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Which US city is the home of the 'Liberty Bell'?	The Liberty Bell Virtual Tour of Historic Philadelphia The Liberty Bell Tradition tells of a chime that changed the world on July 8, 1776, with the Liberty Bell ringing out from the tower of Independence Hall summoning the citizens of Philadelphia to hear the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence by Colonel John Nixon. The Pennsylvania Assembly ordered the Bell in 1751 to commemorate the 50-year anniversary of William Penn's 1701 Charter of Privileges , Pennsylvania's original Constitution. It speaks of the rights and freedoms valued by people the world over. Particularly forward thinking were Penn's ideas on religious freedom, his liberal stance on Native American rights, and his inclusion of citizens in enacting laws. The Liberty Bell gained iconic importance when abolitionists in their efforts to put an end to slavery throughout America adopted it as a symbol. As the Bell was created to commemorate the golden anniversary of Penn's Charter, the quotation "Proclaim Liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof," from Leviticus 25:10, was particularly apt. For the line in the Bible immediately preceding "proclaim liberty" is, "And ye shall hallow the fiftieth year." What better way to pay homage to Penn and hallow the 50th year than with a bell proclaiming liberty? Also inscribed on the Bell is the quotation, "By Order of the Assembly of the Province of Pensylvania for the State House in Philada." Note that the spelling of "Pennsylvania" was not at that time universally adopted. In fact, in the original Constitution, the name of the state is also spelled "Pensylvania." If you get a chance to visit the second floor of Independence Hall in Philadelphia, take a moment to look at the original maps on the wall. They, too, have the state name spelled "Pensylvania" (and the Atlantic Ocean called by the name of that day, "The Western Ocean"). The choice of the quotation was made by Quaker Isaac Norris, speaker of the Assembly. Centered on the front of the Bell are the words, "Pass and Stow / Philada / MDCCLIII." We'll get to Pass and Stow in a bit. The Crack There is widespread disagreement about when the first crack appeared on the Bell. Hair-line cracks on bells were bored out to prevent expansion. However, it is agreed that the final expansion of the crack which rendered the Bell unringable was on Washington's Birthday in 1846. The Philadelphia Public Ledger takes up the story in its February 26, 1846 publication: "The old Independence Bell rang its last clear note on Monday last in honor of the birthday of Washington and now hangs in the great city steeple irreparably cracked and dumb. It had been cracked before but was set in order of that day by having the edges of the fracture filed so as not to vibrate against each other ... It gave out clear notes and loud, and appeared to be in excellent condition until noon, when it received a sort of compound fracture in a zig-zag direction through one of its sides which put it completely out of tune and left it a mere wreck of what it was." The Bell as Icon The Liberty Bell. Boston: American Anti-Slavery Society, 1856 The Bell achieved its iconic status when abolitionists adopted the Bell as a symbol for the movement. It was first used in this association as a frontispiece to an 1837 edition of Liberty, published by the New York Anti-Slavery Society. It was, in fact, the abolitionists who gave it the name "Liberty Bell," in reference to its inscription. It was previously called simply the "State House bell." In retrospect, it is a remarkably apt metaphor for a country literally cracked and freedom fissured for its black inhabitants. The line following "proclaim liberty" is, "It shall be a jubilee unto you; and ye shall return every man unto his possession, and ye shall return every man unto his family." The Abolitionists understood this passage to mean that the Bible demanded all slaves and prisoners be freed every 50 years. William Lloyd Garrison's anti-slavery publication The Liberator reprinted a Boston abolitionist pamphlet containing a poem about the Bell, entitled, The Liberty Bell, which represents the first documented use of the name, "Liberty Bell." The Bell and the Declaration of Independence In 1847, George Lippard wrote a fictional story for The Saturday Currier which told of an elderly bellman waiting in the State House steeple for the word that Congress had declared Independence. The story continues that privately he began to doubt Congress's resolve. Suddenly the bellman's grandson, who was eavesdropping on the doors of Congress, yelled to him, "Ring, Grandfather! Ring!" This story so captured the imagination of people throughout the land that the Liberty Bell was forever associated with the Declaration of Independence. The truth is that the steeple was in bad condition and historians today highly doubt that the Bell actually rang in 1776. However, its association with the Declaration of Independence was fixed in the collective mythology. Bell as Symbol After the divisive Civil War, Americans sought a symbol of unity. The flag became one such symbol, and the Liberty Bell another. To help heal the wounds of the war, the Liberty Bell would travel across the country. Starting in the 1880s, the Bell traveled to cities throughout the land "proclaiming liberty" and inspiring the cause of freedom. We have prepared a photo essay of its 1915 journey to the Panama-Pacific Exposition in San Francisco. A replica of the Liberty Bell, forged in 1915, was used to promote women's suffrage. It traveled the country with its clapper chained to its side, silent until women won the right to vote. On September 25, 1920, it was brought to Independence Hall and rung in ceremonies celebrating the ratification of the 19th amendment. To this day, oppressed groups come to Philadelphia to give voice to their plight, at the Liberty Bell, proclaiming their call for liberty. History of the Bell On November 1, 1751, a letter was sent to Robert Charles, the Colonial Agent of the Province of Pennsylvania who was working in London. Signed by Isaac Norris, Thomas Leech, and Edward Warner, it represented the desires of the Assembly to purchase a bell for the State House (now Independence Hall) steeple. The bell was ordered from Whitechapel Foundry, with instructions to inscribe on it the passage from Leviticus. The bell arrived in Philadelphia on September 1, 1752, but was not hung until March 10, 1753, on which day Isaac Norris wrote, "I had the mortification to hear that it was cracked by a stroke of the clapper without any other viollence [sic] as it was hung up to try the sound." The cause of the break is thought to have been attributable either to flaws in its casting or, as they thought at the time, to its being too brittle. Two Philadelphia foundry workers named John Pass and John Stow were given the cracked bell to be melted down and recast. They added an ounce and a half of copper to a pound of the old bell in an attempt to make the new bell less brittle. For their labors they charged slightly over 36 Pounds. The new bell was raised in the belfry on March 29, 1753. "Upon trial, it seems that they have added too much copper. They were so teased with the witticisms of the town that they will very soon make a second essay," wrote Isaac Norris to London agent Robert Charles. Apparently nobody was now pleased with the tone of the bell. Pass and Stow indeed tried again. They broke up the bell and recast it. On June 11, 1753, the New York Mercury reported, "Last Week was raised and fix'd in the Statehouse Steeple, the new great Bell, cast here by Pass and Stow, weighing 2080 lbs." In November, Norris wrote to Robert Charles that he was still displeased with the bell and requested that Whitechapel cast a new one. Upon the arrival of the new bell from England, it was agreed that it sounded no better than the Pass and Stow bell. So the "Liberty Bell" remained where it was in the steeple, and the new Whitechapel bell was placed in the cupola on the State House roof and attached to the clock to sound the hours. The Liberty Bell was rung to call the Assembly together and to summon people together for special announcements and events. The Liberty Bell tolled frequently. Among the more historically important occasions, it tolled when Benjamin Franklin was sent to England to address Colonial grievances, it tolled when King George III ascended to the throne in 1761, and it tolled to call together the people of Philadelphia to discuss the Sugar Act in 1764 and the Stamp Act in 1765. In 1772 a petition was sent to the Assembly stating that the people in the vicinity of the State House were "incommoded and distressed" by the constant "ringing of the great Bell in the steeple." But, tradition holds, it continued tolling for the First Continental Congress in 1774, the Battle of Lexington and Concord in 1775 and its most resonant tolling was on July 8, 1776, when it summoned the citizenry for the reading of the Declaration of Independence produced by the Second Continental Congress . However, the steeple was in bad condition and historians today doubt the likelihood of the story. In October 1777, the British occupied Philadelphia. Weeks earlier all bells, including the Liberty Bell, were removed from the city. It was well understood that, if left, they would likely be melted down and used for cannon. The Liberty Bell was removed from the city and hidden in the floorboards of the Zion Reformed Church in Allentown, Pennsylvania, which you can still visit today. Throughout the period from 1790 to 1800, when Philadelphia was the nation's capital, uses of the Bell included calling the state legislature into session, summoning voters to hand in their ballots at the State House window, and tolling to commemorate Washington's birthday and celebrate the Fourth of July. The Bell Today The Liberty Bell Center was opened in October, 2003. From the southern end, the bell is visible from the street 24 hours a day. On every Fourth of July, at 2pm Eastern time, children who are descendants of Declaration signers symbolically tap the Liberty Bell 13 times while bells across the nation also ring 13 times in honor of the patriots from the original 13 states. Each year, the bell is gently tapped in honor of Martin Luther King Day. The ceremony began in 1986 at request of Dr. King's widow, Coretta Scott King.	Philadelphia
The islands of the Azores belong to which country?	Why is the Liberty Bell cracked? - Ask History Ask History September 12, 2012 By History.com Staff Share Did you know New York City has the biggest fireworks display in the United States and that three U.S. presidents died on July 4? Share this: Why is the Liberty Bell cracked? Author Why is the Liberty Bell cracked? URL Google In 1751, the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly—part of the state’s colonial government—paid around 100 pounds for a large bell to hang in its new State House (later known as Independence Hall). Cast at London’s Whitechapel Bell Foundry, the bell arrived in Philadelphia in August 1752. Because the metal was too brittle, it cracked during a test strike and had to be recast twice. The final version—made of 70 percent copper, 25 percent tin and small amounts of lead, zinc, arsenic, gold and silver—weighed around 2,080 pounds and measured 12 feet in circumference around the lip and 3 feet from lip to crown. On July 8, 1776, the bell was rung to celebrate the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence. After the British invasion of Philadelphia, the bell was hidden in a church until it could be safely returned to the State House. A popular icon of the new nation and its independence, it wasn’t called the “Liberty Bell” until the 1830s, when an abolitionist group adopted it as a symbol of their own cause. So when did the Liberty Bell get its famous crack? That’s not exactly clear. According to one of many stories, it first cracked back in 1824, during the visit of the Revolutionary War hero Marquis de Lafayette. Another story holds that it fractured later that year, while tolling to signal a fire. One of the most popular legends claims that the bell cracked during the funeral of Chief Justice John Marshall in 1835, but newspaper accounts of the funeral do not mention such an incident. Whatever the truth is, it seems the bell was certainly damaged by 1846, when (according to official city records) Philadelphia’s mayor requested that the bell be rung on George Washington’s birthday. Though attempts were made to repair an existing fracture in the bell for the occasion, and the bell reportedly tolled loud and clear at first, it subsequently cracked beyond repair and had to be taken out of service. After being moved to a pavilion near Independence Hall in 1976 (the bicentennial of the Declaration of Independence), in 2003 the Liberty Bell was relocated to Liberty Bell Center in Independence National Historic Park, where millions of visitors view its famous crack each year. Tags	i don't know
What are 'procumbent plants used for?	procumbent - definition of procumbent in English \| Oxford Dictionaries Definition of procumbent in English: procumbent (of a plant or stem) growing along the ground without throwing out roots: ‘some forms have long procumbent branches’ More example sentences ‘One example is procumbent rosemary, used extensively as a ground cover and sheared several times a year.’ ‘Species of Cylindropuntia and Opuntia cactus have a wide range of morphologies from tall, tree-like forms to procumbent forms.’ ‘Charnia evidently had a procumbent mode of life on a soft muddy substrate.’ ‘Finally, this work represents part of a long-term research effort in which mechanical architectures are being investigated in terms of the evolution of architectures of trees, shrubs, lianas and procumbent growth forms.’ Synonyms View synonyms Origin Mid 17th century: from Latin procumbent- falling forwards, from the verb procumbere, from pro- forwards, down + a verb related to cubare to lie. Pronunciation Which of these is written in the passive? The family were shocked The storm shocked the family Which of these is written in the passive? Steven punctured the football Which of these is written in the passive? The family watched the TV show The TV show was watched Which of these is written in the passive? The bone was chewed The dog chewed the bone Which of these is written in the passive? The house was burgled The gang burgled the house Which of these is written in the passive? The glass was broken Which of these is written in the passive? The child read the book The book was read Which of these is written in the passive? Sarah planted the flowers Which of these is written in the passive? Dan washed the dishes Which of these is written in the passive? The boy was saved You scored /10 practise again? Retry	Groundcover
The plant 'Ananas comosus provides us with which fruit?	Procumbent Pearlwort Procumbent Pearlwort This weed can be very confusing because Pearlwort is a very generic term. Here we focus on the weed with the Latin name Sagina procumbens. Other names include: Common Pearlwort, Prostrate Pearlwort, Beads pearlwort, Birdseye/Birdeye Pearlwort, or just plain Sagina. Sagina procumbens is from the Caryophyllaceae Family, also known as Pink Family. This family also includes the carnation and dianthus flowers. The Caryophyllaceae family has approximately 86 different genus types, with close to 2300 species within these genera. Sharing the name Pearlwort along with the genus Sagina is also the genus Colobanthus, which consists of about 30 species of flowering plants that produce a cushion-like bloom. Many species of Pearlwort are sold as a groundcover and are very popular for walkways. Like commercial Pearlwort's that are sold as groundcover, Sagina procumbens will survive being walked on but will flourish without. Sometimes these commercial species are the little pearly stems found in the moist potting mix from a plant you may purchase at a nursery. Unfortunately the weed, Procumbent Pearlwort, can also be found mixed into these small pots to. Difficult to differentiate species, if Sagina procumbens isn't spotted immediately it can become a widespread problem. Procumbent Pearlwort is native to North and South America and technically is a broadleaf cool season annual . Depending on geographic conditions it can be a short-lived perennial . Procumbent Pearlwort resembles moss and can be found growing in poor, gravelly soils and other disturbed areas such as roadsides. It likes moist to wet soil conditions and can grow year-round in environments that include light shade to full sun. In spring when soil is extremely moist and temperatures are cool, dormant little weed seeds become very active. Click for more about soil and soil testing methods . Weed stems are smooth, bright green and grow branched out off of each other forming a round to oval-like cluster. They grow up to 8" long and stems can be erect or flat. Stems root at nodes, or joints, and form a mat. Leaves are also smooth, narrow, hairless and grow about 1/2" long with pointed tips and grow opposite of one another. Flowers of are very small and white with either no petals, usually 4, sometimes 5 flower petals. Flower can stand alone or in cymule. A cymule is a small cluster of flowers where the central, or main flower opens first. A cymule is a small cluster, whereas a cyme, or cymes (pl.), would be larger cluster. There are 4-5 green sepals that form the calyx. A sepal is the small leaf-like structure that is found beneath the flower. With this weed, Sagina procumbens, there are about 4-5 sepals that circle around the base of the flower forming calyx. Calyxes are designed to protect the developing flower buds. All that said, many weeds do not develop flowering stems. If there are flowering stems it can be difficult to distinguish individual flower structures, including petals, and sometimes the flowers are not visible at all. Those that we are able to see often look like bead-like buds. The fruits are stored within and flowers self-pollinate automatically. Procumbent Pearlwort can become invasive if left unattended. The best options for control is to keep up with weeding and it will unlikely become a major problem. New weeds can grow with fruits that contain 60 to 80 seeds that spread easily to shoots that become detached with nodes. Seeds can remain dormant for years. If it is creeping into your garden use a pre-emergent to kill the weed seeds. Boiling water can also be used as a pre-emergent around garden edges, but I wouldn't recommend using it if there are established plant roots around that you want in the garden. If it is in your lawn cut the grass at a higher level so sun doesn't reach seeds or new growth. This weed is susceptible to competition to taller plants and grasses grow not allowing the sun to reach weed. When cutting grass, height is important. The flowering stage is April through September. Manual weeding methods of pulling weeds taproot out can help but hoeing can be more difficult option. If you ever purchase a potted plant where you see a foreign, small pearly growing plant - remove it thoroughly before planting. Burning weed seeds with a propane torch is another option that works. Apply caution, overall this method won't be as damaging as boiling water for wanted vegetation. Post-emergent herbicide options would include glyphosophate products. Sagina procumbens has become resistant to weed killers and this option may not always work. Germinated seedlings have root systems large enough to escape the effects of post-emergent's, including selective herbicides. FYI: The Caryophyllaceae Family are both dicotyledonous and monocotyledons found within this family of angiosperms. These are the two major groups of angiosperms, or flowering plants. An angiosperm plant is a seed producing plant. Cotyledons refers to the primary leaf stored within the embryo of a seed plant. It is more commonly referred to as a seed leaf. When the seed germinates, the cotyledon is the first leaf to emerge. Dicotyledonous produces two leaves and is more commonly called a Dicot. Monocotyledon, produces one leaf and is more commonly called a Monocot. Regardeless of Dicot or Monocot, the cotyledon will die off and the leaves that continue to grow from the stem are called true leaves. Cotyledons contain Plastids. A Plastid makes sugars, starches and allow photosynthesis to occur. These are all used to continue growing the true leaves to enable the plant to grow. Procumbent Pearlwort can also be confused with Liverwort. Liverwort is a spore-bearing. They are often seen growing in similar conditions, including over-watered plant containers! Related Articles:	i don't know
What is the common name given to rubella?	MMR Vaccine (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella): MedlinePlus Drug Information MMR Vaccine (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601176.html MMR Vaccine (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) Measles, mumps, and rubella are serious diseases. Before vaccines they were very common, especially among children. Measles virus causes rash, cough, runny nose, eye irritation, and fever. It can lead to ear infection, pneumonia, seizures (jerking and staring), brain damage, and death. Mumps virus causes fever, headache, muscle pain, loss of appetite, and swollen glands. It can lead to deafness, meningitis (infection of the brain and spinal cord covering), painful swelling of the testicles or ovaries, and rarely sterility. Rubella virus causes rash, arthritis (mostly in women), and mild fever. If a woman gets rubella while she is pregnant, she could have a miscarriage or her baby could be born with serious birth defects. These diseases spread from person to person through the air. You can easily catch them by being around someone who is already infected. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine can protect children (and adults) from all three of these diseases. Thanks to successful vaccination programs these diseases are much less common in the U.S. than they used to be. But if we stopped vaccinating they would return. Who should get MMR vaccine and when? should get 2 doses of MMR vaccine: First Dose: 12 to 15 months of age Second Dose: 4 to 6 years of age (may be given earlier, if at least 28 days after the 1st dose) Some infants younger than 12 months should get a dose of MMR if they are traveling out of the country. (This dose will not count toward their routine series.) Some adults should also get MMR vaccine: Generally, anyone 18 years of age or older who was born after 1956 should get at least one dose of MMR vaccine, unless they can show that they have either been vaccinated or had all three diseases. MMR vaccine may be given at the same time as other vaccines. Children between 1 and 12 years of age can get a combination vaccine called MMRV, which contains both MMR and varicella (chickenpox) vaccines. There is a separate Vaccine Information Statement for MMRV. Who should not get MMR vaccine or should wait? Anyone who has ever had a life-threatening allergic reaction to the antibiotic neomycin, or any other component of MMR vaccine, should not get the vaccine. Tell your doctor if you have any severe allergies. Anyone who had a life-threatening allergic reaction to a previous dose of MMR or MMRV vaccine should not get another dose. Some people who are sick at the time the shot is scheduled may be advised to wait until they recover before getting MMR vaccine. Pregnant women should not get MMR vaccine. Pregnant women who need the vaccine should wait until after giving birth. Women should avoid getting pregnant for 4 weeks after vaccination with MMR vaccine. Tell your doctor if the person getting the vaccine: Has HIV/AIDS, or another disease that affects the immune system Is being treated with drugs that affect the immune system, such as steroids Has any kind of cancer Is being treated for cancer with radiation or drugs Has ever had a low platelet count (a blood disorder) Has gotten another vaccine within the past 4 weeks Has recently had a transfusion or received other blood products Any of these might be a reason to not get the vaccine, or delay vaccination until later. What are the risks from MMR vaccine? A vaccine, like any medicine, is capable of causing serious problems, such as severe allergic reactions. The risk of MMR vaccine causing serious harm, or death, is extremely small. Getting MMR vaccine is much safer than getting measles, mumps or rubella. Most people who get MMR vaccine do not have any serious problems with it. Fever (up to 1 person out of 6) Mild rash (about 1 person out of 20) Swelling of glands in the cheeks or neck (about 1 person out of 75) If these problems occur, it is usually within 6 to 14 days after the shot. They occur less often after the second dose. Seizure (jerking or staring) caused by fever (about 1 out of 3,000 doses) Temporary pain and stiffness in the joints, mostly in teenage or adult women (up to 1 out of 4) Temporary low platelet count, which can cause a bleeding disorder (about 1 out of 30,000 doses) Serious allergic reaction (less than 1 out of a million doses) Several other severe problems have been reported after a child gets MMR vaccine, including: Deafness; long-term seizures, coma, or lowered consciousness; permanent brain damage. These are so rare that it is hard to tell whether they are caused by the vaccine. What if there is a serious reaction? Any unusual condition, such as a high fever or unusual behavior. Signs of a serious allergic reaction can include difficulty breathing, hoarseness or wheezing, hives, paleness, weakness, a fast heart beat or dizziness. Call a doctor, or get the person to a doctor right away. Tell your doctor what happened, the date and time it happened, and when the vaccination was given. Ask your doctor to report the reaction by filing a Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) form. Or you can file this report through the VAERS web site at www.vaers.hhs.gov, or by calling 1-800-822-7967. VAERS does not provide medical advice. The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) was created in 1986. Persons who believe they may have been injured by a vaccine can learn about the program and about filing a claim by calling 1-800-338-2382 or visiting the VICP website at www.hrsa.gov/vaccinecompensation. How can I learn more? Ask your doctor. Call your local or state health department. Contact the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Call 1-800-232-4636 (1-800-CDC-INFO) or visit CDC's website at www.cdc.gov/vaccines. MMR Vaccine Information Statement. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Immunization Program. 4/20/2012. Brand names	Rubella
Who was the last infamous inmate of Spandau Prison?	Rubella - Mayo Clinic Rubella Rubella Rubella, also called German measles or three-day measles, is a contagious viral infection best known by its distinctive red rash. Rubella is not the same as measles (rubeola), though the two illnesses do share some characteristics, including the red rash. However, rubella is caused by a different virus than measles, and is neither as infectious nor usually as severe as measles. The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, usually given to children in the United States twice before they reach school age, is highly effective in preventing rubella. Because of widespread use of the vaccine, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has declared rubella eliminated in the United States, but cautions parents to make sure their children are vaccinated to prevent its reemergence. References Rubella (German measles) vaccination. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/rubella/default.htm. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Rubella: Make sure your child gets vaccinated. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/Features/Rubella/. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Hall CB. Rubella. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Rubella. The Merck Manual Professional Edition. http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/miscellaneous_viral_infections_in_infants_and_children/rubella.html?qt=&sc=&alt=. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Kliegman RM, et al. Rubella. In: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2011. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Brunette GW. Rubella. In: CDC Health Information for International Travel 2014: The Yellow Book. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press; 2014. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/rubella. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Ferri FF. Rubella. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015: 5 Books in 1. Philadelphia, Pa.: Mosby Elsevier; 2015. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Riley LE. Rubella in pregnancy. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Brunette GW. Measles (rubeola). In: CDC Health Information for International Travel 2014: The Yellow Book. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press; 2014. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/measles-rubeola. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine safety studies. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/Vaccines/MMR/MMR.html. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Possible side effects from vaccines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/side-effects.htm. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Rousch SW, et al. Rubella. In: Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2008. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt14-rubella.html. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Rousch SW, et al. Congenital rubella syndrome. In: Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2008. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt15-crs.html. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Rubella (German measles, three-day measles). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/rubella/about/index.html. Accessed Feb. 23, 2015. Products and Services	i don't know
Which was the second James Bond movie?	The Official James Bond 007 Website \| Home Contact SPECTRE © 2015 Danjaq, LLC, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc., Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. SPECTRE, 007 Gun Logo and related James Bond Trademarks © 1962-2015 Danjaq, LLC and United Artists Corporation. SPECTRE, 007 Gun Logo and related James Bond Trademarks are trademarks of Danjaq, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Home Entertainment distributor of SKYFALL and all the other 22 movies in the James Bond series. © 2014 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. All Rights Reserved. Distributed by Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment LLC. TWENTIETH CENTURY FOX, FOX and associated logos are trademarks of Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation and its related entities. Dr. No., © 1962 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. and Danjaq, LLC. From Russia With Love, © 1963 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. and Danjaq, LLC. Goldfinger, © 1964 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. and Danjaq, LLC. Thunderball, © 1965 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. and Danjaq, LLC. You Only Live Twice, © 1967 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. and Danjaq, LLC. On Her Majesty's Secret Service, © 1969 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. and Danjaq, LLC. Diamonds Are Forever, © 1971 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. and Danjaq, LLC. Live and Let Die, © 1973 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. and Danjaq, LLC. The Man With The Golden Gun, © 1974 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. and Danjaq, LLC. The Spy Who Loved Me, © 1977 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. and Danjaq, LLC. Moonraker, © 1979 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. and Danjaq, LLC. For Your Eyes Only, © 1981 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. and Danjaq, LLC. Octopussy, © 1983 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. and Danjaq, LLC. A View To A Kill, © 1985 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. and Danjaq, LLC. The Living Daylights, © 1987 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. and Danjaq, LLC. Licence To Kill, © 1989 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. and Danjaq, LLC. GoldenEye, © 1995 Seventeen Leasing Corp. and Danjaq, LLC. Tomorrow Never Dies, © 1997 Eighteen Leasing Corp. and Danjaq, LLC. The World Is Not Enough, © 1999 United Artists Corporation and Danjaq, LLC. Die Another Day, © 2002 United Artists Corporation and Danjaq, LLC. Casino Royale (2006), © 2006 United Artists Corporation and Danjaq, LLC. Quantum Of Solace, © 2008 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. and Danjaq, LLC. SKYFALL © 2012 Danjaq, LLC and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. All rights reserved.	From Russia with Love
How many Academy Awards were won by the film Ben - Hur?	50 Years of James Bond: The Movie - YouTube 50 Years of James Bond: The Movie Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Nov 6, 2012 Approximately five minutes from each of the 22 Eon produced James Bond films have been cut together, in order and in sequence, beginning with the first five minutes of DR. NO (1962) followed by minutes 5-10 of FROM RUSSIA WITH LOVE (1963), minutes 10-15 of GOLDFINGER (1964), minutes 15-20 of THUNDERBALL (1965), continuing on through each of the remaining 18 Bond features (accounting for variables in each title's running time) culminating with the final five minutes of 2008's QUANTUM OF SOLACE. This fresh look at the "James Bond Formula" provides a new exploration of the evolution of the series into a filmmaking genre uniquely its own. With few exceptions, each title's transition into the picture that follows it is nearly seamless, creating a viewing experience that at first might serve to remind us "if you've seen one Bond film, you've seen them all," but looking more closely it is in fact an endearing homage to a character who single-handedly shaped modern cinema's action/adventure formula and who continues to leave an indelible mark on generations worldwide. Category	i don't know
By what name is the Lent Lily better known?	Lent lily - definition of Lent lily by The Free Dictionary Lent lily - definition of Lent lily by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Lent+lily Related to Lent lily: bucolic lent lily (Plants) another name for the daffodil ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Annunciation lily , Lilium candidum , Madonna lily , white lily lily - any liliaceous plant of the genus Lilium having showy pendulous flowers Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: white lily References in periodicals archive ? A common name for the little wild daffodil Narcissus pseudonarcissus, which is in full flower now, is the Lent lily. WONDERS OF THE WALL; RIGHT AT HOME; Give praise to the pasque flower, a heavenly vision right through its furry, fluffy cycle. Take in the beauty of this touchy-feely flower that's so tough-loving, it simply thrives in dry spots A common name for the little wild daffodil, Narcissus pseudonarcissus, in full flower now, is the Lent lily.	Narcissus (plant)
Which Henry 8th warship was salvaged on 8th October 1981?	Lent Lily - nightfullofstars - Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal [Archive of Our Own] It's not Yuma that the flowers remind her of. Notes: Hanaki Byou; A disease of the human system that coughs up flowers due to severe one-sided love. Its infection route is through contact with vomited flowers. In order to fully recover the disease, the one's love must be fulfilled. (See the end of the work for more notes .) Work Text: Kotori has always thought flowers to be a lovely thing. Whether they were delicate flowers with thin and long petals or cuter little blossoms that bloom in bunches, Kotori has always found them charming. Flowers are beautiful, flowers are pretty... Flowers are like Rio. It's Rio she thinks of now, eyes wide as she takes in the single saliva-drenched petal pinched carefully between her fingertips. It's the petal of a daffodil, and Kotori idly remembers bringing Rio the same flower months ago, back when everything with the Ruin Numbers and the Barians and all else was going on. On the other hand, she can't imagine why she'd end up spitting out such a petal -- did she end up eating one without knowing it or something? Was it a prank of Yuma's? Pinning it on her childhood friend's impishness seems to be the most logical conclusion, so she settles on that and pushes any such recollection of choking up the petal of a daffodil to the back of her mind. ☆☆☆ Rio holds her hand, and Kotori barely manages to excuse herself before toppling into the bathroom, a small and varied handful of more saliva soaked petals bursting from her lips. Feebly, her shaking fingers rest against her throat, amber gaze unable to tear away from the assorted petals floating about in the toilet bowl. This isn't anything she's ever heard of. Kotori's mind races as she tries to place any Numbers card that could have this effect on people, but understandably there's not a single thing that comes to mind. The days of Numbers (and by extension, the days with Astral) are long over after all. Now there's no mind-controlled duellists or ancient warriors led astray, only homework and laughter and Rio, sweet and beautiful Rio -- She thinks of Rio's smile, her soft and patient smile, and another surge of petals comes forth. One such petal -- another daffodil, she realizes, heart sinking -- is slightly tainted with blood, and she hastily flushes the toilet before she has to think anymore on it. When she reunites with Rio just outside the mall's bathroom, Kotori attempts to ignore the way her stomach churns as she struggles to return the friendly smile gracing the taller girl's lovely lips. ☆☆☆ It's Cathy who finds her curled in the girl's bathroom weeks later, lips stained with blood and a few stray petals that didn't manage to reach the toilet bowl scattered about her. Kotori feels her slender hand against the small of her back, and in a moment of weakness she leans her head against the other girl's shoulder, frustrated tears running down her face. "I-I don't understand," Kotori manages, hiccuping slightly as she reaches to wipe the smears of red from her lips. "Am...Am I a monster?" Cathy shakes her head, and Kotori stares at her wide-eyed as the taller girl tells her of a disease, of unrequited love, of bloodstained flower petals. Cathy sighs, burying her nose into Kotori's hair and drinking in the smell of her floral shampoo. "I'm sorry, Kotori. I... I was sure he liked you back all along." But when Kotori looks to the toilet bowl and spots a blood-soaked daffodil petal, it's not Yuma who comes to mind. ☆☆☆	i don't know
What is the Roman Numeral for 100?	Roman Numerals Chart 1-100 \| Roman-Numerals.org Learn all about Roman Numerals! Roman Numerals Chart 1-100 Here is a chart of what each Roman Numeral stands for. The system is based on seven different symbols. These symbols can be used to write any number from 1 to 3,999! Below are the numbers for 1-100. 1	C
What is collected by bees?	Quia - Roman Numerals 1-100 Hangman: Guess the letters in a hidden word or phrase. Roman Numerals 1-100 Practice with Roman Numerals from 1 to 100. This activity is provided by Roman-Numerals.org . Come and find more to play! Tools	i don't know
Who was the first woman to reach the summit of Mt. Everest?	The first woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest, The First Female to scale Mount Everest Home > China Travel Guide > Mount Everest The First Woman to Reach the Summit of Mount Everest Junko Tabei, a Japanese mountaineer, is the first woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest. She climbed to the top on May 16, 1975. Early Expeditions When Tabei studied in Showa Women's University, she had already been a member of the Mountain Climbing Club. After she got the English literature degree and graduated from University, she formed the "Ladies Climbing Club: Japan (LCC)" in 1969. Before climbing Mount Everest, she climbed Mount Fuji, Matterhorn in Swiss Alps and other mountains. Tabei was recognized as a mountain climber in Japan in 1972. Climbing Mount Everest Nihon Television and Yomiuri newspaper joint to sent an all-woman team to attempt an Everest expedition. They selected 15 women from hundreds of applicants, Tabei was one of them. They had trained for a long period, and began to climb in 1975. There are 9 Sherpa guide with them. The route they used was the same one Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay took in 1953. It was in early May. With the help of the nine Sherpa guide, they began the expedition. Unfortunately, only a few days later, they came across and avalanche, and the 9 guides and all the climbers were buried under the snow. A guide dug Tabei out when she was unconscious for several minutes. But the avalanche did not beat her down. 12 days later, Tabei became the first woman set on the summit of Mount Everest. “The mountain teaches me a lot of things. It makes me realize how trivial my personal problems are,” she said. “It also teaches me that life should not be taken for granted.” The Seven Summits Tabei had scaled Junko Tabei is also known as the first female to scale the “Seven Summits”, which are the highest mountains separating on seven continents. Mount Everest, world’s highest mountain, 8848m (29,029 ft), on the border of China’s Tibet and Nepal Denali, or Mount Mckinley, highest mountain in North America, 6193m (20,320ft), in night the temperature go down to -40℃ Elbrus, an inactive volcano in Russia, 5642m (18,442 ft) above the sea level Aconcagua, a part of Andes in South America, 6959m (22,841ft) above the sea level Carstensz Pyramid, in Indonesia, 4883.4m (16,023ft) above the sea level Kilimanjaro, located in Tanzania of Africa, with a height of 5963m (15,092 ft) Vinson Massif, in Antarctica, with a height of 4892m (16,050 ft)	Junko Tabei
Which Python was appointed Rector of St. Andrews University in 1971?	Everest Timeline Everest Timeline A chronology of the world's highest peak by Borgna Brunner 1996–Present 1852 The Great Trigonometrical Survey of India establishes that "Peak XV" in the Himalayas is the highest mountain in the world. 1865 Called Chomolungma in Tibet and Sagarmatha in Nepal , the world's highest mountain is named after Sir George Everest , the British Surveyor General from 1830-1843. 1920 The 13th Dalai Lama opens Tibet to foreigners. British reconnaissance party leaves Darjeeling to explore a route to Mt. Everest from the Tibetan side. 1921 First attempt to climb Mt. Everest made by a British team which included George Mallory . 1922 The first recorded deaths on Everest occur when seven Sherpa porters, part of a British expedition, die in an avalanche. 1924 George Mallory , 38, and Andrew Irvine, 22, disappear on their way to the summit. They were last spotted by a member of the expedition, who reported they "were going strong for the top." Whether they reached the summit remains a mystery. 1952 Swiss climber Raymond Lambert and renowned Sherpa climber Tenzing Norgay almost make it to the South Summit before turning back. 1953 First summit of Everest accomplished by Edmund Hillary , New Zealand , for the British Commonwealth , and Tenzing Norgay, a Sherpa from India. Neither will ever acknowledge which of them was technically the first. 1955 The height of Mt. Everest is adjusted by 26 feet to 29,028 feet (8,848 m) from the original measurements of the 1852 Great Trigonometrical Survey of India. 1963 The first American, James Whittaker, summits Everest. 1975 Junko Tabei (Japan) becomes the first woman to summit. 1978 Reinhold Messner ( Italy ) and Peter Habeler ( Austria ) make the first ascent without supplemental oxygen. 1980 Reinhold Messner makes the first solo ascent of Everest (also without supplemental oxygen). 1996 15 climbers died on Everest — the most casualties in a single year. 1999 George Mallory's body is found by a search expedition at 27,000 feet. Searchers had hoped to find a camera that might contain photos of Mallory and Irvine on the summit or some other proof that they were the first to summit Everest, but no evidence is found. On May 5 a team of nine made satellite observations at the summit of Everest. On Nov. 11, the revised official elevation of Everest is announced by the National Geographic Society to be 29,035 feet (8,850 meters). 2000 142 climbers make it to the summit—the most ever in a single year. 2001 American Erik Weihenmayer becomes the first blind person to reach Everest's top. 2003 At 70, Japanese climber Yuichiro Miura becomes the oldest person ever to reach Everest's summit, and a 15-year-old Sherpa girl, Ming Kipa, becomes the youngest. 2006 Appa Sherpa climbs Everest for the 16th time, breaking his own record for being the person who has climbed Everest the most. He first summited in 1989. Takao Arayama displaces Yuichiro Miura's record and becomes the oldest Everest climber at 70 years, 7 months, and 13 days. Miura was 70 years, 7 months, and 10 days. 2007 The first cellphone call is made from the top of Everest by Rod Baber, a British climber. "It's cold, it's fantastic, and the Himalayas are everywhere," he said in the call. Katsusuke Yanagisawa, 71, becomes the oldest person to scale Everest, beating the previous record set by Takao Arayama, 70, in 2006. He is the third Japanese in recent years to set a record as the oldest Everest climber. Clare O'Leary becomes the first Irishwoman to summit Everest and Pat Falvey becomes the first Irishman to summit from both the Nepalese and Tibetan sides. 2008 On May 8, the Olympic torch was carried by climbers to the “roof of the world,” reaching the 29,035 foot summit of Mount Everest at 0920 local time. During the ascent, Tibetan women were the first and last to carry the torch. On May 22, Apa, a veteran Sherpa guide, climbed to the top of Mount Everest for the 18th time at age 47, beating his own record for the most summits of the world's tallest mountain. Nepali national Min Bahadur Sherchan, 76, became the oldest person to summit Everest on May 25. 2009 The May 2009 climbing season witnessed the 19th successful trip for Apa Sherpa as a member of the Eco Everest Expedition, while Dave Hahn of Taos, New Mexico reached a milestone when he summited for the 11th time, the most for a non-Sherpa. 2010 Apa Sherpa broke his own world record and reached the summit of Mt. Everest for the 20th time on 22 May 2010. On May 22, Jordan Romero, a 13-year-old from California, became the youngest person to summit Everest. 2011 The mountain claimed its first climber on May 9; Shailendra Kumar Upadhyay, 81, an ex-foreign minister from Nepal died during his attempt to become the oldest summiter of the great mountain. Apa Sherpa again broke his own world record and reached the summit of Mt. Everest for the 21st time on 11 May 2011. On May 21, John Delaney, 41, from Kilcock, Co Kildare, became the first Irishman to die on Mt. Everest—just 50m from the summit, and only days after his wife gave birth to their third child. 2012 Japan's Tamae Watanabe, 73, became the oldest woman to reach the summit of Mt. Everest on May 19, 2012. She successfully climbed Everest in 2002 at age 63. 2013 The estimated 600 summits in the spring of 2013 brought the total estimated summits to 6,800. Phurba Tashi joined Apa Sherpa in the record books with 21 summits. On May 23, Japanese Miura Yiuchiro became the oldest person to summit at age 80. 2014 Sixteen Sherpa guides die in an avalanche in April. They were fixing ropes for climbers at an elevation of 19,000 feet when the avalanche hit. It is the single most deadly accident on Everest. After the incident, dozens of Sherpa guides walked off the job in protest over the Nepalese government's response to the tragedy. The government pledged a relief sum of around $400 to the families of the guides who died in the avalanche. The Sherpa guides were angered by the relief sum, calling it an insult. 2015 On April 25, 2015, at least 22 people die and dozens are injured in an avalanche triggered by a magnitude-7.8 earthquake in central Nepal. It is the deadliest avalanche ever recorded on Mount Everest and devastates the country—killing 8,500 nationwide. For the first time in 41 years, there are no summits. 2016 The climbers are back on the mountain, including two Iraq war veterans who lost right legs to roadside bombs, hoping to become the first combat amputees to reach the top of Mount Everest. According to Everest statistics compiler Alan Arnette, it currently costs an average $45,000 to climb Everest, but depending on customization and route choices, the price tag can be as high as $85,000. Related Links	i don't know
"Jack Warner used to start what programme by saying ""Evenin all""?"	Police told to avoid saying 'evenin' all' - Telegraph Law and Order Police told to avoid saying 'evenin' all' Police have been urged to avoid using greetings such as "evening" and "afternoon", because the words are "somewhat subjective" and could cause confusion among those from different cultural backgrounds. Jack Warner in Dixon Of Dock Green By Jasper Copping 9:30PM BST 24 Oct 2009 The official guidance means the salutation "evenin' all", which marked the start of each episode of Dixon of Dock Green, could be under threat. The instructions form part of lengthy guidelines issued by police forces and fire services across the UK on what language their staff should use. Critics have accused the guides of "lacking common sense". Other words now discouraged include, "businessman", "housewives" and "child", which the organisations argue have negative connotations and could cause offence. Confusingly, staff are also barred from using the word "homosexual", for which they are instructed to use the term "gay", while they are warned against using the phrase "straight", and told to say "heterosexual". The instructions have emerged in response to a Freedom of Information request to police forces and fire services about the guidance they give their staff on their use of language. One force urging caution over the use of "evening", is Warwickshire Police. Related Articles Are you a Lenny Henry? 12 Dec 2010 Under a section entitled "Communication, Some Do's & Don'ts", in its "Policing Our Communities" handbook, it gives advice to officers on communicating with people from different ethnic groups. It states: "Don't assume those words for the time of day, such as afternoon or evening have the same meaning." A spokesman added: "Terms such as 'afternoon' and 'evening' are somewhat subjective in meaning and can vary according to a person's culture or nationality. In many cultures the term evening is linked to time of day when people have their main meal of the day. "In some countries including the UK, the evening meal time is traditionally thought of as being around 5-7pm but this might be different say for a family say from America who might have their main meal earlier and thus for them 'evening ' may be an earlier time. "The point is there is an element of subjectivity leading to a variation between cultures that we need to be aware of – taking steps as far as possible to ensure our communication is effective in serving the public." A number of organisations, among them Essex Police and Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service, now instruct staff to avoid the phrases "child, youth or youngster". The 52-page guide used by both organisations states that such phrases could have "connotations of inexperience, impetuosity, and unreliability or even dishonesty". It also states that addressing someone as "boy" or "girl" "may cause offence". Instead, officers and firemen are instructed to use the phrase "young people". The same guide also warns against the phrases "manning the phones", "layman's terms" and "the tax man", for "making women invisible". The Metropolitan Police warns its staff about "common errors" to watch out for in their language. It says "homosexual" should be avoided and "gay" used, but that "straight" should not be used and "heterosexual" should. "Homosexual" should only be used in connection with legislation, according to the force. London Fire Brigade instructs its staff not to use the terms "businessmen" or "housewives", because it says they "reinforce outdated stereotypes". For the same reason, it tells workers not to call themselves "firemen" – they are "firefighters". Other organisations have discouraged using the terms "postmen" and "binmen". Marie Clair, spokeswoman for the Plain English Campaign, said: "I have never heard of anyone being confused as to what part of the day it is. When the police need absolute accuracy over when something happened, then I am sure they use the exact time. There comes a point when common sense must prevail." She also criticised the decision to avoid phrases like "child" and "youth". "Do you call a two-year-old a young person? Surely we can get greater accuracy in the language we already use, which is non-offensive," she added.	Dixon of Dock Green
Which TV character's catch phrase was' Boom Boom'?	Police told to avoid saying 'evenin' all' - Telegraph Law and Order Police told to avoid saying 'evenin' all' Police have been urged to avoid using greetings such as "evening" and "afternoon", because the words are "somewhat subjective" and could cause confusion among those from different cultural backgrounds. Jack Warner in Dixon Of Dock Green By Jasper Copping 9:30PM BST 24 Oct 2009 The official guidance means the salutation "evenin' all", which marked the start of each episode of Dixon of Dock Green, could be under threat. The instructions form part of lengthy guidelines issued by police forces and fire services across the UK on what language their staff should use. Critics have accused the guides of "lacking common sense". Other words now discouraged include, "businessman", "housewives" and "child", which the organisations argue have negative connotations and could cause offence. Confusingly, staff are also barred from using the word "homosexual", for which they are instructed to use the term "gay", while they are warned against using the phrase "straight", and told to say "heterosexual". The instructions have emerged in response to a Freedom of Information request to police forces and fire services about the guidance they give their staff on their use of language. One force urging caution over the use of "evening", is Warwickshire Police. Related Articles Are you a Lenny Henry? 12 Dec 2010 Under a section entitled "Communication, Some Do's & Don'ts", in its "Policing Our Communities" handbook, it gives advice to officers on communicating with people from different ethnic groups. It states: "Don't assume those words for the time of day, such as afternoon or evening have the same meaning." A spokesman added: "Terms such as 'afternoon' and 'evening' are somewhat subjective in meaning and can vary according to a person's culture or nationality. In many cultures the term evening is linked to time of day when people have their main meal of the day. "In some countries including the UK, the evening meal time is traditionally thought of as being around 5-7pm but this might be different say for a family say from America who might have their main meal earlier and thus for them 'evening ' may be an earlier time. "The point is there is an element of subjectivity leading to a variation between cultures that we need to be aware of – taking steps as far as possible to ensure our communication is effective in serving the public." A number of organisations, among them Essex Police and Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service, now instruct staff to avoid the phrases "child, youth or youngster". The 52-page guide used by both organisations states that such phrases could have "connotations of inexperience, impetuosity, and unreliability or even dishonesty". It also states that addressing someone as "boy" or "girl" "may cause offence". Instead, officers and firemen are instructed to use the phrase "young people". The same guide also warns against the phrases "manning the phones", "layman's terms" and "the tax man", for "making women invisible". The Metropolitan Police warns its staff about "common errors" to watch out for in their language. It says "homosexual" should be avoided and "gay" used, but that "straight" should not be used and "heterosexual" should. "Homosexual" should only be used in connection with legislation, according to the force. London Fire Brigade instructs its staff not to use the terms "businessmen" or "housewives", because it says they "reinforce outdated stereotypes". For the same reason, it tells workers not to call themselves "firemen" – they are "firefighters". Other organisations have discouraged using the terms "postmen" and "binmen". Marie Clair, spokeswoman for the Plain English Campaign, said: "I have never heard of anyone being confused as to what part of the day it is. When the police need absolute accuracy over when something happened, then I am sure they use the exact time. There comes a point when common sense must prevail." She also criticised the decision to avoid phrases like "child" and "youth". "Do you call a two-year-old a young person? Surely we can get greater accuracy in the language we already use, which is non-offensive," she added.	i don't know
Which Royal's Birthday is June 10th?	Gert's Royals: British Royal Birthdays British Royal Birthdays 9th Duchess Catherine of Cambridge 15th Princess Michael of Kent 20th Countess Sophie of Wessex February 19th Prince Andrew, Duke of York 22nd Duchess of Kent 10th Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex 23rd Princess Eugenie of York April 9th Charles and Camilla's Wedding Anniversary 21st Queen Elizabeth II 29th William and Catherine's Wedding Anniversary May 2nd Princess Charlotte of Cambridge June 10th Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 20th Duchess of Gloucester 21st Prince William, Duke of Cambridge July 4th Prince Michael of Kent 17th Duchess Camilla of Cornwall 22nd Prince George of Cambridge August 8th Princess Beatrice of York 15th Princess Anne, Princess Royal 26th Duke of Gloucester 15th Prince Henry ("Harry") of Wales October 15th Duchess Sarah of York November 8th Lady Louise Windsor (Wessex) 14th Prince Charles, Prince of Wales 20th Elizabeth and Phillip's Wedding Anniversary December 18th Viscount James Severn (Wessex) 25th Princess Alexandra of Kent at	Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Where is Karl Marx buried?	Royal Birthdays & Anniversaries: June 5 – June 11 \| Unofficial Royalty Unofficial Royalty The Site for Royal News and Discussion Menu Royal Birthdays & Anniversaries: June 5 – June 11 Princess Astrid of Belgium; Photo Credit – Wikipedia 54th birthday of Princess Astrid of Belgium, daughter of King Albert II of Belgium; born at the Château de Belvédère in Laeken, Belgium on June 5, 1962 Full name: Astrid Joséphine-Charlotte Fabrizia Elisabeth Paola Maria ***************************************************************** Princess Tatjana of Liechtenstein and Philipp von Lattorff, Photo Credit – goddesssaintnoblewomannun.blogspot.com 17th wedding anniversary of Princess Tatjana of Liechtenstein and Philipp von Lattorff; married at the Cathedral of St. Florin in Vaduz, Liechtenstein on June 5, 1999 *************************************************************** King Albert II of the Belgians, Photo Credit – www.zimbio.com 82nd birthday of King Albert II of Belgium; born at Stuyvenberg Castle, Belgium on June 6, 1934 Full name: Albert Félix Humbert Théodore Chrétien Eugène Marie ********************************************************************* Prince Joachim of Denmark; Photo Credit – Wikipedia 47th birthday of Prince Joachim of Denmark, son of Queen Margrethe II of Denmark; born in Copenhagen, Denmark on June 7, 1969 Full name: Joachim Holger Valdemar Christian ********************************************************************* Princess Theodora of Greece with her brother Prince Philippos; Photo Credit – www.zimbio.com 33rd birthday of Princess Theodora of Greece, daughter of King Constantine II of Greece; born in London on June 9, 1983 ********************************************************************* Crown Prince Naruhito of Japan and Masako Owada, Photo Credit – www.answers.com 23rd wedding anniversary of Crown Prince Naruhito of Japan and Masako Owada; married at the Imperial Shinto Hall in Tokyo on June 9, 1993 View image \| gettyimages.com 35th birthday of Prince Hashim bin Al Hussein of Jordan, son of King Hussein of Jordan and his fourth wife Queen Noor; born in Amman, Jordan on June 10, 1981 ********************************************************************* Princess Madeleine of Sweden, Photo Credit – www.zimbio.com 34th birthday of Princess Madeleine of Sweden, daughter of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden; born at Drottningholm Palace on June 10, 1982 Full name: Madeleine Thérèse Amelie Josephine *********************************************************************** King Abdullah II of Jordan and Rania al-Yasin; Photo Credit – www.hellomagazine.com 23rd wedding anniversary of King Abdullah II of Jordan and Rania al-Yasin; married in Amman, Jordan on June 10, 1993	i don't know
Capulet and Montague are the family names of which well known characters?	SparkNotes: Romeo and Juliet: Character List Romeo and Juliet Plot Overview Analysis of Major Characters Romeo - The son and heir of Montague and Lady Montague. A young man of about sixteen, Romeo is handsome, intelligent, and sensitive. Though impulsive and immature, his idealism and passion make him an extremely likable character. He lives in the middle of a violent feud between his family and the Capulets, but he is not at all interested in violence. His only interest is love. At the beginning of the play he is madly in love with a woman named Rosaline, but the instant he lays eyes on Juliet, he falls in love with her and forgets Rosaline. Thus, Shakespeare gives us every reason to question how real Romeo’s new love is, but Romeo goes to extremes to prove the seriousness of his feelings. He secretly marries Juliet, the daughter of his father’s worst enemy; he happily takes abuse from Tybalt; and he would rather die than live without his beloved. Romeo is also an affectionate and devoted friend to his relative Benvolio, Mercutio, and Friar Lawrence. Read an in-depth analysis of Romeo. Juliet - The daughter of Capulet and Lady Capulet. A beautiful thirteen-year-old girl, Juliet begins the play as a naïve child who has thought little about love and marriage, but she grows up quickly upon falling in love with Romeo, the son of her family’s great enemy. Because she is a girl in an aristocratic family, she has none of the freedom Romeo has to roam around the city, climb over walls in the middle of the night, or get into swordfights. Nevertheless, she shows amazing courage in trusting her entire life and future to Romeo, even refusing to believe the worst reports about him after he gets involved in a fight with her cousin. Juliet’s closest friend and confidant is her nurse, though she’s willing to shut the Nurse out of her life the moment the Nurse turns against Romeo. Read an in-depth analysis of Juliet. Friar Lawrence - A Franciscan friar, friend to both Romeo and Juliet. Kind, civic-minded, a proponent of moderation, and always ready with a plan, Friar Lawrence secretly marries the impassioned lovers in hopes that the union might eventually bring peace to Verona. As well as being a Catholic holy man, Friar Lawrence is also an expert in the use of seemingly mystical potions and herbs. Read an in-depth analysis of Friar Lawrence. Mercutio - A kinsman to the Prince, and Romeo’s close friend. One of the most extraordinary characters in all of Shakespeare’s plays, Mercutio overflows with imagination, wit, and, at times, a strange, biting satire and brooding fervor. Mercutio loves wordplay, especially sexual double entendres. He can be quite hotheaded, and hates people who are affected, pretentious, or obsessed with the latest fashions. He finds Romeo’s romanticized ideas about love tiresome, and tries to convince Romeo to view love as a simple matter of sexual appetite. Read an in-depth analysis of Mercutio. The Nurse - Juliet’s nurse, the woman who breast-fed Juliet when she was a baby and has cared for Juliet her entire life. A vulgar, long-winded, and sentimental character, the Nurse provides comic relief with her frequently inappropriate remarks and speeches. But, until a disagreement near the play’s end, the Nurse is Juliet’s faithful confidante and loyal intermediary in Juliet’s affair with Romeo. She provides a contrast with Juliet, given that her view of love is earthy and sexual, whereas Juliet is idealistic and intense. The Nurse believes in love and wants Juliet to have a nice-looking husband, but the idea that Juliet would want to sacrifice herself for love is incomprehensible to her. Tybalt - A Capulet, Juliet’s cousin on her mother’s side. Vain, fashionable, supremely aware of courtesy and the lack of it, he becomes aggressive, violent, and quick to draw his sword when he feels his pride has been injured. Once drawn, his sword is something to be feared. He loathes Montagues. Capulet - The patriarch of the Capulet family, father of Juliet, husband of Lady Capulet, and enemy, for unexplained reasons, of Montague. He truly loves his daughter, though he is not well acquainted with Juliet’s thoughts or feelings, and seems to think that what is best for her is a “good” match with Paris. Often prudent, he commands respect and propriety, but he is liable to fly into a rage when either is lacking. Lady Capulet - Juliet’s mother, Capulet’s wife. A woman who herself married young (by her own estimation she gave birth to Juliet at close to the age of fourteen), she is eager to see her daughter marry Paris. She is an ineffectual mother, relying on the Nurse for moral and pragmatic support. Montague - Romeo’s father, the patriarch of the Montague clan and bitter enemy of Capulet. At the beginning of the play, he is chiefly concerned about Romeo’s melancholy. Lady Montague - Romeo’s mother, Montague’s wife. She dies of grief after Romeo is exiled from Verona. Paris - A kinsman of the Prince, and the suitor of Juliet most preferred by Capulet. Once Capulet has promised him he can marry Juliet, he behaves very presumptuous toward her, acting as if they are already married. Benvolio - Montague’s nephew, Romeo’s cousin and thoughtful friend, he makes a genuine effort to defuse violent scenes in public places, though Mercutio accuses him of having a nasty temper in private. He spends most of the play trying to help Romeo get his mind off Rosaline, even after Romeo has fallen in love with Juliet. Prince Escalus - The Prince of Verona. A kinsman of Mercutio and Paris. As the seat of political power in Verona, he is concerned about maintaining the public peace at all costs. Friar John - A Franciscan friar charged by Friar Lawrence with taking the news of Juliet’s false death to Romeo in Mantua. Friar John is held up in a quarantined house, and the message never reaches Romeo. Balthasar - Romeo’s dedicated servant, who brings Romeo the news of Juliet’s death, unaware that her death is a ruse. Sampson & Gregory - Two servants of the house of Capulet, who, like their master, hate the Montagues. At the outset of the play, they successfully provoke some Montague men into a fight. Abram - Montague’s servant, who fights with Sampson and Gregory in the first scene of the play. The Apothecary - An apothecary in Mantua. Had he been wealthier, he might have been able to afford to value his morals more than money, and refused to sell poison to Romeo. Peter - A Capulet servant who invites guests to Capulet’s feast and escorts the Nurse to meet with Romeo. He is illiterate, and a bad singer. Rosaline - The woman with whom Romeo is infatuated at the beginning of the play. Rosaline never appears onstage, but it is said by other characters that she is very beautiful and has sworn to live a life of chastity. The Chorus - The Chorus is a single character who, as developed in Greek drama, functions as a narrator offering commentary on the play’s plot and themes.	Romeo and Juliet
Known throughout the world as 'Dame Edna Everage' What was the comics real name?	Romeo and Juliet Page -- mrdclassroom.com Juliet's father, and head of the family bearing his name, rivals to the Montague clan. He is quick-tempered and impetuous but is initially reluctant to consent to Juliet's marriage with Paris because Juliet is so young. Later, he changes his mind and angrily demands that Juliet obey his wishes. The deaths of Romeo and Juliet reconcile Capulet and Montague. His humorous involvement in the wedding preparations does not restore him to our affections, nor does his cursory and somewhat stilted mourning when he believes Juliet dead. Only at the end of the play, when his daughter is actually dead, can we again find him humanly sympathetic. A noble young kinsman to the Prince. Paris is well-mannered and attractive and hopes to marry Juliet. Romeo fights and kills Paris at the Capulet tomb when Paris thinks that Romeo has come to desecrate the bodes of Tybalt and Juliet. He is closely juxtaposed with Romeo throughout the play. Though no villain, Paris is nonetheless an agent of the world that opposes the private universe of the lovers, and this is indicated by the staid and predictable behavior and speech. His sentiments are those of the conventionally poetic lover, the type of lover Romeo was before he met Juliet. In his final appearance, this well-meaning but vapid gentleman declares his grief in a formal sestet that is reminiscent of Romeo's word play in Act I. Paris honorably opposes Romeo, who he believes to be desecrating a tomb, but dies without comprehending, or even seeing, his rival's passion. Verona . The Prince is a representative of civil order, an important ideal for Shakespeare. The prince appears three times in the play, first describing the feud between Montague and Capulet; next, banishing Romeo, thereby precipitating the climax of the play; rather too late, he states a principle of statecraft that has been too little observed in Verona : "Mercy but murders, pardoning those that kill..." (3.1.199). At the close he summarizes the fateful resolution of the feud, accepting blame "for winking at...discords" (5.3.293). This acknowledgment of the state's responsibility for order reflects the playwright's interest in the civic as well as the purely personal ramifications of tragedy. This theme recurs throughout Shakespeare's works. Day 1 ï¿½ Sunday: Act I, Scene 1ï¿½Act II, Scene 2 As the play begins, a long-standing feud between the Montague and Capulet families continues to disrupt the peace of Verona , a city in northern Italy . A brawl between the servants of the feuding households prompts the Prince to threaten both sides to keep the peace on pain of death. Benvolio advises his lovesick friend Romeo, (son of Montague), to abandon his unrequited love for Rosaline and seek another. That night, Capulet holds a masked ball to encourage a courtship between his daughter, Juliet, and Paris, a relative of the Prince. Concealing their identities behind masks, Romeo and Benvolio go to the ball, where Romeo and Juliet fall in love at first sight, but at the end of the evening discover their identities as members of the opposed families. On his way home from the feast, Romeo climbs into Capulet's orchard to glimpse Juliet again. Juliet appears at her balcony and the couple exchange vows of love, agreeing to marry the next day. Day 2 ï¿½ Monday: Act II, Scene 3ï¿½Act III, Scene 4 Romeo asks Friar Laurence to perform the marriage ceremony. Though initially reluctant, he finally agrees, hoping to reconcile the families, and marries Romeo and Juliet that afternoon. Meanwhile, Tybalt, Juliet's cousin, sends Romeo a challenge to a duel. Romeo refuses to fight when Tybalt confronts him because they're now related. However, Mercutio, Romeo's quick-tempered friend, intervenes and accepts the challenge. Romeo tries to part the other two as they fight, but Mercutio is fatally wounded under Romeo's arm. To avenge Mercutio's death, Romeo kills Tybalt and then flees. The Prince announces Romeo's banishment for Tybalt's murder. Romeo, in hiding at the Friar's cell, becomes hysterical at the news of his sentence and tries to kill himself, but the Friar promises to make Romeo's marriage to Juliet public and gain the Prince's pardon. Romeo and Juliet celebrate their wedding night before he leaves at dawn for Mantua Day 3 ï¿½ Tuesday: Act III, Scene 5ï¿½Act IV, Scene 3 That morning, Juliet discovers that her father has arranged for her to marry Paris on Thursday. The Capulets, unaware that Juliet is grieving for Romeo's exile rather than Tybalt's death, believe the wedding will distract her from mourning. Distressed at the prospect of a false marriage and isolated from her family, Juliet seeks advice from Friar Laurence, who offers her a sleeping potion to make her appear dead for 42 hours. During this time, the Friar will send a message to Romeo in Mantua so that Romeo can return to Verona in time for Juliet to awake. Juliet returns home and agrees to marry Paris . In a moment of euphoria, Capulet brings the wedding forward from Thursday to Wednesday, thereby forcing Juliet to take the potion that night and reducing the time for the message to reach Romeo. Day 4 ï¿½ Wednesday: Act IV, Scene 4ï¿½Act V, Scene 2 Early on Wednesday morning, Juliet's seemingly lifeless body is discovered and she is placed in the family tomb. Because an outbreak of the plague prevents the Friar's messenger from leaving Verona , Romeo now receives news of Juliet's death instead. Desperate, Romeo buys poison from an apothecary and returns to Verona . Late that night, Romeo enters the Capulet tomb, but is confronted by Paris, whom he fights and kills. Still unaware that Juliet is in fact alive, Romeo takes the poison and dies. The Friar, arriving too late, discovers the bodies as Juliet begins to stir. He begs her to leave with him, but Juliet refuses, and then stabs herself with Romeo's dagger. Day 5 ï¿½ Thursday: Act V, Scene 3 As dawn breaks, the Watch arrives, closely followed by the Prince, who demands a full inquiry into what has happened. The two families then arrive, and the Friar comes forward to explain the tragic sequence of events. The deaths of Romeo and Juliet finally bring the feud to an end as Montague and Capulet join hands in peace. Questions 1) Love manifests itself in a multitude of ways in the play. Compare and contrast Romeo's love for Rosaline with Romeo's love for Juliet. Consider love as it exists in the Capulet household. How does love operate between Lord and Lady Capulet, Juliet, the Nurse, and Tybalt? 2) Some readers consider the final scene in which both Romeo and Juliet die to be triumphant. In addition to the families being reconciled, how is the final scene triumphant? 3) Consider Lord Capulet's personality. How do his moods change and why? How does these mood swings affect Juliet, and how do they affect the course of the play? 4) Compare and contrast Romeo's reaction to the news of his banishment with Juliet's reaction. 5) Examine the role of Escalus, the Prince, as the play's figure of authority. How far is he to blame for what happens? 6) Some critics have said that Shakespeare had to kill Mercutio as he was becoming such a compelling characters that he detracted from Romeo and Juliet. Do you agree? Why or why not? 7) Light in its various forms recurrs throughout the play. How does light mirror the action? How does the author use light to describe the characters and the changes they undergo? 8) As the Friar picks his herbs, he tells us that nature's tomb is also her womb and that what dies gives birth to new life. How do the Friar's words anticipate upcoming events? Do you think that the Friar proactively creates events that follow, or does he react to situations that are beyond his control? Explain. 9) Juliet is a very young girl; however, she shoulders a great deal of responsibility and manages a series of very difficult situations. Discuss Juliet's maturity level and compare it to Romeo's. Compare Juliet early in the play with Juliet later in the play. How has she changed? When did she change? Why did those changes occur? 10) The first Prologue describes Romeo and Juliet as, "A pair of star-cross'd lovers." Examine the way Shakespeare uses cosmic imagery in the play to emphasize the connection between Romeo and Juliet and their tragic deaths. 11) Shakespeare makes the plot of Romeo and Juliet rely on the delivery of crucial messages. Explain the importance of these various messages and the problems with the messengers. 12) Dreams often play an important part in Shakespearean dramas. At several points in the play, the characters have dreams. Sometimes they interpret them correctly, and other times they don't. Discuss these instances and how the characters' reactions to those dreams affect the action in the play. How do the characters interpret or misinterpret their dreams? 13) The feud between the families seems to be an ever-present concern for the characters. How does the feud drive the action of the play. How do the various characters manifest the feud?	i don't know
Which dictator gave himself the title 'Big Daddy'?	Mad Ugandan dictator's son reveals all about his 'Big Daddy' \| Daily Mail Online Mad Ugandan dictator's son reveals all about his 'Big Daddy' By ADAM LUCK Last updated at 21:02 13 January 2007 The terrified prisoner screams as the large metal hooks are pushed through his chest by Idi Amin's merciless henchmen. The hooks are attached to ropes which are slung over a roof-girder, allowing the bleeding victim to be hoisted off the ground, suspended only by his own skin. Almost unconscious with agony, he is left hanging there, apparently to die. It is one of the more gruesome scenes from The Last King Of Scotland, the acclaimed new film about the Ugandan dictator, and it underlines his barbaric image. Amin died in August 2003, aged 78. He was buried in Saudi Arabia where he had spent the last 24 years of his life in exile, disgrace and silence. He was viewed in the West as a murderous buffoon, a jovial psychopath. In eight bloody years, from 1971 to 1978, his brutal regime has been blamed for the deaths of up to 500,000 people in mass executions and tribal purges. Some political prisoners were forced to kill each other with sledgehammers. His extraordinary physical presence was legendary, as were his unnatural appetites. Rumours of cannibalism swirled around the despot and it was claimed he kept the heads of his most powerful enemies in his fridge. Amin's bloodlust was matched only by his craving for women. He fathered about 60 children - the exact number is unknown - none of whom has ever spoken publicly. Until now. Idi Amin styled himself 'His Excellency President for Life, Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor Idi Amin, VC, DSO, MC, Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Sea, and Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular'. But to Jaffar Amin, the 6ft 4in dictator was known simply as 'Big Daddy'. The 40-year-old English-educated son of the dictator has given The Mail on Sunday the first interview ever granted by a close family member. In doing so he breaks the vow of silence sworn by the Amin clan since they fled Uganda in 1979. Jaffar and some of his siblings were finally allowed to return a decade later. 'This decision has been very difficult for me because my brothers and sisters did not want me to talk publicly about our father', he says from his modest bungalow in the suburbs of the Ugandan capital, Kampala. 'When we left Uganda we fell from the highest of the high, from a position of extravagance and power, to the lowest of the low and it has been very difficult. My family want to keep a low profile but I feel it is time to speak. 'People can call my father a tyrant or a despot but I want to show the human face of absolute power. 'To show that my father was a human being and that, to me, he was and always will be a good father.' Jaffar Amin was born in 1966. That same year Milton Obote, Uganda's first prime minister after the country won independence from Britain, promoted Idi Amin to army chief of staff. 'My mother Marguerite was the sister of my father's first wife, Sarah', says Jaffar. 'She was the wet nurse to Sarah's children, so that's how they met. Although my father did not separate from Sarah then, the relationship between my father and my mother wreaked havoc, even though it was an informal relationship, and after my birth they separated.' At the age of three Jaffar was farmed out to Idi's mother, Aisha. 'She was a very commanding figure,' says Jaffar. 'She called my father 'Awongo' meaning 'the one who cries a lot' because he did as a child. My father loved her completely. He was in awe of her, she was everything to him.' The move to live with his grandmother began a childhood odyssey that would see Jaffar eventually meet dozens of his father's offspring by six marriages and countless mistresses. 'We Africans are polygamous by nature. We accept children from inside and outside matrimony. 'Marriage is not important because in Africa we have a 'Bride Prize' where the parents of a woman who has become pregnant out of wedlock approach the family of the father and ask for compensation, maybe a cow. My father paid a lot of bride prizes in his life.' When Jaffar's grandmother died in 1969, he was left in the care of a number of his father's close military allies. The future president's children were housed in boarding schools in a series of army barracks that would become the scenes of dramatic military attacks - often witnessed by the young Amins. 'One of the schools was close to an armoury, which was the site of a confrontation between troops loyal to my father and the opposition,' Jaffar recalls. 'Everyone was in the dormitory under big metal beds with gunfire raging outside. It was unbelievable for a small kid. 'Our guardian eventually came in and told us everything was fine. The people trying to attack had been forced back. 'We were transferred to another barracks. I suppose you could say our father had put us in danger, but he always had key people to look after his affairs. He made sure we had guardian angels.' Jaffar did not meet Idi face-to-face until 1970, when he was four and his father 45. As with most things in Amin's life, the encounter was bizarre and unsettling. The bewildered boy was ushered into a stately dining room where, at the end of a large ornate table bedecked with finest British silver cutlery, sat a huge bear of a man wearing a multi-coloured African shirt and American khaki trousers. He did not raise his sweat-soaked face from his huge plate of steaming chicken. 'Go on then, taste it,' he commanded the boy in a booming baritone, gesturing to his plate. Jaffar hesitantly raised a forkful to his lips and ate it. Within seconds he was clutching at his throat and gasping for breath: the dish was smothered in searingly hot chilli sauce. His tears of shock and pain were mirrored by those streaming down his father's face: tears of mirth. Idi was convulsed with laughter. He had, Jaffar admits, an 'unusual' sense of humour. Within a year of this meeting Amin had seized power from Obote in a coup and begun his brutal reign. By then Jaffar was being brought up on Nakasero Lodge, another official residence, by his father's second wife, Kay. 'In Africa it is normal to have this extended network of family and friends who you can send your children to,' says Jaffar. 'That was when family life really started for me. My father used to love being massaged by his kids so one of us would take each leg and arm and another would be on his back. 'He was a playful and mischievous man and he was always Big Daddy to us. 'He loved jesting. One of his favourite jokes was to run at people with a spear. They would be shocked to see this huge figure hurtling at them. Then he would throw the spear so it landed at their feet. 'I hated it when people called him a buffoon. I thought of him as like Mohammad Ali he had that same sense of mischief. He was also a great fan of cartoons; he enjoyed slapstick. Tom and Jerry was his favourite.' Amin was particular about his clothes, Jaffar reveals. 'He had a butler to deal exclusively with his wardrobe. He had to have cravats, was obsessed by them. 'I have no idea of the difference between Louis Vuitton, Hermes or Dior, but he could tell at a glance. 'He had Church,s shoes flown in from Britain. He loved anything British, if it was well made.' This passion extended to his car collection which included Land Rovers, Range Rovers and Rolls-Royces. But it was not exclusively British. A Mercedes 300 coupe, a gift from Libya's Muammar Gaddafi, was a particular favourite. Another plaything was an amphibious car. 'He would take his wives or girlfriends out in it and head towards a lake,' says Jaffar. 'The girls would start screaming as they thought they were going to drown, but the car just floated. This tickled my father.' Jaffar was sent to the elite missionary schools to which his father had once been denied access. Idi had been born in about 1925 into a marginal ethnic tribe, the Kakwa, on the Sudan border. Because they were not considered Ugandan, the young Idi was denied formal education and Jaffar believes that resentment later fuelled many of his father's actions. 'He felt Uganda's elitist system denied an equal chance for so many poor children,' he says. 'He would eventually dismantle that social set and put it back together again in the way he wanted.' In 1937, Idi spent time working cutting sugar cane, an unpleasant and difficult job. 'The people who worked there were effectively indentured labour and the people who owned the fields were Asians. 'They did not treat the indigenous Africans well,' says Jaffar. 'This is why my father eventually expelled Asians who refused to take up Ugandan nationality. 'He thought, "I've had enough of this". He threw out more than 80,000.' By 1975, Jaffar, now nine, was enjoying the perks of being the President's son. 'That year my father took us to Angola,' he says. 'It was a really nice day trip. My father was friends with a CIA agent who had new equipment from the US, including planes for our trips. 'We had a shooting range at one of our houses and all us children were taught how to shoot, and how to strip an AK-47. 'My father liked us to compete against each other to see who could dismantle the weapon quickest. My record was nine seconds. 'Dad was a great swimmer and he would tell us, "Whoever can hold his breath underwater for two minutes wins 100 shillings". He said it would help us be good marksmen. 'Basketball was another sport he loved. He would watch films of the Harlem Globetrotters and then organise games with his troops but, although basketball is a non-contact sport, whenever my dad played it ended up being more like a wrestling contest. Things got pretty rough.' Amin's resentment of the West stemmed from his unrequited love for Britain. He had served in the King's African Rifles, a British colonial regiment, attaining the highest possible rank for a black African, effendi. 'My father was a real Anglophile,' says Jaffar. 'He had a love-hate relationship with Britain. He wanted to be a loyal servant, despite his mannerisms. 'Don't forget that he took power with the help of the British. I am an example of what he wanted, because he dumped me in England for my education when we went into exile. 'When he felt rejected by the British Government he focused on Scotland. A lot of the colonial and Army officers early in my father's career were Scottish. 'They were the backbone of the British Empire. My father even offered to help them win secession from the UK.' As Uganda staggered from one bout of bloodletting to another, Amin would take his children out to the provinces in his Mercedes cars. Jaffar remembers his young brothers Moses and Mwanga being dressed in mini military uniforms on these trips, as he donned a safari suit. 'My father was very shrewd. He would take with him his children from local mothers to show his loyalty to the area. He would say, 'This is your child.' But Amin's regime was becoming increasingly paranoid, with Christian ethnic groups being purged from the army in favour of those largely Muslim tribal groups who shared Amin's own background. Even Jaffar was beginning to see the writing on the wall. 'My father sent the people from his own tribe for specialist training abroad, but they would come back from Russia or the United States thinking they were better educated than my father and start getting ideas that they wanted to rule. 'The superpowers started creating tensions between his trusted lieutenants. 'My father stamped down on these coups because he had a very good intelligence service that had been set up by the US and USSR, and before that by the Israelis and the British.' But the conflict was taking its toll and in 1978 Amin ordered the invasion of neighbouring Tanzania while trying to quell a mutiny. The decision would cost him his crown. 'I was in the room when he took the call,' Jaffar recalls. 'He picked up the phone then slammed it down. He looked at me and said, 'They have attacked me again. The Tanzanians. It is a big force this time.' The Tanzanians, helped by Ugandan rebels, eventually toppled Amin in April 1979. As the end approached, Amin became increasingly mistrustful of his commanders. 'A long convoy of fancy cars brought the high command up to a resort in Kampala for a meeting with my father,' says Jaffar. 'He took us up there with him and it was a very tense time. I realised something was wrong because there were hordes of soldiers around whom I did not recognise. 'They were trying to convince him to stand down. He said, 'How can you ask me to do this?' Jaffar and his siblings were sent back to their missionary school outside Kampala, but the advancing Tanzanian forces cut them off. His father eventually despatched a rescue mission. 'I was in my pyjamas when they came into the dormitory,' recalls Jaffar. 'I was not scared. I used to watch The Famous Five. 'It was an adventure. When we got into the truck I was amazed by the amount of military equipment in there. 'In the middle of the night we set off for the Rwandan border, but we broke down in the middle of this national park. We could hear the hyenas laughing in the pitch black.' The following day the convoy made it back to Kampala. 'We could hear the artillery shells in the distance getting closer. It was amazing and there was a sense of disbelief. 'This huge convoy set out from Kampala to Entebbe airport. There I started to realise how many children my father had because he was having 80 seats installed in a plane for us all. 'He was talking to Gaddafi on the phone, telling him, "My children are coming". He wanted to stay on to make his last stand, even though he knew the war was lost.' Instead, Amin fled to Libya where he spent the next 12 months. But he was restless. Jaffar says: ' We had come from absolute power to almost nothing. My father felt like the man who was once a corporate executive in New York but was now retired in Florida and had only the fishing to look forward to. 'Although Gaddafi was most generous, my father eventually felt betrayed by his socialist agenda and felt he could not trust him. Instead he began to talk about going to Saudi Arabia.' In 1972 Amin took up a Saudi offer of refuge. The Saudis feared his dreadful reputation was damaging the image of Islam and hoped that if he was based in their country they could guarantee his silence. Jaffar went with his father and remembers the luxury well. 'There was marble everywhere in our 15-room house,' he says. 'My father was paid $30,000 a month by the Saudis. He had more than 30 of us kids with him and he would tell us, 'You have to liberate Uganda with the fedayeen [Islamic soldiers]. All his children were given commando training.' When not plotting coups, Amin indulged his other great passion: shopping. 'He loved to shop,' says Jaffar. 'He would go down to Safeway - that was his favourite - and all the kids would grab a shopping trolley and pile them high with goods. The Lebanese security guards would stare at us in disbelief.' Already a bear of a man, Amin allowed himself to become even fatter in exile. 'It became an issue because our family suffers from arthritis,' says Jaffar. 'It put a lot of strain on his ankles and knees.' 'My father was fond of pizza and loved meat but his favourite was Kentucky Fried Chicken. In Jeddah, he loved us to go as a family to fast-food restaurants.' Amin also spent a lot of time playing the accordion. 'He played mainly Scottish military music as he was in a Highlanders band in the Fifties,' says Jaffar. Exile afforded him the opportunity to take stock of his life, 'but I do not believe he would express remorse or regret,' says his son. 'He would put it this way, 'The people will appreciate what I was trying to do for the indigenous African. He was not defensive. He was simply saying, 'God will be my judge.' 'Absolute power destroyed his good intentions. He could make any decision because there was no one to advise him. That is where this nonsense about the Hitler of Africa stems from. 'Uganda was elitist, and the elite left under my father's rule because they did not feel safe. The peasants took over but were not trained enough to deal with the situation.' Instead, the great and the good of Uganda were murdered with impunity - a fact that appears to escape Jaffar, who dismisses estimates that 500,000 people died under Amin's regime. 'These figures do not add up,' he claims. 'My father would say they were propaganda. No one has ever produced lists of all these people who are supposed to have died. Why? 'My father felt he was serving his people but the elite felt he was taking away their privilege and they fought back. It was not a picnic. They wanted him out and chose a guerrilla insurgency to do it.' The Amins paid a heavy price, says Jaffar. 'Exile is hell. I have taken a culture on board that is more English than Ugandan. I cannot even speak my father's tongue.' Jaffar's exile ended in 1990 when he returned to Uganda. Many of his siblings have chosen to live abroad, often shunning their father's name. Now a father of five, Jaffar is editing a book of his father's thoughts in a bid to improve Idi's reputation. He recently gave up his job as a logistics manager and is now using the rich baritone he inherited from his father to find work as a voice-over artist for advertisements. During the Eighties, he lived in the UK, studying for O- and A-levels in London and Leicester. He says he was discreet about his identity while in Britain. 'I did not go out of my way to make it known who I was. I used to enjoy going to the cinema,' he says. 'I loved film. That's one of the reasons why I will be going to see The Last King Of Scotland.' The film, which stars Oscar-tipped Forest Whitaker as Amin and James McAvoy as his Scottish adviser Nicholas Garrigan, opened in Britain last week. Garrigan is loosely based on Robert Astles, Amin's British-born right-hand man whose privileged position did not prevent Amin ordering his death whenever he tired of his company. Jaffar remembers Astles well. 'He was a watcher, a control freak,' he says. 'I don't believe my father ordered Astles's death. They were chums. 'Actually I think Astles was MI6, briefed to do whatever was necessary to protect British interests. However, in a way, I have a lot of respect for him. He stayed the course. 'But I wish the film-makers had stuck to the facts rather than fiction. Forest Whitaker should have talked to me about my father. 'Maybe then they could have made a documentary reflecting the facts rather than perpetuating the stereotypes. 'It is so easy to make my father a simple caricature but he was a complex man.'	Idi Amin
