Stevens Tower is usually misnamed what?
6049..What type of clothing article is a Belcher?
6050..Who was kidnapped in Robert Louis Stevenson's Kidnapped?
6051..Jewish boys have a Barmitsva at 13 what do girls get at 12?
6052..What European capitol stands on the river Aare?
6053..In which Dickens novel does Little Nell appear?
6054..Name Harry Potters non magical cousin?
6055..Which real person took name meaning Man of Steel?
6056..What are woolly and spider types of?
6057...Where do boy scout leaders get their names from?
6058..Where would you find a Mott Bailey and Keep?
6059..In what country was fashion designer Yves St Laurent born?
6060..What common British river name come from Celtic for river?
6061..Jayne Austin is famous but who reigned Britain when she wrote?
6062..What composer was the there of the 1947 film Song of Love?
6063..Who is known as The father of Poetry?
6064..Who was the first US president to be sworn in by a woman?
6065..Who sometimes used the pseudonym Al Brown?
6066..What does Monaco get most of its income from?
6067..Professor Kelp transformed into who?
6068..What is the commonest item traded internationally?
6069..Lake Tittikaka is in Peru and what other country?
6070..Who was the first British monarch to visit America?
6071..Collective nouns - A nye of what?
6072..Where was the Hesperus wrecked?
6073..Britain's oldest existing Trade Union was founded in 1747 what trade?
6074..In the creation myth on the fourth day God made what?
6075..All PCs have a BIOS what does bios stand for?
6076..British soldiers mentioned in despatches get which bronze award?
6077..In 1967 an Australian had one 11lb in weight - what?
6078..Sissy Jupe adopted by Thomas Gradgrind which Dickens novel?
6079..Operation Thunderbolt was the nickname given to which raid?
6080..In Japan what is Raku?
6081..Skimbleshanks was a T S Elliot cat what was his area?
6082..What is the largest Island in The Greater Antilles?
6083..What country used the first aircraft equipped bomber in war?
6084..In what sport would you find a coffin?
6085..John Huxham in 1750 invented which word?
6086..TABSO is the national airline of which country?
6087..Who wrote the comic opera Robinson Crusoe?
6088..What was Didus Ineptus better known as?
6089..What sport featured in the 1980 film Breaking Away?
6090..Ambigu was an early form of what card game?
6091..The cast iron plant is another name for which pot plant?
6092..What does the name Tokyo mean?
6093..Sir Walter Raleigh found what odd lake in Trinidad?
6094..Worlds oldest existing treaty of 1373 between England and who?
6095..Bargasse is what type of vegetable matter?
6096..Who was Hiawatha's father?
6097..Kitty, fire, draw and tuck in are terms in what sport?
6098..Ordinary seaman Able Seaman what comes next?
6099..What was Thin Lizzies first hit in 1973?
6100..The sprat belongs to what fish family?
6101..The Horned Planet is better known as what?
6102..Who did the painting on the cover of The Bands first album?
6103..Carrantual is the highest peak in which country?
6104..Who wrote The Symphony of a Thousand?
6105..What is Greece's second city after Athens?
6106..What was Paul the Apostles real name?
6107..When is Superman's birthday?
6108..John Young, Gemini 3, 1968 first to do what in space?
6109..What is the Curia?
6110..The locals call it Firenze what do we call it?
6111..What common sign derived from the Medici family crest?
6112..What is a sound below 20 cycles a second called?
6113..Goldaming in Surrey was the first English town to have what?
6114..Jim Bakus supplied the voice of which cartoon character?
6115..Who speaks Quechua?
6116..Generally cornflowers are what colour?
6117..Starting highest write the Roman Numerals in descending order?
6118..Yoi, Yame, Seremade and Hantai terms in what sport?
6119..Africa's four great rivers Nile, Congo Zambezi and what?
6120..Catriona was a sequel to which famous novel?
6121..Who sang the original version of Blue Suede Shoes?
6122..What kind of material is guipure?
6123..Name a quadruped beginning with the letter N?
6124..Unusual (for him) role Bogart play in The Return of Doctor X 1939?
6125..In Norway what is a brisling?
6126..Who composed the Symphonies Fantastique?
6127..Mediolanum was the Roman name for what Italian city?
6128..Which British city had the first pavements (sidewalks) in 1688?
6129..What is considered to be the worlds fastest team game?
6130..What song did Marilyn Munroe sing in the film Bus Stop?
6131..Which King was the first to use the Royal We?
6132..The locals call it Shqiperia what do we call this country?
6133..What star sign is Harry Potter?
6134..The word Mongol means what in Mongolian?
6135..In the USA it’s the Oscars what is it in France?
6136..What is the correct name for a virgin (uncalfed) cow?
6137..In the USA what is Marine One?
6168..In the Bible who climbed Mount Nebo?
6169..Where could you spend your Gourde?
6170..What sausage gets it's name from the Italian for Onion?
6171..What does a cadastral map show?
6172..In what area of France is champagne made?
6173..The longest recorded one lasted 51.5 minutes - what?
6174..Who was the first British Royal to become a motorist?
6175..Ford Prefect came from a star in which constellation?
6176..What makes Argon, Neon and Helium unique in chemistry?
6177..In the Bible who put Daniel in the lions den?
6178..Cheval-vapeur in France is equal to what in English?
6179..The author of Moll Flanders wrote which more famous work?
6180..On the Beaufort scale what is defined as force 11?
6181..The Spink standard catalogue lists information about what?
6182..If you suffer from diplopia what have you got?
6183..What Shakespeare play Course true love never did run smooth?
6184..All my Yesterdays is which actors autobiography?
6185..Which type of full moon follows a harvest moon?
6186..Which pop singer was Glad to be Gay?
6187..The Wheel Spins Ethel Lina White basis for what Hitchcock film?
6188..On average it takes 1.5 hours to do what?
6189..In Kiplings poem Gunga Din what job had Gunga Din?
6190..What began in 1877 but banned women until 1884?
6191..Who is the boss of UNCLE?
6192..Which cities public transport lost property office is the busiest?
6193..Name only boxer to win a world title who never had a manager?
6194..The opera The Tsar Sultan contains what famous musical piece?
6195..Five tons are mined annually - five tons of what?
6196..In Venezuela lovers use pink what?
6197..What country in distance is furthest from New Zealand?
6198..Whose girlfriend had a pet snake called Enid?
6199..What word is in 1200 different languages without changing?
6200..Whose horse was Black Nell?
6201..Old Honiton Genoese and Mechlin all types of what?
6202..Name the first teddy bear in space?
6203..In France who are nicknamed the Kepis blancs?
6204..Name Ernest Hemmingway's book dealing with bullfighting?
6205..Which animal pronks?
6206..In the Wizard of Oz name the Good Witch of the North?
6207..Britain France and who fought the battle of Trafalgar?
6208..Who's first book was Pebble in the Sky?
6209..Whose original back up group were The Blue Moon Boys?
6210..Britannia female embodiment of Britain who is the French?
6211..Who wrote the line East is East and West is West?
6212..Which American city used to be called Yerba Buena?
6213..What's capital of The Peoples Democratic Republic of Yemen?
6214..Who played Louis Armstrong in 1954 film The Glen Miller Story?
6215..The Old Aztecs played ollamalitzi what game does it resemble?
6216..In literature who lived at 7 Savile Row?
6218..What is the only Shakespeare play that mentions America?
6219..Jan Lodvik Hock changed his name to what?
6220..What is the longest golf course to stage the British Open?
6221..Atlanta burned in Gone With the Wind was what old film set?
6222..What are Unaone, Soxisix and Novenine?
6223..If something is caseous what is it like?
6224..William Herschel astronomer was a musician what instrument?
6225..UK snooker players call it doubling what do US pool players say?
6226..In MASH what was the character Radars full name?
6227..Whose only novel was The Cardinals Mistress?
6228..Jimmy Doyle died during a title fight in 1947 who was opponent?
6229..In 1900 Persian soldiers were paid with what?
6230..In Islington in London it’s a £50 fine for sleeping where?
6231..Dr Deidrich Knickerbocker invented which famous character?
6232..What occupation would use a dibber?
6233..Which group of people first used gold fillings?
6234..Miss Lemon is what detectives confidential secretary?
6235..Name Alice's pet cat?
6236..In the siege of Mafeking who led the defenders?
6237..Beethoven's fifth piano concerto is nicknamed what?
6238..What did Aristotle claim as the most delicate of table meats?
6239..Which annual world championship is held at Coxheath Kent?
6240..In which film did Cliff Richard sing Living Doll in 1959?
6241..Which Lombardy town is famed for its cheese?
6242..Which acid dissolves glass?
6243..Who wrote The female of the species more deadly than the male?
6244..Musical terms - what does De Capo mean on a score?
6245..What is a half of a half of a half of a half?
6246..Who recorded as Dib Cochran and the Earwigs?
6247..In what country is Tiahuanaco?
6248..What exactly are chitterlings?
6249..What was Winston Churchill's codename during WW2?
6250..There are 4.5 gallons of ale in what container?
6251..Of what did the poet John Milton die?
6252..The musical instrument piccolo means what in Italian?
6253..In what country could you spend a tugrik?
6254..All the pictures of which king are always shown in profile?
6255..Pernell Roberts played which character in a TV western series?
6256..1937 saw the first BBC TV broadcast of which event?
6257..Which orchestral instrument can play the highest note?
6258..Who was the runner up in the 1979 Le Mans 24 hour race?
6259..Airman T E Shaw in WW2 was better known as who?
6260..Italian painter Jacopo Robusti is better known as who?
6261..What were volitos first demonstrated in Soho London in 1823?
6262..Which Mozart opera is subtitled School for Lovers?
6263..In literature who married Mary Morstan?
6264..Which game begins when the referee shouts draw?
6265..What is litmus derived from?
6266..Hydrosis is the medical term for what?
6267..Misogamy is a dislike or hatred of what?
6268..What car has been voted European car of the Century?
6269..In India what is a khidmutgar?
6270..Who sang about Saturday Night at the Movies?
6271..Who owned the sword Joyeuse?
6272..It was finally abolished in Britain in 1948 - what was?
6273..Beethoven's sixth symphony is known as what?
6274..Which English King had the most legitimate children (1smilies/icon_cool.gif?
6275..The windhover is an alternative name for which bird?
6276..Where is the US masters golf tournament always played?
6277..Santa Cruz airport serves which city?
6278..Silver hallmarks - what object is stamped on Birmingham items?
6279..Graham Hill won 1968 world championship in which make of car?
6280..Opaque 2 is a modern variety of which cereal crop?
6281..Who was the first tennis player to achieve the grand slam?
6282..What are padmasana sirsasana and savasana?
6283..What is strange about the Golden Queen holly?
6284..What is the last book of the Old Testament?
6285..Queen Mary II died at age 32 what killed her?
6286..What metal is used in galvanizing?
6287..A 25 to 31 mph wind on the Beaufort scale is called what?
6288..The false plane tree is better known as what?
6289..Baptista is Katherine's father in which Shakespeare play?
6290..Lepidoptera (from the Greek) literally means what?
6291..In what sport might you see a stem-christie?
6292..Why a camel haired brushes (made from squirrel) called camel?
6293..What common item has 32 points?
6294..In 1823 the British army soldiers were first issued with what?
6295..Who was the first American to win a Nobel prize?
6296..In Shakespeare Hamlet who is Ophelia's brother?
6297..What is the worlds largest airline?
6298..What is the brightest star always in the Northern sky?
6299..24% of British men have no what?
6300..Most people associate the colour green with which flavour?
6301..Mendelssohn's Wedding March comes from which work?
6302..Whose autobiography was "Can you tell what it is yet"?
6304..What did Joseph Gayetty invent in 1857?
6305..The Andaman Islands are in which bay?
6306..What colour are lobsters?
6307..What does per capita literally mean?
6308..J G Galle discovered it in 1846 - discovered what?
6309..Silent movie star Ben Turpin insured his what for $500000?
6310..What does a potometer measure?
6311..What was Winston Churchill's favourite participation sport?
6312..The average person eats 800 in their lifetime 800 what?
6313..What is the central part of a backgammon board called?
6314..King Henry VIII trained as what A Priest?
6315..What sports name translates as Little Game of War?
6316..What are Claymore, Thistle and Piper?
6317..What colour tranquillisers work best?
6318..In what city did 8 year old Mozart compose his first symphony?
6319..In Yiddish what is your Pupik?
6320..Who was Ben Hurs rival in the great chariot race?
6321..Britain's Frankie Wainman was world champion 1979 what sport?
6322..John McEnroe won Wimbledon doubles with what partner?
6323..Pride, Avarice, Envy, Gluttony, Sloth, Lust what's missing?
6324..On average it rains 4 days a week in what European capital?
6325..What country used the ringgit as currency?
6326..What's the name of the Bar Restaurant in the TV show Quincy?
6327..In what Dickens novel does Alfred Jingle appear?
6328..Ajax was the trade mark of the worlds first what?
6329..What brass instrument is thought to be the most difficult to play?
6330..SF are the international car registration letters for which country?
6331..Jacques Garnerin made the first in 1797 the first what?
6332..The British army used to wear puttees - what's it literally mean?
6334..The orchestra usually tunes up to what instrument?
6335..What is the most frequent cause of business errors?
6336..Which magical city is located in the Valley of the Blue Moon?
6337..In which European city is the Arch of Titus?
6338..Frank Oz was the voice of who?
6339..On a standard rainbow what colour is on the inside of the curve?
6340..What musical term means playing with each note detached?
6341..What animal stands for the longest period?
6342..In what country did the word plonk meaning wine originate?
6343..Alfred Packer in the USA was convicted of what strange crime?
6344..Captain Flint buried his treasure where ( Ben Gunn dug it up )?
6345..Who composed a symphony nicknamed The Hen?
6346..In the Solar system there are 2 Mount Olympus's Greece and where?
6347..Saint Lidwina is the Patron Saint of who?
6348..Who would use a caret?
6349..Who was the first woman to win 4 consecutive US tennis open?
6350..What is the lowest title handed down from father to son?
6351..What is Britain's largest carnivorous animal?
6352..How many women know the formula of Coca Cola?
6353..Schubert's fourth symphony is nicknamed the what?