"Which comedian's usual farewell was ""Goodnight, good luck and may your God go with you""?"	Mad Ugandan dictator's son reveals all about his 'Big Daddy' \| Daily Mail Online Mad Ugandan dictator's son reveals all about his 'Big Daddy' By ADAM LUCK Last updated at 21:02 13 January 2007 The terrified prisoner screams as the large metal hooks are pushed through his chest by Idi Amin's merciless henchmen. The hooks are attached to ropes which are slung over a roof-girder, allowing the bleeding victim to be hoisted off the ground, suspended only by his own skin. Almost unconscious with agony, he is left hanging there, apparently to die. It is one of the more gruesome scenes from The Last King Of Scotland, the acclaimed new film about the Ugandan dictator, and it underlines his barbaric image. Amin died in August 2003, aged 78. He was buried in Saudi Arabia where he had spent the last 24 years of his life in exile, disgrace and silence. He was viewed in the West as a murderous buffoon, a jovial psychopath. In eight bloody years, from 1971 to 1978, his brutal regime has been blamed for the deaths of up to 500,000 people in mass executions and tribal purges. Some political prisoners were forced to kill each other with sledgehammers. His extraordinary physical presence was legendary, as were his unnatural appetites. Rumours of cannibalism swirled around the despot and it was claimed he kept the heads of his most powerful enemies in his fridge. Amin's bloodlust was matched only by his craving for women. He fathered about 60 children - the exact number is unknown - none of whom has ever spoken publicly. Until now. Idi Amin styled himself 'His Excellency President for Life, Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor Idi Amin, VC, DSO, MC, Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Sea, and Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular'. But to Jaffar Amin, the 6ft 4in dictator was known simply as 'Big Daddy'. The 40-year-old English-educated son of the dictator has given The Mail on Sunday the first interview ever granted by a close family member. In doing so he breaks the vow of silence sworn by the Amin clan since they fled Uganda in 1979. Jaffar and some of his siblings were finally allowed to return a decade later. 'This decision has been very difficult for me because my brothers and sisters did not want me to talk publicly about our father', he says from his modest bungalow in the suburbs of the Ugandan capital, Kampala. 'When we left Uganda we fell from the highest of the high, from a position of extravagance and power, to the lowest of the low and it has been very difficult. My family want to keep a low profile but I feel it is time to speak. 'People can call my father a tyrant or a despot but I want to show the human face of absolute power. 'To show that my father was a human being and that, to me, he was and always will be a good father.' Jaffar Amin was born in 1966. That same year Milton Obote, Uganda's first prime minister after the country won independence from Britain, promoted Idi Amin to army chief of staff. 'My mother Marguerite was the sister of my father's first wife, Sarah', says Jaffar. 'She was the wet nurse to Sarah's children, so that's how they met. Although my father did not separate from Sarah then, the relationship between my father and my mother wreaked havoc, even though it was an informal relationship, and after my birth they separated.' At the age of three Jaffar was farmed out to Idi's mother, Aisha. 'She was a very commanding figure,' says Jaffar. 'She called my father 'Awongo' meaning 'the one who cries a lot' because he did as a child. My father loved her completely. He was in awe of her, she was everything to him.' The move to live with his grandmother began a childhood odyssey that would see Jaffar eventually meet dozens of his father's offspring by six marriages and countless mistresses. 'We Africans are polygamous by nature. We accept children from inside and outside matrimony. 'Marriage is not important because in Africa we have a 'Bride Prize' where the parents of a woman who has become pregnant out of wedlock approach the family of the father and ask for compensation, maybe a cow. My father paid a lot of bride prizes in his life.' When Jaffar's grandmother died in 1969, he was left in the care of a number of his father's close military allies. The future president's children were housed in boarding schools in a series of army barracks that would become the scenes of dramatic military attacks - often witnessed by the young Amins. 'One of the schools was close to an armoury, which was the site of a confrontation between troops loyal to my father and the opposition,' Jaffar recalls. 'Everyone was in the dormitory under big metal beds with gunfire raging outside. It was unbelievable for a small kid. 'Our guardian eventually came in and told us everything was fine. The people trying to attack had been forced back. 'We were transferred to another barracks. I suppose you could say our father had put us in danger, but he always had key people to look after his affairs. He made sure we had guardian angels.' Jaffar did not meet Idi face-to-face until 1970, when he was four and his father 45. As with most things in Amin's life, the encounter was bizarre and unsettling. The bewildered boy was ushered into a stately dining room where, at the end of a large ornate table bedecked with finest British silver cutlery, sat a huge bear of a man wearing a multi-coloured African shirt and American khaki trousers. He did not raise his sweat-soaked face from his huge plate of steaming chicken. 'Go on then, taste it,' he commanded the boy in a booming baritone, gesturing to his plate. Jaffar hesitantly raised a forkful to his lips and ate it. Within seconds he was clutching at his throat and gasping for breath: the dish was smothered in searingly hot chilli sauce. His tears of shock and pain were mirrored by those streaming down his father's face: tears of mirth. Idi was convulsed with laughter. He had, Jaffar admits, an 'unusual' sense of humour. Within a year of this meeting Amin had seized power from Obote in a coup and begun his brutal reign. By then Jaffar was being brought up on Nakasero Lodge, another official residence, by his father's second wife, Kay. 'In Africa it is normal to have this extended network of family and friends who you can send your children to,' says Jaffar. 'That was when family life really started for me. My father used to love being massaged by his kids so one of us would take each leg and arm and another would be on his back. 'He was a playful and mischievous man and he was always Big Daddy to us. 'He loved jesting. One of his favourite jokes was to run at people with a spear. They would be shocked to see this huge figure hurtling at them. Then he would throw the spear so it landed at their feet. 'I hated it when people called him a buffoon. I thought of him as like Mohammad Ali he had that same sense of mischief. He was also a great fan of cartoons; he enjoyed slapstick. Tom and Jerry was his favourite.' Amin was particular about his clothes, Jaffar reveals. 'He had a butler to deal exclusively with his wardrobe. He had to have cravats, was obsessed by them. 'I have no idea of the difference between Louis Vuitton, Hermes or Dior, but he could tell at a glance. 'He had Church,s shoes flown in from Britain. He loved anything British, if it was well made.' This passion extended to his car collection which included Land Rovers, Range Rovers and Rolls-Royces. But it was not exclusively British. A Mercedes 300 coupe, a gift from Libya's Muammar Gaddafi, was a particular favourite. Another plaything was an amphibious car. 'He would take his wives or girlfriends out in it and head towards a lake,' says Jaffar. 'The girls would start screaming as they thought they were going to drown, but the car just floated. This tickled my father.' Jaffar was sent to the elite missionary schools to which his father had once been denied access. Idi had been born in about 1925 into a marginal ethnic tribe, the Kakwa, on the Sudan border. Because they were not considered Ugandan, the young Idi was denied formal education and Jaffar believes that resentment later fuelled many of his father's actions. 'He felt Uganda's elitist system denied an equal chance for so many poor children,' he says. 'He would eventually dismantle that social set and put it back together again in the way he wanted.' In 1937, Idi spent time working cutting sugar cane, an unpleasant and difficult job. 'The people who worked there were effectively indentured labour and the people who owned the fields were Asians. 'They did not treat the indigenous Africans well,' says Jaffar. 'This is why my father eventually expelled Asians who refused to take up Ugandan nationality. 'He thought, "I've had enough of this". He threw out more than 80,000.' By 1975, Jaffar, now nine, was enjoying the perks of being the President's son. 'That year my father took us to Angola,' he says. 'It was a really nice day trip. My father was friends with a CIA agent who had new equipment from the US, including planes for our trips. 'We had a shooting range at one of our houses and all us children were taught how to shoot, and how to strip an AK-47. 'My father liked us to compete against each other to see who could dismantle the weapon quickest. My record was nine seconds. 'Dad was a great swimmer and he would tell us, "Whoever can hold his breath underwater for two minutes wins 100 shillings". He said it would help us be good marksmen. 'Basketball was another sport he loved. He would watch films of the Harlem Globetrotters and then organise games with his troops but, although basketball is a non-contact sport, whenever my dad played it ended up being more like a wrestling contest. Things got pretty rough.' Amin's resentment of the West stemmed from his unrequited love for Britain. He had served in the King's African Rifles, a British colonial regiment, attaining the highest possible rank for a black African, effendi. 'My father was a real Anglophile,' says Jaffar. 'He had a love-hate relationship with Britain. He wanted to be a loyal servant, despite his mannerisms. 'Don't forget that he took power with the help of the British. I am an example of what he wanted, because he dumped me in England for my education when we went into exile. 'When he felt rejected by the British Government he focused on Scotland. A lot of the colonial and Army officers early in my father's career were Scottish. 'They were the backbone of the British Empire. My father even offered to help them win secession from the UK.' As Uganda staggered from one bout of bloodletting to another, Amin would take his children out to the provinces in his Mercedes cars. Jaffar remembers his young brothers Moses and Mwanga being dressed in mini military uniforms on these trips, as he donned a safari suit. 'My father was very shrewd. He would take with him his children from local mothers to show his loyalty to the area. He would say, 'This is your child.' But Amin's regime was becoming increasingly paranoid, with Christian ethnic groups being purged from the army in favour of those largely Muslim tribal groups who shared Amin's own background. Even Jaffar was beginning to see the writing on the wall. 'My father sent the people from his own tribe for specialist training abroad, but they would come back from Russia or the United States thinking they were better educated than my father and start getting ideas that they wanted to rule. 'The superpowers started creating tensions between his trusted lieutenants. 'My father stamped down on these coups because he had a very good intelligence service that had been set up by the US and USSR, and before that by the Israelis and the British.' But the conflict was taking its toll and in 1978 Amin ordered the invasion of neighbouring Tanzania while trying to quell a mutiny. The decision would cost him his crown. 'I was in the room when he took the call,' Jaffar recalls. 'He picked up the phone then slammed it down. He looked at me and said, 'They have attacked me again. The Tanzanians. It is a big force this time.' The Tanzanians, helped by Ugandan rebels, eventually toppled Amin in April 1979. As the end approached, Amin became increasingly mistrustful of his commanders. 'A long convoy of fancy cars brought the high command up to a resort in Kampala for a meeting with my father,' says Jaffar. 'He took us up there with him and it was a very tense time. I realised something was wrong because there were hordes of soldiers around whom I did not recognise. 'They were trying to convince him to stand down. He said, 'How can you ask me to do this?' Jaffar and his siblings were sent back to their missionary school outside Kampala, but the advancing Tanzanian forces cut them off. His father eventually despatched a rescue mission. 'I was in my pyjamas when they came into the dormitory,' recalls Jaffar. 'I was not scared. I used to watch The Famous Five. 'It was an adventure. When we got into the truck I was amazed by the amount of military equipment in there. 'In the middle of the night we set off for the Rwandan border, but we broke down in the middle of this national park. We could hear the hyenas laughing in the pitch black.' The following day the convoy made it back to Kampala. 'We could hear the artillery shells in the distance getting closer. It was amazing and there was a sense of disbelief. 'This huge convoy set out from Kampala to Entebbe airport. There I started to realise how many children my father had because he was having 80 seats installed in a plane for us all. 'He was talking to Gaddafi on the phone, telling him, "My children are coming". He wanted to stay on to make his last stand, even though he knew the war was lost.' Instead, Amin fled to Libya where he spent the next 12 months. But he was restless. Jaffar says: ' We had come from absolute power to almost nothing. My father felt like the man who was once a corporate executive in New York but was now retired in Florida and had only the fishing to look forward to. 'Although Gaddafi was most generous, my father eventually felt betrayed by his socialist agenda and felt he could not trust him. Instead he began to talk about going to Saudi Arabia.' In 1972 Amin took up a Saudi offer of refuge. The Saudis feared his dreadful reputation was damaging the image of Islam and hoped that if he was based in their country they could guarantee his silence. Jaffar went with his father and remembers the luxury well. 'There was marble everywhere in our 15-room house,' he says. 'My father was paid $30,000 a month by the Saudis. He had more than 30 of us kids with him and he would tell us, 'You have to liberate Uganda with the fedayeen [Islamic soldiers]. All his children were given commando training.' When not plotting coups, Amin indulged his other great passion: shopping. 'He loved to shop,' says Jaffar. 'He would go down to Safeway - that was his favourite - and all the kids would grab a shopping trolley and pile them high with goods. The Lebanese security guards would stare at us in disbelief.' Already a bear of a man, Amin allowed himself to become even fatter in exile. 'It became an issue because our family suffers from arthritis,' says Jaffar. 'It put a lot of strain on his ankles and knees.' 'My father was fond of pizza and loved meat but his favourite was Kentucky Fried Chicken. In Jeddah, he loved us to go as a family to fast-food restaurants.' Amin also spent a lot of time playing the accordion. 'He played mainly Scottish military music as he was in a Highlanders band in the Fifties,' says Jaffar. Exile afforded him the opportunity to take stock of his life, 'but I do not believe he would express remorse or regret,' says his son. 'He would put it this way, 'The people will appreciate what I was trying to do for the indigenous African. He was not defensive. He was simply saying, 'God will be my judge.' 'Absolute power destroyed his good intentions. He could make any decision because there was no one to advise him. That is where this nonsense about the Hitler of Africa stems from. 'Uganda was elitist, and the elite left under my father's rule because they did not feel safe. The peasants took over but were not trained enough to deal with the situation.' Instead, the great and the good of Uganda were murdered with impunity - a fact that appears to escape Jaffar, who dismisses estimates that 500,000 people died under Amin's regime. 'These figures do not add up,' he claims. 'My father would say they were propaganda. No one has ever produced lists of all these people who are supposed to have died. Why? 'My father felt he was serving his people but the elite felt he was taking away their privilege and they fought back. It was not a picnic. They wanted him out and chose a guerrilla insurgency to do it.' The Amins paid a heavy price, says Jaffar. 'Exile is hell. I have taken a culture on board that is more English than Ugandan. I cannot even speak my father's tongue.' Jaffar's exile ended in 1990 when he returned to Uganda. Many of his siblings have chosen to live abroad, often shunning their father's name. Now a father of five, Jaffar is editing a book of his father's thoughts in a bid to improve Idi's reputation. He recently gave up his job as a logistics manager and is now using the rich baritone he inherited from his father to find work as a voice-over artist for advertisements. During the Eighties, he lived in the UK, studying for O- and A-levels in London and Leicester. He says he was discreet about his identity while in Britain. 'I did not go out of my way to make it known who I was. I used to enjoy going to the cinema,' he says. 'I loved film. That's one of the reasons why I will be going to see The Last King Of Scotland.' The film, which stars Oscar-tipped Forest Whitaker as Amin and James McAvoy as his Scottish adviser Nicholas Garrigan, opened in Britain last week. Garrigan is loosely based on Robert Astles, Amin's British-born right-hand man whose privileged position did not prevent Amin ordering his death whenever he tired of his company. Jaffar remembers Astles well. 'He was a watcher, a control freak,' he says. 'I don't believe my father ordered Astles's death. They were chums. 'Actually I think Astles was MI6, briefed to do whatever was necessary to protect British interests. However, in a way, I have a lot of respect for him. He stayed the course. 'But I wish the film-makers had stuck to the facts rather than fiction. Forest Whitaker should have talked to me about my father. 'Maybe then they could have made a documentary reflecting the facts rather than perpetuating the stereotypes. 'It is so easy to make my father a simple caricature but he was a complex man.'	i don't know
In which year did Marilyn Monroe die?	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 5 \| 1962: Marilyn Monroe found dead 1962: Marilyn Monroe found dead Screen icon Marilyn Monroe has been found dead in bed at her Los Angeles home. The 36-year-old actress' body was discovered in the early hours of this morning by two doctors who were called to her Brentwood home by a concerned housekeeper. The doctors were forced to break into Miss Monroe's bedroom after being unable to open the door. She was found lying naked in her bed with an empty bottle of Nembutal sleeping pills by her side. The local coroner, who visited the scene later, said the circumstances of Miss Monroe's death indicated a "possible suicide". From rags to riches Marilyn Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson on 1 June 1926 in Los Angeles. Her mother, Gladys Baker, had mental problems which resulted in Norma Jeane spending most of her childhood in foster homes and orphanages. She wed her neighbour, Jimmy Dougherty in 1942, but the marriage failed in 1946 due to Norma Jeane's new-found fame as a photographic model. In 1944 while her husband was serving in the South Pacific with the Merchant Marines, Norma Jeane was discovered by photographer David Conover. By 1946 she had signed her first studio contract with 20th Century Fox and changed her name to Marilyn Monroe. Since 1947 she has appeared in 30 films, including The Prince and the Showgirl, Bus Stop, The Seven Year Itch, How to Marry a Millionaire and Some Like it Hot, for which she won a Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Comedy. Her 1954 marriage to baseball star Joe DiMaggio lasted just nine months and on 29 June 1956 the star married playwright Arthur Miller. But that marriage ended in 1961. Miss Monroe's romantic life has long been the subject of speculation and she has been linked with President Kennedy. Millions of fans around the world will be deeply shocked by the star's premature and tragic death.	1962
What was Marilyn Monroe's full real name?	How Did Marilyn Monroe Really Die? \| Fox News How Did Marilyn Monroe Really Die? Published July 27, 2009 Facebook 0 Twitter 0 Email Print This is a rush transcript from "Hannity," July 24, 2009. This copy may not be in its final form and may be updated. SEAN HANNITY, HOST: Now Michael Jackson passed away just weeks ago and already there's a swarm of controversy surrounding his death. Was it suicide? Was it accidental? Was it intentional? Or was it something much worse? Was it murder? Now nearly 50 years after the fact, these are the exact same questions that the world is still asking of another American legend, one who also left us all too soon and all too strangely. Our Conspiracy Theory Month continues tonight as we take a look at the facts, the myths and the mystery surrounding the death of Marilyn Monroe. (BEGIN VIDEOTAPE) UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Physical beauty, her figure, that smile on her face. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: She was the greatest star of the 20th century. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Fate assigned her the role that she eventually finished, which was a tragic death. HANNITY: At the age of just 36 Marilyn's fascinating life came to an abrupt halt. UNIDENTIFIED MALE: She died at the peak of her career, the peak of her beauty. HANNITY: Adding to the starlet's mystique was the truth about how she died, which continues to be shrouded in mystery to this very day. DONALD WOLFE, AUTHOR, "THE LAST DAYS OF MARILYN MONROE": People don't really want to know what actually happened to her. I think they would prefer the mystery, because what really happened to her is a rather dark story. HANNITY: August 4, 1962, Marilyn had spent the day quietly at her home in Brentwood, California. WOLFE: There were a series of phone calls that she received that evening. One of them was from Joe DiMaggio Jr., who said that she was very clear minded. HANNITY: That phone call was reported to be around 7:15 p.m. Just 30 minutes later Marilyn was said to have received another phone call, this time from her friend, Peter Lawford, a fellow actor who was married to Pat Kennedy, sister of Jack and Robert Kennedy, and she wasn't sounding quite as clear-minded anymore. MEL AYTON, AUTHOR, "QUESTIONS OF CONTROVERSY": Her words were slurry; she sounded extremely disturbed, according to Lawford. HANNITY: At this point, the story takes many twists and many turns. DR. CYRIL WECHT, AUTHOR, "TALES FROM THE MORGUE": She was found dead quite unexpectedly, found presumably by her maid. HANNITY: Marilyn's housekeeper was a woman by the name of Eunice Murray. WECHT: This maid called the two doctors, her internist and her psychiatrist. They got there about 11:30 that night. It's a proven fact that Marilyn Monroe was dead by 11 p.m. that night, and yet the police weren't called until about 3:30, 4 in the morning. But it is strongly believed that some federal government officials, FBI and/or CIA were present at that house during that interval. HANNITY: Donald Wolfe tells another version of what could have happened. WOLFE: Norman Jeffries, the handyman that worked for Marilyn, said he had been there that night. And he said he was in Mrs. Murray's room there watching television when Robert Kennedy and the two men that were dressed in suits arrived at the door and told Mrs. Murray and Norman to leave. He said they just went to the neighbor's house, and they were only about 20 minutes when they saw Robert Kennedy drive off with the two men. And they returned to the house. They went to the guest cottage. And that's when they found Marilyn comatose on the bed, and that her file cabinet had been rifled through. HANNITY: Lividity on the posterior side of Marilynn's body could indicate that she actually died lying on her back. A possible explanation of this could be Wolfe's theory, that Marilyn died on her back in the guest cottage and then was moved to her bedroom inside of the house and arranged face down. WOLFE: Jack Clemens, who was the watch commander at the Westwood Village Police Department, received the call that Marilyn had died. And he went to the address at about 4:30 in the morning. He found her body face down on the bed, her arms and legs to her side. And Jack Clemens knew immediately — he told me that the death scene had been rearranged. HANNITY: The official cause of death was ruled to be acute barbituate poisoning by Dr. Thomas Noguchi of the Los Angeles County Coroner's Office. Marilyn's autopsy report revealed lethal doses of Nembutal and chlorohydrate were found in her system. The question is, how did the drugs get there? WECHT: The amount of pills that would have been taken by her, it was a huge amount, so her death could not have been accidental. WOLFE: To have that high level of barbituate in her blood stream, she would have had to swallow from 60 to 85 tablets, according to Dr. Noguchi. Yet when he examined her digestive track, there was not one scrap of evidence of barbituate in her digestive system. None at all. WECHT: It would seem that the chlorohydrate very likely may have been ingested. That would have made her quite cloudy, and at that point then, it is very easy to inject somebody. Injection of the Nembutal would lead to a rapid death and would not result in any residue being found in her digestive system. HANNITY: If Marilyn was indeed injected with the drugs that killed her, then who administered the lethal shot? Is it possible that America's favorite movie star was murdered? WECHT: I believe there are too many reasons to sustain a contention that she committed suicide and that, of course, then leaves you with homicide. HANNITY: Many theories hint that her death somehow could be related to her ties with the Kennedy family. It is speculated that the starlet had an affair with President Kennedy and also possibly with his brother Robert. WECHT: It had reached the point that Marilyn Monroe was too much of a potential embarrassment to the Kennedys. Now, that does not necessarily mean that it was they or either of them who had her done in. It could have been just anybody, federal agency, mafia. HANNITY: It is believed that Chicago mob boss Sam Giancana was linked to JFK, that not only did he help Kennedy secure the state of Illinois to win the presidency, but it's also believed that he was recruited by the CIA during the Kennedy administration to help assassinate Cuban dictator Fidel Castro. Some have suggested that the mobster may have been recruited to help assassinate Marilyn, as well. AYTON: Marilyn Monroe certainly had links through Frank Sinatra. She knew the likes of Sangi(ph) and Connor(ph), but there's no evidence whatsoever that the mob did her in. HANNITY: So what, then, really happened on the night of August the 4th? WOLFE: There was obviously a cover-up of what happened to her. There were samples from the autopsy that disappeared. Mrs. Murray, her housekeeper, kept changing her story. Jack Clemens, the first police officer on the scene, always said that she was a murder victim. WECHT: My God, what is the business of the CIA, which was involved, or the FBI, which was involved? And why are they still holding onto information now in 2009 in a death that occurred in 1962 that we're told was just a suicide? It doesn't make sense. HANNITY: Was the official explanation of suicide just a convenient cover? WECHT: The coroner put down "probable suicide." I have signed off on death certificates, 16,000 autopsies that I've done myself. I have never seen "probable suicide." That word, "probable," tells me more than a thousand words could possibly explain about the great doubt that existed in their minds. HANNITY: It seems we may never know the truth of what happened that fateful night. Therefore, we continue to be fascinated with the mystery of Marilyn Monroe's death, just as we continue to be fascinated with her life. (END VIDEOTAPE) Watch "Hannity" weeknights at 9 p.m. ET! Content and Programming Copyright 2009 FOX News Network, LLC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Transcription Copyright 2009 CQ Transcriptions, LLC, which takes sole responsibility for the accuracy of the transcription. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No license is granted to the user of this material except for the user's personal or internal use and, in such case, only one copy may be printed, nor shall user use any material for commercial purposes or in any fashion that may infringe upon FOX News Network, LLC'S and CQ Transcriptions, LLC's copyrights or other proprietary rights or interests in the material. This is not a legal transcript for purposes of litigation. Advertisement	i don't know
"Who said ""the meek shall inherit the Earth but not it's mineral rights""?"	The meek shall inherit the Earth, but not its mineral rights. - J. Paul Getty - BrainyQuote The meek shall inherit the Earth, but not its mineral rights. Find on Amazon: J. Paul Getty Cite this Page: Citation	J. Paul Getty
What spy did Michael Caine play in three films?	The meek shall inherit the Earth, but not its mineral rights. Died: June 6, 1976 (aged 83) Nationality: American Occupation: Businessman Bio: Jean Paul Getty was an Anglo-American industrialist. He founded the Getty Oil Company, and in 1957 Fortune magazine named him the richest living American, whilst the 1966 Guinness Book of Records named him as the world's richest private citizen, worth an estimated $1.2 billion. At his death, he was worth more than $2 billion.	i don't know
Where in London would you find The National Portrait Gallery?	Portrait Restaurant, London - Trafalgar Square / Embankment - Restaurant Reviews, Phone Number & Photos - TripAdvisor Trafalgar Square / Embankment Is this restaurant good for breakfast? Yes Does this restaurant offer highchairs for toddlers? Yes Is this restaurant good for dinner? Yes Is this restaurant good for lunch? Yes Are the prices at this restaurant mid-range / moderate? Yes Is this primarily a bakery? Yes Is this a dessert shop? Yes Is this primarily a coffee shop? Yes Map updates are paused. Zoom in to see updated info. Reset zoom 2 St. Martin's Place \| National Portrait Gallery, St Martin’s Place, London WC2H 0HE, England +44 20 7312 2490 Thu - Fri 10:00 am - 9:00 pm Sat - Wed 10:00 am - 6:00 pm 962 Reviews from our TripAdvisor Community Hotels travelers are raving about... See all travel guides Read reviews that mention: All reviews scones terrine mash pudding the national portrait gallery trafalgar square window table afternoon tea nelson's column big ben london skyline london eye set menu pre theatre dinner fixed price two courses set lunch wine list by the glass service was impeccable Review tags are currently only available for English language reviews. Start your review of Portrait Restaurant Click to rate “60th birthday” Reviewed 3 days ago NEW Food service and view were amazing. I would thoroughly recommend it. It was a Saturday and quite busy but this did not affect the service and quality of food. Helpful? “Perfect for a pre theatre meal” Reviewed 3 days ago NEW via mobile The restaurant offers a very reasonable and tasty pre theatre meal. Although a small selection of dishes it was just right for early evening washed down with a glass of wine. Really liked the pleasant and friendly service, not so keen on the acoustics as conversation was at times difficult. But hey. This is not an all evening restaurant so... More Helpful? “Try the Portrait Cafe in the Basement” Reviewed 5 days ago NEW I visited the Taylor Wessing Portrait exhibition recently at the National Portrait Gallery. It was a terrible day, quite a downpour and the traffic was chaotic, I had been looking for somewhere to eat. Pret a Manger caught my eye, it was across the street, but I opted to take the safer option and skip it. I was delighted to... More Helpful? Reviewed 6 days ago NEW Dropped in before going to the Portrait Gallery. Good lattes and mocha. 2 drinks and croissant £6.40 Helpful? “Splendid afternoon tea!!!” Reviewed 6 days ago NEW Me and my mother really enjoyed this well-priced afternoon tea along with discreet and helpful service!!!A must-visit soon.Thank you! Helpful? “Afternoon tea with amazing view!” Reviewed 1 week ago What a lovely vista this place has. The staff were very friendly and the afternoon tea was a little bit quirky with items that were different from the traditional selection you have at other places. The salads were my favourite and everyone in our party had something they thought was the best bit. Would certainly return. Helpful? “A civilised way to meet up with an old friend.” Reviewed 1 week ago Went after viewing the caravaggio exhibition - beautiful location - wonderful views over the roof tops of london - polite helpful staff - and food was good as well - it wants perfect - my husband had to send back his pheasant to be cooked again as it was too rare but they were very obliging and did it very... More Helpful? “Perfect start to the New Year” Reviewed 2 weeks ago We went here for breakfast / brunch on New Year's Day morning. It was a perfect, if slightly decadent, start to the new year. I had perfect eggs florentine, with fresh orange juice, a punchy double macchiato and a pear bellini -well, it was New Year ;-) Lovely food and drinks, brilliant location (possibly the best view in London) and... More Helpful? “Great place for pre-theatre dinner” Reviewed 2 weeks ago Arrived for a 5.45 pm booking. It was already nearly full and people without a reservation were being turned away. Were shown to a window table with excellent views across to Nelson's Column. Nice meal, promptly served without being rushed. Our waiter had just the right balance of formality and friendliness. All this, and you get to look around the... More Helpful? “Perfect and to a long day” Reviewed 2 weeks ago My first visit to the restaurant at the National Portrait Gallery and will be looking forward to another visit, hopefully soon. On arrival we could not have been made more welcome and, although the restaurant was busy, a table was found that presented us with the superb view over the city towards Westminster, it was misty and that only added... More Helpful? Write a Review Add Photos & Videos Is This Your TripAdvisor Listing? Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more. European, British, Gluten Free Options Meals Serves Alcohol, Reservations, Seating, Waitstaff, Wheelchair Accessible, Full Bar, Free Wifi Good for Business meetings, Families with children, Special occasions, Romantic, Local cuisine, Scenic view Open Hours 10:00 am - 6:00 pm Location and Contact Information Address: 2 St. Martin's Place \| National Portrait Gallery, St Martin’s Place, London WC2H 0HE, England Location: Europe > United Kingdom (UK) > England > London> > Trafalgar Square / Embankment Neighborhood: Trafalgar Square / Embankment Phone Number: +44 20 7312 2490 Description At the top of the National Portrait Gallery, The Portrait Restaurant and Bar is renowned as one of London's most desirable dining venues. With sweeping panoramic views across Trafalgar Square and irresistible British cuisine, The Portrait Restaurant provides an unforgettable and unique dining experience. Set 92 feet above ground level - on the third floor of the Gallery's Ondaatje wing - The Portrait Restaurant and Bar features a sleek and stylish dining area with a contemporary decor and wooden floors. The highlight of the interior design is the striking wall of windows, enticing diners to enjoy stunning views of London's famous landmarks. From here, you can enjoy a fine meal whilst looking out at Whitehall, the Houses of Parliament, Big Ben, the London Eye and, naturally, Nelson's Column. Questions & Answers	st martin s place
What was the name of the infamous 'The Yorkshire Ripper'?	Portrait Restaurant, London - Trafalgar Square / Embankment - Restaurant Reviews, Phone Number & Photos - TripAdvisor Trafalgar Square / Embankment Is this restaurant good for breakfast? Yes Does this restaurant offer highchairs for toddlers? Yes Is this restaurant good for dinner? Yes Is this restaurant good for lunch? Yes Are the prices at this restaurant mid-range / moderate? Yes Is this primarily a bakery? Yes Is this a dessert shop? Yes Is this primarily a coffee shop? Yes Map updates are paused. Zoom in to see updated info. Reset zoom 2 St. Martin's Place \| National Portrait Gallery, St Martin’s Place, London WC2H 0HE, England +44 20 7312 2490 Thu - Fri 10:00 am - 9:00 pm Sat - Wed 10:00 am - 6:00 pm 962 Reviews from our TripAdvisor Community Hotels travelers are raving about... See all travel guides Read reviews that mention: All reviews scones terrine mash pudding the national portrait gallery trafalgar square window table afternoon tea nelson's column big ben london skyline london eye set menu pre theatre dinner fixed price two courses set lunch wine list by the glass service was impeccable Review tags are currently only available for English language reviews. Start your review of Portrait Restaurant Click to rate “60th birthday” Reviewed 3 days ago NEW Food service and view were amazing. I would thoroughly recommend it. It was a Saturday and quite busy but this did not affect the service and quality of food. Helpful? “Perfect for a pre theatre meal” Reviewed 3 days ago NEW via mobile The restaurant offers a very reasonable and tasty pre theatre meal. Although a small selection of dishes it was just right for early evening washed down with a glass of wine. Really liked the pleasant and friendly service, not so keen on the acoustics as conversation was at times difficult. But hey. This is not an all evening restaurant so... More Helpful? “Try the Portrait Cafe in the Basement” Reviewed 5 days ago NEW I visited the Taylor Wessing Portrait exhibition recently at the National Portrait Gallery. It was a terrible day, quite a downpour and the traffic was chaotic, I had been looking for somewhere to eat. Pret a Manger caught my eye, it was across the street, but I opted to take the safer option and skip it. I was delighted to... More Helpful? Reviewed 6 days ago NEW Dropped in before going to the Portrait Gallery. Good lattes and mocha. 2 drinks and croissant £6.40 Helpful? “Splendid afternoon tea!!!” Reviewed 6 days ago NEW Me and my mother really enjoyed this well-priced afternoon tea along with discreet and helpful service!!!A must-visit soon.Thank you! Helpful? “Afternoon tea with amazing view!” Reviewed 1 week ago What a lovely vista this place has. The staff were very friendly and the afternoon tea was a little bit quirky with items that were different from the traditional selection you have at other places. The salads were my favourite and everyone in our party had something they thought was the best bit. Would certainly return. Helpful? “A civilised way to meet up with an old friend.” Reviewed 1 week ago Went after viewing the caravaggio exhibition - beautiful location - wonderful views over the roof tops of london - polite helpful staff - and food was good as well - it wants perfect - my husband had to send back his pheasant to be cooked again as it was too rare but they were very obliging and did it very... More Helpful? “Perfect start to the New Year” Reviewed 2 weeks ago We went here for breakfast / brunch on New Year's Day morning. It was a perfect, if slightly decadent, start to the new year. I had perfect eggs florentine, with fresh orange juice, a punchy double macchiato and a pear bellini -well, it was New Year ;-) Lovely food and drinks, brilliant location (possibly the best view in London) and... More Helpful? “Great place for pre-theatre dinner” Reviewed 2 weeks ago Arrived for a 5.45 pm booking. It was already nearly full and people without a reservation were being turned away. Were shown to a window table with excellent views across to Nelson's Column. Nice meal, promptly served without being rushed. Our waiter had just the right balance of formality and friendliness. All this, and you get to look around the... More Helpful? “Perfect and to a long day” Reviewed 2 weeks ago My first visit to the restaurant at the National Portrait Gallery and will be looking forward to another visit, hopefully soon. On arrival we could not have been made more welcome and, although the restaurant was busy, a table was found that presented us with the superb view over the city towards Westminster, it was misty and that only added... More Helpful? Write a Review Add Photos & Videos Is This Your TripAdvisor Listing? Own or manage this property? Claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more. European, British, Gluten Free Options Meals Serves Alcohol, Reservations, Seating, Waitstaff, Wheelchair Accessible, Full Bar, Free Wifi Good for Business meetings, Families with children, Special occasions, Romantic, Local cuisine, Scenic view Open Hours 10:00 am - 6:00 pm Location and Contact Information Address: 2 St. Martin's Place \| National Portrait Gallery, St Martin’s Place, London WC2H 0HE, England Location: Europe > United Kingdom (UK) > England > London> > Trafalgar Square / Embankment Neighborhood: Trafalgar Square / Embankment Phone Number: +44 20 7312 2490 Description At the top of the National Portrait Gallery, The Portrait Restaurant and Bar is renowned as one of London's most desirable dining venues. With sweeping panoramic views across Trafalgar Square and irresistible British cuisine, The Portrait Restaurant provides an unforgettable and unique dining experience. Set 92 feet above ground level - on the third floor of the Gallery's Ondaatje wing - The Portrait Restaurant and Bar features a sleek and stylish dining area with a contemporary decor and wooden floors. The highlight of the interior design is the striking wall of windows, enticing diners to enjoy stunning views of London's famous landmarks. From here, you can enjoy a fine meal whilst looking out at Whitehall, the Houses of Parliament, Big Ben, the London Eye and, naturally, Nelson's Column. Questions & Answers	i don't know
Paprika is the Hungarian word for what?	Vanilla Beans, Extract, Pure, Natural Flavor, Flavorings, Organic Extracts, Spices, Seasonings and Rubs – Silver Cloud Estates jQuery Image Slideshow Silver Cloud Estates, LLC Named for the estate where our vanilla beans were grown, Silver Cloud Estates, LLC was founded in 2006 and initially sold just two products – gourmet vanilla beans and pure vanilla extract. We soon recognized, however, that product formulators from bakers to brew masters were looking for a wide range of high quality extracts and flavors and quickly expanded our line. Today we offer over 400 extracts, flavors and emulsions and add new products every month. We have quickly carved out a niche as the “go to” company for professionals who require only the finest flavors for their food and beverages. Our flavors have a complexity that can help transform your food and beverage product from good to great. While Silver Cloud’s flavors are formulated for professionals - cake decorators, ice cream makers, brewers and other home hobbyist can achieve the same professional results when they use our products. We offer a complete line of citrus, spice and herb, berry, orchard fruit, melon fruit, tropical, floral, nut and sweet brown flavors. Except for our vanilla extract, all of Silver Cloud’s flavors are manufactured in Baltimore, MD. Our products are kosher and we can provide specifications, material safety data sheets, FID sheets with TTB numbers as well as other documentation as needed. Silver Cloud also offers vanilla beans from Madagascar, Mexico, India, Papua New Guinea and other origins, ground vanilla beans and vanilla bean caviar, which is also known as vanilla bean seeds or specks. We have a selection of essential oils, aromatic chemicals and some hard to find chili peppers for use in baked goods, beer and other food products. Our products are in stock and we typically ship orders within three business days. Wholesale pricing is available for commercial accounts. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have questions at 410-565-6600. Silver Cloud Estates Vanilla beans, vanilla extract, natural flavors, TTB flavors, imitation extracts, essential oils, bakery emulsions, propylene glycol free flavors, vanillin, ethyl vanillin, menthol and chili peppers for baking, beverages (including beer, wine & spirits) and ice cream â Silver Cloud Estates. News Vanilla bean and extract prices have increased significantly this year. This is due to a smaller than expected crop in Madagascar last year. This was aggravated by early picking and the vacuum packing of uncured beans. While short term the news is not good, the 2016 flowering was excellent and we anticipate a good harvest. This may lead to some price softening, but with the strong demand for vanilla we have seen it is hard to say how much relief we will see. We will know more later this year as new crop, cured beans become available. Best case we do not anticipate any significant reduction in price before the end of the 1st quarter of 2017.	Pepper
What was the former name of Thailand?	paprika - definition of paprika in English \| Oxford Dictionaries Definition of paprika in English: paprika /ˈpaprɪkə/ noun 1[mass noun] A powdered spice with a deep orange-red colour and a mildly pungent flavour, made from the dried and ground fruits of certain varieties of pepper. Example sentences ‘For the sardines, in a large bowl, whisk together the cumin, paprika, white pepper, garlic, oregano, and vinegar.’ ‘The sauce was spread like frosting over all, then sprinkled with paprika and dried parsley.’ ‘For a milder flavour replace chilli powder with ground paprika.’ ‘Galicians specialize in trencherman food: suckling pig, grilled skate, pulpy octopus speckled with sea salt and paprika.’ ‘Serve with the yoghurt, scattered with paprika, some lemon wedges and a green salad.’ ‘To make the curry powder, combine the ground coriander, cumin, fenugreek, pepper, ginger, paprika and turmeric and mix well.’ ‘Generally, sweet peppers, paprika, and garlic are favourite flavourings for pork in Spain and Portugal.’ ‘To make beer batter, whisk together the beer, flour, paprika and garlic until well blended.’ ‘Most barbecue sauces are tomato-based and encompass a myriad of spices such as chili powder, paprika, and cumin.’ ‘This Hungarian version is one of the more interesting chicken stews in the world, with the typically Magyar ingredients of onion, sweet peppers and paprika.’ ‘The rack of lamb was crusted with bay leaf and paprika, and expertly sliced at the table in the classic Continental style.’ ‘The mushroom dish was superb, with three mushroom types in a tangy sauce made by ‘sauce specialist’ Yves with salt, pepper, paprika and parsley as the main ingredients.’ ‘Foods high in beta-carotene include yellow-orange vegetables such as carrots, yams, squash, pumpkin, paprika, cayenne pepper and turnips.’ ‘We also ordered the pinchitos morunos for €6.50, but the spicy pork in paprika and cumin was overcooked and tough.’ ‘In a food processor, combine the peppers, garlic and bread with the tomato, tomato purée, ground almonds, paprika, chilli, sea salt and pepper and whiz to a rough paste.’ 1.1 A deep orange-red colour. Example sentences ‘Im using Patons Classic Merino Wool, as called for in the pattern in paprika.’ ‘I painted the kitchen Paprika and am so delighted with the color, the room came alive.’ Origin Late 19th century: from Hungarian. Pronunciation Which of the following is correct? You were fully apprised about the law You were fully appraised about the law Which of the following is correct? Staff should be apprised yearly Staff should be appraised yearly Which of the following is correct? The jewels were appraised at $12 million The jewels were apprised at $12 million Which of the following is correct? Can you apprise this artefact? Can you appraise this artefact? Which of the following is correct? John will appraise your antiques John will apprise your antiques Which of the following is correct? I'm apprised that buses are few here I'm appraised that buses are few here Which of the following is correct? I kept him apprised of the discussions I kept him appraised of the discussions Which of the following is correct? They failed to apprise him of his rights They failed to appraise him of his rights Which of the following is correct? I'll appraise the poem as best I can I'll apprise the poem as best I can Which of the following is correct? This was a matter for you to appraise This was a matter for you to apprise You scored /10 practise again? Retry Most popular in the world Australia	i don't know
What country would you have to visit if you wanted to 'Row on the Po'?	Italys Po River @ National Geographic Magazine By Erla Zwingle Photographs by William Albert Allard Italys Po River Punished for centuries by destructive floods, northern Italians stubbornly embrace their nations longest river, which nurtures rice fields, vineyards, fisheriesand legends. Get a taste of what awaits you in print from this compelling excerpt. Although the Po is known to every Italian schoolchild as the countrys longest river, at 405 miles (652 kilometers) long and 1,650 feet (503 meters) across at its widest point its a mere rivulet compared with the Nile or the Yangtze. But size is not the story. The Pos waters, fed by 141 tributaries draining a catchment basin of 27,000 square miles (70,000 square kilometers), created the Val Padana, the plain that stretches across northern Italy from the French border on the west to the Adriatic Sea on the east. More than 16 million peoplenearly a third of all Italianslive in this fertile expanse, some of the most heavily cultivated land in Europe. Their settlements range from Turin, a major manufacturing town and headquarters of Fiat, the automotive conglomerate, to some of the countrys most beautiful and historic towns: Piacenza, Pavia, Cremona, Mantova, and Ferrara. Il grande fiume, the great river, is clearly worthy of respect, if not, it would seem, affection. Still, for everything the Po may have done to man, man has done at least as much to it. Nearly 25 percent of the land along its banks has been denuded of natural vegetation to make way for sterile plantations of poplars harvested for cellulose; the river is dammed for hydroelectric power and tainted by agricultural and industrial chemicals, to say nothing of the daily effluent from Milan, a city of 1.3 millionwith no sewage treatment plantsituated on two of the Pos tributaries. (Ironically, another city of its size reprimanded by the European Environment Agency for its sewage problem is Brussels, seat of the European Union.) The illegal gouging out of 33 million cubic yards (23 million cubic meters) of sand and gravel every year for construction has left huge holes in the riverbed, some of its natural meandering curves have been straightened to aid navigation, and more than half its total length is immured by man-made earthen embankments called argini that protect towns and fields, all of which have only made the Pos floods fiercer and more disastrous. Yet beneath the incessant recitation of the rivers real problems you can discern murmurs of love. They are like the wordless voice of the river itself, a sound that is half water, half wind, or like the tiny ripples that are caused not by the breeze on the surface but by the undulations of the hidden riverbed far beneath. There are people who are rooted in the Po, one man told me, so that even if he hits you, you turn the other cheek. This passion for the river is the story. Get the whole story in the pages of National Geographic magazine . VIDEO Bill Allard shares his experiences of Italys Po River. RealPlayer WinMedia Share your thoughts on all things Italian. What places in Italy inspire you? What favorite spots would you recommend to visit? Tell us your stories. In More to Explore the National Geographic magazine team shares some of its best sources and other information. Special thanks to the Research Division. According to sources at Monticello, Thomas Jefferson made a visit to Turin, Italy, in April 1787, 14 years before he became President of the United States but just two years before he became the first secretary of state. After spending a few days in the city to visit museums and galleries, he drove out to the rice regions of Piedmont and Lombardy, making excursions to places such as Moncaglieri, Stuponigi, and Superga to study the fields. Then, en route to Milan, he studied the rice fields between Vercelli and Pavia. There he stopped to talk to owners, as well as interview peasants who were working in the fields. He learned about the husking machinery and later sketched it from memory. It was during this trip to Italy that Thomas Jefferson discovered that Piedmont rice was a species superior to rice grown in the U.S. and could be husked by machine. Jefferson informed Edward Rutledge in rice-growing South Carolina of this. And although taking unhusked rice out of Italy to a place where it could be used to plant a crop in competition to the Piedmont was a crime punishable by death, Jefferson told him he was determined to take enough to put you in seed. He told Rutledge that he knew the rices exportation in the husk was prohibited, but he bribed a muleteer to run a couple of sacks across the Apennines to Genoa, where it could then be taken by boat to Nice. Just in case the muleteer wasnt successful, Jefferson decided to bring off as much as my coat and surtout pockets would hold. He later shipped this contraband rice off to Rutledge. His pockets stretched as he carried out daring agricultural espionage. And because of Jeffersons impromptu trade mission to the rice country, he could no longer go to Rome to see the ruins of antiquitythe original objective of his trip. Davida Kales Bethemont, Jacques, and Jean Pelletier. Italy: A Geographical Introduction. Longman Group Limited, 1983. Holmes, George, ed. The Oxford History of Italy. Oxford University Press, 1997. Lintner, Valerio. A Travellers History of Italy, 3rd ed. Interlink Publishing Group Inc. 1995. Morton, H.V. A Traveller in Italy. Dodd, Mead and Company, 1964. Thwaite, Anthony, and Peter Porter. Roloff Beny in Italy. Harper and Row, 1974. Jepson, Tim. The National Geographic Traveler: Italy. National Geographic Books, 2000. McCarry, John. MilanWhere Italy Gets Down to Business, National Geographic (December 1992), 90-119. Ellis, William S. Surviving, Italian Style, National Geographic (February 1984), 184-209. Newman, Cathy. Carrara Marble: Touchstone of Eternity, National Geographic (July 1982), 42-59. Albrecht, Florence Craig. Frontier Cities of Italy, National Geographic (June 1915), 533-586.	Italy
In what country would you find the mountain range 'The Apennines'?	Italys Po River @ National Geographic Magazine By Erla Zwingle Photographs by William Albert Allard Italys Po River Punished for centuries by destructive floods, northern Italians stubbornly embrace their nations longest river, which nurtures rice fields, vineyards, fisheriesand legends. Get a taste of what awaits you in print from this compelling excerpt. Although the Po is known to every Italian schoolchild as the countrys longest river, at 405 miles (652 kilometers) long and 1,650 feet (503 meters) across at its widest point its a mere rivulet compared with the Nile or the Yangtze. But size is not the story. The Pos waters, fed by 141 tributaries draining a catchment basin of 27,000 square miles (70,000 square kilometers), created the Val Padana, the plain that stretches across northern Italy from the French border on the west to the Adriatic Sea on the east. More than 16 million peoplenearly a third of all Italianslive in this fertile expanse, some of the most heavily cultivated land in Europe. Their settlements range from Turin, a major manufacturing town and headquarters of Fiat, the automotive conglomerate, to some of the countrys most beautiful and historic towns: Piacenza, Pavia, Cremona, Mantova, and Ferrara. Il grande fiume, the great river, is clearly worthy of respect, if not, it would seem, affection. Still, for everything the Po may have done to man, man has done at least as much to it. Nearly 25 percent of the land along its banks has been denuded of natural vegetation to make way for sterile plantations of poplars harvested for cellulose; the river is dammed for hydroelectric power and tainted by agricultural and industrial chemicals, to say nothing of the daily effluent from Milan, a city of 1.3 millionwith no sewage treatment plantsituated on two of the Pos tributaries. (Ironically, another city of its size reprimanded by the European Environment Agency for its sewage problem is Brussels, seat of the European Union.) The illegal gouging out of 33 million cubic yards (23 million cubic meters) of sand and gravel every year for construction has left huge holes in the riverbed, some of its natural meandering curves have been straightened to aid navigation, and more than half its total length is immured by man-made earthen embankments called argini that protect towns and fields, all of which have only made the Pos floods fiercer and more disastrous. Yet beneath the incessant recitation of the rivers real problems you can discern murmurs of love. They are like the wordless voice of the river itself, a sound that is half water, half wind, or like the tiny ripples that are caused not by the breeze on the surface but by the undulations of the hidden riverbed far beneath. There are people who are rooted in the Po, one man told me, so that even if he hits you, you turn the other cheek. This passion for the river is the story. Get the whole story in the pages of National Geographic magazine . VIDEO Bill Allard shares his experiences of Italys Po River. RealPlayer WinMedia Share your thoughts on all things Italian. What places in Italy inspire you? What favorite spots would you recommend to visit? Tell us your stories. In More to Explore the National Geographic magazine team shares some of its best sources and other information. Special thanks to the Research Division. According to sources at Monticello, Thomas Jefferson made a visit to Turin, Italy, in April 1787, 14 years before he became President of the United States but just two years before he became the first secretary of state. After spending a few days in the city to visit museums and galleries, he drove out to the rice regions of Piedmont and Lombardy, making excursions to places such as Moncaglieri, Stuponigi, and Superga to study the fields. Then, en route to Milan, he studied the rice fields between Vercelli and Pavia. There he stopped to talk to owners, as well as interview peasants who were working in the fields. He learned about the husking machinery and later sketched it from memory. It was during this trip to Italy that Thomas Jefferson discovered that Piedmont rice was a species superior to rice grown in the U.S. and could be husked by machine. Jefferson informed Edward Rutledge in rice-growing South Carolina of this. And although taking unhusked rice out of Italy to a place where it could be used to plant a crop in competition to the Piedmont was a crime punishable by death, Jefferson told him he was determined to take enough to put you in seed. He told Rutledge that he knew the rices exportation in the husk was prohibited, but he bribed a muleteer to run a couple of sacks across the Apennines to Genoa, where it could then be taken by boat to Nice. Just in case the muleteer wasnt successful, Jefferson decided to bring off as much as my coat and surtout pockets would hold. He later shipped this contraband rice off to Rutledge. His pockets stretched as he carried out daring agricultural espionage. And because of Jeffersons impromptu trade mission to the rice country, he could no longer go to Rome to see the ruins of antiquitythe original objective of his trip. Davida Kales Bethemont, Jacques, and Jean Pelletier. Italy: A Geographical Introduction. Longman Group Limited, 1983. Holmes, George, ed. The Oxford History of Italy. Oxford University Press, 1997. Lintner, Valerio. A Travellers History of Italy, 3rd ed. Interlink Publishing Group Inc. 1995. Morton, H.V. A Traveller in Italy. Dodd, Mead and Company, 1964. Thwaite, Anthony, and Peter Porter. Roloff Beny in Italy. Harper and Row, 1974. Jepson, Tim. The National Geographic Traveler: Italy. National Geographic Books, 2000. McCarry, John. MilanWhere Italy Gets Down to Business, National Geographic (December 1992), 90-119. Ellis, William S. Surviving, Italian Style, National Geographic (February 1984), 184-209. Newman, Cathy. Carrara Marble: Touchstone of Eternity, National Geographic (July 1982), 42-59. Albrecht, Florence Craig. Frontier Cities of Italy, National Geographic (June 1915), 533-586.	i don't know
In shillings, what was the value of a crown?	Understanding old British money - pounds, shillings and pence Before decimalization on 15 February 1971, there were twenty (20) shillings per pound. The shilling was subdivided into twelve (12) pennies. The penny was further sub-divided into two halfpennies or four farthings (quarter pennies). 2 farthings = 1 halfpenny 2 halfpence = 1 penny (1d) 3 pence = 1 thruppence (3d) 6 pence = 1 sixpence (a 'tanner') (6d) 12 pence = 1 shilling (a bob) (1s) 2 shillings = 1 florin ( a 'two bob bit') (2s) 2 shillings and 6 pence = 1 half crown (2s 6d) 5 shillings = 1 Crown (5s) Did you know The pre-decimalisation British system of coinage was introduced by King Henry II. It was based on the troy system of weighing precious metals. The penny was literally one pennyweight of silver. A pound sterling thus weighed 240 pennyweights, or a pound of sterling silver. Symbols The symbols 's' for shilling and 'd' for pence derive from the Latin solidus and denarius used in the Middle Ages. The '£' sign developed from the 'l' for libra. £ or l in some documents = pound A £1 coin was called a Sovereign and was made of gold. A paper pound often was called a quid. More than a pound (£) 1 guinea and a £5.0.0 note 1 guinea = £1-1s-0d ( £1/1/- ) = one pound and one shilling = 21 shillings or 21/- (which is £1.05 in todays money) 1 guinea could be written as '1g' or '1gn'. A guinea was considered a more gentlemanly amount than £1. You paid tradesmen, such as a carpenter, in pounds but gentlemen, such as an artist, in guineas. A third of a guinea equalled exactly seven shillings. Why guinea? Because the Guinea coast was fabled for its gold, and its name became attached to other things like guinea fowl, and New Guinea. "A Guinea coin was available as legal tender and they were minted from gold. Therefore ceased to be used as such as they became collectors items, for the gold presumably. I was given 4 gold guinea coins when I was 13." Manuel, Wilmslow, Cheshire "I remember the £5.0.0 note. It was larger than other notes, stiff and very white with black lettering. It had to be folded to fit into a wallet and I never possessed more than one at a time and then infrequently. It did not appear to last very long because, I have been given to understand, it was easily forged." Edwin J Cato "Bob" is slang for shilling (which is 5p in todays money) 1 shilling equalled twelve pence (12d). £1 (one pound) equalled 20 shillings (20s or 20/-) 240 pennies ( 240d ) = £1 There were 240 pennies to a pound because originally 240 silver penny coins weighed 1 pound (1lb). A sum of £3 12s 6d was normally written as £3-12-6, but a sum of 12s 6d was normally recorded as 12/6. Amounts less than a pound were also written as: 12/6 meaning 12s-6d 10/- meaning ten shillings. An amount such as 12/6 would be pronounced 'twelve and six' as a more casual form of 'twelve shillings and sixpence'. More than a Shilling (s. or /- ) Coins of more than one shilling ( 1/- ) but less than £1 in value were: a florin (a two shillings or 2 bob or 2 bob bit) 10 x 2/- = £1 a penny (copper) often called a 'copper' 12 x 1d = 1/- The word threepence would often be pronounced as though there was only a single middle "e", therefore "thre-pence". The slang name for the coin was Joey. Penny coins were referred to as 'coppers' We also used the words couple of coppers, tanner, bob, half-a-dollar, dollar, quid to mean the value or amount of the money needed, e.g. can you lend me ten bob please? It didn't really matter if in was made up of shillings and pennies, or any other coins. John Curd Less than a penny (d) Pennies were broken down into other coins: a farthing	5 shillings
From which part of it's body does a cow sweat?	Understanding old British money - pounds, shillings and pence Before decimalization on 15 February 1971, there were twenty (20) shillings per pound. The shilling was subdivided into twelve (12) pennies. The penny was further sub-divided into two halfpennies or four farthings (quarter pennies). 2 farthings = 1 halfpenny 2 halfpence = 1 penny (1d) 3 pence = 1 thruppence (3d) 6 pence = 1 sixpence (a 'tanner') (6d) 12 pence = 1 shilling (a bob) (1s) 2 shillings = 1 florin ( a 'two bob bit') (2s) 2 shillings and 6 pence = 1 half crown (2s 6d) 5 shillings = 1 Crown (5s) Did you know The pre-decimalisation British system of coinage was introduced by King Henry II. It was based on the troy system of weighing precious metals. The penny was literally one pennyweight of silver. A pound sterling thus weighed 240 pennyweights, or a pound of sterling silver. Symbols The symbols 's' for shilling and 'd' for pence derive from the Latin solidus and denarius used in the Middle Ages. The '£' sign developed from the 'l' for libra. £ or l in some documents = pound A £1 coin was called a Sovereign and was made of gold. A paper pound often was called a quid. More than a pound (£) 1 guinea and a £5.0.0 note 1 guinea = £1-1s-0d ( £1/1/- ) = one pound and one shilling = 21 shillings or 21/- (which is £1.05 in todays money) 1 guinea could be written as '1g' or '1gn'. A guinea was considered a more gentlemanly amount than £1. You paid tradesmen, such as a carpenter, in pounds but gentlemen, such as an artist, in guineas. A third of a guinea equalled exactly seven shillings. Why guinea? Because the Guinea coast was fabled for its gold, and its name became attached to other things like guinea fowl, and New Guinea. "A Guinea coin was available as legal tender and they were minted from gold. Therefore ceased to be used as such as they became collectors items, for the gold presumably. I was given 4 gold guinea coins when I was 13." Manuel, Wilmslow, Cheshire "I remember the £5.0.0 note. It was larger than other notes, stiff and very white with black lettering. It had to be folded to fit into a wallet and I never possessed more than one at a time and then infrequently. It did not appear to last very long because, I have been given to understand, it was easily forged." Edwin J Cato "Bob" is slang for shilling (which is 5p in todays money) 1 shilling equalled twelve pence (12d). £1 (one pound) equalled 20 shillings (20s or 20/-) 240 pennies ( 240d ) = £1 There were 240 pennies to a pound because originally 240 silver penny coins weighed 1 pound (1lb). A sum of £3 12s 6d was normally written as £3-12-6, but a sum of 12s 6d was normally recorded as 12/6. Amounts less than a pound were also written as: 12/6 meaning 12s-6d 10/- meaning ten shillings. An amount such as 12/6 would be pronounced 'twelve and six' as a more casual form of 'twelve shillings and sixpence'. More than a Shilling (s. or /- ) Coins of more than one shilling ( 1/- ) but less than £1 in value were: a florin (a two shillings or 2 bob or 2 bob bit) 10 x 2/- = £1 a penny (copper) often called a 'copper' 12 x 1d = 1/- The word threepence would often be pronounced as though there was only a single middle "e", therefore "thre-pence". The slang name for the coin was Joey. Penny coins were referred to as 'coppers' We also used the words couple of coppers, tanner, bob, half-a-dollar, dollar, quid to mean the value or amount of the money needed, e.g. can you lend me ten bob please? It didn't really matter if in was made up of shillings and pennies, or any other coins. John Curd Less than a penny (d) Pennies were broken down into other coins: a farthing	i don't know
What name did Muhammad Ali give to his autobiography?	Muhammad Ali - Black History - HISTORY.com Google Muhammad Ali’s Early Years and Amateur Career Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr., the elder son of Cassius Marcellus Clay Sr. (1912-1990) and Odessa Grady Clay (1917-1994), was born on January 17, 1942, in Louisville, Kentucky . It was a red-and-white Schwinn that steered the future heavyweight champion to the sport of boxing. When his beloved bicycle was stolen, a tearful 12-year-old Clay reported the theft to Louisville police officer Joe Martin (1916-1996) and vowed to pummel the culprit. Martin, who was also a boxing trainer, suggested that the upset youngster first learn how to fight, and he took Clay under his wing. Six weeks later, Clay won his first bout in a split decision. Did You Know? Muhammad Ali has appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated 38 times, second only to basketball great Michael Jordan. By age 18 Clay had captured two national Golden Gloves titles, two Amateur Athletic Union national titles and 100 victories against eight losses. After graduating high school, he traveled to Rome and won the light heavyweight gold medal in the 1960 Summer Olympics. Clay won his professional boxing debut on October 29, 1960, in a six-round decision. From the start of his pro career, the 6-foot-3-inch heavyweight overwhelmed his opponents with a combination of quick, powerful jabs and foot speed, and his constant braggadocio and self-promotion earned him the nickname “Louisville Lip.” Muhammad Ali: Heavyweight Champion of the World After winning his first 19 fights, including 15 knockouts, Clay received his first title shot on February 25, 1964, against reigning heavyweight champion Sonny Liston (1932-1970). Although he arrived in Miami Beach, Florida , a 7-1 underdog, the 22-year-old Clay relentlessly taunted Liston before the fight, promising to “float like a butterfly, sting like a bee” and predicting a knockout. When Liston failed to answer the bell at the start of the seventh round, Clay was indeed crowned heavyweight champion of the world. In the ring after the fight, the new champ roared, “I am the greatest!” At a press conference the next morning, Clay, who had been seen around Miami with controversial Nation of Islam member Malcolm X (1925-1965), confirmed the rumors of his conversion to Islam. On March 6, 1964, Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad (1897-1975) bestowed on Clay the name of Muhammad Ali. Ali solidified his hold on the heavyweight championship by knocking out Liston in the first round of their rematch on May 25, 1965, and he defended his title eight more times. Then, with the Vietnam War raging, Ali showed up for his scheduled induction into the U.S. Armed Forces on April 28, 1967. Citing his religious beliefs, he refused to serve. Ali was arrested, and the New York State Athletic Commission immediately suspended his boxing license and revoked his heavyweight belt. Convicted of draft evasion, Ali was sentenced to the maximum of five years in prison and a $10,000 fine, but he remained free while the conviction was appealed. Many saw Ali as a draft dodger, and his popularity plummeted. Banned from boxing for three years, Ali spoke out against the Vietnam War on college campuses. As public attitudes turned against the war, support for Ali grew. In 1970 the New York State Supreme Court ordered his boxing license reinstated, and the following year the U.S. Supreme Court overturned his conviction in a unanimous decision. Muhammad Ali’s Return to the Ring After 43 months in exile, Ali returned to the ring on October 26, 1970, and knocked out Jerry Quarry (1945-1999) in the third round. On March 8, 1971, Ali got his chance to regain his heavyweight crown against reigning champ Joe Frazier (1944-2011) in what was billed as the “Fight of the Century.” The undefeated Frazier floored Ali with a hard left hook in the final round. Ali got up but lost in a unanimous decision, experiencing his first defeat as a pro. Ali won his next 10 bouts before being defeated by Ken Norton (1943-). He won the rematch six months later in a split decision and gained further revenge in a unanimous decision over Frazier in a non-title rematch. The victory gave the 32-year-old Ali a title shot against 25-year-old champion George Foreman (1949-). The October 30, 1974, fight in Kinshasa, Zaire, was dubbed the “Rumble in the Jungle.” Ali, the decided underdog, employed his “rope-a-dope” strategy, leaning on the ring ropes and absorbing a barrage of blows from Foreman while waiting for his opponent to tire. The strategy worked, and Ali won in an eighth-round knockout to regain the title stripped from him seven years prior. Ali successfully defended his title in 10 fights, including the memorable “Thrilla in Manila” on October 1, 1975, in which his bitter rival Frazier, his eyes swollen shut, was unable to answer the bell for the final round. Ali also defeated Norton in their third meeting in a unanimous 15-round decision. On February 15, 1978, an aging Ali lost his title to Leon Spinks (1953-) in a 15-round split decision. Seven months later, Ali defeated Spinks in a unanimous 15-round decision to reclaim the heavyweight crown and become the first fighter to win the world heavyweight boxing title three times. After announcing his retirement in 1979, Ali launched a brief, unsuccessful comeback. However, he was overwhelmed in a technical knockout loss to Larry Holmes (1949-) in 1980, and he dropped a unanimous 10-round decision to Trevor Berbick (1954-2006) on December 11, 1981. After the fight, the 39-year-old Ali retired for good with a career record of 56 wins, five losses and 37 knockouts. Muhammad Ali’s Later Years and Legacy In 1984 Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson’s syndrome, possibly connected to the severe head trauma suffered during his boxing career. The former champion’s motor skills slowly declined, and his movement and speech were limited. In spite of the Parkinson’s, Ali remained in the public spotlight, traveling the world to make humanitarian, goodwill and charitable appearances. He met with Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein (1937-2006) in 1990 to negotiate the release of American hostages, and in 2002 he traveled to Afghanistan as a United Nations Messenger of Peace. Ali had the honor of lighting the cauldron during the opening ceremonies of the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. In 1999 Ali was voted the BBC’s “Sporting Personality of the Century,” and Sports Illustrated named him “Sportsman of the Century.” Ali was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in a 2005 White House ceremony, and in the same year the $60 million Muhammad Ali Center, a nonprofit museum and cultural center focusing on peace and social responsibility, opened in Louisville. Ring Magazine named Ali “Fighter of the Year” five times, more than any other boxer, and he was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990. Ali has been married four times and has seven daughters and two sons. He married his fourth wife, Yolanda, in 1986. Ali died at the age of 74 on June 3, 2016. Tags	The Greatest
In what country would you find the capital city of Jakarta?	Muhammad Ali - Biography - IMDb Muhammad Ali Biography Showing all 92 items Jump to: Overview (5) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (4) \| Trade Mark (7) \| Trivia (47) \| Personal Quotes (28) Overview (5) 6' 3" (1.91 m) Mini Bio (1) Muhammad Ali beat more champions and top contenders than any heavyweight champion in history. He defeated heavyweight kings Sonny Liston (twice), Floyd Patterson (twice), Ernie Terrell , Jimmy Ellis, Ken Norton (twice), Joe Frazier (twice), George Foreman and Leon Spinks . He defeated light-heavyweight champs Archie Moore and Bob Foster. Ali defeated European heavyweight champions Henry Cooper, Karl Mildenberger , Jürgen Blin , Joe Bugner , Richard Dunn, Jean-Pierre Coopman and Alfredo Evangelista. He defeated British and Commonwealth king Brian London. All of Ali's defeats were by heavyweight champions: Frazier, Norton, Spinks, Larry Holmes and Trevor Berbick . Ali also beat undefeated fighters Sonny Banks (12-0), Billy Daniels (16-0), 'Rudi Lubbers' (21-0) and George Foreman (40-0). Trademark phrase: "Floats like a butterfly and stings like a bee" Predicting the round in which his opponents would fall, sometimes even down to the minute The Ali Shuffle Extraordinary speed and agility in addition to devastatingly powerful blows Stinging taunts of opponents which frequently rhymed. Rope-a-dope strategy (absorbing round after round of punishing blows from the opponent only to come back stronger after the opponent exhausted themselves) Trivia (47) Former heavyweight boxing champion Light heavyweight boxing gold medalist, 1960 Olympics. World heavyweight boxing champion, 1964-1967, 1974-1978, 1978-1979. Ali learned early from the outrageous bad-guy wrestler, Gorgeous George , that it could pay to be hated. Ali said "I saw fifteen thousand people coming to see this man get beat, and his talking did it. I said, this is a goo-o-o-d idea!" Then Ali refined that talking concept to what has been referred to as the Louisville Lip. Younger brother of Rahman Ali . Suffers from Parkinson's Syndrome, caused by the numerous blows to the head during his boxing career. Lit the torch at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. Took in interest in boxing when his bike was stolen by local hoods. His bout with massive underdog Chuck Wepner inspired Sylvester Stallone to create Rocky Balboa, while the character Apollo Creed (played by Carl Weathers ) was based on Ali himself. Has a record of 56-5 with 37 KOs. Children: Daughters Rasheeda and Jamilla (twins) and Maryum (by Belinda Boyd); Miya, Khalilah, Hana Ali and Laila Ali (by Verónica Porche Ali ). Sons Muhammed, Jr. (by Boyd); Asaad (adopted with Yolonda Williams ). In order to pay his legal fees (since he was barred from boxing), Ali hit the college lecture circuit and even starred in the Broadway musical "Buck White". In June 1967, Ali was convicted of violating the Selective Service Act (knowingly and willfully refusing to report for and submit to induction into the armed forces), and was sentenced to five years in prison and fined $100,000. On appeal, Ali claimed he was denied due process because the ratio of blacks on draft boards did not reflect their ratio in the population. But the three member Presidential Draft Board, formed by President Lyndon Johnson to prevent such scenarios (and included a black member) ruled his objection was invalid, and that he was not entitled to conscientious objector status as a minister of the Islamic religion (what he stated as his profession). Morever, in an April 1966 letter to his local draft board, Ali protested that two years of military service would cause him serious financial loss in being unable to pursue his livelihood as a boxer, NOT as a minister. In 1962, Ali signed for Selective Service, but he failed the mental aptitude test, and was classified 1-Y (unfit for service). But when the United States armed forces required more soldiers for the Vietnam War, the pass-percentage marks for the tests were dropped to 15, meaning that Ali (and thousands of other men) was re-classified 1-A, now fit for service. Contrary to popular belief, he was stripped of his boxing license by the State of New York and his title by the World Boxing Association when he converted to Islam. However, the World Boxing Council recognized him as champ throughout his battle with the Government over his refusal to be inducted into the United States Army. Married second wife Khalilah 'Belinda' Ali when she was age 17. Inducted into the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame in 1983 (charter member) and the World Boxing Hall of Fame in 1986. Legend has it that Ali threw his 1960 Olympic gold medal into the river, when in reality he just simply lost it at some point in time. Recorded an album for Epic Records in 1964 titled "I Am the Greatest". Sam Cooke produced one of the songs from the LP, "The Gang's All Here". A single, his version of "Stand By Me" was released just after his first Liston fight, in 1964, and received some airplay. He is referenced in the song "Powder Blue" by Ween and "Noise Epic" by The Verve . He also inspired the title of a rare song by The Verve recorded from the sessions for their album "Forth". Inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990 and the Sport in Society Hall of Fame in 1994. Has portrayed himself in four different motion pictures. His maternal great-grandfather was Abe Grady, a native of Ireland Had an amateur boxing record of 127 wins and only five defeats. From 1963 to 1966, he successfully defended the heavyweight title nine times. Inactive for three and a half years while fighting his draft evasion case in court. Voted sports personality of the Century in England Awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush on November 9, 2005. Other recipients were Frank Robinson , General Richard Myers , Paul Rusesabagina , Carol Burnett , Andy Griffith , Aretha Franklin , Vint Cerf and his Internet co-developer Robert Kahn, Jack Nicklaus , Alan Greenspan and former congressman Sonny Montgomery . As an amateur, Ali was only knocked-out once in over 110 fights, by Kent Green on a third round technical knockout. Green went on to a 14-2 pro boxing record. In 62 pro boxing matches, Ali was only stopped once; by Larry Holmes on a technical knockout. Ali was never counted out, but was unable to come out for round 11 in their title fight. When Ali stopped Sonny Liston for the World Heavyweight Title, Liston had not lost a fight in over 10 years. First man to knock down Sonny Liston and George Foreman . Received the Otto Yamaoka peace medal for his "life-long engagement in the American civil rights movement and the global cultural emancipation of blacks, as well as his work as a UN Goodwill ambassador". [December 2005] Trained by Joe Martin (1953-1959) as an amateur, Archie Moore (1960-1961) and Angelo Dundee (1961-1980). His maternal grandmother's paternal grandfather was of Anglo-Saxon descent, and he is related to--among other notables--US Presidents William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, Zachary Taylor and Benjamin Harrison VI, Confedrate General Robert E. Lee, General George C. Marshall' and General George S. Patton . He is also related to actors Lee Marvin , Glenn Close , Laura Dern and Hilary Duff , journalist Katie Couric and cyclist Lance Armstrong . Met The Beatles while training to fight Sonny Liston , and posed for photos with them in a boxing ring. Declared afterward that they were the greatest, but he was "still the prettiest". Was featured in a "Pizza Hut" boxing commercial alongside David Bortolucci and Ali's real-life trainer Angelo Dundee , which was meant to air during the 1998 Super Bowl but was pulled at the very last moment for being too violent. It was estimated that the entire campaign cost Pizza Hut tens of millions of dollars. Wanted the role of Bilal in The Message (1976) but the film's director nixed the idea. Father-in-law of Curtis Conway . Was photographed with American actor David J. Silver during his visit to Arizona. He attended a lavish dinner at the Palms Hotel in Paradise Valley for his famed 2004 Fight Night Celebrity charity at the Arizona Biltmore Hotel in Phoenix. The only fighter to score a KO of George Foreman and Oscar Bonnavena. The only fighter to win a decision over Joe Frazier (their second fight). Ali was arguably actually a four-time World Heavyweight Champion. In 1965, after signing to fight dethroned champion 'Sonny Liston' for a rematch, a fight that was not sanctioned in many areas, Ali was stripped by The World Boxing Association of their recognition of him as Heavyweight Champion. The WBA sanctioned an elimination match between contenders Ernie Terrell and Eddie Machen to determine who the Heavyweight Champion would be. Terrell won by a 15-round decision and was the WBA champion for two years. Most sanctioning bodies and the general public still recognized Ali as the true champion. He regained the WBA Heavyweight Championship and unified the Heavyweight Championship by winning a 15-round decision over Terrell in 1967, only to be stripped of the title again several months later because of his refusal to register the military draft. He later won the title on two more occasions from George Foreman and Leon Spinks , reversing a previous loss to Spinks. He was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Live Theatre at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on January 11, 2002. At Ali insistence, the star was installed at the facade of the Kodak Theatre, home of the Academy Awards. Ali is the first heavyweight champion in the history of boxing to lose his title to a novice (who had only seven professional fights). This occurred when Ali lost to Leon Spinks on February 15, 1978. He first decided to take boxing lessons when neighborhood bullies stole his bike and he wanted to get back at them. Having the distinction of being one of the World's most famous celebrity's of all time. Many fans would request getting punched by Ali rather than a picture or autograph. Boasting that they got hit by the Greatest!. Personal Quotes (28) Service to others is the rent you pay for your room here on earth. I am an astronaut of boxing. Joe Louis and Jack Dempsey were just jet pilots. I'm in a world of my own. At home I am a nice guy - but I don't want the world to know. Humble people, I've found, don't get very far. When you're as great as I am, it's hard to be humble. It's just a job. Grass grows, birds fly, waves pound the sand. I beat people up. Champions aren't made in gyms. Champions are made from something they have deep inside them - a desire, a dream, a vision. They have to have the skill, and the will. But the will must be stronger than the skill. You can't hit what you can't see; I float like a butterfly and sting like a bee! [after being rejected by the United States Army during the Vietnam War because he failed the "intelligence" test] I never said I was the smartest, I said I was the greatest. I won a gold medal representing the USA at the Olympic Games in 1960, but when I came home, I still got treated like a nigger. There were restaurants I couldn't get served in. Some people kept calling me "boy". Sonny Liston is too ugly to be world heavyweight champion!. [on challenger Henry Cooper] If he talks some jive, I'll knock him out in round five. I'm soooooooooooooooooo pretty!!! I'm gonna float like a butterfly, sting like a bee, George [ George Foreman ] can't hit what his eyes can't see, now you see me, now you don't, he thinks he will but I know he won't. My toughest fight was my first wife. [on Elvis Presley ] Elvis was my close personal friend. He came to my Deer Lake training camp about two years before he died. He told us he didn't want nobody to bother us. He wanted peace and quiet and I gave him a cabin in my camp and nobody even knew it. When the cameras started watching me train, he was up on the hill sleeping in the cabin. Elvis had a robe made for me. I don't admire nobody but Elvis Presley . He was the sweetest, most humble and nicest man you'd ever meet. He who is not courageous enough to take risks will accomplish nothing in life. I ain't got nothing against them Vietcong. The man who views the world at fifty the same way as he did at twenty has wasted thirty years of his life. [after the Supreme Court overturned his conviction for draft evasion] I've done my celebrating already. I said a prayer to Allah. [observation, 1984] What I suffered physically was worth what I've accomplished in life. A man who is not courageous enough to take risks will never accomplish anything in life. [after defeating Sonny Liston] I'm king of the world! I'm pretty! I'm a bad man! I shook up the world! I shook up the world! I shook up the world! My conscience won't let me go shoot my brother, or some darker people, some poor hungry people in the mud, for big powerful America. And shoot them for what? They never called me nigger. They never lynched me. They didn't put no dogs on me. [2004, asked what he thought when he looked back on the boxer he was] Sometimes, I feel a little sad because I can see how some things I said could upset some people. But I did not deliberately try to hurt anyone. The hype was part of my job, like skipping rope [1999, on being crowned Sports Personality of the Century by the BBC] Ever since I first came here in 1963 to fight Henry Cooper, I have loved the people of England. They have always been extremely warm and welcoming to me, which is why I am especially honored to accept the BBC's Sports Personality of the Century. I give thanks to God and to all the people in the UK who have supported me over the years. Cassius Clay is a slave name. I didn't choose it, and I didn't want it. I am Muhammad Ali, a free name, and I insist people using it when speaking to me and of me. [1999, on being crowned Sports Personality of the Century by the BBC] I'd like to thank the British people for giving me this great welcome and thank you for this award. I had a good time boxing. I enjoyed it - and I may come back. I'm so fast that last night I turned off the light switch in my hotel room and got into bed before the room was dark. I done wrestled with an alligator, I done tussled with a whale; Handcuffed lightning, thrown thunder in jail; Only last week, I murdered a rock, injured a stone, hospitalized a brick; I'm so mean I make medicine sick. See also	i don't know
How many humps would you find on a dromedary camel?	The Difference Between One-Hump and Two-Hump Camels The Difference Between One-Hump and Two-Hump Camels Advertisement For years scientists believed that camels - like unicorns, mermaids, and the American Indian - were just a mythical creature used to market cigarettes. That was until scientists discovered the existence of real-life camels in the Egyptian desert in 1967. But seriously speaking, there are three types of camels, which are one-hump camels, two-hump camels, and camel cigarettes. I am only going to address the first two types. Dromedary is the name for one-hump camels. This type of camel is common to Africa and the Middle East. It was exported all over the world and is now relatively common in Australia and North America, where is has been used sporadically over the years as a pack animal. Dromedary camels are much more common than two hump camels and much less common than camel cigarettes. Bactrian Camels are much less common than dromedary (one-hump). Bactrian camels are native to the Gobi Desert in Mongolia. Aside from the obvious difference of the number of humps, Bactrian Camels differ in a few other key ways. For example, the Bactrian camel grows a thick coat of hair each winter. That coat of hair falls off every spring. This is to deal with the extreme variation of temperature in the Gobi desert where summer highs often top 100 degrees Fahrenheit, and winter months can see significant amounts of snow. In general, Bactrian camels are much more mild-mannered than their hot-tempered dromedary kin. (The Dromedary camel has a uniform length of hair year round.) Estimates for the number of Bactrian Camels in North America range from about 400-800 head. It is possible to cross breed the two types of camels. Some people would expect that by breeding a one-hump camel with a two-hump camel that the result might be a three hump camel. The actual math equation is closer to this: one-hump camel + two-hump camel=a camel with one really large hump. Due to lower numbers, and the higher regard in the eyes of breeders, Bactrian camels command much higher prices than Dromedary camels. by Cameron Hatch	The One (company)
In what country was St. Patrick born?	Who Has How Many Humps?—Bedtime Math—Daily Math By Laura Overdeck \| Animals , Daily Math , Science and Nature Camels are known for a couple of weird things. For one, they have that strange hump on their backs — or is it two humps? It turns out there are 2 living “species” or types of camel: the dromedary , which has 1 hump, and the bactrian camel , which has 2 humps. Their four camel-like cousins have the same long neck and legs, but aren’t quite as lumpy: the alpaca, llama, guanaco, and vicuña (that last one lives in South America). Also, camels can go for days without drinking water, even in the hot dry desert. But they don’t keep extra water in their hump, like people used to think. The hump is just a big lump of fat: it stays up there because it if were spread as a layer all around their bodies, they’d be too hot in the desert. Camels aren’t super friendly — they’re known to spit at you if they get annoyed — but if you can climb up on one, you can enjoy a nice bumpy ride. Wee ones: Who has more humps, a dromedary or a bactrian camel? Little kids: A grown-up camel stands 6 feet tall at the shoulder, but its hump is 1 foot higher up than that. How high is the top of its hump? Bonus: If 2 dromedaries and 2 bactrian camels go for a walk, how many humps do they have? Big kids: Camels can live for 50 years. How many years from now will you match that? Bonus: If you have 20 humps in the room, and there are twice as many bactrian camels (2-humped) as dromedaries, how many of each animal do you have?	i don't know
Which 1964 film recounted the true story of the Battle of Rorke's Drift?	BBC - History - British History in depth: Zulu: The True Story Print this page Introduction On 22 January 1879, at Rorke's Drift on the Natal border with Zululand, in South Africa, a tiny British garrison of 140 men - many of them sick and wounded - fought for 12 hours to repel repeated attacks by up to 3,000 Zulu warriors. This heroic defence was rewarded by Queen Victoria's government with no fewer than 11 Victoria Crosses, and was later immortalised by the film Zulu (1964), directed by Cy Endfield. Few ... remember that it was fought on the same day that the British Army suffered its most humiliating defeat ... Few, however, remember that it was fought on the same day that the British Army suffered its most humiliating defeat at nearby Isandlwana. Why? Because it suited those responsible for the disaster to exaggerate the importance of Rorke's Drift in the hope of reducing the impact of Isandlwana. The true story of 22 January 1879 - the Empire's longest day - is one of unprovoked slaughter, of heroes being ignored and of the guilty being protected. And the responsibility for this lay with Queen Victoria herself. Top An unnecessary war Benjamin Disraeli © Like so many imperial conflicts of the period, the Zulu War was not initiated from London. Instead, Benjamin Disraeli's government - preoccupied with the Russian threat to Constantinople and Afghanistan - made every effort to avoid a fight. 'We cannot now have a Zulu war, in addition to other greater and too possible troubles', wrote Sir Michael Hicks Beach, the colonial secretary, in November 1878. The man to whom this letter was addressed - Sir Bartle Frere - had others ideas, however. Frere had been sent out to to Cape Town with the specific task of grouping South Africa's hotch-potch of British colonies, Boer republics and independent black states into a Confederation of South Africa. But he quickly realised that the region could not be unified under British rule until the powerful Zulu kingdom - with its standing army of 40,000 disciplined warriors - had been suppressed. So he exaggerated the threat posed by the Zulus to the British, and, when the home government refused to sanction war, took matters into his own hands in December 1878 by presenting the Zulu king, Cetshwayo, with an unacceptable ultimatum. This required, among other things, the disbandment of the Zulu Army, and war was the inevitable result. Such unilateral action by an imperial pro-consul was not unusual during the Victorian period. Such unilateral action by an imperial pro-consul was not unusual during the Victorian period. So great were the distances involved, and so slow the methods of communication, that British governors often took it upon themselves to start wars and annex provinces. Lord Lytton, the Viceroy of India, was about to invade Afghanistan without reference to London. But the Zulu conflict was unique in that it was to be the last pre-emptive war launched by the British, prior to the recent campaign in Iraq. Top Isandlwana Lord Chelmsford, c.1870 © The war began on 11 January 1879, when the 5,000-strong main British column invaded Zululand at Rorke's Drift. It was commanded by the ambitious Lord Chelmsford, a favourite of the Queen, who had little respect for the fighting qualities of the Zulu. 'If I am called upon to conduct operations against them,' he wrote in July 1878, 'I shall strive to be in a position to show them how hopelessly inferior they are to us in fighting power, altho' numerically stronger.' This dangerous mixture of self-confidence and contempt for their foes infected the whole British force. But their misjudgement came to rebound on them badly. By 20 January - hampered by minor skirmishes and poor tracks - Chelmsford's column had only advanced 11 miles to the rocky lower slopes of a distinctive, sphinx-like hill called Isandlwana. There it set up camp. But at 4am on 22 January, Chelmsford made the first of a series of blunders by taking two-thirds of his force off to pursue what he believed was the main Zulu army. He was convinced that the Zulus were gathering to the south-east, and so failed to reconnoitre adequately the broken ground to the north-east. There, lying in wait just five miles from the exposed camp at Isandlwana, were 20,000 Zulu warriors. At around 8am, mounted vedettes reported large numbers of Zulus on the high ground to the left of the camp. Colonel Pulleine, in command at Isandlwana, dashed off a quick note to Chelmsford, reading: 'Report just come in that the Zulus are advancing in force from Left front of Camp.' Chelmsford read it shortly after 9.30am, and he returned it to his staff officer, Major Clery, without a word, and would not be deflected from his original plan. This dangerous mixture of self-confidence and contempt for their foes infected the whole British force. At 11am, by which time the 1,300 men remaining in the camp had been swelled by 450 reinforcements, mounted scouts stumbled upon the concealed Zulu impi. Realising they had been spotted, the Zulus rose as one and began their attack, using their traditional tactic of encirclement known as the izimpondo zankomo ('horns of the buffalo'). An hour later, as the hard-pressed British defenders fought for their lives, a portion of Chelmsford's force at Mangeni Falls received word that the camp was in danger of being overrun. On his own initiative a Colonel Harness gave orders for his small force of artillery and infantry to return to camp. But it had only progressed half a mile when a staff officer rode up with express orders from Chelmsford to resume its original march because the message was a false alarm. The last chance to save the camp had been thrown away. By 3pm, despite severe losses, the Zulus had captured the camp. The culmination of Chelmsford's incompetence was a blood-soaked field littered with thousands of corpses. Of the original 1,750 defenders - 1,000 British and 750 black auxiliaries - 1,350 had been killed. Top The cover-up Queen Victoria © Word of the disaster reached Britain on 11 February 1879. The Victorian public was dumbstruck by the news that 'spear-wielding savages' had defeated the well equipped British Army. The hunt was on for a scapegoat, and Chelmsford was the obvious candidate. But he had powerful supporters. On 12 March 1879 Disraeli told Queen Victoria that his 'whole Cabinet had wanted to yield to the clamours of the Press, & Clubs, for the recall of Ld. Chelmsford'. He had, however, 'after great difficulty carried the day'. Disraeli was protecting Chelmsford not because he believed him to be blameless for Isandlwana, but because he was under intense pressure to do so from the Queen. Meanwhile Lord Chelmsford was urgently burying all the evidence that could be used against him. He propagated the myth that a shortage of ammunition led to defeat at Isandlwana. He ensured that potential witnesses to his errors were unable to speak out. Even more significantly, he tried to push blame for the defeat onto Colonel Durnford, now dead, claiming that Durnford had disobeyed orders to defend the camp. Many generals blunder in war, but few go to such lengths to avoid responsibility. The truth is that no orders were ever given to Durnford to take command. Chelmsford's behaviour, in retrospect, is unforgivable. Many generals blunder in war, but few go to such lengths to avoid responsibility. Top Rorke's Drift An 1882 'Illustrated London News' drawing of the aftermath of the battle for Rorke's Drift © Chelmsford had, in any event, another weapon to use against his critics - that of Rorke's Drift. Though undeniably heroic, the importance of the defence of Rorke's Drift was grossly exaggerated by both the generals and politicians of the period, to diminish the impact of Isandlwana. 'We must not forget,' Disraeli told the House of Lords on 13 February, 'the exhibition of heroic valour by those who have been spared.' In truth, the real hero of Rorke's Drift was Commissary Dalton. Within days of Rorke's Drift, Chelmsford was urging the speedy completion of the official report because he was 'anxious to send that gleam of sunshine home as soon as possible'. When it finally arrived, he added two names to the six recommended VCs - the names of lieutenants Chard and Bromhead. Many of their fellow officers were amazed by these two additions. One senior officer wrote: 'Bromhead is a great favourite in his regiment and a capital fellow at everything except soldiering ... He had to be reported confidentially as hopeless.' Another described Chard as 'a most useless officer, fit for nothing'. In truth, the real hero of Rorke's Drift was Commissary Dalton. It was Dalton who persuaded Chard and Bromhead to remain at Rorke's Drift when their first instinct was to abandon the post, and it was Dalton who organised and inspired the defence. But Dalton, an ex-NCO, came from what was considered the wrong background, and was ignored for almost a year. He was eventually awarded a VC after intensive lobbying by the press - but not until January 1880, by which time the celebrations had died down. Top Chelmsford's recall Back in England meanwhile - with the Zulu War no nearer to being won - the cries for Chelmsford's recall intensifying. On 23 May, realising that his political future was on the line, Disraeli told the queen that his government was replacing Chelmsford with Wolseley. She replied frostily: 'I will not withhold my sanction though I cannot approve it.' It was one of the few serious breeches she and Disraeli had during their political relationship. Most of what Chelmsford told the Queen was a pack of lies. In early September, shortly after his return from South Africa, Lord Chelmsford was given an audience with the Queen. She recorded the conversation in her journal: 'Ld. Chelmsford said no doubt poor Col. Durnford had disobeyed orders, in leaving the camp as he did... Ld. Chelmsford knew nothing, Col. Durnford never having sent any message to say he was in danger... This much is clear to me: viz. that it was not his fault, but that of others, that this surprise at Sandlwana took place... I told Ld. Chelmsford he had been blamed by many, and even by the Government, for commencing the war without sufficient cause. He replied that he believed it to have been quite inevitable; that if we had not made war when we did, we should have been attacked and possibly overpowered.' Most of what Chelmsford told the Queen was a pack of lies. Durnford, as we have seen, did not disobey orders. And Chelmsford ignored at least two warnings to the effect the camp 'was in danger'. In addition, the war was not one of self-defence but of conquest. Queen Victoria, however, would not see the truth. Top Only one winner The British captured King Cetshwayo in August 1879, and the war, to all intents and purposes, was over. But few emerged on the British side with any credit, nor did ordinary Zulus benefit. Cetshwayo was exiled, Zululand was broken up and eventually annexed. Frere never achieved his ambition to confederate South Africa. That would have to wait until the aftermath of an even bloodier conflict, that of the Boer War. James Dalton died in 1887, a broken man. Disraeli lost the 1880 election and died the following year. James Dalton died in 1887, a broken man. Many of the lower-rank VC winners from Rorke's Drift were also forgotten when the media circus moved on. But one man prospered - Lord Chelmsford. The Queen showered honours on him, promoting him to full general, awarding him the Gold Stick at Court and appointing him Lieutenant of the Tower of London. He died in 1905, at the age of 78, playing billiards at his club. Books Rorke's Drift by Adrian Greaves (Cassell, 2002) The National Army Musuem Book of the Zulu War by Ian Knight (Sidgwick and Jackson, 2003) Military Blunders by Saul David (Robinson, 1997) Zulu Victory: The Epic of Isandlwana and the Cover-Up by Ron Lock and Peter Quantrill (Greenhill, 2002) The Rise and Fall of the Zulu Nation by John Laband (Arms and Armour, 1995) Top About the author Dr Saul David is the author of several critically-acclaimed history books, including The Indian Mutiny: 1857 (shortlisted for the Westminster Medal for Military Literature), Zulu: the Heroism and Tragedy of the Zulu War of 1879 (a Waterstone's Military History Book of the Year) and, most recently, Victoria's Wars: The Rise of Empire. He was recently appointed Visiting Professor of History at the University of Hull.	Zulu
What's the name of the character in the 'Missing in Action' films played by Chuck Norris?	Zulu Reviews & Ratings - IMDb IMDb 172 out of 198 people found the following review useful: An edge of your seat spectacular. from Coventry, England 14 August 2004 22nd January 1879, Rorke's Drift. Natal Province. On that day an epic battle was fought between 4000 Zulu warriors and approx. 100 British soldiers. Now I have noticed many of our American cousins have made remarks in their reviews of Zulu, to the effect that the soldiers were nasty-pasty British Empire builders and that they all deserved to choke on their own vomit, however the film does not try to justify the Zulu War or it's origins so I will not either, suffice it to say that you shouldn't be expressing assumptions and opinions on nineteenth century political attitudes with such an obvious twenty-first century viewpoint. They are two very different worlds which cannot be compared. This film is beautifully shot and scripted, and the the John Barry musical score keeps the battle scenes moving well. It seems to makes the sometimes long periods of heavy fighting pass by quicker. Barry took authentic Zulu songs and chants and added the dramatic score around them to make an original and haunting theme which still ranks as one of his greatest film score offerings. Stanley Baker is fantastic as Lt. Chard, the Royal Engineer who is able to use his skill in successfully fortifying the little hospital outpost against the onslaught of the foe. Micheal Caine plays Lt. Bromhead the professional line soldier and upper class officer who after a little whining and grumbling accepts his position of second in command and fights valiantly in the battle. It was this film that propelled Caine to international stardom, so powerful was his performance. Other noted cast members include James Booth as an excellent but inaccurate Hook, and Nigel Green as Colour-Sergeant Frank Bourne the typical Victorian Sergeant-major complete with side whiskers and moustache. The Great Jack Hawkins who did not like the character he played or his work on the film, portrayed Otto Witt, the pacifist missionary with a drink problem and again it is another performance worthy of an award. It was upsetting however to hear in his voice, his wonderfully clipped speaking voice, the early effects of the throat cancer which had by this time plagued him for three years and which was eventually to lead to his death. Also special mention to Richard Burton, who narrated the whole show. He truly had one of the best dramatic voices in the world and speaks his lines beautifully. It was also good to see the Zulu's portrayed with dignity and honour rather than just mere savages with bones through their noses. They were a brave and strong opponent that day and they are deserving of tribute as much as the British. The basis of this film is taken from historical fact, although certain characters and events have either been altered, erased or just plain fabricated for dramatic purposes. I hope that should any producers in the future be foolish enough to attempt a remake of this classic epic, they will put historical accuracy first and Hollywood sensationalism second if at all. Enough has been said by others regarding the blatant slander of Private Henry Hook, so I will not elaborate on it, save that it was a gross slur on the bravest of men. I hope should the film ever be remade his honour will be restored and his gallant deeds on that day be portrayed accurately. To quash further popular myths none of the film is shot on the exact spot at which the battle took place, (the real Rorke's Drift was in fact about 60 miles from the location shoot.) The regiment in question did not become the South Wales Borderers until two years after the battle and was at the time a Warwickshire Regiment. They were however based in Brecon which is where the Welsh connection was born and would explain why there was a higher amount of Welsh nationals attached to it. Despite this the regiment consisted mainly of Englishmen and only about 12 percent were in fact from Wales. With these demographics being how they are I can assure you, "Men of Harlech" would not have been sung at Rorke's Drift, (at least not without the culprit being bayoneted by an Englishman with ear-ache.) Lt. Chard himself was an Englishman having been born in Plymouth into an established and respected Somerset family. This being the case, I find it funny that although Stanley Baker never refers to Chard as a Welshman, he none the less seems to revel in promoting Welsh pride at ever opportunity. Of the eleven V.C's won in the battle, only three of them were awarded to Welshman so why the big Welsh message Boyo? Also the final salute made by the Zulu's did not occur. When they re-appeared on the hill they returned with the sole intention of finishing off the gallant soldiers at the outpost, but decided against it when they noticed a sizable relief column approaching Rorke's Drift from the south. Finally, a few people have made references to Colour-Sergeant Frank Bourne, wondering whether or not he really existed and if so why he was never awarded the V.C. for his conduct on the day. Yes, he really existed and yes, he did fight at Rorke's Drift. He was in fact recommended for a Victoria Cross, but told the powers that be that he would rather have a promotion instead. This he was given along with a D.C.M and an O.B.E. He was the last surviving veteran of Rorke's Drift when he died on V.E. Day 8th May 1945 aged 91 and with a rank of Lt. Col. For more historic information about The Battle of Rorke's Drift and it's combatants, I recommend you visit www.rorkesdriftvc.com. Was the above review useful to you? 145 out of 176 people found the following review useful: Undisputed Classic from Isle Of Bute, Scotland 23 August 2001 It`s shameful no-one makes films like ZULU anymore. In these PC dominated times there are those who may view this film as being racist dealing with a heroic battle between white foreign troops against native black Africans during Victorian times. Nothing could be further from the truth. The zulus are rightly presented as being fearless and disciplined warriors ready to willingly die than show cowardice. The only other criticism a modern day audience can level at the film is the fact that the battle scenes are slightly ungory compared to the likes of SAVING PRIVATE RYAN and PLATOON. But so what ? How many other films compete with the excitement and tension of scenes like the soldiers fighting off the hordes of zulus in the hospital building ? Would graphic disembowelment and decapitation improve these scenes ? of course not. I could go on all day as to what`s brilliant about ZULU , but I wont. But I will say that for me the greatest aspect of the film is John Barry`s score. The fact that he never won an oscar for it just goes to show there`s no justice in the world. Without doubt the greatest British film of the 1960`s , probably the greatest British picture ever , and possibly the greatest film ever. Let`s hope Hollywood never decides to remake it Was the above review useful to you? 126 out of 144 people found the following review useful: How the British Ruled the World from United States 6 August 2005 A magnificent recreation of one of the most incredible battles in history, Zulu depicts how less than 100 British soldiers held off an army of 4000 Zulu warriors. The battle follows a previous one, less than a day before, in which about 1200 British soldiers lost. This film really gives new meaning to the saying 'keep a stiff upper lip' - or 'never say die.' The British soldiers here, led by Lieutenants played by Baker & Caine, know full well the force coming against them; they know what has already occurred. By rights, they should beat a hasty retreat before the approaching army arrives. The film never delves into the reasons, psychological or other, of why the commanding officer is determined to remain, beyond just the statement that he holds the "queen's commission." It's a question that baffles the missionary (Hawkins, usually the stiff English officer in other films) who begs them all to leave. The film seems to say, when the moment comes, no man really knows what he will do until it is upon him. Here, the soldiers find out very quickly what they're made of. Cy Endfield, the director, manages to build some heady suspense before even the awesome battle scenes. The soldiers hear a strange sound in the distance, "like a train" notes Caine. Now we no longer need wonder what 8000 feet on soil sound like. And it's not just the suspense; the drama here is very effective. There are numerous sequences where Endfield manages to drive home a point that sticks in your mind for days - maybe years. Who can forget that simple act of turning over a wagon? The photography is superb, capturing the vastness of the area, and should be seen in widescreen glory. I've seen this film many times as a kid and, of course, these were standard TV showings; I didn't know better, it was one of my favorite films of all time, regardless, but it's twice as glorious in proper aspect ratio. I even had the privilege of seeing this on a theater screen once about 20 years ago and I was suitably blown away, even knowing the story beforehand (nowadays, a DVD on a big screen TV is your best bet). The musical score is perfect, as well. I can't imagine the film with anything different. When the fighting begins, it's really breathless; by that I mean, there is one central action set piece when many of the Zulu warriors break through the ranks and threaten the inner compound, including the officer in command. I always have to hold my breath during this sequence, even though I've seen it 20 times, it's that good. Every time a Brit soldier falls, I think, my God, that's a good portion of the entire defending force! They can never make it! Yet, they do, several times. It's a relentless depiction of war battles, never equaled (as in "The Alamo",1960, another historical depiction of a small group against a much larger force - it's good, but not even close). Somehow, Endfield and whomever helped choreograph the action scenes managed to weld together the perfect combination of huge crowd battles and singular confrontations where it becomes a little personal. All the actors are first rate. Caine is terrific in his first major role. Baker is very solid - has to be - as the one in command. Booth - I know his character may not be historically accurate - but he's the most colorful, and when he explodes into full-fledged heroism, it's something to see. And Nigel Green as the sergeant - THAT's why the British ruled the world for a time! In fact, all the supporting and minor roles are filled out excellently; this was when script writing had to be extra professional. The much later prequel had no hope of comparing to this masterpiece, but even that film was well done. Yes, I'll say it one more time - this is a masterpiece. Was the above review useful to you? 99 out of 114 people found the following review useful: Superlative acting, cinematography & direction: what impact! Author: Jim Cross ([email protected]) 9 August 1999 I cannot find words to fully express how perfectly formed this film is, though I will- of course- make a good stab at it! I've seen Zulu so many times since it was first released that I have lost count. In the days when you could sit in the cinema and watch a film come round for a second (or even a third) time, I always did this with Zulu. I bought the soundtrack when it came out (on vinyl, of course). From Stanley Baker & Michael Caine on through the cast list the acting is, quite simply, superb. This is an ensemble piece, and the ensemble gives its all! Photographically, it is beautifully conceived and executed. There is a tendency in 'war' movies to find a couple of favourite types of shot, and then endlessly repeat them, rather like a budgerigar that has learnt how to make his bell ring: no danger of that here; a whole lexicon of camera movements & angles is deployed with consummate skill so that you cannot watch this film without being fully engaged with it. But, to cut to the chase, what is so striking is that here is a movie that could so easily have been yet another 'duffing up the natives' actioner, and instead becomes a vehicle for all sorts of interesting questions. Questions such as 'what is it to be a man?', and 'what is courage?' are posed and turned into interesting questions with complex and surprising answers. The way that Zulu culture/social psychology is compared with that of the British soldiers is also deft and insightful. The cry of the drunken pastor- "you're all going to die"- echoes through the rest of the film, as we see how the protagonists face death. Any review of this would be incomplete without mention of the music, which is so well-suited to the action. It forms a restless, swirling, and sometimes majestic backdrop to what is happening on-screen. The voice-overs which 'bookend' the film also underline that which is, in any case, clear from the narrative: this film is no apologia for imperialism. Neither does it represent battle as other than bloody and painful murder. What is, perhaps, the most remarkable feature of the film is the way in which it damns war while neither grossing out nor alienating its audience. It is, on the contrary, an enthralling and passionate entertainment. One memorable visual moment occurs toward the end, when the Zulus appear simultaneously on the skyline all round Rorke's Drift. Compare this with the appearance of the tanks on the skyline in 'The Battle of the Bulge'... P.S., beware (as you always should) TV showings or videos that are 'scanned' rather than in the original letterbox format: cinematography this good does not deserve to be butchered! Was the above review useful to you? 84 out of 102 people found the following review useful: Cymru Am Byth in South Africa from Gidea Park, England 30 December 2004 If you watch only the first two minutes of 'Zulu', it will be worth your while. The superbly dramatic theme music, followed immediately by Richard Burton's striking Welsh narration, are utterly entrancing. The rest of the film is not bad, either! In January 1879, during the Boer War, at Isandhlwana in South Africa, over one thousand British troops are annihilated by King Cetshwayo's Zulu army. Standing between the four thousand Zulus and victory is the mission station at Rorke's Drift and about one hundred and forty British soldiers, some of whom are wounded. Commanding the military operation is the young Lieutenant John Chard (Stanley Baker, also co-producer of the film) with Lieutenant Gonville Bromhead (Michael Caine, in his first major film role). Against the unimaginable odds, the British troops - the B Company of the 24th Regiment of Foot, South Wales Borderers - manage, with exceptional courage and stoicism, to hold off the Zulu attacks until morning. The valour of the men defending Rourke's Drift resulted in the awarding of eleven Victoria Crosses. The roll of honour is recited by Richard Burton at the film's end. Baker and Caine are very convincing in the two lead roles as Chard and Bromhead, the rival lieutenants from different social classes who come to respect and even like each other. Their first meeting emphasises the psychological as well as the physical distance between them. Chard, the Engineer Officer, in his shirt-sleeves, is up to his waist in water; Bromhead, the upper-class blue-blood, in his helmet and fine cloak, is on horseback, having just returned from hunting. However, as the battle progresses, this rivalry is forgotten as their prime concern is the job in hand. Their exchange when Chard is injured and Bromhead goes to his aid is telling. By the end of the film, as they stand together in the burnt-out ruins of the hospital, they are equals. The incredibly virile Stanley Baker (one wants to say, "Fwhoar!" every time he appears on screen) co-produced the film because, like most Welshmen, he was extremely patriotic and wanted to publicise the bravery of the Welsh soldiers at Rorke's Drift. Michael Caine auditioned originally for the part of Hook but was offered instead the part of Bromhead as his looks were considered more suited to those of an upper-class officer than a Cockney private. Good support is given by the other actors in the supporting roles. James Booth as Private Henry Hook is probably the most memorable character, portrayed (historically inaccurately) as the company ne'er-do-well, yet who wakes up to his duty at the moment of crisis and fights almost to the death. Jack Hawkins and Ulla Jacobssen are effective as the well-meaning but naive father-and-daughter missionaries, the Witts. The outstanding bravery and selflessness of the other (mainly) Welsh soldiers is brought out by all the actors in the subordinate roles. What I think is very admirable about 'Zulu' is its lack of jingoism. Far from it crowing about British supremacy over the natives, it portrays the bravery of the Zulus as equal to or even greater than that of the British. At the end of the battle, there is no great rejoicing; it was just a job which had to be done because they were there. In the ruins of the hospital, when Chard asks Bromhead how he feels, Bromhead replies, "Sick." Their dialogue continues: Bromhead: There's something else. I feel ashamed. Was that how it was for you? The first time? Chard: First time? Do you think I could stand this butcher's yard more than once? Bromhead: I didn't know. Chard: I told you. I came up here to build a bridge. No more needs to be said. Although the character names and events are factual, the film does sometimes sacrifice historical accuracy for dramatic effect. How much real rivalry there was between Chard and Bromhead is unclear - although it is true that Bromhead ceded command to Chard. Private Hook was not the thief and ne'er-do-well as played by James Booth. Colour Sergeant Bourne was a short man and quite unlike Nigel Green in appearance. Most of the Victoria Cross winners were English, not Welsh. And the film itself was shot not at Rorke's Drift but at a location some miles away. Interestingly, neither Chard nor Bromhead lived to a great age. Both died in their forties, Chard of mouth cancer in 1897 and Bromhead of fever on active service a few years before. Neither ever married. Nevertheless, their names are immortalised in 'Zulu' - as are the deeds of the tremendously brave men, Welsh, English and Zulu, at Rorke's Drift on 22nd/23rd January 1879. Was the above review useful to you? 68 out of 89 people found the following review useful: You can't do better than ZULU from London, England 2 December 1999 A stirring, inspiring film about ordinary British soldiers, caught off-guard and forced to fight for their lives. During the Victorian period, discipline within the British Army was at its very peak, and the Officers were well versed in standard military manoeuvres. However, Lord Chelmsford, leading the colony out of ISLANDWANA, effectively sealed the fate of the 1000 or so Soldiers encamped on the slopes of the mountain at Islandwana, and in turn forced the Mission station at Rourkes Drift into a seemingly impossible situation; Beat off the attack. Luckily, Lt John Chard of the Royal Engineers had been assigned to Rourkes Drift to "Build a Bridge", thus saving him from massacre and lending his wisdom and sharp military mind to the ragged bunch of soldiers at the station. Lt Gonville Bromhead, superbly played by Michael Caine, epitomised the "Military Families" that had been commanding regiments for Decades during the 18th and 19th Centuries. The film speaks for itself, culminating in the final, mesmerising, breath-taking, desperate battle to hold fast against a disciplined attack from the ZULU impi. Strangely, the film makes no mention of Cetsewayo's order that no force should attack any entrenched British position. The Rourkes Drift attack was spearheaded by one of his headstrong sons, eager to prove his courage and leadership skills to his respected warrior father. With narration from none other than Richard Burton, stirring music, the pre-battle singing at dawn, and the three level firing lines on a "mealy-bag" redoubt, you can't do better than "ZULU". Was the above review useful to you? 61 out of 80 people found the following review useful: Simply an Incredible Film from Seoul, Republic of Korea 20 October 2004 When one sees this film you know great pains were taken in the making of this masterpiece -- of all of the films that I have seen I found this one to be one of the classics that sets a standard for film. Great effort was put into the historical tale-telling. From political and social commentary to great action sequences Zulu is one of the more complete films that you will ever see, having something for everyone. I enjoyed the human aspect of different men, coming together under duress to fight bravely in the face of overwhelming odds; it shows normal men coming together and accomplishing something great in the face of opposition and all the human story that goes along with it. A must-see for anyone who enjoys action & war films. Was the above review useful to you? 40 out of 42 people found the following review useful: Men of Harlech onto glory. from United Kingdom 6 July 2008 "In the hundred years since the Victoria Cross was created for valour and extreme courage beyond that normally expected of a British soldier in the face of the enemy, only 1,344 have been awarded, 11 of these were won by the defenders of the mission station at Rorke's Drift, Natal, January 22nd to the 23rd 1879" Just typing out that spoken narration from Richard Burton brings me out into goose pimples, and the hairs on the back of my neck stand to attention, Zulu quite simply is my favourite film of all time, and my love for cinema to this day owes its credit to this 1964 masterpiece. Zulu is a perfectly staged, perfectly acted account of the British defence of Rorke's Drift, where 139 British soldiers held off 4000 Zulu Warriors at the height of the Anglo-Zulu War. Its strength is not in romanticism or over sentimentality in the name of glossy hard sell, the crux lies with just being a tale of pure courage, a tale of pure stoic heroism, it sticks vigorously to the actual events, and thus the film plays out with genuine honesty that few other War pictures can ever lay claim to. Where does one start when outlaying the brilliance this picture has to offer? The Natal location is stunning, beautiful lush rolling hills dwarf this tiny outpost, the sky a never ending eye witness to the courage unfolding, Stephen Dade's photography perfectly capturing this colourful extravaganza. The direction from the criminally undervalued Cy Enfield is excellent, along with his star and producer (Stanley Baker in a role of a lifetime) he manages to direct some of the most amazing battle sequences put onto the screen, the discipline of man to man combat perfectly orchestrated by Enfield. The Zulu extras, who once had no idea what they was supposed to do at first, finally grasped the concept of movie making and added weight to the drama. It's now down in legend that Baker showed the chiefs a Gene Autry Western and that got them into the swing of things! The acting right through the cast is astonishing, Baker, Michael Caine, Jack Hawkins, James Booth, Nigel Green, Ivor Emmanuel and Patrick Magee are just some of the cast that shine bright and bold. John Barry's score is blood pumping to the maximum, swirling strings collide with thumping base drums to give one the feeling of invincibility. Ernest Archer's art decoration, Arthur Newman's costumes and of course the John Prebble screenplay that is Zulu's heart. I could go on and name everyone involved in this picture, such is the admiration I have for the work involved. But really the story sells itself, not a glossy British victory in sight, this is not just another British fable of imperialistic fervour, it's just a tale of bayonets with guts behind them, and ultimately a story of when men really were men, all in the line of duty. Men of Harlech onto glory...10/10 and then some. Was the above review useful to you? 48 out of 58 people found the following review useful: Best film ever... 14 January 2002 simply my favourite film. A true story well told. I wanted to clarify some points from recent reviwers which I hope help exlain some questions. Mainly from Geofbob. The two Lts. Chard and Bromhead - were new to battle. The reason Chard performed so well may be largely due to the fact that he was an engineer who knew about building defences. The mealie bag wall they build in the film was vital in order to slow up the thousands of zulus. The victory was not a sure thing because they had guns. The zulus had hundreds of guns capture that morning from the other 1700 British troops that had been killed by the zulus armed with spears. As to where the Hawkins character went to ? In reality he legged it away from his mission before the battle - later submitting a bill for damages to the British government. No explanation into the reasons for the battle. No bad thing as the true story of men against men is a worthy tail on its own and any explanation would be open to interpretation - read the history yourself! One last point everyone enjoys the Men of Harlech scene. Whilst this is poetic license - a very similar incident happened in the Afghan war at the same time. A Btirish regiment cut off and fighting to the end, sang God Save The Queen just before the final Afghan attack - they survived - remember these were very different men from today, no political correctness here and possibly a lot more courage. 10/10 Oh, and by the way Colour Sgt Bourne - very much existed in real life. He was awared the DCM and lived until 1945, the last survivor of Rorkes Drift. Was the above review useful to you? 56 out of 74 people found the following review useful: Courage, Honor, Humanity .... War from oregon 27 April 1999 There can be no "War Movie" which is not at the same time an "Anti-war Movie". The nearly unique aspect of this movie is that it depicts that rare event in human conflict; a battle in which both sides may be said to have won. And both sides lost, of course. Lives, hopes, aspirations. Incredible performances by Stanley Baker, a very YOUNG Michael Caine. Jack Hawkins plays a credible drunken minister, and Nigel Greene delivers the eternally memorable line; when asked by a frightened soldier "why us?" Color Sergeant Bourne implacably replies "Because we're here, lad. Because we're here." It's as impossible to ignore the fine, sensitive scripting as the surprisingly lucid depiction of The Battle of Roark's Drift. Historical inaccuracies are in petty details only; the sense of simultaneous exaltation and shame that a soldier feels after surviving his first battle has never been more accurately portrayed. Where else can you watch the making of heroes from such obviously human material? Stanley Baker's determination to make this film has earned him a place in theater history. Was the above review useful to you? Page 1 of 24:	i don't know
Who played Edith Piaf in the 2007 film 'La Vie En Rose'?	La Vie en Rose (2007) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error La Vie en Rose ( 2007 ) La môme (original title) Biopic of the iconic French singer Édith Piaf . Raised by her grandmother in a brothel, she was discovered while singing on a street corner at the age of 19. Despite her success, Piaf's life was filled with tragedy. Director: From $9.99 (HD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 21 titles created 04 Oct 2010 a list of 31 titles created 30 Nov 2011 a list of 44 titles created 11 Oct 2012 a list of 40 titles created 08 Sep 2014 a list of 36 titles created 02 Dec 2014 Title: La Vie en Rose (2007) 7.6/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 2 Oscars. Another 44 wins & 61 nominations. See more awards » Videos Alex Gibney exposes the haunting details of the USA's torture and interrogation practices during the War in Afghanistan. Director: Alex Gibney Two documentary filmmakers chronicle their time in Sonagchi, Calcutta and the relationships they developed with children of prostitutes who work the city's notorious red light district. Directors: Zana Briski, Ross Kauffman Stars: Kochi, Avijit Halder, Shanti Das A look at tightrope walker Philippe Petit's daring, but illegal, high-wire routine performed between New York City's World Trade Center's twin towers in 1974, what some consider, "the artistic crime of the century." Director: James Marsh The story of Harvey Milk , and his struggles as an American gay activist who fought for gay rights and became California's first openly gay elected official. Director: Gus Van Sant Post-WWII Germany: Nearly a decade after his affair with an older woman came to a mysterious end, law student Michael Berg re-encounters his former lover as she defends herself in a war-crime trial. Director: Stephen Daldry After the death of Princess Diana , Queen Elizabeth II struggles with her reaction to a sequence of events nobody could have predicted. Director: Stephen Frears In the Antarctic, every March since the beginning of time, the quest begins to find the perfect mate and start a family. Director: Luc Jacquet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7.7/10 X The story of the life and career of the legendary rhythm and blues musician Ray Charles , from his humble beginnings in the South, where he went blind at age seven, to his meteoric rise to stardom during the 1950s and 1960s. Director: Taylor Hackford Filmmaker Davis Guggenheim follows Al Gore on the lecture circuit, as the former presidential candidate campaigns to raise public awareness of the dangers of global warming and calls for immediate action to curb its destructive effects on the environment. Director: Davis Guggenheim A trio of black female soul singers cross over to the pop charts in the early 1960s, facing their own personal struggles along the way. Director: Bill Condon An elderly Margaret Thatcher talks to the imagined presence of her recently deceased husband as she struggles to come to terms with his death while scenes from her past life, from girlhood to British prime minister, intervene. Director: Phyllida Lloyd A widower is determined to get to the bottom of a potentially explosive secret involving his wife's murder, big business, and corporate corruption. Director: Fernando Meirelles Edit Storyline An un-chronological look at the life of the Little Sparrow, Édith Piaf (1915-1963). Her mother is an alcoholic street singer, her father a circus performer, her paternal grandmother a madam. During childhood she lives with each of them. At 20, she's a street singer discovered by a club owner who's soon murdered, coached by a musician who brings her to concert halls, and then quickly famous. Constant companions are alcohol and heartache. The tragedies of her love affair with Marcel Cerdan and the death of her only child belie the words of one of her signature songs, "Non, je ne regrette rien." The back and forth nature of the narrative suggests the patterns of memory and association. Written by <[email protected]> The extraordinary life of Edith Piaf See more » Genres: Rated PG-13 for substance abuse, sexual content, brief nudity, language and thematic elements \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 20 July 2007 (USA) See more » Also Known As: La Vie en Rose See more » Filming Locations: $179,848 (USA) (8 June 2007) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia When Marion Cotillard introduced the song "Everything is Awesome" from The Lego Movie (2014) at the 87th Academy Awards in 2015, Édith Piaf 's song, "La vie en Rose" was playing in the background when she took the stage. See more » Goofs The caption that opens the Édith/Marcel Cerdan portion, which includes his fight, says "1947". Cerdan fought Tony Zale on 21 September 1948. See more » Quotes Marion is spectacular but the film is needlessly melodramatic 18 May 2007 \| by Maciste_Brother (the rock) – See all my reviews I'm glad I went to see LA MOME, or LA VIE EN ROSE. I had a good time at the movies. After seeing it, I realized what a good life I have. But seriously, Marion Cotillard's performance is nothing short of spectacular, even if her performance borders on caricature. I realized that whatever Cotillard and the director were attempting to do, it was worth it and that includes the borderline caricatural acting. The only thing I thought went overboard was the melodrama. Edith Piaf's life is filled with tragedy. We are well aware of this but the filmmaker didn't need to dwell on it ad nauseam. Practically every scene in LA VIE EN ROSE is taken from the big book of melodrama. It's hard to believe Edith didn't have one happy moment during her days as either a kid or a young adult. After 45 minutes of non-stop sadness, the film was laying it pretty thick. The best example of this was when Edith and her friend were eating at a restaurant. It was the first time we saw Edith eating a meal in a restaurant as a young woman. Just showing her enjoying her meal and chatting with her friend would have been fun to see but then Edith's estranged mother walks in, begging for food and money from her daughter and well, here we go again, more melodrama. The film needed more quiet moments to balance out Edith's albeit tragic life. The constant melo was at times off putting. Edith's life is remarkable enough without having to rely on easy melodrama to tell it. The end effect was like the director wanted to impress younger generations, who are unfamiliar with Edith, by showing her life as being more edgy than Courtney Love's life could ever be. At the theater where I saw it, an old couple in front of me walked out halfway into the picture, visibly not pleased with the bleak representation of the beloved chanteuse. The director was obviously in love with the concept that great art emerges from tragedy/pain/suffering but he carried this concept to an unfortunate level. My other critique of LA VIE EN ROSE is that the script forgot major aspects about her life. Of course they couldn't cover every aspect of her legendary life but forgetting to mention that Edith was the one who discovered Yves Montand or that she played a major part of the French Resistance was inexcusable. I understand that they wanted to create a specific portrait of her life. Making a biography is not easy thing to do. It can easily fall into two categories: it can be an exact "academic" portrayal of her life, which many find tedious and dull or it could have been a wildly inaccurate portrayal, made with many dramatic licenses, in order to be more entertaining. But in either case, an accurate, truthful portrayal of anyone's life is an impossibility and the director of LA VIE EN ROSE is conscious of this and deliberately avoided some things about Edith which would have conflicted with this portrait he wanted to create but the fact that Yves Montand didn't even figure somewhere in this portrait was, imo, very bizarre. This brings another point: the film is so focused on Edith that all other characters are pushed in the background and we hardly know who they are. Edith's star is so bright that she eclipses everyone around her. This part didn't bother me that much because I realized the director wanted to focus only on Edith but it would have been nice to have known who was who. But even with these weak points, I still recommend LA VIE EN ROSE. It's the type of film we rarely see these days: big, showy and remarkably depressing. Marion Cotillard should win awards after awards for her stunning portrayal. It's truly something to witness and it's worth the price of admission. And the music, of course, is great. 93 of 144 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Marion Cotillard
What character was played by Donald Sutherland in the film 'MAS*H'?	Marion Cotillard - Bio, Facts, Family \| Famous Birthdays Marion Cotillard Actress Born In France#4 About French actress who won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her role as singer Edith Piaf in the 2007 film La Vie en Rose. She has also played prominent roles in the films Big Fish, Public Enemies, Midnight in Paris, Contagion, Inception, Rust and Bone and The Dark Knight Rises. Before Fame She began her acting career in theater and on TV. In the mid-90's, she made appearances in the French films La Belle Verte and My Sex Life... or How I Got Into an Argument. Trivia She made a cameo as a news anchor in the 2013 comedy Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues. Family Life In 2007, she began a relationship with French actor Guillaume Canet . Together they welcomed a son, Marcel, in 2011. She is currently pregnant with their second child.	i don't know
'The Dambusters' is a true story about which RAF squadron?	Dambusters - Trailer. - YouTube Dambusters - Trailer. Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Jun 17, 2009 The Dam Busters is a 1955 British war film, set during the Second World War, and based on the true story of the RAF's 617 Squadron, the development of the "bouncing bomb", and Operation Chastise, the attack on the Ruhr dams in Germany. It stars Michael Redgrave as Barnes Wallis and Richard Todd as Wing Commander Guy Gibson and was directed by Michael Anderson Category	No. 617 Squadron RAF
Who's voice was used for Sheriff Woody in 'Toy Story'?	The Dam Busters Film : War Film, Royal Air Force, No. 617 Squadron RAF, Bouncing Bomb, Operation Chastise, Ruhr River , Richard Todd: Amazon.es: Lambert M. Surhone, Miriam T. Timpledon, Susan F. Marseken: Libros en idiomas extranjeros Libros en idiomas extranjeros AÃ±adir a la Lista de deseos Â¿Tienes uno para vender? Volver atrÃ¡s Ir adelante Escuchar Reproduciendo... Interrumpido EstÃ¡s escuchando una muestra de la ediciÃ³n de audio Audible. MÃ¡s informaciÃ³n Ver esta imagen The Dam Busters (Film): War Film, Royal Air Force, No. 617 Squadron RAF, Bouncing Bomb, Operation Chastise, Ruhr (River), Richard Todd (InglÃ©s) Tapa blanda – 13 jun 2010 Tapa blanda, 13 jun 2010 "Vuelva a intentarlo" DescripciÃ³n del producto Reseña del editor Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. The Dam Busters is a 1955 British war film, set during the Second World War, and based on the true story of the RAF''s 617 Squadron, the development of the bouncing bomb", and Operation Chastise, the attack on the Ruhr dams in Germany. It stars Michael Redgrave as Barnes Wallis and Richard Todd as Wing Commander Guy Gibson and was directed by Michael Anderson. The film was based on the books The Dam Busters by Paul Brickhill and Enemy Coast Ahead by Guy Gibson. It was re-mastered and re-released in September 2007 in the United Kingdom." No es necesario ningÃºn dispositivo Kindle. DescÃ¡rgate una de las apps de Kindle gratuitas para comenzar a leer libros Kindle en tu smartphone, tablet u ordenador. Apple	i don't know
What 1990 film starred Gary and Martin Kemp?	The Krays (1990) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error This fact-based movie follows the life of the twin crime-lords in London's '60s underworld. Director: a list of 24 titles created 24 Oct 2011 a list of 49 titles created 24 Mar 2013 a list of 44 titles created 17 Aug 2014 a list of 34 images created 4 months ago a list of 37 titles created 3 months ago Search for " The Krays " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 1 BAFTA Film Award. Another 4 wins & 1 nomination. See more awards » Videos Edit Storyline The life of a pair of twins (Ronald and Reginald Kray) who were born in London in 1934 and when they grew up became gangsters selling protection. Written by Michel Rudoy <[email protected]> When People are afraid of you, You can do anything. Remember that. See more » Genres: 9 November 1990 (USA) See more » Also Known As: A Kray fivérek See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia The East End of London had been extensively redeveloped since the Krays' heyday so the company filmed across the River Thames in Greenwich, especially in Caradoc Street. See more » Goofs At 93m 22s just before one of the gang offers the grieving Reggie a sandwich, the boom mike appears above the head of Gary Kemp (Ronnie). See more » Quotes [the Kray twins have been called up for National Service in the Army] Drill Sergeant : You are not people any more. You are not human beings. You are part of a machine. You do not wear what you want to, think what you want to - you wear what we tell you, think what we tell you, eat when we tell you, sleep, shit and fuck when we tell you! [a soldier giggles] Drill Sergeant : Someone stick a feather up your arse, lad? Soldier: Sarge? Drill Sergeant : You're grinning like a bloody Cheshire cat! [Ronnie and Reggie start walking away] Drill Sergeant : And where do you little ... [...]	The Krays
Which Russian boxer was beaten by Rocky in 'Rocky 4'?	Gary Kemp - Biography - IMDb Gary Kemp Jump to: Overview (3) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (2) \| Trivia (14) \| Personal Quotes (13) Overview (3) 6' (1.83 m) Mini Bio (1) Gary Kemp was born in Islington, London in October 1959. On his 10th birthday, he got his first guitar from his parents. In the 70s, he and his younger brother, Martin Kemp , went to learn drama at Anna Scher's acting school. Then, in 1978, Gary Kemp formed "The Makers". After Richard Miller left, his brother replaced him on bass. That's when Gary changed the name to Spandau Ballet . Spandau's break came in March 1980 when they were filmed for a documentary on ITV. When the documentary was broadcast, the record companies were bursting out of their ears. They chose to sign to Chrysalis, as they were offered the most money. For 10 years, they had hits like "To Cut a Long Story Short" (1980), "Chant No. 1 (I don't need this pressure on)" (1981), "True" (1983), "Gold" (1983), "Only When You Leave" (1984) and "Through the Barricades" (1986). After Spandau Ballet completed a tour in 1987, Gary and Martin decided to go into acting once again. They auditioned for the part in The Krays (1990) and, in 1989, they played "Ronald" and "Reggie". Soon afterwards this, Spandau Ballet would split. During the '90s, Gary continued to act, most notably playing a part in The Bodyguard (1992). In 1999, Gary was involved in a court battle over £1,000,000 royalties against John Keeble , Steve Norman and Tony Hadley , his 3 other bandmates. Gary won the case. However, in March 2009, all 5 members of Spandau Ballet called a truce, and they announced on the HMS Belfast in London that they would be reuniting for a world tour later in the year. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Richard Baker Spouse (2) Older brother of Martin Kemp . Former co-leader of the band Spandau Ballet . Guitarist, songwriter and sometimes the synthesizer player of Spandau Ballet . His song "True" was sampled for the PM Dawn hit, "Set Adrift on Memory Bliss". The first album he bought was T. Rex 's "Electric Warrior". The first band he saw was Slade when he was 11. The first single he bought was "Apeman" by The Kinks . "True" was directly influenced by his love of Marvin Gaye and Al Green . The lyrics were delicately influenced by Nabokov's novel, Lolita. Spandau Ballet won the Sony Award For Technical Excellence in 1984. Son Milo Wolf Kemp (born July 14th 2004) with Lauren Barber. Son Finlay Munro Kemp (born September 20th 1990) with Sadie Frost . Has only 1 kidney while his brother Martin has 3. Trained at Anna Scher Drama School with his brother Martin. Personal Quotes (13) Spandau Ballet is a brand name. Part of me never wants to do it again. Part of me is fascinated of what it would be like. Because we spent the most amazing time together. I can't get away from 'True'. It's been played 3 million times on American radio. I think that Will Young is this generation's Des O'Connor or Max Bygraves. Where is the sex, drama and outrage in music anymore? The thought of going on tour with people like Toyah Wilcox is just appalling. I'm certainly not tempted. Kevin Costner told me that "True" was his and his wife's song. I'm not sure if that's a good thing because they split up soon after. I like a band with sex and attitude. Coldplay and Travis do nothing for me. Songwriting helps me sort out my personal problems. With acting, you're just a tool for someone's ideas. Punk was sort of an angry stance against things that had happened just before, against the pop of glam rock, against progressive rock. Music had become very staid and it was about the playing and people obsessed. Eric Clapton was God and we needed an enema within the art form, and punk did do that. I wanted to write a soul song. We'd come out of that electronic, Blitz, dance movement. I wanted to get back into writing songs that I loved, which was black American soul songs. I wanted to write an Al Green song. Marvin Gaye obviously was a hero and I wanted to mention him in the song. (On "True") Live Aid (1985), coming straight after the Miners' Strike and certainly the sense that the government weren't really listening to the people at that point, I think it was a sense of democracy that people got from Live Aid (1985). That they could do something above and beyond what the government wanted to do, just with a postal order. I remember Paul Weller saying to me, "Why aren't you writing a song about the miners?" I said, "Why aren't you, Paul?" What we did have then is no Internet, a youth culture that had to find itself on the streets and one that was rather brave in the way it presented itself as well because we were sort of dressing up on a shoestring. I think we liked the theatre of youth culture and pop culture that we'd fallen in love with like Bowie [ David Bowie ] and people like that. We owe a lot to Iggy. When we first walked into those Billy's and Blitz clubs, that was basically called Bowie night. And I think "Nightclubbing" was being played, that was one of the first tracks we heard in there. Everything from Bowie to Lou Reed to Iggy to Kraftwerk, that was the soundtrack that we were inspired by in 1979 when we formed Spandau Ballet. See also	i don't know
In 'Batman and Robin' what character was played by Arnold Schwarzenegger?	Batman & Robin (1997) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Batman and Robin try to keep their relationship together even as they must stop Mr. Freeze and Poison Ivy from freezing Gotham City. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC Famous Directors: From Sundance to Prominence From Christopher Nolan to Quentin Tarantino and every Coen brother in between, many of today's most popular directors got their start at the Sundance Film Festival . Here's a list of some of the biggest names to go from Sundance to Hollywood prominence. a list of 43 titles created 18 Apr 2012 a list of 35 titles created 10 Nov 2012 a list of 36 titles created 21 Oct 2013 a list of 49 titles created 28 Dec 2014 a list of 45 titles created 8 months ago Search for " Batman & Robin " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 10 wins & 21 nominations. See more awards » Videos Batman must battle Two-Face and The Riddler with help from an amorous psychologist and a young circus acrobat who becomes his sidekick, Robin. Director: Joel Schumacher When a corrupt businessman and the grotesque Penguin plot to take control of Gotham City, only Batman can stop them, while the Catwoman has her own agenda. Director: Tim Burton The Dark Knight of Gotham City begins his war on crime with his first major enemy being the clownishly homicidal Joker. Director: Tim Burton Superman reappears after a long absence, but is challenged by an old foe who uses Kryptonian technology for world domination. Director: Bryan Singer Superman agrees to sacrifice his powers to start a relationship with Lois Lane, unaware that three Kryptonian criminals he inadvertently released are conquering Earth. Directors: Richard Lester, Richard Donner Stars: Gene Hackman, Christopher Reeve, Margot Kidder A shy woman, endowed with the speed, reflexes, and senses of a cat, walks a thin line between criminal and hero, even as a detective doggedly pursues her, fascinated by both of her personas. Director: Pitof An alien orphan is sent from his dying planet to Earth, where he grows up to become his adoptive home's first and greatest superhero. Director: Richard Donner Synthetic kryptonite laced with tobacco tar splits Superman in two: good Clark Kent and bad Man of Steel. Director: Richard Lester A man blinded by toxic waste which also enhanced his remaining senses fights crime as an acrobatic martial arts superhero. Director: Mark Steven Johnson Edit Storyline Batman and Robin are back working side-by-side to stop the villains of Gotham City, but is there tension appearing between them, especially when one villainess who calls herself Poison Ivy can make anyone fall in love with her...literally. Along with Poison Ivy, the icy Mr. Freeze is freezing anything which gets in his way from achieving his goal. Written by FilmFanUk Strength. Courage. Honor. And loyalty. On June 20, it ALL comes together... Genres: Rated PG-13 for strong stylized action and some innuendos \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 20 June 1997 (USA) See more » Also Known As: $42,872,606 (USA) (20 June 1997) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia Anthony Hopkins , who was one of Joel Schumacher 's other choices for Mr. Freeze, was also considered for the role of Alfred in Batman Begins (2005). See more » Goofs When Barbara is trying out passwords she looks to the picture of Margaret and the words "Love Peg" are missing, when she next looks they are back. See more » Quotes Bruce Wayne : My father once told me, "To succeed, we need only pick a star and follow it." The opening Warner Bros. logo re-shapes itself to form an ice-covered Batman logo. See more » Connections Written by Johnny Rzeznik (as John Rzeznik) Produced by Sean Slade & Paul Q. Kolderie Performed by Goo Goo Dolls (as Goo Goo Dolls) Courtesy of Warner Bros. Records Inc. (St. Louis, Missouri) – See all my reviews I understand what Schumacher tried to do with this movie...it seems like a giant comic book, but...oh, hell...the movie is horrible. I don't think I've seen such bad performances in my entire life. I wasn't only disappointed by this movie, but mildly insulted that something like this was supposed to be a blockbuster at one point; yeah guys, maybe if we were all five. Whatever happened to the original Batman? Michael Keaton and Kim Bassinger? Yeah, see, back in the good old days, good comic book adaptation movies were made. Batman and Robin is TO BE AVOIDED LIKE THE PLAGUE 141 of 215 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Mr. Freeze
Who played 'Judge Dredd' in the 1995 film?	Batman & Robin - Movie News, Reviews, Recaps and Photos - TV.com Rating: PG-13 Batman & Robin is a 1997 superhero movie and the sequel to 1995's smash hit Batman Forever, starring George Clooney and Chris O'Donnell as the eponymous dark knight and his loyal sidekick, as well as Uma Thurman and Arnold Schwarzenegger as the villains Poison Ivy and Mr. Freeze. The film features several other characters from the classic comic book series, including Batgirl (played by Alicia Silverstone), Commissioner Gordon (Pat Hingle), Bane (Jeep Swanson), and Bruce Wayne's devoted butler, Alfred (Michael Gough). In this installment, Batman and Robin face great odds as three powerful villains conspire to take over Gotham City and bring an end to Batman's campaign of vigilante justice. However, with the help of their new crime-fighting partner, Batgirl, they just might be able to take down the terrible trio. Batman & Robin was another big success at the box office, featuring an original score from composer Elliot Goldblatt. Trailer	i don't know
In the film 'Ali' who played the leading role?	Ali (2001) - Full Cast & Crew - IMDb Full Cast & Crew Create a character page for: Create » fight makeup key artist (uncredited) Production Management stunt double: Will Smith (uncredited) Camera and Electrical Department a list of 30 titles created 25 Feb 2012 a list of 28 titles created 18 Apr 2013 a list of 22 titles created 17 Oct 2015 a list of 41 titles created 3 months ago a list of 30 titles created 1 month ago IMDb Everywhere Find showtimes, watch trailers, browse photos, track your Watchlist and rate your favorite movies and TV shows on your phone or tablet!	Will Smith
The song 'Eye of the Tiger' featured in which Rocky movie?	Will Smith on Playing Muhammed Ali - ABC News ABC News Will Smith on Playing Muhammed Ali By ABC News Email For eight years, Will Smith refused to take on the role of Muhammad Ali, saying he didn't believe he was up to the job of playing the man he calls "the greatest figure over the last 100 years." "Intellectually, I didn't feel that I possessed what it took to become Muhammad Ali," Smith told Primetime's special correspondent Tavis Smiley. "I absolutely, positively did not want to be the dude that messed up the Muhammad Ali story." Ali and his family even personally asked Smith to take the part. But it was the film's director, Michael Mann, who finally convinced Smith that he'd be able to capture every aspect of Ali in the bio-pic. "He said, 'We're going to find the greatest trainers in the world to teach you how to fight,'" Smith recalled. "'We're going to understand every second of Muhammad Ali's life. We're going to understand what he ate … how he viewed the world … how his mother felt about him, how his father felt about him." With Mann's plan laid out, Smith said he "could really see the road … It was a rough, jagged, uphill road in the rain, but he brought it to light so that I could at least see what the road was." It was at that point, Smith said, that a "weird confidence" came over him. "I felt confident that this was the role that I was born to play." Getting It Right For almost two years, Smith trained his body, rehearsed his voice, and tried to encapsulate the soul of Ali, who changed his name from Cassius Clay when he converted to Islam. "I picked up the spiritual aspects fairly easily," said Smith. "I understand the basic tenets of Islam, and I had an Islamic instructor." The most difficult parts, he said, were the physical training and learning Ali's dialect. Throughout the making of the film, Smith felt Ali's imposing presence and the pressure to get it right. He asked Ali to give him three months before watching him rehearse. He didn't let Ali down. "He is a perfect actor," the 59-year-old said. "I even thought he was me." Ali said he still hasn't seen the movie in its entirety, because he wanted to see it with a crowd. "I am waiting to be surprised," he said. "Waiting to feel the effect of it, to see how people feel." A New Cause Like Ali, who has been a champion of civil rights and who served time in prison for refusing to be drafted during Vietnam, Smith said he has a moral code he lives by and political views he feels strongly about. "I try to speak my points of view about black America, and how I feel about black men and the role that black men should play in their lives with their children and in their lives with their women," he said. "Tons of women would love to have sex with me," he said as an example. "I hate the image of black men as promiscuous and unable to control themselves sexually. I don't like that image. So that's why I specifically make it a point and struggle and fight to not put myself in those types of situations." Smith found a new issue to act on while filming Ali in Africa, where he discovered that almost everything he had been taught about the continent was wrong. "The best and the worst of everything in the world exists in Africa. And people think that it's just animals walking down the street," Smith said. "I was shocked to see a 40-story building in Africa. I was shocked to see girls rolling in BMW's and I was shocked to hear rap music. I just didn't know." Smith, who bought a house in Johannesburg, is now talking about spending the year in Africa with his wife, actress Jada Pinkett, and their children. He said he doesn't want his kids to be "completely miseducated" about their heritage, like he was. 'I'm Profoundly Changed' When Ali opens on Christmas Day, Smith will reach the end of the journey he began two years ago. But he says the trip he made through the life and times of "The Greatest" will last him forever. "I'm profoundly changed," he said. "There's a bittersweet emotion that I feel from playing this role … I want the world to be different because I was here. However lofty or crazy or delusional that may sound, I want people's lives to be better because I was here." Smith, who first made a name for himself as a rapper, has worked his way up the Hollywood pay scale with films like Independence Day and Men in Black, and now earns $20-million a movie. Now that he's finished Ali, he's not sure what's next. "It's quite highly possible that I have peaked," he said. "I mean, I just can't imagine what else I could do beyond this. It's really a bittersweet kind of feeling." 0 Shares	i don't know
Which character was played by Jim Carrey in 'Batman Forever'?	Batman Forever (1995) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Batman must battle Two-Face and The Riddler with help from an amorous psychologist and a young circus acrobat who becomes his sidekick, Robin. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 24 titles created 14 Mar 2011 a list of 41 titles created 18 Jun 2011 a list of 29 titles created 31 Mar 2012 a list of 46 titles created 13 Aug 2013 a list of 39 titles created 16 May 2015 Search for " Batman Forever " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 3 Oscars. Another 9 wins & 21 nominations. See more awards » Videos When a corrupt businessman and the grotesque Penguin plot to take control of Gotham City, only Batman can stop them, while the Catwoman has her own agenda. Director: Tim Burton The Dark Knight of Gotham City begins his war on crime with his first major enemy being the clownishly homicidal Joker. Director: Tim Burton Batman and Robin try to keep their relationship together even as they must stop Mr. Freeze and Poison Ivy from freezing Gotham City. Director: Joel Schumacher An alien orphan is sent from his dying planet to Earth, where he grows up to become his adoptive home's first and greatest superhero. Director: Richard Donner Superman agrees to sacrifice his powers to start a relationship with Lois Lane, unaware that three Kryptonian criminals he inadvertently released are conquering Earth. Directors: Richard Lester, Richard Donner Stars: Gene Hackman, Christopher Reeve, Margot Kidder Superman reappears after a long absence, but is challenged by an old foe who uses Kryptonian technology for world domination. Director: Bryan Singer Bank clerk Stanley Ipkiss is transformed into a manic superhero when he wears a mysterious mask. Director: Chuck Russell A couple of recently deceased ghosts contract the services of a "bio-exorcist" in order to remove the obnoxious new owners of their house. Director: Tim Burton Synthetic kryptonite laced with tobacco tar splits Superman in two: good Clark Kent and bad Man of Steel. Director: Richard Lester Ace Ventura, Pet Detective, returns from a spiritual quest to investigate the disappearance of a rare white bat, the sacred animal of a tribe in Africa. Director: Steve Oedekerk A goofy detective specializing in animals goes in search of a missing dolphin mascot of a football team. Director: Tom Shadyac The discovery of a massive river of ectoplasm and a resurgence of spectral activity allows the staff of Ghostbusters to revive the business. Director: Ivan Reitman Edit Storyline The Dark Knight of Gotham City confronts a dastardly duo: Two-Face and the Riddler. Formerly District Attorney Harvey Dent, Two-Face incorrectly believes Batman caused the courtroom accident which left him disfigured on one side; he has unleashed a reign of terror on the good people of Gotham. Edward Nygma, computer-genius and former employee of millionaire Bruce Wayne, is out to get the philanthropist; as The Riddler he perfects a device for draining information from all the brains in Gotham, including Bruce Wayne's knowledge of his other identity. Batman/Wayne is/are the love focus of Dr. Chase Meridan. Former circus acrobat Dick Grayson, his family killed by Two-Face, becomes Wayne's ward and Batman's new partner Robin the Boy Wonder. Written by Ed Stephan <[email protected]> Rated PG-13 for strong stylized action \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 16 June 1995 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Batman 3 See more » Filming Locations: £4,703,430 (UK) (14 July 1995) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia Michael Gough (Alfred Pennyworth) and Pat Hingle (Commissioner James Gordon) are the only actors to reprise their roles from either Batman (1989) or Batman Returns (1992). See more » Goofs Joel Schumacher 's Batman movies are not set in quite the same universe as Tim Burton 's, so differences between them (in the back stories of Bruce Wayne and Harvey Dent, for example) are not goofs. See more » Quotes Alfred Pennyworth : Can I persuade you to take a sandwich with you, sir? Batman : I'll get drive-thru. The opening Warner Bros. logo re-shapes itself to form the bat logo. See more » Connections Performed by Brandy Norwood (as Brandy) Courtesy of Atlantic Recording Corporation Better than most people remember. 17 May 2001 \| by Thatman95 (Bergen County, NJ, USA) – See all my reviews While the Batman franchise has been much maligned in recent years due to the disappointing performance of the last live-action film, Forever was second in quality only to the first Bat-film. It added color back into a Gotham that had gotten way too claustrophobic, and brought the tone back to something resembling the comics. Jim Carrey is a scene-stealer and dead on as The Riddler, and Val Kilmer is the perfect Bruce Wayne and Batman. Tommy Lee Jones does a great turn as Two-Face, unfortunately he isn't given enough to do and therefore comes across too cartoony, minus the angst of the character in the comics. One other big complaint is the new score - gone are Danny Elfman's orchestrations. Elliot Goldenthal's music would have been fine if not for his predecessor. Most people tend to lump this one in the 'lousy' section, it seems, but it was one of the biggest movies of '95 and a very faithful adaption overall. Now if they'd only release the director's cut 18 of 21 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Riddler
After Rod Laver, who was the next left handed player to win the Wimbledon men's singles?	Jim Carrey The Riddler - YouTube Jim Carrey The Riddler Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Aug 22, 2012 Jim Carrey - The Riddler	i don't know
'The Trotters' is the nickname for which British football club?	Origins of Nicknames for 20 Premier League Clubs - World Soccer Talk Origins of Nicknames for 20 Premier League Clubs Origins of Nicknames for 20 Premier League Clubs James Beckett November 15, 2010 Leagues: EPL 33 Comments Supporters of Premier League clubs often pride themselves on their nicknames, but do you really know the origin of them? Do you know the origins of the Baggies, Gunners, Red Devils, Toffees, Trotters, Hammers, Lilywhites and Citizens? Let’s take a closer at look some of the interesting stories behind each of Premier League club’s nicknames. Arsenal – The Gunners Like many, Arsenal’s nickname goes right back to when the club was originally founded. Way back in 1886, workers at Woolwich Arsenal Armament Factory decided to form a football club called Dial Square. The club would be renamed as Woolwich Arsenal before dropping the prefix in 1913, but their original connection with the armament industry would remain and the names Gunners is now synonymous with the club. Aston Villa – Villans Not the most fascinating story behind this one. Formed when a local cricket team Villa Cross needed something to occupy themselves during the winter months, the name Villa inevitably evolved to Villans. Blackburn Rovers – Rovers Again not the most imaginable nickname. Rovers is a common team name for a side which is willing to travel distances for victory. Logically fans shortened the clubs name to Rovers. Birmingham City – Blues When the club was formed as Small Heath Alliance they decided the club would play in a dark blue shirt. The club would stick with these colors and the nickname Blues was born. Blackpool – Seasiders/ Tangerines One of several clubs to have multiple nicknames. The term Seasiders relates to the popularity of the town as a tourist resort on the North West coast, while Tangerines relates to the color of the clubs home kit. The club picked up the colors after been impressed when a club official saw a Netherlands side play. Bolton Wanderers – Trotters There are a few reported explanations for this one. One explanation claims that like Rovers, the term Wanderers implies a side is willing to travel great distances for victory. The term Trotters is simply a variation. Another explanation claims that the Trotters nickname originates because people from Bolton have a reputation for being practical jokers. Pranksters are known locally as Trotters. The most bizarre explanation claims that an old ground was built next to a pig farm and stray balls would end up with the pigs. Chelsea – Pensioners The nickname comes from the well known Chelsea Pensioners – war veterans living in a nearby hospital. In 1905 the club adopted the crest of the Chelsea pensioners, and the nickname followed on. Everton – The Toffees The famous nickname comes after a local sweet shop known as Mother Noblett’ sold and advertised the Everton mint. The sweet shop is located opposite Prince Rupert’s Tower, which forms the majority of the Everton crest. Fulham – Cottagers This nickname originates from the famous cottage which is an iconic part of Fulham’s Craven Cottage ground. Liverpool – The Reds Another nickname which doesn’t take two much explanation. When Liverpool adopted the city’s color of red as the color of their strip, the nickname of the Reds simply followed on. Manchester City – Citizens/ The Blues Again not the most fascinating story behind this nickname, the name Citizens has simply evolved from the term City, where as The Blues has obvious connections with the clubs home colors. Manchester United – The Red Devils A few conflicting stories describe the Red Devils nickname. One rumor suggests that during a tour of France in the 1960s the club were branded the Red Devils due to their red kit and Sir Matt Busby liked the name so much he asked for the club to incorporate a devil in the badge. Another story suggests it stems from local rugby Salford. The rugby club were nicknamed the Red Devils and with United formally training in Salford the nickname transferred over. Newcastle United – Magpies / The Toon The name Magpies originates from the clubs iconic black and white striped kit, where as ‘The Toon’ comes from a local pronunciation of town. Stoke City – Potters A fairly straightforward nickname that originates from the large connection with the pottery industry in North Staffordshire. Sunderland – The Black Cats In 1997 when Sunderland moved to the Stadium of Light the clubs supporters were also given the opportunity to vote on the clubs official nickname. With 11,000 votes the club announced their official nickname as ‘The Black Cats’. The historical link with black cats goes way back to the 1800’s with a River Weir artillery base named “Black Cat Battery”. This name reportedly developed after a member of the local militia who was manning the station fled after thinking a black cat was a devil incarnate because of the howling wind and full moon at the time. Fast-track to 1905 and a black cat was pictured sitting on a football next to the club chairman at the time, and three years later a black cat would appear in the clubs team photo. The fans believed that the animal brought them good luck and in 1937 Sunderland fan Billy Morris took a black cat to Wembley in his pocket, Sunderland would win their first FA Cup trophy that year. The connection grew even further in the 1960s when a black cat lived at Sunderland’s Roker Park ground and was cared for by the club. Tottenham Hotspur – Spurs/ Lilywhites Spurs is obviously a shortened version of Hotspur which comes from the clubs connection with Shakespeare character Harry Hotspur. Lilywhites simply comes from the color of Tottenham’s home shirt. West Brom – Baggies One of the most debated nicknames around is West Brom’s. The popular belief is that the name originated from the baggie shorts that the players wore around in the early 1900s. But club historian Toby Matthews claims: “In its early days The Hawthorns had only two entrances, one behind each goal. On match days the gatekeepers would gather up the takings at each end and be escorted by policemen along the sides of the pitch to the centre line where there was a small office under the stand. “The gate money, mostly in pennies, amounted to a considerable sum and was carried in large cloth bags. It wasn’t long before some wag in the crowd started shouting “Here come the bag men!” at their appearance in front of the main stand, and this developed into a chant of “Here come the Baggies,” giving the team its nickname. West Ham – Hammers West Ham’s nickname originates from the Thames Ironwork Football Club, a team from which they developed. The West Ham crest features two crossed rivet hammers and the club has been known has the Hammers ever since Wigan Athletic – Latics Wigan are not on their own with this nickname with League 1 side Oldham Athletic also claiming it. Latics is simply a corruption of the world Athletic. Wolverhampton Wanderers – Wolves Probably the most unimaginative nickname out of the bunch, but the most commonly used. Most football fans will know the Midlands club as Wolves, and there is no prize guessing why!	Bolton Wanderers F.C.