6354..What are Portland Vases made from?
6355..Where could you have a kip - then spend it?
6356..What is a corduroy road made from?
6357..In 18th century England what was known as Old Tom?
6358..In Goldfinger name the actress painted gold?
6359..In 1949 what was introduced to cars for the first time?
6360..Who was the father of Alexander the Great?
6361..The Italian Chianina is recognises as being the oldest what?
6362..Which country makes the most films per year?
6363..In what Puccini opera does Scarpia appear?
6364..Who wrote Travels with a Donkey on his honeymoon?
6365..The araucaria has what more common name?
6366..Who was Douglas Elton Ullman better known as?
6367..In what does a steganographer write messages?
6368..Charles Duff wrote the macabre Handbook of what?
6369..In The Dukes of Hazard who was the sheriff?
6370..What would you do with a hecklephone?
6371..In the famous song my true love sent me nine what?
6372..Richard Arkwright invented the Spinning Jenny what job had he?
6373..What is or was a Portuguese moidore?
6374..A husband and wife won gold medals 1952 Olympics who?
6375..Collective nouns - A Desert of what?
6376..Which writer created the detective Lord Peter Wimsey?
6377..On the same subject who eventually married Lord Peter Wimsey?
6378..What is rayon made from?
6379..Yorick in Shakespeare's Hamlet had what job (when alive)?
6380..Sir Eyre Massey Shaw hold what Olympic record from 1900?
6381..What is the worlds third largest island?
6382..Corporals Henshaw and Barbella report to which sergeant?
6383..The word electricity comes from the Greek word for what?
6384..Name the Motown star shot and killed by his father in 1984?
6385..Collective nouns - A Fall of what?
6386..Leslie Hornby became more famous as who?
6387..September should be seventh month by name why is it ninth?
6388..When introduced they were pockets for men only - what were?
6389..What are or were The Adena, Cayuga, Haida and Nootka?
6390..In traditional wedding anniversaries what is given on the twelfth?
6391..What are Grenadier, Idared and Ellison's Orange types of?
6392..Who fought at the battles of Bastia, Calvi and Toulon?
6393..A numismatist collects coins and what else?
6394..Where could you spend a Kyat?
6395..In what series of stories did Inspector Lestrade appear?
6396..Name the home city of the US football team nicknamed Falcons?
6397..What Gilbert & Sullivan operetta subtitled The Peer and the Peri?
6398..Hymen in Greek Genius in Roman Gods of what?
6399..What can come in types Blue, Spear, Couch and Arrow?
6400..Bees live in a hive what do seals live in?
6401..Hercules performed twelve labours what was number seven?
6402..A philomath has a love of what?
6403..A young what can be called a Boyet, Eyas or Nyas?
6404..What trade did Bonito, Calico Jack, and d**k Hatteraick follow?
6405..What takes place at Montlhery France and Zandvoort Holland?
6406..What is the literal meaning of the Spanish word tapas (snacks)?
6407..The martial art tai quon do translates literally as what?
6408..Wings of Desire a foreign film remade as what with Nicolas Cage?
6409..Scooby Do is what breed of dog?
6410..Which book of The Bible is also a title of a Bob Marley album?
6411..The Romans called it Eboracum name this English city?
6412..Who wrote "To err is human to forgive divine"?
6413..In England what can be private, public or approved?
6414..In what traditional entertainment does the dog Toby appear?
6415..Where could you spend a Sol?
6416..What UK football team nick The Glaziers play at Selhurst Park?
6417..Thanatos in Greek Mors in Roman Gods of what?
6418..Robin, Rugby and Simple appear in which Shakespeare play?
6419..Where would you find A Pope Empress Hermit and Juggler?
6420..In traditional anniversaries what is given for the thirtieth?
6421..Apart from a brand name what is a Reebok?
6422..Jason sailed in the Argo but who steered the ship?
6423..What are pink, pram, snow, koff, buss, bark and dory types of?
6424..What was Boucan that gave Buccaneers their name?
6425..Dacca is the capital of which country?
6426..What links a Gig, Spider and Phaeton?
6427..What's parts include barbican, oilette and donjon?
6428..In London what are The Cavalry, Marlborough and Savile?
6429..What does a phillumenist collect?
6430..Electric, Perse and smalt shades of which colour?
6421..What links Sword, Square, Floral and Barn?
6432..What is a Kerry Blue?
6433..In Heraldry what is a canton?
6434..What links the trees Bodhi, Peepul and Ailento?
6435..Which fictional character lived at Montague street before moving?
6436..Chronos in Greek Saturnus in Roman Gods of what?
6437..A Grice is a young what?
6438..International registration letters what country is ZR?
6439..There are only two three letter herbs Rue is one what's the other?
6440..In mythology who rode an eight legged horse called Sleipner?
6441..Parr, Smolt and Grilse different names same thing what?
6442..Name the raven in George Orwell's Animal Farm?
6443..All US Presidents were Federalists Republicans Democrats or what?
6444..Ezekiel, Jeremiah, Eli and Isaiah were all what in The Bible?
6445..What family were the last ruling house of Italy?
6446..Where would you find a Bonnet, Course, Dabbler and Driver?
6447..Who said Tis better to have loved and lost etc?
6448..What Gilbert & Sullivan operetta was subtitled Bunthorns Bride?
6449..Which poet wrote A thing of beauty is a joy forever in Endymion?
6450..Copeland, Mason, Dux and Bow all types of what?
6451..In Greek mythology who was Queen of the underworld?
6452..Which writer created Tabitha Twitchet, Babbity Bumble, Mr Tod?
6453..What links Bass, Messina, Hormuz and Torres?
6454..What does a philologist study?
6455..Which authors first (unsuccessful) book was Inland Voyage?
6456..Details of what can be found in The Blue Book?
6457..Backfall, diapason, pallet, gamba, sticker all parts of what?
6458..Oedipus married his mother - who was she?
6459..In Heraldry if things are accosted what position are they in?
6460..Pintado, Pochard, Scaup, Scoter and Smee types of what?
6461..Name Shakespeare play Ariel, Miranda and Prospero appear?
6462..Xanthic, Fallow and Aureate shades of which colour?
6463..Brickbat, Pecorino, Mycella and Tilsiter all types of what?
6464..What is the capital of Panama?
6465..Name both the Greek and Roman God of Prophecy and Plagues?
6466..What popular party drink gets its name from Sanskrit meaning 5?
6467..London link Prince Edward's, Prince of Wales, Her Majesty's?
6468..Which country borders Russia Sweden and Norway?
6469..What type of creature is an Orb Weaver?
6470..Whose autobiography was called Tall Dark and Gruesome?
6471..In publishing what is the verso?
6472..The British Raj in India lasted 90 years what's it literally mean?
6473..What ancient Roman buildings name means Place for a Giant?
6474..What links Ciampino, Lod and Waalhaven?
6475..John Tenniel drew the illustrations for what famous book?
6476..Only two north American Indian tribes with 3 letters Wea and what?
6477..Collective nouns - A Congregation of what?
6478..Admiral Horatio Nelson lost his arm at which battle?
6479..In WW2 what was the British equivalent of the German E-Boat?
6480..International car registration letters what country is RA?
6481..Of what are Bristol, Rockingham, Chelsea, and Minton types?
6482..Who is known as The father of English poetry - 1340 - 1400?
6483..According to the traditional rhyme what's the fate of Wed. child?
6484..What are or were Tester, Royal, Mark and Noble?
6485..Bistre, Sorrel and Vandyke are shades of which colour?
6486..If you were watching cricket at The Outer in which city are you?
6487..You have a foursome and a shag what have you done?
6488..What peoples name literally translates as ordinary?
6489..What are the Anatolian, Atacama, Nafud and Zirreh?
6490..Sam Weller was whose servant in a Dickens book?
6491..Dandy Dinmont, Bedlington, Sealyham are what types of dog?
6492..What is extracted from the ore caserite?
6493..John Palmer is buried in York what better known name?
6494..The Carmelite monks have what more common name?
6495..In what sport does a player win when they get 15 points?
6496..American Football - where do the Lions play at home?
6497..In England what links Arden, Dean, Kielder and New?
6498..In what country would you be rich in Leu?
6499..Messidor, Thermidor and Fructidor were what in 1789 (JJA)?
6500..What fruit can be Red Black or White?
| i don't know |
James H Pierce was the last silent film actor to play who? | James Pierce : definition of James Pierce and synonyms of James Pierce (English)
4 External links
Early life/College/Early film career
Big Jim Pierce, as he was known to family and friends, was an All-American center on the Indiana Hoosiers football team. Following his graduation in 1921, he coached high school football in Arizona , and began acting in his spare time. After he was cast in the 1923 production of The Deerslayer, he remained in California and coached football at Glendale High School (one of his players was John Wayne ).
Portrayal of Tarzan
Pierce's life changed when he attended a party given by Edgar Rice Burroughs and his daughter Joan. Burroughs, the creator and author of the Tarzan books, immediately wanted Pierce to star in the next Tarzan movie. Pierce gave up a role in the film Wings to accept the Tarzan role. His part in Wings was given to a newcomer named Gary Cooper . The silent Tarzan film Burroughs talked him into accepting was released in 1927 by RKO Radio Pictures , and entitled Tarzan and the Golden Lion .
Marriage/Radio career/Later life
Joan Burroughs and James Pierce married on Pierce's 28th birthday, August 8, 1928. From 1932 to 1934, James and Joan Pierce were the voices of Tarzan and Jane on national radio. They remained married until Joan's death in 1972. Both are buried in Shelbyville, Indiana, and their tombstones bear the inscriptions Tarzan and Jane. They had a daughter Joanne II Anselmo née Pierce (1930–2005) and a son James Michael Pierce (1935–1984).
For many years, near the end of his life, Pierce attempted, to no avail, to find a print of Tarzan and the Golden Lion, which was thought lost. After his death, a copy was found in a foreign archive.
Big Jim Pierce is also remembered for playing Prince Thun of the lion men in the 1936 movie serial Flash Gordon . He acted in small roles in several films, mostly westerns , through 1951, and worked in a lucrative real estate agency in the San Fernando Valley . He was an accomplished pilot, active during World War II with the National Airmen's Reserve , the forerunner of today's Air National Guard .
External links
| Tarzan |
Who became the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961? | ERBzine 1103: Pt. 2 Joan Burroughs Pierce Biography
Part II
In the summer of 1926 Joan met her husband-to-be, Jim Pierce. He had been a star centre on the University of Indiana football team, who had moved west to the University of Arizona and California for coaching jobs. Students he had coached included John Wayne, Bob Steele and numerous other athletes who went on to become well-known actors. By 1926 he was also quite busy doing bit parts in films. He had just been offered a substantial role in Wings when fate intervened. He was invited to a fish fry and pool party at Tarzana Ranch -- by that time part of the El Caballero Country Club -- by his friend Tom Scully. Scully was dating Marguerite Corwin, a school chum of Joan Burroughs. Jim Pierce arrived in his "Whoopie" Model T and was somewhat in awe of the other guests he found mingling on the estate grounds. The party goers included the sons and daughters from the top society of Los Angeles. He was perhaps most in awe of the host: Edgar Rice Burroughs, who was his favourite fiction writer. At one point Jim was thrown -- fully clothed -- into the pool. Burroughs who was chatting with friends in a row of lounge chairs by the pool observed Jim swimming laps in and said, "That's my boy! That's Tarzan!" Eventually Joan led Jim -- clad in swim trunks -- over to meet her father and her young brothers Hulbert and Jack. Ed seemed impressed with Jim's looks and physique.
The party lasted into the evening with food and dancing. Jim was quite taken with 18-year-old Joan and danced with her numerous times. Looking back on this first meeting, Joan once said, "To me, he looked like Tarzan, very trim and well-muscled and his face looked like Tarzan as my father imagined him to be -- grey eyes, something of a Roman nose, and a beautiful smile." When it was time to leave, his beat up Model T was brought around by a parking attendant and he was followed out of the lot and down to the valley by a luxurious Packard Twin-Six driven by a chauffeur.
Two weeks later a casting director from the Film Booking Office invited Jim, on the recommendation of ERB, to a screen test for the lead role in the next big-budget Tarzan picture: Tarzan and the Golden Lion based on ERB's book of the same name . Jim, somewhat overwhelmed by the proposal, was reluctant to pursue an full-time acting career. His decision was made even more difficult because it would mean turning down the part Wings -- a part eventually played by Gary Cooper. At the insistence of Joan he agreed to make the test. Ed and Joan attended the test and were delighted with the results.
5245 (5046) Mecca Ave. - Cottage on Lot 76 of tract 5475 - Tarzana
In July, the Burroughs family who had been living temporarily at 674 South New Hampshire in Los Angeles, moved back to Tarzana at 5245 (later changed to 5046) Mecca Avenue where Ed had built a cottage on Lot 76 of his tract 5475. He also moved his office to 5255 (later changed to 5135) Avenida Oriente in Tarzana .
Soon after, Joan invited the young Tarzan hopeful to the ranch for a horseback ride and dinner. The entire family was accustomed to early morning trail rides through the picturesque ruggedness of the ranch. Ex-cavalryman Ed had taught his family well -- they were all expert riders. Jim sensed he was about to go through another test - a test to see if he could handle a horse. Luckily he had ridden horses at an early age on the farm back in Indiana and recently he had been tutored by the head wrangler of a western movie in which he had a small role. His horsemanship impressed the Burroughs family and Joan informed him, "You're in! You'll never know how much of a step you just made with this family." From then on the friendship between Joan and Jim grew with Jim visiting the ranch as often as his shooting schedule on the film would permit. It was on his return from one of these visits that he was involved in a near-fatal car accident which forced a delay in the shooting of the Tarzan picture.
Things cooled off a little between the couple at this time and they agreed that perhaps they should wait for a few years before there be any thoughts of marriage. This was probably at the urging of the Burroughs family who felt that Joan was too young for a serious relationship. Although they remained close friends, Jim started to see a lot of his co-star Edna Murphy who was nearer to his age. In December of 1926 Ed wrote Louis B. Mayer requesting that Joan be given a tryout for a part in "Old Heidelberg," but nothing seemed to come of this.