Name the 1952 world heavyweight boxing champion who remained undefeated for his whole career?	Official Bolton Wanderers Football Shirts & New Kit Releases Bolton Wanderers 2016/17 Macron Away Shirt Bolton Wanderers return to the shirt market by unveiling their all-new away shirt of two-tone blue. With Bolton revealing their latest white home shirt in recent weeks with their all-new sponsor of 'Spin and Win', the League One club have now added their away strip to the 2016/17 collection in a [...] Bolton Wanderers return to the shirt market by unveiling their all-new away shirt of two-tone blue. With Bolton revealing their latest white home shirt in recent weeks with their all-new sponsor of 'Spin and Win', the League One club have now added their away strip to the 2016/17 collection in a [...] Bolton Wanderers 2016/17 Macron Home Shirt Macron unveil Bolton Wanderers' 2016/17 home shirt for their upcoming League One campaign. Equipped with new sponsor Spin And Win boldly printed on the front panel, Bolton Wanderers' latest home shirt features a much unchanged look of recent years through the full white base-coat with navy and re [...] Macron unveil Bolton Wanderers' 2016/17 home shirt for their upcoming League One campaign. Equipped with new sponsor Spin And Win boldly printed on the front panel, Bolton Wanderers' latest home shirt features a much unchanged look of recent years through the full white base-coat with navy and re [...]	i don't know
Who was the 1987 World Darts Champion?	World Dart Champions Share / Home / Resource / World Champions Today there are two recognised World Dart Champions the BDO / WDF Word Champion and the PDC World Champion. The first World Champion was Leighton Rees from Wales. Leighton beat John Lowe 11 legs to 7 and won £3,000.The final was played in legs not sets as it is today. The first World Championship was held at the 'Heart of the Midlands' night club in Nottingham. The tournament then moved to Jollees Club Stoke-on-Trent where it remained until 1985. Since1986 the World Darts finals have been held at the Lakeside complex Frimley Green, Surrey. In 1992 saw a number of players split from the BDO and form their own darts organisation; The World Darts Council later to be renamed as the Professional Darts Corporation PDC (See History ). In 1994 the PDC staged their first World Darts Championships to rival The BDO Championship. Many of the best names in darts had moved to the PDC and it has always been bitter rivalry of who is the best. In 2001 the BDO introduced the first women’s World Darts Championship. Trina Gulliver from England has won this event every year from 2001-2007. In 2008 Trina reached the final again but this time she was defeated by Russia's Anastasia Dobromyslava 2-0. Trina lost again in the 2009 final to Francis Hoenselaar but regained her crown in 2010, 2011 and 2016. Trina has qualified for the World final ever year since it's conception. The lists below shows the World Champions of past and present. Many remember the winners but who did they beat and what was the score? The first World Championships, 1978, was play best of 21 legs not set play as it has been ever since. A few past World Champions Leighton Rees, John Lowe, Eric Bristow MBE, Jocky Wilson. Phil Taylor & Trina Gulliver MBE 2017 BDO / WDF Men's World Champion - Glen Durrant (England) 1978 - 3 PDC World Championships Main Sponsors: 1994 - 1995 Skol International, 1995 - 1996 Proton Cars, 1996 - 1997 Verons, 1998 - 2002 Skol International, 2003 - 2014 Ladbrookes, William Hill 2015 - Current The highest average achieved in the televised stages of the PDC World Championship Finals is 114.05 set by Michael van Gerwen in the 2017 semi-finals. Michael beat Raymond van Barneveld who also set the highest losing average seen also seen at the championships, 109.34 Phil Taylor recorded a three dart average of 110.94 in the 2009 final. The highest ever for any major darts championship final. The 2017 final also broke the most 180’s hit in any darts match, a total of 42. Michael van Gerwen hit 20, 180's while Gary Anderson hit 22, 180's Adrian Lewis hit a nine dart leg in the opening set of the Ladbrokes.com PDC World Darts Final in 2011. The first ever dart player to achieve this feat in a World Darts Final For more information on PDC events please visit the PDC website 2016 PDC Unicorn World Youth Darts Champion Corey Cadby (Austraila) 2011	John Lowe
Ben Hogan won the American Open (Golf) with a record low score of 276. What year?	Darts 501 - News of the World Dart Champions News of The World Dart Champions Share / Home / Resource / News of the World Dart Champions THE NEWS OF THE WORLD INDIVIDUAL DARTS CHAMPIONSHIP Winners The "News of the World" tournament began in 1927 and was originally a London competition. It then expanded to become one of the World's biggest darts tournaments. After a couple of breaks it returned for the last time in 1996/7 by then there were two competitions a men's and ladies. The men's competition was won by Phil Taylor and the ladies by Linda Jones. It is said to be one of the hardest competitions to win as the format was best of three legs thought every round included as you can see here by some of the results the final. LONDON AREA 1927-28 Sammy Stone (New South-West Ham Club) beat B Haigh (Victoria Inn, Kensington). 1928-29 J Hoare (Duke’s Head, East Twickenham) beat L Lee (New Eltham SC). 1929-30 C Bowley (Shakespeare’s Head, Finsbury) beat W H Gentry (St Pancras) 2-0. 1930-31 Tommy Nye (Tankerville Arms, Kennington) beat R Wright (Hampstead) 2-0. 1931-32 Jack Hood (Hood’s Dartboards, Bow) beat George Branch (Tottenham) 2-0. 1932-33 Kenny Enever (Bull, Mitcham) beat F Wearn (Bricklayer’s Arms, Putney) 2-1. 1933-34 Fred Metson (Hanbury Arms, Islington) beat W Rossiter (Wellington, New Cross) 2-0. 1934-35 Billy Forecast (Duke of York, Bow) beat Jim Pike (Hope, Carshalton) 2-0. LONDON & HOME COUNTIES 1935-36 Peter Finnigan (Eight Bells, Tolworth) beat Albert White (Weaver’s Arms, Islington) 2-0. 1936-37 Stan Outten (Seven Kings Hotel, Ilford) beat T Hares (Stag & Hounds, Ashford, Middx) 2-0. 1937-38 Fred Wallis (Railway Hotel, Eastbourne) beat F E Betts (Waterman’s Arms, Norwich) 2-1. LONDON & SOUTH 1938-39 Marmaduke Breckon (Jolly Sailor, Hanworth) beat Jim Pike (Windmill Club, Southwark) 2-1. WALES 1936-37 D Cornacia (Ivy Bush Hotel, Pontardawe) beat T A Jones (Llanerch Hotel, Llandrindod Wells) 2-0. 1937-38 Gwyn Jones (Unemployed Club, Penygraig) beat Jack Gorvett (Ferry Boat Inn, Briton Ferry) 2-0. 1938-39 Charlie Parker (Castle Inn, Pontywaun) beat Horace Trickett (Old Express Hotel, Merthyr) 2-0. LANCASHIRE 1937-38 Sam McIntosh (Duke of York, Salford) beat Luke Ratcliffe (Commercial Hotel, Oldham) 2-0. LANCASHIRE & CHESHIRE 1938-39 Peter Birchall (St Peter’s Liberal Club, Oldham) beat Jack Kirk (Sandon Arms, Heswall) 2-1. MIDLAND COUNTIES 1938-39 Harry Prior (Duke’s Head, Polebrook) beat H Ball (Gardens Hotel, Stapenhill) 2-0. NORTH 1938-39 Jimmy Young (Wheatsheaf Hotel, Newcastle-u-Tyne) beat Tom Steel (Atlantic Hotel, West Hartlepool) 2-1. YORKSHIRE 1938-39 Jim Munroe (Vine Tree, Wakefield) beat George Johnson (Fisherman’s Hut, Leeds) 2-1. NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIP 1947-48 Harry Leadbetter (Windle Labour Club, St Helens) beat Tommy Small (Sth Durham Steel & Iron SC, West Hartlepool) 2-1 1948-49 Jackie Boyce (New Southgate SC) beat Stan Outten (Dr Johnson, Barkingside) 2-1. 1949-50 Dixie Newberry (Albert, Hitchin) beat Ronnie Ridley (King Edward Hotel, Newcastle-u-Tyne) 2-0. 1950-51 Harry Perryman (Home Office SC, Greenford) beat Laurie Runchman (Feathers, Felixstowe) 2-0. 1951-52 Tommy Gibbons (Ivanhoe WMC, Conisbrough) beat Jack Wallace (Low Seaton BL, Workington) 2-0. 1952-53 Jimmy Carr (Red Lion, Dipton) beat Ernest Greatbatch (Horse Vaults Hotel, Pontefract) 2-0. 1953-54 Oliver James (Ex-Servicemen’s Club, Onllwyn) beat Johnny Bell (Sun, Waltham Abbey) 2-0. 1954-55 Tom Reddington (New Inn, Stonebroom) beat Johnny Bell (Sun, Waltham Abbey) 2-0. 1955-56 Trevor Peachey (Black Fox, Thurston) beat Les Campbell (Boot, Dinas) 2-0. 1956-57 Alwyn Mullins (Traveller’s Rest, Tickhill) beat Len Baker (Corporation Hotel, Cardiff) 2-0. 1957-58 Tommy Gibbons (Ivanhoe WMC, Conisbrough) beat Eric Moss (Railway Tavern, Harleston) 2-0. 1958-59 Albert Welsh (Horden Hotel, Seaham) beat Frank Whitehead (White Rose Hotel, Rossington) 2-1. 1959-60 Tom Reddington (George Hotel, Alfreton)beat Dai Jones (Cambrian Hotel, Aberystwyth) 2-1. 1960-61 Alec Adamson (Prince of Wales, Hetton-le-Hole) beat Eddie Brown (Magpie, Stonham) 2-1. 1961-62 Eddie Brown (Magpie, Stonham) beat Dennis Follett (Cadeleigh Arms, Cadeleigh) 2-0. 1962-63 Robbie Rumney (Waterloo Hotel, Darlington) beat Bill Harding (Globe Hotel, Aberdare) 2-0. 1963-64 Tom Barrett (Odco SC, London) beat Ray Hatton (Flower of the Valley Hotel, Rochdale) 2-0. 1964-65 Tom Barrett (Odco SC, London) beat Norman Fielding (Station Inn, Swannington) 2-1. 1965-66 Wilf Ellis (Brookside WMC, Upton) beat Ron Langley (Arlington SC, Harlow) 2-1. 1966-67 Wally Seaton (Swan, Parson Drove) beat Brian Quarterman (Ivy Inn, North Littleton) 2-0. 1967-68 Bill Duddy (Rose & Thistle, Frimley Green) beat Gerry Feeney (Unicorn Club, Workington) 2-0. 1968-69 Barry Twomlow (Red Lion, Chesterfield) beat Paul Gosling (William IV, Truro) 2-0. 1969-70 Henry Barney (Pointers Inn, Newchurch, IoW) beat Alan Cooper (Plough, Filton) 2-0. 1970-71 Dennis Filkins (Barrow, Hepburn & Gale SC, Bermondsey) beat Derek White (Ship, Weymouth) 2-0. 1971-72 Brian Netherton (Welcome Home Inn, Par) beat Alan Evans (Ferndale Hotel, Rhondda) 2-0. 1972-73 Ivor Hodgkinson (Great Northern, Langley Mill) beat Ron Church (Royal Alfred, Shoreditch) 2-1. 1973-74 Peter Chapman (Bird in Hand, Henley) beat Paul Gosling (Portscatho Club, Truro) 2-1. 1974-75 Derek White (Belvedere Inn, Weymouth) beat Bill Duddy (Frimley Green WMC) 2-1. 1975-76 Bill Lennard (Cotton Tree Inn, Manchester) beat Leighton Rees (Ynysybwl USC, Pontypridd) 2-0. 1976-77 Mick Norris (King of Denmark, Ramsgate) beat Bob Crosland (Blackamoor Head, Pontefract) 2-0. 1977-78 Stefan Lord (Stockholm Super Darts Club) beat John Coward (White Hart BL, Sedbergh) 2-0. 1978-79 Bobby George (King George V, Ilford) beat Alan Glazier (George & Dragon, Wetherby) 2-0. 1979-80 Stefan Lord (Stockholm Super Darts Club) beat Dave Whitcombe (Naval Club, Chatham) 2-0. 1980-81 John Lowe (Willow Tree, Pilsley) beat Mick Norris (Earl St Vincent, Ramsgate) 2-0. 1981-82 Roy Morgan (Wheel o’ Worfield, Worfield) beat Jim Hughes (Parcwern Country Club, Ammanford) 2-1. 1982-83 Eric Bristow (Foaming Quart, Norton Green) beat Ralph Flatt (Old Red House, Carlton Colville) 2-0. 1983-84 Eric Bristow (Milton Hayes BC, Stoke-on-Trent) beat Ian Robertson (Bell, Marston Moretaine) 2-0. 1984-85 Dave Lee (Ivor Arms, Pontllanfraith) beat Billy Dunbar (Woolwich Infant, London) 2-0. 1985-86 Bobby George (Old Maypole, Hainault) beat Rick Ney (US Darting Association) 2-0. 1986-87 Mike Gregory (Stones Cross Hotel, Midsomer Norton) beat Peter Evison (Halcyon/Spikes, Peterborough) 2-0. 1987-88 Mike Gregory (Stones Cross Hotel, Midsomer Norton) beat Kevin Spiolek (Cambridge Squash Club) 2-1. 1988-89 Dave Whitcombe (King’s Head, Ipswich) beat Dennis Priestley (Horseshoe, Rotherham). 1989-90 Paul Cook (Gorse Hill WMC, Swindon) beat Steve Hudson (Oakworth SC, Keighley). 1989-90 Ladies: Lynne Ormond (George, Alford) beat Jane Stubbs (Roebuck Hotel, Northwich). (Competition suspended) 1996-97 Phil Taylor (Cricketer’s Arms, Newcastle-under-Lyme) beat Ian White (Dockside Inn, Runcorn) 2-0. 1996-97 Ladies: Linda Jones (Seven Stars, Chorley) beat Melanie Saunders (Railway Inn, Abergavenny) 2-0. (Competition suspended)	i don't know
Often referred to as 'Beanpole' what nationality was swimmer Michael Gross?	Charlton Heston - Biography - IMDb Charlton Heston Biography Showing all 240 items Jump to: Overview (5) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (1) \| Trade Mark (4) \| Trivia (140) \| Personal Quotes (83) \| Salary (6) Overview (5) 6' 2½" (1.89 m) Mini Bio (1) With features chiseled in stone, and renowned for playing a long list of historical figures, particularly in Biblical epics, the tall, well built and ruggedly handsome Charlton Heston was one of Hollywood's greatest leading men and remained active in front of movie cameras for over sixty years. As a Hollywood star, he appeared in 100 films over the course of 60 years. He played Moses in the epic film, The Ten Commandments (1956), for which he received his first Golden Globe Award nomination. He also starred in Touch of Evil (1958) with Orson Welles; Ben-Hur, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor (1959); El Cid (1961); and Planet of the Apes (1968). He also starred in the films The Greatest Show on Earth (1952); Secret of the Incas (1954); The Big Country (1958); and The Agony and the Ecstasy (1965). A supporter of Democratic politicians and civil rights in the 1960s, Heston later became a Republican, founding a conservative political action committee and supporting Ronald Reagan. Heston's most famous role in politics came as the five-term president of the National Rifle Association, from 1998 to 2003. Heston was born John Charles Carter on October 4, 1924, in No Man's Land, Illinois, to Lila (Charlton) and Russell Whitford Carter, who operated a sawmill. He had English and Scottish ancestry, with recent Canadian forebears. Heston made his feature film debut as the lead character in a 16mm production of Peer Gynt (1941), based on the Henrik Ibsen play. In 1944, Heston enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces. He served for two years as a radio operator and aerial gunner aboard a B-25 Mitchell stationed in the Alaskan Aleutian Islands with the 77th Bombardment Squadron of the Eleventh Air Force. He reached the rank of Staff Sergeant. Heston married Northwestern University student Lydia Marie Clarke, who was six months his senior. That same year he joined the military. Heston played 'Marc Antony' in Julius Caesar (1950), and firmly stamped himself as genuine leading man material with his performance as circus manager 'Brad Braden' in the Cecil B. DeMille spectacular The Greatest Show on Earth (1952), also starring James Stewart and Cornel Wilde . The now very popular actor remained perpetually busy during the 1950s, both on TV and on the silver screen with audience pleasing performances in the steamy thriller The Naked Jungle (1954), as a treasure hunter in Secret of the Incas (1954) and another barn storming performance for Cecil B. DeMille as "Moses" in the blockbuster The Ten Commandments (1956). Heston delivered further dynamic performances in the oily film noir thriller Touch of Evil (1958), and then alongside Gregory Peck in the western The Big Country (1958) before scoring the role for which he is arguably best known, that of the wronged Jewish prince who seeks his freedom and revenge in the William Wyler directed Ben-Hur (1959). This mammoth Biblical epic running in excess of three and a half hours became the standard by which other large scale productions would be judged, and it's superb cast also including Stephen Boyd as the villainous "Massala", English actor Jack Hawkins as the Roman officer "Quintus Arrius", and Australian actor Frank Thring as "Pontius Pilate", all contributed wonderful performances. Never one to rest on his laurels, steely Heston remained the preferred choice of directors to lead the cast in major historical productions and during the 1960s he starred as Spanish legend "Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar" in El Cid (1961), as a US soldier battling hostile Chinese boxers during 55 Days at Peking (1963), played the ill-fated "John the Baptist" in The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965), the masterful painter "Michelangelo" battling Pope Julius II in The Agony and the Ecstasy (1965), and an English general in Khartoum (1966). In 1968, Heston filmed the unusual western Will Penny (1967) about an aging and lonely cowboy befriending a lost woman and her son, which Heston has often referred to as his favorite piece of work on screen. Interestingly, Heston was on the verge of acquiring an entirely new league of fans due to his appearance in four very topical science fiction films (all based on popular novels) painting bleak future's for mankind. In 1968, Heston starred as time traveling astronaut "George Taylor", in the terrific Planet of the Apes (1968) with it's now legendary conclusion as Heston realizes the true horror of his destination. He returned to reprise the role, albeit primarily as a cameo, alongside fellow astronaut James Franciscus in the slightly inferior sequel Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970). Next up, Heston again found himself facing the apocalypse in The Omega Man (1971) as the survivor of a germ plague that has wiped out humanity leaving only bands of psychotic lunatics roaming the cities who seek to kill the uninfected Heston. And fourthly, taking its inspiration from the Harry Harrison novel "Make Room!, Make Room!", Heston starred alongside screen legend Edward G. Robinson and Chuck Connors in Soylent Green (1973). During the remainder of the 1970s, Heston appeared in two very popular "disaster movies" contributing lead roles in the far fetched Airport 1975 (1974), plus in the star laden Earthquake (1974), filmed in "Sensoround" (low bass speakers were installed in selected theaters to simulate the earthquake rumblings on screen to movie audiences). He played an evil Cardinal in the lively The Four Musketeers: Milady's Revenge (1974), a mythical US naval officer in the recreation of Midway (1976), also filmed in "Sensoround", an LA cop trying to stop a sniper in Two-Minute Warning (1976) and another US naval officer in the submarine thriller Gray Lady Down (1978). Heston appeared in numerous episodes of the high rating TV series Dynasty (1981) and The Colbys (1985), before moving onto a mixed bag of projects including TV adaptations of Treasure Island (1990) and A Man for All Seasons (1988), hosting two episodes of the comedy show, Saturday Night Live (1975), starring as the "Good Actor" bringing love struck Mike Myers to tears in Wayne's World 2 (1993), and as the eye patch wearing boss of intelligence agent Arnold Schwarzenegger in True Lies (1994). He also narrated numerous TV specials and lent his vocal talents to the animated movie Hercules (1997), the family comedy Cats & Dogs (2001) and an animated version of Ben Hur (2003). Heston made an uncredited appearance in the inferior remake of Planet of the Apes (2001), and his last film appearance to date was in the Holocaust themed drama of Rua Alguem 5555: My Father (2003). Heston narrated for highly classified military and Department of Energy instructional films, particularly relating to nuclear weapons, and "for six years Heston [held] the nation's highest security clearance" or Q clearance." The Q clearance is similar to a DoD or Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) clearance of Top Secret. Heston was married to Lydia Marie Clark Heston since March 1944, and they have two children. His highly entertaining autobiography was released in 1995, titled appropriately enough "Into The Arena". Although often criticized for his strong conservative beliefs and involvement with the NRA, Heston was a strong advocate for civil right many years before it became fashionable, and was a recipient of the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, plus the Kennedy Center Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2002, he was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, and did appear in a film or TV production after 2003. He died in April 2008. Truly, Charlton Heston is one of the legendary figures of US cinema. ( 17 March 1944 - 5 April 2008) (his death) (2 children) Trade Mark (4) His deep, commanding voice Roles in biblical epics ( The Ten Commandments (1956), Ben-Hur (1959), and The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965)) Frequently played heroic or larger-than-life characters Lean yet muscular physique Trivia (140) Went to British Columbia to promote guns, arguing it is man's "God-given right" to own guns. Alumnus of New Trier Township High School East, Winnetka, Illinois, where tennis was among his extracurricular activities. Other New Trier graduates include Ralph Bellamy , Rock Hudson , Hugh B. O'Brien , Ann-Margret , Bruce Dern , Penelope Milford , Virginia Madsen and Liz Phair . Ranked #28 in Empire (UK) magazine's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. [October 1997] Originally a Democrat who campaigned for Presidential candidates Adlai Stevenson and John F. Kennedy , he gradually switched to becoming a conservative Republican during the 1960s. Father of director Fraser C. Heston and Holly Heston Rochell. Elected first vice-president of the National Rifle Association of America (1997). Co-chairman of the American Air Museum in Britain. Elected president of the National Rifle Association of America. [June 1998] Was president of the Screen Actors Guild from 1966-1971. Has stated that he sees no contradiction with his work as a Civil Rights activist in the 1960s and his advocacy for gun ownership rights in the 1990s, insisting that he is simply promoting "freedom in the truest sense." Volunteered his time and effort to the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s, and even marched alongside the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on a number of occasions, including the 1963 March on Washington. In the original (uncut) version of King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis (1970), he was narrator. He and his wife, Lydia Clarke , both battled cancer. He survived prostate cancer and she, breast cancer. He was considered, along with English actor Ronnie Barker , for the role of Claudius in the British series I, Claudius (1976), but the role went to the less famous Derek Jacobi instead. On August 9, 2002, he issued a statement in which he advised his physicians have recently told him he may have a neurological disorder whose symptoms are consistent with Alzheimer's disease. Elected as the president of the National Rifle Association, he was re-elected to an unprecedented 4th 3-year term in 2001. After his starring role in the 1968 version of Planet of the Apes (1968), he had an uncredited cameo in the 2001 remake, Planet of the Apes (2001), as Gen. Thade's dying father. His professional name of Charlton Heston came from a combination of his mother's maiden name (Lila Charlton) and his stepfather's last name (Chester Heston). Prior to starring in The Omega Man (1971), a remake of Vincent Price 's film The Last Man on Earth (1964), Heston and Price appeared together in Cecil B. DeMille 's The Ten Commandments (1956). Said that Planet of the Apes (1968) was the most physically demanding film he had ever done. Along with Linda Harrison , he is one of only two actors to appear in both Planet of the Apes (1968) and Planet of the Apes (2001). After their son was born, they decided to adopt their next child so that they could be sure it would be a girl. Heston and his wife felt that one son and one daughter made the perfect family. His wife calls him Charlie, but everyone else calls him Chuck Three grandsons: John Alexander Clarke "Jack" Heston, Ridley Charlton Rochell, and "Charlie" Rochell. He was voted the 52nd Greatest Movie Star of all time by Entertainment Weekly. Was not hesitant about repeating roles: Played Ben Hur in Ben-Hur (1959) (live action) and Ben Hur (2003) (animated); Andrew Jackson in the biography The President's Lady (1953), then in The Buccaneer (1958); Marc Antony in Julius Caesar (1970) and Antony and Cleopatra (1972). (Richelieu does not count, as The Three Musketeers (1973) and The Four Musketeers: Milady's Revenge (1974) were filmed at the same time.). A frail-looking Heston was presented with a Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian award, at the White House by George W. Bush in July, 2003. Was considered for the role of "Police Chief Brody" in Jaws (1975), but he turned it down. The part eventually went to Roy Scheider . Was the original choice to star in Alexander the Great (1956), but declined so he could play Moses in The Ten Commandments (1956). The part eventually went to Richard Burton . Was asked by some Democrats to run for the California State Senate in 1969, but declined because he wanted to continue acting. First recipient of the American Film Institute's Charlton Heston Award, created in 2003. The second recipient was his close friend Jack Valenti in 2004. He turned down the role of Gen. Joseph W. Stilwell in Steven Spielberg 's 1941 (1979) because he felt the film was an insult to World War II veterans. While they were starring in a play together in 1960, Laurence Olivier told Heston that he had the potential to become the greatest American actor of the century. When the play received unfavorable notices, Heston said, "I guess you learn to forget bad notices?", to which Olivier replied, "What's more important, laddie, and much harder -- learn to forget good notices." In 1999 he joined Karl Malden in pressing for an honorary Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement to be awarded to veteran director Elia Kazan . Marlon Brando , who never made public appearances, refused to present the award so Robert De Niro and Martin Scorsese ultimately did. Was chosen to portray Moses in The Ten Commandments (1956) by Cecil B. DeMille because he bore an uncanny resemblance to the statue of Moses carved by Michelangelo. While studying acting early in his career, he made ends meet by posing as a model in New York at The Art Students League, across from Carnegie Hall. The lure to Hollywood and a contract soon ended his modeling days. When his TV series The Colbys (1985) was canceled, both he and fellow cast members John James and Emma Samms were offered contracts to continue playing their characters on Dynasty (1981), the series that "The Colbys" was spun off from. Heston ultimately declined because his salary demands could not be met. James and Samms, on the other hand, accepted contracts. Was unable to use his real name, John (Charles) Carter as an actor because it bore too close a resemblance to the name of the hero in Edgar Rice Burroughs ' novel "Princess of Mars." Offered to return his entire paycheck to the producers of Major Dundee (1965) so that director Sam Peckinpah could film some crucial scenes that were cut due to time and budget constraints. The producers took back Heston's paycheck but still refused to let the scenes be filmed. Heston wrote in his autobiography "In The Arena" (1995) that the main problem with Major Dundee (1965) was that everyone had a different idea of what the film was: Heston saw it as a film about life after the Civil War, the producers just wanted a standard cavalry-vs.-Indians film, while Peckinpah, according to Heston, really had his next film, The Wild Bunch (1969), in mind. Heston is a popular actor in Greece, where his name is written as "Charlton Easton" due to "Heston" having scatological connotations in the Greek language. He and The Big Country (1958) co-star Gregory Peck both played the infamous Nazi war criminal, Dr. Josef Mengele : Heston in Rua Alguem 5555: My Father (2003) and Peck in The Boys from Brazil (1978). John Wayne offered Heston the role of Jim Bowie in The Alamo (1960), but he declined due to the political implications of the film. In 1981, Heston was named co-chairman of President Ronald Reagan 's Task Force for the Arts and Humanities. He served on the National Council for the Arts and was elected president of the Screen Actors Guild six times. A World War II U.S. Army veteran, he visited troops fighting during the Vietnam War in 1967. In fact, in one camp in South Vietnam's delta area, he was "initiated" into the GI's on-base club, by having to receive a kiss on the ear!. Recipient of Kennedy Center honors in 1997, along with Lauren Bacall , Bob Dylan , Jessye Norman and Edward Villella . On 18 June 1968, Heston appeared on The Joey Bishop Show (1967) and, along with Gregory Peck , James Stewart and Kirk Douglas , called for gun controls following the assassination of Senator Robert F. Kennedy . Ironically, thirty years later, Heston was elected President of the National Rifle Association of America (NRA) and campaigned against gun control. In 2000 he surprised the Oxford Union by reading his address on gun laws from a teleprompter. This later sparked rumors he had known of his Alzheimer's long before he announced it to the world in August 2002. He campaigned for Republican presidential candidates Ronald Reagan in 1984, George Bush in 1988, George W. Bush in 2000, and Republican candidate for governor of Virginia George Allen in 1993. He is an opponent of abortion and gave the introduction to an anti-abortion documentary by Bernard Nathanson called Eclipse of Reason (1980) which focuses on late-term abortions. Heston served on the Advisory Board of Accuracy in the Media (AIM), a conservative media "watchdog" group founded by the late Reed Irvine . He retired as president of the National Rifle Association in April 2003, citing reasons of ill health. Along with Tony Curtis , Heston admitted to voting for Russell Crowe to win the Best Actor Oscar in 2001, saying before the ceremony, "I hope he gets it. He's very good." Heston's portrayal of William F. Cody in Pony Express (1953), a western from early in his career, inspired the Bills, a Congolese youth cult that idolized American westerns. Accepted the role in Ben-Hur (1959) after Burt Lancaster turned it down. Has two films on the American Film Institute's 100 Most Inspiring Movies of All Time. They are The Ten Commandments (1956) at #79 and Ben-Hur (1959) at #56. The actors he admired the most were Gary Cooper , Henry Fonda , Clark Gable , Cary Grant and James Stewart . Was considered for the role of Jor-El in Superman (1978). The part went to Marlon Brando instead. Although Heston was a lifelong non-smoker, he did hold a pipe in some early publicity photographs because both Clark Gable and Cary Grant smoked pipes. He was a friend of the author Patrick O'Brian , who in turn envisaged Heston playing his character Captain Jack Aubrey. His classmates at Northwestern University included Cloris Leachman , Paul Lynde , Charlotte Rae , Martha Hyer , Patricia Neal and Agnes Nixon . Was an avid runner, swimmer and tennis player in his youth. In 1996 Heston attended the Conservative Political Action Conference, an annual gathering of conservative movement organizations. There he agreed to pose for a group photo that included Gordon Lee Baumm, the founder of the Council of Conservative Citizens (CCC) and former White Citizens Council organizer. Virginia's conservative Republican Senator George Allen also appears in the photo which was published in the Summer 1996 issue of the CCC's newsletter, the Citizens Informer. Turned down an offer to co-star with Marilyn Monroe in Let's Make Love (1960) in order to be directed in a play by Laurence Olivier , whom he greatly admired. Was offered the role of Colonel Benjamin Vandervoort in The Longest Day (1962), but John Wayne signed for the part before Heston could accept. Turned down the lead in The Omen (1976). The role then went to Gregory Peck . Cited actor Gary Cooper as a childhood role model. Heston starred opposite Cooper in The Wreck of the Mary Deare (1959). Heston commended Cooper for being able to perform his own stunts, such as being under water for long periods of time, despite being in poor health and getting older. Though often portrayed as an ultra-conservative, Heston wrote in his 1995 autobiography "In the Arena" that he was opposed to the McCarthy witch hunts of the 1950s, was against the Vietnam War and thought President Richard Nixon was bad for America. Neighbors who live down the hill from Heston filed a lawsuit against the actor, alleging their property was damaged in January 2005 when heavy rain sent hillside debris pouring into their home. The lawsuit alleges that "slope failure" on Heston's property caused substantial damage to their home, diminishing the market value of their property. The couple seek at least $1.2 million, as well as punitive damages. Jeff Briggs, Heston's attorney, said the actor owns ten per cent of the hillside, while the neighbors own the rest. (3 January 2007). Hosted Saturday Night Live (1975) in 1993. He wore a hairpiece in every movie from Skyjacked (1972) onwards. He defended some of his less successful films in the mid-1960s, arguing that he had already made several million dollars and therefore wanted to concentrate on projects which interested him personally. During the Waco standoff in 1993, Heston was hired by the FBI to provide the voice of God when talking to David Koresh in an attempt to reason with him. The plan was never used. Participated in the March on Washington for Civil Rights on 28 August 1963, along with Burt Lancaster , Marlon Brando , Sidney Poitier , Bob Dylan and Harry Belafonte . Heston has often been compared with his friend Ronald Reagan . Both actors started out as liberal Democrats but gradually converted to conservative Republicans, both served as Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild, both went into politics (Reagan as President of the United States from 1981 to 1989 and Heston as President of the National Rifle Association from 1998 to 2003), and both suffered from Alzheimer's disease in later life. Heston attended Reagan's state funeral on 11 June 2004. Attended the funeral of Lew Wasserman in June 2002. Attended the second inauguration of Ronald Reagan as President of the United States of America, along with Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin and Ray Charles . (20 January 1985). He was unable to campaign for Lyndon Johnson in the 1964 presidential election when Major Dundee (1965) went over schedule. Heston later admitted in his autobiography "In the Arena" (1995) that it was here that his political beliefs began moving to the Right. Unlike many of his contemporaries, Heston continued to act on the stage. He appeared in Long Day's Journey Into Night opposite Deborah Kerr , Macbeth opposite Vanessa Redgrave and The Caine Mutiny with Ben Cross . His final stage role was opposite his wife Lydia Clarke in Love Letters at the Haymarket Theatre in London in the summer of 1999. In his youth he used an iron bar attached to a wall to do pull ups and chin ups in order to develop his biceps and triceps. Cited Will Penny (1967) as his personal favorite film from his career. Missed the start of his presentation at The 44th Annual Academy Awards (1972), because of a flat tire on the Santa Monica freeway. Clint Eastwood stood in for him, and before Eastwood finished the speech that Heston was due to give, Heston arrived, to some audience laughter and enjoyment. Turned down Gary Cooper 's role in High Noon (1952). Somewhat ironically, Heston was a vocal supporter of the Gun Control Act of 1968, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson . In the animated television show Family Guy (1999), Heston is accidentally shot by character Joe Swanson. Joe is horrified and apologizes profusely. As he collapses, Heston replies "That's OK son - it's your right as an American citizen!". He was considered for the role of Pike Bishop in Sam Peckinpah 's The Wild Bunch (1969). The role went to William Holden instead. Had a hip replacement in 1996. Reports at the time suggested that Heston badly wanted to play Sir Thomas More in A Man for All Seasons (1966). The part went to Paul Scofield instead. Named The Call of the Wild (1972) as his worst movie. Tried to revive the play "Mister Roberts" in the early 1990s, but was unsuccessful. In April 2003 10-foot-tall bronze statue of Heston was erected in front of the NRA's national headquarters in Washington, D.C., in character from Will Penny (1967), in full cowboy gear holding a handgun. Owned more than 400 modern and antique guns. Heston's Hollywood mansion is filled with memorabilia from his career. He and his wife have lived in the same house near Los Angeles's Mulholland Drive for more than forty years. Built by the actor's father after Heston won the Academy Award for best actor in Ben-Hur (1959), the postmodern style home - inside and out - is filled with the memorabilia. Sitting on a table in the back yard is the figure of a Roman, whip in hand, lashing vigorously at four straining horses harnessed to a chariot. Mounted on the entrance of his study are the two great brass ring knockers from the movie set's House of Hur. Hung above the fireplace is a painting of a lumbering Conestoga wagon and, nearby, a pencil sketch of friend Sir Laurence Olivier portraying King Lear. From most windows sparkle views of canyons. In the home's central hallway hang twenty paintings of Heston in signature roles: Ben-Hur, Moses, Richelieu, Michelangelo, the Planet of the Apes (1968) marooned astronaut Commander Taylor, the steel-willed Major Dundee, Soylent Green (1973) detective Thorn, Andrew Jackson in The President's Lady (1953), tough ranch foreman Steve Leech riding through The Big Country (1958), and cattle poke Will Penny (1967) from Heston's favorite film. As president of the NRA, he would usually tell his audience in speeches that he had "marched for civil rights long before it became fashionable to do so". In reality he only attended two events, the first in 1961 and the second the March on Washington in August 1963. Due to his busy film career at the time, he was unable to appear more frequently to back the Civil Rights cause. According to Gore Vidal , as recounted in The Celluloid Closet (1995), one of the script elements he was brought in to re-write for Ben-Hur (1959) was the relationship between Messalah and Ben-Hur. Director William Wyler was concerned that two men who had been close friends as youths would not simply hate one another as a result of disagreeing over politics. Thus, Vidal devised a thinly veiled subtext suggesting the Messalah and Ben-Hur had been lovers as teenagers, and their fighting was a result of Ben-Hur spurning Messalah. Wyler was initially hesitant to implement the subtext, but agreed on the conditions that no direct reference ever be made to the characters' sexuality in the script, that Vidal personally discuss the idea with Stephen Boyd , and not mention the subtext to Heston who, Wyler feared, would panic at the idea. After Vidal admitted to adding the homosexual subtext in public, Heston denied the claim, going so far as to suggest Vidal had little input into the final script, and his lack of screen credit was a result of his being fired for trying to add gay innuendo. Vidal rebutted by citing passages from Heston's 1978 autobiography, where the actor admitted that Vidal had authored much of the final shooting script. He was one of several prominent people to serve on the advisory board of U.S. English, a group that seeks to make English the official language of the United States. Other members include Californian Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and golfer Arnold Palmer . Professed great respect and admiration for the late actor Gregory Peck , despite their opposing political ideals. He played three roles after they had been turned down by Burt Lancaster . In 1958 the producers of Ben-Hur (1959) offered Lancaster $1 million to play the title role in their epic, but he turned it down because, as an atheist, he did not want to help promote Christianity. Lancaster also said he disagreed with the "violent morals" of the story. Three years later, in 1961 Lancaster announced his intention to produce a biopic of Michelangelo, in which he would play the title role and show the truth about the painter's homosexuality. However, he was forced to shelve this project due to the five-month filming schedule on Luchino Visconti 's masterpiece The Leopard (1963). Heston starred as Michelangelo in The Agony and the Ecstasy (1965) and even in his autobiography thirty years later was still denying that the painter had been gay, despite all evidence to the contrary. Lancaster also turned down the role of General Gordon in Khartoum (1966). Was sick with the flu during filming of Planet of the Apes (1968). The producers decided to have him act through his illness, even though it was physically grueling, because they felt the hoarse sound of his voice added something to the character. Heston recounted in a diary he kept during filming that he "felt like Hell" during the filming of the scene where his character was forcefully separated from Nova (Linda Harrison), made worse by the impact of the fire hose used on him. Turned down Rock Hudson 's role as the captain of a nuclear submarine in Ice Station Zebra (1968) because he didn't think there was much characterization in the script. His funeral was held a week after his death on 12 April 2008 in a ceremony which was attended by 250 people including former First Lady Nancy Reagan , California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger , Olivia de Havilland , Keith Carradine , Pat Boone , Tom Selleck , Oliver Stone and Rob Reiner . Although he had supported Democrat Hubert H. Humphrey in the 1968 presidential election, in 1972 he openly supported Republican Richard Nixon . He was a vocal opponent of a nuclear freeze in the early 1990s, and openly supported the 1991 Gulf war. Campaigned for fifty Republican candidates in the 1996 presidential election. Although he and Kirk Douglas differed greatly on politics (Douglas was a very liberal Democrat and Heston a very conservative Republican), Heston and Douglas were very close friends. Douglas spoke highly of their friendship; so highly, in fact, that after a viewing of the film Bowling for Columbine (2002) (and in particular the scene where Heston is grilled on his involvement in the NRA and asked to apologize for murder as a member of the NRA) Douglas said he would "never forgive" Michael Moore , the film's director and the man who conducted the interview) for the way he treated Heston. Broke his nose in high school playing football. He later commented that this was ultimately to his advantage as an actor because it gave him "the profile of an Eagle.". Initially turned down the role of Steve Leech in The Big Country (1958) because he didn't think the role was big enough after the success he had with The Ten Commandments (1956), but his agent convinced him to take the part on the grounds that it would be worth it for his career to work with both Gregory Peck , who was still a bigger star than Heston at the time, and director William Wyler . This association led to Heston being cast in Wyler's next film, as the title character in Ben-Hur (1959), for which he won the Oscar for Best Actor. Had a fondness for drawing and sketching, and often sketched the cast and crew of his films whenever he had the chance to do so. His sketches were later published in the book Charlton Heston's Hollywood: 50 Years In American Film. Laurence Olivier was so impressed by Heston's stage skills that he commented that Heston had a future on the stage. When he met Toshirô Mifune around 1960, he was extremely taken with the Japanese star and claimed that if Mifune spoke English "he could be the greatest star in the world". The two actors exchanged Christmas cards since their meeting until Mifune's death. Was friends with Brock Peters, having worked with him in numerous plays throughout the 1940s and 50s and films throughout the 1960s and 70s. They were slated to star in a biracial cast of Romeo and Juliet in 1946 that would have had Peters playing Tybalt and Heston as Mercutio that was abandoned due to a lack of financial backing. When Heston asked director James Cameron why he wanted him to play Spencer Trilby in True Lies (1994), Cameron replied "I need someone who can plausibly intimidate Arnold Schwarzenegger .". Very popular in Japan, where even his less successful films were generally well received, because his screen persona embodied the qualities that the Japanese had admired in their Samurai warriors. One of his biggest regrets was that he never got to play the lead role in Becket. On December 4, 1993, aged 70, he became the oldest man to host Saturday Night Live (1975) in the show's history, and the third oldest overall, behind Miskel Spillman and Ruth Gordon . Stated in his autobiography 'In The Arena' that while he felt Anthony Mann was a good director, he also felt that Mann's lack of experience in directing large scale historical films such as their 1961 epic El Cid (1961) hurt the overall product and also stated that El Cid may have benefited from being directed by William Wyler, who directed Heston in The Big Country (1958) and Ben-Hur (1959), or someone like Wyler. Cited not doing a Hispanic accent for his Mexican narcotics officer Miguel 'Mike' Vargas in Touch of Evil (1958) as one of the biggest mistakes he ever made as an actor. Heston wanted to appear in The Return of the Musketeers (1989), but his character of Cardinal Richelieu from the previous film was deceased in the film's setting of 1648. Fortunately, director Richard Lester had a painting of Richelieu created, with Heston as the model. This painting is seen in the beginning of the film, and was given to Heston after filming. Did a great deal of research on the historical Cardinal Richelieu for his appearance in The Three Musketeers (1973)/ The Four Musketeers: Milady's Revenge (1974). Even though the character is portrayed as an antagonist, Heston gained a great deal of respect for the man's real accomplishments on behalf of France. He came across a quote attributed to Richelieu: "I have no enemies, France has enemies." He liked the line so much that he insisted it be worked into the films somewhere, and he ultimately got his wish. Though slightly modified ("I have no enemies, only enemies of France."), the line appears in the second film, in the scene where Richelieu offers d'Artagnan the opportunity to be one of his soldiers. He played the Roman politician and general Mark Antony in three different Shakespearean films: Julius Caesar (1950), Julius Caesar (1970) and Antony and Cleopatra (1972). Is the youngest man to receive the Golden Globes Cecil B. DeMille Award, in 1967 at the age of 43. Underwent treatment for alcoholism in the year 2000. He had English, Scottish, and a smaller amount of German, ancestry. His maternal grandparents were Canadian. Release of his book, "Charlton Heston's Hollywood: 50 Years in American Film" by Charlton with Jean-Pierre Isbouts. [1998] Release of the book, "Charlton Heston" by 'Michael Munn'. [1986] Release of the book, "From My Cold, Dead Hands: Charlton Heston and American Politics" by 'Emile Raymond'. [2006] Release of his book, "Charlton Heston Presents the Bible". [1997] Release of his book, "Beijing Diary". [1990] Appears on a USA nondenominated 'forever' commemorative postage stamp in the Legends of Hollywood series, issued 11 April 2014. Price on day of issue was 49¢. The stamp was issued in sheets of 20; the sheet has decorative selvage with a picture of Heston from Ben-Hur (1959). He has two roles in common with Tim Curry : (1) Heston played Cardinal Richelieu in The Three Musketeers (1973) and The Four Musketeers: Milady's Revenge (1974) while Curry played him in The Three Musketeers (1993) and (2) Heston played Long John Silver in Treasure Island (1990) while Curry played him in Muppet Treasure Island (1996). He has two roles in common with his Hamlet (1996) co-star Brian Blessed : (1) Heston played King Henry VIII in Crossed Swords (1977) while Blessed played him in The Nearly Complete and Utter History of Everything (1999) and Henry 8.0 (2009) and (2) Blessed played Long John Silver in John Silver's Return to Treasure Island (1986) while Heston played him in Treasure Island (1990). In response to an AFI poll, Heston named Citizen Kane (1941) as his all-time favourite film. He and his Treasure Island (1990) co-star Pete Postlethwaite both portrayed the Player King in film adaptations of "Hamlet": Postlethwaite in Hamlet (1990) and Heston in Hamlet (1996). Although he played Martha Scott 's son in The Ten Commandments (1956) and Ben-Hur (1959), he was only eleven years her junior in real life. Though best known for his roles in biblical and historical epics, Heston was actually a great fan of westerns. A voracious reader by nature, Heston would often go to great lengths to research the historical figures he often played and time periods his films reflected. His research on Cardinal Richelieu impressed him so much that he insisted on playing Richelieu as morally ambiguous rather than evil for The Three Musketeers and its sequel. Requested cremation in his will, explaining that after a lifetime of performing and wearing makeup he didn't want his body presented after his death. In his autobiography In The Arena he wrote of director Cecil B. DeMille "I should have thanked him for my career.". Owned more than 400 guns, both antique and modern. Personal Quotes (83) [from a taped announcement concerning his having symptoms of Alzheimer's disease] For an actor, there is no greater loss than the loss of his audience. I can part the Red Sea, but I can't part with you, which is why I won't exclude you from this stage in my life . . . For now, I'm not changing anything. I'll insist on work when I can; the doctors will insist on rest when I must. If you see a little less spring to my step, if your name fails to leap to my lips, you'll know why. And if I tell you a funny story for the second time, please laugh anyway. [on Sam Peckinpah ] Sam is the only person I've ever physically threatened on a set. If you need a ceiling painted, a chariot race run, a city besieged, or the Red Sea parted, you think of me. You can take my rifle ... when you pry it from my cold dead hands! [after hearing an unkind remark made about his condition by George Clooney , nephew of Rosemary Clooney ] It's funny how class can skip a generation, isn't it? [on why he turned down Alexander the Great (1956)] Alexander is the easiest kind of movie to do badly. Affirmative action is a stain on the American soul. [on conquering his alcohol addiction in 2000] It was one of my best recent years. And now I'm not drinking at all. I wasn't slurring my words. I wasn't falling over, but I realized it had become an addiction for me. And in my profession, it's a terrible flaw to fall into. I believe I did it in time. Political correctness is tyranny with manners. The Internet is for lonely people. People should live. [from his final televised interview in December 2002, regarding his recent diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease] What cannot be cured must be endured. I've played cardinals and cowboys, kings and quarterbacks, presidents and painters, cops and con-men. [on Robert De Niro ] It's ridiculous for an actor that good to keep playing Las Vegas hoods. People have been asking me for thirty-five years if I was losing jobs because of my conservative politics. I've never felt that was the case. Here's my credo. There are no good guns, There are no bad guns. A gun in the hands of a bad man is a bad thing. Any gun in the hands of a good man is no threat to anyone, except bad people. I don't know the man - never met him, never even spoken to him. But I feel sorry for George Clooney - one day he may get Alzheimer's disease. I served my country in World War II. I survived that - I guess I can survive some bad words from this fellow. [message sent to US troops in Iraq, 2003] There is no duty more noble than that which has called you across the world in defense of freedom. Yours is a mission of hope and humanity for the oppressed. Rest assured that while pretend-patriots talk of supporting you, even as they condemn your noble cause, an unwavering vast majority of Americans share and take pride in your mission. You represent all that is good and right about America and are the true face of American patriotism. You walk in those same righteous footsteps of all those patriots who, before you, fought to preserve liberty for all. Our prayers and our personal gratitude are with you and your families. May God Bless You, Charlton and Lydia Heston/. [talking about what he sees as Hollywood's stereotyping of Protestant religious figures] Clergymen tend to be unreliable and pompous figures. Seldom Jewish rabbis, less often Catholic priests, but Protestant ministers tend to be . . . not really very admirable. Not necessarily evil, but silly. And wrong, of course. There's a special excitement in playing a man who made a hole in history large enough to be remembered centuries after he died. If you can't make a career out of two de Milles, you'll never do it. [after completing El Cid (1961)] After spending all of last winter in armor it's a great relief to wear costume that bends. The minute you feel you have given a faultless performance is the time to get out. I have played three presidents, three saints and two geniuses. If that doesn't create an ego problem, nothing does. I've been killed often, on film, the stage, and the television tube. Studios insist the audience doesn't like this. It's been my experience that it makes them unhappy, but that's not the same thing. In any event, they often attend those undertakings where I come to a violent end even more enthusiastically than they do those where I survive. There may be a message for me somewhere there. I can't remember a time when I didn't want to be an actor. [following the death of Gary Cooper in 1961] He was a wonderful, forthright and honorable man. [following the death of Barbara Stanwyck in 1990] She was a great broad, in all the meaning of the word. It's hard living up to Moses. It is essential that gun owners unite in an active, growing force capable of flexing great muscle as the next millennium commences. The great roles are always Shakespearean. Most people in the film community don't really understand what being politically active means. They think it is just doing interviews. I'm content that the Hollywood left thinks being a political activist means riding Air Force One and hanging out with the President. Warren Beatty is non-typical of Hollywood liberals. He thinks [ Bill Clinton ] is an idiot. It is not widely known that one of the finest gun collections on the West Coast is Steven Spielberg 's. He shoots, but very privately. [on The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965)] There are actors who can do period roles, and actors who can't . . . God knows, [ John Wayne ] couldn't play a first-century Roman! In recent years, anyone in the government, certainly anyone in the FBI or the CIA, or recently, in again, [ Clint Eastwood ]'s film, In the Line of Fire (1993), the main bad guy is the chief advisor to the president. [on Pulp Fiction (1994)] Now what [ Quentin Tarantino will say to that is, "Don't you understand? This is a black comedy. We're holding this up to ridicule". There's no worse thing you can accuse a cool person of being than not getting a joke. The big studio era is from the coming of sound until 1950, until I came in ... I came in at a crux in film, which was the end of the studio era and the rise of filmmaking. You can spend a lifetime, and, if you're honest with yourself, never once was your work perfect. [1999] I marched for civil rights with Dr. [ Martin Luther King ] in 1963 - long before Hollywood found it fashionable. But when I told an audience last year that white pride is just as valid as black pride or red pride or anyone else's pride, they called me a racist. I've worked with brilliantly talented homosexuals all my life. But when I told an audience that gay rights should extend no further than your rights or my rights, I was called a homophobe. I served in World War II against the Axis powers. But during a speech, when I drew an analogy between singling out innocent Jews and singling out innocent gun owners, I was called an anti-Semite. Everyone I know knows I would never raise a closed fist against my country. But when I asked an audience to oppose this cultural persecution, I was compared to Timothy McVeigh . It's been quite a ride. I loved every minute of it. People don't perceive me as a shy man. But I am. I am thought of mostly in terms of the parts I play. I am seen as a forbidding authority figure. I only wish I were as indomitable as everyone thinks. I find my blood pressure rising when [ Bill Clinton ]'s cultural shock troops participate in homosexual rights fund raisers but boycott gun rights fund raisers - and then claim it's time to place homosexual men in tents with Boy Scouts and suggest that sperm-donor babies born into lesbian relationships are somehow better served. Mainstream America is depending on you - counting on you - to draw your sword and fight for them. These people have precious little time or resources to battle misguided Cinderella attitudes, the fringe propaganda of the homosexual coalition, the feminists who preach that it's a divine duty for women to hate men, blacks who raise a militant fist with one hand, while they seek preference with the other. The Constitution was handed down to guide us by a bunch of those wise old, dead, white guys who invented this country. It's true - they were white guys. So were most of the guys who died in [ Abraham Lincoln ]'s name, opposing slavery in the 1860s. So, why should I be ashamed of white guys? Why is Hispanic pride or black pride a good thing, while white pride conjures up shaved heads and white hoods? People in the film community think being politically active means getting on Air Force One and going to dinner at the White House. I've scorned a few liberals in this town, and I get a kick out of that. In the beginning an actor impresses us with his looks, later his voice enchants us. Over the years, his performances enthrall us. But in the end, it is simply what he is. In Hollywood there are more gun owners in the closet than homosexuals. Somewhere in the busy pipeline of public funding is sure to be a demand from a disabled lesbian on welfare that the Metropolitan Opera stage her rap version of "Carmen" as translated into Ebonics. Once the 1964 Civil Rights Act passed, I had other agendas. I didn't change. The Democratic Party slid to the Left from right under me. [explaining his endorsement of the Gun Control Act of 1968] I was young and foolish. [on President Bill Clinton ] America didn't trust you with their health-care system, America didn't trust you with gays in the military, America doesn't trust you with our 21-year-old daughters. And we sure, Lord, don't trust you with our guns. I'm pissed off when Indians say they're Native Americans! I'm a Native American, for chrisakes! Too many gun owners think we've wandered to some fringe of American life and left them behind. Jackson was one of my favorite Presidents. One mean son of a bitch. "Hard" is what I do best. I don't do "nice". [August 9, 2002] My Dear Friends, Colleagues and Fans: My physicians have recently told me I may have a neurological disorder whose symptoms are consistent with Alzheimer's disease. So . . . I wanted to prepare a few words for you now, because when the time comes, I may not be able to. I've lived my whole life on the stage and screen before you. I've found purpose and meaning in your response. For an actor there's no greater loss than the loss of his audience. I can part the Red Sea, but I can't part with you, which is why I won't exclude you from this stage in my life. For now, I'm not changing anything. I'll insist on work when I can; the doctors will insist on rest when I must. If you see a little less spring in my step, if your name fails to leap to my lips, you'll know why. And if I tell you a funny story for the second time, please laugh anyway. I'm neither giving up nor giving in. I believe I'm still the fighter that Dr. [ Martin Luther King ] and [ John F. Kennedy ] and Ronald Reagan knew, but it's a fight I must someday call a draw. I must reconcile courage and surrender in equal measure. Please feel no sympathy for me. I don't. I just may be a little less accessible to you, despite my wishes. I also want you to know that I'm grateful beyond measure. My life has been blessed with good fortune. I'm grateful that I was born in America, that cradle of freedom and opportunity, where a kid from the Michigan Northwoods can work hard and make something of his life. I'm grateful for the gift of the greatest words ever written, that let me share with you the infinite scope of the human experience. As an actor, I'm thankful that I've lived not one life, but many. Above all, I'm proud of my family ... my wife Lydia, the queen of my heart, my children, Fraser and Holly, and my beloved grandchildren, Jack, Ridley and Charlie. They're my biggest fans, my toughest critics and my proudest achievement. Through them, I can touch immortality. Finally, I'm confident about the future of America. I believe in you. I know that the future of our country, our culture and our children is in good hands. I know you will continue to meet adversity with strength and resilience, as our ancestors did, and come through with flying colors - the ones on Old Glory. William Shakespeare , at the end of his career, wrote his farewell through the words of Prospero, in "The Tempest". It ends like this: "Be cheerful, sir. Our revels now are ended. These our actors, as I foretold you, were all spirits and are melted into air, into thin air: And, like the baseless fabric of this vision, the cloud-cap'd towers, the gorgeous palaces, the solemn temples, the great globe itself, yea all which it inherit, shall dissolve and, like this insubstantial pageant faded, leave not a rack behind. We are such stuff as dreams are made on, and our little life is rounded with a sleep". Thank you, and God bless you, everyone. I have never felt I was being ill-treated by the press - ill-treated by Barbra Streisand , maybe. But Ms. Streisand I suggest is inadequately educated on the Constitution of the United States. [Following the death of Gregory Peck in 2003] Gregory Peck was one of those few great actors of generosity, humor, toughness and spirit. From our fight scene in The Big Country (1958) to his willingness to stand up for what he believed personally, Gregory Peck faced life's challenges with great vigor and courage. [2000] Vote freedom first. Vote George W. Bush . Everything else is a distant and forgettable second place. This is the most important election since the Civil War. Al Gore , if elected, would have the power to hammer your gun rights right into oblivion. Instead of fighting redcoats, we are now fighting blue blood elitists. Somebody once approached Kirk Douglas and said they had enjoyed his performance in Ben-Hur (1959). So he said, 'That wasn't me, that was another fellow.' And the man said, 'Well, if you aren't Burt Lancaster , who the hell are you?' [2000] Al Gore is now saying, "I'm with you guys on guns". In any other time or place you'd be looking for a lynching mob. [1998] The law-abiding citizen is entitled to own a rifle, pistol, or shotgun. The right, put simply, shall not be infringed. I have spent my life in service to these two sacred sets of work - the gift of human passion in William Shakespeare and the gift of human freedom enshrined in the American bill of human rights. Tony Blair can have his bodyguards and the police are all allowed to defend themselves, then so should the people. [on Orson Welles ] He was not an extravagant director. I mean, Warren Beatty can spend $60 million making Reds (1981) a half-hour too long and it crosses nobody's lips that that's too much money. [on Sophia Loren ] All in all the most trying work time with an actress I can ever recall. Mind you, she's not a bitch. She's a warm lady, truly; she's just more star than pro. [on working with Ava Gardner in 55 Days at Peking (1963)] Today marked the worst behavior I've yet seen from that curious breed I make my living opposite. Ava showed up for a late call, did one shot (with the usual incredible delay in coming to the set), and then walked off just before lunch when some Chinese extra took a still of her. She came back after a painful three-hour lunch break only to walk off, for the same reason. [on Anne Baxter ] We never had a cross word. However, I did not find her enormously warming and there was no great personal stirring between us as friends. [on Richard Harris ] Richard is very much the professional Irishman. I found him a somewhat erratic personality and an occasional pain in the posterior. But we certainly never feuded. [on Richard Harris ] He's something of a fuck-up, no question. I have a face that belongs in another century. I have lived such a wonderful life! I've lived enough for two people. [on how his marriage lasted as long as it did]: Remember three simple words - I was wrong. I like playing great men. They're more interesting than the rest of us. [on his role in The Ten Commandments (1956)] I was a little green in the film. I could do it better now. I'd rather play a senator than be one. I've almost never been content with what I've done in any film. My heart's desire would be to do them all over again - and not do a half dozen of them at all. Why does Cary Grant get all those pictures set entirely in penthouses? [on actors advocating their political opinions]: Well, we have as much right to shoot our mouths off as anyone else. God knows I've exercised that right. [September 2002] I've always been sure of my health and this suddenly gave me something else to think about. But maybe it's good if God gives you something to think about every so often. Whatever happens happens. You take it in stride if you can. You don't have many options there. A lot of men in positions of authority are difficult people, because they're right, and they know they're right. Orson [Welles] insists he hates acting but of course he is a very good actor and is really able to communicate with actors. It's not too often that you learn about acting from directors because that isn't what they do. They sometimes make you act better, but to really understand the process is a different thing. Orson really understood the process. I remember we were looking at dailies one day and he leaned over and said, 'You know, Chuck, you have to work on your tenor range. Those of us with great bass voices love to rumble along in them. The tenor range is a knife edge; the bass is a velvet hammer. You have to use them both'. That was very useful. I'd never thought of it before. Salary (6)	German
Who was the infamous boxing referee that gave the decision to Joe Bugner against Henry Cooper?	Charlton Heston - Biography - IMDb Charlton Heston Biography Showing all 240 items Jump to: Overview (5) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (1) \| Trade Mark (4) \| Trivia (140) \| Personal Quotes (83) \| Salary (6) Overview (5) 6' 2½" (1.89 m) Mini Bio (1) With features chiseled in stone, and renowned for playing a long list of historical figures, particularly in Biblical epics, the tall, well built and ruggedly handsome Charlton Heston was one of Hollywood's greatest leading men and remained active in front of movie cameras for over sixty years. As a Hollywood star, he appeared in 100 films over the course of 60 years. He played Moses in the epic film, The Ten Commandments (1956), for which he received his first Golden Globe Award nomination. He also starred in Touch of Evil (1958) with Orson Welles; Ben-Hur, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor (1959); El Cid (1961); and Planet of the Apes (1968). He also starred in the films The Greatest Show on Earth (1952); Secret of the Incas (1954); The Big Country (1958); and The Agony and the Ecstasy (1965). A supporter of Democratic politicians and civil rights in the 1960s, Heston later became a Republican, founding a conservative political action committee and supporting Ronald Reagan. Heston's most famous role in politics came as the five-term president of the National Rifle Association, from 1998 to 2003. Heston was born John Charles Carter on October 4, 1924, in No Man's Land, Illinois, to Lila (Charlton) and Russell Whitford Carter, who operated a sawmill. He had English and Scottish ancestry, with recent Canadian forebears. Heston made his feature film debut as the lead character in a 16mm production of Peer Gynt (1941), based on the Henrik Ibsen play. In 1944, Heston enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces. He served for two years as a radio operator and aerial gunner aboard a B-25 Mitchell stationed in the Alaskan Aleutian Islands with the 77th Bombardment Squadron of the Eleventh Air Force. He reached the rank of Staff Sergeant. Heston married Northwestern University student Lydia Marie Clarke, who was six months his senior. That same year he joined the military. Heston played 'Marc Antony' in Julius Caesar (1950), and firmly stamped himself as genuine leading man material with his performance as circus manager 'Brad Braden' in the Cecil B. DeMille spectacular The Greatest Show on Earth (1952), also starring James Stewart and Cornel Wilde . The now very popular actor remained perpetually busy during the 1950s, both on TV and on the silver screen with audience pleasing performances in the steamy thriller The Naked Jungle (1954), as a treasure hunter in Secret of the Incas (1954) and another barn storming performance for Cecil B. DeMille as "Moses" in the blockbuster The Ten Commandments (1956). Heston delivered further dynamic performances in the oily film noir thriller Touch of Evil (1958), and then alongside Gregory Peck in the western The Big Country (1958) before scoring the role for which he is arguably best known, that of the wronged Jewish prince who seeks his freedom and revenge in the William Wyler directed Ben-Hur (1959). This mammoth Biblical epic running in excess of three and a half hours became the standard by which other large scale productions would be judged, and it's superb cast also including Stephen Boyd as the villainous "Massala", English actor Jack Hawkins as the Roman officer "Quintus Arrius", and Australian actor Frank Thring as "Pontius Pilate", all contributed wonderful performances. Never one to rest on his laurels, steely Heston remained the preferred choice of directors to lead the cast in major historical productions and during the 1960s he starred as Spanish legend "Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar" in El Cid (1961), as a US soldier battling hostile Chinese boxers during 55 Days at Peking (1963), played the ill-fated "John the Baptist" in The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965), the masterful painter "Michelangelo" battling Pope Julius II in The Agony and the Ecstasy (1965), and an English general in Khartoum (1966). In 1968, Heston filmed the unusual western Will Penny (1967) about an aging and lonely cowboy befriending a lost woman and her son, which Heston has often referred to as his favorite piece of work on screen. Interestingly, Heston was on the verge of acquiring an entirely new league of fans due to his appearance in four very topical science fiction films (all based on popular novels) painting bleak future's for mankind. In 1968, Heston starred as time traveling astronaut "George Taylor", in the terrific Planet of the Apes (1968) with it's now legendary conclusion as Heston realizes the true horror of his destination. He returned to reprise the role, albeit primarily as a cameo, alongside fellow astronaut James Franciscus in the slightly inferior sequel Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970). Next up, Heston again found himself facing the apocalypse in The Omega Man (1971) as the survivor of a germ plague that has wiped out humanity leaving only bands of psychotic lunatics roaming the cities who seek to kill the uninfected Heston. And fourthly, taking its inspiration from the Harry Harrison novel "Make Room!, Make Room!", Heston starred alongside screen legend Edward G. Robinson and Chuck Connors in Soylent Green (1973). During the remainder of the 1970s, Heston appeared in two very popular "disaster movies" contributing lead roles in the far fetched Airport 1975 (1974), plus in the star laden Earthquake (1974), filmed in "Sensoround" (low bass speakers were installed in selected theaters to simulate the earthquake rumblings on screen to movie audiences). He played an evil Cardinal in the lively The Four Musketeers: Milady's Revenge (1974), a mythical US naval officer in the recreation of Midway (1976), also filmed in "Sensoround", an LA cop trying to stop a sniper in Two-Minute Warning (1976) and another US naval officer in the submarine thriller Gray Lady Down (1978). Heston appeared in numerous episodes of the high rating TV series Dynasty (1981) and The Colbys (1985), before moving onto a mixed bag of projects including TV adaptations of Treasure Island (1990) and A Man for All Seasons (1988), hosting two episodes of the comedy show, Saturday Night Live (1975), starring as the "Good Actor" bringing love struck Mike Myers to tears in Wayne's World 2 (1993), and as the eye patch wearing boss of intelligence agent Arnold Schwarzenegger in True Lies (1994). He also narrated numerous TV specials and lent his vocal talents to the animated movie Hercules (1997), the family comedy Cats & Dogs (2001) and an animated version of Ben Hur (2003). Heston made an uncredited appearance in the inferior remake of Planet of the Apes (2001), and his last film appearance to date was in the Holocaust themed drama of Rua Alguem 5555: My Father (2003). Heston narrated for highly classified military and Department of Energy instructional films, particularly relating to nuclear weapons, and "for six years Heston [held] the nation's highest security clearance" or Q clearance." The Q clearance is similar to a DoD or Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) clearance of Top Secret. Heston was married to Lydia Marie Clark Heston since March 1944, and they have two children. His highly entertaining autobiography was released in 1995, titled appropriately enough "Into The Arena". Although often criticized for his strong conservative beliefs and involvement with the NRA, Heston was a strong advocate for civil right many years before it became fashionable, and was a recipient of the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, plus the Kennedy Center Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2002, he was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, and did appear in a film or TV production after 2003. He died in April 2008. Truly, Charlton Heston is one of the legendary figures of US cinema. ( 17 March 1944 - 5 April 2008) (his death) (2 children) Trade Mark (4) His deep, commanding voice Roles in biblical epics ( The Ten Commandments (1956), Ben-Hur (1959), and The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965)) Frequently played heroic or larger-than-life characters Lean yet muscular physique Trivia (140) Went to British Columbia to promote guns, arguing it is man's "God-given right" to own guns. Alumnus of New Trier Township High School East, Winnetka, Illinois, where tennis was among his extracurricular activities. Other New Trier graduates include Ralph Bellamy , Rock Hudson , Hugh B. O'Brien , Ann-Margret , Bruce Dern , Penelope Milford , Virginia Madsen and Liz Phair . Ranked #28 in Empire (UK) magazine's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. [October 1997] Originally a Democrat who campaigned for Presidential candidates Adlai Stevenson and John F. Kennedy , he gradually switched to becoming a conservative Republican during the 1960s. Father of director Fraser C. Heston and Holly Heston Rochell. Elected first vice-president of the National Rifle Association of America (1997). Co-chairman of the American Air Museum in Britain. Elected president of the National Rifle Association of America. [June 1998] Was president of the Screen Actors Guild from 1966-1971. Has stated that he sees no contradiction with his work as a Civil Rights activist in the 1960s and his advocacy for gun ownership rights in the 1990s, insisting that he is simply promoting "freedom in the truest sense." Volunteered his time and effort to the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s, and even marched alongside the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on a number of occasions, including the 1963 March on Washington. In the original (uncut) version of King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis (1970), he was narrator. He and his wife, Lydia Clarke , both battled cancer. He survived prostate cancer and she, breast cancer. He was considered, along with English actor Ronnie Barker , for the role of Claudius in the British series I, Claudius (1976), but the role went to the less famous Derek Jacobi instead. On August 9, 2002, he issued a statement in which he advised his physicians have recently told him he may have a neurological disorder whose symptoms are consistent with Alzheimer's disease. Elected as the president of the National Rifle Association, he was re-elected to an unprecedented 4th 3-year term in 2001. After his starring role in the 1968 version of Planet of the Apes (1968), he had an uncredited cameo in the 2001 remake, Planet of the Apes (2001), as Gen. Thade's dying father. His professional name of Charlton Heston came from a combination of his mother's maiden name (Lila Charlton) and his stepfather's last name (Chester Heston). Prior to starring in The Omega Man (1971), a remake of Vincent Price 's film The Last Man on Earth (1964), Heston and Price appeared together in Cecil B. DeMille 's The Ten Commandments (1956). Said that Planet of the Apes (1968) was the most physically demanding film he had ever done. Along with Linda Harrison , he is one of only two actors to appear in both Planet of the Apes (1968) and Planet of the Apes (2001). After their son was born, they decided to adopt their next child so that they could be sure it would be a girl. Heston and his wife felt that one son and one daughter made the perfect family. His wife calls him Charlie, but everyone else calls him Chuck Three grandsons: John Alexander Clarke "Jack" Heston, Ridley Charlton Rochell, and "Charlie" Rochell. He was voted the 52nd Greatest Movie Star of all time by Entertainment Weekly. Was not hesitant about repeating roles: Played Ben Hur in Ben-Hur (1959) (live action) and Ben Hur (2003) (animated); Andrew Jackson in the biography The President's Lady (1953), then in The Buccaneer (1958); Marc Antony in Julius Caesar (1970) and Antony and Cleopatra (1972). (Richelieu does not count, as The Three Musketeers (1973) and The Four Musketeers: Milady's Revenge (1974) were filmed at the same time.). A frail-looking Heston was presented with a Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian award, at the White House by George W. Bush in July, 2003. Was considered for the role of "Police Chief Brody" in Jaws (1975), but he turned it down. The part eventually went to Roy Scheider . Was the original choice to star in Alexander the Great (1956), but declined so he could play Moses in The Ten Commandments (1956). The part eventually went to Richard Burton . Was asked by some Democrats to run for the California State Senate in 1969, but declined because he wanted to continue acting. First recipient of the American Film Institute's Charlton Heston Award, created in 2003. The second recipient was his close friend Jack Valenti in 2004. He turned down the role of Gen. Joseph W. Stilwell in Steven Spielberg 's 1941 (1979) because he felt the film was an insult to World War II veterans. While they were starring in a play together in 1960, Laurence Olivier told Heston that he had the potential to become the greatest American actor of the century. When the play received unfavorable notices, Heston said, "I guess you learn to forget bad notices?", to which Olivier replied, "What's more important, laddie, and much harder -- learn to forget good notices." In 1999 he joined Karl Malden in pressing for an honorary Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement to be awarded to veteran director Elia Kazan . Marlon Brando , who never made public appearances, refused to present the award so Robert De Niro and Martin Scorsese ultimately did. Was chosen to portray Moses in The Ten Commandments (1956) by Cecil B. DeMille because he bore an uncanny resemblance to the statue of Moses carved by Michelangelo. While studying acting early in his career, he made ends meet by posing as a model in New York at The Art Students League, across from Carnegie Hall. The lure to Hollywood and a contract soon ended his modeling days. When his TV series The Colbys (1985) was canceled, both he and fellow cast members John James and Emma Samms were offered contracts to continue playing their characters on Dynasty (1981), the series that "The Colbys" was spun off from. Heston ultimately declined because his salary demands could not be met. James and Samms, on the other hand, accepted contracts. Was unable to use his real name, John (Charles) Carter as an actor because it bore too close a resemblance to the name of the hero in Edgar Rice Burroughs ' novel "Princess of Mars." Offered to return his entire paycheck to the producers of Major Dundee (1965) so that director Sam Peckinpah could film some crucial scenes that were cut due to time and budget constraints. The producers took back Heston's paycheck but still refused to let the scenes be filmed. Heston wrote in his autobiography "In The Arena" (1995) that the main problem with Major Dundee (1965) was that everyone had a different idea of what the film was: Heston saw it as a film about life after the Civil War, the producers just wanted a standard cavalry-vs.