ERB's cast-autographed copy of Tarzan and the Golden Lion
Tarzan and the Golden Lion -- a silent film -- came out at a bad time -- it coincided with the birth of the talkies. Jim was typecast and his contract was not renewed. The work he found from then on consisted mostly of bit parts in B pictures. During this time Joan was dating actor Rex Lease (1903-1966), who went on to make 200 films and she was also studying drama and singing in a Marta Oatman's Drama School. The romance between the two ended around the same time that Jim and Edna Murphy's relationship cooled off. One of Joan's diary entries reads: "Rex called at 12.00 today. Said he would stop by, had something to tell me. Called a little later. I drove over and met him in front of the Hollywood Athletic Club. Told me that we couldn't see each other anymore. Said he couldn't give me all the things that I'd been used to and that he wasn't good enough for me, which is foolishness. He made me feel very miserable."
"Friday, August 21. I feel worse than ever. Article came out in the Los Angeles Times and Examiner that Rex and (film actress) Charlotte Merriam are engaged to be married. . . . I called Rex and he said it wasn't true, but I don't know. Everybody's consoling me and telling me it is all for the best. Maybe so! But it hurts. My first disillusionment. I wonder how many more I'll have. He probably is glad to get rid of me. Oh, what a dirty trick ~ I hope he will be happier anyway. I'm going to miss him very much."
Despite the split, Rex Lease remained a family friend. A fond memory held by Jack's son, Danton, is of Rex coming over for breakfast in the late '40s and frying bacon for Ed and the kids. He regaled them with stories of his experiences while making over 200 westerns in Hollywood. Rex died on New Year's Eve, 1965, at the age of 62.
Rex Lease
Not long after this split Joan received a call from Jim and they were soon back together again. She carried on with her drama and voice lessons, joined the Actors' Equity and the Screen Actors' Guild and registered as a singer for film musicals. She picked up numerous professional roles on stage as well as singing roles in films. Her numerous lead roles in stock company productions garnered excellent notices -- especially in Glendale where she became a regular with the well-established Glendale Community Playhouse. She moved into an apartment in Glendale where she worked as a professional actress. It was hard work as the stock company played one show each week while rehearsing for another. Jim became a regular stage-door Johnnie and attended every play at least once. He and the Burroughs family were worried about her being out alone late at night so as much as possible he would drive her back to her apartment for a late supper of chili and spaghetti. The company folded after director/actor William Gould was given a long-term studio contract and left to become one of Hollywood's leading character actors.
In 1927, Joan was offered a contract by a travelling stock company that were just opening in Utah. Despite the reservations expressed by family, Joan was excited by thoughts of the experience it would give her and she left for Utah. On February 20th she opened the Weber Little Theatre in Ogden in the play "The Whole Town's Talking." Emma accompanied her as chaperone and Ed flew in for opening night. Her father was really getting into the theatrical spirit by this time. On April 6 he started writing the play: "Mary Who?" aka "Why Razz the Kids" aka "Holy Bonds of Wedlock." It was probably written with Joan in mind but was never published.
Meanwhile, back on the road, Joan was playing the lead in Enter Madame and the pay looked promising, but the caliber of the production and venues was disappointing. Eventually, sensing a note of disappointment and frustration in his daughter's letters, Ed suspected that all was not well and decided to check out the situation. He made a highly publicized trip in a two-seater, open-cockpit mail plane flown by WWI ace pilot Maurey Graham. Graham navigated by following railroads and landmarks. The two communicated by hand signals and by passing notes back and forth. Sadly, a few months later Graham was killed on this route when his plane crashed in the mountains while flying through a snowstorm. Burroughs found Joan in a hopeless situation. The company was several weeks in arrears and she hadn't been paid. Ed blew the whistle on them and they were shut down by the Actors' Equity and Joan returned home broke -- sad but wiser.
On August 28, 1927, in commemoration of their 1916 cross-country trip, the family travelled to the Grand Canyon North Rim. Dad and Mom travelled in their six-year-old Packard Roadster, towing a heavily-loaded trailer, while Joan and Hulbert drove their Buick Roadster with Jack riding in the rumble seat. Ed noted that they had slept out in four states: California, Arizona, Utah and Nevada. It proved to be a miniature version of the infamous 1916 trip with most of the same misadventures squeezed into seven days. Both Ed and Emma lost seven pounds during the rugged trip. Memorably, her dad's 52nd birthday was spent in Arizona, as were his 21st and his 50th: "The Eleven Year Itch," a 6,000-word article was written to describe the event.
The Tarzan Twins , that was published on October 10th, was dedicated to Joan and her brothers: "To Joan, Hulbert and Jack, who were brought up on Tarzan stories, this volume is affectionately dedicated by their father."
That fall Joan joined the Menard Players at the Glendale Playhouse for $40 a week. On October 19th, Ed in support of Joan's acting career, gave her a rough draft of a play written with her in mind: " You Lucky Girl! " Unfortunately it was not performed until 1997 at the Palmdale Playhouse , California. It was also around this time that Ed wrote a home movie script, a silent slapstick melodrama, called "Tarzan Pictures Presents 'Them Thar Papers.'" The cast included all family members, as well as James Pierce, and Joan's actress friend Miss Florence Gilbert . It was filmed on 16mm at Tarzana Ranch with Ed operating the camera.
Jim's dreams of Hollywood stardom were placed on hold and he took a more dependable job as a coach at the University of Arizona. Feeling a bit more secure financially he proposed to Joan on July 2, 1928. He popped the question while they were parked in the driveway of the Burroughs estate -- under a full moon -- in Jim's old Model T. They were given the blessing of the Burroughs family and set the wedding date for August 8, 1928 -- Jim's birthday.
Wedding invitation from the Danton Burroughs Archive Collection
The wedding became a top story throughout the world: "Edgar Rice Burroughs' daughter to marry a movie Tarzan." The huge wedding was on the scenic grounds of Tarzana Ranch on one of the hottest days of summer. It was catered by the Elite Catering Service and the grounds were packed with limousines and Marmons, Packards, Auburns, Cords... and Jim's new Nash roadster -- a twin-ignition car, the first and last of its kind. The whole event was recorded on 16 mm film.
After the reception the newlyweds left for their new two-bedroom house in Van Nuys on Dixie Canyon near Ventura Boulevard. The house cost $4,500 for which ERB made the down payment as a wedding present. An additional wedding present was a contract for Jim to make the next Tarzan picture (unfortunately Jim, who had put on a considerable amount of weight, was later forced out of the deal by some Hollywood legal wrangling). They furnished their home in a Spanish motif and household items not given as presents by Ed and Emma were purchased on the installment plan. A few days after the wedding they left on their honeymoon to Indiana.
The trip to Jim's hometown of Shelbyville, Indiana took about ten days as it was plagued by constant car problems. They eventually phoned Jim's dad from St. Louis saying that they would arrive in Shelbyville late at night. Jim's dad and mom were so anxious to see the newlyweds that they drove out to meet them before they arrived. That first night in Jim's family home was a memorable one as the old-fashioned four-poster bed collapsed, waking up the whole household -- a humorous event that entered the family lore of the Pierce family.
They stayed a week visiting family and old friends and haunts. They even visited the little town of Freedom where Jim was born and the rustic old grocery store where Jim had worked as a kid for a dime a day. Joan learned that in this little town where everyone had a nickname, Jim was called "Hikey Dike," a name he had earned at age four after being totally fascinated by a wild Borneo jungle-man character with that name who had appeared in a travelling wagon show.
Jim's grandfather, Perry Commodore McIntosh, was pleased to find that the newest member of the Pierce family was a rapt listener to his often-told tales of pioneer days and the Civil War. Joan in return let it be known that her grandfather, Major George Tyler Burroughs , had served as an officer in that war and that her grandmother, Mary Evaline, had disguised herself as a man and went to war alongside her husband. ( Memoirs of a War Bride ).
The next stops on the honeymoon trip were Chicago and Coldwater, Michigan, where Joan introduced her husband to her relatives. This proved to be a somewhat formidable task as many of the offspring of Ed's four brothers and Emma's four sisters were widely scattered around the area. They had a restful stay at Coldwater where Joan's grandmother lived on a farm with her daughter Jessie. After relaxing days of golf, fishing and swimming they started the return trip to California. The long honeymoon trip was a great opportunity for the newlyweds to gain insight into each other's dispositions and personalities and to plan for the great adventure that lay before them.
Following their return to California, Joan took on the role of housewife, while Jim made a decent living working in poverty row Westerns and serials and eventually worked his way into more prestigious films such as DeMille's Cleopatra, the Marx Brothers' Horse Feathers and a Buster Keaton comedy. On Christmas Eve, 1929, at Hollywood Hospital, Joan gave birth to a daughter -- blonde-haired, blue-eyed little Joan (later they changed the spelling to Joanne to avoid confusion). The proud grandfather dedicated his next book ( Tanar of Pellucidar ) to her: " To Joan Burroughs Pierce II. "
Jim's sporadic work on film projects was a great come-down from his major starring role as Tarzan. Suffering from insecurities and a fading ego he joined the newly formed Christian Science Church in a search for direction. Joan did not join the church but was quite supportive.
The Pierce fortunes took a great upturn in 1932 when ERB and American gold Seal Productions sold the idea for a Tarzan radio serial to the Signal Oil Company. Under Ed's recommendation the roles of Tarzan and Jane went to Jim and Joan. The premier of the show was a gala event at the Fox Pantages Theater. Jim ad-libbed a speech and Joan shared anecdotes about being daughter of ERB and growing up with that famous member of the Burroughs family, Tarzan. Johnny Weissmuller made an appearance on stage and then several episodes of the show were played over the theatre sound system. The Tarzan serial was one of the first radio adventures transcribed on 16" electrical transcription discs, quite a daring innovation at a time when all shows were done live.
From the Laurence Dunn Collection Click to Enlarge
The recording innovation was a major success, however, and started a trend that most major shows eventually followed. The show launched the careers of many actors who would become major stars on the air and screen. Gale Gordon (Our Miss Brooks, Lucille Ball shows, etc.), Hanley Stafford (father to Fanny Brice's Baby Snooks), Cy Kendall (character actor in radio and film), and Jeanette Nolan and John McIntire (major roles in radio, film and TV). The actors were paid five dollars per show while the Pierces worked for royalties. The program was aired three times a week, ran 39 episodes per story, and went for a total of 354 episodes. Thanks to the new medium of E.T. discs the show was syndicated in almost every major English-speaking country in the world. Looking back on the show, years later, Joan reminisced: "It was a beautiful love story. It was a clean story. There was no obvious sex, just pure love."
Since the Pierces received a royalty every time the show was played they soon found themselves on easy street. They moved to a larger house in Hollywood and hired a couple to do the cooking, housework, chauffeuring and to take care of baby Joanne. Jim splurged on a luxury 1933 Packard which cost $3,337 -- a monumental sum in those Depression years. The series sponsor, Signal Oil went all out with promotion -- claiming their gasoline had "the power of Tarzan." They also organized a Signal Tarzan Club and offered jigsaw puzzles and other premiums to kids who could talk their parents into filling up at the Signal service stations. By 1934 the demands of keeping the club going were so great -- they had already mailed out 415, 000 memberships -- that they had to put an end to the promotion.
During a break from recording the program the Pierces spent some holiday time in Canada. They sailed up the coast to Seattle via the Grace Line taking their car with them as cargo. The ship's purser was a devoted fan of their show and invited them to listen to the recorded broadcasts in his quarters, three out of the four nights that they were on board. They drove through the Rockies to Banff and on to the Calgary Stampede -- mobbed everywhere by autograph hounds and media.
Jim and Joan with Mary the Chimp
Signal Tarzan Club Band
Promotional Photo for Tarzan Radio Serial
Unfortunately this lifestyle was not to last as 1934 was to bring a series of upheavals to the Burroughs and Pierce families. . .
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How many Nobel Prizes are awarded each year? | Nobel Prize
Encyclopedia > Science and Technology > Physics > Science: General
Nobel Prize
Nobel Prize, award given for outstanding achievement in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, peace, or literature. The awards were established by the will of Alfred Nobel , who left a fund to provide annual prizes in the five areas listed above. These prizes were first given in 1901. The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was established in 1968 from funds provided by the Swedish national bank, Sveriges Riksbank, and was first awarded in 1969. Each prize consists of a gold medal, a sum of money, and a diploma with the citation of award. The amount of money available for each prize varies from year to year. The Nobel Prizes are awarded without regard to nationality; the judges are, by the terms of Nobel's will, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (physics and chemistry, as well as economic science), the Swedish Royal Caroline Medico-Surgical Institute (physiology or medicine), the Swedish Academy (literature), and a committee elected by the Norwegian parliament (peace). The awards are made on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, the Peace Prize being presented in Oslo and the others in Stockholm. A prize is sometimes shared; several times the Nobel Peace Prize has been given to an organization. There may be one or more years in which a prize or prizes may not be awarded; this has happened most often with the Peace Prize. See the tables entitled Nobel Prizes and Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel for lists of persons who have been awarded the prizes.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Science: General
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Who was the writer of the novel 'Jurassic Park? | 7 Things You May Not Know About the Nobel Prizes - History in the Headlines
7 Things You May Not Know About the Nobel Prizes
December 10, 2012 By Barbara Maranzani
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7 Things You May Not Know About the Nobel Prizes
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When Swedish chemist and philanthropist Alfred Nobel (who made much of his money from his invention of dynamite) died on December 10, 1896, his will stipulated that his fortune be used to fund individuals or organizations that provide the “greatest benefit on mankind.” The Nobel Prizes, awarded annually on the anniversary of Nobel’s death, remain some of the most prestigious awards in the world. Check out seven things you may not know about the Nobel Prizes.
1. So you want to win a Nobel Prize? Here are the rules.
As much as you might like to, you can’t nominate yourself for a Nobel Prize—someone else has to do it for you. You must be alive at the time of your nomination (more on that later). If you are nominated, you’ll likely never know unless you win. There are more than 200 initial nominees for the various awards each year, a number that is narrowed down by a selection committee to a shortlist (usually three to five people or organizations). The names of the initial nominees, as well as those shortlisted, are kept secret for 50 years, in part to prevent lobbying on the behalf of nominees.