-Indians film, while Peckinpah, according to Heston, really had his next film, The Wild Bunch (1969), in mind. Heston is a popular actor in Greece, where his name is written as "Charlton Easton" due to "Heston" having scatological connotations in the Greek language. He and The Big Country (1958) co-star Gregory Peck both played the infamous Nazi war criminal, Dr. Josef Mengele : Heston in Rua Alguem 5555: My Father (2003) and Peck in The Boys from Brazil (1978). John Wayne offered Heston the role of Jim Bowie in The Alamo (1960), but he declined due to the political implications of the film. In 1981, Heston was named co-chairman of President Ronald Reagan 's Task Force for the Arts and Humanities. He served on the National Council for the Arts and was elected president of the Screen Actors Guild six times. A World War II U.S. Army veteran, he visited troops fighting during the Vietnam War in 1967. In fact, in one camp in South Vietnam's delta area, he was "initiated" into the GI's on-base club, by having to receive a kiss on the ear!. Recipient of Kennedy Center honors in 1997, along with Lauren Bacall , Bob Dylan , Jessye Norman and Edward Villella . On 18 June 1968, Heston appeared on The Joey Bishop Show (1967) and, along with Gregory Peck , James Stewart and Kirk Douglas , called for gun controls following the assassination of Senator Robert F. Kennedy . Ironically, thirty years later, Heston was elected President of the National Rifle Association of America (NRA) and campaigned against gun control. In 2000 he surprised the Oxford Union by reading his address on gun laws from a teleprompter. This later sparked rumors he had known of his Alzheimer's long before he announced it to the world in August 2002. He campaigned for Republican presidential candidates Ronald Reagan in 1984, George Bush in 1988, George W. Bush in 2000, and Republican candidate for governor of Virginia George Allen in 1993. He is an opponent of abortion and gave the introduction to an anti-abortion documentary by Bernard Nathanson called Eclipse of Reason (1980) which focuses on late-term abortions. Heston served on the Advisory Board of Accuracy in the Media (AIM), a conservative media "watchdog" group founded by the late Reed Irvine . He retired as president of the National Rifle Association in April 2003, citing reasons of ill health. Along with Tony Curtis , Heston admitted to voting for Russell Crowe to win the Best Actor Oscar in 2001, saying before the ceremony, "I hope he gets it. He's very good." Heston's portrayal of William F. Cody in Pony Express (1953), a western from early in his career, inspired the Bills, a Congolese youth cult that idolized American westerns. Accepted the role in Ben-Hur (1959) after Burt Lancaster turned it down. Has two films on the American Film Institute's 100 Most Inspiring Movies of All Time. They are The Ten Commandments (1956) at #79 and Ben-Hur (1959) at #56. The actors he admired the most were Gary Cooper , Henry Fonda , Clark Gable , Cary Grant and James Stewart . Was considered for the role of Jor-El in Superman (1978). The part went to Marlon Brando instead. Although Heston was a lifelong non-smoker, he did hold a pipe in some early publicity photographs because both Clark Gable and Cary Grant smoked pipes. He was a friend of the author Patrick O'Brian , who in turn envisaged Heston playing his character Captain Jack Aubrey. His classmates at Northwestern University included Cloris Leachman , Paul Lynde , Charlotte Rae , Martha Hyer , Patricia Neal and Agnes Nixon . Was an avid runner, swimmer and tennis player in his youth. In 1996 Heston attended the Conservative Political Action Conference, an annual gathering of conservative movement organizations. There he agreed to pose for a group photo that included Gordon Lee Baumm, the founder of the Council of Conservative Citizens (CCC) and former White Citizens Council organizer. Virginia's conservative Republican Senator George Allen also appears in the photo which was published in the Summer 1996 issue of the CCC's newsletter, the Citizens Informer. Turned down an offer to co-star with Marilyn Monroe in Let's Make Love (1960) in order to be directed in a play by Laurence Olivier , whom he greatly admired. Was offered the role of Colonel Benjamin Vandervoort in The Longest Day (1962), but John Wayne signed for the part before Heston could accept. Turned down the lead in The Omen (1976). The role then went to Gregory Peck . Cited actor Gary Cooper as a childhood role model. Heston starred opposite Cooper in The Wreck of the Mary Deare (1959). Heston commended Cooper for being able to perform his own stunts, such as being under water for long periods of time, despite being in poor health and getting older. Though often portrayed as an ultra-conservative, Heston wrote in his 1995 autobiography "In the Arena" that he was opposed to the McCarthy witch hunts of the 1950s, was against the Vietnam War and thought President Richard Nixon was bad for America. Neighbors who live down the hill from Heston filed a lawsuit against the actor, alleging their property was damaged in January 2005 when heavy rain sent hillside debris pouring into their home. The lawsuit alleges that "slope failure" on Heston's property caused substantial damage to their home, diminishing the market value of their property. The couple seek at least $1.2 million, as well as punitive damages. Jeff Briggs, Heston's attorney, said the actor owns ten per cent of the hillside, while the neighbors own the rest. (3 January 2007). Hosted Saturday Night Live (1975) in 1993. He wore a hairpiece in every movie from Skyjacked (1972) onwards. He defended some of his less successful films in the mid-1960s, arguing that he had already made several million dollars and therefore wanted to concentrate on projects which interested him personally. During the Waco standoff in 1993, Heston was hired by the FBI to provide the voice of God when talking to David Koresh in an attempt to reason with him. The plan was never used. Participated in the March on Washington for Civil Rights on 28 August 1963, along with Burt Lancaster , Marlon Brando , Sidney Poitier , Bob Dylan and Harry Belafonte . Heston has often been compared with his friend Ronald Reagan . Both actors started out as liberal Democrats but gradually converted to conservative Republicans, both served as Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild, both went into politics (Reagan as President of the United States from 1981 to 1989 and Heston as President of the National Rifle Association from 1998 to 2003), and both suffered from Alzheimer's disease in later life. Heston attended Reagan's state funeral on 11 June 2004. Attended the funeral of Lew Wasserman in June 2002. Attended the second inauguration of Ronald Reagan as President of the United States of America, along with Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin and Ray Charles . (20 January 1985). He was unable to campaign for Lyndon Johnson in the 1964 presidential election when Major Dundee (1965) went over schedule. Heston later admitted in his autobiography "In the Arena" (1995) that it was here that his political beliefs began moving to the Right. Unlike many of his contemporaries, Heston continued to act on the stage. He appeared in Long Day's Journey Into Night opposite Deborah Kerr , Macbeth opposite Vanessa Redgrave and The Caine Mutiny with Ben Cross . His final stage role was opposite his wife Lydia Clarke in Love Letters at the Haymarket Theatre in London in the summer of 1999. In his youth he used an iron bar attached to a wall to do pull ups and chin ups in order to develop his biceps and triceps. Cited Will Penny (1967) as his personal favorite film from his career. Missed the start of his presentation at The 44th Annual Academy Awards (1972), because of a flat tire on the Santa Monica freeway. Clint Eastwood stood in for him, and before Eastwood finished the speech that Heston was due to give, Heston arrived, to some audience laughter and enjoyment. Turned down Gary Cooper 's role in High Noon (1952). Somewhat ironically, Heston was a vocal supporter of the Gun Control Act of 1968, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson . In the animated television show Family Guy (1999), Heston is accidentally shot by character Joe Swanson. Joe is horrified and apologizes profusely. As he collapses, Heston replies "That's OK son - it's your right as an American citizen!". He was considered for the role of Pike Bishop in Sam Peckinpah 's The Wild Bunch (1969). The role went to William Holden instead. Had a hip replacement in 1996. Reports at the time suggested that Heston badly wanted to play Sir Thomas More in A Man for All Seasons (1966). The part went to Paul Scofield instead. Named The Call of the Wild (1972) as his worst movie. Tried to revive the play "Mister Roberts" in the early 1990s, but was unsuccessful. In April 2003 10-foot-tall bronze statue of Heston was erected in front of the NRA's national headquarters in Washington, D.C., in character from Will Penny (1967), in full cowboy gear holding a handgun. Owned more than 400 modern and antique guns. Heston's Hollywood mansion is filled with memorabilia from his career. He and his wife have lived in the same house near Los Angeles's Mulholland Drive for more than forty years. Built by the actor's father after Heston won the Academy Award for best actor in Ben-Hur (1959), the postmodern style home - inside and out - is filled with the memorabilia. Sitting on a table in the back yard is the figure of a Roman, whip in hand, lashing vigorously at four straining horses harnessed to a chariot. Mounted on the entrance of his study are the two great brass ring knockers from the movie set's House of Hur. Hung above the fireplace is a painting of a lumbering Conestoga wagon and, nearby, a pencil sketch of friend Sir Laurence Olivier portraying King Lear. From most windows sparkle views of canyons. In the home's central hallway hang twenty paintings of Heston in signature roles: Ben-Hur, Moses, Richelieu, Michelangelo, the Planet of the Apes (1968) marooned astronaut Commander Taylor, the steel-willed Major Dundee, Soylent Green (1973) detective Thorn, Andrew Jackson in The President's Lady (1953), tough ranch foreman Steve Leech riding through The Big Country (1958), and cattle poke Will Penny (1967) from Heston's favorite film. As president of the NRA, he would usually tell his audience in speeches that he had "marched for civil rights long before it became fashionable to do so". In reality he only attended two events, the first in 1961 and the second the March on Washington in August 1963. Due to his busy film career at the time, he was unable to appear more frequently to back the Civil Rights cause. According to Gore Vidal , as recounted in The Celluloid Closet (1995), one of the script elements he was brought in to re-write for Ben-Hur (1959) was the relationship between Messalah and Ben-Hur. Director William Wyler was concerned that two men who had been close friends as youths would not simply hate one another as a result of disagreeing over politics. Thus, Vidal devised a thinly veiled subtext suggesting the Messalah and Ben-Hur had been lovers as teenagers, and their fighting was a result of Ben-Hur spurning Messalah. Wyler was initially hesitant to implement the subtext, but agreed on the conditions that no direct reference ever be made to the characters' sexuality in the script, that Vidal personally discuss the idea with Stephen Boyd , and not mention the subtext to Heston who, Wyler feared, would panic at the idea. After Vidal admitted to adding the homosexual subtext in public, Heston denied the claim, going so far as to suggest Vidal had little input into the final script, and his lack of screen credit was a result of his being fired for trying to add gay innuendo. Vidal rebutted by citing passages from Heston's 1978 autobiography, where the actor admitted that Vidal had authored much of the final shooting script. He was one of several prominent people to serve on the advisory board of U.S. English, a group that seeks to make English the official language of the United States. Other members include Californian Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and golfer Arnold Palmer . Professed great respect and admiration for the late actor Gregory Peck , despite their opposing political ideals. He played three roles after they had been turned down by Burt Lancaster . In 1958 the producers of Ben-Hur (1959) offered Lancaster $1 million to play the title role in their epic, but he turned it down because, as an atheist, he did not want to help promote Christianity. Lancaster also said he disagreed with the "violent morals" of the story. Three years later, in 1961 Lancaster announced his intention to produce a biopic of Michelangelo, in which he would play the title role and show the truth about the painter's homosexuality. However, he was forced to shelve this project due to the five-month filming schedule on Luchino Visconti 's masterpiece The Leopard (1963). Heston starred as Michelangelo in The Agony and the Ecstasy (1965) and even in his autobiography thirty years later was still denying that the painter had been gay, despite all evidence to the contrary. Lancaster also turned down the role of General Gordon in Khartoum (1966). Was sick with the flu during filming of Planet of the Apes (1968). The producers decided to have him act through his illness, even though it was physically grueling, because they felt the hoarse sound of his voice added something to the character. Heston recounted in a diary he kept during filming that he "felt like Hell" during the filming of the scene where his character was forcefully separated from Nova (Linda Harrison), made worse by the impact of the fire hose used on him. Turned down Rock Hudson 's role as the captain of a nuclear submarine in Ice Station Zebra (1968) because he didn't think there was much characterization in the script. His funeral was held a week after his death on 12 April 2008 in a ceremony which was attended by 250 people including former First Lady Nancy Reagan , California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger , Olivia de Havilland , Keith Carradine , Pat Boone , Tom Selleck , Oliver Stone and Rob Reiner . Although he had supported Democrat Hubert H. Humphrey in the 1968 presidential election, in 1972 he openly supported Republican Richard Nixon . He was a vocal opponent of a nuclear freeze in the early 1990s, and openly supported the 1991 Gulf war. Campaigned for fifty Republican candidates in the 1996 presidential election. Although he and Kirk Douglas differed greatly on politics (Douglas was a very liberal Democrat and Heston a very conservative Republican), Heston and Douglas were very close friends. Douglas spoke highly of their friendship; so highly, in fact, that after a viewing of the film Bowling for Columbine (2002) (and in particular the scene where Heston is grilled on his involvement in the NRA and asked to apologize for murder as a member of the NRA) Douglas said he would "never forgive" Michael Moore , the film's director and the man who conducted the interview) for the way he treated Heston. Broke his nose in high school playing football. He later commented that this was ultimately to his advantage as an actor because it gave him "the profile of an Eagle.". Initially turned down the role of Steve Leech in The Big Country (1958) because he didn't think the role was big enough after the success he had with The Ten Commandments (1956), but his agent convinced him to take the part on the grounds that it would be worth it for his career to work with both Gregory Peck , who was still a bigger star than Heston at the time, and director William Wyler . This association led to Heston being cast in Wyler's next film, as the title character in Ben-Hur (1959), for which he won the Oscar for Best Actor. Had a fondness for drawing and sketching, and often sketched the cast and crew of his films whenever he had the chance to do so. His sketches were later published in the book Charlton Heston's Hollywood: 50 Years In American Film. Laurence Olivier was so impressed by Heston's stage skills that he commented that Heston had a future on the stage. When he met Toshirô Mifune around 1960, he was extremely taken with the Japanese star and claimed that if Mifune spoke English "he could be the greatest star in the world". The two actors exchanged Christmas cards since their meeting until Mifune's death. Was friends with Brock Peters, having worked with him in numerous plays throughout the 1940s and 50s and films throughout the 1960s and 70s. They were slated to star in a biracial cast of Romeo and Juliet in 1946 that would have had Peters playing Tybalt and Heston as Mercutio that was abandoned due to a lack of financial backing. When Heston asked director James Cameron why he wanted him to play Spencer Trilby in True Lies (1994), Cameron replied "I need someone who can plausibly intimidate Arnold Schwarzenegger .". Very popular in Japan, where even his less successful films were generally well received, because his screen persona embodied the qualities that the Japanese had admired in their Samurai warriors. One of his biggest regrets was that he never got to play the lead role in Becket. On December 4, 1993, aged 70, he became the oldest man to host Saturday Night Live (1975) in the show's history, and the third oldest overall, behind Miskel Spillman and Ruth Gordon . Stated in his autobiography 'In The Arena' that while he felt Anthony Mann was a good director, he also felt that Mann's lack of experience in directing large scale historical films such as their 1961 epic El Cid (1961) hurt the overall product and also stated that El Cid may have benefited from being directed by William Wyler, who directed Heston in The Big Country (1958) and Ben-Hur (1959), or someone like Wyler. Cited not doing a Hispanic accent for his Mexican narcotics officer Miguel 'Mike' Vargas in Touch of Evil (1958) as one of the biggest mistakes he ever made as an actor. Heston wanted to appear in The Return of the Musketeers (1989), but his character of Cardinal Richelieu from the previous film was deceased in the film's setting of 1648. Fortunately, director Richard Lester had a painting of Richelieu created, with Heston as the model. This painting is seen in the beginning of the film, and was given to Heston after filming. Did a great deal of research on the historical Cardinal Richelieu for his appearance in The Three Musketeers (1973)/ The Four Musketeers: Milady's Revenge (1974). Even though the character is portrayed as an antagonist, Heston gained a great deal of respect for the man's real accomplishments on behalf of France. He came across a quote attributed to Richelieu: "I have no enemies, France has enemies." He liked the line so much that he insisted it be worked into the films somewhere, and he ultimately got his wish. Though slightly modified ("I have no enemies, only enemies of France."), the line appears in the second film, in the scene where Richelieu offers d'Artagnan the opportunity to be one of his soldiers. He played the Roman politician and general Mark Antony in three different Shakespearean films: Julius Caesar (1950), Julius Caesar (1970) and Antony and Cleopatra (1972). Is the youngest man to receive the Golden Globes Cecil B. DeMille Award, in 1967 at the age of 43. Underwent treatment for alcoholism in the year 2000. He had English, Scottish, and a smaller amount of German, ancestry. His maternal grandparents were Canadian. Release of his book, "Charlton Heston's Hollywood: 50 Years in American Film" by Charlton with Jean-Pierre Isbouts. [1998] Release of the book, "Charlton Heston" by 'Michael Munn'. [1986] Release of the book, "From My Cold, Dead Hands: Charlton Heston and American Politics" by 'Emile Raymond'. [2006] Release of his book, "Charlton Heston Presents the Bible". [1997] Release of his book, "Beijing Diary". [1990] Appears on a USA nondenominated 'forever' commemorative postage stamp in the Legends of Hollywood series, issued 11 April 2014. Price on day of issue was 49¢. The stamp was issued in sheets of 20; the sheet has decorative selvage with a picture of Heston from Ben-Hur (1959). He has two roles in common with Tim Curry : (1) Heston played Cardinal Richelieu in The Three Musketeers (1973) and The Four Musketeers: Milady's Revenge (1974) while Curry played him in The Three Musketeers (1993) and (2) Heston played Long John Silver in Treasure Island (1990) while Curry played him in Muppet Treasure Island (1996). He has two roles in common with his Hamlet (1996) co-star Brian Blessed : (1) Heston played King Henry VIII in Crossed Swords (1977) while Blessed played him in The Nearly Complete and Utter History of Everything (1999) and Henry 8.0 (2009) and (2) Blessed played Long John Silver in John Silver's Return to Treasure Island (1986) while Heston played him in Treasure Island (1990). In response to an AFI poll, Heston named Citizen Kane (1941) as his all-time favourite film. He and his Treasure Island (1990) co-star Pete Postlethwaite both portrayed the Player King in film adaptations of "Hamlet": Postlethwaite in Hamlet (1990) and Heston in Hamlet (1996). Although he played Martha Scott 's son in The Ten Commandments (1956) and Ben-Hur (1959), he was only eleven years her junior in real life. Though best known for his roles in biblical and historical epics, Heston was actually a great fan of westerns. A voracious reader by nature, Heston would often go to great lengths to research the historical figures he often played and time periods his films reflected. His research on Cardinal Richelieu impressed him so much that he insisted on playing Richelieu as morally ambiguous rather than evil for The Three Musketeers and its sequel. Requested cremation in his will, explaining that after a lifetime of performing and wearing makeup he didn't want his body presented after his death. In his autobiography In The Arena he wrote of director Cecil B. DeMille "I should have thanked him for my career.". Owned more than 400 guns, both antique and modern. Personal Quotes (83) [from a taped announcement concerning his having symptoms of Alzheimer's disease] For an actor, there is no greater loss than the loss of his audience. I can part the Red Sea, but I can't part with you, which is why I won't exclude you from this stage in my life . . . For now, I'm not changing anything. I'll insist on work when I can; the doctors will insist on rest when I must. If you see a little less spring to my step, if your name fails to leap to my lips, you'll know why. And if I tell you a funny story for the second time, please laugh anyway. [on Sam Peckinpah ] Sam is the only person I've ever physically threatened on a set. If you need a ceiling painted, a chariot race run, a city besieged, or the Red Sea parted, you think of me. You can take my rifle ... when you pry it from my cold dead hands! [after hearing an unkind remark made about his condition by George Clooney , nephew of Rosemary Clooney ] It's funny how class can skip a generation, isn't it? [on why he turned down Alexander the Great (1956)] Alexander is the easiest kind of movie to do badly. Affirmative action is a stain on the American soul. [on conquering his alcohol addiction in 2000] It was one of my best recent years. And now I'm not drinking at all. I wasn't slurring my words. I wasn't falling over, but I realized it had become an addiction for me. And in my profession, it's a terrible flaw to fall into. I believe I did it in time. Political correctness is tyranny with manners. The Internet is for lonely people. People should live. [from his final televised interview in December 2002, regarding his recent diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease] What cannot be cured must be endured. I've played cardinals and cowboys, kings and quarterbacks, presidents and painters, cops and con-men. [on Robert De Niro ] It's ridiculous for an actor that good to keep playing Las Vegas hoods. People have been asking me for thirty-five years if I was losing jobs because of my conservative politics. I've never felt that was the case. Here's my credo. There are no good guns, There are no bad guns. A gun in the hands of a bad man is a bad thing. Any gun in the hands of a good man is no threat to anyone, except bad people. I don't know the man - never met him, never even spoken to him. But I feel sorry for George Clooney - one day he may get Alzheimer's disease. I served my country in World War II. I survived that - I guess I can survive some bad words from this fellow. [message sent to US troops in Iraq, 2003] There is no duty more noble than that which has called you across the world in defense of freedom. Yours is a mission of hope and humanity for the oppressed. Rest assured that while pretend-patriots talk of supporting you, even as they condemn your noble cause, an unwavering vast majority of Americans share and take pride in your mission. You represent all that is good and right about America and are the true face of American patriotism. You walk in those same righteous footsteps of all those patriots who, before you, fought to preserve liberty for all. Our prayers and our personal gratitude are with you and your families. May God Bless You, Charlton and Lydia Heston/. [talking about what he sees as Hollywood's stereotyping of Protestant religious figures] Clergymen tend to be unreliable and pompous figures. Seldom Jewish rabbis, less often Catholic priests, but Protestant ministers tend to be . . . not really very admirable. Not necessarily evil, but silly. And wrong, of course. There's a special excitement in playing a man who made a hole in history large enough to be remembered centuries after he died. If you can't make a career out of two de Milles, you'll never do it. [after completing El Cid (1961)] After spending all of last winter in armor it's a great relief to wear costume that bends. The minute you feel you have given a faultless performance is the time to get out. I have played three presidents, three saints and two geniuses. If that doesn't create an ego problem, nothing does. I've been killed often, on film, the stage, and the television tube. Studios insist the audience doesn't like this. It's been my experience that it makes them unhappy, but that's not the same thing. In any event, they often attend those undertakings where I come to a violent end even more enthusiastically than they do those where I survive. There may be a message for me somewhere there. I can't remember a time when I didn't want to be an actor. [following the death of Gary Cooper in 1961] He was a wonderful, forthright and honorable man. [following the death of Barbara Stanwyck in 1990] She was a great broad, in all the meaning of the word. It's hard living up to Moses. It is essential that gun owners unite in an active, growing force capable of flexing great muscle as the next millennium commences. The great roles are always Shakespearean. Most people in the film community don't really understand what being politically active means. They think it is just doing interviews. I'm content that the Hollywood left thinks being a political activist means riding Air Force One and hanging out with the President. Warren Beatty is non-typical of Hollywood liberals. He thinks [ Bill Clinton ] is an idiot. It is not widely known that one of the finest gun collections on the West Coast is Steven Spielberg 's. He shoots, but very privately. [on The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965)] There are actors who can do period roles, and actors who can't . . . God knows, [ John Wayne ] couldn't play a first-century Roman! In recent years, anyone in the government, certainly anyone in the FBI or the CIA, or recently, in again, [ Clint Eastwood ]'s film, In the Line of Fire (1993), the main bad guy is the chief advisor to the president. [on Pulp Fiction (1994)] Now what [ Quentin Tarantino will say to that is, "Don't you understand? This is a black comedy. We're holding this up to ridicule". There's no worse thing you can accuse a cool person of being than not getting a joke. The big studio era is from the coming of sound until 1950, until I came in ... I came in at a crux in film, which was the end of the studio era and the rise of filmmaking. You can spend a lifetime, and, if you're honest with yourself, never once was your work perfect. [1999] I marched for civil rights with Dr. [ Martin Luther King ] in 1963 - long before Hollywood found it fashionable. But when I told an audience last year that white pride is just as valid as black pride or red pride or anyone else's pride, they called me a racist. I've worked with brilliantly talented homosexuals all my life. But when I told an audience that gay rights should extend no further than your rights or my rights, I was called a homophobe. I served in World War II against the Axis powers. But during a speech, when I drew an analogy between singling out innocent Jews and singling out innocent gun owners, I was called an anti-Semite. Everyone I know knows I would never raise a closed fist against my country. But when I asked an audience to oppose this cultural persecution, I was compared to Timothy McVeigh . It's been quite a ride. I loved every minute of it. People don't perceive me as a shy man. But I am. I am thought of mostly in terms of the parts I play. I am seen as a forbidding authority figure. I only wish I were as indomitable as everyone thinks. I find my blood pressure rising when [ Bill Clinton ]'s cultural shock troops participate in homosexual rights fund raisers but boycott gun rights fund raisers - and then claim it's time to place homosexual men in tents with Boy Scouts and suggest that sperm-donor babies born into lesbian relationships are somehow better served. Mainstream America is depending on you - counting on you - to draw your sword and fight for them. These people have precious little time or resources to battle misguided Cinderella attitudes, the fringe propaganda of the homosexual coalition, the feminists who preach that it's a divine duty for women to hate men, blacks who raise a militant fist with one hand, while they seek preference with the other. The Constitution was handed down to guide us by a bunch of those wise old, dead, white guys who invented this country. It's true - they were white guys. So were most of the guys who died in [ Abraham Lincoln ]'s name, opposing slavery in the 1860s. So, why should I be ashamed of white guys? Why is Hispanic pride or black pride a good thing, while white pride conjures up shaved heads and white hoods? People in the film community think being politically active means getting on Air Force One and going to dinner at the White House. I've scorned a few liberals in this town, and I get a kick out of that. In the beginning an actor impresses us with his looks, later his voice enchants us. Over the years, his performances enthrall us. But in the end, it is simply what he is. In Hollywood there are more gun owners in the closet than homosexuals. Somewhere in the busy pipeline of public funding is sure to be a demand from a disabled lesbian on welfare that the Metropolitan Opera stage her rap version of "Carmen" as translated into Ebonics. Once the 1964 Civil Rights Act passed, I had other agendas. I didn't change. The Democratic Party slid to the Left from right under me. [explaining his endorsement of the Gun Control Act of 1968] I was young and foolish. [on President Bill Clinton ] America didn't trust you with their health-care system, America didn't trust you with gays in the military, America doesn't trust you with our 21-year-old daughters. And we sure, Lord, don't trust you with our guns. I'm pissed off when Indians say they're Native Americans! I'm a Native American, for chrisakes! Too many gun owners think we've wandered to some fringe of American life and left them behind. Jackson was one of my favorite Presidents. One mean son of a bitch. "Hard" is what I do best. I don't do "nice". [August 9, 2002] My Dear Friends, Colleagues and Fans: My physicians have recently told me I may have a neurological disorder whose symptoms are consistent with Alzheimer's disease. So . . . I wanted to prepare a few words for you now, because when the time comes, I may not be able to. I've lived my whole life on the stage and screen before you. I've found purpose and meaning in your response. For an actor there's no greater loss than the loss of his audience. I can part the Red Sea, but I can't part with you, which is why I won't exclude you from this stage in my life. For now, I'm not changing anything. I'll insist on work when I can; the doctors will insist on rest when I must. If you see a little less spring in my step, if your name fails to leap to my lips, you'll know why. And if I tell you a funny story for the second time, please laugh anyway. I'm neither giving up nor giving in. I believe I'm still the fighter that Dr. [ Martin Luther King ] and [ John F. Kennedy ] and Ronald Reagan knew, but it's a fight I must someday call a draw. I must reconcile courage and surrender in equal measure. Please feel no sympathy for me. I don't. I just may be a little less accessible to you, despite my wishes. I also want you to know that I'm grateful beyond measure. My life has been blessed with good fortune. I'm grateful that I was born in America, that cradle of freedom and opportunity, where a kid from the Michigan Northwoods can work hard and make something of his life. I'm grateful for the gift of the greatest words ever written, that let me share with you the infinite scope of the human experience. As an actor, I'm thankful that I've lived not one life, but many. Above all, I'm proud of my family ... my wife Lydia, the queen of my heart, my children, Fraser and Holly, and my beloved grandchildren, Jack, Ridley and Charlie. They're my biggest fans, my toughest critics and my proudest achievement. Through them, I can touch immortality. Finally, I'm confident about the future of America. I believe in you. I know that the future of our country, our culture and our children is in good hands. I know you will continue to meet adversity with strength and resilience, as our ancestors did, and come through with flying colors - the ones on Old Glory. William Shakespeare , at the end of his career, wrote his farewell through the words of Prospero, in "The Tempest". It ends like this: "Be cheerful, sir. Our revels now are ended. These our actors, as I foretold you, were all spirits and are melted into air, into thin air: And, like the baseless fabric of this vision, the cloud-cap'd towers, the gorgeous palaces, the solemn temples, the great globe itself, yea all which it inherit, shall dissolve and, like this insubstantial pageant faded, leave not a rack behind. We are such stuff as dreams are made on, and our little life is rounded with a sleep". Thank you, and God bless you, everyone. I have never felt I was being ill-treated by the press - ill-treated by Barbra Streisand , maybe. But Ms. Streisand I suggest is inadequately educated on the Constitution of the United States. [Following the death of Gregory Peck in 2003] Gregory Peck was one of those few great actors of generosity, humor, toughness and spirit. From our fight scene in The Big Country (1958) to his willingness to stand up for what he believed personally, Gregory Peck faced life's challenges with great vigor and courage. [2000] Vote freedom first. Vote George W. Bush . Everything else is a distant and forgettable second place. This is the most important election since the Civil War. Al Gore , if elected, would have the power to hammer your gun rights right into oblivion. Instead of fighting redcoats, we are now fighting blue blood elitists. Somebody once approached Kirk Douglas and said they had enjoyed his performance in Ben-Hur (1959). So he said, 'That wasn't me, that was another fellow.' And the man said, 'Well, if you aren't Burt Lancaster , who the hell are you?' [2000] Al Gore is now saying, "I'm with you guys on guns". In any other time or place you'd be looking for a lynching mob. [1998] The law-abiding citizen is entitled to own a rifle, pistol, or shotgun. The right, put simply, shall not be infringed. I have spent my life in service to these two sacred sets of work - the gift of human passion in William Shakespeare and the gift of human freedom enshrined in the American bill of human rights. Tony Blair can have his bodyguards and the police are all allowed to defend themselves, then so should the people. [on Orson Welles ] He was not an extravagant director. I mean, Warren Beatty can spend $60 million making Reds (1981) a half-hour too long and it crosses nobody's lips that that's too much money. [on Sophia Loren ] All in all the most trying work time with an actress I can ever recall. Mind you, she's not a bitch. She's a warm lady, truly; she's just more star than pro. [on working with Ava Gardner in 55 Days at Peking (1963)] Today marked the worst behavior I've yet seen from that curious breed I make my living opposite. Ava showed up for a late call, did one shot (with the usual incredible delay in coming to the set), and then walked off just before lunch when some Chinese extra took a still of her. She came back after a painful three-hour lunch break only to walk off, for the same reason. [on Anne Baxter ] We never had a cross word. However, I did not find her enormously warming and there was no great personal stirring between us as friends. [on Richard Harris ] Richard is very much the professional Irishman. I found him a somewhat erratic personality and an occasional pain in the posterior. But we certainly never feuded. [on Richard Harris ] He's something of a fuck-up, no question. I have a face that belongs in another century. I have lived such a wonderful life! I've lived enough for two people. [on how his marriage lasted as long as it did]: Remember three simple words - I was wrong. I like playing great men. They're more interesting than the rest of us. [on his role in The Ten Commandments (1956)] I was a little green in the film. I could do it better now. I'd rather play a senator than be one. I've almost never been content with what I've done in any film. My heart's desire would be to do them all over again - and not do a half dozen of them at all. Why does Cary Grant get all those pictures set entirely in penthouses? [on actors advocating their political opinions]: Well, we have as much right to shoot our mouths off as anyone else. God knows I've exercised that right. [September 2002] I've always been sure of my health and this suddenly gave me something else to think about. But maybe it's good if God gives you something to think about every so often. Whatever happens happens. You take it in stride if you can. You don't have many options there. A lot of men in positions of authority are difficult people, because they're right, and they know they're right. Orson [Welles] insists he hates acting but of course he is a very good actor and is really able to communicate with actors. It's not too often that you learn about acting from directors because that isn't what they do. They sometimes make you act better, but to really understand the process is a different thing. Orson really understood the process. I remember we were looking at dailies one day and he leaned over and said, 'You know, Chuck, you have to work on your tenor range. Those of us with great bass voices love to rumble along in them. The tenor range is a knife edge; the bass is a velvet hammer. You have to use them both'. That was very useful. I'd never thought of it before. Salary (6)	i don't know
The Ryder Cup is the professional version in golf. What version is the amateur cup?	Ryder Cup - 必应 Sign in Ryder Cup The Ryder Cup is a biennial men's golf competition between teams from Europe and the United States. The competition is contested every two years with the venue alternating between courses in the United States and Europe . The Ryder Cup is named after the English businessman Samuel Ryder who donated the trophy. The event is jointly administered by the PGA of America and Ryder Cup Europe , the latter a joint venture of the PGA European Tour (60%), the PGA of Great Britain and Ireland (20%), and the PGA of Europe (20%). Silversmi ... (展开) ith Thomas Lyte became an official supplier of Ryder Cup trophies and awards in 2008, including two-third size replicas of the trophy, awarded to the players and management of the team. Originally contested between Great Britain and the United States, the first official Ryder Cup took place in 1927 at Worcester Country Club, in Massachusetts, US. The home team won the first five contests, but with the competition's resumption after the Second World War, repeated American dominance eventually led to a decision to extend the representation of "Great Britain and Ireland" to include continental Europe from 1979. The inclusion of continental European golfers was partly prompted by the success of a new generation of Spanish golfers, led by Seve Ballesteros and Antonio Garrido. In 1973 the official title of the British Team had been changed from "Great Britain" to "Great Britain and Ireland", but this was simply a change of name to reflect the fact that golfers from the Republic of Ireland had been playing in the Great Britain Ryder Cup team since 1953, while Northern Irish players had competed since 1947. Since 1979, Europe has won ten times outright and retained the Cup once in a tied match, with seven American wins over this period. In addition to players from Great Britain and Ireland, the European team has included players from Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Sweden . The Ryder Cup, and its counterpart the Presidents Cup, remain exceptions within the world of professional sports because the players receive no prize money despite the contests being high-profile events that bring in large amounts of money in television and sponsorship revenue. The current holders are Europe who won for the third successive time at the Gleneagles Hotel in Perth & Kinross, Scotland in 2014. The 2016 Ryder Cup will be at Hazeltine National Golf Club in Chaska, Minnesota from September 30 to October 2. Main article: List of Ryder Cup matches Cancellations and postponements 1939 Ryder Cup The 1939 Ryder Cup was planned for November 18–19 at Ponte Vedra Country Club in Jacksonville, Florida; Walter Hagen was chosen as non-playing captain of the U.S. team. The competition was cancelled shortly after the... ryder cup assistant captains 本结果选自229项相关网络资源 One of the roles of the captain has always been to select who plays in each group of matches and to decide the playing order. While the contest involved 36 holes matches it was usual for the captain to be one of the players. The USA only had two non-playing captains in this period: Walter Hagen in 1... Gleneagles 1921 On September 27, 1920 Golf Illustrated wrote a letter to the Professional Golfers' Association of America with a suggestion that a team of 12 to 20 American professionals be chosen to play in the 1921 British Open, to be financed by popular subscription. At that time no American golfer had won the British Open. The idea was that of James D. Harnett, who worked for the magazine. The PGA of America made a positive reply and the idea was announced in the November 1920 issue. The fund was called the British Open Championship Fund. By the next spring the idea had been firmed-up. A team of 12 would be chosen, who would sail in time to play a warm-up tournament at Gleneagles (the Glasgow Herald 1000 Guinea Tournament) prior to the British Open at St. Andrews, two weeks later. The team of 12 was chosen by PGA President George Sargent and PGA Secretary Alec Pirie, with the assistance of USGA Vice-President Robert Gardner. A team of 11 sailed from New York on the RMS Aquitania on May 24, 1921 together with James Harnett, Harry Hampton deciding at the last minute that he could not travel. The idea for a 12-a-side International Match between the American and Great Britain professionals was reported in The Times on May 17, with James Douglas Edgar being reported as the probable 12th player. Edgar was already in the United Kingdom. The match would be played at Gleneagles on Monday June 6, the day before the start of the 1000 Guinea Tournament. With Jim Barnes indisposed, the match eventually became a 10-a-side contest, Edgar not being required for the American team. The match consisted of 5 foursomes in the morning and 10 singles in the afternoon, played on the King's Course. The match was won by Great Britain by 9 matches to 3, 3 matches being halved. The British team was: George Duncan (captain), James Braid, Arthur Havers, Abe Mitchell, James Ockenden, Ted Ray, James Sherlock, J.H. Taylor, Josh Taylor, and Harry Vardon. The American team was: Emmet French (captain), Clarence Hackney, Walter Hagen, Charles Hoffner, Jock Hutchison, Tom Kerrigan, George McLean, Fred McLeod, Bill Melhorn and Wilfrid Reid. Gold medals were presented by the Duchess of Atholl to each member of the teams at the conclusion of the Glasgow Herald tournament on Saturday afternoon. The medals "had on one side crossed flags, The Union Jack and Stars and Stripes surmounted by the inscription "For Britain" or "For America" as the case may be" and on the other side "America v Britain. First international golf match at "The Glasgow Herald" tournament, Gleneagles, June 6, 1921" After the Glasgow Herald Tournament most of the American team travelled to St Andrews to practice for the British Open, for which qualifying began on June 20. However, Walter Hagen and Jock Hutchison played in a tournament at Kinghorn on June 14 and 15. Hagen had a poor first round and didn't turn up for the second day. Hutchison scored 74 and 64 and took the £50 first prize. At St Andrews, Hutchison led the qualifying and then won the Open itself. So, despite losing the International Match, the American team achieved its main objective, winning the British Open. A match between American and British amateur golfers was played at Hoylake in 1921, immediately before The Amateur Championship. This match was followed by the creation of the Walker Cup, which was first played in 1922. However the 1921 Gleneagles match did not immediately lead to a corresponding match between the professionals. Wentworth 1926 It was common at this time for a small number of professionals to travel to compete in each other's national championship. In 1926, a larger than usual contingent of American professionals were travelling to Britain to compete in the Open Championship, two weeks before their own Championship. In February it was announced that Walter Hagen would select a team of four American professionals (including himself) to play four British professionals in a match before the Open Championship. The match would be a stroke play competition with each playing the four opposing golfers over 18 holes. In mid-April it was announced that "A golf enthusiast, who name has not yet been made public" was ready to donate a cup for an annual competition. Later in April it was announced that Samuel Ryder would be presenting a trophy "for annual competition between British and American professionals." with the first match to be played on June 4 and 5 "but the details are not yet decided", and then in May it was announced that the match would be a match-play competition, 8-a-side, foursomes on the first day, singles on the second. Eventually, at Hagen's request, 10 players competed for each team. Samuel Ryder (together with his brother James) had sponsored a number of British professional events starting in 1923. The match resulted in 13–1 victory for the British team (1 match was halved). The American point was won by Bill Mehlhorn with Emmet French being all square. Medals were presented to the players by the American ambassador Alanson B. Houghton. The match was widely reported as being for the "Ryder Cup". However Golf Illustrated for June 11 states that because of uncertainty following the general strike in May, which led to uncertainty about how many Americans would be visiting Britain, Samuel Ryder had decided to withhold the cup for a year. It has also been suggested that the fact that the Ryder Cup itself may not have been in existence at the time, that Walter Hagen chose the American team rather than the American PGA, that only those Americans who had travelled to Britain to play in the Open were available for selection and that it contained a number of players born outside the United States, also contributed to the feeling that the match ought to be regarded as unofficial. In addition the Americans "had only just landed in England and were not yet in full practice." The British team was: Ted Ray (Captain), Aubrey Boomer, Archie Compston, George Duncan, George Gadd, Arthur Havers, Herbert Jolly, Abe Mitchell, Fred Robson and Ernest Whitcombe. The American team was: Walter Hagen (Captain), Tommy Armour, Jim Barnes, Emmet French, Joe Kirkwood, Fred McLeod, Bill Mehlhorn, Joe Stein, Cyril Walker and Al Watrous. While all ten of the British players subsequently played in the Ryder Cup only three of the Americans did (Hagen, Mehlhorn and Watrous). Armour, Barnes, Kirkwood, McLeod and Walker were excluded by the policy of requiring players to be born in the USA while French and Stein were never selected. Worcester 1927 Main article: 1927 Ryder Cup The 1927 competition was organized on a much more formal basis. A Ryder Cup "Deed of Trust" was drawn up formalising the rules of the contest, while each of the PGA organisations had a selection process. In Britain Golf Illustrated launched a fund to raise £3,000 to fund professional golfers to play in the U.S. Open and the Ryder Cup. Ryder contributed £100 and, when the fund closed with a shortfall of £300, he made up the outstanding balance himself. Although not in the rules at that time, the American PGA restricted their team to those born in the United States. In early 1928 it became clear that an annual contest was not practical and so it was decided that the second contest should be in 1929 and then every two years thereafter. For the 1929 UK contest at Moortown GC, Leeds, the American PGA again restricted their team to those born in the USA but in late 1929 the Deed of Trust was revised requiring all players to be born in and resident in their respective countries, as well as being members of their respective Professional Golfers' Association. Ryder Cup Inclusion of continental European golfers The most significant change to the Ryder Cup has been the inclusion of continental European golfers since 1979. Up until 1977, the matches featured teams representing the United States and Great Britain and Ireland. From 1979 players from continental Europe have been eligible to join what is now known as Team Europe. The change to include continental Europeans arose from discussion in 1977 between Jack Nicklaus and the Earl of Derby, who was serving as the President of the Professional Golfers' Association; it was suggested by Nicklaus as a means to make the matches more competitive, since the Americans almost always won, often by lopsided margins. The change worked, as the contests immediately became much more competitive, with talented young Europeans such as Seve Ballesteros and Bernhard Langer bolstering the European side. The present-day popularity of the Ryder Cup, which now generates enormous media attention, can be said to date from that change in eligibility. Ryder Cup Format The Ryder Cup involves various match play competitions between players selected from two teams of twelve. It takes place from a Friday to a Sunday with a total of 28 matches being played, all matches being over 18 holes. On Friday and Saturday there are four fourball matches and four foursomes matches each day; a session of four matches in the morning and a session of four matches in the afternoon. On Sunday, there are 12 singles matches, when all team members play. Not all players must play on Friday and Saturday; the captain can select any eight players for each of the sessions over these two days. The winner of each match scores a point for his team, with ½ a point each for any match that is tied after the 18 holes. The winning team is determined by cumulative total points. In the event of a tie (14 points each) the Ryder Cup is retained by the team who held it before the contest. A foursomes match is a competition between two teams of two golfers. On a particular hole the golfers on the same team take alternate shots playing the same ball. One team member tees off on all the odd-numbered holes, and the other on all the even-numbered holes. Each hole is won by the team that completes the hole in the fewest shots. A fourball match is also a competition between two teams of two golfers, but all four golfers play their own ball throughout the round rather than alternating shots. The better score of the two golfers in a team determines the team's score on a particular hole; the score of the other member of the team is not counted. Each hole is won by the team whose individual golfer has the lowest score. A singles match is a standard match play competition between two golfers. The format of the Ryder Cup has changed over the years. From the inaugural event until 1959, the Ryder Cup was a two-day competition with 36-hole matches. In 1961 the matches were changed to 18 holes each and the number of matches doubled. In 1963 the event was expanded to three days, with fourball matches being played for the first time. This format remained until 1977, when the number of matches was reduced to 20 but in 1979, the first year continental European players participated, the format was changed to the 28-match version in use today, with 8 foursomes/four-ball matches on the first two days and 12 singles matches on the last day. There were two singles sessions (morning and afternoon) in 1979 but no player played in both sessions. Since 1979 there have been 4 foursomes and 4 fourballs on each of the first two days. Currently the home captain decides before the contest starts whether the fourball or foursomes matches are played in the morning. He may choose a different order for the two days. Since 1979 a player can play a maximum of 5 matches (2 foursomes, 2 fourballs and a singles match), however from 1963 to 1975 it was possible to play 6 matches (2 foursomes, 2 fourballs and 2 singles matches). The team size was increased from 10 to 12 in 1969. Ryder Cup Team qualification and selection The selection process for the Ryder Cup players has varied over the years. In the early contests the teams were generally decided by a selection committee but later qualification based on performances was introduced. The current system by which most of the team is determined by performances with a small number of players selected by the captain (known as "wild cards" or "captain's picks") gradually evolved and has been used by both sides since 1989. For the 2014 Ryder Cup both teams had 9 players qualifying based on performances with the remaining 3 players selected by the captain. For those players gaining automatic qualification the Europeans used a system, introduced in 2004, using two tables; one using prize money won in official European Tour events and a second based on World Ranking points gained anywhere in the world. Both tables used a 12-month qualifying period finishing at the end of August. The American system, introduced in 2008, was based on prize money earned in official PGA Tour events during the current season and prize money earned in the major championships in the previous season. The qualifying period ended after the PGA Championship. Ryder Cup Captains One of the roles of the captain has always been to select who plays in each group of matches and to decide the playing order. While the contest involved 36 holes matches it was usual for the captain to be one of the players. The USA only had two non-playing captains in this period: Walter Hagen in 1937 and Ben Hogan in 1949 while Great Britain had non-playing captains in 1933, 1949, 1951 and 1953. With the change to 18 hole matches and the extension to three days it became more difficult to combine the roles of captain and player and Arnold Palmer in 1963 was the last playing captain. The captains have always been professional golfers and the only captain who has never played in the Ryder Cup is J.H. Taylor, the 1933 British captain. 1969: Nicklaus vs Jacklin Main article: 1969 Ryder Cup The 1969 Cup held at Royal Birkdale was perhaps one of the best and most competitive contests in terms of play (18 of the 32 matches went to the last green). It was decided in its very last match, of which United States Captain Sam Snead later said "This is the greatest golf match you have ever seen in England". With the United States and Great Britain tied at 15.5 each, Jack Nicklaus led Tony Jacklin by the score of 1 up as they played the 17th hole. Jacklin made a 35-foot eagle putt and when Nicklaus missed his own eagle try from 12-feet, the match was all square. At the par-5 finishing hole, both Jacklin and Nicklaus got on the green in two. Nicklaus ran his eagle putt five feet past the hole, while Jacklin left his two-foot short. Nicklaus then sank his birdie putt, and with a crowd of 8,000 people watching, picked up Jacklin's marker, conceding the putt Jacklin needed to tie the matches. With the United States team already holding the cup, the tie allowed it to retain the cup. "I don't think you would have missed that putt," Nicklaus said to Jacklin afterwards, "but in these circumstances I would never give you the opportunity.\ This gesture of sportsmanship by Nicklaus caused controversy on the American side, some of whom would have preferred to force Jacklin to attempt the putt for the small chance that he might miss, which would have given the United States team an outright win. "All the boys thought it was ridiculous to give him that putt," said Sam Snead. "We went over there to win, not to be good ol' boys.\ 1989: Azinger and Ballesteros Main article: 1989 Ryder Cup Held at The Belfry in Europe, the 1989 Ryder Cup saw the rising of tensions in the series. After holding the cup for more than two decades, the United States team lost both the 1985 and 1987 matches. At the 1989 matches, the pressure was on the United States team and its captain, Raymond Floyd. At a pre-match opening celebration, Floyd slighted the European team by introducing his United States team as "the 12 greatest players in the world.\ The competition saw the beginnings of a feud between Seve Ballesteros and Paul Azinger. Early in their singles match, Ballesteros sought to change a scuffed ball for a new ball under Rule of Golf 5–3. Somewhat unusually, Azinger disputed whether the ball was unfit for play. A referee was called, and sided with Azinger in ruling the ball fit for play. Ballesteros reportedly said to Azinger, "Is this the way you want to play today?" The match continued in a contentious fashion, culminating in Ballesteros unusually contesting whether Azinger took a proper drop after hitting into the water on the 18th hole. The American team's frustration grew as the matches ended in a tie, with the European team retaining the cup. 1991: "The War on the Shore\ Main article: 1991 Ryder Cup The overall tension between the teams and the feud between Ballesteros and Azinger escalated at the Kiawah Island Golf Resort in 1991. At the ceremonial opening dinner, the PGA of America played two videos that were seen as less than hospitable by the European team. The first video was presented as a highlight reel of past Ryder Cups, but reportedly showed only Americans. The second video was a welcoming address by then-United States President George H. W. Bush in which he closed by cheering on the American side. On the first morning of the competition, Azinger and Chip Beck were paired against Ballesteros and José María Olazábal in a foursome match, an alternate shot event. Azinger and Beck accused Ballesteros of gamesmanship on account of his throat clearing during Beck's shots. Later in the same match, Azinger and Beck, who were playing the same brand and make of ball but each with a slightly different model, switched their balls. While this switching was unlikely to have resulted in an advantage or to have been intentional, it was in violation of the "one ball rule" which was in effect for the competition. Under that rule, a player is prohibited from changing the type of ball he uses during the course of a match. A few holes after the switch had occurred, Ballesteros called the Americans for the violation. Azinger, seeming to feel that his integrity was being questioned, said "I can tell you we're not trying to cheat." Ballesteros responded, "Oh no. Breaking the rules and cheating are two different things." As the violation was called too long after it had occurred, no penalty was assessed against the American pair. The constant goading between Ballesteros and Azinger intensified their respective desires to win. Out of that intensity, they and their playing partners produced what may be regarded as one of the best pairs matches in history, with the Spaniards winning 2 & 1. After the matches concluded, Ballesteros reportedly said, "The American team has 11 nice guys. And Paul Azinger.\ The 1991 matches received the sobriquet "the War on the Shore" after some excitable advertising in the American media, and intense home-team cheering by the American home crowds. For his part, Corey Pavin caused controversy by sporting a Desert Storm baseball cap during the event in support of the U.S. and coalition war effort in Iraq. The matches culminated in one of the single most dramatic putts in the history of golf. With only one match remaining to be completed, between Hale Irwin for the United States and Bernhard Langer for the Europeans, the United States team led by one point. Irwin and Langer came to the last hole tied. To win the cup, the American team needed Irwin to win or tie the match by winning or tying the hole. The Europeans could keep the cup with a win by Langer. Both players struggled on the hole, and found themselves facing a pair of putts; Langer had a six-foot, side-hill par putt, and Irwin had a generally uphill, 18-inch putt for bogey. To the surprise of his teammates, Langer conceded Irwin's bogey putt, leaving himself in a must-make position. Langer missed his putt, the match was halved, and the U.S. team took back the cup. Players on both sides were driven to public tears by the pressure of the matches on the final day. The intense competition of the 1991 Ryder Cup is widely regarded as having elevated public interest in the series. Cancellations and postponements 1939 Ryder Cup The 1939 Ryder Cup was planned for November 18–19 at Ponte Vedra Country Club in Jacksonville, Florida; Walter Hagen was chosen as non-playing captain of the U.S. team. The competition was cancelled shortly after the outbreak of World War II in Europe in September. In early April 1939, the British P.G.A. chose a selection committee of six and selected Henry Cotton as captain. In August, eight players were named in the team: Cotton, Jimmy Adams, Dick Burton, Sam King, Alf Padgham, Dai Rees, Charles Whitcombe and Reg Whitcombe. Charles Whitcombe immediately withdrew from the team, not wishing to travel to the United States. With seven selected, three places were left to be filled. War was declared on 3 September and the British P.G.A. immediately cancelled the match: "The P.G.A. announce that the Ryder Cup match for this year has been cancelled by the state of war prevailing in this country. The P.G.A. of the United States is being informed." 1941, 1943 and 1945 Ryder Cups The Ryder Cup was not played in these scheduled years due to the war. After a decade-long absence, it resumed in November 1947 at the Portland Golf Club in Portland, Oregon. 2001 Ryder Cup Main article: 2002 Ryder Cup The competition, scheduled for 28–30 September at The Belfry's Brabazon Course, was postponed a year because of the September 11 attacks. "The PGA of America has informed the European Ryder Cup Board that the scope of the last Tuesday's tragedy is so overwhelming that it would not be possible for the United States Ryder Cup team and officials to attend the match this month." The manager of Phil Mickelson and Mark Calcavecchia had earlier announced that the two players would not travel to Europe. Other American players were said to be concerned about attending the event. It was played in 2002 at the original venue with the same teams that had been selected to play a year earlier. The display boards at The Belfry still read "The 2001 Ryder Cup", and U.S. captain Curtis Strange deliberately referred to his team as "The 2001 Ryder Cup Team" in his speech at the closing ceremony. It was later decided to hold the subsequent Ryder Cup in 2004 (rather than 2003) and thereafter in even-numbered years. This change also affected the men's Presidents Cup and Seve Trophy and women's Solheim Cup competitions, as each switched from even to odd years. Summary Although the team was referred to as "Great Britain" up to 1971, a number of golfers from the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, Guernsey and Jersey had played for Great Britain before that date. In 1973 the official team name was changed to "Great Britain and Ireland", but this was simply a change of name to reflect the fact that golfers from the Republic of Ireland had played in the "Great Britain" Ryder Cup team since Harry Bradshaw in 1953, while Northern Irish players had competed since Fred Daly in 1947. The team in place of the original "Great Britain" team has been referred to as "Europe" since 1979, when players from continental Europe were included. Since then, the "United States" team has won 7 matches and the "Europe" team has won 10 matches, while retaining the Ryder Cup once with a tie. In 2001 the PGA European Tour decided to put out the Ryder Cup hosting rights from 2018 through 2030 to a competitive bid process throughout Europe. Main article: 2018 Ryder Cup Bidding for the 2022 Ryder Cup[edit] The bidding process for the 2022 Ryder Cup opened on 23 June 2014. Interested countries had until 31 August to formally express an interest in bidding. These expressions had to come either from a central government or a national golf governing body. On 5 September, seven nations had expressed an interest in hosting. Formal bids were to be submitted by 16 February 2015, with the host to be selected that autumn. In November 2014 it was announced that Denmark had withdrawn from the bidding process leaving six remaining countries. The date for submissions of the formal bids was extended to 30 April 2015. 7 nations originally expressed interest in bidding. However Ryder Cup Europe only received 4 bids when bidding closed on 30 April 2015. On 14 December 2015, Rome announced as the host of 2022 Ryder Cup. Italy beat Germany, Austria and Spain to win the bid for 44th edition of Ryder Cup. Ryder Cup Television The Ryder Cup Matches were always covered by the BBC, whether in Britain or in the United States, even prior to the British team's merger with Europe. In the 1990s, Sky Sports became heavily involved in the Ryder Cup, and has since taken over live coverage, including creating a channel specifically dedicated for the 2014 competition. The BBC still screens edited highlights each night. In the United States, the Ryder Cup was not televised live until the 1983 matches in Florida, which was covered by ABC Sports for the singles matches only. Additionally, only the final four holes were covered. A highlight package of the 1985 singles matches was produced by ESPN, but no live coverage aired from England. In 1987, with the matches back in the United States, ABC covered both weekend days, but only in the late afternoon. In 1989, USA Network began a long association with the Ryder Cup, by televising all three days live from England, the first live coverage of a Ryder Cup from Europe. This led to a one-year deal for the 1991 matches in South Carolina to be carried by NBC live on the weekend, with USA Network continuing to provide live coverage of the first day. All five sessions were covered for the first time. The success of the 1991 matches led to a contract extension with USA and NBC through 1997, marking a turning point in the competition's popularity. When the matches were played in Europe, the broadcasts of the first two days would be produced live but aired on delay in the U.S. Another extension with USA and NBC covering the 1999–2003 (later moved to 2004) competitions increased the number of hours of coverage to include all of the first day and most of the second day. Tape delay was still employed for competitions from Europe. However, the Ryder Cup's increased success led to a landmark extension with NBC (who had recently bought USA Network) to air the 2006–2014 competitions on USA and NBC which called for a record increase in coverage hours, with the second day now having near-complete coverage. Tape delay continued only for the first event in this contract, the 2006 event in Ireland. However, in late 2006, NBC traded its coverage of the Friday action on USA Network to ESPN for the rights to sign NFL broadcaster Al Michaels and a cartoon character called Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. ESPN subsequently covered the 2008, 2010, and 2012 matches, although a large portion of its Friday coverage in 2010 was washed out due to rain, with the make up coverage airing on USA Network because NBC had only traded USA's Friday coverage, while the make-up coverage aired on Monday. Prior to the 2014 event, the final one in the contract. ESPN traded the Friday cable rights back to NBC for increased usage of English Premier League highlights. NBC, having merged with Golf Channel three years earlier, got permission to air its Friday coverage on that network. Thus, the Friday coverage from 2006–2014, contracted to USA Network, actually aired on three different channels throughout the life of the contract. NBC subsequently signed a new contract covering the 2016–2030 matches, with Friday being covered (contractually this time) on Golf Channel, and the weekend on NBC. Main article: List of Ryder Cup records See also: List of American Ryder Cup golfers and List of European Ryder Cup golfers Most appearances on a team: 11 ° Nick Faldo (Eur/GB&I), 1977–97 Most points: 25 ° Nick Faldo (Eur/GB&I) (23–19–4 record) Most singles points won: 7 ° Colin Montgomerie (Eur) (6–0–2 record) ° Billy Casper (USA) (6–2–2 record) ° Lee Trevino (USA) (6–2–2 record) ° Arnold Palmer (USA) (6–3–2 record) ° Neil Coles (GB&I) (5–6–4 record) Most foursome points won: 11½ ° Bernhard Langer (Eur) (11–6–1 record) Most fourball points won: 10½ ° Ian Woosnam (Eur) (10–3–1 record) ° José María Olazábal (Eur) (9–2–3 record) Most points won by a pairing: 12 ° Seve Ballesteros and José María Olazábal (Eur) (11–2–2 record) Top point percentage (Minimum of 3 Ryder Cup Matches) ° Jimmy Demaret (USA) (6–0–0) 100.0% ° Jack Burke (USA) (7–1–0) 87.5% ° Horton Smith (USA) (3–0–1) 87.5% ° Walter Hagen (USA) (7–1–1) 83.3% ° J.C. Snead (USA) (9–2–0) 81.8% ° Sam Snead (USA) (10–2–1) 80.8% Most points in a single contest: 5 ° Tony Lema (USA) (5–1–0) 1965 ° Peter Alliss (GB&I) (5–1–0) 1965 ° Gardner Dickinson (USA) (5–0–0) 1967 ° Arnold Palmer (USA) (5–0–0) 1967 ° Tony Jacklin (GB&I) (4–0–2) 1969 ° Jack Nicklaus (USA) (5–1–0) 1971 ° Larry Nelson (USA) (5–0–0) 1979 Youngest player: 19 years, 258 days ° Sergio García (Eur) 1999 Oldest player: 51 years, 20 days ° Raymond Floyd (USA) 1993 Ryder Cup Similar golf events The following team events involve the top male professional golfers: Presidents Cup — an event similar to the Ryder Cup, except that the competing sides are a U.S. side and an International side from the rest of the world consisting of players who are ineligible for the Ryder Cup. Held in years when there is no Ryder Cup. Seve Trophy — founded by Seve Ballesteros, between a team from Great Britain and Ireland against one from continental Europe. Held in years when there is no Ryder Cup. Other team golf events between U.S. and either Europe or Great Britain and Ireland include: Solheim Cup — The women's equivalent of the Ryder Cup, featuring the same U.S. against Europe format. Walker Cup — Event for amateur men between a U.S. side and a team drawn from Great Britain and Ireland. Curtis Cup — Women's amateur event analogous to the Walker Cup. Like the Walker Cup, the competition format is the U.S. versus Great Britain and Ireland. PGA Cup — A match between U.S. and Great Britain and Ireland club professionals. Palmer Cup — A match, named after Arnold Palmer, between U.S. and European college/university golfers. Junior Ryder Cup — A match between U.S. and European juniors involving both boys and girls. Junior Solheim Cup — A match between U.S. and European junior girls, held in conjunction with, and in the vicinity of, the Solheim Cup. Ryder Cup Notes and references ^ Harig, Bob (23 September 2014). "At Ryder Cup, follow the money". ESPN.com. Retrieved 24 September 2014. According to [Ryder Cup Europe director Richard] Hills, the European Tour controls 60 percent of the event [in Europe], with the PGA of Great Britain and the PGA of Europe each holding 20 percent. ^ Thomas Lyte joins forces with the Ryder Cup ^ "OK, so what's it worth?". golftoday.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-07-24. ^ "U.S. Professionals to Seek British Title" (PDF). Golf Illustrated: 27. November 1920. Retrieved 6 August 2013. ^ "Month at a Glance" (PDF). Golf Illustrated: 32. March 1921. Retrieved 6 August 2013. ^ "Month at a Glance" (PDF). Golf Illustrated: 32. May 1921. Retrieved 6 August 2013. ^ "Golf Stars Leave for British Links". The New York Times. May 25, 1921. Retrieved 6 August 2013. ^ "The American Professionals". The Times. May 17, 1921. p.12. ^ "Gleneagles – International Golf". The Glasgow Herald. June 7, 1921. Retrieved 6 August 2013. ^ "Mitchell's Win – "The Glasgow Herald" tournament". The Glasgow Herald. June 13, 1921. Retrieved 24 September 2014. ^ "Golf – Kinghorn tournament – Hutchison's easy win". The Glasgow Herald. 16 June 1921. p.11. ^ "History of the Walker Cup match". 2013 Walker Cup. 2013. Retrieved August 9, 2013. ^ "Professional International Match". The Times. February 20, 1926. p.5. ^ a b c d e Fry, Peter (July 2000). Samuel Ryder: The Man Behind the Ryder Cup. Wright Press. ISBN978-0-9539087-0-7. ^ "Cup Offered for Golf Match Between U.S. and British Pros". The New York Times. April 17, 1926. ^ "The "Ryder" Trophy". The Times. April 26, 1926. p.6. ^ "Professional International Match". The Times. May 18, 1926. p.3. ^ "The "Ryder" Cup – To-day's International Match". The Times. June 4, 1926. p.6. ^ "The Ryder Cup". The Times. April 6, 1927. p.7. ^ "The History of the Ryder Cup". Ryder Cup. Retrieved 24 September 2014. ^ Dimond, Alex (18 April 2012). "Rules ravage Pettersson's Ryder bid – for both teams". Out of Bounds. ESPN.co.uk. Retrieved 24 September 2014. ^ Prior to the 2002 Ryder Cup, the PGA of America changed its eligibility rules, extending eligibility for Team USA to all individuals born with U.S. citizenship, plus those who acquired U.S. citizenship before age 18. ^ Jack Nicklaus: My Story, by Jack Nicklaus with Ken Bowden, 2002. ^ "Ryder Cup Match History". Retrieved 2007-03-24. ^ "PGA Media Guide 2012 – How The Ryder Cup Teams Have Been Chosen" (PDF). PGA. pp.21–22. Retrieved 23 July 2012. ^ Yanks great golf good for tie ^ Ryder Cup Climax of Breath-Taking Excitement ^ A tie may be like kissing your sister... ^ Into the Bear Pit: The Hard-hitting Inside Story of the Brookline Ryder Cup, ISBN 1-85227-854-4 ^ CNN report 'A Mob demonstration' ^ "Ryder Cup 2012: Europe beat USA after record comeback". BBC. 30 September 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012. ^ "The Ryder Cup". The Times (48272). 5 April 1939. p.6, column C. ^ "The Ryder Cup Team". The Times (48390). 22 August 1939. p.6, column E. ^ "C Whitcombe out of Ryder Cup Team". The Times (48391). 23 August 1939. p.6, column B. ^ "Ryder Cup Match Cancelled". The Times (48402). 5 September 1939. p.3, column C. ^ "Officials forced to postpone Ryder Cup for one year". The Times, September 17, 2001; pg. 1[S]. ^ Tour History ^ "Official bidding process announced for the 2022 Ryder Cup" (Press release). Ryder Cup Europe. 23 June 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014. ^ a b "Seven Nations express interest to host the 2022 Ryder Cup" (Press release). Ryder Cup Europe. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014. ^ "Ryder Cup 2022: Denmark pull out of contest to host event". BBC. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2014. ^ "The 2022 Ryder Cup: Formal Submissions Made" (Press release). Ryder Cup Europe. 30 April 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015. ^ "Rome to host Ryder Cup 2022" (Press release). sportsmirchi.com. Retrieved 14 December 2015. ^ "Fontana ausgewählt" (in German). Austrian Golf Federation/ÖGV. 28 January 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015. ^ "Fontana oder Zillertal: Zwei Optionen für den Ryder Cup 2022" (in German). Kurier. 24 November 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014. ^ "Ryder Cup 2022: Denmark pull out of contest to host event". BBC. Retrieved 13 November 2014. ^ "Germany's bid for the 2022 Ryder Cup". German Golf Federation. 25 March 2015. ^ "Ryder Cup 2022: Deutschland bewirbt sich mit Brandenburger Golfplätzen" (in German). Golf SID. 9 March 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015. ^ "Ryder Cup 2022" (in German). Golf Valley. Retrieved 1 December 2014. ^ "Marco Kaussler leitet deutsche Ryder-Cup-Kampagne" (in German). pga.de. 22 September 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014. ^ "Hamburg und Berlin bleiben im Rennen" (in German). golf.de. 9 December 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014. ^ "Italy bids for 2022 Ryder Cup, Turkey pulls out". pgatour.com. 12 November 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014. ^ "Italy to bid for '22 Ryder Cup". ESPN. 12 November 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2015. ^ "Seven Nations express interest to host the 2022 Ryder Cup". rydercup.com. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2015. ^ "Four nations host Ryder Cup bid inspection visits for 2022". rydercup.com. 15 April 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015. ^ "The 2022 Ryder Cup". golfweather.com. 24 November 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2015. ^ "Turkey keeps bid to host 2022 Ryder Cup". golfweek.com. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014. ^ "Turkey withdraws bid to host 2022 Ryder Cup". pga.com. 16 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015. ^ 2010 Ryder Cup 2010 All-Time Team Europe Ryder Cup Records ^ 2010 Ryder Cup 2010 All-Time Team USA Ryder Cup Records ^ The Ryder Cup – Match history & records 1927 – 2012 Official site with news items, event history, current standings, merchandise, and travel packages. www.rydercup.com Ryder Cup 2016 au Golf National, du 28 au 30 septembre 2018 \| RyderCup.com. 2016 Rydercup at Le Golf National , Sept. 28-30, 2018 \| RyderCup.com fr.rydercup.com Find all the information on The 2014 Ryder Cup at Gleneagles, Scotland. Explore the course hole by hole and find useful details to help plan your trip. www.rydercup2014.com The Ryder Cup is a biennial men's golf competition between teams from Europe and the United States. The competition is contested every two years with the venue ... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryder_Cup Ryder cup Watch Eurosport 登录足球 Home 足球 Transfers 英超足总杯欧冠欧罗巴联赛西甲意甲德甲法甲 MLS 葡超 Women World Cup 美洲杯英冠英甲英乙 ... eurosport.qq.com/golf/ryder-cup	Walker Cup
Walter Winterbottom preceded whom as the England Football manager?	Fowler picked for Ryder Cup team - Press Enterprise Sports Fowler picked for Ryder Cup team NEW YORK - Tiger Woods is going to the Ryder Cup as a captain's pick with his 71 victories and 14 majors. So is 21-year-old Rickie Fowler, the former Murrieta resident who has no professional victories. From Staff and News Services Published: Sept. 8, 2010 Updated: 1:32 a.m. NEW YORK - Tiger Woods is going to the Ryder Cup as a captain's pick with his 71 victories and 14 majors. So is 21-year-old Rickie Fowler, the former Murrieta resident who has no professional victories. Corey Pavin made an obvious choice and a surprising one Tuesday morning at the New York Stock Exchange when he added Woods and Fowler, along with former major champions Zach Johnson and Stewart Cink to an American team that will try to retain the cup. The Ryder Cup is Oct. 1-3 at the Celtic Manor in Wales. The United States won two years ago at Valhalla and will try to win for the first time overseas since 1993 at The Belfry. "Just sitting here in the hotel room, tried to sleep last night but it was awesome to be selected," Fowler said during a teleconference. "I have to thank Corey for giving me the opportunity to go over there. Being a young player, it's a pretty special opportunity. "And the last time I played overseas on a team event was for the Walker Cup, so hopefully I can take a little bit of knowledge that I learned there and help the team." Pavin's final selection was Fowler, the first PGA Tour rookie to make the U.S. team. While the former Murrieta Valley High and Oklahoma State star has three runner-up finishes in his 11 months as a pro, he is the first American captain's pick to have never won. Fowler helped lead the U.S. Walker Cup team to two consecutive victories, posting a 7-1 record in the amateur version of the Ryder Cup. "He had a big grin on his face when he found out," Rickie's father, Rod Fowler, said by phone. "He doesn't get outwardly emotional, but I know how excited he is in the inside. I think that's why he is where he is today; it's just amazing how he handles it all." In the final tournament before Pavin's picks, none of the 14 players on the captain's short list finished among the top 10. According to people with knowledge of the decision, the final selection came down to Fowler and big-hitting J.B. Holmes, who tied for 11th at the TPC Boston. "From what we hear, the players had a lot to do with the pick," Rod Fowler said. "(Phil) Mickelson and Bubba Watson and all those guys were pulling pretty hard for him to get on the team." Fowler beat out former La Quinta High star Anthony Kim, who missed three months this summer with thumb surgery and was bumped out of the top eight in the final qualifying tournament; former U.S. Open champion Lucas Glover and Charley Hoffman, who closed with a 62 on Monday to win the Deutsche Bank Championship. "There was a lot of guys in the mix and it was a very hard choice, definitely," Pavin said. "I got input from the eight team members and from the assistant captains, as well. It ultimately came down to what I thought was best for the team." Fowler's selection gives the Americans five Ryder Cup rookies, and another player without a PGA Tour victory. Among the eight who qualified for the team was Jeff Overton, winless in his five years on tour. The eight Americans who qualified after the PGA Championship were Mickelson, Hunter Mahan, Steve Stricker, Jim Furyk, Matt Kuchar, Watson, Dustin Johnson and Overton. It will be the sixth Ryder Cup team for Woods, but the first in which he needed to be picked. Woods had finished first in the standings every time, including in 2008 when he spent the second half of the year recovering from knee surgery. Cink made his fifth consecutive team, while Johnson is playing for the second time.	i don't know
Famous for smoking a pipe, who is the former World Bowls Champion?	The Joy of Six: smoking sports stars \| Sport \| The Guardian The Joy of Six: smoking sports stars From equality in tennis to the pipe smokers of the year, the relationship between sport and snout Cesar Luis Menotti enjoys a salmon. Photograph: Bob Thomas/Bob Thomas/Getty Images Friday 6 December 2013 06.32 EST First published on Friday 6 December 2013 06.32 EST 1. Tennis Rosie Casals in Virginia Slims branded dress. Photograph: Colorsport/REX The Marlboro Man was one of the 20th century's most enduring icons of old-school machismo: the granite jaw, the muscles of steel, the iron lung. But it's often forgotten that the wheezing old bugger did a little bit for the feminist movement too. In 1968, Phillip Morris - that's the real name of the Marlboro Man, and a rather disappointing one at that, big-leggy cowboys simply shouldn't be called Pip - launched a brand of cigarettes called Virginia Slims. Marketed at young women, the accompanying advertising campaign - "You've come a long way, baby / To get where you've got to today / You've got your own cigarette now, baby / You've come a long, long way" - didn't quite manage to distil all the philosophies and ideologies driving Emmeline Pankhurst, Simone de Beauvoir and Betty Friedan's century-long struggle against oppression into one catchy 30-second jingle. It's also questionable whether equal-opportunity health hazards are desirable in anything other than strict theoretical terms. But Pip and his pals weren't just cynical bandwagon-hitching opportunists: Virginia Slims would also play a small but significant part in a genuine advance. Pip's wares. Photograph: Bloomberg/Bloomberg via Getty Images 1968 was also the year in which tennis went open, and prize money for professionals went through the roof. If you were a man. The women were ludicrously under-valued, and when Jack Kramer - a former Wimbledon and US Open champion turned promoter - refused to pony up more than 15% of the prize purse he was paying the men in a 1970 tournament, Billie Jean King led a walkout. The United States Lawn Tennis Association, she reasoned, could go whistle. King, along with eight other players - Rosie Casals, Nancy Richey, Peaches Bartkowicz, Kristy Pigeon, Valerie Ziegenfuss, Julie Heldman, Kerry Reid and Judy Dalton - formed a rebel tour. With the help of magazine publisher Gladys Heldman, who prized a sponsorship deal from Pip Morris, the Virginia Slims Circuit was born. The circuit - the first professional women's tour - was a glorious success. Within three years of its launch, it led to the formation of the Women's Tennis Association, the main overseers of the game today. And three months after the ink had dried on that deal, the 1973 US Open became the first major event to offer women and men equal prize money. The Australian Open followed suit in 2001, before the French Open and Wimbledon finally did the decent thing in 2007. Old-fashioned attitudes at Wimbledon clearly took a while to shift, then. They may or may not have become entrenched in 1972, when Casals opted to wear a mauve and white dress for her semi-final against King that was patterned with a series of VS motifs. She lost the match 2-6, 4-6, but was still in the running for the mixed doubles with Ilie Nastase, and so a letter arrived on her doorstep the morning after from referee Captain Mike Gibson, ordering her to desist with the sly advertising. Given that Virginia Slims were involved in tennis in the first place only because the likes of Wimbledon were refusing to pay the women anything close to equal money, it could be argued that the Captain was being a cheeky bastard. Happily, Casals was having none of his sorry nonsense. She dismissed the Captain's morning log as "the biggest laugh I have had for a long time", and came onto No1 court for her mixed-doubles appointment sporting another VS-inspired outfit. This one, in red, yellow and green, pictured a woman, 18 inches high, holding a tennis racquet in one hand and a cigarette holder in the other. A slogan read: "You've come a long way, baby." The Captain - either interested in crisp, clear, traditional costume design or hell-bent on reinforcing the patriarchy, you make the call - ordered Casals to return to the dressing room and slip into something a little more comfortable for him. The player protested that she had already worn the dress twice at the championships. "I said it must have been on a back court and had not been drawn to my attention," sniffed the Captain later, "because had it been, I would have ordered her to change it." He clearly wasn't in the habit of looking very hard, because on the other side of the net Betty Stove of Holland was wearing a similar design, but with Casals in the firing line, she slipped under the Captain's radar. Casals changed costume, but a little victory in the bigger war had been won: her VS dress, its unsubtle advertising, and the point it was rather more subtly making, made the front of several national newspapers for two days running. ("A star's choice of dress when she goes onto court is a personal matter," noted its designer, the former player-turned-fashion guru, Teddy Tinling. "It is entirely her own business.") Casals also went on to win the tournament with Nastase, and if her profile in the Observer back in 1968 was anything to go by, celebrated well that evening: "Sometimes I drink a rum and coke, or a Bloody Mary. Oh, and Creme de Menthe, that's my favourite drink. And I like a beer after dinner, when I have the one cigarette of the day." 2. Golf Before we go any further, and so our consciences are clear, it'd be remiss of us not to hammer home the obvious: the devil weed can be extremely injurious to your health. Here's Tony Lazzeri, one of the star names in the legendary New York Yankees team from the 1920s that also boasted Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig, shilling tabs from the impossibly glamorous pages of a magazine. "After a tough day at the ball park one needs mental as well as physical relaxation. I get mine through smoking Lucky Strike cigarettes. I smoke one of them; two of them; three of them; and I like 'em. They never bother my throat." Sure enough, a heart attack did for Lazzeri at the tragically young age of 42. Then there's the winner of the 1946 US Open golf tournament, Lloyd Mangrum. One of the greatest players of the immediate post-war era, Mangrum recorded another 25 top-ten finishes in the majors. Usually seen with a cigarette hanging from his lip mid-swing, Mangrum was said to chain his way through several packs a day. He was once bollocked by a spectator, who shouted from the gallery that "athletes shouldn't smoke". His pat response? "I'm no athlete, lady, I'm a golfer." Mangrum died of a heart attack - his 12th(!) - aged only 59. So those are the dangers writ large. But in the interests of balance, here's the morally problematic flipside: some people really do look darn wonderful when they've got a fag on. Here's Mangrum, the Rhett Butler of the fairways, making his way round Augusta National at his own pace during the late 1940s. Lloyd Mangrum lights up a smoke during a 1940s Masters Tournament at Augusta National Golf Club. Photograph: Augusta National/Augusta National/Getty Images The fags also helped this smoothie smooth out his game. Not only was his swing one of the most effortless on tour, each gentle draw helping to shape each gentle draw, he was also a super-sharp cherooter on the greens: he put down his nerveless putting stroke to his habit of taking the edge off beforehand with a long, deep, rich, calming drag. He won the 1946 US Open by rattling in a very missable snaky seven-footer which, like the smoke, didn't even touch the sides. Mangrum, of course, picked up his habit in an era before the true dangers of smoking were scientifically proven, and everyone was merely in thundering denial regarding the root cause of that persistent hack. But plenty of golfers have nevertheless since used cigarettes or cigars as both relaxant and emotional crutch. "There are some players that have sports psychologists," explained Angel Cabrera upon winning the 2007 US Open. "I smoke." Add Mangrum and the carefree Argentinian to the following list, illustrative rather than definitive, of golfers who have been spotted sucking them down on the links at one time or another: Lee Trevino, Tony Jacklin, Brian Barnes, John Daly, Darren Clarke, Miguel Angel Jimenez, Ian Woosnam, Jumbo Ozaki, Thomas Bjorn, Sam Torrance, Fuzzy Zoeller, Ben Hogan, Walter Hagan, Bobby Jones, Arnold Palmer, Jack Nicklaus. Total majors between that little lot: 66. And if we throw in the majors won by a certain modern superstar rumoured to enjoy the odd equilibrium-enhancing snout: 80. You do the math. Miguel Angel Jimenez enjoys a burn. Photograph: Brian Snyder/Reuters 3. The Olympic Games Having established that tobacco can be good for you - well, OK, but y'know - here's a stash of the stuff getting one of the 20th century's most legendary sports stars into a whole heap of trouble. Ricardo Zamora is remembered as one of the greatest players to ever have played for Spain. He kept goal for both Barcelona and Real Madrid. He won a silver medal with Spain at the 1920 Olympics. He starred in Spain's famous 4-3 win over England in 1929, the first time the English national team had been defeated by a team from the continent. The trophy which is given to the keeper of the season in La Liga is named in his honour. And yet despite it all, he's arguably best remembered as something of a bon viveur. As Sid Lowe reports in Fear and Loathing in La Liga - if you haven't done so already, get on it in time for Christmas - Zamora was "a friend of the tango singer Carlos Gardel, consumer of three packets of cigarettes a day and countless cognacs" and "a famous night bird during the 1920s when Barcelona became the most fashionable city in Spain". Ricardo Zamora and his little friend. Photograph: Bob Thomas/Popperfoto/Popperfoto/Getty Images Zamora lived life to the full, though he would take it too far in the wake of Spain's aforementioned success at the 1920 Olympics. Spain were knocked out by the hosts and eventual champions Belgium in the quarter finals, but the tournament's bizarre structure (no point asking, life's too short) gave them a second chance at the silver and bronze medals. Spain made it through to the final of the consolation round - Zamora had been sent off against Italy en route, having planted one on an Italian opponent - and they beat the Netherlands to the silver medal. (In a pleasing symmetry, Spain's crowning goal in a 3-1 win was scored by Rafael Moreno, aka Pichichi, whose name, like the man guarding the Spanish net, would later adorn a memorial trophy handed out for La Liga excellence in his position . Zamora, along with the rest of the team, celebrated their silver medal with extreme prejudice. The rest of the team, however, did not decide to purchase several cases of contraband Havana cigars to take back home with them. Zamora stashed the lot under his train seat, and would probably have got away with it, had he not decided to light up a fat one in the carriage and hang out of the window puffing it in a fashion popularised years later by Charles Kennedy . The fact that he was sucking it down right by the border, when a customs officer was sniffing around, further complicated matters, but did at least illustrate his devil-may-care attitude. Zamora was fined 500 pesetas and thrown in the jug for the night, the customs officer making off with his smokes. Ah well, at least he still had something to show for the trip, with his medal. 4. Cricket Tennis is not the only sport to have benefitted from an injection of tobacco. Formula One has been fuelled by smoke, overtly or otherwise, for most of its existence. Rugby league's big day out was known for years as the Silk Cut Challenge Cup. The World Snooker Championship will always be known to a certain generation as the Embassy, and hasn't been the same since legislation spirited away its yellow-stained glamour. While darts is, well, darts: Embassy gave each competitor in the very first world championship, held in Nottingham in 1978, a carton of 200 fags, or 20 slim panatela cigars. Per day. Eric Bristow enjoys a brown while throwing a dart. Photograph: Bob Thomas/Bob Thomas/Getty Images Cricketers too have benefitted from the largesse of the tobacco conglomerates: Benson & Hedges would also regularly dole out free cartons of 200 to participants ahead of matches in their eponymous Cup. As we've seen with the golfers, the benefits to cricketers of such gifts are more psychological than cardiovascular. John Crawley was reckoned to have gone through two packets while waiting to go into bat against the West Indies in 1998. Meanwhile poor Tony Greig, reaping what he'd sown during Grovelgate, as it wasn't known back in 1976, spent lunch chain-smoking after the Windies directed a hurricane of misery towards his noggin - with a little help from his team-mates who were lighting the fags, a job beyond their captain, who was reportedly shaking so much that the simple operation of a box of Swan Vestas was way beyond him. 5. The World Cup Smoking has not been a barrier to footballing excellence. You'd be able to pick a decent enough XI out of this lot: Dino Zoff, Johan Cruyff, Garrincha, Gérson, Socrates, Zinedine Zidane, Nat Lofthouse, Dixie Dean, Jack and Bobby Charlton, Ossie Ardiles, Paul Gascoigne, Fabien Barthez, Billy Bremner, Jimmy Greaves, Carlo Ancelotti, Gordon Banks, Alfredo Di Stefano and, eh, Jack Wilshere. Cesar Luis Menotti and Enzo Bearzot can fight it out for the right to puff away pensively in the dugout. Mind you, Gérson's habit could easily have cost football's most famous team their signature World Cup. Every winner, no matter how talented, needs a little bit of luck, and the 1970 Brazil side was fortunate that the World Cup that year was played in Mexico, where the heat and altitude slowed the game right down. That allowed Gérson - the brain behind the team who was on 40 a day and had been comprehensively outpaced against Hungary in England in 1966 - to take things at his own speed, something he would have been unable to do were the tournament being played in cooler climes, at sea level, and against players whose lungs were able to function at their usual, full capacity. In the final, Gérson kept quiet for the first 50 minutes or so. "He discovered before half-time that he could move up and put Italy in trouble," a highly impressed Bill Shankly told the Observer's Hugh McIlvanney, "but he knew if he did too much of it they would see what was happening and try to find a solution at the interval. So he waited until the second half. Then the Italians had no chance to discuss the problem. They were sunk." Gerson went on to score what was effectively the winner, then dictated terms for the rest of the match. A rope-a-dope masterclass, albeit one for which Shankly had perhaps given Gérson a soupçon too much credit, given that it had been also designed with the purpose of eking out their spluttering midfielder's contribution for as long as possible. It'd be nice to think that Gérson, upon coming up with the fiendish plan beforehand, had scrawled it on the back of a cigarette packet. 6. Bowls (and the Indoor League) David Bryant wins Westminster International bowls at Paddington Sports Club in 1989, while enjoying a pipe. Photograph: Mike King/taken from picture library The most distinguished carriage for tobacco product, the pipe has lent gravitas to many a sports star. There's Fred Trueman on Indoor League , oozing effortless authority and poise despite being half-cut on Sid Waddell's Yorkshire Television expense account. Jimmy Greaves was often spotted during his mid-60s pomp with a stem clamped between his teeth. Meanwhile Ian Botham has shilled Hamlet cigars and skinned up once or twice in his day, but it's his 1988 Pipe Smoker of the Year award of which he'll surely be most proud. However, in the world of sport, and arguably further afield, there is only one true pipe smoker. David Bryant won six world bowls titles - three outdoors, three indoors - between 1966 and 1988, plus five golds in the Commonwealth Games between 1962 and 1978. More often than not, he did it with a pipe sticking out of his ice-cool coupon. Mind you, it was rarely lit during actual competition, and never on the indoor greens, where the carpet would have been ruined by the constant dropping of ash. Bryant was nothing if not a considerate man. (After winning his 1978 Commonwealth title, Frank Keating congratulated the 46-year-old Bryant by "jokingly suggesting his victory was another nice encouragement to the old and ageing ... He remained polite, of course, but he tapped out his pipe on his heel sharply enough to convey that he was momentarily miffed.") Like Botham, Greaves (1985) and Trueman (1974, the height of Indoor League's popularity), Bryant also picked up the Pipe Smoker of the Year award, in 1986. He's in decent company: other winners of the prize include Harold Wilson, Eric Morecambe, Henry Cooper, and JB Priestley. Also Dave Lee Travis, but let's not cloud the issue here.	David Bryant