2. Technically, the Economics award is not really a Nobel Prize.
Alfred Nobel’s will stipulated the creation of just five awards: physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace. However, since 1969, a sixth award has been handed out. In 1968, to honor its 300th anniversary, Sweden’s central bank created an endowment to fund a new prize honoring achievements in economic studies. Properly known as the “Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel,” the award recipients are chosen by the Swedish Academy of Sciences (who also select the prizes in chemistry and physics) in conjunction with a prize committee (separate from the one that issues the awards in other categories) and recipients receive their awards at the same December ceremony.
3. Mahatma Gandhi never won the Nobel Peace Prize.
Beginning in 1937, Indian leader Mohandas Gandhi was nominated for the award five times. His final nomination came just weeks after his assassination in January 1948. At that point in its history, the Nobel Committee had never awarded a prize posthumously, though its original governing charter did allow for this in extenuating circumstances. However, the committee determined that Gandhi had left behind no suitable heirs or organizations able to accept the award or its prize money. Unwilling to bestow the award posthumously, yet recognizing Gandhi’s lifelong commitment to non-violence, they instead decided not to award that year’s peace prize to anyone, stating that there were no “suitable living candidates” worthy of the award. The Gandhi controversy endures: In 1961, Dag Hammarskjöld, Secretary-General of the United Nations, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, even though he had died in a plane crash earlier that year. When the Dalai Lama was awarded the peace prize in 1989, he announced that he was accepting the award, in part, as a tribute to Gandhi. And, in 2006, more than 50 years after Gandhi’s death, the Nobel Committee itself publicly acknowledged the omission, expressing regret that Gandhi had never been awarded the prize.
4. For the Curies, the Nobel Prizes were a family affair.
In 1903, Marie Curie became the first female Nobel laureate when she and her husband Pierre were awarded the physics prize (they were also the first husband and wife team to win). Eight years later, Marie won a second Nobel, this time on her own and in the chemistry field. In 1935, Marie and Pierre’s daughter, Irene, was awarded a prize in chemistry, which she shared with her husband Frederic Joliot. That’s five awards in just two generations. The Curie’s curious connection to the Nobel doesn’t end there, though. In 1965, Marie and Pierre’s son-in-law, Henry Labouisse, was serving as Executive Director of UNICEF when that organization was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
5. Albert Einstein’s ex-wife got his Nobel Prize money.
The marriage of physicist Albert Einstein and his first wife Mileva Marić was rocky from the start. A promising scientist herself, Mileva abandoned her studies after they wed in 1903, and soon devoted herself to raising their two sons. In 1914, Einstein left his family, moving to Berlin while Mileva and the boys remained in Switzerland. Two years earlier, Einstein had begun a relationship with his cousin, Elsa, and he was soon pressuring Mileva for a divorce. After five years of negotiations, they finally agreed on a settlement. Einstein, never in doubt of his own talents, promised that the monetary award from any future Nobel Prize he received would be put in trust for his sons, with Mileva allowed to draw from the interest. Mileva accepted, and when Einstein was awarded the Nobel in physics in 1922, the prize money was duly transferred over to his former wife.
6. Several people have turned down the Nobel.
It’s rare, but it has happened. French philosopher and writer Jean-Paul Satre was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature in 1964, but declined that (and any other) official honors. In 1973, Communist Vietnamese leader Le Duc Tho was jointly awarded the peace prize with U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger for their work negotiating the Paris Peace Accords during the Vietnam War. Kissinger accepted his award, but Tho refused, stating that a true peace had not actually been achieved. When Russian poet and novelist Boris Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature in 1958, he quickly accepted, telegraphing the Nobel Committee that he was, “immensely thankful” and “proud,” however, officials of the Soviet Union, who had successfully prevented publication of Pasternak’s work (including Doctor Zhivago), almost immediately pressured him into rejecting the prize. The Nobel Foundation would not select another winner, nor would it remove Pasternak’s name from the record books. Finally, near the end of the Cold War in 1989, Pasternak’s son Yevgeny accepted the award on his father’s behalf.
7. As of 2012 only 43 different women have won Nobel Prizes..
Between 1901 and 2012, 863 people (or organizations) have been awarded either a Nobel Prize or Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and fewer than 50 of those awards have gone to women. Women have had the most success with the peace prize, receiving the award 15 times, followed by 12 awards in literature (including American authors Pearl Buck and Toni Morrison), and 10 in physiology or medicine. However, they have not fared nearly as well in economics, physics or chemistry, winning just seven awards in those three categories combined—and two of those were won by Marie Curie in the early 20th century.
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Where would you find the Apennines mountain range? | Europe Landforms and Land Statistics - Europe Landforms, Land Statistics
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Alps:
Located in south-central Europe, they extend for almost 700 miles from the coastline of southern France (near Monaco) into Switzerland , northern Italy and Austria, then southeast through Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina as the (Dinaric Alps). Ending in Albania on the rugged coastline of the Adriatic Sea.
Known for stunning scenery, glaciers, lakes and valleys and the best skiing conditions on the planet, they're the source of many rivers and tributaries including the Danube, Po, Rhine and Rhone .
The highest point is Mont Blanc at 15,771 ft. (4,807 m)
Apennines:
The source of almost all rivers in Italy including the Arno, Tiber, and Volturno , the Apennines Mountains (Ital. Appennino) 830 miles (1,350 km) in length, form the backbone of the country, and run the entire length of the Italian Peninsula, ending on the island of Sicily.
The highest point is Mt. Corno at 9,560 ft. (2,914 m).
Atlantic Highlands:
Formed million of years ago during the Caledonian mountain-building periods as western lands were (forced) or pushed against the Scandinavian Shield. Significant mountain ranges here include the Kjolen in Norway and Sweden, and the Pennines that stretch through the central United Kingdom.
Balkan Mountains
These mountains extend from Yugoslavia across Bulgaria. Additional ranges run through Albania, Greece and Macedonia.
Its most famous mountain is Mt. Olympus, the highest and most awe-inspiring peak in all of Greece. In ancient times it was the mythical home of Zeus, and was declared the first national park in Greece in 1939. It stands at 9,568 ft. (2,918 m).
Carpathian Mountains
This mountain system located in eastern Europe is the source of the Dniester, Tisza and Vistula Rivers . They form the natural border between Slovakia and southern Poland, and then extend southward through Ukraine and into Romania.
There are major subdivisions, and the highest point is Mt. Gerlachovkain in northern Slovakia, standing at 8,711 ft. (2,655 m).
Caucasus Mountains
Stretching from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea, these volcanic mountains have many peaks above 15,000 ft. (4,572 m).
The highest point (and the highest point in Europe) is located here; Mt. Elbrus at 18,506 ft. (5,642 m).
Great Hungarian Plain
Located in southeastern Europe, and surrounded by mountains, the land features several small forests and large patches of grassland. It averages only 100 meters above sea level and often suffers from dry conditions, thus relying on winter snow run-off from the Alps and Carpathian Mountains.
Kjolen Mountains
This jagged mountain system runs along the border of eastern Norway and western Sweden. The highest point is Mt. Kebnekaise, standing at 6,965 ft. (2,123 m).
Massif Central
This mountainous plateau of southeastern France is the source of the Allier, Creuse and Loire . It's about 32,189 sq. miles (85, 001 sq. km) in size, and the highest point is Puy de Sancy at 6,186 ft. (1,885 m).
Mesata
The central plateau, or Mesata, covers nearly half of the entire country of Spain. This high plateau averages about 2,300 ft. (700 m) in the north, and 2,000 ft. (600 m) in the south.
It's surrounded by a series of mountain ranges including the Cantabrian, Sierra De Gata and Sierra Guadarrama in the north and central, and the Sierra Morena and Sierra Nevada in the south.
These mountains separate the Meseta from the Costa Verde, the Ebro valley, the Mediterranean and the valleys of Andalucia.
North European Plain
The fertile North European Plain slopes to the north-northeast from the Alps, extending to the Baltic Sea, and on into Denmark and southern Finland, Norway and Sweden. It continues east for almost 2,500 miles (4000 km), on into the Russian Federation.
The land is largely flat with smaller areas of hills, including the Central Russian Uplands. Farming is prevalent and agricultural communities dot the landscape.
Pyrenees
These mountains form the natural border between France and Spain and extend for about 270 miles from the Bay of Biscay to the Mediterranean Sea . The highest point is Pico de Aneto at 11,168 ft. (3,404 m)
Scandinavian Shield
An ancient area of rocky earth peppered with granite rock that was literally ground down by receding glacial ice sheets. It's a rolling area of land covered with thousands of lakes (mostly small), linked by rivers.
Ural Mountains
The Urals are 1,640 miles (2,640 km) in length and extend from the northern-edge of the Russian Federation down through Kazakhstan. They form a natural border between Asia and Europe.
The highest point is Mt. Narodnaya at 6,214 ft. (1,894 m).
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Name the plant used in the production of linen? | Correct italian pronunciation of Appennini, Apennines - YouTube
Correct italian pronunciation of Appennini, Apennines
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Published on Mar 23, 2014
Learn from this free video tutorial how to say Apennines in italian Appennini
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Austin is the state capitol of which US State? | The State Preservation Board
The SPB
Established in 1983 by the Texas 68th Legislature for the purpose of preserving, maintaining and restoring the State Capitol, the General Land Office Building, and their contents and grounds for the benefit of the citizens of Texas.
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Tasting of aniseed, what is the name of this Greek drink? | SPB - The Texas Capitol and Extension
1100 Congress Ave, Austin, Texas 78701
The Capitol & Extension
The Texas Capitol is widely recognized as one of the nation's most distinguished state capitols. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986.
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The skin of a shark was once used commercially as sandpaper. True or false? | Shark Week 2014 Facts & Photos | 6abc.com
Shark Week 2014 Facts & Photos
PHILADELPHIA (WPVI) --
While there might not be any Sharknadoes in the forecast, it is Shark Week.
Whether you are watching documentaries on television or visiting the Shark Week Live! exhibit at the Adventure Aquarium , you'll need to know a few things about the often misunderstood fish to impress your friends.
So study these facts, courtesy of the Adventure Aquarium, and give your Shark Week conversations more bite!
How many species of sharks are there?
Currently there are approximately 400 described species of sharks, however, new species are being discovered all the time.
Fossil records indicate that ancestors of modern sharks swam the seas over 400 million years ago, making them older than dinosaurs. - Adventure Aquarium
Fossil records indicate that ancestors of modern sharks swam the seas over 400 million years ago, making them older than dinosaurs!
Elasmobranchs (which include sharks, rays, and skates) are a closely related group of fishes, differing from bony fishes by having cartilaginous skeletons and five or more gill slits on each side of the head. In contrast, bony fishes have bony skeletons and a single gill cover.
How many teeth do sharks have?
Sharks have lots of teeth arranged in layers so if any break off, new sharp teeth can immediately take their place. Sharks can shed thousands of teeth during their life, and this is why sharks teeth can be found washed onto beaches. Shark teeth also fossilize easily while the rest of the shark decomposes.
Shark skin feels exactly like sandpaper because it is made up of tiny teeth-like structures called placoid scales, also known as dermal denticles. - Adventure Aquarium
What does shark skin feel like?
Shark skin feels exactly like sandpaper because it is made up of tiny teeth-like structures called placoid scales, also known as dermal denticles.
These scales point towards the tail and help to reduce friction from surrounding water when the shark swims. Because of this, if someone rubbed the skin from the head towards the tail, it would feel very smooth.
In the opposite direction it feels very rough like sandpaper. As the shark grows, the placoid scales do not increase in size, but rather the shark grows more scales. The silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) has small scales giving it a "silky" feel to the touch.
Data shows some sharks can live up to 16 years, others up to 46 years. Whale sharks, the largest fish in the world, may live over 100 years. - Adventure Aquarium
How long do sharks live?
While longevity data are not available for many sharks, maximum ages do vary by species. Some sharks like the smooth dogfish (Mustelus canis) may only live 16 years, while others such as the porbeagle shark, (Lamna nasus) may live as long as 46 years. Whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) the largest fish in the world may live over 100 years.
Do sharks need to swim all the time?
While some species of sharks do need to swim constantly, this is not true for all sharks. Some sharks such as the nurse shark have spiracles that force water across their gills allowing for stationary rest. Sharks do not sleep like humans do, but instead have active and restful periods.
Sharks have lots of teeth arranged in layers so if any break off, new sharp teeth can immediately take their place. - Adventure Aquarium
How well do sharks see?
Sharks have the ability to open and close the pupil in response to differing light situations similar to humans while most fish do not possess this ability. A shark's eye also includes a cornea, iris, lens, and retina. Rods and cones are located in the shark's retina, allowing the shark to see in differing light situations as well as to see color and detail.
In addition, sharks, similar to cats, have a mirror-like layer in the back of the eye referred to as the tapetum lucidum. This layer further increases the intensity of incoming light, enhancing the eye's sensitivity to light.
Although it was once thought that sharks had very poor vision, we now know that sharks have sharp vision. Research has shown that sharks may be more than 10x as sensitive to light as humans. Scientists also believe that sharks may be far-sighted, able to see better at distance rather than close-up, due to the structure of the eye. Vision varies among species of sharks due to differences in the size, focusing ability, and strength of the eyes.
Currently there are approximately 400 described species of sharks, however new species are being discovered all the time. - Adventure Aquarium
Shark Myths Debunked
Sharks can smell a single drop of blood in the ocean: FALSE.
- Sharks may have great senses, but a shark's sense of smell is often highly exaggerated in film and media.
Sharks need to eat all the time: FALSE
- Sharks at Adventure Aquarium are fed 6 out 7 days a week.
- In the wild, sharks are opportunist eaters. They eat when they find food.
- On average, sharks eat a bit less than 2% of their body weight. This is slightly less than humans.
- Great White Sharks can go up to three months without eating by living off oil stored in their liver.
Sharks aren't very smart: FALSE
- Sharks have some of the largest brains among all fish, with brain-to-body ratios similar to mammals and birds.
- Sharks are even capable of learning a conditioned response faster than a cat or rabbit. AAQ's sharks are conditioned (trained) to eat at a certain area of the exhibit.
Adventure Aquarium is home to the largest collection of sharks on the East Coast and the only aquarium in the U.S. with a Great Hammerhead Shark on exhibit.
For more information on Adventure Aquarium's Shark Week Live August 9-17, visit Adventureaquarium.com
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Who was the 'Virgin' label's first recording artist? | Sharks (Chondrichthyes)
Sharks (Chondrichthyes)
Frans Teutscher, FAO
Background
Over time, sharks have been exploited by humans for various purposes, from food to medicine. However, they have often been considered as low-value fish, mainly landed as bycatch of other, more profitable species. Therefore, in the past, the incentive to collect biological, catch and trade data on sharks has been limited.
In terms of their biology, sharks remain largely under-studied animals and their conservation status has not been fully assessed. In commercial terms, data on shark landings are mostly mixed with that of skates, rays and chimaeras; data on shark trade are largely unrepresentative of the true extent of exports [38] .
Over the last twenty years a number of states and the conservation movement in general, have been lobbying to draw increased attention to the overexploitation of shark resources, both as direct targets and as bycatch. As a consequence, the international community has launched several initiatives aimed at the protection of shark resources. The most recent has been the listing of the basking shark Cetorhinus maximus and the whale shark Rhincodon typus in Appendix II to the CITES Convention.
This study aims to provide an overview of shark fisheries in main shark producing and exporting countries from an economic and social point of view. The study has been prepared using, as main reference tools, the FAO Fishstat + data on fish landings and trade, FAO FIDI data on employment in fisheries and relevant publications such as the FAO Technical Papers 378/1-2 (Case studies of the management of elasmobranch fisheries, edited by R. Shotton) and 389 (Shark utilization, marketing and trade, edited by S. Vannuccini).
An introduction to chondrychthyans
Sharks belong to the class Chondrichthyes (chondrichthyans), which differ from Osteichthyes or bony fish as their skeleton is cartilaginous. The class Chondrichthyes or chondrichthyans is divided into two subclasses: Holocephalii (chimaeras, elephant fish) and Elasmobranchii (Elasmobranchs: sharks and batoids such as skates, rays, torpedoes and sawfish).
The Checklist of Living Elasmobranchs (Compagno 1999) reports 465 shark species, grouped into 35 families. The online Checklist of Living Sharks ( http://www.reefquest.com/topics/checklist_res.htm ), last revised on 28 March 2002, divides Elasmobranchs into 2 super orders (Galea and Squalea), 10 orders, 44 families, 108 genera and some 480 species.
There is great diversity among sharks. Some species reach their sexual maturity within one year, others may reach it within twenty or twenty-five years. Some species are very short-lived; others may reach up to 60 years. They inhabit a wide range of habitats. The majority of sharks are pelagic species; others reside in freshwater lakes and rivers. A half of all species are found up to a depth of 200 metres, another third inhabits deeper waters to 2 000 metres. Only 5 percent of shark species are truly oceanic (Weber and Fordham 1997).
Very little is known about sharks population dynamics, in particular concerning their biology and stock assessment (Vannuccini 1999). According to the document submitted by the Australian government to the Twelfth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the CITES Convention Conservation and Management of Sharks (CITES 2002c), most shark species are K [39] -strategist because of their life-history characteristics, including late attainment of sexual maturity, long life span, slow growth and low fecundity. These characteristics would make them susceptible to overfishing.
Shark meat has been consumed and traded since the IV century BC. However, despite the high value of some shark products such as fins, shark has been considered, historically, as a low-value fish. It has been mostly seen as a by-product of other more profitable fisheries, such as those of tuna and billfish. For this reason, the interest in collecting data on sharks has been limited (Vannuccini 1999). Although FAO data may be considered as the most reliable on a global level, production and trade data on chondrichthyans are far from being exhaustive.
According to FAO Fishstat +, 828 364 MT of chondrichthyans were landed in 2000; this figure mostly includes sharks and batoids (especially skates), and a small quantity of chimaeras. However the available data show poor distinction between chondrichthyans, and very limited identification of the species. In addition Fishstat + may not include full data on the quantity of sharks and skates taken as a bycatch, which were estimated at the end of the 1980s at 260 000 to 300 000 tonnes or 11.6-12.7 million fish, mainly blue sharks Prionace glauca (FAO 1998).
The main processed products from sharks include:
- meat, whether fresh, frozen, salted or in brine and smoked;
- fins, to prepare shark-fin soup;
- liver oil, for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals;
- skin, to prepare shark-skin soup, for leather and sandpaper;
- cartilage, ground to powder and used to produce a supposed anti-cancer cure;
- teeth and jaws, in jewellery and sold as curios.
The main commercially-exploited shark species are, according to Vannuccini (1999) and TRAFFIC (Weber and Fordham 1997):
- the silky shark Carcharhinus falciformis;
- the sandbar shark Carcharhinus plumbeus;
- the basking shark Cetorhinus maximus;
- the tope shark Galeorhinus galeus;
- the shortfin mako shark Isurus oxyrinchus;
- the porbeagle Lamna nasus;
- the blue shark Prionace glauca;
- the whale shark Rhincodon typus;
- the small-spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula;
- the piked dogfish Squalus acanthias.
Available data show a high anthropogenic pressure on sharks. However, due to the poor level of human knowledge of sharks, it is very difficult to calculate its true extent. Nevertheless, several international initiatives have been launched with the aim to preserve these extraordinary fish:
- The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species includes 79 shark species;
- UNCLOS promotes international cooperation for the conservation and sustainable use of shark species, in particular those listed in its Annex I [40] ;
- CMS has the great white shark Carcharodon carcharias and the whale shark listed in its Appendix II [41] ;
- FAO launched the IPOA-Sharks in 1999;
- The great white shark is listed in Appendix III to the CITES Convention;
- In November 2002, during CoP 12, proposed by the United Kingdom on behalf of the Member States of the European Union (CITES 2002b), the basking shark was listed in Appendix II to the CITES Convention (CITES 2002d). The whale shark was also listed in Appendix II (CITES 2002d) upon proposal of India, Madagascar and the Philippines (CITES 2002a).
World production of chondrichthyans
According to FAO Fishstat +, world catches of chondrichthyans increased from 271 813 MT in 1950 to 828 364 MT in 2000 (Figure 1 [a]). Figure 1 (b) shows the main species and groups of species landed over time: the vast majority of shark landings is recorded as sharks, rays, skates, etc. nei (370 187 MT landed). In 2000, requiem shark landings reached 38 045 MT and piked dogfish landings reached 33 061 MT. However, the former reached their peak in 1996 (52 477 MT landed) and the latter in 1973 (54 150 MT landed) followed by a decline in the following years (Fishstat + data). Table 1 shows landings for the top 20 species in 2000.
Figure 1 (a) and (b): World production of chondrichthyans and production by main species and group of species, 1950-2000.
world production of chondrichthyans, 1950-2000
(b) production of chondrichtyans by main species and groups of species, 1950-2000
Table 1: Top 20 landed chondrichthyan species in 2000 (Fishstat + data).
Common name
Isurus oxyrinchus
2 084
According to Fishstat + data, the worlds top producers of sharks are Indonesia, Spain, India and Pakistan. Indonesias chondrichthyan catch increased from 1 000 MT in 1950 to 111 973 MT in 2000. Spains catches were relatively low in the past, averaging some 11 000 MT per year in the whole 1950-1996 period. But in 1997 they increased to 99 320 MT, declining to some 67 000 MT in the following two years and increasing again to 77 269 MT in 2000 (Fishstat + data). Indias catch reached the unprecedented peak of 132 160 MT in 1996, to decrease to an average of some 74 000 MT thereafter. Pakistani shark catch increased from 4 800 MT in 1950 to 74 691 MT in 1979, declining to 18 243 MT in 1983 and recovering in the following years to reach 54 958 MT in 1999 and 51 170 MT in 2000 (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Production of chondrichthyans by main countries, 1950-2000.
The main catch areas are the Western Central Pacific (144 603 MT of landings in 2000), the Eastern Indian Ocean (117 562 MT), the Western Indian Ocean (114 126 MT) and the Northeast Atlantic (103 192 MT). The Northwest Pacific, once the most productive area of the world, declined from 121 700 MT in 1950 to 46 494 MT in 1990 recovering slightly to 57 103 MT in 2000 (Fishstat + data). This downward trend has been mainly due to the decrease in Japanese catch in the area, from 100 700 MT in 1950 to 39 400 in 1964 and fluctuating around similar values since then (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Production of chondrichthyans by main catch areas, 1950-2000.
The main producing countries by area are (Fishstat + figures for 2000):
- In the Western Central Pacific, Indonesia with 88 130 MT landed out of 144 603 in the whole area;
- in the Eastern Indian Ocean, India with 42 264 MT, Sri Lanka 28 014 MT and Indonesia, 23 843 MT;
- in the Western Indian Ocean, Pakistan with 51 170 MT and India with 29 826 MT;
- in the Northeast Atlantic, Spain with 45 908 MT;
- in the Northwest Pacific, Japan with 29 409 MT.
According to the FAO Yearbook on Fishery Commodities (FAO FIDI 2002), the value of world chondrichthyan production was estimated as US$719 million in 1994, 747 million in 1995, 754 million in 1996, 755 million in 1997, 710 million in 1998, 746 million in 1999 and 742 million in 2000.
Chondrichthyans constitute an extremely important fishery resource for developing countries, as shown in Figure 4. Over the past twenty years they have gradually increased their role in terms of food and income generation, due to the increase in demand for shark fins and the decline of landings in traditional species in other areas (Omopariola unpublished). While developed countries catch remained relatively stable around an average of some 220 000 MT per year over the entire 1950-2000 period, developing countries catches increased from 76 000 MT in 1950 to 575 031 MT in 2000 for a value of US$515 million.
Figure 4: World production of chondrichthyans by economic class of countries, 1950-2000.
Main commercially-exploited shark species
This section looks at a selection of shark species which are at the same time commercially important and (possibly) threatened from a conservation point of view.
Sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus)
This large, slow-growing, late-maturing and low-fecundity coastal species lives in subtropical marine and brackish waters up to 1 800 m depths, mainly in the Western Atlantic (Massachusetts, United States to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico) and Eastern Atlantic, from Portugal to the Democratic Republic of Congo, including the Mediterranean. Some scattered records are available for the Indo-Pacific and the Eastern Pacific areas. It feeds on bony fishes, also small sharks, cephalopods, shrimps, rays and gastropods. The sandbar shark is largely utilized for human consumption (meat and fins), leather and oil (Fishbase 2003). This species is overfished and classified as Lower Risk/near threatened (LR/nt) by the IUCN Red List 2000, with the exception of the Northwest Atlantic subpopulation which has been classified as Lower Risk/conservation dependent (LR/cd) due to the management scheme the United States have been implementing since 1993 (IUCN SSC 2000). Fishstat + contains very limited data on sandbar shark catch from the United States.
Basking shark (Cethorhinus maximus)
The second largest shark in the world after the whale shark, this impressive animal may reach 900 to 980 cm length and 4 000 kg in weight. A cosmopolitan, highly migratory species, it is found mainly in the temperate shallow waters of the Western Atlantic (Newfoundland, Canada to Florida, United States; southern Brazil to Argentina), Eastern Atlantic (Iceland, Norway and western Barents Sea to the Mediterranean and Senegal; also western Cape Province, South Africa), Western Pacific (Japan to New Zealand) and Eastern Pacific (Gulf of Alaska to Chile). It mainly feeds by filtering copepods, barnacles, decapods larvae, and fish eggs from the water (Fishbase 2003).
The basking shark [42] is a large, slowly-maturing, low-resilience species [43] which is widely distributed but never abundant. These characteristics make it extremely vulnerable to overfishing. As a consequence, local populations of basking sharks have been rapidly declining in the short term due to intensive exploitation. The basking shark is in high demand due to its fins, used to prepare soup, its meat, which is sold fresh, frozen or dried, and its liver, used to produce oil. Very few countries have reported their basking shark catches to Fishstat +. World catch is reported to total 390 MT, according to 2000 figures. The main fishing nation for basking sharks is thought to be Norway, whose catch declined from 18 352 MT in 1975 to 77 MT in 1999 and recovered slightly to 293 MT in 2000 (Fishstat + data).
According to IUCN, the basking shark is a globally vulnerable species, while its North Pacific and the Northeast Atlantic sub-populations are considered as endangered and are following a declining conservation pattern (IUCN SSC 2000). Several international initiatives have been launched for the conservation of this resource, the latest being the listing of the species in Appendix II to the CITES Convention (CITES 2002d).
Tope shark (Galeorhinus galeus)
The tope, or school shark, is a large houndshark mainly inhabiting the continental and insular shelves of the Western Atlantic (southern Brazil to Argentina), Eastern Atlantic (Iceland to South Africa, including the Mediterranean), Western Indian Ocean (South Africa), Pacific Southwest (Australia and New Zealand), Central Pacific (Hawaii), Eastern Pacific (British Columbia, Canada to southern Baja California and the Gulf of California in Mexico; Peru and Chile). A highly migratory species, the tope shark lives in a depth range of 0 to 1100 m, mainly feeding on fish, crustaceans, cephalopods, worms and echinoderms (Fishbase 2003).
The tope shark is a large, slow-maturing, low-resilience species. It is also a highly commercial one, particularly appreciated for its meat, which is marketed fresh, dried-salted and frozen. Its fins are used for soup and the liver for oil. Its carcass is also used in fishmeal. The high exploitation of this shark is believed to have significantly reduced its stocks over the past 60 to 75 years. The tope shark is classified as vulnerable by IUCN in its Red List 2000. As Australia and New Zealand are currently implementing a management plan for this resource, the Australasian population has been assessed by IUCN as lower risk - conservation dependent (IUCN SSC 2000).
Available Fishstat + figures for the tope shark indicate that there was a first peak in landings in 1958 (4 300 MT), mainly due to the 4 000 MT harvested by Argentina. The decline experienced in the following years was also due to the decline in Argentine catch. In 1974, landings reached their lowest figure (667 MT). At the same time, New Zealands catch had grown from 100 MT in 1950 to 1 100 MT in 1971 and made up 85 percent of the 1974 global landings. It was gradually filling the gap left by Argentina. In 1983, tope shark production reached the record peak of 5 683 MT, driven by landings in New Zealand. Declines in New Zealand and French catches brought the total production back to 2 877 MT in 1992, increasing in the following years to 4 259 MT in 1999 and 3 853 MT in 2000.