After being eight nil up, who did Steve Davis lose a snooker world final to?	The Joy of Six: smoking sports stars \| Sport \| The Guardian The Joy of Six: smoking sports stars From equality in tennis to the pipe smokers of the year, the relationship between sport and snout Cesar Luis Menotti enjoys a salmon. Photograph: Bob Thomas/Bob Thomas/Getty Images Friday 6 December 2013 06.32 EST First published on Friday 6 December 2013 06.32 EST 1. Tennis Rosie Casals in Virginia Slims branded dress. Photograph: Colorsport/REX The Marlboro Man was one of the 20th century's most enduring icons of old-school machismo: the granite jaw, the muscles of steel, the iron lung. But it's often forgotten that the wheezing old bugger did a little bit for the feminist movement too. In 1968, Phillip Morris - that's the real name of the Marlboro Man, and a rather disappointing one at that, big-leggy cowboys simply shouldn't be called Pip - launched a brand of cigarettes called Virginia Slims. Marketed at young women, the accompanying advertising campaign - "You've come a long way, baby / To get where you've got to today / You've got your own cigarette now, baby / You've come a long, long way" - didn't quite manage to distil all the philosophies and ideologies driving Emmeline Pankhurst, Simone de Beauvoir and Betty Friedan's century-long struggle against oppression into one catchy 30-second jingle. It's also questionable whether equal-opportunity health hazards are desirable in anything other than strict theoretical terms. But Pip and his pals weren't just cynical bandwagon-hitching opportunists: Virginia Slims would also play a small but significant part in a genuine advance. Pip's wares. Photograph: Bloomberg/Bloomberg via Getty Images 1968 was also the year in which tennis went open, and prize money for professionals went through the roof. If you were a man. The women were ludicrously under-valued, and when Jack Kramer - a former Wimbledon and US Open champion turned promoter - refused to pony up more than 15% of the prize purse he was paying the men in a 1970 tournament, Billie Jean King led a walkout. The United States Lawn Tennis Association, she reasoned, could go whistle. King, along with eight other players - Rosie Casals, Nancy Richey, Peaches Bartkowicz, Kristy Pigeon, Valerie Ziegenfuss, Julie Heldman, Kerry Reid and Judy Dalton - formed a rebel tour. With the help of magazine publisher Gladys Heldman, who prized a sponsorship deal from Pip Morris, the Virginia Slims Circuit was born. The circuit - the first professional women's tour - was a glorious success. Within three years of its launch, it led to the formation of the Women's Tennis Association, the main overseers of the game today. And three months after the ink had dried on that deal, the 1973 US Open became the first major event to offer women and men equal prize money. The Australian Open followed suit in 2001, before the French Open and Wimbledon finally did the decent thing in 2007. Old-fashioned attitudes at Wimbledon clearly took a while to shift, then. They may or may not have become entrenched in 1972, when Casals opted to wear a mauve and white dress for her semi-final against King that was patterned with a series of VS motifs. She lost the match 2-6, 4-6, but was still in the running for the mixed doubles with Ilie Nastase, and so a letter arrived on her doorstep the morning after from referee Captain Mike Gibson, ordering her to desist with the sly advertising. Given that Virginia Slims were involved in tennis in the first place only because the likes of Wimbledon were refusing to pay the women anything close to equal money, it could be argued that the Captain was being a cheeky bastard. Happily, Casals was having none of his sorry nonsense. She dismissed the Captain's morning log as "the biggest laugh I have had for a long time", and came onto No1 court for her mixed-doubles appointment sporting another VS-inspired outfit. This one, in red, yellow and green, pictured a woman, 18 inches high, holding a tennis racquet in one hand and a cigarette holder in the other. A slogan read: "You've come a long way, baby." The Captain - either interested in crisp, clear, traditional costume design or hell-bent on reinforcing the patriarchy, you make the call - ordered Casals to return to the dressing room and slip into something a little more comfortable for him. The player protested that she had already worn the dress twice at the championships. "I said it must have been on a back court and had not been drawn to my attention," sniffed the Captain later, "because had it been, I would have ordered her to change it." He clearly wasn't in the habit of looking very hard, because on the other side of the net Betty Stove of Holland was wearing a similar design, but with Casals in the firing line, she slipped under the Captain's radar. Casals changed costume, but a little victory in the bigger war had been won: her VS dress, its unsubtle advertising, and the point it was rather more subtly making, made the front of several national newspapers for two days running. ("A star's choice of dress when she goes onto court is a personal matter," noted its designer, the former player-turned-fashion guru, Teddy Tinling. "It is entirely her own business.") Casals also went on to win the tournament with Nastase, and if her profile in the Observer back in 1968 was anything to go by, celebrated well that evening: "Sometimes I drink a rum and coke, or a Bloody Mary. Oh, and Creme de Menthe, that's my favourite drink. And I like a beer after dinner, when I have the one cigarette of the day." 2. Golf Before we go any further, and so our consciences are clear, it'd be remiss of us not to hammer home the obvious: the devil weed can be extremely injurious to your health. Here's Tony Lazzeri, one of the star names in the legendary New York Yankees team from the 1920s that also boasted Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig, shilling tabs from the impossibly glamorous pages of a magazine. "After a tough day at the ball park one needs mental as well as physical relaxation. I get mine through smoking Lucky Strike cigarettes. I smoke one of them; two of them; three of them; and I like 'em. They never bother my throat." Sure enough, a heart attack did for Lazzeri at the tragically young age of 42. Then there's the winner of the 1946 US Open golf tournament, Lloyd Mangrum. One of the greatest players of the immediate post-war era, Mangrum recorded another 25 top-ten finishes in the majors. Usually seen with a cigarette hanging from his lip mid-swing, Mangrum was said to chain his way through several packs a day. He was once bollocked by a spectator, who shouted from the gallery that "athletes shouldn't smoke". His pat response? "I'm no athlete, lady, I'm a golfer." Mangrum died of a heart attack - his 12th(!) - aged only 59. So those are the dangers writ large. But in the interests of balance, here's the morally problematic flipside: some people really do look darn wonderful when they've got a fag on. Here's Mangrum, the Rhett Butler of the fairways, making his way round Augusta National at his own pace during the late 1940s. Lloyd Mangrum lights up a smoke during a 1940s Masters Tournament at Augusta National Golf Club. Photograph: Augusta National/Augusta National/Getty Images The fags also helped this smoothie smooth out his game. Not only was his swing one of the most effortless on tour, each gentle draw helping to shape each gentle draw, he was also a super-sharp cherooter on the greens: he put down his nerveless putting stroke to his habit of taking the edge off beforehand with a long, deep, rich, calming drag. He won the 1946 US Open by rattling in a very missable snaky seven-footer which, like the smoke, didn't even touch the sides. Mangrum, of course, picked up his habit in an era before the true dangers of smoking were scientifically proven, and everyone was merely in thundering denial regarding the root cause of that persistent hack. But plenty of golfers have nevertheless since used cigarettes or cigars as both relaxant and emotional crutch. "There are some players that have sports psychologists," explained Angel Cabrera upon winning the 2007 US Open. "I smoke." Add Mangrum and the carefree Argentinian to the following list, illustrative rather than definitive, of golfers who have been spotted sucking them down on the links at one time or another: Lee Trevino, Tony Jacklin, Brian Barnes, John Daly, Darren Clarke, Miguel Angel Jimenez, Ian Woosnam, Jumbo Ozaki, Thomas Bjorn, Sam Torrance, Fuzzy Zoeller, Ben Hogan, Walter Hagan, Bobby Jones, Arnold Palmer, Jack Nicklaus. Total majors between that little lot: 66. And if we throw in the majors won by a certain modern superstar rumoured to enjoy the odd equilibrium-enhancing snout: 80. You do the math. Miguel Angel Jimenez enjoys a burn. Photograph: Brian Snyder/Reuters 3. The Olympic Games Having established that tobacco can be good for you - well, OK, but y'know - here's a stash of the stuff getting one of the 20th century's most legendary sports stars into a whole heap of trouble. Ricardo Zamora is remembered as one of the greatest players to ever have played for Spain. He kept goal for both Barcelona and Real Madrid. He won a silver medal with Spain at the 1920 Olympics. He starred in Spain's famous 4-3 win over England in 1929, the first time the English national team had been defeated by a team from the continent. The trophy which is given to the keeper of the season in La Liga is named in his honour. And yet despite it all, he's arguably best remembered as something of a bon viveur. As Sid Lowe reports in Fear and Loathing in La Liga - if you haven't done so already, get on it in time for Christmas - Zamora was "a friend of the tango singer Carlos Gardel, consumer of three packets of cigarettes a day and countless cognacs" and "a famous night bird during the 1920s when Barcelona became the most fashionable city in Spain". Ricardo Zamora and his little friend. Photograph: Bob Thomas/Popperfoto/Popperfoto/Getty Images Zamora lived life to the full, though he would take it too far in the wake of Spain's aforementioned success at the 1920 Olympics. Spain were knocked out by the hosts and eventual champions Belgium in the quarter finals, but the tournament's bizarre structure (no point asking, life's too short) gave them a second chance at the silver and bronze medals. Spain made it through to the final of the consolation round - Zamora had been sent off against Italy en route, having planted one on an Italian opponent - and they beat the Netherlands to the silver medal. (In a pleasing symmetry, Spain's crowning goal in a 3-1 win was scored by Rafael Moreno, aka Pichichi, whose name, like the man guarding the Spanish net, would later adorn a memorial trophy handed out for La Liga excellence in his position . Zamora, along with the rest of the team, celebrated their silver medal with extreme prejudice. The rest of the team, however, did not decide to purchase several cases of contraband Havana cigars to take back home with them. Zamora stashed the lot under his train seat, and would probably have got away with it, had he not decided to light up a fat one in the carriage and hang out of the window puffing it in a fashion popularised years later by Charles Kennedy . The fact that he was sucking it down right by the border, when a customs officer was sniffing around, further complicated matters, but did at least illustrate his devil-may-care attitude. Zamora was fined 500 pesetas and thrown in the jug for the night, the customs officer making off with his smokes. Ah well, at least he still had something to show for the trip, with his medal. 4. Cricket Tennis is not the only sport to have benefitted from an injection of tobacco. Formula One has been fuelled by smoke, overtly or otherwise, for most of its existence. Rugby league's big day out was known for years as the Silk Cut Challenge Cup. The World Snooker Championship will always be known to a certain generation as the Embassy, and hasn't been the same since legislation spirited away its yellow-stained glamour. While darts is, well, darts: Embassy gave each competitor in the very first world championship, held in Nottingham in 1978, a carton of 200 fags, or 20 slim panatela cigars. Per day. Eric Bristow enjoys a brown while throwing a dart. Photograph: Bob Thomas/Bob Thomas/Getty Images Cricketers too have benefitted from the largesse of the tobacco conglomerates: Benson & Hedges would also regularly dole out free cartons of 200 to participants ahead of matches in their eponymous Cup. As we've seen with the golfers, the benefits to cricketers of such gifts are more psychological than cardiovascular. John Crawley was reckoned to have gone through two packets while waiting to go into bat against the West Indies in 1998. Meanwhile poor Tony Greig, reaping what he'd sown during Grovelgate, as it wasn't known back in 1976, spent lunch chain-smoking after the Windies directed a hurricane of misery towards his noggin - with a little help from his team-mates who were lighting the fags, a job beyond their captain, who was reportedly shaking so much that the simple operation of a box of Swan Vestas was way beyond him. 5. The World Cup Smoking has not been a barrier to footballing excellence. You'd be able to pick a decent enough XI out of this lot: Dino Zoff, Johan Cruyff, Garrincha, Gérson, Socrates, Zinedine Zidane, Nat Lofthouse, Dixie Dean, Jack and Bobby Charlton, Ossie Ardiles, Paul Gascoigne, Fabien Barthez, Billy Bremner, Jimmy Greaves, Carlo Ancelotti, Gordon Banks, Alfredo Di Stefano and, eh, Jack Wilshere. Cesar Luis Menotti and Enzo Bearzot can fight it out for the right to puff away pensively in the dugout. Mind you, Gérson's habit could easily have cost football's most famous team their signature World Cup. Every winner, no matter how talented, needs a little bit of luck, and the 1970 Brazil side was fortunate that the World Cup that year was played in Mexico, where the heat and altitude slowed the game right down. That allowed Gérson - the brain behind the team who was on 40 a day and had been comprehensively outpaced against Hungary in England in 1966 - to take things at his own speed, something he would have been unable to do were the tournament being played in cooler climes, at sea level, and against players whose lungs were able to function at their usual, full capacity. In the final, Gérson kept quiet for the first 50 minutes or so. "He discovered before half-time that he could move up and put Italy in trouble," a highly impressed Bill Shankly told the Observer's Hugh McIlvanney, "but he knew if he did too much of it they would see what was happening and try to find a solution at the interval. So he waited until the second half. Then the Italians had no chance to discuss the problem. They were sunk." Gerson went on to score what was effectively the winner, then dictated terms for the rest of the match. A rope-a-dope masterclass, albeit one for which Shankly had perhaps given Gérson a soupçon too much credit, given that it had been also designed with the purpose of eking out their spluttering midfielder's contribution for as long as possible. It'd be nice to think that Gérson, upon coming up with the fiendish plan beforehand, had scrawled it on the back of a cigarette packet. 6. Bowls (and the Indoor League) David Bryant wins Westminster International bowls at Paddington Sports Club in 1989, while enjoying a pipe. Photograph: Mike King/taken from picture library The most distinguished carriage for tobacco product, the pipe has lent gravitas to many a sports star. There's Fred Trueman on Indoor League , oozing effortless authority and poise despite being half-cut on Sid Waddell's Yorkshire Television expense account. Jimmy Greaves was often spotted during his mid-60s pomp with a stem clamped between his teeth. Meanwhile Ian Botham has shilled Hamlet cigars and skinned up once or twice in his day, but it's his 1988 Pipe Smoker of the Year award of which he'll surely be most proud. However, in the world of sport, and arguably further afield, there is only one true pipe smoker. David Bryant won six world bowls titles - three outdoors, three indoors - between 1966 and 1988, plus five golds in the Commonwealth Games between 1962 and 1978. More often than not, he did it with a pipe sticking out of his ice-cool coupon. Mind you, it was rarely lit during actual competition, and never on the indoor greens, where the carpet would have been ruined by the constant dropping of ash. Bryant was nothing if not a considerate man. (After winning his 1978 Commonwealth title, Frank Keating congratulated the 46-year-old Bryant by "jokingly suggesting his victory was another nice encouragement to the old and ageing ... He remained polite, of course, but he tapped out his pipe on his heel sharply enough to convey that he was momentarily miffed.") Like Botham, Greaves (1985) and Trueman (1974, the height of Indoor League's popularity), Bryant also picked up the Pipe Smoker of the Year award, in 1986. He's in decent company: other winners of the prize include Harold Wilson, Eric Morecambe, Henry Cooper, and JB Priestley. Also Dave Lee Travis, but let's not cloud the issue here.	i don't know
'The Horse of the Year Show' is held at what venue?	Equestrianism: New venue for Horse of the Year - Telegraph Equestrianism: New venue for Horse of the Year By Alan Smith 6:41PM GMT 28 Dec 2001 THE Horse of the Year Show, for so long the climax of the domestic showing and jumping season, and which has been held in London since it was started in 1949, is to move to Birmingham's National Exhibition Centre from next year. The show, devised by Tony Collins and implemented by Mike Ansell, began life in Harringay and then, when space ran out, was moved to the Wembley Arena 10 years later. It has been there since. Lack of guaranteed space is again the reason that Grandstand Media, who have been responsible for the show's resurgence since they took over its management in 1997, have decided to make the move. In 2002, it will be held on Oct 9-13. Mark Wein, a director of Grandstand Media, who have recently taken up an option with the British Show Jumping Association to run it for the next 10 years, said: "Unfortunately, the venue management at Wembley were unable to give us the necessary guarantees that sufficient space would be available. "We were therefore left with no alternative other than to find a new home for the show, and we were delighted that the NEC were extremely keen to host the event." Related Articles 2 October 1996: Olympic riders commute to help Wembley event 28 Dec 2001 The initial agreement is for two years but Wein is looking beyond that. He said: "This gives us the welcome opportunity to continue to develop this national icon." Audiences have doubled at the show since Grandstand Media took over. Wein added: "With the extended seating capacity, increased trade stand space and the NEC's central location we feel this move will not only be successful, but will prove popular with competitors and visitors alike." This is not a new departure for the National Exhibition Centre, which is geographically much more suitable for such a show than Wembley. The final of the show jumping World Cup was held there in 1981, and attracted more than 50,000 spectators over the five days. Probably as a result of this success, the Royal International Horse Show - which started at Olympia in 1907, was revived in the Wembley Stadium after the Second World War, and then moved indoors to the Wembley Arena - was held at the NEC from 1984 to 1991. With the showing classes being held outdoors, by the lakeside, and the major jumping indoors, and with a decidedly more friendly atmosphere among the staff there than had been apparent at Wembley, it was a very popular move. In 1992, the Royal International returned outdoors, when it was moved to Hickstead, Sussex, but the Birmingham venue has long looked the obvious place to hold the Horse of the Year Show, which attracts competitors and spectators from all over the country.	Wembley Arena
Wilfred Rhodes took 4.187 wickets in a brilliant career. For which county did he take the most?	History :: Horse Of The Year Show History » Before Captain Tony Collings came up with the idea for Horse of the Year Show, there was no special event to mark the end of the equestrian season. He believed that there was a need for a celebrated culmination of the year, a champion of champions show. Indeed there was, for his idea was picked up by the then Chairmen of the British Show Jumping Association and British Horse Society Colonel Mike Ansell and Colonel VDS Williams. Timing dictated that the show would be held in the autumn, and so an inside venue would have to be found. So a trip to the famous indoor show in Paris "Le Jumping" was planned. Ansell and Williams were amazed at what they saw; the audience reaction and participation was unlike anything they had seen and they set about transposing the show for a British audience. As Ansell was chairman of the British Show Jumping Association, it was agreed that the BSJA would stage the show in conjunction with the Greyhound Racing Association, owners of the arena in Harringay, which had been selected as the venue for the show. Tony Collings, the man behind the original concept, was brought back to plan the show and whilst his aim was to run a champion of champions showing event, a compromise was made with Ansell who believed that it was show jumping that would bring in and excite the crowds. It therefore became a BSJA jumping show; with a balanced mix of show classes open to qualified horses and ponies that had won prizes at major shows during the season. Thus in each section there would be a "Horse of the Year", and in 1949 Horse of the Year Show was born. The entries were good - there were 400 in all, and the competition was spectacular. With no lack of talent, word of mouth ensured that, by the final night, it was virtually a sell out and certainly a triumph. The show moved to Wembley Arena in 1959 and for the next three decades it went from strength to strength before coming under competition from the growing array of other sporting events. Since the 1997 Horse of the Year Show, the event has been organised by Grandstand Media Ltd who have revitalised the presentation and content, including a special celebration in 1998 to commemorate the fiftieth show. Horse of the Year Show remains a National Institution, the finale to the showing year and the climax to the domestic show jumping year. It is a place to which all horse owners and riders aspire, as top show jumper John Whitaker highlights, "Winning at HOYS is the pinnacle of every equestrian's career." In 2002 HOYS moved from Wembley Arena, its home for over 40 years, to the NEC Arena, Birmingham. Logistically this was very complicated as the show takes up over 50 acres of the NEC complex, but with record attendance figures and outstanding competition, it was described by Horse & Hound as a 'Triumph' and was heralded a resounding success with sell out performances throughout the show. Since the move to the NEC, HOYS has developed and expanded experiencing record numbers visiting the Show every year. Having celebrated its 65th anniversary in 2013, today’s Show welcomes 1,600 horses and ponies, 1,500 competitors and 65,000 spectators. Each year, Sunday’s Gala Evening Performance concludes with the emotive Ode to the Horse, while this year, the welcome return of the Cavalcade will add to the special celebrations. Ode to the Horse Where in this wide world can man find nobility without pride, friendship without envy or beauty without vanity? Here, where grace is laced with muscle, and strength by gentleness confined. He serves without servility; he has fought without enmity. There is nothing so powerful, nothing less violent, there is nothing so quick, nothing more patient. England’s past has been borne on his back. All our history is his industry; we are his heirs, he our inheritance. The Horse! By Ronald Duncan Further information on Horse of the Year Show, its history and results can be found in the Official Horse of the Year Show Book, 'Under the Spotlight' by Gillian Newsum. The book is available to buy from our online shop.	i don't know
Glen Campbell appeared in which film with John Wayne?	'True Grit' memories from Kim Darby and Glen Campbell - latimes 'True Grit' memories from Kim Darby and Glen Campbell The actors recall working on the original film with John Wayne. January 04, 2011 \|By Susan King, Los Angeles Times Most remakes of classic films are shadows of the originals. But Joel and Ethan Coen's version of the western "True Grit" — with Jeff Bridges as Rooster Cogburn, newcomer Hailee Steinfeld as the plucky Mattie Ross and Matt Damon as Texas Ranger LaBoeuf — has won over critics, audiences and even Kim Darby, who played the resolute Mattie in the 1969 original for which John Wayne won his only Oscar as the irascible Cogburn. "It's a wonderful movie," said Darby, now 63. "It's top drawer.'" And so, she said, is Steinfeld. "She's just extraordinary in the film," Darby said. "I said to her agent, 'Be sure you're careful what she does next. The next thing is what is so important.'" (Darby's post "Grit" movies — including 1969's "Generation" and 1970's "Norwood" — didn't exactly set the box office on fire.) Darby was especially impressed with Steinfeld's skills on horseback, including riding her black pony across a river. "God bless her that she did the whole thing," said Darby, who admitted she probably was on a horse for only five minutes in the original. "I am really afraid of horses," she said. "I had a stunt double. She was about 65. They made a mask of my face out of clay and she would wear that and it would match my profile." Most of the major players from the original — including Wayne, Dennis Hopper, Jeff Corey and director Henry Hathaway — have died. But a few in addition to Darby are still around, including Robert Duvall (who played the outlaw gang leader "Lucky" Ned Pepper) and singing star Glen Campbell (who made his film debut as LaBoeuf). For the 1969 "True Grit," which like the 2010 film was adapted from Charles Portis' novel, producer Hal Wallis originally wanted Mia Farrow to play Mattie. But she supposedly turned it down because her "Secret Ceremony" costar Robert Mitchum warned her that Hathaway was a difficult director to work with. Wallis then saw Darby on an episode of the TV drama "Run for Your Life" in which she played an unwed mother and thought she had the pluck and vulnerability for the Mattie character. Though Steinfeld was just 13 when she played the role of 14-year-old Mattie in the new version, Darby was 21 and the mother of a newborn daughter, Heather, with her first husband, actor James Stacy. During the filming of the movie, she began divorce proceedings against Stacy. "The first 10 days of the movie I would love to do over again," said Darby, who lives in Studio City and has had some minor roles in recent years but has primarily focused on teaching acting over the last two decades. "I think I was more concentrated on my child because she was such an infant." She fondly recalls working with Wayne. "He was there on the set before anyone else and knew every line perfectly," Darby said. After the production finished filming, Darby remembered, there was a photo shoot at Paramount Pictures with the stars who were working at the studio at the time, "which were John Wayne, Barbra Streisand, Clint Eastwood, Goldie Hawn.… Robert Evans was in the middle. I was sitting on the curb a ways away watching. The Duke stepped out of the picture and he said, 'Hey, kid.' He put out his arms and lifted me up and brought me over and put me in the center of the picture. How wonderful is that?" She did, though, have a bit of a problem with Hathaway, who was 71 when he directed the film. "He was an old prop man and he usually focused on the prop man and he would just yell at him no matter what he did," Darby said. Although they had gotten along well when she first met him at the studio, Hathaway yelled at her on the first day of shooting. "It got me so off guard," she said. "I just got up and went back to my dressing room." Eventually, the two had a heart-to-heart talk in the dressing room. "I said, 'Henry, I'll do anything you want, just don't yell at me again.' After that day, we went along swimmingly." Campbell, now 74 and living in Malibu, said he also ran into problems with Hathaway. After being yelled at one day, Campbell recalled that he told the director, "You know, I can get on a horse and get out of here and get in my car and go back to L.A.' He kind of looked at me and said, 'Well, I have been tough on you.' That was Henry Hathaway." By the late 1960s, Campbell was a popular recording artist with his hits like "By the Time I Get to Phoenix" and was the star of his own CBS variety show, "The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour." But he had never acted before "True Grit." "I never thought about being an actor because I am a singer and a guitar player," said Campbell, who has yet to see the new version. But he was thrilled working with the Duke, he said, because he had been a fan of the actor since he was a kid growing up in Delight, Ark. "It was just amazing," Campbell recalled. "He was so much like my dad. He was a very nice guy." Campbell, who still performs, made only one other feature, 1970's disastrous "Norwood" with Darby. "I enjoyed doing movies; I just wasn't an actor, so to speak," he said. But he joked that he nonetheless did a "good deed" in "True Grit." "I made John Wayne look so good in a movie," Campbell said, "that he won his only Oscar."	True Grit
film Brideshead Revisited was based on who's novel penned in 1945?	AMC One day, little girl, the sadness will leave your face As soon as you’ve won the fight to get justice done Someday little girl you’ll wonder what life’s about But others have known few battles are won alone So, you’ll look around to find Someone who’s kind Someone who is fearless like you The pain of it Will ease a bit When you find a man with True Grit When Glen Campbell sings these words over the opening credits of True Grit with the camera sweeping through picturesque western vistas, the complete inappropriateness of the tune (for a contemporary version of the same check out Clint Eastwood’s croaking of the theme of Gran Torino over the closing shot of the film) immediately puts a viewer on the defensive, if not ready to fight back and reject the film entirely, like a piece of rancid beef jerky. But then the real film kicks in and soon Henry Hathaway and John Wayne have you swept up in the lush scenery and the oversized western characters and you forget the idiotic opening credits tune. Released the same year as Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid , True Grit betrays the same jokey, comic tone that downplays the one-time serious western film conventions. It was also around the same time as The Wild Bunch (also photographed by Lucien Ballard); in the face of the incendiary revisionism of Sam Peckinpah’s film, a seriously wrought western genre film wouldn’t stand a chance. Adapted from Charles Portis’ novel, True Grit opts for colorful and purplish dialogue in the manner of Guys and Dolls — a Runyon of the Range where people talk in sentences without contractions and ladled with plenty of adverbs. Journeyman director Henry Hathaway takes a literal, four-square approach to the material and this workmanlike style makes the first-reel setup scenes appear subdued. But, 20 minutes into the film when John Wayne makes his first appearance as the ‘drunken, one-eyed fat man,’ U.S. Marshal Rooster Cogburn, the bright light begins to rise from the floorboards. Wayne’s Cogburn, a decaying, alcoholic gunfighter, is a burlesque of his role as Cole Thornton in Howard Hawks’ El Dorado from two years earlier. Wayne is game and he devours the role, even spoofing his strident right-wing politics — he shoots a rat by reasoning, ‘You can’t serve papers on a rat. You either kill ’em or let ’em be.’ Wayne energizes the film: When Wayne, Kim Darby, and Campbell set out of their journey into Indian territory (accompanied by Elmer Bernstein’s jaunty score) the viewer is with Rooster Cogburn all the way. Without Wayne and all that his iconic presence implies, the film would have been merely a so-so diversion. But although Wayne won an Oscar for his efforts, his is not the whole show. Great characters actors abound — Robert Duvall, Dennis Hopper, Strother Martin, Jeff Corey, John Fiedler, Hank Worden — more than making up for the limp performances of the two secondary leads, Darby and Campbell. Hathaway keeps his Searchers -like tale (Wayne is taking Darby and Campbell with him into Indian territory to find the killer of the girl’s father) moving at a good pulpy clip and populated by set pieces ripped out of the pages of an old, ragged western adventure tale — smoking out bandits from their hideout, a rescue from a pit of snakes, a western shootout on horseback, a valedictory fade out of a legendary film presence. True Grit is the kind of rip-roaring western adventure movie that, like film musicals, have art and innocence that is now lost forever. This is one film where you need a bag of popcorn and the eager-eyed expression of a chump. Dig in to your popcorn and fill your hand, you son-of-a-bitch! The new collector’s edition DVD includes a commentary track from historians, plus several featurettes on the film and Wayne. Eats grit with his grits.	i don't know
Who played the character 'Danny Zuko' in the film Grease?	‘Grease: Live’: Aaron Tveit to Play Danny Zuko \| Variety Print July 9, 2015 \| 09:19AM PT Aaron Tveit has been cast as head T Bird Danny Zuko in Fox’s musical version of “Grease,” it is the word. The Paramount Television production is based on the original musical “Grease” by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey, and Paramount Pictures’ 1978 feature adaptation. The film famously cast John Travolta as bad boy rebel Danny, who was hopelessly devoted to the sweet and innocent Sandy (played by Olivia Newton-John). “I’m thrilled and honored to be joining this incredibly talented team of actors in reimagining this classic and beloved musical,” said Tveit in a statement. “Playing Danny Zuko is a dream role, and I can’t wait to be a part of all the fun that comes along with performing live on television.” The “Graceland” actor also has multiple stage credits to his name, including the musicals “Catch Me if You Can” and “Next to Normal.” He also appeared on CW’s “Gossip Girl.” Fox also confirmed that Carlos PenaVega (“Big Time Rush”) will play fellow greaser Kenickie in the musical. Tveit and PenaVega join previously announced cast members Julianne Hough as Sandy, Vanessa Hudgens as feisty Rizzo and Keke Palmer as Marty. The production is exec produced by Marc Platt (“Wicked,” “Into the Woods”). Thomas Kail (“Hamilton,” “In the Heights”) serves as the director overseeing the stage direction and Alex Rudzinski (“Dancing With the Stars”) is the live television director. Broadway writers Robert Cary (“Anything but Love,” “Ira & Abby”) and Jonathan Tolins (“Buyer & Cellar,” “The Last Sunday in June”) are penning the adaptation. “ Grease: Live ” will air at 7 p.m. January 31.	John Travolta
The song 'White Christmas' first featured in what film?	Inside GREASE by Scott Miller background and analysis by Scott Miller from his book Sex, Drugs, Rock & Roll, and Musicals The year is 1959, a pivotal moment in American cultural history, when rock and roll was giving birth to the Sexual Revolution and everything in America culture was about to be turned upside down. Record companies were releasing more than a hundred singles every week and the country was about to explode. Grease, generally considered a trivial little musical about The Fabulous Fifties, is really the story of Americaï¿½s tumultuous crossing over from the 50s to the 60s, throwing over repression and tradition for freedom and adventure (and a generous helping of cultural chaos), a time when the styles and culture of the disengaged and disenfranchised became overpowering symbols of teenage power and autonomy. Originally a rowdy, dangerous, over-sexed, and insightful piece of alternative theatre, Grease was inspired by the rule-busting success of Hair and shows like it, rejecting the trappings of other Broadway musicals for a more authentic, more visceral, more radical theatre experience that revealed great cultural truths about America. An experience largely forgotten by most productions of the show today. Like Hair before it and The Rocky Horror Show which would come a year later, Grease is a show about repression versus freedom in American sexuality, about the clumsy, tentative, but clearly emerging sexual freedom of the late 1950s, seen through the lens of the middle of the Sexual Revolution in the 1970s. Itï¿½s about the near carnal passion 1950s teenagers felt for their rock and roll, the first art form that actually changed human sexuality. (The phrase rock and roll was originally African American urban slang for sexual intercourse, going as far back as the 1920s, and it made its way onto many rhythm and blues recordings before the 1950s.) As theatre, Grease finds its roots in the rawness, the rowdiness, the lack of polish that made Hair and other experimental pieces in the 1960s such cultural phenomena. The impact of Hair on Grease can even be seen in the two showsï¿½ titles, both taking as their primary symbols the hairstyles of young Americans as a form of rebellion and cultural declaration of independence. Just as the characters of Hair and Grease reject conformity and authority, so too do both Hair and Grease as theatre pieces. Like Hair, Grease is an anti-musical, closer to the experimental theatre pieces of New Yorkï¿½s off off Broadway movement in the 60s, and light years from other musicals running on Broadway at the time, like No No Nanette (in a terrible revival), Sugar, The Rothschilds, Applause, or A Little Night Music. Goodbye to Sandra Dee Also like Hair, Grease is about authenticity, the watchword of that first rock and roll generation. Teen sexuality has been an issue in America since the invention of the rumble seat, always moving forward like a freight train, forever going faster and farther; and Grease is a snapshot of America right before teen sexuality exploded, examining the early cracks in the armor of middle-class "respectability" and repression, the fantasy American Dream that never was but that came beaming into Americansï¿½ homes over the television airwaves. Movie star Sandra Dee becomes Greaseï¿½s overarching metaphor for the artificiality of adult American life, a symbol that needed piercing. Sandra Dee was a big star at this point, and just in the two years that Grease spans, she released The Restless Years (1958), The Reluctant Debutante (1958), A Stranger in My Arms (1959), Gidget (1959), Imitation of Life (1959), The Wild and the Innocent (1959), and A Summer Place (1959), jumping back and forth between empty-headed teen comedies and stark melodrama. Today, it may be hard to understand what Sandra Dee represented, but she was the poster girl for the big studiosï¿½ attempts to make teen movies, a genre which was up until that point the exclusive territory of small, low-budget producers like the ubiquitous Roger Corman (The Little Shop of Horrors, Bucket of Blood, and others). But the studiosï¿½ teen flicks were inevitably artificial in the extreme, creating a freakish ï¿½ and clueless ï¿½ adult imitation of the teen world, a kind of cultural Frankenstein, that teens could see right through. To savvy teenagers, Sandra Dee was a teen sellout, and in a world where authenticity was the goal, there was nothing worse. She was a fake ï¿½ in her life, in her acting style, and in her onscreen emotions. Teen audiences didnï¿½t want that; they wanted High School Hellcats and Teenage Doll. But adults loved Sandra Dee; she reassured them that their teen was a "good girl." And many American girls took Sandra Dee as a role model ï¿½ but not the real Sandra Dee, the cheery public character Sandra Dee, confusing her onscreen persona with her real life. Millions of Americans in postwar America were trying to live an American Dream that was pure fiction, particularly for the working class; and that fiction is symbolized by Sandra Dee, a fiction at the heart of Sandyï¿½s arc in Grease. But on another level, the metaphor gets even deeper ï¿½ and this demonstrates the craftsmanship of this script ï¿½ because Sandyï¿½s relationship with Danny mirrors Sandra Deeï¿½s difficult real life relationship with Bobby Darin. As Rizzo taunts Sandy with "Look at Me, Iï¿½m Sandra Dee," she doesnï¿½t really know how dark that dark underbelly really isï¿½ Darphne Merkin wrote in The New York Times in 2005 at the time of Sandra Deeï¿½s death: ï¿½the "darling, pink world," as she herself characterized it, that Sandra Dee was thought to inhabit by her fans had always been a grotesque mockery, plagued not by an overripened case of virginity but by childhood incest. The girl with brimming brown eyes and a fizzy lilt to her voice was born Alexandria Zuck in Bayonne, New Jersey. Her parents divorced when she was five; her father, a bus driver, disappeared from her life shortly thereafter, and her mother, Mary, married a much-older real-estate entrepreneur named Eugene Duvan within a few years. . . Worse yet, Dee's devoted but manipulative mother turned a conveniently blind eye to the defiled sexual appetites of her new husband. Duvan, who liked to tease his wife that he married her "just to get Sandy," started having sex with his beautiful stepdaughter when she was 8 and continued doing so almost until his death when she was 12. As a result, Sandra Dee later suffered from anorexia, depression, and alcoholism throughout her life. All this made her cynically manufactured faï¿½ade of sweetness even darker and more complex. This was the conventional, repressed, hypocritical, manufactured life from which Sandy Dumbrowski must escape. Merkin wrote: The thing is, [her career] happened so fast, was over practically before it began, that we can almost be forgiven for misconstruing her as a cultural simulacrum: a blip on the monitor, a media invention, an adorable incarnation of a feminine ideal of the reluctant or unwitting nymphet, rather than a flesh-and-blood creature with needs and wishes (not to mention raging demons) of her own. Grease looks at the fifties with twenty-twenty hindsight and it sees the darkness and deception of the decadeï¿½s role models and authority figures. Sandra Dee wasnï¿½t happy in her real life because she was never allowed to be herself ï¿½ to be authentic ï¿½ and Sandy Dumbrowski suffers the same problem. Sandra Dee represents not just strict morality and virginity in Grease, but the entire manufactured mainstream culture of 1950s America, a culture the kids of Grease reject. Rizzoï¿½s pretty great at choosing metaphorsï¿½ Still, for most kids, the fifties were a time when America caught its breath. After decades of upheaval ï¿½ World War I, Prohibition, the Depression, World War II, and the Korean War ï¿½ suddenly times werenï¿½t so hard and the world didnï¿½t seem as dangerous. (Kids were told about the threat of a Cold War nuclear attack, but it didnï¿½t mean much to them and didnï¿½t really affect their lives.) Before the 50s, if kids worked it was for the familyï¿½s survival. During the 50s, if kids worked it was because they were saving up to buy a car or buy parts for the car they had. It was a happy, playful decade for many (white) Americans, even those in the working class, as family cars transformed adult culture and rock and roll transformed teen culture. And one of the points of Grease is that kids of the 50s could afford to worry only about their own trivial problems; there was no world war, no Hitler to fear anymore. Though Grease implies many complex things, it is actually about the ordinary, everyday lives of a group of teenagers. Their chief worries are whether or not theyï¿½ll have a date to the dance and can they get the car. But the fifties were only a brief window of respite before the dark, dangerous times would return, with Vietnam, race riots, the anti-war movement, Watergate, and recession. Today, some conservatives idealize the 1950s as a time of moral clarity, patriotism, family stability, and traditional values, a time to which America should return. But that 1950s never actually existed. What looks to them like moral clarity was actually well-masked racism, sexism, and economic oppression. The only people who were safe and comfortable were middle class and upper class white men (the only demographics that still idealize that time). What they see as patriotism was more like nationalistic terrorism, demagoguery, witch hunts. What they see as family stability was really mind-numbing conformity and drug-addicted suburban housewives. What they label "traditional values" were nothing short of race, class, and gender warfare. And it all boiled down to two central bogeymen, inextricably linked in the minds of the mainstream: sex and rock and roll. The Twin Gods of Grease. As Grace Palladino asks in Teenagers: An American History, "Did the world really work better when girls had no choice in life but to get married, blacks knew their servile place, and kids who lived outside the charmed circle of upper-middle class life were invisible?" The story of Grease is set during the 1958-59 school year, at exactly the same time that America was facing the preliminary rumblings of the Sexual Revolution that would arrive in the mid-1960s and blossom in the 70s, only to be ended by AIDS in the early 80s. And like The Rocky Horror Show did later, Grease shows us how America reacted to this tumultuous time though two of its main characters. Danny Zuko (along with Rizzo and Kenickie) represents that segment of American teens already sexually active in the 1940s and 50s, who ultimately frees the conforming Sandy to express her sexuality without fear or shame, leading her into a new life and a new decade of sexual freedom ï¿½ a theme also at the heart, though far more cautiously, of the 1959 film A Summer Place, starring Sandra Dee and Troy Donahue. Sandy Dumbrowski (notice how ethnic all the character names are, to suggest that they are working class) is mainstream America, reluctant to throw off the sexual repression of the conforming 1950s for the sexual adventuring of the 1960s. That is the story of Grease ï¿½and the story of America ï¿½ the way sex was changing and the part rock and roll and cars and drive-ins played in that transformation. In the movie, the central love story may be the point, but on stage the romance is just a device for making a larger, more interesting point. Grease isnï¿½t about Danny and Sandy (which is why fifteen of the showï¿½s twenty songs have nothing at all to do with them); Grease is about how rock and roll changed sex in America. And those who criticize Grease for its "immoral" ending donï¿½t understand what this show is really about ï¿½ and they really havenï¿½t paid attention to the lyric of "All Choked Up." The "Word" Made Flesh Grease first opened in Chicago, where its story is set, in 1971. To a large extent, the 1970s marked the end of the Rodgers and Hammerstein revolution. It was the decade that gave permanent berth to both the concept musical and the rock musical, both explored during the sixties but now taking their rightful place in mainstream musical theatre. These were shows that rejected the sunny optimism of earlier decades and instead revealed the feelings of rage and loss that pervaded America in this era of Vietnam and Watergate. The concept musical had been germinating since Marc Blitzsteinï¿½s very political, very angry The Cradle Will Rock in 1937, but it wasnï¿½t until Stephen Sondheim and Hal Princeï¿½s Company in 1970 that the concept musical was in a position to change everything. The rock musical had been born with Expresso Bongo in 1958 and became mainstream with Hair in 1968, but it became a fixture on Broadway during the seventies, partly because the definition of rock was so pliable, so inclusive by then. A rock musical could be Jesus Christ Superstar, Hair, Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Rocky Horror Show, or Grease, none of which sounded anything like the others; and yet they all shared a disdain for authority, a taste for rebellion, and a sexual frankness to which only the language of rock and roll could give full voice. The phenomenon that was Grease began its long life in the summer of 1971 at Chicagoï¿½s Kingston Mines Theatre, in which its authors Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey were acting ensemble members. The show opened February 5, 1971, in a basement theatre where an audience of a hundred sat on the floor on newspaper. The set consisted of backdrops painted on brown paper. At that time the show had far less music, far less plot, and no central characters. But it did have infectious songs like "Greased Lightning," "Beauty School Dropout," "Those Magic Changes," and "We Go Together," and a solo for Patty Simcox that was later cut, "Yuck." New York producers Ken Waissman and Maxine Fox saw the show and recognized its surprising honesty and the appeal of its rough edges. Two of the Chicago cast members, Dinah Manoff (Marty) and James Canning (Doody) would play those roles on Broadway. Manoff would continue her role in the film. Once the producers decided to bring Grease to New York, they set about finding a production staff. One agent tried to sell them on hiring the bright young director-choreographer Michael Bennett, but they didnï¿½t think he was right for Grease. They were probably right. They asked Gerald Freedman to direct, since he had helmed the original off Broadway production of Hair, but Freedman turned them down without even reading the script. They finally settled on director Tom Moore and choreographer Patricia Birch who had created such interesting, real staging and choreography for The Me Nobody Knowsï¿½ a show about homeless kids. The producers wanted everything about the show to feel rough, unpolished, de-glamorized ï¿½ honest and authentic, like Hair ï¿½ a concept the subsequent film and revivals did not understand. According to Adrienne Barbeauï¿½s autobiography There Are Worse Things I Could Do, the producers hired Moore to direct because "Tom's strength was getting performances that were so realistic the audience didn't believe they were watching actors. That's what Ken [Waissman] and Maxine [Fox] wanted for Grease. What they didn't want was a cotton-candy musical." Itï¿½s easy to hear on the original 1972 Grease cast album the raw, pure, untrained sound of 1950s rock and roll. Grease knows that sound because its creators lived it, the sound of Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, and Bo Diddley. The earliest rock and roll was never about polish or precision; this was the punk rock of the fifties, purposefully rejecting mainstream necessities like playing in tune, singing on pitch, keeping the tempo, staying together. It was a wholesale rejection of the values of their parents and their parentsï¿½ culture, an aggressive fuck you to Pat Boone and the like. Three decades later, American kids in the Reagan Era (The Neo-50s) would rebel in much the same way with the creation of punk rock. Just as the greasers sported leather jackets, engineer boots, crazy hairstyles, and other rebellious fashions, so did their descendants, the punks, have their rebellious fashion statements in tattoos, piercings, and occult symbols. And now, so does the hip-hop community. Critic Michael Feingold wrote in his introduction to the 1972 published Grease script: The people of Grease are a special class of aliens, self-appointed cynics in a work-oriented, upwardly mobile world. We know from the prologue that history has played its dirty trick on them before they even appear. They are not at the reunion; they will not be found among the prosperous Mrs. Honeywells and the go-getting vice presidents of Straight-Shooters, Unlimited. Nor, on the other hand, did they actively drop out; that was left to their younger siblings and cousins. (Memory of a line too explicit, and cut from the script early on: "Course I like life. Whaddaya think I am, a beatnik?") They were the group who thought they had, or chose to have, nowhere to go. They stayed in the monotonous work routine of the lower middle class, acquiring, if they were lucky, enough status to move to one of the more nondescript suburbs, and losing their strongest virtue ï¿½ the group solidarity that had made them, in high school, a force to be reckoned with. It is appropriate that the finale of Grease celebrates that solidarity, with the saving of its heroine, and the reclamation of its hero from the clutches of respectability ï¿½ a good lusty razz at the sanctimonious endings of those Sal Mineo j.d. [juvenile delinquent] movies (Somebody Up There Likes Me, remember?) wherein the tough punk is saved for society at the end. Everybody knew you didnï¿½t go to those films to see that part. After only three and a half weeks of rehearsal (again, in an effort to keep it from looking too polished), Grease opened off Broadway at the Eden Theatre on Valentineï¿½s Day 1972. The reviews were negative to mixed. One hapless television reviewer said, "The worst thing Iï¿½ve ever seen opened tonight at the Eden Theatre." It ran 128 performances anyway. And then the show moved uptown in June 1972 to the Broadhurst Theatre. In December 1979, Grease broke Broadwayï¿½s long-run record. It made several moves during its Broadway run and finally closed April 13, 1980, after a total run of 3,388 performances. It was nominated for seven Tony Awards but won none. The original production paid back its investors four thousand percent. The show also ran for over two years in Mexico under the title Vaselina, becoming the longest-running musical there. The watered-down 1978 film version starring John Travolta, Olivia Newton-John, and Stockard Channing became one of the most successful movie musicals of all time. After fifteen years of declining numbers, the teenage population in America began to grow again in the early 1990s ï¿½ "Theyï¿½re Back," said one Business Week cover ï¿½ and so a glitzy, brainless, neon-scorched revival of Grease opened on Broadway in May 1994, painfully misdirected and misunderstood by Tommy Tuneï¿½s protï¿½gï¿½, director-choreographer Jeff Calhoun (who would years later direct a brilliant revival of Big River for Deaf West Theatre). Completely ignoring (or just missing) Greaseï¿½s agenda as social commentary, this terrible revival decked out its set in bright, neon colors, making it into a simple-minded cartoon, and it added an actual 50s song, "Since I Donï¿½t Have You," a song completely without the irony of the rest of the score and therefore completely out of synch with the rest of the show. The revivalï¿½s logo was a picture of Danny from behind, his leather jacket bedazzled with rhinestones that spell Grease. Could they have misunderstood the Burger Palace Boys any more? But despite the lack of taste or honesty, it was apparently perfect for the theme park Broadway had become by that point and it ran 1,503 performances. It was not, however, Grease. Over its life, Grease gave starts to many now well-known actors, including John Travolta (who had begun as Doody in the first national tour), Richard Gere, Treat Williams, Patrick Swayze, Adrienne Barbeau, Barry Bostwick, Jeff Conaway, Greg Evigan, Marilu Henner, and Judy Kaye, among others. In 2003 the British television network Channel 4 held a poll to determine the greatest musicals of all time. Grease won the top honor. In 2007, NBC created a reality show through which to choose the two leads for a new Broadway revival helmed by Kathleen Marshall, though any hopes of authenticity from a new Broadway Grease were slight. But perhaps itï¿½s time for Grease in its original form to return at last, in this new Age of Ironic Detachment. In 2005, Norman Lebrecht wrote about the new postmodern musicals (Urinetown, Bat Boy, Hedwig and the Angry Inch, Spelling Bee) in his online column: "The music in each of these shows amplifies this element of separation, licensing us to stand apart from what we are seeing and enter a third dimension where each of us can individually decide whether to take the plot literally or sardonically, whether to take offense or simply collapse in giggles. This degree of Ironic Detachment is the very making of the postmodern hit musical. Ironic Detachment would be unattainable in a Tom Stoppard play because I.D. requires musical inflexion; it is impossible in opera and ballet, which are stiffened by tradition against self-mockery. Its application is unique to the musical comedy, an ephemeral entertainment which has found new relevance through its philosophical engagement with 21st century concepts of irony and alienation." Still, Ironic Detachment isnï¿½t entirely new in musical theatre ï¿½ weï¿½ve seen it before, periodically over the twentieth century, in The Threepenny Opera (1928), Of Thee I Sing (1931), The Cradle Will Rock (1937), Guys and Dolls (1950), The Fantasticks (1959), How To Succeed in Business Without Really Trying (1961), Promenade (1965), Cabaret (1966), Promises, Promises (1969), Company (1970), The Rocky Horror Show (1973), The Robber Bridegroom (1974), and yes, Grease. Sock Hop Baby, Roll Up Your Crazy Jeans! Almost every American musical sets up the same challenge for the protagonist ï¿½ assimilate or be removed. These central characters must make a choice to either change in certain ways in order to join the existing community or they must be removed from that community either by leaving or by dying. In The Music Man, Harold Hill turns legit in order to join the River City community. In Sweeney Todd, Jesus Christ Superstar, Bat Boy, and Evita, the main characters will not (or cannot) change so they must be removed by death. In Brigadoon, Tommy decides he must reject his previous life and change everything in order to stay in Brigadoon and become part of the community. In Show Boat, Julie and Steve will not play by mainstream societyï¿½s rules, so they must be removed, and they leave the Cotton Blossom. In Man of La Mancha, Quixote/Quijana refuses to live by conventional rules of behavior, so he must die. In Grease, Sandy ultimately assimilates into the greaser community, rejecting her parentsï¿½ world view. Many people are uncomfortable with the showï¿½s ending because they miss the fact that Sandy doesnï¿½t actually become a slut in the finale; she just learns how to dress like one, finally letting go of the tendency of too many Americans to stigmatize sexuality as dirty and shameful. She gives up the desexualizing poodle skirt that hid away her female form and replaces it with clothing that reveals and celebrates ï¿½ and takes ownership of ï¿½ her body and its adult curves. This is not a descent into decadence for Sandy; it is a throwing open of the doors of her moral prison. The authorsï¿½ intentions are clear in a stage direction in the final scene. After describing Sandyï¿½s new hypersexual look ï¿½ the tight pants, leather jacket, earrings, wild new hair ï¿½ the script says, "Yet she actually looks prettier and more alive than she ever has." Teenagersï¿½ clothing was a major source of contention at the time. Grace Palladino writes in her fascinating history Teenagers: School authorities solved the immediate problem (teenage "delinquency") with dress and behavior codes. Tight blue jeans, ducktail haircuts, and excessive makeup were prohibited in school. "Dress Right" campaigns set appropriate high school styles that drew national attention in the late 1950s. Boys were required to wear shirts and ties, standard trousers (or neatly pressed khakis), and polished shoes (or clean white bucks). Girls were required to wear dresses or shirts and forgo pincurls, dungarees, and slacks. As an article in Newsweek explained the theory: "Bejeaned girls behave better when theyï¿½re in ladylike dress." Sandyï¿½s clothing in "All Choked Up" is extraordinarily subversive. The end of Grease suggests that a lasting, healthy relationship is only possible when both partners are openly and completely themselves, without regard for other peopleï¿½s opinions, social conventions, or personal insecurities ï¿½ and also when neither of them are afraid of their sexuality. This was not the message of the conforming adult world; this was a uniquely teen perspective. Both Sandy and Danny have to learn to be themselves, to shake off the masks of "cool" and "respectable." If there is any question about who the protagonist of the show is, Sandy is primary; sheï¿½s the one who has changed, who has learned something significant. The same may be true of Danny, but to a much lesser extent. But the ending of Grease isnï¿½t a "moral" and shouldnï¿½t be read that way. It doesnï¿½t declare what we should or shouldn't do; it's an objective and accurate description of America in 1959. Sandy is America in its progression from puritanical repression in the 50s to sexual freedom in the Sexual Revolution of the 60s. (And yet, as her lyric in "All Choked Up" tells us quite explicitly, she isnï¿½t ready to give up her virginity quite yet.) In 1959 America was about to "grow up" sexually, into adolescence in the 60s (Hair), and into full sexual adulthood in the 70s (Rocky Horror). Too many people believe that the message of Grease is that to win the man you love, you have to be a slut. But there's not a single line or lyric anywhere in the show to suggest Sandy has changed anything but her looks. Like Eliza Dolittle in My Fair Lady, Sandy learns The Secret, that anyone can Fit In just by talking and looking the right way (and donï¿½t we all do that to some extent?), and her overnight transformation proves that itï¿½s all just play-acting ï¿½ and that they all know it! She has learned what Rizzo and the girls have known all along. Sandy has become one of them just by changing her clothes! She throws off the weight and triviality of 1950s conformity and allows herself the freedom of the coming 1960s, a refusal to fear her own sexuality, to see sex as dirty, the freedom to be able to talk and laugh openly about sex. But behind all the rest, thereï¿½s a simpler, more subversive message. Sandy isnï¿½t just saved by how she dresses; sheï¿½s saved by singing rock and roll. It isnï¿½t until she can achieve the authenticity and sexual frankness of rock and roll, that she can be healed. Grease doesnï¿½t moralize; it just reports. Grease is set in 1958 and 1959 for a good reason ï¿½ itï¿½s not just about the changing of decades but also the changing of eras. Sandyï¿½s triumphant line late in the show, "Goodbye to Sandra Dee," puts away not only Sandyï¿½s false good-girl persona, but also the 1950s as a whole, a world in which the goody-goody Sandra Dee can be a role model, in which facades were cracking. We were moving onï¿½ The Fabulous Fractious Fifties The Fabulous Fifties. The Decade Deluxe. The Ike Age. These were the good old days, the happy days, the source of many an Americanï¿½s earliest, fondest memories and many of our postwar institutions. For the past two decades Americans had lived in the grip of poverty and war. Now they were ready for some giddy, goofy fun. The country was swept up in frivolous fads ï¿½ baton twirling, hula hoops, paint-by-number art kits, Davy Crockett hats, 3-D movies. Life seemed a wide-screen, stereophonic special effect. Culture popped ï¿½ in shades of turquoise, pink, salmon, and, if one color wasnï¿½t enough, delicious two-tones. Madison Avenue created an unlikely world of perfect appliances and perfect families, of highballs and hi-fis, Bermuda shorts and backyard barbecues. In the ads, the wives are beautiful (mowing the lawn in peasant blouses and a hint of lingerie); the children above average (exuberantly joining in the Saturday morning car wash). Over the clink of ice cubes, Americans mingled and misbehaved. Thatï¿½s how James Petersenï¿½s book The Century of Sex describes 1950s America and the false, repressed world from which Sandy must escape. There were three distinct cultures in America during the 1950s ï¿½ mainstream middle-America, New York City (including the Beat writers), and teenagers ï¿½ and they rarely intersected each other, so none of them spoke the othersï¿½ languages or shared their morality. Most of mainstream adult America lived a life of complete ignorance, happily watching safely artificial television sitcoms and carefully censored studio films, having little or no idea what was going on in teen America, in teen music, movies, magazines, social life, and most significantly, teen sexuality. After World War II, most adult women had been expected to leave behind the independence of their lives on the home front during the war and return to a life of near complete dependence again ï¿½ no more job, no more money, no more sexual control or choice. Betty Friedan wrote of the times, "It was fun at first, shopping in those new supermarkets. And we bought barbecue grills and made dips out of sour cream and dried onion soup to serve with potato chips, while our husbands made the martinis as dry as in the city and cooked hamburgers on the charcoal, and we sat in canvas chairs on our terrace and thought how beautiful our children looked, playing in the twilight, and how lucky we all were, and that it would last forever." These were the real people behind the metaphor of the 1956 film Invasion of the Body Snatchers. As The Century of Sex says, "Conformity became a national passion, part of a return to sexual and political conservatism." The Battle Over Sex has always been waged between the Haves and the Have-Nots in America. Throughout history, there has been great sexual freedom and little shame among the Have-Nots, since they have nothing which can be imperiled. But the Haves are always terrified of any kind of cultural change, especially sexual, because the fallout could always endanger their position as Haves. Sandy is a Have, Danny is a Have-Not. The sparks are bound to fly. All in all, the 1950s was one of the most interesting decades of the twentieth century ï¿½ so much wealth, so much repression, so many massive changes in the culture, perhaps most significantly the invention of the suburbs, in which middle-class wives would be forever isolated and tranquilized. The characters in Grease were born around 1942, the last generation born before the Baby Boomers, and they went to high school from fall 1955 to summer 1959. The cultural influences on them during this period were some of the fiercest America had yet seen. In 1951, J.D. Salingerï¿½s controversial Catcher in the Rye had been published and became an instant, lasting hit among teenagers, with its profanity and frank discussions of teenage angst and sexuality. Then, just as these kids were hitting puberty, America was hit with The Wild One in 1953, starring Marlon Brando, the movie that started the whole leather jacket "greaser" thing as well as the "teen exploitation" film genre. The central relationship in Grease between Danny and Sandy is a goofier imitation of the central relationship in The Wild One between Johnny and Kathie. Exactly like the teen market they were targeting, teen exploitation films were full of sex and sin and booze and cars, but many of them also had a sanctimonious "moral" laid out explicitly, at the beginning or end of the film, often by a nameless authority figure behind a desk or podium, sometimes by a "survivor" of the "tragedy." These fake morals gave the raunchy stories the patina of respectability to placate parents and would-be censors. But for the kids, these movies mirrored the real world, in which teenagers were discovering they had a certain kind of power, a kind of power that just might be able to challenge the power of their parents. And the teen rebel was born. In 1954, just a year before the Grease kids would start high school, Elvis Presley burst upon the American scene with his first hit, forever changing notions of gender and sexuality, rebelling against the "strong, silent type" model of previous generations of men like John Wayne and Gary Cooper, in favor of a remarkably sexual, nakedly emotional new model of maleness embodied by the likes of Marlon Brando and James Dean. John Waters documented this cultural shift in his film Cry-Baby, set just a few years before Grease. While the Grease kids ï¿½ and the showï¿½s authors ï¿½ were in high school, the movies Rock Around the Clock and Rock, Rock, Rock were released in 1956 (the same year the mayor of Jersey City, New Jersey, banned all rock and roll within the city limits), giving some teens their first chance to actually see Little Richard, Chuck Berry, Bill Haley and the Comets, The Platters, and many others performing their songs. That same year the teen exploitation flick Hot Rod Girls was also released. In 1957, Roger Cormanï¿½s daring Teenage Doll (which still holds up pretty well) and Eighteen and Anxious were released. Teenage Doll was about a girl gang out for revenge after one of their members is murdered by a rival gang. The film ended with a giant rumble with girl and boy gangs fighting in an auto salvage yard. This was not their parentsï¿½ kind of movie. That same year saw Michael Landon in I Was a Teenage Werewolf, a much more serious film than it sounds, about a damaged, "misunderstood" teen and about American teenagersï¿½ feelings (reinforced by rock and roll) of "us vs. them." Jack Kerouacï¿½s groundbreaking, anti-authoritarian On the Road was published that year too, the inevitable follow-up to Catcher in the Rye. In 1958, two more teen movies were released that showed us the underbelly of American teenage life (real or imagined), High School Confidential and the girl-gang High School Hellcats. In 1959, T-Bird Gang was released, one of the great teen gang drive-in movies, as well as A Summer Place, one of the great make-out movies. The 1928 sexually charged novel Lady Chatterleyï¿½s Lover was finally released in America in 1959 and sold six million copies the first year. Just after these kids graduated, in 1960, The Wild Ride was released, starring Jack Nicholson as the kind of cocky, smartass rebel that the Burger Palace Boys in Grease wish they could be. But 1960 also brought us that moment toward which everything had been leading and from which everything would flow. Dick Clark saw some kids doing a sexually suggestive dance called The Twist in his studio, inspired by a year-old record. Clark called the record label and asked for a new recording of "The Twist." It caught on like wildfire and convinced the adult population of America that the world was coming to an end. Sex was no longer subtle or implied. Sex had broken free of the bedroom and the 1960s were coming. These kids in Grease are on the cusp of that moment, just as they are on the cusp of adulthood. Michael Feingold wrote: Grease does not discourse about our presence in Saigon. Nor does it contain in-depth study of such other 50s developments as the growth of mega-corporations and conglomerates, the suburban building boom that broke the backs of our cities, the separation of laborï¿½s political power from the workers by union leaders and organization men. Although set in and around an urban high school, it does not even discuss one of the decadeï¿½s dominant news stories, the massive expansion of the university system, and the directing of a whole generation of war babies toward the pursuit of college degrees. Grease is an escape, a musical designed to entertain, not to concern itself with serious political and social matters. But because it is truthful, because it spares neither the details nor the larger shapes of the narrow experience on which it focuses so tightly, Grease implies the topics I have raised, and many others. So I think it is a work of art, a firm image that projects, by means of what it does contain, everything it has chosen to leave out. And between the throbs of its ebullience, charm, and comedy, it conveys a feeling, about where we have been and how we got to where we areï¿½ During the Greasersï¿½ senior year at Rydell High, in February 1959, another epoch changing event took place, the plane crash that killed Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and The Big Bopper ï¿½ "the day the music died." The 1950s were coming to a close, and a decade full of chaos and controversy was coming fast, with a whole new kind of rock and a whole new kind of American sexuality. Grease is a prequel to Hair, every bit as well crafted, every bit as authentic, every bit as insightful, and just as truth about an incredibly volatile, fascinating moment in American history. Rock and Roll Party Queen In the book Fever: How Rockï¿½nï¿½Roll Transformed Gender in America, author Tim Riley writes, "The boomers born after World War II, both men and women" ï¿½ the characters in Grease were all born around 1942 ï¿½ "learned much of what they know about how to be young, how to seek and earn love, and how to struggle toward adulthood from the popular music they listened to." As it would be for decades to come, rock music was more of an authority figure than any adult could ever be. "Rock stars helped their young fans grow from boys to men and girls to women," Riley writes, "by exploring and celebrating the nature of that struggle ï¿½ the full range of sexual bewilderment, frustration, and longing." Grease chronicles exactly that phenomenon. The kids in Grease may well have seen their rock heroes in person, since DJs like Alan Freed (a likely inspiration for Vince Fontaine) frequently hosted live rock and roll concerts in Cleveland, Chicago and elsewhere. Howard Miller, known as "Uncle Moo Moo," was the number one morning DJ in Chicago from 1947-1968, on WIND, where the Grease kids would no doubt listen to him every morning before school. In 1957, Miller produced the first live rock show in Chicago, featuring Tab Hunter, Charlie Gracie, Chuck Berry, Eddie Cochran, and the Everly Brothers. That same year Alan Freed got his own TV show, and it was such a success, the next month ABC picked up Dick Clarkï¿½s American Bandstand as well. In The Century of Sex, Petersen writes, "Previously, teenagers had shared their parentsï¿½ world ï¿½ watching the same movies, listening to the same songs on the radio. Now they had their own teenage idols, their own films, music, fads, and fashions." In retrospect we know that the well-behaved youngsters of yesteryear werenï¿½t well-behaved because they were morally superior, but because they rarely had the opportunity to misbehave. In the 1950s ï¿½ and even more so in the decades to come ï¿½ those opportunities would be almost without limit. Adults were no longer sources of wisdom; adults were now outsiders. Teenagers had power and, more important, they had their own culture. Palladino writes in Teenagers: By the mid-1950s, however, Seventeen [magazine]ï¿½s respectable brand of adolescent culture had real competition ï¿½ white, middle-class teenagers were not the only high school students with money to spend! Postwar prosperity had opened the door to an entirely different teenage world, one that was populated by working-class and black teenagers who had never participated in high school social life before. This demographic shift changed the nature ï¿½ and the appeal ï¿½ of the teenage market. These two worlds are represented in Grease by Sandy and Danny. Rock and roll was the first music ever created specifically for teenagers, and many adults literally predicted the apocalypse when they heard it. Now all American teens would lose their moral compass, they wailed, they would abandon all ambition and drive, and drown in a morass of juvenile delinquency. (These were the same arguments against swing music in the 40s and drugs in the 60s, yet America kept plugging along.) Sure, there were occasionally riots at rock concerts, but there had also been a riot at a Guy Lombardo concert in 1944. In The Century of Sex, Petersen writes: The ethic, if thatï¿½s what it could be called, was simply: Donï¿½t get in trouble. The sexually active lived in fear of pregnancy. The Kinsey Report had revealed that a large number of women were having premarital sex. A third Kinsey Institute report on Pregnancy, Birth and Abortion, which was published in 1958, would reveal that one out of every five women who had premarital sex became pregnant. Of those, one in five would be forced into marriage. The other four women had their pregnancies terminated by abortion. Greaseï¿½s subplot with Rizzo and her fear of pregnancy was a real part of life in the 50s for many unmarried, sexually active women. Unlike their parents, rock and roll took teenagers seriously. It took teenage sex and teenage love seriously. It put teenage emotions on a level with adult emotions, and it made teenagers feel like adults. And the best part for the kids was that parents hated rock and roll. (A 1957 article in Cosmopolitan asked "Are You Afraid of Your Teenager?") Much of the authenticity of Grease lies in its songs, a virtual catalog of 1950s styles, structures, chord progressions, lyrical themes, distinctive bass lines, and unforgettable guitar licks, all as authentic as a 1954 Fender Stratocaster. By opening the show with the old-fashioned "Alma Mater," followed by the explosion of the hard rocking "Alma Mater Parody," the kids of Grease literally rebel against their older selves (at the reunion), the past assaulting the present, reminding the adults in the audience that most of them have become what they once hated most: The Establishment. The "Alma Mater Parody," blasts off with one of the most famous guitar licks of all time, created by Chuck Berry for the hit "Johnny B. Goode." Berry was one of the fathers of rock and roll, and so in this first scene, Grease instantly establishes its authenticity and its street cred as a rock and roll document. The third song in the show "Those Magic Changes" comments on rockï¿½s most important characteristic ï¿½ aside from the beat ï¿½ the treatment of teenage love and emotion as serious and legitimate. The lyric starts off as a classic 50s teen lament, but it quickly becomes self-referential, a postmodern 50s song. Itï¿½s a song about falling in love but also about chord changes, about the comfort and familiarity of those four simple chords that undergirded the majority of early rock and roll. And those four chords open "Magic Changes"ï¿½C, A minor, F, and G7 ,or I, vi, IV, V7. The singer here is a boy lamenting lost love but finding safety and happy memories in those same four chords that he hears in every song: I have never heard that song before, But if I donï¿½t hear it anymore, Itï¿½s still familiar to me, Sends a thrill right through me, ï¿½Cause those chords remind me of The night that I first feel in love To those magic changes. (And notice the internal rhyming that gives the song such momentum: before/anymore, to me/through me, of/loveï¿½) But Doody goes even further with the metaphor, now suggesting that itï¿½s actually teenage emotion that creates, that incarnates rock and roll. He sings: My heart arranges A melody thatï¿½s never the same, A melody thatï¿½s calling your name And begs you, please, come back to me . Rock gives him those four never-changing chords, and his heart supplies the always-changing melody. This ever-present chord progression wasnï¿½t simple because songwriters were untalented; it was simple to get out of the way of the emotions of the songs, just like the best of rhythm and blues did. Unlike other musical forms ï¿½ and this was something the adults just couldnï¿½t get ï¿½ chords werenï¿½t the point here. The point is the emotion. This boy has been jilted, but heï¿½s not in love with her anymore; now the object of his love is rock and roll itself. Rock and roll understood teenagers. It wanted what they wanted. The fact that Doody plays the guitar is very significant. The guitar was the symbol of rock and roll, and by extension, of teenage rebellion. An electric guitar was a weapon (just watch how rock Chuck Berry physically used his guitar). The guitar represented freedom, teen culture, emotion, romance, angst ï¿½ and quite often, a penis! The guitar instilled confidence! That also explains Johnny Casino and the Gamblers in Greaseï¿½s prom scene ï¿½ every boy wanted to be a rock and roll star. 1959 was a pivotal moment for rock and roll. Up to that time, rock and roll addressed teen angst and misfired romance; but once the sixties arrived, rock songs would tackle war, injustice, sexual oppression, drugs, hypocrisy and authority, religion, and politics. The songs in Grease straddle those two worlds, posing as the simpler songs of the fifties while subtextually delivering potent social commentary and satire. Feingold wrote in his Grease introduction: Grease is in possession of a truth, one of its strongest, about the media and how they worked on us. This is of course best seen in its superb, sharp-eared songs. The musical basis of 50s rock is fractured by comedy quite early in the enumeration of "Those Magic Changes." After that it is a matter of astonishment how many delicate subforms there were to the songs of the period, and how many different comic approaches Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey use to pin them down: Imitative homage ("Rock ï¿½n Roll Party Queen"), outright burlesque ("Sandra Dee") ironic, look-the-other-way dirty joke ("Mooning"), character satire ("Freddy, My Love"), improbable-situation parody ("Beauty School Dropout"), and, best of all to my taste, the quiet revelation of fact as an antidote to the sentimentality of the originals. Take "Itï¿½s Raining on Prom Night" ï¿½ truthful, admittedly, but pretty squalid. Small. Petty. Not the deep sentimental tragedy you will find in a prototypical "serious" song like "Tell Tommy I Miss Him" or "Teen Angel." This song is easier to laugh at than some of the others because it is more firmly distanced ï¿½ not a report of something that actually happens to our heroine, just a convenient index to her momentary emotions. Jazz was made for the brain. It was about detachment, bemusement, coolness. But rock and roll came straight for the heart and the groin. It was about primal feelings and desires. It stripped its sound of precision, elegance, finesse, training (just like Punk). Real rock and roll was animal, outlaw. It was sweaty. It didnï¿½t float like jazz. It exploded. It pounded. Rock and roll was banned in major cities across America. It terrified white adult America. Listening to rock became the ultimate rebellion for white kids especially. Their parents saw it as the biggest danger to all thatï¿½s decent since ragtime in the 1910sï¿½ or alcohol in the 1920sï¿½ or marijuana in the 1930sï¿½ or swing in the 1940sï¿½ Rock and roll was responsible for an "emotional revolution" in America. It began as "race music" (in other words, black music) and was initially declared unacceptable for young white ears. But it fast became the first truly racially integrated American art form, coming from equal parts black rhythm & blues and white country music. (And the kids in Grease know R&B; Rizzo even references Bull Moose Jacksonï¿½s 1948 R&B song "Sneaky Pete" in the pajama party scene.) This was the first time in America that blacks and whites shared in the same culture, both consuming and creating it. And once Elvis appeared, rock and roll finally became (marginally) acceptable for white kids. For the first time in American history, white (young) people were being open and honest ï¿½ even inappropriate ï¿½ about their emotions. This was the most nakedly emotional music most white Americans had ever heard. And it changed everything. Soon after, in the 1960s, rock and roll would morph into Pop and Top 40, and it would no longer be the exclusive domain of the young. The adult world could finally got a grip on it. Elvis had been sent overseas. Chuck Berry was sent to prison for sexual misconduct. Congress held "payola" hearings to ruin DJs like Alan Freed, who broadcast his last live radio show in November 1957. Now, rock and roll would become commercialized and forget its roots. This would continue to happen to rock every decade or so. But Grease is about the beginning, when rock and roll was still pure, still naked, still dangerous, and America was still terrified of it. The Stacks of Wax The score of Grease is remarkable in its craft and authenticity, even referencing actual songs of the period. Many of the actual period songs that influenced the Grease score were not chart toppers, because the Grease kids didnï¿½t always listen to the most popular music; they were more musically and culturally adventurous than that. They listened to songs you could only hear late night on Alan Freedï¿½s radio show, "race songs," dirty songs, songs that scared adults. But itï¿½s important to note that the songs of Grease differ from real rock and roll songs in one significant way. The lyrics to real 50s rock and roll songs were the least important element of the song, often just dummy lyrics used as a vehicle for the artistsï¿½ personal vocal stylings, or for sophisticated harmonies or melodic ornaments. As in rhythm and blues, one of rock and rollï¿½s parents, a song didnï¿½t have to convey information, just style and emotion, most of which was delivered through the abstract language of music. But theatre songs have to convey a lot of information or the show wonï¿½t work (which is why it was such a mistake to put a real 50s song into the 1994 revival). Because sung lyrics take more time than spoken dialogue, musicals have to do a lot of storytelling in fewer words than a play. So in Grease, "Summer Nights" lays out the central backstory, as well as characterizing most of the two gangs through their pointed questions. "Magic Changes" and "Rock and Roll Party Queen" lay out and explore the showï¿½s central themes. Most of the girlsï¿½ songs provide psychological character details ï¿½ Marty and Rizzoï¿½s cynical view of love in "Freddy My Love" and "Worse Things;" the friction between Rizzo and Sandy in "Sandra Dee" ï¿½ but we also find commentary on 50s sexuality in "Greased Lightning," "Mooning," "Drive-In Movie," and of course "Worse Things." Every lyric contributes to the agenda of this deceptively sophisticated concept musical. Grease opens with an authentically bland and properly pious "Alma Mater," the sound of the adult world, of authority, complete with archaic language (like foretell, hovel, and thou shalt) which then is ripped apart, deconstructed, unexpectedly exploding into (a close facsimile of) that famous Chuck Berry electric guitar riff, invoking "Johnny B. Goode," as well as that audacious rejection of adult culture, "Roll Over Beethoven." Like Berryï¿½s "School Day (Ring, Ring Goes the Bell)," this parody "Alma Mater" is an assault, a declaration of culture war, a defiant fuck you to the adult world, as they literally steal away the adultï¿½s anthem, give it a driving beat, and twist it to suit their own purposes. And so Grease is off and running. This will not be a nice show, a tame show, a traditional show, the music tells us. This will be aggressive, even obnoxious. This will be rock and roll theatre. We move into the second scene and "Summer Nights," the introduction of two of the leads and their central plotline, inspired by real rock songs like Huey "Piano" Smithï¿½s "Donï¿½t You Just Know It?", a song released in 1958 as these kids were starting their senior year. "Summer Nights" introduces the ten main characters, allowing each of them to ask questions that reveal their characters. Marty wants to know if this guy has a car, while Frenchy only wants to know if Sandyï¿½s in love. Kenickie wants to know if the sex was rough, while Sonny only wants to know if the girl could fix him up with a friend. We see here and in the scene leading up to the song who each of the ten leads are ï¿½ Kenickie and Rizzo, both damaged, beaten down, angry young adults; Roger, the clown; Jan, the cynic; Doody and Frenchy, the innocents; Sonny, the "dangerous" one; and Marty, the Material Girl. And the song also establishes the central conflict of Grease and of the 1950s, that Danny is comfortable with sexuality while Sandy is lost ï¿½ trapped? ï¿½ in the fantasy of perfect love, thanks to the likes of Sandra Dee, her handlers, and the movie studios (which were losing all their pervious power, due in part to the burgeoning teen market). Some sources report that Rizzoï¿½s dismissal of Sandyï¿½s tale, "Cause he sounds like a drag," was originally written, "Cause he sounds like a fag." Itï¿½s certainly plausible, since Sandy describes a boy who barely touches her all summer, and in Rizzoï¿½s world, that might well mean the boy is gay (or at least it would be a solid, cynical put-down of Sandyï¿½s romantic story). After the song, Rizzo suggests Sandyï¿½s summer lover may be "a fairy." Now that the characters are established and the plot is underway, Grease takes a moment with "Those Magic Changes" to explore the showï¿½s central themes, to underline the importance and centrality of music in this story and also in the showï¿½s social commentary. Closely based on Paul Ankaï¿½s "Diana" and its distinctive bass line (you can actually sing "Magic Changes" to "Diana"), it also includes those distinctive falsettos vocal ornaments that pay homage to songs like The Diamondsï¿½ comic doo-wop hit, "Lil Darlinï¿½." Doody starts off solo, then the girls join in, then the boys join in, then two of the boys take off on those falsetto riffs, giving the whole song the tang of improvisation, as if these kids are just fooling around between classes. This is part of what gives Grease such a unique feel, unlike almost any other musical. This is a song that connects love ï¿½ but also sex in the form of the "magic changes" of puberty ï¿½ to rock and roll. This wasnï¿½t just music to this generation; it was life, it was love, it was sex. This was their music. They charted their lives to the songs on the radio, the song they fell in love to, the song they first had sex to. And as "Magic Changes" reminds us, every song is every other song, since so many of them used those exact same chord changes, a chord progression seemingly invented just for them (though really coming from rhythm and blues). All of rock and roll is "those magic changes" that Doody dreams of returning to him every night. The idea that all you need is a guitar to be a rock and roll star (perhaps in tribute to Bobby Bareï¿½s satirical 1958 Elvis song, "All-American Boy") was a deeply ingrained part of teen culture. The next song, "Freddy My Love" is the showï¿½s female doo-wop number, with a lead melody and rich harmonic back-up, closely based on "Eddie My Love" by The Tea Queens, while also slyly parodying The Shirellesï¿½ "I Met Him on a Sunday" and Ronnie Spectorï¿½s "Be My Baby," reinforcing old female stereotypes while also undermining and revising them. The driving triplet accompaniment here was a common beat in early rock and roll, invented by Fats Domino for "Every Night About This Time." Theyï¿½re living in the 1950s, but these are women of the 60s. The idea of the other girls becoming back up singers for Marty shows us how much they love the girl doo-wop groups, an entirely new phenomenon at that moment that would become huge in the 60s. The Ronettes were the first "slutty" girl group to make it big singing rock and roll. They were what the girls wanted to be (to get the guys) and what the guys dreamed about getting. "Freddy, My Love" is a song about early feminism, about women being sexual and aggressive. But itï¿½s also about the materialism of the 1950s, a mindset in which money is better than sex, and gifts are the only true expression of love. And the idea of Marty singing to a guy stationed in Korea references the fact that Elvis was still in the Army overseas at this point, a sad fact for many teenagers. "Greased Lightning" combines two of the three major cultural forces of the 50s, cars and rock and roll. Possibly inspired by The Cadillacsï¿½ cocky "Speedo," or Chuck Berryï¿½s "You Canï¿½t Catch Me," this is a companion piece to "Freddy My Love." This is the guysï¿½ perspective in the language of doo-wop: itï¿½s all about sex, cars, and sex in cars. An article on Answers.com describes the provocative, lusty Chuck Berry, duckwalking through "You Can't Catch Me", in the 1956 film Rock, Rock, Rock: "ï¿½his guitar as phallic looking a stage prop as anything seen on the screen this side of the bananas in a Carmen Miranda production number. Had a Black man ever before been permitted such a degree of sexual expression (and you can see the delightful, proud smugness on Berry's face, knowing what audience the movie was aimed at) in a movie intended for white audiences?" This is the unfettered sexuality that terrifies the adult world, and it does the same to Sandy. "Greased Lightning" is about Americaï¿½s love affair with cars and teenagersï¿½ love of speed. According to Rolling Stonesï¿½ excellent history Rock of Ages, "American automakers were asserting their productsï¿½ virtues of speed and power, turning the 1957 models into rocketship fantasies with nose cones, chrome grills, and razor sharp fins." This song is not just a catalog of car accessories, but instead a real insight into the dreams of these guys. After all, this is not a real car Kenickieï¿½s singing about, but an unreachable fantasy car (which is why it may be better if we donï¿½t actually see it onstage), the ultimate, luxury, high-performance, drag racing car, with high-priced accessories for speed and performance (lifters, fins, fuel injection), and also for automotive sex appeal (palomino dashboard, purple frenched tail lights, twin tail pipes). And itï¿½s clear from the details that this will be a car intended for drag racing, the gladiator sport of 1950s teenagers, an extreme and dangerous sport pitting one man against one man, in what was sometimes a battle to actual death. (Kenickie acknowledges this danger, and even knows how to diminish it with a fuel-injection cut-off, which stops the flow of gasoline in the event of a crash, in order to lower the danger of an explosion.) Drag racing was illegal, sometimes deadlyï¿½ and really sexy! Skill and success in drag racing could always get a guy laid, as Kenickie well knows (or at least imagines): "You know that ainï¿½t no shit; Iï¿½ll be gettinï¿½ lots of tit in Greased Lightning. . . You know that I ainï¿½t bragginï¿½; sheï¿½s a real pussy wagonï¿½" But the song also tells us that Kenickie doesnï¿½t really know much about drag racing or about customizing cars. A true drag racing enthusiast knows that the accessories Kenickie dreams of donï¿½t all make sense together. For example, the "four-barrel quads" refers to a carburetor, but a car with fuel injection (as in his "fuel injection cut-off") doesnï¿½t have a carburetor ï¿½ those two things would not be on the same car. And no one would chrome-plate connecting rods; chrome-plating was just for show and nobody can see connecting rods on a car. And though palomino leather was popular for car interiors, no one would put palomino leather on a dashboard. Finally, a kid in 1959 would either make his car look good or go fast; no kid had the money to do both (although you could argue that this is just a fantasy). In fact, a drag car that looked too good was the sure sign of a driver who wasnï¿½t really serious about racing. Itï¿½s safe to assume that Kenickie probably knows very little about cars or drag racing, which gives this lyric far more complexity, humor, and character detail than it seems. The song "Mooning" may have been inspired by The Mello-Kingsï¿½ "Tonight, Tonight" or The Skylinersï¿½ "Since I Donï¿½t Have You," and though the other songs in Grease proclaim a new worldview of sex and love, this one also trashes the old worldview, reducing the tepid moon-spoon-June romance of the 30s and 40s to silly anachronism. It contrasts love today (1959) with love yesterday (their parentsï¿½), the physical versus the romantic, the play between the old definition of mooning as an over-sentimentalizing of young love, and the new definition of mooning as the act of baring oneï¿½s ass. Like "Summer Nights," this is a song about the difference between chaste love and carnal love, the love Sandra Dee falls into versus the more real, more carnal love of naked, sweaty bodies. But this song goes further, into wickedly funny social satire; "Summer Nights" is about two kids, but "Mooning" is about the whole generation. This song is also a great example of the craftsmanship of the songs in this show. Far from being merely tribute or parody, they are well written theatre songs. The lyric for "Mooning" contains some smart, sly, internal rhymes: Lyinï¿½ by myself in bed, I Cry anï¿½ give myself the red eyeï¿½ They rhyme lyinï¿½ with cry anï¿½; and also bed, I with red eye, with the repetition of myself in the middle for structure. And in the coupletï¿½s payoff, they also sneak in another rude "ass joke," playing with two meanings of red eye, referring to tear-reddened eyes but also that phraseï¿½s 1950s slang definition, meaning the anus. As a companion piece to "Mooning," Rizzo makes the comparison more personal with "Look at Me, Iï¿½m Sandra Dee," an assault on Sandyï¿½s false role models, a shot across the bow, making certain that Sandy knows that Rizzo knows that itï¿½s all bullshit. The music is a classic, brilliantly imitative 1950s novelty song, with a meter and an introduction lovingly ripped off from David Sevilleï¿½s "The Chipmunk Song," the surprise hit of the 1958 Christmas season. But the laughs get even darker when you realize that every male movie star mentioned in the lyric was a closeted gay man, forced to live a lie by his studio. This is a song about sexual repression, false lives, and false role models, and itï¿½s proof that Rizzo knows more than we thought, that she has genuine insight into the world around her. And this peek into her mind allows her to carry the weighty "There Are Worse Things I Could Do" later in Act II. The act ends with "We Go Together," an archetypal Happy Teenager song, very closely modeled on The Kodaksï¿½ "Oh Gee, Oh Gosh" and Lewis Lymanï¿½s "Iï¿½m So Happy," maybe with a little dash of Little Richardï¿½s "Tutti Fruitti." (You can actually sing "We Go Together" to both "Iï¿½m So Happy" and "Oh Gee, Oh Gosh.") This is a song celebrating the nonsense syllables of early rock and roll, songs like "Gee" (The Crows), "Bip Bam" (The Drifters), "Oop Shoop," (The Queens), "Sh-Boom" and "Zippity Zum" (both by The Chords). Little Richardï¿½s famous phrase that "We Go Together" celebrates actually started off as "Awop-bop-a-loo-mop, a good goddamn!", followed by "Tutti Fruiti, good bootyï¿½" It was later cleaned up. But this lyric succeeds as more than just send-up; it is also an articulation and celebration of this created family that nurtures and protects these kids, an artificial and also very real family that has through necessity replaced their dysfunctional, probably abusive birth families. It is this family at the heart of the showï¿½s surface plot which must survive the difficulties and obstacles of teenage life, and also which must be sustained even as its leader attempts to create a relationship outside the family for the first time. This lyric tells us ï¿½ and these kids are telling each other ï¿½ that these Ties That Bind are indeed strong enough to withstand the current conflicts, and the songï¿½s reprise at the end of the show reminds us of the importance of that strength for these kids. Shakinï¿½ at the High School Hop Act II picks up where Act I left off, with "Shakinï¿½ at the High School Hop," a loving tribute to Little Richardï¿½s "Ready Teddy," as well as many other legendary songs, like "Shake, Rattle, and Roll" (Big Joe Turner, then Elvis, and others), "Whole Lotta Shakinï¿½ Goinï¿½ On" (Jerry Lee Lewis), "High School Confidential" (Jerry Lee Lewis), and "At the Hop" (Danny and the Juniors). The songï¿½s introductory chords come from Bobby Freemanï¿½s "Do You Wanna Dance?" In fact, "High School Confidential" actually contains the lyric, "Shakinï¿½ at the high school hopï¿½" Thereï¿½s also be a touch of Bobby Darinï¿½s "Splish Splash," a song which references other early rock and roll songs, just as "High School Hop" catalogues the dances of the time, including The Chicken, The Stroll, The Shimmy, The Cha-Cha, The Walk, The Hully-Gully, The Hand Jive, The Stomp, The Calypso, The Slop, and The Bop. It also names several songs of the period, including "Alley Oop" and "Mr. Lee," among others. "Itï¿½s Raining on Prom Night" is a Connie Francis number, combining attributes from several of her "weeper" songs, including "Frankie" (with a spoken section), "Valentino," "Carolina Moon," and "Happy Days and Lonely Nights," among others. The Latin beat recalls her fondness for recording Italian language ballads like the hit "Mama," and "Frankie" even contains the idea of hiding tears, that later shows up in "Worse Things I Could Do." It also has echoes of The Diamondsï¿½ "Little Darlinï¿½," with its Latin beat and one spoken verse. According to some sources, this was the first Grease song Jacobs and Casey wrote, even before they had conceived the show, satirically putting the trivial and mundane at the center of a big, emotional lament. Far more than any other song in the score, this is parody more than tribute or invocation. The Prom Scene is the centerpiece of Act II and, not surprisingly, almost the entire scene is accompanied by dance music. This is a scene thatï¿½s entirely about the rock and roll. And the centerpiece of the scene is "Born to Hand Jive," with its now universally famous choreography. The Hand Jive was invented for the Johnny Otis song, "Willie and the Hand Jive," which hit the charts in 1958 and stayed in the Top Ten for sixteen weeks. This "Hand Jive" also takes inspiration (and its bass line) from Bo Diddleyï¿½s self-titled song, "Bo Diddley," with its famous beat (the "hambone") that would accompany so many of Diddleyï¿½s songs. The beat is relentless, dangerous, wild abandon, the beat of sex. Once again, rock and roll is sex. Johnny Casino and the Gamblers are an example of the thousands of garage bands that appeared in the 50s. The lyric of "Hand Jive" clearly tells us that anyone can be a rock star if theyï¿½ve got the Beat in them, and the fact that everyone knows how to Hand Jive means everyone has the Beat. This was the beginning of the democratization of pop music that would continue into the 60s. Grace Palladino writes, "If unremarkable kids like Dion Di Mucci and his group, the Belmonts, who hailed from the Bronx, could make it on American Bandstand, [teenagers] reasoned, then anyone with talent and determination had the same chance to succeed." "Beauty School Dropout," Frenchyï¿½s wacky nightmare of the misogynist mainstream "real world," was inspired (musically) by songs like The Penguinsï¿½ classic "Earth Angel." But this scene also references the 1957 film Tammy and the Bachelor with Debbie Reynolds. Just before "Beauty School Dropout" starts, Frenchy wishes for a guardian angel "like in that Debbie Reynolds movie." In the film, Aunt Renie (Mildred Natwick) plays the role of Tammy's (metaphorical) fairy godmother, who transforms her into a captivating Southern belle, looking just like the portrait of an ancestor of this elite Southern family. She even gives Tammy the ancestorï¿½s dress to wear, so she can win the heart of her love. This is the fantasy Frenchy wants. And of course, itï¿½s what will eventually happen to Sandy, being taken under the wing of other women, given new clothes, and taught new manners, though all in a hard-core, rock-and-roll kinda wayï¿½ And itï¿½s also a smart parody of those psychological dream sequences in old-fashioned musical dramas like Oklahoma!, West Side Story, Lady in the Dark, and others, in which the leading lady works through her dilemma in the form of a dream. The joke here is that Frenchy doesnï¿½t get the answer she wants from her dream, because Grease isnï¿½t an old-fashioned musical. Dannyï¿½s big character song (sadly replaced in the film), "Alone at a Drive-In Movie," is a delicious tribute to and parody of the teen laments of early rock and roll, including The Penguinsï¿½ "Earth Angel" (you can sing "Drive-In Movie" to the original recording of "Earth Angel"), The Plattersï¿½ "The Great Pretender," The Flamingosï¿½ "Would I Be Cryinï¿½?", and Johnny Rayï¿½s "Cry." It is a classic male doo-wop song, with its independent bass line and falsetto tenor floating up above the lead melody. The song works both as a musical theatre "I Want" character song, and also as an authentic 50s rock lament. This moment couldnï¿½t be clearer: Sandy may want acceptance, (self-)love, self-knowledge, but Danny just wants sex. These two worlds have to find an accommodation, and they will in the showï¿½s finale. (The replacement song in the film, "Sandy," isnï¿½t a bad song, but it doesnï¿½t achieve half of what "Alone at a Drive-In Move" does, textually, thematically, or musically.) But this song also works on a second level, as a cultural commentary on the power of drive-in movies in teen culture in the 50s. Cars had been changing sex since the 1920s, but by the 50s, more teenagers had access to cars than ever before, giving them the privacy they craved on a regular basis. Drive-in movies had been created as family entertainment, and between 1943 and 1953, more than 2,900 drive-in theatres opened in America, the total reaching nearly 5,000 by 1958. And once television stole the family audience, drive-in owners targeted their marketing exclusively at teens, while small, low-budget studios started cranking out material specifically for this new niche market, creating "teen exploitation" films that drastically changed and radicalized teenagersï¿½ perception of themselves and each other. Drive-ins became a place to cruise for girls, hang with the "wrong crowd," get drunk and get laid (awkwardly, in the back seat). These films opened teenaged eyes to sex, violence, and other various vices like never before, inadvertently creating a new, more sophisticated, more cynical teen market. The fake movie dialogue in the scene leading up to "Alone at the Drive-In Movie" lampoons the two most prevalent genres of drive-in films: horror movies (a comic mix of I Was a Teenage Werewolf and those paranoid 1950s "science run amok" flicks, like 1954ï¿½s Them!) and drag racing movies. Strangely enough, television had also come close to killing radio, in ratings and advertising revenue, until radio did what the drive-ins did by targeting teenagers. "Rock and Roll Party Queen" is another song (like "Magic Changes" and "Hand Jive") that reminds us that Grease isnï¿½t primarily about Danny and Sandy; itï¿½s about rock and roll and how it impacted American sex. This is a tribute to the Everly Brothers and their perfect-thirds harmonies, modeled on "Wake Up, Little Susie" (a song about having sex at the drive-in) and other Everly Brothers hits, as well as songs like the Dell-Vikingsï¿½ "Come Go With Me." The lyric says more than it seems, describing a party girl that all the kids "know" (in the Biblical sense?), that they talk about, who stays out late with boys, and who will soon be seventeen (the age of sexual consent, which of course means sheï¿½s currently under the age of consentï¿½). The Party Queen is the fully sexual girl that Rizzo is and Sandy may become. In context, the song both comments on Rizzoï¿½s fears of pregnancy and foreshadows Sandyï¿½s realization that sheï¿½s too repressed sexually. This scene also shows us another aspect of 50s teen culture, the Basement Party. Grace Palladino writes in Teenagers, "If their parents could afford it, they followed the expertsï¿½ advice to fix up party rooms to keep young teenagers safe at home . . . complete with a television set, soft drink bar, and plenty of room for dancing." Jan hosts this party and Marty hosts the pajama party in Act I ï¿½ their parents clearly know about this philosophy. But the scene is important dramatically because itï¿½s the first time we see both Rizzo and Kenickie grapple with real, serious emotions, revealing a vulnerability that is uncomfortable for both of them. Rizzoï¿½s big Eleven Oï¿½Clock Number (the big character-revealing song just before the finale) is the now classic "There Are Worse Things I Could Do," possibly inspired by The Tune Weaversï¿½ "Happy, Happy Birthday, Baby," a 50s song with a similar "broken heart" theme and beat. Rizzo is (spiritually if not actually) one of the Beats (commonly ï¿½ and derisively ï¿½ called Beatniks by the mainstream to suggest that they were Communists), a group most famously represented by Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, who in the 1950s rejected mainstream values, morality, and art, trying to break through the faï¿½ade of polite society to a more honest, more authentic way of living. "Worse Things" contains the entirety of 1950s youth (and Beat) morality in its lyric. Like everything else in Grease, Rizzo represents that transition from the 50s to the 60s. Sheï¿½d like us to think sheï¿½s as authentic as they come, but she hides Kenickieï¿½s paternity from him and she hides her hurt from her friends. Itï¿½s only when Sandy calls Rizzo on her "mask" that Rizzo sings "There Are Worse Things I Could Do," beginning a two-song arc of revelation for Sandy. Structurally, this song links these two women. In each of the three verses, Rizzo attacks Sandy for her perceived sins ï¿½ being a tease (leading Danny on but not delivering), being self-pitying (most notably in "Raining on Prom Night"), and being judgmental (in the scene leading up to the song). As often happens in real life, the sins Rizzo sees in Sandy are also Rizzoï¿½s sins as well. "Worse Things" segues directly to its companion piece, Sandy's parallel self-evaluation, the reprise of "Look at Me, I'm Sandra Dee," in which Sandy finally sees and accepts the truth in Rizzoï¿½s metaphor, finally recognizing that she must reject artificial values imposed by othersand find her own way. But Sandy only comes to this realization because "Worse Things" opened her up to the idea of authenticity as a fundamental value; now she can act on that newfound wisdom in her reprise (just like in all the ancient hero myths). Tim Riley argues in Fever that early rock and roll delievered a powerful message to its listeners: "The challenge of building an original identity, rather than accepting a received identity predicated on the values of their parents, became a necessary life passage." Like all the best theatre songs, Sandy makes a decision in the "Sandra Dee" reprise, and the plot takes a turn toward its final destination. Sandy must decide who she is herself and what she values; she must embrace all of who she is, including her sexuality. She now realizes that only when she is true to herself can she be happy with Danny, and this final revelation will lead us to the showï¿½s rowdy, playful finale "All Choked Up" (sadly replaced in the film by the less carnal disco number "You're the One That I Want"). And again, we can see Jacobs and Caseyï¿½s lyric writing craft here, as they effortlessly spin out multiple internal rhymes without ever disrupting a line or thought: Look at me,	i don't know
Which character was played by Audrey Hepburn in 'My Fair Lady'?	My Fair Lady (1964) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A misogynistic and snobbish phonetics professor agrees to a wager that he can take a flower girl and make her presentable in high society. Director: Alan Jay Lerner (book), George Bernard Shaw (from a play by) (as Bernard Shaw) \| 1 more credit » Stars: a list of 44 titles created 10 Dec 2011 a list of 35 titles created 21 Dec 2011 a list of 40 titles created 25 Apr 2012 a list of 30 titles created 03 Feb 2013 a list of 24 titles created 5 months ago Title: My Fair Lady (1964) 7.9/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 8 Oscars. Another 15 wins & 13 nominations. See more awards » Videos A woman leaves an Austrian convent to become a governess to the children of a Naval officer widower. Director: Robert Wise Young Oliver Twist runs away from an orphanage and meets a group of boys trained to be pickpockets by an elderly mentor. Director: Carol Reed A magical nanny helps bring the two children she's in charge of closer to their father through songs and magical adventures. Director: Robert Stevenson A Victorian Englishman bets that with the new steamships and railways he can circumnavigate the globe in eighty days. Directors: Michael Anderson, John Farrow Stars: David Niven, Cantinflas, Finlay Currie Edit Storyline Pompous phonetics professor Henry Higgins is so sure of his abilities that he takes it upon himself to transform a Cockney working-class girl into someone who can pass for a cultured member of high society. His subject turns out to be the lovely Eliza Doolittle, who agrees to speech lessons to improve her job prospects. Higgins and Eliza clash, then form an unlikely bond -- one that is threatened by an aristocratic suitor. Written by Jwelch5742 The loverliest motion picture of them all! See more » Genres: 25 December 1964 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Mi bella dama See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia Of the main cast only Stanley Holloway actually sang. The others were either dubbed or just talked their way through the songs. See more » Goofs In the Royal Ascot scene, the horses race in the wrong direction. Ascot is a right-handed track where the horses race clockwise and the grandstand is on the outside of the track. The camera is facing the crowd, so the horses should race from left to right, but they're shown racing the other way. See more » Quotes [first lines] [sounds from crowd, occasionally a word or phrase, indistinct and mostly not associated with a character] Mrs. Eynsford-Hill : Don't just stand there, Freddy, go and find a cab. Freddy Eynsford-Hill : All right, I'll get it, I'll get it. See more » Crazy Credits In the posters, playbills and the original cast album for the stage version of "My Fair Lady", the credits always read "based on Bernard Shaw's 'Pygmalion' ", letting the audience know what play "My Fair Lady" was actually adapted from. The movie credits simply read "from a play by Bernard Shaw". See more » Connections I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face (1956) (uncredited) A musical with a brain as well as a heart 28 August 2003 \| by eliza-doolittle (Cambridge) – See all my reviews There's a lot of negative things been said about Audrey Hepburn's interpretation of the role of Eliza. Perhaps she's not ideal in the earliest scenes of the movie - her "dirtiness" is never quite believable - but it has to be said that despite this smallish drawback she still glows, and makes an amazing Eliza overall. The reason for this is simple; Audrey Hepburn brings her "own spark of divine fire", (to quote Higgins) to the role and her vulnerability, mixed with her sweet, naive charm and even her wonderfully juvenile pettishness shown in "Just You Wait" all prove what a talented actress she really is. For an example of this, just watch Eliza's facial expression at Ascot, when she realises her opportunity to demonstrate her new-found mastery of the English tongue - sweetly hilarious. MFL has been criticized as being too romanticized, too overblown. I disagree; musicals are suposed to be lavish affairs, and none pull it off quite so well as "My Fair Lady" does. It's a momentous film but it has its subtle points: watch the way in which Eliza's eyes are centred on Higgins when she enters at the ball, and the way in which the two of them stare at each other for a few seconds at the top of the stairs a few moments later. It musn't be overlooked that, thanks to its being based on a Bernard Shaw play, "My Fair Lady" has what the great majority of musicals lack: a deeper meaning and something really quite profound to say. The actor in the role of Colonel Pickering is a little weak, but it must be said that Rex Harrison IS Henry Higgins. In a lot of ways (in fact, in most ways) Higgins has an objectionable personality: rude, snobbish, impatient and even misogynistic, but somehow Rex Harrison pulls it all off and makes us like Higgins without betraying the character. As to romance, his song "I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face" is an ode to the kind of love which sneaks up on you. Overall, this movie is romantic, but not too sentimental. It has just enough romance to be dramatically fulfilling, but it never becomes soppy or mawkish. The word "love" is never mentioned at all and the two leads never even kiss. The famous end sequence is perfect and does the movie justice; after all, a big happy bow tied around a perfect romance at the end would simply not fit with everything we have learned about the two protagonists. 91 of 152 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Eliza Doolittle
The character 'Honey Rider' appeared in which Bond film?	My Fair Lady Movie 1964: Why It's Much Less Sexist Than You Think Archive Photos / Getty Images Audrey Hepburn in a scene from the film 'My Fair Lady' Think it's a sexist relic? Think again I know what you’re going to say about Eliza Doolittle and Henry Higgins. A snobby British guy in a Sherlock suit tries to “improve” a working woman by teaching her to talk pretty and look bangin’ in necklaces?! Screw you, Henry Higgins! Lean in to the flower business, Eliza! There’s nothing “loverly” about misogynistic woman-shaping narratives! Put My Fair Lady in a folder with all the other movies that “send bad messages,” like Grease and Gone With the Wind! Screw Henry Higgins, indeed, but please do not underestimate My Fair Lady, a movie that, on Tuesday, celebrates the 50th anniversary of its premiere. And although it may be easy to dismiss the 1964 movie musical as an outdated rom-com from the shady period before feminism got rolling, it’s much more than just a relic of a sexist time. The movie itself isn’t misogynistic– it’s about misogyny. First, a little history: The 1964 Audrey Hepburn movie version of My Fair Lady is based on the Broadway musical (starring Julie Andrews) with songs written by Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe. The musical was based on George Bernard Shaw’s 1912 play, Pygmalion, which was itself based on the part in Ovid’s Metamorphosis when a sculptor named Pygmalion falls in love with his statue of the perfect woman. That part of Metamorphosis was based on every guy who ever thought he could create the girl of his dreams (specifically, Freddie Prinze Jr. in She’s All That, of which Ovid was reportedly a mega-fan). Even studio execs are always trying to cultivate the perfect girl, and that led to a bit of behind-the-scenes drama when it came to casting Eliza Doolittle. Julie Andrews had played Eliza on Broadway, and had already mastered the character and the vocals, and her stage co-star Rex Harrison was going to play Higgins in the movie. But studio head Jack Warner didn’t think Julie Andrews had the name recognition or glamor to carry a major motion picture. “With all her charm and ability, Julie Andrews was just a Broadway name known primarily to those who saw the play,” Jack Warner wrote in his 1965 autobiography My First Hundred Years in Hollywood. “I knew Audrey Hepburn had never made a financial flop.” But Andrews got the last word — losing the My Fair Lady role allowed her to make Mary Poppins, for which she won a Golden Globe and Oscar for Best Actress. Audrey herself was still pretty good, even if she had to have her songs dubbed by another singer. As TIME wrote after the movie came out in 1964: The burning question mark of this sumptuous adaptation is Audrey Hepburn’s casting as Eliza, the role that Julie Andrews had clearly been born to play….after a slow start, when the practiced proficiency of her cockney dialect suggests that Actress Hepburn is really only slumming, she warms her way into a graceful, glamorous performance, the best of her career. From Ancient Greece to Edwardian England to 1960s Hollywood, the narrative remains the same: an overbearing male “genius” who transforms a pliable (read: vulnerable) woman from her meager, inadequate self into his personal ideal of womanhood. But thanks to Lerner and Loewe’s songs, My Fair Lady critiques that narrative as much as it upholds it. Their musical is not about a genius attempting to transform a weak woman. It’s about a strong woman attempting to retain her identity in spite of the controlling machinations of a small-minded man. Take, for example, the undisguised misogyny in nearly all of Henry Higgins’s songs (spoken, with droll irony, by Rex Harrison). This is from a song near the end, fittingly titled “ A Hymn to Him ,” in which Higgins asks “Why can’t a woman be more like a man?”: Why is thinking something women never do? Why is logic never even tried? Straightening up their hair is all they ever do / Why don’t they straighten up the mess that’s inside? This comes shortly after he says women’s “heads are full of cotton, hay and rags” calls men a “marvelous sex.” That’s not the only song where he drones on about how amazing he is compared to women: in “You Did It,” he takes complete credit for everything Eliza does, and in “I’m an Ordinary Man,” he idealizes his woman-free “bachelor” life. Now, it’s entirely possible that Lerner and Loewe were themselves misogynistic jerks, and these songs were meant as appreciative bro-anthems. Maybe if they had been alive today, the music videos would have featured naked models on leashes. But more likely, they wrote these songs to humiliate Henry Higgins, to show the audience that he’s a jerk and they know it. And Eliza Doolittle has plenty of songs that demonstrate she is anything but a statue; after all, the entire musical is written largely from her perspective. By far the best is “ Without You, ” which is pretty much the Edwardian-showtune version of Beyoncé’s “Irreplaceable:” Without your pulling it, the tide comes in Without your twirling it, the Earth can spin Without your pushing them, the clouds roll by, If they can do without you, ducky, so can I. There’s also “Show Me” (where she tells her loser boyfriend Freddy that actions speak louder than words) and “Just You Wait” (where she fantasizes about leaving Henry Higgins for him to drown in the ocean while she goes to meet the King). Lerner and Loewe could easily have made Eliza into a love-sick ingenue, just by writing a few more songs like “I Could Have Danced All Night” (where she’s crushing on Higgins because they danced for a hot second, remember it’s 1912.) But they didn’t. Of course, the whole Eliza-is-a-strong-woman argument gets compromised by the ending. Because after all her proclamations that she can “stand on her own,” Eliza comes back to Higgins. And when he asks “where the devil are my slippers?” she brings them to him. It’s an ending with the same ashy taste as the ending of Grease, because it seems incongruous: Eliza has no business being with Higgins, and it’s clear she’s independent-minded enough to know it. Except, it’s 1912. And Eliza has no family connections, no money and no formal education, which means she has nowhere to go but back to the streets (or away with the insipid and financially dubious Freddy). She isn’t brainwashed or stupid — when given the choice between an emotionally abusive man and destitution, she chose the man. Choosing the man doesn’t make My Fair Lady a sexist movie; it makes it a movie about a sexist time. Of course, 50 years later, there’s another version of My Fair Lady: Selfie, on ABC, is the newest to take up the Pygmalion mantel, when a male marketing exec “rebrands” a girl who has fouled up her social media presence. Let’s see how they do it without Lerner and Loewe. Read TIME’s 1964 review of My Fair Lady, here in the archives: Still the Fairest of Them All Sign up for	i don't know
What is the name of the character played by Johnny Depp in the 2009 film 'Public Enemies'?	Public Enemies (2009) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC The Feds try to take down notorious American gangsters John Dillinger, Baby Face Nelson and Pretty Boy Floyd during a booming crime wave in the 1930s. Director: a list of 25 titles created 17 Mar 2011 a list of 35 titles created 31 Mar 2012 a list of 32 titles created 15 May 2012 a list of 45 titles created 28 May 2014 a list of 30 titles created 9 months ago Search for " Public Enemies " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 1 win & 14 nominations. See more awards » Videos The story of George Jung, the man who established the American cocaine market in the 1970s. Director: Ted Demme Revolves around Frank, an American tourist visiting Italy to mend a broken heart. Elise is an extraordinary woman who deliberately crosses his path. Director: Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck Stars: Johnny Depp, Angelina Jolie, Paul Bettany An FBI undercover agent infiltrates the mob and finds himself identifying more with the mafia life, at the expense of his regular one. Director: Mike Newell In 1970s America, a detective works to bring down the drug empire of Frank Lucas, a heroin kingpin from Manhattan, who is smuggling the drug into the country from the Far East. Director: Ridley Scott A writer is accused of plagiarism by a strange man, who then starts haunting him for "justice." Director: David Koepp American journalist Paul Kemp takes on a freelance job in Puerto Rico for a local newspaper during the 1960s and struggles to find a balance between island culture and the expatriates who live there. Director: Bruce Robinson A small-time rancher agrees to hold a captured outlaw who's awaiting a train to go to court in Yuma. A battle of wills ensues as the outlaw tries to psych out the rancher. Director: James Mangold A look at the early years of boxer "Irish" Micky Ward and his brother who helped train him before going pro in the mid 1980s. Director: David O. Russell The infamous story of Benjamin Barker, AKA Sweeney Todd, who sets up a barber shop down in London which is the basis for a sinister partnership with his fellow tenant, Mrs. Lovett. Based on the hit Broadway musical. Director: Tim Burton In Victorian Era London, a troubled clairvoyant police detective investigates the murders by Jack The Ripper. Directors: Albert Hughes, Allen Hughes Stars: Johnny Depp, Heather Graham, Ian Holm A research chemist comes under personal and professional attack when he decides to appear in a "60 Minutes" expose on Big Tobacco. Director: Michael Mann Edit Storyline This is the story of the last few years of the notorious bank robber John Dillinger. He loved what he did and could imagine little else that would make him happier. Living openly in 1930s Chicago, he had the run of the city with little fear of reprisals from the authorities. It's there that he meets Billie Frechette with whom he falls deeply in love. In parallel we meet Melvin Purvis, the FBI agent who would eventually track Dillinger down. The FBI was is in its early days and Director J. Edgar Hoover was keen to promote the clean cut image that so dominated the organization through his lifetime. Purvis realizes that if he is going to get Dillinger, he will have to use street tactics and imports appropriate men with police training. Dillinger is eventually betrayed by an acquaintance who tells the authorities just where to find him on a given night. Written by garykmcd Rated R for gangster violence and some language \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 1 July 2009 (USA) See more » Also Known As: $25,271,675 (USA) (3 July 2009) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia Dillinger is shown serenading his hostages while driving away from the prison escape by singing "The Last Round-Up". "The Last Round-Up" was published in 1933. It became songwriter Billy Hill 's biggest hit. It wasn't long before the song became No. 1 and stayed there for 9 weeks. According to Lee Hill Taylor, while her father was working on a ranch in Montana he asked one of the cowboys why they continued to ride in a round-up when they got older. The cowboy told him there was a time when they had to stop and that would be their "last round-up." Right after their brief conversation this cowboy was riding his horse and was accidentally knocked off and trampled to death. Hill never forgot that terrible accident and used it as the basis for his memorable song. See more » Goofs The film features Benny Goodman 's recording of Ferdinand 'Jelly Roll' Morton 's song King Porter Stomp, which was made on July 1, 1935 - almost a year after John Dillinger 's death on July 22, 1934. See more » Quotes J. Edgar Hoover : John Dillinger held up a bank for $74,000 while you failed to arrest Nelson. Melvin Purvis : Sir, I take full responsibility. And I would like to make a request. That we transfer men with special qualifications to augment the staff here in Chicago. There are some former Texas and Oklahoma lawmen currently with the Bureau in Dallas. J. Edgar Hoover : I thought you understood what I'm building. A modern force of professional young men of the best sort. Melvin Purvis : I'm afraid our type cannot get the job done. The title of the movie is not shown until the end credits. See more » Connections Written and Performed by John Powell Courtesy of Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation Johnny Dillinger and other characters 2 July 2009 \| by hollyfairbanks-usa (Los Angeles, CA) – See all my reviews Digital is the world of Michael Man with all its drawbacks. It works up to a point, if you don't mind being distracted by the make up on the actors faces, pimples and blemishes. The final adventures on John Dillinger's life look and feel like a work of fiction and I suspect that in "Public Enemies" they are, 50/50, fact and fiction. Johnny Depp is marvelous no matter what and his is a star performance. There is only a vague approach to a real characterization, but I didn't care because I go wherever Johnny Depp wants to take me. It was like that with Gary Cooper too, wasn't it? Part of the sneaky narrative is to have Dillinger the criminal played by the angelic Depp and Purvis the noble FBI guy played by Christian Bale that emanates evil without even trying. If you're interested in performances, like I am, Billy Crudup is the thing in a sensational turn as J Edgar Hoover in spite of the digital thing, that makes him look as if Hoover suffered from some rare skin condition, damn shame if you ask me. Marion Cottillard is absolutely lovely but we knew that already and the rest of the characters remain an enigma, they enter and leave the scene without us ever having a clue who they are. Giovanni Ribisi, Stephen Dorff, Jason Clark, who were they and Lelee Sobieski? It was startling to see her appear on the third act. Who was she suppose to be? In any case, the film has a Michael Mann feel and it's technically great. The shootings are extraordinary and Johnny Depp totally beautiful. I suppose that should be enough to applaud and recommend "Public Enemies". I did and I will even if, I must confess, I expected more or maybe less. 117 of 215 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	John Dillinger
What character was played by Gene Hackman in 'The French Connection'?	Johnny Depp \| Elm Street Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Depp has gained acclaim for his portrayals of people such as Edward D. Wood, Jr. , in Ed Wood , Joseph D. Pistone in Donnie Brasco , Hunter S. Thompson in Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas , George Jung in Blow , and the bank robber John Dillinger in Michael Mann 's Public Enemies . Films featuring Depp have grossed over $3.1 billion at the United States box office and over $7.6 billion worldwide. [2] He has been nominated for top awards many times, winning the Best Actor Awards from the Golden Globes for Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street and from the Screen Actors Guild for Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl . He also has garnered a sex symbol status in American cinema, being twice named as the Sexiest man alive by People magazine [3] in 2003 and 2009. Contents Early life Childhood Depp was born in Owensboro , Kentucky, the son of John Christopher Depp, Sr., a civil engineer , and his wife, the former Betty Sue Wells, a waitress . [4 ] He has one brother, Daniel, who is a novelist, and two sisters, Christie (now his personal manager) and Debbie. His parents divorced when he was a teenager and his mother married, as her second husband, Robert Palmer (died 2000), whom Depp called "an inspiration to me". [5 ] The Depp family in the United States began with a French Huguenot immigrant, Pierre Deppe or Dieppe, who settled in Virginia around 1700, [6 ] part of a refugee colony situated above the falls on the James River. The actor has also surmised that he is part Native American , saying in 2011, "I guess I have some Native American [in me] somewhere down the line. My great-grandmother was quite a bit of Native American, she grew up Cherokee or maybe Creek Indian. Makes sense in terms of coming from Kentucky, which is rife with Cherokee and Creek." [7 ] The family moved frequently during Depp's childhood, and he and his siblings lived in more than 20 different locations, settling in Miramar , Florida, in 1970. In 1978, Depp's parents divorced. He engaged in self-harm as a child, due to the stress of dealing with family problems. He has seven or eight self-inflicted scars. In a 1993 interview, he explained his self-injury by saying, "My body is a journal in a way. It's like what sailors used to do, where every tattoo meant something, a specific time in your life when you make a mark on yourself, whether you do it yourself with a knife or with a professional tattoo artist". [8 ] 1980s With the gift of a guitar from his mother when he was 12, Depp began playing in various garage bands . His first band was in honor of his girlfriend, Meredith. A year after his parents' divorce, Depp dropped out of high school to become a rock musician. As he said on Inside the Actors Studio , he attempted to go back to school two weeks later, but the principal told him to follow his dream of being a musician. He played with The Kids, a band that enjoyed modest local success. The Kids set out together for Los Angeles in pursuit of a record deal, changing their name to Six Gun Method, but the group split up before signing a record deal. Depp subsequently collaborated with the band Rock City Angels [9 ] and co-wrote their song "Mary", which appeared on Rock City Angels' debut for Geffen Records titled Young Man's Blues. On December 24, 1983, Depp married Lori Anne Allison, a makeup artist and sister of his band's bass player and singer. During Depp's marriage, his wife worked as a makeup artist while he worked a variety of odd jobs, including a telemarketer for pens. His wife introduced him to actor Nicolas Cage , who advised Depp to pursue an acting career. They divorced in 1985. Depp later dated and was engaged to Sherilyn Fenn (whom he met on the set of the 1985 short film Dummies). Both Sherilyn Fenn and Depp auditioned for the 1986 film Thrashin' and they were both cast, with Depp being chosen by the film's director to star as the lead, which would have been Depp's first major role. Depp was later turned down by the film's producer who rejected the directors decision. [10 ] [11 ] Career [1] [2] Johnny Depp at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival ===Television=== Depp starred in a lead role on the Fox TV television series, 21 Jump Street , which premiered in 1987. Depp accepted this role to work with actor Frederic Forrest , who inspired him. Depp's long time friend Sal Jenco joined the cast as a semi-co-star as the janitor named Blowfish. The series' success turned Depp into a popular teen idol during the late 1980s. He felt "forced into the role of product." [12 ] Depp decided to appear only in films that he felt were right for him. [12 ] Film roles Depp's first major role was in the 1984 classic horror film A Nightmare on Elm Street , playing the boyfriend of the heroine, Nancy Thompson , (played by Heather Langenkamp ) and one of Freddy Krueger 's victims. He originally went with his friend Jackie Earle Haley as company while he auditioned for a part in the film, however Depp was given a role instead as Glen Lantz while 26 years later Haley would get the part of Freddy Krueger in the remake. Depp was the first choice and was cast to star in the now classic, 1986 American skater drama film Thrashin' , chosen and cast by the director but ultimately rejected by the films producer. [13 ] [14 ] In 1986, he appeared in a secondary role as a Vietnamese -speaking private in Oliver Stone 's Platoon . In 1990 he undertook the quirky title role of the Tim Burton film, Edward Scissorhands . The film's success began his long association with Burton. Depp, a fan and long-time friend of writer Hunter S. Thompson , played a version of Thompson (named Raoul Duke ) in 1998's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas , based on the writer's pseudobiographical novel of the same name. Depp accompanied Thompson as his road manager on one of the author's last book tours. [15 ] In 2006, Depp contributed a foreword to Gonzo: Photographs by Hunter S. Thompson , a posthumous biography published by ammobooks.com. Depp paid for most of Thompson's memorial event, complete with fireworks and the shooting of Thompson's ashes by a cannon, in Aspen , Colorado, where Thompson lived. [16 ] Critics have described Depp's roles as characters who are "iconic loners." [17 ] Depp has noted this period of his career was full of "studio defined failures" and films that were "box office poison," [18 ] but he thought the studios never understood the films and did not do a good job of marketing. [17 ] Depp has chosen roles which he found interesting, rather than those he thought would succeed at the box office. [17 ] [3] [4] Depp wearing a mustache and goatee similar to the style used in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl The 2003 Walt Disney Pictures film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl was a major success, [17 ] in which Depp's performance as the suave pirate Captain Jack Sparrow was highly praised. Studio bosses were more ambivalent at first, [19 ] but the character became popular with the movie-going public. [17 ] According to a survey taken by Fandango , Depp was a major draw for audiences. [20 ] The film's director, Gore Verbinski , has said that Depp's character closely resembles the actor's personality, but Depp said he modeled the character after Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards . [21 ] Depp was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for the role. In 2004, he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor , for playing Scottish author J. M. Barrie in the film Finding Neverland . Depp next starred as Willy Wonka in the 2005 film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , a major success at the box office and earning him a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy . [21 ] [22 ] Depp returned to the role of Jack Sparrow for the sequel Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest , which opened on July 7, 2006 and grossed $135.5 million in the first three days of its U.S. release, breaking a box office record of the highest weekend tally. [23 ] The next sequel to Pirates of the Caribbean, At World's End , was released May 24, 2007. Depp has said that Sparrow is "definitely a big part of me", and he wants to play the role in further sequels. [24 ] Depp voiced Sparrow in the video game, Pirates of the Caribbean: The Legend of Jack Sparrow . [25 ] Johnny Depp's swashbuckling sword talents as developed for the character of Jack Sparrow , were highlighted in the documentary film Reclaiming the Blade . Within the film, Swordmaster Bob Anderson shared his experiences working with Depp on the choreography for The Curse of the Black Pearl. Anderson, who also trained Errol Flynn , another famous Hollywood pirate, described in the film Depp's ability as an actor to pick up the sword to be "about as good as you can get." [26 ] Depp and Gore Verbinski were executive producers of the album Rogues Gallery, Pirate Ballads, Sea Songs and Chanteys. Depp played the title role of Sweeney Todd in Tim Burton's film adaptation of the musical , for which he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . Depp thanked the Hollywood Foreign Press Association and praised Tim Burton for his "unwavering trust and support." [27 ] Depp played the former Heath Ledger character in the 2009 film, The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus along with Jude Law and Colin Farrell . All three actors gave their salaries from the film to Ledger's daughter, Matilda. [28 ] He portrayed the Mad Hatter in Burton's Alice in Wonderland , and the titular character in Rango . Future roles Depp will appear in a film version of writer Hunter S. Thompson 's book, The Rum Diary , [15 ] portraying the main character, Paul Kemp. In 2007, Depp accepted Warner Bros. ' proposal to make a film of the gothic soap opera Dark Shadows , a series that aired on ABC from 1966 to 1971. He had been a fan as a child. Depp and Graham King will produce the movie with David Kennedy, who ran Dan Curtis Productions inc. until Curtis died in 2006. He will play Tonto in a future Lone Ranger film. [29 ] Depp will also produce Hugo Cabret , based on the novel The Invention of Hugo Cabret , film a documentary about Keith Richards , and have a cameo appearance in Jack & Jill . Depp will make a cameo appearance in a film adaptation of 21 Jump Street , the show he starred in during the late 1980s. [30 ] Depp will star in and produce an adaptation of the comic book Rex Mundi . [31 ] [32 ]Depp will collaborate with Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides director Rob Marshall again to create a remake of The Thin Man . [33 ] Depp also showed interest in starring in the next Sin City films, with Robert Rodriguez wanting him to star as Wallace . [34 ] Collaboration with Tim Burton Depp has collaborated with director and close friend Tim Burton in seven films, beginning with Edward Scissorhands (1990), opposite Winona Ryder and Vincent Price . His next role with Burton was in the 1994 film, Ed Wood . Depp later said that "within 10 minutes of hearing about the project, I was committed." [35 ] At the time, the actor was depressed about films and filmmaking. This part gave him a "chance to stretch out and have some fun"; he said working with Landau "rejuvenated my love for acting". [35 ] Producer Scott Rudin once said, "Basically Johnny Depp is playing Tim Burton in all his movies," [36 ] although Burton personally disapproved of the comment. Depp, however agrees with Rudin's statement. According to Depp, Edward Scissorhands represented Burton's inability to communicate as a teenager. Ed Wood reflected Burton's relationship with Vincent Price (very similar with Edward D. Wood, Jr. and Béla Lugosi ). [5] [6] Depp's Hollywood Walk of Fame star received on November 19, 1999Depp's next venture with Burton was the role of Ichabod Crane in Sleepy Hollow (1999), opposite Christina Ricci . Sleepy Hollow reflected Burton's battle with the Hollywood studio system. [37 ] For his performance, Depp took inspiration from Angela Lansbury , Roddy McDowall and Basil Rathbone . [36 ] Depp stated, "I always thought of Ichabod as a very delicate, fragile person who was maybe a little too in touch with his feminine side, like a frightened little girl." [38 ] Depp did not work with Burton again until 2005 in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , in which he played Willy Wonka . Depp modeled the character's hair on Anna Wintour . [39 ] The film was a box office success and received positive critical reception. [40 ] [41 ] Gene Wilder , who played Willy Wonka in the 1971 film , initially criticized this version. [42 ] Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was released in July, followed by Corpse Bride , for which Depp voiced the character Victor Van Dort, in September. Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) followed, bringing Depp his second major award win, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy as well as his third nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor . Burton first gave him an original cast recording of the 1979 stage musical in 2000. Although not a fan of the musical genre, Depp grew to like the tale's treatment. He cited Peter Lorre in Mad Love (1935) as his main influence for the role, and practiced the songs his character would perform while filming Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End . [43 ] Although he had performed in musical groups, Depp was initially unsure that he would be able to sustain Stephen Sondheim 's lyrics. Depp recorded demos and worked with Bruce Witkin to shape his vocals without a qualified voice coach. In the DVD Reviews section, Entertainment Weekly 's Chris Nashawaty gave the film an A minus, stating, "Depp's soaring voice makes you wonder what other tricks he's been hiding... Watching Depp's barber wield his razors... it's hard not to be reminded of Edward Scissorhands frantically shaping hedges into animal topiaries 18 years ago... and all of the twisted beauty we would've missed out on had [Burton and Depp] never met." [44 ] In his introduction to Burton on Burton, a book of interviews with the director, Depp called Burton "...a brother, a friend,...and [a] brave soul". [45 ] The next Depp-Burton collaboration was Alice in Wonderland (2010). Depp played the Mad Hatter alongside Helena Bonham Carter , Anne Hathaway and Alan Rickman . Other interests [7] [8] Depp in April 2011===Music=== As a guitar player, Depp has played slide guitar on the Oasis song "Fade In-Out" (from Be Here Now , 1997), as well as on "Fade Away (Warchild Version)" (b-side of the " Don't Go Away " single). He also played acoustic guitar in the movie Chocolat and on the soundtrack to Once Upon a Time in Mexico . He is a friend of The Pogues ' Shane MacGowan , and performed on MacGowan's first solo album. He was also a member of P , a group featuring Butthole Surfers singer Gibby Haynes , Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea and Sex Pistols guitarist Steve Jones . He has appeared in Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers ' music video " Into the Great Wide Open ". Winemaker and restaurateur Depp and Paradis grow grapes and have wine making facilities in their vineyard in Plan-de-la-Tour north of Saint-Tropez . [46 ] [47 ] [48 ] He is known for a fondness of French wines : among Depp's favorites are the Bordeaux wines Château Calon-Ségur , Château Cheval Blanc and Château Pétrus , and the Burgundy wine Domaine de la Romanée-Conti . Interviewed in Madame Figaro , he stated, "With those wines, you reach nirvana ". [49 ] Along with Sean Penn , John Malkovich and Mick Hucknall , Depp co-owned the Parisian restaurant-bar Man Ray , located near the Champs-Élysées . [50 ] Personal life Family and relationships [9] [10] Depp backstage at the Ahmanson Theatre on December 31, 2006Depp was engaged to actress Winona Ryder for three years beginning in July 1990. They met at the Great Balls of Fire! premiere in June 1989; two months later they began dating. [51 ] The relationship was highly publicized and received much scrutiny by the media and tabloid press. Since 1998, following a four year relationship with British supermodel Kate Moss , Depp has had a relationship with Vanessa Paradis , a French actress and singer whom he met while filming The Ninth Gate . [52 ] The couple have two children. Daughter Lily-Rose Melody Depp was born May 27, 1999, and son John "Jack" Christopher Depp III was born April 9, 2002. [1 ] In 2007, his daughter recovered from a serious illness, an E. coli infection that began to cause her kidneys to shut down and resulted in an extended hospital stay. [53 ] To thank Great Ormond Street Hospital , Depp visited the hospital in November 2007 dressed in his Captain Jack Sparrow outfit and spent 4 hours reading stories to the children. In 2008 he donated £1 million (about $2 million) to the hospital. [54 ] Although Depp has not remarried, he has stated that having children has given him "real foundation, a real strong place to stand in life, in work, in everything." [24 ] "You can't plan the kind of deep love that results in children. Fatherhood was not a conscious decision. It was part of the wonderful ride I was on. It was destiny ; kismet. All the math finally worked." The family divides its time between their home in Meudon , located in the suburbs of Paris, Los Angeles, an island he bought in The Bahamas , and their villa in Le Plan-de-la-Tour , a small town 20 km from Saint-Tropez , in the south of France. [55 ] [56 ] Depp also acquired a vineyard estate in the Plan-de-la-Tour area in 2007. [46 ] Legal issues In 1994, Depp was arrested and questioned by police for allegedly causing serious damage to a New York City hotel suite. [57 ] He was arrested again in 1999 for brawling with paparazzi outside a restaurant while dining in London with Paradis. [58 ] Tattoos Depp has around 13 tattoos , many of them signifying important persons or events in his life. They include a Native American in profile and a ribbon reading "Wino Forever" (originally "Winona Forever", altered after his breakup with Winona Ryder) on his right biceps , "Lily-Rose" (his daughter's name) over his heart, "Betty Sue" (his mother's name) on his left biceps, and a sparrow flying over water with the word "Jack" (his son's name; the sparrow is flying towards him rather than away from him as it is in Pirates of the Caribbean) on his right forearm . Unannounced appearance on set On October 8, 2010, Depp made an unannounced appearance at a London Primary School near where he was filming scenes for Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides . He turned up dressed as his character Jack Sparrow after receiving a letter from a pupil asking for his help with a class mutiny. [59 ]	i don't know
Which of the 'Seven Dwarfs (Dwarves)' wore glasses?	Seven Dwarfs - Kingdom Hearts Wiki, the Kingdom Hearts encyclopedia Seven Dwarfs You may be looking for the commands named after Doc , Grumpy , Happy , Sleepy , Bashful , Sneezy , and Dopey . Seven Dwarfs Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Kingdom Hearts χ Doc Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) One of seven dwarfs who live with Snow White in a cottage deep in the woods. Doc is the most knowledgeable; he's the one with the glasses. Grumpy Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) One of seven dwarfs who live with Snow White in a cottage deep in the woods. At first, Grumpy had nothing pleasant to say about her, but her kindness warmed his heart over time. Grumpy is suspicious of everything and slow to trust anyone, and always wears a look of displeasure. Happy Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) One of seven dwarfs who live with Snow White in a cottage deep in the woods. Happy's constant smiles are a comfort to all around him. Sleepy Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) One of seven dwarfs who live with Snow White in a cottage deep in the woods. Sleepy always looks ready to doze off. Bashful Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) One of seven dwarfs who live with Snow White in a cottage deep in the woods. Bashful will turn red if you so much as say hello. Sneezy Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) One of seven dwarfs who live with Snow White in a cottage deep in the woods. Sneezy... Well, he sneezes a lot. Dopey Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) One of seven dwarfs who live with Snow White in a cottage deep in the woods. Dopey is always one clumsy step behind the other dwarfs, and meets with many a mishap. Dopey loves Snow White so much, he'll dart to the front of the line just to see her. Snow White (1937) Seven dwarfs who live in a cottage deep in the woods. The Seven Dwarfs are characters introduced in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep . Their names are Doc, Grumpy, Happy, Sleepy, Bashful, Sneezy, and Dopey. They appear along with Snow White in their homeworld, Dwarf Woodlands . Contents Story[ edit ] Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep[ edit ] The Seven Dwarfs appear in their homeworld of Dwarf Woodlands , living a peaceful life in their cottage in a clearing within the forest. While working in the nearby mines, they encounter Ventus and mistake him for a jewel thief. All of the Dwarfs except Dopey try to drive him out, but Ventus gets the better of them and manages to obtain information on where to look for his friend Terra, though they are still hesitant to trust him. The dwarfs later return to their cottage to find Snow White there, learning how she met Terra and was attacked by Unversed . The Dwarfs conclude that Terra was controlling the monsters, but Ventus insists Terra wouldn't do such a thing. Later, Snow White falls into a deep slumber after taking a bite from the Queen 's poison apple, and the Dwarfs place her in a glass coffin to mourn her. However, thanks to assistance from Aqua and the Prince , Snow White is able to awaken, and the Dwarfs celebrate as she departs with the Prince. Some time after the battle at the Keyblade Graveyard , the Seven Dwarfs gather around Snow White and the Prince in the clearing and throw beautiful flower petals over them, as though to make a beautiful scene for the lovers. Kingdom Hearts[ edit ] The Dwarfs only appear with Snow White on one of the Stations in the Dive to the Heart . Unlike the Beast's servants, they are depicted as awake, meaning that they were possibly able to escape their world's destruction. Names and personalities[ edit ] Appearance[ edit ] The Seven Dwarfs are all roughly the same short height (about half the height of Aqua) and they all wear tuque -like hats, jackets with patches on the elbows (except for Doc, who rolls his sleeves up, obscuring the elbows, and Happy, who wears a vest and undershirt with patched elbows), and brown, sock-like shoes. Except for Dopey, they all have beards and eyes that are a shade of brown or amber. The tops of all their heads are completely bald. Doc is a bit overweight and sports a thick, but short, white beard. His hat is yellow and stands on end for an unknown reason, a trait shared in both Bashful and Happy's hats. He has a large, round, pink nose and is the only Dwarf to wear glasses. He wears a red jacket with two gold buttons going down the front, brown pants, and a black belt with a gold buckle around his waist. Doc rolls the sleeves of his jacket up. Grumpy is rather thin in comparison to some of the other Dwarfs, and has the largest, most bulbous pink nose out of all the Dwarfs. His thick, white beard reaches to just past his waist. His tuque is brown and the tip flops down. His jacket is carmine colored and secured by a black belt with a gold buckle. The patches are brown, as are his pants. Happy is the fattest Dwarf and seemingly the oldest, as he has thick, white eyebrows in addition to his white beard, as opposed to all the other Dwarfs having black eyebrows. His beard is identical to Doc's. Happy's tuque is orange and stands on end and his round, pink nose is the second smallest out of the Dwarfs. His pants are steel blue, and he wears a red vest overtop a yellow, long-sleeved shirt with tan patches. Happy wears a black belt with a silver buckle. Sleepy wears a light steel blue tuque that flops down and is a bit longer than those worn by the other Dwarfs. His round, pink nose is roughly the same size as Doc's and his thick, white beard seems to be the longest out of all the Dwarfs (though Bashful's beard may be the same length). He wears brown pants and a tan jacket with brown patches. His belt is black, but the buckle is obscured by his beard. Sleepy's eyes are usually half-closed. Bashful wears a steel blue tuque that stands on end and has a thick, white beard that reaches to about knee-length, roughly the same length as Sleepy's beard. He appears to have the second largest nose out of the Dwarfs and wears a yellow-orange jacket with tan patches. Like Sleepy, Bashful wears a black belt, but the buckle is covered by his beard. His pants are an orange-brown color. Sneezy has a thick, white beard that reaches to about chest-length and wears an orange tuque that droops in the same manner as Grumpy's. His round, bulbous nose is just slightly smaller than Bashful's. His jacket is dark brown with brown patches and sports at least one gold button. His belt is black and the buckle is gold, while his pants are brown. Dopey seems to be the youngest Dwarf, as he is the only Dwarf without a beard, and wears a purple hat along with a light green jacket with two gold buttons down the front. His hat and jacket seem to be a bit too large for him, and his jacket partially covers his black, gold-buckled belt. The patches on his elbows are brown. His pants are steel blue and his nose is the smallest of the Dwarfs. Dopey's eyes are blue and he has large ears; in fact, he is the only Dwarf whose ears are visible. Dopey is completely bald underneath his hat. Origin[ edit ] The Seven Dwarfs come from the European classic fairy tale Snow White and appeared in Disney 's animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . When Snow White runs away from the Evil Queen at the huntsman's admonition, she later finds a cottage in the woods, thinking it to be owned by seven children. As she sleeps inside, the Dwarfs return home after a day of diamond mining, only to find something in their bedroom. The Dwarfs think she is a monster until she wakes up to reveal a princess. At that point on, the Dwarfs accept Snow White as a mother figure as she cooks soup, does chores, and shows the utmost affection that even reverses Grumpy's ways. When the Evil Queen visits the cottage with the poison apple, disguised as an old woman, the Dwarfs are away at work. After Snow White falls under the curse of the poison apple, the forest animals alert the Dwarfs, taking them to the Evil Queen. As the Evil Queen is pursued, she attempts to crush the Dwarfs with a rock, only to be crushed by one herself. The Dwarfs return to their cottage, mourning the princess' death until the Prince comes and revives her, leaving the Dwarfs in a happy ending.	DOC