The above comments based on Fishstat + shark data apply only to those landings recorded as tope shark: It is possible that the majority of tope sharks caught have been registered within major groupings nei rather than under the entry tope sharks. For instance, Fishstat + does not report that tope shark catch in Uruguay varied between 15.6 and 66.2 MT from 1975 to 1979 (Nion in Shotton 1999).
Shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus)
This shark is a cosmopolitan species living in temperate waters from 0 to 740 m. The shortfin mako inhabits the Western Atlantic (Gulf of Maine, United States to southern Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean), the Eastern Atlantic (Norway to South Africa, including the Mediterranean), the Indo-Pacific (East Africa to Hawaii, north to Primorsk Kray in the Russian Federation, south to Australia and New Zealand), and finally Eastern Pacific, south of Aleutian Is. and from southern California, United States to Chile. The shortfin mako feeds on bony fish, other sharks, and even small cetaceans. This shark is also responsible for attacks on humans (Fishbase 2003).
Meat from the shortfin mako is of an excellent quality, it can be utilized fresh, dried/salted, smoked or frozen, and consumed broiled and baked. Its liver oil is extracted to cure vitamin A deficiency and fins are removed to prepare shark-fin soup. Other shortfin mako-derived products include skin, jaws and teeth (Fishbase 2003).
The shortfin mako is a large species with a relatively low reproductive capacity, therefore susceptible to overfishing. However, this shark can count on a relatively fast growth rate and abundant distribution, which may soften the impact of overfishing on the viability of the species. Other than being a target species, the shortfin mako is subject to significant bycatch in tuna and swordfish fisheries. However, most catches are inadequately reported or unrecorded. The shortfin mako has been given the status lower risk/near threatened by the IUCN Red List (IUCN SSC 2000).
According to Fishstat +, shortfin mako catch increased from 255 MT in 1985 to 2 084 MT in 2000, peaking at 2 286 MT in 1998. In 2000, main producing countries were Portugal (658 MT), Chile (592 MT), Spain (264 MT) and New Zealand (208 MT). However these figures alone may be under-representative of shortfin mako catches worldwide.
Porbeagle (Lamna nasus)
The porbeagle is common in deep cold and temperate waters of the Western Atlantic (Canada and United States), Eastern Atlantic (Iceland and western Barents Sea to South Africa, including the Mediterranean), Pacific Southwest (Australia and New Zealand), Southeast Pacific (Chile), Antarctic and Southern Indian Ocean. It feeds on small pelagic fish, squids and other sharks. It is regarded as possibly dangerous to humans due to its size (350 cm) and hunting activity, however the recorded episodes of attacks on people and boats are very limited (Fishbase 2003).
An appreciated commercial species, the porbeagle is utilized fresh, dried/salted and frozen for human consumption and often prepared pan-fried or broiled; its fins are used for shark-fin soup. Its liver is used for oil and the carcass may be used for fishmeal. The porbeagle is a wide-ranging species, but it has a very low reproductive capacity (Fishbase 2003). Its global population has been given the low risk/near threatened status by IUCN. However, the porbeagles Northwest Atlantic sub-population is subject to the United States and Canadian management plans, making this particular stock low risk/conservation dependent according to the IUCN classification (IUCN SSC 2000).
World production of porbeagle sharks increased from 3 200 MT in 1950 to 9 674 MT in 1964. In the following years this dropped back to 1950 levels, with the exception of the 4 505 harvested in 1970 and 4 631 MT in 1971. According to 2000 data, production was 3 146 MT. The main producer countries are Spain (1 511 MT), Canada (902 MT) and France (367 MT). Again, these data are estimated to be largely under-representative of actual world catches (Fishstat + data).
Smooth-hounds (Mustelus spp.)
The genus Mustelus groups several shark species, generally of a small size but of high commercial interest, for human consumption, shark oil and fishmeal. Mustelus species featured in the Red List are:
- the gummy shark (Mustelus antarcticus), distributed over the continental shelves of the Eastern Indian Ocean, Pacific Southwest and Western Central Pacific, defined as lower risk/conservation dependent;
- the dusky smooth-hound (Mustelus canis), occurring in most of Western Atlantic, defined as lower risk/near threatened;
- the rig (Mustelus lenticulatus), which is endemic to New Zealand.
(IUCN SSC 2000)
According to Fishstat +, world production of smooth-hounds Mustelus spp. increased from 2 400 MT in 1950 to 33 611 MT in 1973. It decreased in the following years to 22 519 MT in 2000. The main producing countries were Argentina (7 119 MT), Peru (4 042 MT) and Turkey (2 880 MT).
Blue shark (Prionace glauca)
Prionace glauca is the most widespread shark in the world: it inhabits temperate and subtropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. It is one of the most fecund sharks, becoming sexually mature at 250 cm or 4 to 5 years old and giving birth to 4 to 135 pups per litter. The blue shark is highly overfished, especially as bycatch. Despite the low market value of its meat (which needs to be processed promptly to get rid of the ammonia content) and of its fins, the high quantity of blue shark bycatch in tuna and swordfish fisheries makes up for the low price (Vannuccini 1999). According to Fishstat + data, blue shark catch increased from 4 MT in 1978 to 8 186 MT in 2000, the main producers in the latter year being Portugal (3 083 MT) and Spain (2 803 MT). The quantity of individuals taken as bycatch ranged from 6.2 to 6.5 million fish per year in the late eighties and early nineties (Bonfil 1994).
Whale shark (Rhincodon typus)
The world largest fish, this animal is a cosmopolitan, highly migratory species, mainly occurring in warm waters. It may be found in the Western Atlantic (New York, United States through the Caribbean to central Brazil), in the Eastern Atlantic (from Senegal to the Gulf of Guinea), in the Indian Ocean (throughout the region, including the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf), in the Western Pacific (Japan to Australia and Hawaii), and in the Eastern Pacific (California, United States to Chile). The life history of this species is poorly understood. Catches have declined and populations apparently been depleted by harpoon fisheries in several countries targeting localised concentrations, and there is incidental capture in other fisheries. Targeted fisheries, high value in international trade (mainly due to its liver oil, fins, meat and cartilage), a K-selected life history, highly migratory nature, and low abundance make this species vulnerable to exploitation. Thus the whale shark has been classified as vulnerable in the Red List (IUCN SSC 2000) and listed in Appendix II to the CITES Convention on proposal by India, Madagascar and the Philippines (CITES 2002d). Currently, Taiwan Province of China is implementing the worlds first whale shark harvest and trade monitoring system (Chen and Phipps 2002).
Piked dogfish (Squalus acanthias)
The piked dogfish, a small species (160 cm) is possibly the worlds most abundant shark. It can be found in temperate waters of the following areas: Western Atlantic (Greenland to Argentina), Eastern Atlantic (Iceland and Murmansk Coast in Russia to South Africa, including the Mediterranean and Black Seas), Western Pacific (Bering Sea to New Zealand) and Eastern Pacific (Bering Sea to Chile). It is an inshore and offshore dogfish frequenting the continental and insular shelf and upper slopes, usually found near the bottom up to 1460 m, but also in midwater and near the surface. It is often found in enclosed bays and estuaries and reported to enter freshwater, although it cannot survive there for more than a few hours. It feeds on bony fish, molluscs, crustaceans and other invertebrates (Fishbase 2003).
The piked dogfish is largely used for human consumption, to prepare liver oil, vitamins, sand paper, leather, fertilizer. It is generally eaten fried, broiled and baked. Due to its late maturity and low resilience, this fish is considered susceptible to overfishing. The Red List 2000 classifies it as lower risk/near threatened (IUCN SSC 2000).
According to Fishstat +, landings of dogfish [44] (Squalus spp.) increased from 35 945 MT in 1950 to a record 75 864 MT in 1972. They decreased to 51 151 MT in 1980, recovered gradually to 66 710 MT in 1996 then declined again to 46 364 MT in 2000. The main producers are the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and New Zealand. Recorded piked dogfish landings have been totalling some 70 percent of total dogfish landings over the 1950-2000 period; however, this percentage may be higher as some countries did not identify Squalus acanthias as a specific species and sometimes reported it as dogfish sharks nei (see Vannuccini 1999, p. 4 on this issue). Fishstat + also provides some data on trade in dogfish Squalus spp. It shows exports of dogfish Squalus spp. increasing from 2 999 MT in 1976, equivalent to US$3.7 million, to 17 426 MT in 2000, equivalent to US$29.5 million.
Main shark commodities
This section covers the the general market for shark products and in particular the market for shark fins. Shark fins are the most valuable of all shark products and therefore the main source of income for developing countries. Fishtat + data may be under-representative of the real extent of trade in dogfish and other shark products due to limited recording of this trade in many countries.
The commercial exploitation of sharks started after the First World War. The belly flaps of piked dogfish started to be marketed in smoked form in Germany and shark meat was introduced into the fish and chips trade in the United Kingdom. Despite its nutritional content and appreciable taste, shark meat was considered a poor persons food and sharks were mainly caught, in the fifties, for their vitamin A-rich liver oil. However, the waste of up to 75-80 percent of raw material led businesses and countries to improve fishing/processing technologies and marketing/distribution strategies, in order to generate a wider acceptance of shark meat. Since the late fifties a wider acceptance has been achieved due to better handling, the use of ice and freezing, the awareness of widespread malnutrition and thus the need to fully utilize all available protein for human nutrition, the contemporary shortage of bony fish in some areas and the marketing efforts to promote shark meat (Vannuccini 1999).
Shortfin mako shark is considered the worlds best quality shark meat; it is marketed fresh in the United States and in Europe. Other largely appreciated species are thresher (Alopias spp.) and porbeagle. The meat of smaller species like dogfish is also appreciated as it contains smaller amounts of urea and mercury than other species and is also easier to process. The backs of these sharks are are marketed in Europe and Australia as fillets, steaks, portions and used in the fish and chips trade. The fresh whole carcasses are marketed in South America as cazon. Other important sharks for the production of meat are requiem sharks (Vannuccini 1999).
Non-food uses of sharks include shark liver oil products, cartilage, skin and teeth. The sharks liver is saturated with oil to maintain its buoyancy in water. Shark liver oil has been traditionally used as a lubricant in the tanning and textile industry, in cosmetics, skin healing and other health products, as a preservative against marine fouling of wooden boats, as fuel for street lamps and to produce vitamin A, before synthetic vitamin A was discovered. Currently, demand is mainly for squalene, a highly unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon, present in certain shark liver oils (mainly of the family Squalidae). Squalene is used as a bactericide, organic colouring matter, rubber, chemical, aromatics, in the textile industry, as an additive in pharmaceutical preparations, cosmetics and health foods. A related compound of squalene is squalane, a saturated hydrocarbon obtained by hydrogenation of squalene. Squalane is used in skin care products, as it is a natural emollient (Vannuccini 1999; Kuang in Vannuccini 1999).
Shark cartilage, processed into powder and tablets, is used as a health supplement and alternative cure for several diseases, and beneficial in inhibiting the growth of tumours by impeding the vascularization of malignant tissues (angiogenesis). Cartilage from blue sharks is believed to be of the best quality as it is believed to be richer in chondroitin than other species. Chondroitin is an acid mucopolysaccharide used for various health problems (Vannuccini 1999; Kuang in Vannuccini 1999).
Shark skin is used to produce leather. The market was buoyant until a few years ago, when leather from shark was used to produce handbags, shoes, wallets, cigarette cases, watch straps, coin and key fobs. With the increase in the market for shark meat, shark skin lost its niche. In fact, shark carcasses are sold with the skin intact in order to protect the meat and prevent oxidation. Furthermore, sharks have to be bled, dressed and iced immediately after catch to prevent urea from contaminating the meat, but exposure to fresh water or ice damages the skin. Therefore, nowadays the market for shark leather is limited (Vannuccini 1999; Kuang in Vannuccini 1999).
Other non-food uses of shark include the sale of teeth and jaws in jewellery and as curios, the use of certain shark parts in traditional medicine, aquarium trade, production of fishmeal and glue (Vannuccini 1999; Kuang in Vannuccini 1999).
Exports of shark commodities
World trade in sharks and dogfish increased from 19 908 MT in 1976, for a value of US$34.7 million, to 78 652 MT in 2000, equivalent to some US$269.6 million (Figure 5 [a] and [b]). Main exported products are (Figure 6 [a] and [b]) shark fins in terms of value (US$88.45 million in 2000) and frozen sharks in terms of quantity (37 259 MT in 2000); main exporters are (Figure 7 [a] and [b]) Spain in terms of quantity (16 539 MT exported in 2000) and China in terms of value, with US$55 million worth shark exports (Fishstat + data).
Figure 5 (a) and (b): World exports of sharks and dogfish, 1976-2000.
(a) world exports of sharks and dogfish, quantity 1976-2000
(b) world exports of sharks and dogfish, value 1976-2000
Figure 6 (a) and (b): World exports of sharks and dogfish by main commodities, 1976-2000.
(a) exports of sharks and dogfish by main commodities, quantity 1976-2000
(b) exports of shark and dogfish by main commodities, value 1976-2000
Figure 7 (a) and (b): Exports of sharks and dogfishby main producing countries, 1976-2000.
(a) exports of sharks and dogfish by main producing countries, quantity 1976-2000
(b) exports of sharks and dogfish by main exporting countries, value 1976-2000
The export of shark commodities in 2000 generated revenues of US$134.8 million for developed countries and US$134.7 million for developing countries (Fishstat + data).
Imports of shark commodities
According to Fishstat +, total imports of shark and dogfish commodities increased from 24 228 MT in 1976, equivalent to US$47.6 million, to 76 253 MT in 2000, equivalent to US$182 million. The main importers in volume terms in the year 2000 were Spain, with 13 913 MT, Italy, with 13 708 MT, and China, with 8 599 MT. The main importers in terms of value were China [45] , with US$35.5 million, Italy, with US$ 35 million, and Spain, with US$23.9 million. The main product was frozen shark, (45 839 MT worth US$86.7 million (Fishstat + data)). The lack of cohesion between figures for export and import of shark commodities, especially in terms of value, confirms the shortcomings in data collection in the countries concerned.
Fins
Shark fins are among the most expensive fish products in the world, with prices quoted from US$45 to US$88/kg in the Singapore market (INFOFISH 2003). They are processed and marketed in various ways:
- wet (fresh, chilled and unprocessed);
- dried, complete (with denticles and cartilaginous platelets);
- semi-prepared (with the skin being removed but the fibres still intact);
- fully prepared, frozen, in brine and as fine nets, i.e. with the cartilaginous fin needles being boiled, separated, re-dried and packaged in loose groupings.
(Kreuzer et al. 1978 and Lai Ka-Keong E. 1983).
Shark fins are classified as black or white. There are no unitary criteria of distinction between black and white. Some traders say that it is a description of the colour of the fin, other that it depends on the depths in which the sharks live. However, it is generally acknowledged that fins of the white group give a higher percentage of fin needles and have a better flavour (Vannuccini 1999).
The world market for shark fins
World trade in shark fins increased from 2 666 MT in 1976, equivalent to some US$13 million, to 5 181 MT in 2000, equivalent to US$116.6 million. Exports peaked, in terms of quantity, in 1996 (6 396 MT), and in value terms in 1997 at US$140.8 million (see Figure 8 [a] and [b]). The relatively low figures for 1998 and 1999 may have been a result of the financial crisis which hit Southeast Asia over that period.
Figure 8 (a) and (b): World exports of shark fins, 1976-2000.
(a) world exports of shark fins, quantity 1976-2000
(b) world exports of shark fins, value 1976-2000
According to Fishstat + the main exporter of shark fins is China, whose exports increased from 1 177 MT, valued at a little less than US$12 million in 1992, to an estimated 2 065 MT, equivalent to US$51.95 million, in 2000 (Figure 9 [a] and [b]). Exports from Indonesia increased from 277 MT in 1976, equivalent to US$177 000, to 1 166 MT in 2000, equivalent to US$13 million. Globally, Yemen reported the second highest income from export of shark fins in 2000, equivalent to US$13.86 million. Other important exporters are Taiwan Province of China, the United States, Japan and Costa Rica.
Figure 9 (a) and (b): Exports of shark fins by major exporting countries, 1976-2000.
(a) exports of shark fins by major exporting countries, quantity 1976-2000
(b) exports of shark fins by major exporting countries, value 1976-2000
As noted earlier the shark fin industry is an important source of foreign currency in many developing countries (Figure 10). In 1976 trade in shark fins generated less than US$6.8 million for developing countries and less than US$6.2 million for developed countries: the situation changed dramatically over time and in 1997 developing countries exports and re-exports of shark fins reached US$126.9 million, compared to just US$13.9 million for developed countries. The figure for developing countries in the year 2000 was US$101.1 million. Over the period 1976-2000 developing countries exports of shark fins averaged 76% of world trade in this product, in value terms. In 2000 the main developing country exporters were China, with US$51.95 million, Yemen US$13.86 million (Fishstat + data), and Indonesia with US$13 million.
Figure 10: Exports of shark fins by economic class of countries, value 1976-2000.
In most cases, selling shark fins represent an important income generating activity for fishers themselves. For example tuna fishers in Southeast Asia who take sharks as bycatch from large purse seine operations, process them on board and sell their fins on return to port. The resulting income is then divided between each member of the crew. Due to the high price of shark fins and the tax-free nature of this activity, the individual returns from that activity may be higher than their month salary (Josupeit, Pers. Comm.).
Prices of shark commodities
The price for headed and gutted chilled shark is US$0.50 to 1.25 per pound i.e. circa US$1.10 to 2.75 per kg, at the Honolulu market in the Hawaii (INFOFISH 2003).
Concerning shark fins (Singapore market):
- a full set of oceanic whitetip (Carcharhinus longimanus) fins, half-moon cut, from the South Pacific sells at US$57/kg wholesale;
- a full set of blue shark fins tip, half-moon cut, from the South Pacific, sells at US$47/kg wholesale;
- a full set of mako shark fins tip, half-moon cut, from the South Pacific, sells at US$45/kg wholesale;
- a whole set of white shark fins from Australia sells at US$88/kg wholesale.
(INFOFISH October 2003).
An analysis of main shark exporting countries
This section includes an analysis of the shark fisheries of China, Costa Rica, Indonesia, Japan, Senegal, Spain and Yemen. These countries have been selected on the basis of the importance of their shark fisheries and the income generated by their exports of shark products, taking into account an appropriate regional balance. The main sources used for the preparation of this section have been the UN, FAO, ILO and the World Bank.
China
Total landings: 17 191 615 MT in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
Total marine landings: 14 958 385 MT in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
Aquaculture production and value: 32 444 211 MT in 2000, equivalent to US$28 117 045 400 (Fishstat + data)
Export quantity: 1 458 510 MT in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
Export value: US$3 605 838 000 in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
There are about 110 shark species in China, of which 27 are found in the Yellow and Bohai Seas, 80 in the East China Sea and 94 in the South China Sea. The important target species are the silky shark Carcharhinus falciformis, the spottail shark Carcharhinus sorrah, the spadenose shark Scoliodon laticaudatus, the hardnose shark Carcharhinus macloti, the spinner shark Carcharhinus brevipinna, hammerhead sharks Sphyrna spp., the basking shark Cetorhinus maximus and the whitespotted bambooshark Chiloscyllium plagiosum. The area of Yangjiang is the traditional shark fishing ground, harvesting 1 to 2 000 MT annually (INFOYU in Vannuccini 1999).
In terms of recorded landings, the only possibly relevant figures amount to 378 MT in 1999 and 252 MT in 2000, shortfin mako being the main landed species. However, statistics from the Fujian Provincial Fishery Bureau (INFOYU in Vannuccini 1999) show that catch increased from 4 160 MT in 1990 to 4 608 MT in 1999, and experts quoted by INFOYU estimated that the annual shark catch is between 10 000 and 15 000 MT, 80 percent coming from longline and trawling bycatch and 20 percent from targeted shark fisheries, the latter operated by some 50 boats (INFOYU in Vannuccini 1999).
Shark has been consumed by the Chinese people since ancient times. In ancient China shark was used as a medicine and a nourishing food. Currently, the main processed products from shark are shark fin, dried shark skin, extruded shark skin, shark leather, shark meat and fillets in fresh and frozen form, shark meatballs, dried shark meat floss, shark cartilage powder, shark cartilage chondroitin, shark liver oil, vitamin A and D capsules and dogfish alkene (INFOYU in Vannuccini 1999). Most shark food products provide ingredients for a relatively cheap meal when consumed locally. In contrast, shark fins are exported as a luxury delicacy.
Figures on exports of shark commodities are limited to the 1992-2000 period (Figure 11 [a] and [b]). They mainly cover shark fins. Exports of shark commodities increased from 1 228 MT, for a value of US$ 13.4 million in 1992, to 1 429 MT, corresponding to US$19.4 million in 1994. In 1995 they declined to a mere 83 MT of frozen shark meat, for a value of US$5.5 million. In the following years trade recovered, reaching 2 237 MT, equivalent to US$55 million in 2000 (Fishstat + data).
Figure 11 (a) and (b): Total exports of chondrichthyans from China and exports by main shark commodities, 1992-2000.
(a) total exports or chondrichtyans from China and exports by main shark commodities, quantity 1992-2000
(b) total exports of chondrichtyans from China and export by main shark commodities, value 1992-2000
The shark fishery is a relatively minor activity in China, landing a maximum of 15 000 MT per year (of which 80 percent is bycatch). Target shark fisheries employ some 50 boats (INFOYU in Vannuccini 1999). As the total number of motorized fishing boats in China is 280 000 (INFOYU in Vannuccini 1999) and, according to 2000 data, the total number of Chinese capture fishers corresponds to circa 8.5 million (FAO FIDI data), fishers employed in target shark fisheries may be estimated to total some 1 500. Shark fisheries enjoy a localized importance in the areas of Guangdong and Fujian (representing 80 percent of national shark production).
Despite the relatively small size of the Chinese shark fishery, export of shark commodities generated US$55 million in 2000, equivalent to 1.5 percent of the total value of fish exports for that year with the export value of shark fins alone reaching just under US$52 million (Fishstat + data).
Costa Rica
Fisheries GDP: US$40 million in 1996 (FAO 1996)
Total landings: 27 950 MT in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
Total marine landings: 26 950 MT in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
Aquaculture production and value: 9 708 MT in 2000, equivalent to US$32 715 000 (Fishstat + data)
Export quantity: 33 331 MT in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
Export value: US$117 750 000 in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
The main species found in Costa Rica are the silky shark Carcharhinus falciformis, the blue shark Prionace glauca, the bigeye thresher Alopias superciliosus, the oceanic whitetip shark Carcharinus longimanus, the scalloped hammerhead Sphyrna lewini, and the basking shark Cetorhinus maximus (Camhi 1996). Other important species include the nurse shark Ginglymostoma cirratum, smooth-hounds Mustelus spp., the tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvieri, the shortfin mako Isurus oxyrinchus and the bonnethead Sphyrna tiburo (Caro Ros in Vannuccini 1999).
Costa Rica increased its chondrichthyan landings (which are mainly artisanal) from 400 MT in 1970 to 5 453 MT in 2000. According to Fishstat +, these accounted for some 15 percent of the total Costa Rican catch over the period 1970-2000 (Figure 12). According to the Statistics Department of the Instituto Costarricense de Pesca y Acuicultura INCOPESCA, catches of sharks and rays increased from 1 620 MT in 1990 to 3 109 in 1995, to decrease to 1 948 MT in 1996. The main species landed are thought to be smooth-hounds Mustelus spp. (Caro Ros in Vannuccini 1999).
Figure 12: Landings of chondrichthyans in Costa Rica, a comparison with Costa Rican marine landings, 1970-2000.
Costa Rica increased its exports of shark products from 522 MT in 1994 to 3 987 MT in 2000 (Figure 13 [a]). In terms of value this increased from US$11.28 million in 1994 to US$69.1 million in 1998. It then declined to US$8.6 million in 1999, recovering to US$13.1 million in 2000. According to Fishstat +, Costa Rica was the seventh biggest exporter of shark products in 2000 in value terms. The main exported products (see Figure 13 [b]) are whole frozen shark in terms of quantity (2 956 MT) and shark fins in terms of value (US$8.55 million). Exports of shark products are mainly destined to the United States, Canada and Hong Kong (Caro Ros in Vannuccini 1999).
Figure 13 (a) and (b): Total exports of chondrichthyans from Costa Rica and exports by main shark commodities, 1994-2000.
(a) total exports of chondrichthyans from Costa Rica and export by main shark commodities, quantity 1994-2000
(b) total exports of chondrichtyans from Costa Rica and export by main shark commodities, value 1994-2000
The main processed shark product is known as posta de tiburòn, which, according to the terminology used in the country, represents the fish with its head and fins removed. The meat is considered as the most important item, while cartilage and fins are thought to be of lesser importance. Teeth, skin and liver are not utilized on an industrial scale (Caro Ros in Vannuccini 1999). Other sources report that Costa Rica is a major provider of shark cartilage to be processed into anti-cancer pills in the United States (Camhi 1996).
Indonesia
Total landings: 4 159 161 MT in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
Marine landings: 3 830 491 MT in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
Aquaculture production and value: 993 727 MT in 2000, corresponding to US$2 268 269 800 (Fishstat + data)
Export quantity: 461 151 MT in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
Export value: US$1 584 454 in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
The shark fishery in Indonesia is largely artisanal. Sharks and rays are generally caught as bycatch when using set gillnets, longlines and handlines to catch groupers and snappers. These activities occur mostly in shallow water coral reef and coastal environments. Also, several shark species are targeted for their fins. Examples include the white-spotted guitarfish Rhynchobatus djiddensis in the eastern provinces of Maluku and Irian Jaya and carcharinids in Nusa Tenggara and the Timor Sea. Fishers sometimes face long and expensive journeys to catch sharks for their fins; however, the reward can be 100 to 200 kg of fins, worth at least US$6 500 (Bentley 1996).
Bentley reports evidence of a fishery for deep sea shark species, for their liver oil and squalene. Processing companies pay local fishers to catch these in depths of 300 and 1000 metres, but authors are uncertain about the particular species being targeted in this fishery (Bentley 1996).
According to Fishstat + (see Figure 14), total landings of chondrichthyans in Indonesia increased from 1 000 MT in 1950 to 111 973 MT in 2000. Catches are concentrated in the The Western Central Pacific area and provided an average of 85 percent of Indonesian landings over the period 1950-2000 period. This data does not identify the precise species of sharks, skates and rays being concerned, but, according to S. P. Chen (Chen in Vannuccini 1999), the key species are the white-spotted guitarfish, requiem sharks, hammerhead sharks, the tiger shark and the blue shark.
Figure 14: Landings of chondrichthyans in Indonesia, 1950-2000.
In terms of quantity exports of shark products increased from 277MT in1976, to 9 824MT in 1993 and 9 049MT in 1995 (Fishstat + data). But by 2000, they had fallen to 1 313 MT. In terms of value, exports peaked in 1992 with a value of US$23.5 million. In the following years the value declined, down to US$4 million in 1998, but recovering to US$13.3 million in 2000 (see Figure 15 [a] and [b]). Shark fins, dried and unsalted, represent the main export product, making up some 89 percent of shark exports from Indonesia in terms of quantity and 99 percent in value (Fishstat + data).
Figure 15 (a) and (b): Total exports of chondrichthyans from Indonesia and exports by main shark commodities, 1976-2000.
(a) total exports of chondrichtyans from Indonesia and export by main shark commodities, quantity 1976-2000
(b) total exports of chondrichtyans from Indonesia and export by main shark commodities, value 1976-2000
Japan
Fisheries GDP: US$16 910 million in 1998 (FAO 2000)
Total landings: 5 110 194.1 MT in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
Total marine landings: 5 039 438 MT (Fishstat + data)
Aquaculture production and value: 1 291 705 MT in 2000, equivalent to US$4 449 752.200 (Fishstat + data)
Export quantity: 208 958 MT in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
Export value: US$801 580 000 in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
The main commercial shark species in Japan are the blue shark, the longfin mako shark Isurus paucus, the thresher shark, the salmon shark Lamna ditropis, the shortfin mako, the starspotted smooth-hound Mustelus manazo, the piked dogfish and the Japanese tope shark Hemitriakis japonica (Chen in Vannuccini 1999). Sharks are mainly landed as bycatch, principally in the tuna longline and trawl fisheries (Nakano in Shotton 1999).
As regards the target shark fishery, boats normally use 14 km longlines with some 300 baits. Weaker gears are more likely to be easily destroyed by the animal (National Geographics information). The Japanese shark fishery is a very old and traditional one, involving several ancient rituals. Prior to the catch, the fishers pour sake (a traditional hot alcoholic beverage) on the sea, on the boat and the fishing gears, and drink the remainder to keep their spirits high. Then, fishers beat a wooden pole on the hull as a good luck ritual and to lure the shark. The catch of a hammerhead (Sphyrna spp.) is believed to be a good luck charm from the God of the Sea. The opening of the fishing season is celebrated by a banquet entirely based on shark meat. As families of shark fishers are gradually disappearing, the few that are left are taken in high consideration by the population (National Geographics information).
According to Fishstat + 2000 data, chondrichthyan landings from Japan declined from 100 700 MT in 1950 to 33 072 MT in 2000 (Figure 16).
Figure 16: Total landings of chondrichthyans in Japan and landings by main species and group of species, 1950-2000.
According to Fishstat + data exports of shark products from Japan declined, in terms of quantity, from 5 382 MT in 1976 to 3 818 MT in 2000(Figure 17 [a]) however they increased in value terms from circa US$13 million to circa US$20 million over the same period, peaking at around US$30.86 million in 1992 (Figure 17 [b]). The main exported products were shark fins, frozen shark fillets and frozen sharks
Figure 17 (a) and (b): Total exports of chondrichthyans from Japan and exports of main shark commodities, 1976-2000.
(a) total exports of chondrichthyans from Japan and export by main shark commodities, quantity 1976-2000
(b) total export of shark commodities from Japan and export by main shark commodities, value 1976-2000
Japan is a traditional producer and consumer of many shark products. The meat and cartilage of sharks are used to prepare dishes, the liver oil is used in medicine and the skin is processed into leather. Shark meat is generally marketed fresh or frozen and is consumed boiled or processed as sashimi and surimi paste (Vannuccini 1999). Makos, threshers and requiem sharks (Carcharhinidae spp.) command higher prices in the Japanese market. The mako is considered as the best quality shark; it is marketed frozen, its meat is used for sashimi and the fins are considered of a good quality (Vannuccini 1999).
Fins from Japanese vessels are considered to be of a better quality than those from Korean vessels as Japanese fishers cut differently, to include the meat at the base of the tail. However, the bulk of shark fin production is exported as shark fins are not widely used in Japanese cuisine (Vannuccini 1999).
Senegal
Total landings: 402 047 MT in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
Marine landings: 379 597 MT in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
Aquaculture production and value: 155 (est.) MT in 2000, corresponding to an estimated US$854 800 (Fishstat + data)
Export quantity: 88 001 MT in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
Export value: US$260 327 000 in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
Chondrichthyan landings in Senegal increased from 500 MT in 1961 to 10 757 MT in 2000, the main statistical classification being sharks, rays, skates, etc. nei, totalling 5 473 MT and guitarfishes nei, totalling 1 930 MT in 2000 (see Figure 18).
Total marine landings in Senegal in 2000 were 379 597 MT (Fishstat + data). Considering that the number of marine fishers in 1997 was estimated at 47 607 (FAO FIDI data) and shark landings amounted to 10 757 MT (Fishstat + data), one can estimate that some 1 350 Senegalese fishers depend on the shark fishery.
Figure 18: Total landings of chondrichthyans in Senegal and landings by main species and groups of species, 1961-2000.
In 2000 Senegal exported 37 MT of shark fins which were worth US$4.3 million (Figure 19 [a] and [b]). Senegal is the 15th exporter of shark products in the world and the main African exporter in terms of value (Fishstat + data).
Figure 19 (a) and (b): Total exports of chondrichthyans from Senegal and exports by main shark commodities, 1976-2000.
(a) total exports of chondrichthyans from Senegal and export by main commodities, quantity 1976-2000
(b) total exports of chondrichthyans from Senegal and export by main commodities, value 1976-2000
Spain
Fisheries GDP: US$2 265 900 000 in 2000 (FAO 2002)
Total landings: 991 132 MT in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
Total marine landings: 982 422 MT in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
Aquaculture production and value: 312 171 MT in 2000, equivalent to US$382 392 500 (Fishstat + data)
Export quantity: 795 335 MT in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
Export value: US$1 599 631 000 in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
The main commercial shark species in Spain are the blue shark, smooth-hounds, the tope shark and the shortfin mako. Shark is mostly caught as a bycatch of tuna and swordfish fisheries. The most remunerative shark species is the shortfin mako, even if smooth-hounds and piked dogfish can fetch high prices too. Spanish consumers tend to appreciate both fresh and frozen shark meat, even if the prices for fresh products are higher (Spagnolo in Vannuccini 1999).
According to Fishstat + data for the year 2000, Spain is the worlds second largest producer of sharks after Indonesia. Landings increased from 10 800 MT in 1950, to 77 269 MT in 2000, reaching their lowest in 1977 (149 MT) and peaking at 99 320 MT in 1997 (Figure 20).
Figure 20: Total landings of chondrichthyans in Spain and landings by main species and groups of species, 1950-2000.
Reliable figures on Spanish exports of shark products are limited to the 1992-2000 period (Fishstat + data). Exports of shark products, mainly frozen sharks, increased from 618 MT, equivalent to some US$4.3 million in 1992, to 16 539 MT in 2000, equivalent to some US$42.7 million (Figure 21 [a] and [b]).
Figure 21 (a) and (b): Total exports of chondrichthyans from Spain and export by main shark commodities, 1981-2000.
(a) total exports of chondrichtyans from Spain and export by main shark commodities, quantity 1981-2000
(b) total exports of chondrichtyans from Spain and export by main shark commodities, value 1981-2000
Yemen
Total and marine landings: 114 751 MT, largely estimated in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
Aquaculture production and value: N/A
Export quantity: 10 927 MT estimated in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
Export value: US$40 907 000 in 2000 (Fishstat + data)
Shark has always been a traditional protein supplement in the diet of the populations of the countries bordering the Gulf of Aden, including Yemen. Yemeni shark fisheries are generally artisanal and following the increase in price of shark fins, more fishing effort has been placed on large offshore species whose fins are high demand in international markets (Hariri 2002).
Total Yemeni landings of chondrichthyans, mainly sharks, rays, skates nei, increased from 1 000 MT in 1950 to 3 564 MT in 1976 but decreased in the following years to a low of 448 MT in 1984. After a period of stability around relatively low values, they started to increase again from 1991 (2 749 MT landed). In 1993, they hit a peak of 6 537 MT (Fishstat + data). More recently they have fluctuated around an average of 5 450 MT and were estimated at 5 100 MT in 2000 (Figure 22).
Figure 22: Total landings of chondrichthyans in Yemen and landings by main species and group of species, 1950-2000.
Trade data are available for 2000 only, with exports of an estimated 366 MT of shark fins, dried and salted (equivalent to US$13.86 million), 4 MT of frozen sharks (equivalent to US$ 4 000) and 1 MT of frozen shark fillets, equivalent to US$ 2 000 (Fishstat + data).
The Gulf of Oman and the Arab Sea are traditionally important areas for shark fishing (Josupeit, Pers. Comm.). As can be seen Yemen reported some significant figures to Fishstat +. Oman and Somalia are the two other main shark producers in the area. Oman reported landings of 3 891 MT in the year 2000 (with a declining pattern from the 8 313 MT in 1988) but no data on trade. Somalia did not provide any data on landings or trade. These omissions may be due to the absence of reporting of shark bycatch, or by inclusion of sharks within looser groupings, such as marine fish nei.
Conclusions
The countries [46] proposing the listing of Cetorhinus maximus and Rhincodon typus in Appendix II to the CITES Convention were motivated by the high level of utilization of the species, their vulnerability to exploitation and the lack of a global legislative framework for their conservation and sustainable exploitation (CITES 2002a; CITES 2002b). This situation is now common to many chondrichthyan species with 79 of them appearing in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN SSC 2000).
Biological and population dynamics data on sharks are very limited, therefore the conservation status of shark species is very difficult to assess with a reasonable degree of accuracy. In addition, available catch and trade data, such as those provided by Fishstat +, do not allow for a detailed analysis of patterns of exploitation of shark species.
FAO data and relevant literature may however justify a series of conclusions on the importance of shark fisheries for developing countries, as presented below.
The developing countries landings of chondrichthyans climbed from 76 000 MT in 1950 to 575 031 MT in 2000 for an estimated value of US$515 million. According to Fishstat + data, their trade in shark products generated foreign exchange revenues of US$134.7 million in 2000, of which:
- US$55 million to China;
- US$ 13.3 million to Indonesia;
- US$13.1 million to Costa Rica;
- US$4.3 million to Senegal.
Spain and Japan, the only developed countries analysed in this paper, generated revenues of US$42.7 million and circa US$20 million respectively from the export of shark products. Furthermore, world export of shark fins, the most expensive sharked based product, generated export revenues of US$101.1 million to developing countries.
Despite giving a general idea of the increasing importance of shark fisheries worldwide, these socio-economic data and estimates are rather under-representative of the full extent of the sector. This is due to the high volume of unreported shark bycatch which is nevertheless processed and traded both domestically and internationally.
Table 2: Economic and social aspects of the shark fishery in the case countries (2000 data, except when explicitly stated, source FAO, except when explicitly stated).
Country
13 855 000
References
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(also available at http://www.trophia.com/Reports/Sharks&RaysIndonesia/Sharks&RaysIndonesia.pdf ).
Bonfil, R. 1994. Overview of world elasmobranch fisheries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 341. Rome, FAO. 125 pp.
Camhi, M. 1996. Costa Ricas shark fishery and cartilage industry. Shark news 8 - Newsletter of the IUCN Shark Specialist Group.
(available at http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Organizations/SSG/8Newsletter/shark8news9.htm ).
Caro Ros, J. S. 1999. Sharks and rays in Latin America. Pp. 423-445 in Vannuccini, S. 1999. Shark utilization, marketing and trade. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 389. Rome, FAO. 470 pp.
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Chen, V. Y. and Phipps, M. J. 2002. Management and trade of whale sharks in Taiwan. Taipei, TRAFFIC East Asia. 35 pp.
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(also available at http://www.ine.es/tempus/fmi/fmi.html ).
INFOFISH. 2003. Infofish Trade News 18/2003. 1 October 2003.
INFOYU. 1999. Investigation on shark utilization in China. Pp. 399-421 in Vannuccini, S. 1999. Shark utilization, marketing and trade. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 389. Rome, FAO. 470 pp.
IUCN SSC. 2000. The IUCN 2000 Red List of Threatened Species.
(available at http://www.redlist.org ).
Kreutzer, R. and Ahmed, R. 1978. Shark utilization and marketing. Rome, FAO. 180 pp.
Kuang, H. K. 1999 Non-food uses of sharks Pp. 285-294 in Vannuccini, S. 1999. Shark utilization, marketing and trade. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 389. Rome, FAO. 470 pp.
Lai Ka-Keong, E. 1983. Shark fins, processing and marketing in Hong Kong. INFOFISH marketing digest, 5/83.
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(also available at http://www.mapya.es/portada/pags/estadi.asp?fr=5 ).
Nakano, H. 1999. Fishery management of sharks in Japan. Pp. 552-579 in Shotton, R. (ed.). 1999. Case studies in the management of elasmobranch fisheries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 378/1 and /2. Rome, FAO. 920 pp.
Nion, H. 1999. La pesquería de tiburones en Uruguay con especial referencia al cazón (Galeorhinus galeus Linnaeus 1758). Pp. 218-167 in Shotton, R. (ed.). 1999. Case studies in the management of elasmobranch fisheries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 378/1 and /2. Rome, FAO. 920 pp.
Omopariola, A. O. Unpublished. Potential for the utilisation of shark and ray species in Nigeria - being a dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Science in the University of Hull. The University of Hull, UK.
Spagnolo, M. 1999. Sharks in the Mediterranean. Pp. 447-461 in Vannuccini, S. 1999. Shark utilization, marketing and trade. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 389. Rome, FAO. 470 pp.
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[38] In order to facilitate the reading of this sudy, the term export includes re-export.
[39] K strategist means adapted to limitation. Many organisms show extreme potential to survive and prosper at or near carrying capacity, though often at the expense of their ability to display rapid population increases under most circumstance (i.e., their intrinsic rate of population growth is small). Such organisms are called Kstrategists. The variable K refers to carrying capacity. Kstrategists tend to be very good at surviving in mature (climaxed) ecosystems.
[40] According to article 64 of UNCLOS:
1. The coastal State and other States whose nationals fish in the region for the highly migratory species listed in Annex I shall cooperate directly or through appropriate international organizations with a view to ensuring conservation and promoting the objective of optimum utilization of such species throughout the region, both within and beyond the exclusive economic zone. In regions for which no appropriate international organization exists, the coastal State and other States whose nationals harvest these species in the region shall cooperate to establish such an organization and participate in its work.
2. The provisions of paragraph 1 apply in addition to the other provisions of this Part. (UNCLOS 1982) Annex I to the UNCLOS Convention provides a list of such highly migratory species.
[41] Parties to CMS work together to conserve migratory species and their habitats by providing strict protection for the endangered migratory species listed in Appendix I, by concluding multilateral Agreements for the conservation and management of migratory species listed in Appendix II (CMS 2002).
[42] Its common name comes from its habit of basking by the surface.
[43] If a marine species has low resilience, it means that once having been overfished, it will take a long time before returning to previous population levels.
[44] This figure also includes the Fishstat + entry dogfishes and hounds nei.
[45] China normally imports higher valued shark products (Josupeit, Pers. Comm.), such as fins, whose imports in China were worth some US$25.5 million in 2000 (Fishstat + data).
[46] United Kingdom (Cetorhinus maximus), India, the Philippines and Madagascar (Rhincodon typus).
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