By what name is actress Jennifer Anastassakis better known?	Facts About Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Facts About Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Search Tweet For many children, particularly little girls, the highlight of any trip to Disneyworld, Orlando, Florida is the chance to see all the Disney princesses in magical surroundings. It is enchanting to see children living their dream as they explore Magic Kingdom in their princess outfits. ‘Snow White’s Scary Adventures’ is one of the most popular rides in Magic Kingdom and appeals to children of all ages – including those of us who are young at heart. In this charming and whimsical attraction guests travel in wooden mine carts, named after the seven dwarfs, through scenes of Snow White’s adventures. The journey takes 3 minutes and does include a few scary encounters with the wicked and evil Queen. When the ride opened, some of these scenes had to be toned down as there were complaints that children were frightened by them. Of course no fairy story would be complete without a happy ending so the ride ends with the seven dwarfs waving goodbye to Snow White and her dream Prince. In fact, Snow White did not feature in this ride when it opened as you, the guest, were supposed to be Snow White. This caused a lot of confusion as guests did not realise this. She was not actually added until 1994 when it was hoped her addition would ‘soften’ the ride and make it less scary for children. Of course, Snow White is one of the favourite Disney Princesses. The film ‘Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs’ was Disney’s first major feature film, as until that point they had only been involved in the making of short animations. For those of you who love this Disney classic here are a few interesting facts: 1. The film, ‘Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs’ took 3 years to produce. In fact it was known mockingly in the industry as ‘Disney’s Folly, ’ and even Walt’s wife, Lillian, said ‘No one’s ever gonna pay a dime to see a dwarf picture. ’ She had to eat her words – it was a major success from the day it was released! 2. Disney had to mortgage his house in order to finance the production of the film, which eventually cost a whopping $1. 5 million, a vast amount for a film made in 1937. He had initially hoped it could be produced for just $250, 000, so this was a huge miscalculation on his part. 3. The premier of the film took place at the Cathay Circle Theater on December 21st, 1937 and it was given a standing ovation. It went on general release on February 4th, 1938, and made more money than any other motion picture in that year. 4. Until 1939, ‘Snow White’ was the highest grossing film in American cinema history but it was ousted by ‘Gone With the Wind. ’ However, it is still one of the top ten money-making American films of all time. 5. The songs were composed by Larry Morey and Frank Churchill. Some of the most popular songs were ‘Whistle While you Work, ’ ‘Some Day My Prince Will Come, ’ and ‘Heigh-Ho. ’ I am sure most of us are able to sing along to these classic melodies. The film was nominated for ‘Best Musical Score. ’ 6. There were about 50 names suggested for the seven dwarfs, including Silly, Awful, Sniffy, Dizzy, Cranky and Scrappy. The final seven were Bashful, Grumpy, Sneezy, Doc, Dopey, Sleepy and Happy. 7. The film was re-released in 1944 during World War II, in order to raise revenue for the studio. It has been re-released every 7-10 years and the film was restored in 1987 for its 50th anniversary re-issue. It was also digitally restored in 1993. 8. Each of the dwarfs has its own character. Doc looks the oldest and is always considered to be the leader of the dwarfs. He wears glasses and tends to jumble up his words. At the mine, his job is to check the gems to make sure they are authentic. 9. Happy laughs a lot and is the fattest of the dwarfs. 10. Grumpy has the biggest nose of the seven dwarfs and he is as grumpy as his name suggests. He disapproves of Snow White, just because she is a woman, but underneath his crusty exterior he actually cares about her safety. He tries to warn her about the Wicked Queen, and rushes to help her when she is in danger. 11. Bashful is very shy and is probably secretly in love with Snow White. 12. Sleepy always looks tired. At the mine his job is to haul the diamonds and rubies by cart for Doc to inspect. He has the longest beard. 13. Sneezy has an allergy to flowers – hence he is always sneezing. He has the shortest beard of all the dwarfs. 14. Dopey looks younger than all the dwarfs and has no beard at all. He never speaks, and his job is to clean up all the unusable gems. You can always see him at the end of the line of dwarfs as they make their way to and from the mine. 15. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs won an honorary Academy Award for Walt Disney ‘as a significant screen innovation which has charmed millions and pioneered a great new entertainment field. Walt Disney received a full size Oscar statuette and seven miniature ones. The child actress Shirley Temple presented them to him. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is certainly one of the most charming and best-loved of Disney’s wonderful classic animated films, and can still be enjoyed by children of all ages today. A visit to ‘Snow White’s Scary Adventures’ is something not to miss if you love this Disney princess. We aim to provide accurate and useful information, but if you feel anything provided here is not accurate or out of date, please email us with the address of the page concerned and any comments so we can amend as necessary. Page added on: 31 December 2007 Viewed 12389 times since 1 September 2008. There are no photos available for this article at the moment. 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Who did 'Frances Ethel Gumm' become?	Judy Garland - Biography - IMDb Judy Garland Biography Showing all 158 items Jump to: Overview (5) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (5) \| Trade Mark (5) \| Trivia (88) \| Personal Quotes (29) \| Salary (25) Overview (5) 4' 11½" (1.51 m) Mini Bio (1) One of the brightest, most tragic movie stars of Hollywood's Golden Era, Judy Garland was a much-loved character whose warmth and spirit, along with her rich and exuberant voice, kept theatre-goers entertained with an array of delightful musicals. She was born Frances Ethel Gumm on 10 June 1922 in Minnesota, the youngest daughter of vaudevillians Ethel Marion (Milne) and Francis Avent Gumm. She was of English, along with some Scottish and Irish, descent. Her mother, an ambitious woman gifted in playing various musical instruments, saw the potential in her daughter at the tender age of just 2 years old when Baby Frances repeatedly sang "Jingle Bells" until she was dragged from the stage kicking and screaming during one of their Christmas shows and immediately drafted her into a dance act, entitled "The Gumm Sisters", along with her older sisters Mary Jane Gumm and Virginia Gumm . However, knowing that her youngest daughter would eventually become the biggest star, Ethel soon took Frances out of the act and together they traveled across America where she would perform in nightclubs, cabarets, hotels and theaters solo. Her family life was not a happy one, largely because of her mother's drive for her to succeed as a performer and also her father's closeted homosexuality. The Gumm family would regularly be forced to leave town owing to her father's illicit affairs with other men, and from time to time they would be reduced to living out of their automobile. However, in September 1935 the Gumms', in particular Ethel's, prayers were answered when Frances was signed by Louis B. Mayer , mogul of leading film studio MGM, after hearing her sing. It was then that her name was changed from Frances Gumm to Judy Garland , after a popular '30s song "Judy" and film critic Robert Garland. Tragedy soon followed, however, in the form of her father's death of meningitis in November 1935. Having been given no assignments with the exception of singing on radio, Judy faced the threat of losing her job following the arrival of Deanna Durbin . Knowing that they couldn't keep both of the teenage singers, MGM devised a short entitled Every Sunday (1936) which would be the girls' screen test. However, despite being the outright winner and being kept on by MGM, Judy's career did not officially kick off until she sang one of her most famous songs, "You Made Me Love You", at Clark Gable 's birthday party in February 1937, during which Louis B. Mayer finally paid attention to the talented songstress. Prior to this her film debut in Pigskin Parade (1936), in which she played a teenage hillbilly, had left her career hanging in the balance. However, following her rendition of "You Made Me Love You", MGM set to work preparing various musicals with which to keep Judy busy. All this had its toll on the young teenager, and she was given numerous pills by the studio doctors in order to combat her tiredness on set. Another problem was her weight fluctuation, but she was soon given amphetamines in order to give her the desired streamlined figure. This soon produced the downward spiral that resulted in her lifelong drug addiction. In 1939, Judy shot immediately to stardom with The Wizard of Oz (1939), in which she portrayed Dorothy, an orphaned girl living on a farm in the dry plains of Kansas who gets whisked off into the magical world of Oz on the other end of the rainbow. Her poignant performance and sweet delivery of her signature song, 'Over The Rainbow', earned Judy a special juvenile Oscar statuette on 29 February 1940 for Best Performance by a Juvenile Actor. Now growing up, Judy began to yearn for meatier adult roles instead of the virginal characters she had been playing since she was 14. She was now taking an interest in men, and after starring in her final juvenile performance in Ziegfeld Girl (1941) alongside glamorous beauties Lana Turner and Hedy Lamarr , Judy got engaged to bandleader David Rose in May 1941, just two months after his divorce from Martha Raye . Despite planning a big wedding, the couple eloped to Las Vegas and married during the early hours of the morning on 28 July 1941 with just her mother Ethel and her stepfather Will Gilmore present. However, their marriage went downhill as, after discovering that she was pregnant in November 1942, David and MGM persuaded her to abort the baby in order to keep her good-girl image up. She did so and, as a result, was haunted for the rest of her life by her 'inhumane actions'. The couple separated in January 1943. By this time, Judy had starred in her first adult role as a vaudevillian during WWI in For Me and My Gal (1942). Within weeks of separation, Judy was soon having an affair with actor Tyrone Power , who was married to French actress Annabella . Their affair ended in May 1943, which was when her affair with producer Joseph L. Mankiewicz kicked off. He introduced her to psychoanalysis and she soon began to make decisions about her career on her own instead of being influenced by her domineering mother and MGM. Their affair ended in November 1943, and soon afterward Judy reluctantly began filming Meet Me in St. Louis (1944), which proved to be a big success. The director Vincente Minnelli highlighted Judy's beauty for the first time on screen, having made the period musical in color, her first color film since The Wizard of Oz (1939). He showed off her large brandy-brown eyes and her full, thick lips and after filming ended in April 1944, a love affair resulted between director and actress and they were soon living together. Vincente began to mold Judy and her career, making her more beautiful and more popular with audiences worldwide. He directed her in The Clock (1945), and it was during the filming of this movie that the couple announced their engagement on set on 9 January 1945. Judy's divorce from David Rose had been finalized on 8 June 1944 after almost three years of marriage, and despite her brief fling with Orson Welles , who at the time was married to screen sex goddess Rita Hayworth , on 15 June 1945 Judy made Vincente her second husband, tying the knot with him that afternoon at her mother's home with her boss Louis B. Mayer giving her away and her best friend Betty Asher serving as bridesmaid. They spent three months on honeymoon in New York and afterwards Judy discovered that she was pregnant. On 12 March 1946 in Los Angeles, California, Judy gave birth to their daughter, Liza Minnelli , via caesarean section. It was a joyous time for the couple, but Judy was out of commission for weeks due to the caesarean and her postnatal depression, so she spent much of her time recuperating in bed. She soon returned to work, but married life was never the same for Vincente and Judy after they filmed The Pirate (1948) together in 1947. Judy's mental health was fast deteriorating and she began hallucinating things and making false accusations toward people, especially her husband, making the filming a nightmare. She also began an affair with aspiring Russian actor Yul Brynner , but after the affair ended, Judy soon regained health and tried to salvage her failing marriage. She then teamed up with dancing legend Fred Astaire for the delightful musical Easter Parade (1948), which resulted in a successful comeback despite having Vincente fired from directing the musical. Afterwards, Judy's health deteriorated and she began the first of several suicide attempts. In May 1949, she was checked into a rehabilitation center, which caused her much distress. She soon regained strength and was visited frequently by her lover Frank Sinatra , but never saw much of Vincente or Liza. On returning, Judy made In the Good Old Summertime (1949), which was also Liza's film debut, albeit via an uncredited cameo. She had already been suspended by MGM for her lack of cooperation on the set of The Barkleys of Broadway (1949), which also resulted in her getting replaced by Ginger Rogers . After being replaced by Betty Hutton on Annie Get Your Gun (1950), Judy was suspended yet again before making her final film for MGM, entitled Summer Stock (1950). At 28, Judy received her third suspension and was fired by MGM, and her second marriage was soon dissolved. Having taken up with Sidney Luft , Judy traveled to London to star at the legendary Palladium. She was an instant success and after her divorce to Vincente Minnelli was finalized on 29 March 1951 after almost six years of marriage, Judy traveled with Sid to New York to make an appearance on Broadway. With her newfound fame on stage, Judy was stopped in her tracks in February 1952 when she became pregnant by her new lover, Sid. At the age of 30, she made him her third husband on 8 June 1952; the wedding was held at a friend's ranch in Pasadena. Her relationship with her mother had long since been dissolved by this point, and after the birth of her second daughter, Lorna Luft, on 21 November 1952, she refused to allow her mother to see her granddaughter. Ethel then died in January 1953 of a heart attack, leaving Judy devastated and feeling guilty about not reconciling with her mother before her untimely demise. After the funeral, Judy signed a film contract with Warner Bros. to star in the musical remake of A Star Is Born (1937), which had starred Janet Gaynor , who had won the first-ever Academy Award for Best Actress in 1929. Filming soon began, resulting in an affair between Judy and her leading man, British star James Mason . She also picked up on her affair with Frank Sinatra , and after filming was complete Judy was yet again lauded as a great film star. She won a Golden Globe for her brilliant and truly outstanding performance as Esther Blodgett, nightclub singer turned movie star, but when it came to the Academy Awards, a distraught Judy lost out on the Best Actress Oscar to Grace Kelly for her portrayal of the wife of an alcoholic star in The Country Girl (1954). Many still argue that Judy should have won the Oscar over Grace Kelly . Continuing her work on stage, Judy gave birth to her beloved son, Joey Luft , on 29 March 1955. She soon began to lose her millions of dollars as a result of her husband's strong gambling addiction, and with hundreds of debts to pay, Judy and Sid began a volatile, on-off relationship resulting in numerous divorce filings. In 1961, at the age of 39, Judy returned to her ailing film career, this time to star in Judgment at Nuremberg (1961), for which she received an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress, but this time she lost out to Rita Moreno for her performance in West Side Story (1961). Her battles with alcoholism and drugs led to Judy's making numerous headlines in newspapers, but she soldiered on, forming a close friendship with President John F. Kennedy. In 1963, Judy and Sid finally separated permanently, and on 19 May 1965 their divorce was finalized after almost 13 years of marriage. By this time, Judy, now 41, had made her final performance on film alongside Dirk Bogarde in I Could Go on Singing (1963). She married her fourth husband, Mark Herron , on 14 November 1965 in Las Vegas, but they separated in April 1966 after five months of marriage owing to his homosexuality. It was also that year that she began an affair with young journalist Tom Green. She then settled down in London after their affair ended, and she began dating disk jockey Mickey Deans in December 1968. They became engaged once her divorce from Mark Herron was finalized on 9 January 1969 after three years of marriage. She married Mickey, her fifth and final husband, in a register office in Chelsea, London, on 15 March 1969. She continued working on stage, appearing several times with her daughter Liza. It was during a concert in Chelsea, London, that Judy stumbled into her bathroom late one night and died of an overdose of barbiturates, the drug that had dominated her much of her life, on the 22nd of June 1969 at the age of 47. Her daughter Liza Minnelli paid for her funeral, and her former lover James Mason delivered her touching eulogy. She is still an icon to this day with her famous performances in The Wizard of Oz (1939), Meet Me in St. Louis (1944), Easter Parade (1948), and A Star Is Born (1954). - IMDb Mini Biography By: Anonymous Spouse (5) Her iconic role as Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz (1939) Her small, delicate physical presence Deep sultry voice Powerful, wide-ranged vocals Trivia (88) She was considered an icon in the gay community in the 1950s and 1960s. Her death and the loss of that emotional icon in 1969 has been thought to be a contributing factor to the feeling of the passing of an era that helped spark the Stonewall Riots that began the modern gay rights advocacy movement. Mother of Liza Minnelli , Lorna Luft , and Joey Luft . 6/12/64: She married Mark Herron , although her divorce from Sidney Luft was not settled. They were married in Mandarin by a Buddhist monk, and the validity of this marriage is not clear. There is surviving footage of Garland performing the lead role of Annie Oakley in Annie Get Your Gun (1950) before she was replaced by Betty Hutton , and this has been included in many documentaries. Undoubtedly, the best is That's Entertainment! III (1994), which for the first time assembled raw unedited footage for two musical numbers and presented them as they would have looked had the film been completed with Garland. Also surviving today are Garland's prerecordings of all songs for the production. Originally screen-tested and signed to play the main supporting role of Helen Lawson, in Valley of the Dolls (1967). The studio even provided her with a pool table in her dressing room at her request. Eventually she backed out of the film and was ultimately replaced by Susan Hayward . She kept her costume when she walked off the film, and proceeded to wear the sequined pantsuit while performing in concerts around the world. The character of Neely O'Hara in the film was partially based on her own history (with pills, alcohol, and failed marriages). Sadly, it was Garland's real-life pill addiction that contributed to her leaving this film. 6/27/69: Her funeral was held in Manhattan at the Frank E. Campbell funeral home at Madison Ave. and 81st St., and 22,000 people filed past her open coffin over a 24-hour period. Ex-husband Vincente Minnelli did not attend. James Mason delivered the eulogy. Her body had been stored in a temporary crypt for over one year. The reason for this is that no one had come forward to pay the expense of moving her to a permanent resting spot at Ferncliff Cemetery in Ardsley, NY. Liza Minnelli had the impression that Judy's last husband, Mickey Deans , had made the necessary arrangements but Deans claimed to have no money. Liza then took on the task of raising the funds to have her properly buried. Death was caused by an "incautious self-overdosage of Seconal" which had raised the barbiturate level in her body beyond its tolerance. Interred at Ferncliff Cemetery, Hartsdale, New York, USA. Judy heard the same phrase in two movies: For Me and My Gal (1942) and Easter Parade (1948). In both, her love interest (played by Gene Kelly and Fred Astaire , respectively) says this: "Why didn't you tell me I was in love with you?" The day she died, there was a tornado in Kansas. Liza Minnelli said that Judy planned on calling her autobiography "Ho-Hum". Her portrayal of Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz (1939) was the inspiration for the character of Mary Ann on Gilligan's Island (1964). (From Kansas, ponytails, lived on a farm with an aunt and uncle...). Liza Minnelli originally wanted Mickey Rooney to deliver Garland's eulogy, but she was afraid that he wouldn't be able to get through it. So James Mason did it instead. According to singer Mel Tormé , she had a powerful gift of retention. She could view a piece of music once and have the entire thing memorized. 1997: Posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. 1998: Garland's album, "Judy at Carnegie Hall" was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. First cousin three times removed of US President Ulysses S. Grant. September 2002: A Los Angeles federal judge barred Sidney Luft from selling the replacement Juvenile Oscar she received for The Wizard of Oz (1939). Luft was also ordered to pay nearly $60,000 to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to end their second lawsuit against him for repeatedly trying to sell the statuette. Favorite actor was Robert Donat (best known for his portrayal of the title character in the film Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939)). Her soulful and iconic performance of "Over The Rainbow" from The Wizard of Oz (1939) claimed the #1 spot on June 22, 2004 in The American Film Institute's list of "The 100 Years of The Greatest Songs". The AFI board said "Over The Rainbow" have captured the nation's heart, echoed beyond the walls of a movie theater, and ultimately stand in our collective memory of the film itself. It has resonated across the century, enriching America's film heritage and captivating artists and audiences today. She discouraged her children from entering show business, pointing out her financial and health problems resulting from the nature of the entertainment business. Nevertheless, two of her children, Liza Minnelli and Lorna Luft both became entertainers. Her son Joe lives in relative anonymity as a freelance photographer. She experienced financial difficulties in the 1960s due to her overspending, periods of unemployment, owing of back taxes and embezzlement of funds by her business manager. The IRS garnished most of her concert revenues in the late 1960s. Her financial difficulties combined with her erratic behavior due to her drug dependencies helped break up her marriages and estrange her children from her a year before her death. Was a member of The International Order of Job's Daughters. She was voted the 23rd Greatest Movie Star of all time by Entertainment Weekly. Groucho Marx called her not winning an Oscar for A Star Is Born (1954), "the biggest robbery since Brink's." Hedda Hopper later reported that her loss to Grace Kelly for The Country Girl (1954) was the result of the closest Oscar vote up till that time that didn't end in a tie, with just six votes separating the two. In any event, it was a heartbreak from which she never really recovered and which has remained a matter of some controversy ever since. Always had crooked front teeth, for which an MGM dentist fitted her with removable caps to wear in her films, including The Wizard of Oz (1939). Her daughter Liza Minnelli was once married to Jack Haley Jr. , the son of her The Wizard of Oz (1939) co-star Jack Haley , who played the roles of The Tin Man, in fantasy, and Hickory, after Dorothy awoke from her dream. Has a special variety of rose named after her. The petals are yellow (Garland adored yellow roses) and the tips are bright red. It took devoted fans almost nine years after her death to find a rose company in Britain interested in naming a rose officially for her, and the Judy Garland rose didn't appear in the US until 1991. Several JG rose bushes are planted outside of her burial crypt, and at the Judy Garland museum in Grand Rapids. She was of English, along with some Scottish and Irish, descent. 1952: Received a Special Tony Award "for an important contribution to the revival of vaudeville through her recent stint at the Palace Theatre.". When she married Vincente Minnelli , Louis B. Mayer gave her away. Had weight problems most of her life. Drastic weight fluctuations often affected continuity in her films and can be seen in Words and Music (1948) and Summer Stock (1950). She was voted the 22nd Greatest Movie Star of all time by Premiere Magazine. Was named #8 Actress on The AFI 50 Greatest Screen Legends 3/23/90: Pictured on one of four 25¢ USA commemorative postage stamps honoring classic films released in 1939. The stamp shows Judy Garland as Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz (1939), along with Toto (portrayed by Terry ). The other films honored were Beau Geste (1939), Stagecoach (1939), and Gone with the Wind (1939). Is portrayed by Judy Davis and Tammy Blanchard in Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows (2001), by Elizabeth Karsell in James Dean (2001) and by Andrea McArdle in Rainbow (1978). The song "Quiet Please, There's A Lady On Stage" from the stage musical "The Boy From Oz" was written by Peter Allen ( Liza Minnelli 's former husband) as a tribute to her. Was pregnant with her first child Liza Minnelli while filming her minor role in Till the Clouds Roll By (1946). In order to hide her pregnant stomach she was hidden behind stacks of dishes while singing "Look For The Silver Lining". She had also recorded a song "Do You Love Me", which was cut before release. Her scenes were directed by her then husband Vincente Minnelli . After serving as the music director on her short-lived CBS series, Mel Tormé wrote a vicious tell-all book about his talented but challenging former boss. So frustrated from the experience, his words in "The Other Side of The Rainbow: With Judy Garland on the Dawn Patrol" portrayed Garland as hopelessly drug-addicted, unprofessional and a horror to work with. 2006: Her performance as Vicki Lester in A Star Is Born (1954) is ranked #72 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Performances of All Time. Her performance as Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz (1939) is ranked #17 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time. During her first marriage to David Rose , Judy was forced to undergo an abortion at the insistence of MGM studio head Louis B. Mayer who feared that pregnancy would hurt her good-girl image. The event left her traumatized for the rest of her life. 6/10/06: Pictured on a 39¢ USA commemorative postage stamp in the Legends of Hollywood series. The godparents of her daughter Liza Minnelli were Ira Gershwin and Kay Thompson Grandmother of Vanessa and Jesse Richards, children of singer Lorna Luft . Godfather of her daughter Lorna Luft was Frank Sinatra Father was movie theater owner Francis 'Frank' Gumm (born 20 March, 1886 - died 17 November, 1935). Mother was Ethel Milne (born 17 November, 1893 - died 05 January, 1953). Born in Grand Rapids, Minnesota and later lived up in Lancaster, California. John Wayne , then attending college at USC, was a neighbor of Judy's. Gave birth to all three of her children via Caesarean section. She also suffered from postpartum depression after the birth of her two daughters Liza Minnelli and Lorna Luft . The famous theme song David Raksin wrote for Laura (1944) was originally entitled "Judy" in honor of her. Had intense fears of flying, horses, and guns. Was considered for the role of Careen O'Hara in Gone with the Wind (1939), but the role was eventually given to Ann Rutherford , so Judy immediately began working on The Wizard of Oz (1939), a film which was considered for as early as 1937. As a teenager on the MGM lots, she was good friends with Lana Turner and Ann Rutherford . Johnnie Ray was best man at her wedding to fifth husband Mickey Deans . Did not attend the 1955 Academy Awards, where she was nominated as Best Actress for her portrayal of Vicki Lester in A Star Is Born (1954), because she was in hospital after giving birth to her third child and only son Joey Luft . She only performed "Over The Rainbow" three times during her many television appearances, which spanned 14 years. She performed it on her first TV Special, Ford Star Jubilee (1955) episode, "The Judy Garland Special" in 1955, sang it to her children on The Christmas Edition of her weekly The Judy Garland Show (1963), and on The Mike Douglas Show: Episode dated 12 August 1968 (1968). Betty Asher, who worked on the MGM lots, served as her maid of honor during her wedding to Vincente Minnelli in 1945. Was close friends with Lauren Bacall , who had once been her neighbor during the 1950s. Had Judy won the 1955 Best Actress Oscar for A Star Is Born (1954), Lauren would have accepted the Oscar statuette on her behalf. Offered the lead role in The Three Faces of Eve (1957), but turned down the role because the storyline bore too many resemblances to her own personal life. The role was then given to Joanne Woodward who went on to win the Best Actress Oscar for her performance. Was Matron of Honor at the wedding of actor Don DeFore and Marion Holmes DeFore on February 14, 1942. The only witnesses present at her Las Vegas wedding to David Rose in 1941 were her mother and stepfather. In a performance of "Come Rain Or Come Shine" on her 1963-1964 variety show on CBS TV, though forgetting some of the words and seemingly "out of sync" with the orchestra she still managed to give a quite powerful and memorable performance. Performed two songs in films that won the Academy Award for Best Original Song: "Over the Rainbow" from The Wizard of Oz (1939) and "On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe" from The Harvey Girls (1946). Performed four more songs that were nominated: "Our Love Affair" from Strike Up the Band (1940), "How About You?" from Babes on Broadway (1941), "The Trolley Song" from Meet Me in St. Louis (1944), and "The Man That Got Away" from A Star Is Born (1954). Performed others that became standards, including "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" from Meet Me in St. Louis (1944). She performed with her sisters at the 1933-1934 World's Fair in Chicago on the infamous midway (where Sally Rand was the main attraction), more specifically in the Old Mexico Club, where they sold out every night. During their third week at the club, it unexpectedly closed due to an expired liquor license. Judy served as the grand marshal in a parade for the Fair's "Children's Day" in early 1934. It was during their last day in Chicago that Frances Gumm changed her name to Judy Garland during a performance at the Oriental Theater, partly at the advice of George Jessel , who was emceeing. She headlined Ford Star Jubilee: The Judy Garland Special (1955)), CBS' first special. She performed many of her standards, including "Get Happy", "Carolina in the Morning" and "The Trolley Song". She and guest David Wayne as tramps performed "A Couple of Swells" from Easter Parade (1948), Wayne doing Fred Astaire 's part. After that number, she--still in tramp make-up--closed the show with "Over The Rainbow". Mentioned in the song "Happy Phantom" by Tori Amos , "Dance in the Dark" by Lady Gaga , and "A Room at the Heartbreak Hotel" by U2 . Initially refused to appear in Meet Me in St. Louis (1944) as she had recently begun to portray characters her own age, such as in Presenting Lily Mars (1943), and was tired of playing virginal teenage characters. She later relented after much persuasion and not only did she meet her future husband Vincente Minnelli on set but her performance in the film was also one of her most famous during her MGM years. The first film she made after marrying Vincente Minnelli was The Harvey Girls (1946). Became good friends with Doris Day on the Warner Bros. lots when she was filming A Star Is Born (1954) at the same time that Day was filming Young at Heart (1954). Did not get on with Lucille Bremer , who played her sister in Meet Me in St. Louis (1944). She thought that Bremer couldn't act and repeatedly tried to have her fired from the film, but to no avail. Was replaced by Ginger Rogers in the film The Barkleys of Broadway (1949) after being suspended from MGM for her tardiness. Replaced June Allyson in the film Royal Wedding (1951) after she became pregnant, but her failure to report to the set led to her being replaced by Jane Powell . A close friend was Katharine Hepburn , with whom she would regularly stay during her most serious bouts of depression in order to recover. Despite numerous concert and television appearances in the 1960s, Garland remained constantly in debt. This was due in part to then-manager David Begelman embezzling hundreds of thousands of dollars from his clients, with Garland chief among them. Begelman even went so far as to claim a Cadilac, presented to Garland for an appearance on The Jack Paar Program (1962) as his own. Adding to her appeal within the gay community, Garland always acknowledged her gay fan base at a time when homosexuality was seldom even discussed. Late in her career and in dire need of money, she even accepted work singing in a New York City gay bar. Was in consideration for the role of Sophie MacDonald in The Razor's Edge (1946) but Anne Baxter , who went on to win a Best Supporting Actress Oscar for her performance, was cast instead. One of the few actresses to have danced with both Fred Astaire and Gene Kelly in the movies, other actresses that have also done this includes Rita Hayworth , Cyd Charisse , Vera-Ellen , Debbie Reynolds , and Leslie Caron . Returned to work eleven months after giving birth to her daughter Lorna Luft in order to film A Star Is Born (1954). Returned to work nine months after giving birth to her daughter Liza Minnelli in order to film The Pirate (1948). Despite popular belief that Shirley Temple was the first choice for the role of Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz (1939), Garland was cast in the role even before pre-production had begun. As early as February 1938, both Variety and columnist Louella Parsons announced that she was cast in the role of Dorothy. According to her biography on the A&E channel, as a young adult in her early acting career, movie producers had her going to six different doctors for prescription drugs, without any one doctor knowing about the other five. It was this process that led to her addiction. She was a very active member of the Hollywood Democratic Committee and donated her time and money to many liberal causes (such as the Civil Rights Movement) and political candidates (including Franklin D. Roosevelt , Henry Wallace , Adlai Stevenson , John F. Kennedy , and Robert F. Kennedy ) for most of her adult life. In an eerie twist of fate, she was born in June of 1922 (6/22) and died on June 22 (6/22). Married Sidney Luft at Paicines Ranch near Hollister, CA, on June 8, 1952. Attendees at Garland's funeral and memorial service on June 27, 1969 at the Frank E. Campbell Chapel included her children Liza Minnelli , Lorna Luft , and Joey Luft , ex husbands Sidney Luft and Mickey Deans ( Vincente Minnelli was in London shooting On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (1970)), Kay Thompson , Roger Edens , Johnny Mercer , Harold Arlen , Arthur Freed , Garland's sister Virginia Gumm , Mickey Rooney , Frank Sinatra , Lena Horne , Dean Martin , Ray Bolger , Lauren Bacall , Katharine Hepburn , Bette Davis , Peggy Lee , Lana Turner , Gene Kelly , Ann Sothern , June Allyson , Fred Astaire , Burt Lancaster , Betty Comden and Adolph Green Otto Preminger , John Kander and Fred Ebb , Sammy Davis Jr. , Jack Benny , Ethel Merman , Freddie Bartholomew , Myrna Loy , Ann Rutherford , Martha Raye and Paula Wayne . James Mason delivered the eulogy and more than 20,000 spectators filed by Garland's casket. According to her friend June Allyson in her biography, Judy Garland wished for her funerals a white casket. But because there was no coffin in white the funeral services painted one in this color. She also wished everything was yellow and white for her funeral. So was it this way. Judy Garland's MGM feature film acting talent and her initial musical career was guided by producer Arthur Freed, the studio's executive developing properties and projects which featured the talented young actress. Arthur Freed was born in Charleston, South Carolina into a musical family (09/09/1894-04/12/1973). He grew up in Seattle, Washington and attended the Phillips Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire. It was here that he began to write poetry. Arthur was a lyricist with his family long before he ever went to Hollywood. His father was a tenor, brother Walter was an organist, brothers Sydney and Clarence went into the recording business in Hollywood and brother Ralph was a songwriter as well. His only sister Ruth also composed songs. The only brother not to go into some sort of music profession was brother Hugo - who became an accountant. In New York City. Freed played piano plugging songs and in the vaudeville theater circuit, working with the Marx Brothers. An ambitious man, Freed began at MGM as a song-writer when the movies first learned to talk. At that time, song-writers were just that, "song-writers" and they were treated as anything much higher that what they were: The people who used to sit on the sets of the silent films playing the piano for "mood music". Freed, along with composer Nachio Herb Brown, penned such classic as "Singin In The Rain," "The Wedding Of The Painted Doll," "Would You," and numerous other hit melodies. But what Freed really wanted to do was produce. Freed was known around the MGM Culver City studio lot as not only ambitious, but also for "kissing the butt" to studio head Louis B. Mayer. The years of begging and pleading finally paid off around 1938, at Freed's age of 43, when Mayer decided to give Freed the job of "Associate Producer" (uncredited) on "The Wizard of Oz." The film was officially being produced by Melvyn LeRoy, Mayer's new protege brought in from Warner Brothers to hopefully replace the "boy wonder" Irving Thalberg, who had died a few years earlier. Controversy has surrounded just whose idea it was to purchase "The Wizard Of Oz" from Samuel Goldwyn. Freed would later claim that he suggested to Mayer that it would make a great musical, and Mayer responded by stating that it was too big of a project for a novice producer. Melvyn LeRoy claimed that when he came to MGM he told Mayer the first film he wanted to make was a fantasy film of "The Wizard Of Oz." Probably, the actual facts favor Freed who first suggested the film musical project. Freed had the musical background, he hired the brilliant Roger Edens as vocal arranger, and he was firmly behind the budding career of the young Judy Galand, whom the MGM studio had signed in 1935 but hadn't done much with her talent. Freed and Edens recognized her potential from the start. The important issue is that Arthur Freed did get to work as Associate Producer, and LeRoy wisely left all of the musical matters to Freed and Edens. Once it was clear "The Wizard Of Oz" would be a smash box office hit, Mayer gave the green light to Freed to produce "Babes In Arms" - beginning the cycle of the now famous "Let's Put On A Show" musicals with Garland and Mickey Rooney. "Babes In Arms" and it's follow up "Stike Up The Band" were enormously popular, relative inexpensive to make, and turned quite a profit for the studio. Freed also intensely promoted the career of Judy Garland - some would say to her detriment - by having her work almost non-stop during this time on the musicals with Rooney, as well as the Andy Hardy films (not produced by Freed) and separate musicals such as "Little Nelly Kelly" and "Ziegfeld Girl" (produced by Pandro S. Belrhnham). The rise of Judy's star also helped Freed's career rise. But Freed had other things in mind aside from just Garland's career. Not content to just adapt films from the New York Broadway stage, as he had done with "Little Nelly Kelly," "Panama Hattie," and "Babes In Arms," Freed wanted to move the movie musical in a new direction. Away from the backstage story-lines and into more natural settings. But he knew he would need the help of the savvy talent working in New York City. Freed went to New York to seek out talent from the Broadway Theatre scene. He signed to the studio scores of talent, ranging from future directors like Vincente Minnelli and Chuck Walters - to musical talents such as Kay Thompson and Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane. He envisioned "My own little Camelot" and that's exactly what he got. With his films currently so popular, both critically and financially, and each one advancing the film musical in various ways, Freed was practically left alone to do pretty much what he wanted. In 1942, at the request of Garland, Freed brought in Gene Kelly to play opposite her in "For Me And My Gal." The film was a huge success and it jump-started the faltering career of Kelly. Freed bought out Kelly's contract with David O. Selznick and so began the career of Gene Kelly. The following year, with "Girl Crazy," the finality of his shift to more modern fare came to a head. Busby Berkeley had done a great job of directing "Me And My Girl" - staying away from all the kaleidoscopic routines and endless musical extravaganza that were his hallmark. But on "Girl Crazy" all hell broke loose. Busby Berkeley was set to direct, and spent days on what would eventually be the finale "I Got Rhythm." He worked everyone to a frazzle - even to the extent, in hindsight, of pushing Garland into the abyss of addiction that she would never quite recover. The endless lines of chorus girls and the military style routines were in direct opposition to what Freed and Edens were trying to accomplish. Berkeley was fired and Norman Taurog was brought in as his replacement. The film became the best of the Garland/Rooney musicals and the best film adaptation of a Gershwin show thanks largely to Edens and the new talent Freed had brought in from New York. Now everything was in place. Freed had had enough of the "kids" musicals and Broadway adaptations. He wanted to do original musicals. With Richard Rogers and Oscar Hammerstein's "Oklahoma" a huge success on Broadway, and having lost out on the film rights to "Life With Father" and "My Sister Eileen," Freed turned to the quaint stories appearing in the magazine "New Yorker" by Sally Benson. Freed had MGM studio purchase Sally Benson's "New Yorker" magazine article "Meet Me In Saint Louis" - which took some doing to get produced, even with Freed's track record. But Freed convinced the studio to give the film project the green light, and after initial resistance from Garland, the film was ready - with newcomer Vincente Minnelli as director. "Meet Me In St. Louis" was the first masterpiece to emerge out of the newly formed Freed Unit. And rightly so. The film was eons away from any other film musical at that time. Seamlessly blending the music and songs into the plot-scenario, the film took the strides originally made by Rouben Mammoulion with his "Love Me Tonight" film and furthered the concept of songs advancing the plot and being used for character development. This was first done by Freed with "The Wizard of Oz" and was furthered with some of the Garland/Rooney films as well as the very underrated "Cabin In The Sky." But "Meet Me in St. Louis" wasn't a children's fantasy, nor was it a kids "Let's Put On A Show" opus, and it wasn't like "Cabin In The Sky" where most of the action takes place in a dream sequence (also like "Oz"). "Meet Me In St. Louis" was about real people in a real town in a real time experiencing real situations. The film was idealized, but only in a positive way. Minnelli's use of color and movement and composition to further enhance the characters and plot development were rare of a film of that time and even more rare for a musical. The film was a resounding success and would become MGM's biggest grosser aside from "Gone With The Wind" at that time (1939-1941). From this point on (1944), even though the Freed Unit would do adaptations of Broadway shows, the emphasis was on originality, innovation, and with each successive film and heavy emphasis on dance. Throughout the late 1940's and 1950's, MGM became the king of the movie musical. And this was largely due to the "Freed Unit." Freed's productions became so popular that the studio could afford to have a SECOND unit for musicals under the direction of Joe Pasternak. Those musicals were different than the Freed films, with less dancing and more emphasis on simple stories and characters. A friendly rivalry emerged which helped to generate even more productive energy. After "Meet Me In St. Louis" - Freed would be the producer of such great films as "The Harvey Girls," "The Pirate," "Easter Parade," "On The Town," "An American In Paris," "Show Boat," "Singin' In The Rain," "The Bandwagon" and so many more. Once television took hold in America's homes, sadly, the public stopped going to the movies in droves as they used to. Plus, the federal edict forcing the film studios to divulge themselves of ownership of the movie theaters across the nation forced many theaters to close. This left the studios with limited outlets for their product. The old "studio system" crumbled, and the big budget film musicals were the first to get the ax. Freed's last big musical hit was 1958's Lerner and Lowe's Broadway film adaptation - "Gigi." The film would win 8 Oscars, including Best Picture, and would symbolize the end of the Golden Age of MGM movie musicals. Judy Garland, born Frances Ethel Gumm in Grand Rapids, Minnesota on June 10, 1922, was the youngest child of Ethel Marion (née Milne, b:11.17.1893 - d:01.05.1953, age 69) and Francis Avent "Frank" Gumm (b:03.20.1886 - d:11.17.1935, age 49). Her parents were vaudevillians who settled in Grand Rapids to run a movie theater that featured vaudeville acts. She was of English, Scottish, and Irish ancestry, named after both her parents and baptized at a local Episcopal church. "Baby," as Frances Ethel was called by her parents and sisters, shared her family's flair for song and dance. Her first appearance came at the age of two-and-a-half when she joined her older sisters Mary Jane "Suzy/Suzanne" Gumm (b:09.14.1915-d:04.27.1964; age 48, suicide) and Dorothy Virginia "Jimmie" Gumm (b:07.04.1917-d:04.27.1977; age 59) on stage of her father's movie theater during a Christmas show and sang a chorus of "Jingle Bells." Her two sisters had to drag "Baby" by her arm pits, feet kicking, off the stage because "Baby" wouldn't stop singing "Jingle Bells." The Gumm Sisters performed in their father's Grand Rapids theater for the next few years, accompanied by their mother Ethel on piano. "Judaline" means "little Judy" in Jewish and was originally the endearing nickname given to "Baby" Francis by one of her vaudeville stage directors when she was a child performer. The family relocated to Lancaster, California in June 1926 when Baby Francis was four years old. Frank purchased and operated another theater in Lancaster, and Ethel began managing her daughters vaudeville career and working to get them into the motion picture film industry. Garland attended Hollywood High School and later graduated from University High School. In 1928, all of the Gumm Sisters were enrolled in a Hollywood dance school run by Ethel Meglin, proprietress of the Meglin Kiddies dance troupe. The sisters appeared with the Meglin Dance Kiddies dance troupe at its annual 1928 Christmas show. Through the Meglin Kiddies, the Gumm Sisters made their film debut in a 1929 2-reel Vitaphone-Warner Brothers short film called "The Big Revue." The short musical variety film presents a "musical revue featuring children," primarily girls. The first number has a chorus of girls performing a high kicking dance routine with tambourines, before two soloists, a boy and a girl, take center stage to do a gymnastic dance number. The girls chorus then takes over to perform a synchronized song and tap dance style number. Next, the young female orchestra leader introduces the Gumm Sisters, Mary Jane Suzy/Suzanne, at age 14 (b:1915), Dorothy Virginia "Jimmie," at age 12 (b:1917) and the youngest, 'Baby Judaline" Francis Ethel, at age 7 (b:1922). The three Gumm Sisters sing and dance on stage by themselves, where they performed a song-and-dance number called "That's The Good Old Sunny South." The final number has another chorus of dancing girls performing an Arabian-themed number. This first film appearance was followed by appearances in two Vitaphone-Warner shorts the following year (filmed in 1929, released in 1930): "A Holiday in Story-land" (featuring Garland's first on-screen solo) and "The Wedding of Jack and Jill." The fourth 2-reel 1930 release, filmed in 1929, is a Vitaphone Corporation Warner Brothers' 2-reel musical variety short "Bubbles" which featured costumed children in a land of make believe, which featured The Vitaphone (Meglin) Kiddies and the three Gumm Sisters, Mary Jane "Suzy", Virginia "Jimmie" and Francis "Baby Judaline." The Gumm Sisters appeared during the 1934 Chicago World's Fair Exposition midway and at the Chicago Oriental Theater. Francis, now at age 12, was also featured as a solo act, a single entertainer on an eastern Vaudeville circuit with head-liner comedienne George Jessel acting as an emcee. Jessel encouraged their mother Ethel to choose a more appealing name after "Gumm" was met with laughter from the audience. According to theater legend, their act was once erroneously billed at the Chicago Oriental Theater as "The Glum Sisters." Several stories persist regarding the origin of the name "Garland". One is that it was originated by Jessel after Carole Lombard's character Lily Garland in the film "Twentieth Century," which was then playing at the Chicago Oriental Theater; another is that the girls chose the surname after drama critic Robert Garland. Garland's daughter Lorna Luft stated that their mother Ethel selected the name "Garland" when Jessel announced that the trio of sisters "looked prettier than a garland of flowers." Francis changed her name to Judy soon afterwards, after changing their headline vaudeville family's last name to the "Garland Sisters." Louis B. Mayer asked his MGM studio song-writer Burton Lane and his director/choreographer Busby Berkeley to go downtown Los Angeles's to the movie-vaudeville Broadway (LA main street) Orpheum Theater to watch the Garland Sisters' vaudeville musical act and to report back to him. A few days later the sisters were brought for an impromptu audition at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's Culver City Studios. Judy Garland (13) performed solo "Zing! Went the Strings of My Heart" and "Eli, Eli," a Yiddish song written in 1896, very popular in the sister's vaudeville repertoire. The Garland Sisters final on-screen appearance came in 1935, in an MGM short entitled "La Fiesta de Santa Barbara," The Gumm Sisters' screen credit now listed as "The Garland Sisters." The sister act broke up in late August 1935, when the eldest sister, Suzanne (Gumm) Garland, (age 20), flew to Reno, Nevada, and married musician Lee Kahn, a member of the Jimmy Davis orchestra playing at Cal-Neva Lodge, Lake Tahoe. 20th Century Fox released "Pigskin Parade" on October 23rd, 1936, where a solo fourteen year old Judy played a teenage hillbilly. This was followed in the picture palaces when MGM released "Every Sunday" on November 28th, 1936 which featured a young talented 14.5 year old singer Deanna Durbin and the 14 year old singer Judy Garland in the cast. MGM had released Deanna Durbin from her 1935 studio option-contract, with Universal Pictures immediately picking up the young Deanna Durbin, placing and signing Durbin to a long term contract. MGM, which filmed this musical feature in mid-1935, under their "use contract clause," MGM had the option to "use" Deanna Durbin one more time before her contract option expired. For this reason, Universal Pictures allowed and had to let Deanna Durbin appear in this MGM film, released in late 1936. Ironically, when MGM executives had been viewing daily film screen test-takes, orders were given to get rid of the "fat one" under MGM's contract option clause! Judy had always had a weight problem. Deanna Durbin was terminated, with Universal Pictures recognizing Deanna Durbin's talent and immediately placing Durbin under their studio talent contract. Louis B. Mayer, learning his studio had released Durbin, was reported to say, "you fired the wrong one!" During the course of Deanna Durbin's Universal Pictures production film release-schedule, Durbin's musical feature films saved the studio from bankruptcy for the following decade! Garland's physical appearance created a dilemma for MGM. Garland was only 4 feet - 11.5 inches tall, and her "cute" or "girl-next-door" looks did not exemplify the most glamorous persona required of ingenue types. Judy was self-conscious about her appearance when she attended the studio's school class-room, with the real beauties of MGM's candidate ingenue cast-class mate talents like 13 year old Ava Gardner (b:12.24.1922-d:01.25.1990; age 67), 14 year old Lana Turner (b:02.08.1921-d:06.29.1995; age 74), 14 year old Deanna Durbin (b:11.04.1921-d:04.20.2013; age 91), 15 year old Mickey Rooney (b:09.23.1920-d:04.06.2014; age 93), 18 year old Ann Ruthford (b:11.02.1917-d:06.11.2012; age 94), 16 year old Freddie Bartholomew (b:03.28.1924-d:01.23.1992; age 67). Three year old Elizabeth Taylor, born Feb. 27, 1932, was not even near joining MGM's ingenue class-room class-mates. Judy was the ugly duckling but remained a big money-maker success for the MGM talent roster. Louis B. Mayer in studio staff meetings referred to Judy as his "little hunchback". Personal Quotes (29) [when told by a reporter that she had a large gay following] I couldn't care less. I sing to people! How strange when an illusion dies. It's as though you've lost a child. Well, we have a whole new year ahead of us. And wouldn't it be wonderful if we could all be a little more gentle with each other, and a little more loving, have a little more empathy, and maybe - next year at this time - we'd like each other a little more. [MGM] had us working days and nights on end. They'd give us pep-up pills to keep us on our feet long after we were exhausted. Then they'd take us to the studio hospital and knock us cold with sleeping pills . . . Then after four hours they'd wake us up and give us the pep-up pills again so we could work another 72 hours in a row. I started to feel like a wind-up toy from FAO Schwarz. Hollywood is a strange place if you're in trouble. Everybody thinks it's contagious. [on her sadistic stage mother] She was the real Wicked Witch of the West. I was born at the age of 12 on a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer lot. I wanted to believe and I tried my damndest to believe in the rainbow that I tried to get over and couldn't. So what? Lots of people can't... As for my feelings toward "Over the Rainbow", it's become part of my life. It is so symbolic of all my dreams and wishes that I'm sure that's why people sometimes get tears in their eyes when they hear it. In the silence of night I have often wished for just a few words of love from one man, rather than the applause of thousands of people. My mother had a marvelous talent for mishandling money - mine. When I was put under stock contract at Metro and had a steady income for the first time, we lived in a four-unit apartment building. I suggested to Mother that we buy it as an investment and rent the other three apartments. She hit me in the mouth and invested the money in a nickel mine in Needles, California, that has never been found. We never got a nickel back. Some of the [midget] men used to tease me while we were making The Wizard of Oz (1939). They used to sneak under my dress! I told them if they ever went under there - and I found out about it - they were in big trouble! [on daughter Liza Minnelli ] I think she decided to go into show business when she was an embryo, she kicked so much. [during her short stint as a cast member of Valley of the Dolls (1967)] The stage hands hadn't even built the set yet, and the press had me walking off it! When you have lived the life I've lived, when you've loved and suffered, and been madly happy and desperately sad -- well, that's when you realize you'll never be able to set it all down. Maybe you'd rather die first. From the time I was thirteen, there was a constant struggle between MGM and me - whether or not to eat, how much to eat, what to eat. I remember this more vividly than anything else about my childhood. I'm a woman who wants to reach out and take 40 million people in her arms. I have the unfortunate habit of not being able to have an affair with a man without being in love with him. If I am a legend, then why am I so lonely? [of the MGM Studio school] The teacher, I think, was named Ma Barker. Always be a first-rate version of yourself, instead of a second-rate version of somebody else. I can live without money, but I cannot live without love. Behind every cloud is another cloud. Whenever we'd do that little dance up the Yellow Brick Road, I was supposed to be with them - and they'd shut me out! They would close in, the three of them, and I would be in back of them, dancing. So director Victor Fleming - who was a darling man, always up on a boom - would say, 'Hold it! You three dirty hams! Let that little girl in there! Let her in there!' You think you can make me sing? Do you think you can? You can get me there, sure, but can you make me sing? I sing for myself. I sing when I want to, whenever I want to, just for me. I sing for my own pleasure, whenever I want. Do you understand that? [on the 27 takes over 3 days that it took to film 'The Man That Got Away'] I would try to make the electricians and the cameramen and the others react to the song. Only when they had shown the emotion [it] was supposed to evoke did I feel I had reached them. [on the behavior of the actors playing the Munchkins during the filming of The Wizard of Oz (1939)] They were drunks. They got smashed every night and the police used to scoop them up in butterfly nets. I've always taken 'The Wizard of Oz' very seriously, you know. I believe in the idea of the rainbow. And I've spent my entire life trying to get over it. If you have to be in a soap opera, try not to get the worst role. Salary (25)	Judy Garland
Which 1993 Disney film starred Bet Middler as a witch?	'Stormy Weather': Judy Garland's Troubled Youth - Biography.com Celebrity 'Stormy Weather': Judy Garland's Troubled Youth On what would've been Judy Garland's 93rd birthday today, we look back at her tumultuous childhood that foreshadowed her tragic rise and fall in Hollywood. Avatar: Social count: 219 On what would've been Judy Garland's 93rd birthday today, we look back at her tumultuous childhood that foreshadowed her tragic rise and fall in Hollywood. 219 0 Judy Garland 's life was marked with tragedy from beginning to end. Before she traveled down the yellow brick road in the Wizard of Oz, she had to confront a difficult family life — including a driven stage mother — and a studio system that thought nothing of giving a young girl pills to lose weight and to keep her working long hours. In remembrance of what would've been Garland's 93rd birthday today, here's a look back at her turbulent youth. An Unwanted Child Judy Garland first performed on stage when she was just 2 years old. (Photo: Bettmann/CORBIS) When Ethel Milne Gumm learned she was pregnant in the fall of 1921, it wasn't happy news. In fact, her husband, Frank Gumm, contacted his friend Marcus Rabwin, who was a medical student at the University of Minnesota, to ask for advice about terminating the pregnancy. Abortion wasn't permitted at the time, and Rabwin informed Frank that an illegal procedure could put his wife at risk. Rabwin also urged the couple to go ahead with the pregnancy, which they ultimately did. On June 10, 1922, Frances Ethel Gumm — who would become Judy Garland — was born in Grand Rapids, Minnesota. When she was two and a half years old, Garland made her theatrical debut in Grand Rapids. It was the beginning of a lifetime of singing, as well as a way for her to feel like she belonged. As she revealed in 1963, "The only time I felt wanted when I was a kid was when I was on stage, performing." Raised in an Unhappy Home Why did Garland's mother want to terminate her pregnancy? It's impossible to know for sure, but rumors of Frank's affairs with young men and teenage boys could have been affecting Ethel. Frank's actions grew so out of bounds for Grand Rapids that the Gumm family — which also included Garland's older sisters Mary Jane and Virginia — moved to California in 1926. As a child, Judy Garland (far left) performed with her older sisters Virginia and Mary Jane. They were known as 'The Gumm Sisters.' (Photo: Bettmann/Getty Images) Living in California was beneficial for Garland's career, but it couldn't repair the Gumm marriage. Later in life, Garland stated: "As I recall, my parents were separating and getting back together all the time. It was very hard for me to understand those things and, of course, I remember clearly the fear I had of those separations." Sadly, like her parents, Judy wouldn't have a happy home life as an adult; she would have five marriages under her belt by the time she died at 47. "The Real Wicked Witch of the West" Judy Garland with her mother Ethel Gumm. (Photo: Bettmann/CORBIS) In Lancaster, Garland would tell neighbors she wanted to be a movie actress, singer and dancer when she grew up. It was an ambition that Ethel shared, though she didn't see the need to wait for Garland to grow up first. To bolster Garland's career, Ethel brought her young daughter to numerous vaudeville gigs, as well as a few appearances at the Cocoanut Grove (a popular nightclub). Garland also performed at the Chicago World's Fair in 1934. Some of the locations they visited weren't appropriate for children — there was an appearance at a club that had just been raided for gambling — but that didn't stop Ethel. And while Garland's sisters often joined her on stage — they performed as the Gumm Sisters before becoming the Garland Sisters in 1934 — it was Garland who had Ethel's (sometimes negative) attention. In a 1967 interview with Barbara Walters , Garland reminisced: "She would sort of stand in the wings when I was a little girl and if I didn't feel good, if I was sick to my tummy, she'd say, 'You get out and sing or I'll wrap you around the bedpost and break you off short!' So I'd go out and sing." In fact, according to Garland biographer Gerald Clarke, it was Ethel who first provided pills — ones to ramp up energy and others to sleep — to her not yet 10-year-old daughter. Ethel's behavior makes Garland's later characterization of her mother as "the real Wicked Witch of the West" seem apt. The MGM Treatment After starring in a string of Hollywood musicals, Judy Garland was released from her MGM contract in 1950 and returned to the stage in vaudeville acts. (Photo: Bettmann/CORBIS) Garland's — and Ethel's — hard work paid off when she was signed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1935. However, it wasn't quite the happy ending that had been hoped for. Not only was the studio slow to find roles for Garland, but being under contract also opened her up to a world of criticism about her appearance. Studio head Louis B. Mayer allegedly called Garland "my little hunchback" (Garland was less than five feet tall and had curvature of the spine). Because she was overweight, the commissary was ordered to serve her nothing but chicken broth and cottage cheese, and Mayer even had a network of informants who kept an eye on what Garland was eating. She was also prescribed amphetamine-based diet pills (a common practice at the time). Though she'd soon become a breakout star, these practices stayed with Garland for years to come. She said later: "From the time I was 13, there was a constant struggle between MGM and me — whether or not to eat, how much to eat, what to eat. I remember this more vividly than anything else about my childhood." No One on Her Side Garland's father died in 1935, a short time after she'd signed on at MGM. She continued to have a difficult relationship with her mother, who was on the MGM payroll herself. (Their relationship worsened when her mother married again; Garland hated her stepfather, as well as the fact that the marriage took place on the fourth anniversary of her father's death.) When Garland started to capture the public's attention and MGM wanted to capitalize on its young star, no one was worried about her long-term interests. Judy is remembered as one of the greatest entertainers of all time. Nearly 40 years after her death, she maintains a devoted following. (Photo: Getty Images) In both 1937 and 1938, Garland spent periods making two films at a time. She could spend three hours in school and two hours in singing rehearsal before she even stepped in front of the cameras, and it wasn't unusual for her workday to end at 4 or 5 a.m. To maintain this schedule, an exhausted Garland again turned to pills, which she called her "bolts and jolts." It was the kick-off to a destructive pattern that would continue for years. Though she remained a vibrant performer during the ensuing lifetime of addiction, Garland would also experience a rash of career and money troubles. Her substance abuse problems culminated in her early death from an accidental overdose in 1969. By	i don't know
In which month is the Ascot race meeting held?	Royal Ascot \| US Racing Bet on the Royal Ascot Horse racing action at the Royal Ascot Around the turn at the Ascot Racecourse Large crowds gather to watch the race Where is the 2014 Royal Ascot? Ascot Racecourse When is the 2014 Royal Ascot Race? June 17 - 21, 2014 Royal Ascot is one of the most prestigious race meetings with nearly 300 years of tradition and is one of the highlights of Britain's social and sporting calendar. Smart dress, fine food, champagne and excellent racing are all combined in one social event which lasts 4 days in June. In 1711 Queen Anne, whilst riding in the forests around Windsor Castle, discovered some land near a village called East Cote, now named Ascot, which seemed to her ideal for racing horses. The area was acquired for just £558 to become the Royal Racecourse with the first horse race taking place that year in the presence of the Queen and her Court. After the death of Queen Anne, racing declined in the reign of King George I who disregarded all sports, but in 1920 racing began again at the Royal Racecourse following a format of procession and races that has hardly changed since. Tradition is still continued today with the Queen, now Queen Elizabeth II, leaving Windsor Castle every afternoon in an open horse-drawn carriage, arriving at Royal Ascot through the Golden Gates and leading the Royal Procession along the entire length of the racecourse. Only when the royal party are seated can racing begin. The race meeting starts with the Queen Anne Stakes and commemorates the foundation of the course. Royal Ascot is a social event as much as a race meeting with a tradition of smart dress and fashion. On Gold Cup Day, or Ladies Day as it is also known the ladies attending often wear spectacular hats and Ascot is famous for the hats and fashion on show by race goers. Equally famous is the Gold Cup race which is one of the longest flat races being run over 2-and-half miles. Ascot Racecourse is divided into three main enclosures for the public: The Member's Enclosure, The Grandstand which includes access to the paddock and the Silver Ring - only the privileged have access to the Royal Enclosure. Ascot Racecourse, founded in 1711 is the world’s most famous racecourse. It was Queen Anne who first saw the potential of a racecourse for Ascot, which in those days was known at East Cote. Whilst out riding she came across an area of open heath, not far from Windsor Castle, that looked an ideal place for “horses to gallop at full stretch.” The first race meeting ever held at Ascot took place on Saturday, August 11, 1711. Her Majesty’s Plate, worth 100 guineas was the inaugural event, open to any horse, mare or gelding over the age of six. Each horse was required to carry a weight of 12st and seven runners took part. The contest bore little resemblance to racing seen at Ascot today. The seven horses were all English Hunters, quite different to the speedy thoroughbreds that race on the flat now. The race consisted of three separate heats, each four miles long, so the winner would have been a horse with tremendous stamina. Racing at Ascot became very popular and, in 1813 Parliament passed an Act of Enclosure. This act ensured that Ascot Heath, although property of the crown, would be kept and used as a racecourse for the public in the future. Today the racecourse is managed by the Ascot Authority, created by an Act of Parliament passed in 1913. His Majesty’s Representative became Chairman of the Authority with the Clerk of the Course acting as secretary. Today Ascot retains both these positions, but with the additional appointment of a Chief Executive and departmental directors under him. The Royal Enclosure The first reference of a Royal Stand at Ascot Racecourse dates back to the 1790’s, when a temporary stand was established during the Royal Meeting. Entrance to this exclusive area was strictly by invitation only from King George III himself. However, according to our records it was not officially named the Royal Enclosure until May 1845. The Royal Enclosure was originally established to provide the Royal Family and their selected guests with privacy, security and exclusivity, allowing them to enjoy their day in comfort and style. This was deemed as essential following an incident that occurred in June 1832 When William IV was hit by a stone thrown by former Sailor, Dennis Collins. Racing at Ascot today Up until 1945 the only racing to take place at Ascot was the four day Royal Meeting. Since then the number of fixtures has steadily increased, with the introduction of the steeple chase and hurdle course in 1965, allowing National Hunt fixtures to be held during the winter months. Today Ascot stages 25 days of racing throughout the year, 16 Flat meetings between the months of May and October and 9 National Hunt meetings between November and April. The Royal Meeting, held in June is undoubtedly the most famous of these, where top class racing is combined with tradition, pageantry and style. Other highlights include Diamond Day, featuring the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Diamond Stakes, The Blue Square Shergar Cup, racing’s only team competition and the BETDAQ Festival of racing, featuring The Queen Elizabeth II Stakes. Ascot Racecourse welcomes some 500,000 racegoers through the gates each year and continues to offer unbeatable racing action. Queen Anne would surely be very proud of her sporting legacy to the nation. More than 300,000 people visit the racecourse during Royal Ascot week, making this Europe's most popular race meeting, and the event still continues to grow each year. Royal Ascot is an internationally renowned sporting and social occasion, where tradition, pageantry and style all meet in a glorious setting - against the spectacular backdrop of top class thoroughbreds and world famous jockeys competing for some of the highest accolades in horseracing.	June
In motor racing, what is the colour of flag to signify 'Danger, no overtaking': (a) red, (b) blue or (c) yellow?	Ascot Racecourse: A royal history - BBC News BBC News Ascot Racecourse: A royal history 14 June 2011 Close share panel Image caption The Ascot racecourse was built in 1711 As this year's Royal Ascot gets underway in Berkshire, BBC News looks back at the racecourse's history as it marks its 300-year anniversary. Today, Ascot is world famous for its racecourse, with races throughout the year. However, it is only called Royal Ascot in June when the Queen attends. But as racing historian Sean Magee explained, it was royal from the very start. The 300-year story of racing at Ascot begins in 1711, when Queen Anne put an idea into motion to pursue her love of horse racing. Also a lover of stag hunting, Mr Magee said that it was on one of her "regular rampages" through nearby Windsor forest when Anne had her "brainwave". Social event Her racecourse would appear near Ascot village, which was close to where her hunting hounds were kennelled at Swinley Bottom. On 12 July 1711, the London Gazette printed that Her Majesty's plates of 50 and 100 guineas would be competed for at the new course the following month, even though at that time the course still needed to be laid out. "Charles, Duke of Somerset and Master of the Horse, swung into action," said Mr Magee, author of Ascot: The History. Image caption Founder Queen Anne is commemorated by the opening race at Royal Ascot, the Queen Anne Stakes "Royal account books record the payment to 'sundry workmen employed in making and perfecting the round heat (course) on Ascot Common in the months of July and August 1711'". Payments were also made to William Erlybrown "for setting up posts and other carpenter's work on the said common" and to Benjamin Culcott for painting the posts. Mr Magee explained that on the eve of the first meeting, held on Saturday 11 August 1711, author Jonathan Swift wrote that "much company is come to town this evening to see tomorrow's race". "The first Ascot meeting must have been considered a success as a second followed in September 1711," said Mr Magee. "Ascot races were quickly established as one of the main social events of the court calendar." 'Gambling and womanising' However, the death of Queen Anne on 1 August 1714 caused the cancellation of the races later that month, and there is no further record of Ascot races until 1720. Neither successors George I and George II showed any interest in Ascot Racecourse, but its fortunes were revived by George II's third son and keen sportsman William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland. Known as The Butcher Of Culloden for his brutal defeat of Bonnie Prince Charlie in Scotland, Cumberland was responsible for the racecourse's first four-day Tuesday-to-Friday fixture in 1749. Years later in 1785, the Straight Mile was built at Ascot when a marked improvement in thoroughbred breeds saw less emphasis on stamina and more on speed. The next important royal in the history of Ascot was "the notorious Prinny," said Mr Magee. He was George III's oldest son, who became Prince Regent in 1811. "The future George IV is best remembered for his profligacy and hedonism, living his life in a whirl of banqueting, gambling and womanising - three activities which came together in his passion for racing," said Mr Magee. Image caption George IV's decadent lifestyle inspired many satirical prints He added: "Prinny's patronage made Ascot races one of the most fashionable social occasions of the year, but coverage of his attendance was by no means deferential. "A famous satirical print of the time depicted 'His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, with a Lady of Quality, going to Ascot Races' - and the Lady of Quality is anything but." When Prinny was crowned George IV in January 1820, he ordered architect John Nash to design a new stand, which included a lawn for the exclusive use of guests of the royal family - the beginning of the Royal Enclosure. But the greatest legacy George IV left to Ascot is the Royal Procession. "There had been grand entrances before but it was in 1825 that the royal party first made a formal procession up the Straight Mile," said Mr Magee. "Since then the Royal Procession has provided the most graphic illustration of the connection between royalty and Ascot racecourse."	i don't know
What is the name of the international biennial yachting event coinciding with 'Cowes Week'?	Cowes — Luxury Yacht Charter & Superyacht News Written by zuzana Yesterday, July 19, 2015 saw a spectacular start to the much anticipated Panerai British Classic Week 2015 off Cowes, hosting a strong fleet of 77 yachts. The regatta kicked off with a course race in the Solent , marked by glorious sunshine and a warm southwesterly breeze of 15-25 knots. Sailing yacht Mariquita at the 2015 Panerai British Classic Week – Photo by Guido Cantini/Panerai/Sea&See.com First away were the giants of Class 0, who sailed beautifully down the Solent with truly awe-inspiring power. From the outset John Caulcutt, Jamie Matheson and Stephen Hemsley’s 1911 William Fife II Cutter ‘Mariquita’ and Armin Fisher and Robert Towbin’s 1914 William Fife III Ketch ‘Sumurun’ were well matched, and after almost three hours of competing they concluded the race just eighteen seconds apart on corrected time with ‘Mariquita’ taking victory. Zak Zbynek’s Nathanial G Herreshof -designed charter yacht ‘Eleonora’ took third place. Eleonora Yacht – Photo by Guido Cantini/Panerai/Sea&See.com Yesterday evening the crews were enjoying a Welcome Reception at the Royal Yacht Squadron . Today’s forecast is for southwesterly winds of up to 30 knots so the planned Around The Island Race sponsored by EFG International has been postponed until Thursday. Instead the fleet will sail the Long Inshore Race sponsored by Classic Boat supported by Wight Vodka, starting at 10.00 from the Royal Yacht Squadron line. Racing continues until Friday 24 July and the regatta will come to an end on Saturday 25 July with a Parade of Sail past the Royal Yacht Squadron and Cowes Green at 11.00. Written by zuzana More than 70 yachts have already registered for the upcoming Panerai British Classic Week 2015, set to be hosted by Cowes Yacht Haven from July 18 to 25. The popular regatta annually attracts classic yachts of all shapes and sizes. The largest yacht to compete this year will be the awe-inspiring 49,5-metre charter yacht Eleonora . Available for rent in such popular Mediterranean yacht holiday destinations as French Riviera and Croatia , luxury sailing yacht Eleonora is a beautiful schooner, built by Van de Graaf to a design by Nathaniel G Herreshoff in 2000. Classic charter yacht ELEONORA – the largest yacht to attend the 2015 Panerai British Classic Week Sailing yacht ELEONORA Written by zuzana Entry for the Panerai British Classic Week 2015 is now open. The event will take place from 18th – 25th July at Cowes Yacht Haven , a lovely England yacht charter destination. Now in its 14th year, the regatta continues to grow in popularity, and this year the number of international visitors is expected to be particularly high, with yachts from all over the world, making their way to the Solent for this very popular regatta. Panerai British Classic Week 2014 – Photo by Guido Cantini/seasee.com Looking forward to the 2015 edition, Regatta Chairman Sean McMillan commented, “This year we have the great good fortune to be holding our regatta the week immediately preceding the Royal Yacht Squadron ’s 200th anniversary regatta. We anticipate a strong attendance at Panerai British Classic Week with many famous yachts already expressing their interest in participating prior to joining the RYS event.” The regatta is open to classic and vintage yachts and forms part of the Panerai Classic Yachts Challenge Series , the leading international circuit for these vintage craft, sponsored for the eleventh consecutive year by the Italian watchmaker Officine Panerai. With yachts from the drawing boards of designers such as Fife , Mylne , Nicholson , Giles , Illingworth, McGruer and Sparkman & Stephens , plus many whose background stories are truly extraordinary, the fleet is always both beautiful and fascinating. Among the international entrants will be the Paine/Burgess designed Jour de Fête, sailing under the burgee of the New York Yacht Club. Built in 1930 by Lawley in Boston, Jour de Fête is a “Q Boat” designed to Herreschoff’s Universal Rule. She will be skippered by her owner, America’s Cup legend Bruno Troublé, who tells us, “I look forward to coming back to Cowes as I have many friends there. This will be our first time racing the boat under IRC, but we will use only Dacron sails and the whole crew will be pure amateurs.” Bruno will bring to bear his extensive knowledge of the Solent gained racing in multiple Cowes Weeks and the Admiral’s Cup and through his close involvement in the organisation of the Royal Yacht Squadron’s America’s Cup Jubilee Regatta in 2001. He does, however, promise not to replicate one of his more infamous Solent exploits when he “Sank a boat, a Two Tonner, Xeryus in the late 1980s on the Varvassi wreck near the Needles while racing around the Island.” Racing is once again being organised by Royal Yacht Squadron Racing and will feature a seven race series plus the special Around the Island Race sponsored by EFG International on Monday 20th July. The ever-popular Ladies Race will be held on Wednesday 22nd July and the regatta will conclude with the Parade of Sail past the Royal Yacht Squadron and Cowes Green on Saturday 25th July. Ashore the Panerai Lounge will be the focal point for pre and post sailing gatherings. The evening social programme is always packed with fun events and this year is no exception. From the Welcome Reception at the Royal Yacht Squadron to the Prize Giving Dinner at Cowes Yacht Haven Events Centre, via the traditional “Open Yachts” Pontoon Party, there will be plenty to keep the competitors and their guests entertained. As always the yachts will be moored at Cowes Yacht Haven where members of the public are welcome to tour the dock and view the stunningly restored and maintained historic yachts and speak to their owners and crews. Written by zuzana Last October saw RORC Racing Manager Nick Elliott predict ‘a scramble for places’, when it was announced that priority would be given to RORC members wishing to secure a place in the legendary race celebrating its 90th anniversary. He wasn’t wrong. Just 24 minutes after the online entry system opened at midday on 12th January, more than 300 yachts had signed up for the Rolex Fastnet Race 2015. The frenetic trend continued and by the end of the afternoon, 375 yachts had registered for the biennial 608-nautical mile race, which has been an established fixture on the ocean racing circuit since 1925. French father and son team of Pascal and Alexis Loison, became the first ever doublehanded crew to win the Fastnet Challenge Cup and the Rolex Fastnet Race overall in 2013. They will be back to defend their title this year. Night and Day, JPK 10.10 © Rolex/Kurt Arrigo “Within 24 hours of online entries opening in the race two years ago it was oversubscribed, and with a waiting list. We thought that was remarkable, but yesterday we reached the same number in 24 minutes! The Rolex Fastnet Race has great reverence with sailors worldwide wishing to compete in this iconic race and add it to their bucket list,” says Elliott. Still time to register an entry – priority to RORC members All is not lost for those who still wish to enter. Following the popularity of the 2013 race, when the entry limit was increased to 340 boats, the RORC Committee decided that RORC members would get priority for the first week of registration. Boats have to meet the strict entry qualification and training criteria of the race and after Sunday 18th January, all registered boats will be sorted and places offered on a first come, first served basis, with RORC members receiving priority over non-members. Boats registering after this date will be allocated places in the order in which they apply, regardless of membership. The advice from the RORC Race Team is to register as soon as possible and a useful guide for entrants, explaining the main points needed to consider before entering – crew qualification, boat suitability and the process of entry itself – is available on the RORC Rolex Fastnet Race website. Timeless classics such as Stormy Weather, the S&S 1934 yawl, will compete in the 2015 Rolex Fastnet Race © Carlo Borlenghi/Rolex 80 years on, 1935 Fastnet winner returns Among the first boats to register their entry for the 2015 Rolex Fastnet Race was one of the best-known and loved classic yachts sailing today, Stormy Weather, the 1934 Sparkman & Stephens 52ft yawl who was named after the song. She has an illustrious racing pedigree, winning the King’s Cup in the Newport-Bergen Transatlantic Race a year after she was launched, before arriving to see Uffa Fox in Cowes in 1935 and going on to win the Fastnet Race the same year. The race had just 17 starters and Stormy was the only American entry in a fleet dominated by 13 British entries. **Although some of the British press displayed a severe case of “sour grapes” when they bemoaned the quality, and perhaps quantity, of Stormy’s sails, Yachting World gallantly noted that, “By winning the Fastnet Cup in such a convincing manner, [Stormy Weather] has demonstrated her right to be the champion deep-sea yacht of the world.” And went on to add, “At the same time she is undoubtedly of a type which is well suited to the requirements of ordinary cruising.” So far, six S & S-designed classic yachts have signed up for the race, including Matt Brooks’ 52ft yawl, Dorade which claimed victory for the second time in 2013 Transpac, 77 years after she won it in 1936. The 46th edition of one of sailing’s greatest contests – the Rolex Fastnet Race – reconvenes on Sunday 16th August, starting from Cowes, Isle of Wight to Plymouth via the Fastnet Rock. Written by zuzana Camper & Nicholsons Marinas have proudly announced that they have been selected to lead the development of the new Victoria Marina, to be positioned at East Cowes on the Isle of Wight, UK . Construction of the new 400-berth luxury yacht marina is expected to start next autumn. Victoria Marina at East Cowes on the Isle of Wight, UK Site owner the Homes and Communities Agency selected Camper & Nicholsons Marinas to work as part of a consortium to lead the development of a vibrant new 400-berth luxury yacht marina. The proposed scheme includes a boutique hotel and a wide range of residential, commercial and leisure amenities for the 2.6 hectare site. Subject to contracts, Camper & Nicholsons will work with Westcourt Real Estate, who are involved in developing the London City Cruise terminal in Greenwich, to redevelop the marina and bring forward detailed proposals for other key buildings on the site. The selection sees Camper & Nicholsons return to UK shores after an absence of more than 10 years. It represents a coup for East Cowes and is expected to generate more than 250 jobs as a result of the redevelopment and creation of new employment opportunities. Victoria Marina - Plan Paul Flatt HCA Senior Development Manager said: “The proposals for a new marina are bold and ambitious and we need a development partner who shares this vision and has a track record of success. “Camper & Nicholsons’ name has a strong historic connection to the Solent area. This is an exciting opportunity to apply their extensive international experience in marina development and operation in the UK, on one of the remaining key elements in the regeneration of East Cowes.” Camper and Nicholsons are recognised as one of the world’s oldest and most prestigious yachting names, with specialisms in waterfront and marina development stretching back for more than 40 years. Camper & Nicholsons’ Business Development Director Dan Hughes said: “Our selection as part of the preferred bidder consortium signals a return to the UK for the Camper & Nicholsons’ heritage yachting brand. Working in partnership with Westcourt Real Estate, we are very keen to develop and operate such a facility, in the heart of UK yachting.” Isle of Wight Council leader, Councillor Ian Stephens, said: “This announcement is excellent news for a project which is bringing major economic, employment and other benefits to East Cowes and the island as whole. This project will continue with the aims and the objectives of the Isle of Wight Council in bringing economic growth and employment to the island and also reflecting our traditional yachting and leisure industry. “We welcome the appointment of such a renowned company with strong historic links with the Solent.” East Cowes on the Isle of Wight, UK Sir Christopher Lewinton, Chairman of Camper & Nicholsons Marina Investments Limited, added, “Camper & Nicholsons are very pleased to have been selected by the Homes & Communities Agency to lead the development of a world class 400 berth marina in East Cowes. “We also look forward to working with Westcourt Real Estate who will lead the related landside development programme. The Board of CNMIL believe that this marina presents a significant growth opportunity for us along with creating employment and contributing to the regeneration of East Cowes.” The development of a 400 berth marina was granted detailed planning permission in 2013. Further detailed plans for development on key parts of the site are due to be announced early next year and are expected to include: Improvements to the Columbine building to create a mix of marine, commercial and leisure space Conversion of the nearby Victoria Barracks building as an inn and hotel More than 100 new and affordable homes. The site sits beside the recently announced redevelopment of the Red Funnel terminal at East Cowes. Recent phases of regeneration in East Cowes have included a new Waitrose store, medical centre and the completion of 180 new and affordable homes on the successful Victoria Walk development. Written by zuzana Cowes Week Limited (CWL), organizer of the world-famous Aberdeen Asset Management Cowes Week , is seeking a talented and experienced executive director to join the small full-time team responsible for the event. AAM Cowes Week This new and exciting opportunity arises from the departure of CWL’s Sales & Marketing Director, Michelle Warner, who will leave for new pastures in early 2015 after 10 years with CWL. The new director will be responsible for sponsorship income and supporting the strategic development of the regatta and its delivery. Operating as part of the event’s Executive Management Team, the successful candidate will also sit as a Director on the board of Cowes Week Limited, leading and advising the board on all commercial matters. Those interesting in applying for the role should send a covering letter outlining suitability, together with an up-to-date copy of their CV, for the attention of the Chairman, Peter Dickson c/o [email protected]. The closing date for applications is Friday 9 January at midday. Interviews will be held the following week and it is hoped that the successful candidate will be available to start at the beginning of March. Written by zuzana The Royal Ocean Racing Club ( RORC ) and the Royal Malta Yacht Club have lifted the 100-foot (30,47m) LOA monohull limit for the 2015 editions of the Rolex Fastnet Race as well as the Rolex Middle Sea Race , set by a number of the classic 600 mile races, such as the Fastnet, Sydney Hobart and Middle Sea races. This will allow superyachts attending the Atlantic Ocean Racing Series to compete. Start of the 2013 Rolex Fastnet Race from Cowes, Isle of Wight - Credit: Rolex Kurt/Arrigo The AORS consists of four events: the RORC Caribbean 600 , the 2015 Transatlantic Race from Newport to the Lizard, the Rolex Fastnet Race and Rolex Middle Sea Race. Superyachts have always been eligible to race in the RORC Caribbean 600 and a number have entered for the west to east Transatlantic Race at the end of June/July 2015, organised by the Royal Yacht Squadron and New York Yacht Club in association with the Royal Ocean Racing Club and Storm Trysail Club. In previous editions of the Rolex Fastnet Race only monohulls of 100ft or less were eligible to win the coveted Fastnet Challenge Cup. In 2013 there were two monohulls at this upper limit of 100ft: Mike Slade’s Farr 100 charter yacht ICAP Leopard (GBR), and Igor Simcic’s RP100 superyacht Esimit Europa 2 (SLO). With a number of superyachts competing in the 2015 Transatlantic Race, such as Elena Ambrosiadou’s, 289ft Dykstra / Perini Navi charter yacht Maltese Falcon , and superyacht Mariette , the 1915 Herreshoff classic, the increased LOA limit for the 46th biennial Rolex Fastnet Race will entice yachts over 100ft to enter and possibly win the Fastnet Challenge Cup, making for a spectacular race from Cowes, Isle of Wight in August 2015. Rolex Fastnet priority for RORC members “Another initiative in place for the Rolex Fastnet Race is to give RORC members priority when entering in January 2015,” explains Nick Elliott, RORC Racing Manager. “The race was oversubscribed in 2013 within 24 hours of entry opening with many boats, including those of RORC members, having to go on a waiting list. To cope with demand, the Club increased the limit to 340, but with the 2015 Transatlantic Race from Newport to the Lizard having close to 60 boats and the Rolex Middle Sea Race breaking the 100 boat barrier, we can only envisage another scramble for places when entry opens at midday on the 12th January 2015,” continues Elliott. Written by zuzana This year’s Aberdeen Asset Management Cowes Week came to an end on Saturday, August 9. The overall prize-giving on Saturday evening hosted some 300 people, and regatta organizers, Cowes Week Limited , reflected on a Week of mixed weather conditions. Aberdeen Asset Management Cowes Week 2014 - Day Two - Photo by Alan Crowhurst/Getty Images Champagne sailing conditions started the Week with sunshine and great breeze but this was followed by much lighter conditions resulting in disappointing abandonments for some on Thursday and for all classes on Friday. For those that raced on the final Saturday though, there was a welcome return of good breeze and sun providing some fantastic conditions for the last day of racing, with the added spectacle of Black Group starting on the Royal Yacht Squadron line for the first time in as long as anyone can remember. Consistent performances throughout the Week rewarded the East Coast Squib, Lady Penelope, raced by Malcolm Hutchings and Andy Ramsey, with victory for the second year running, cleaning up in the Squib Class, White Group, and taking away the coveted overall winner’s trophy at Aberdeen Asset Management Cowes Week once again. Commenting on his win, Malcolm Hutchings said: “It’s wonderful to be taking this magnificent overall winners trophy back to the east coast once again, where some extremely big celebrations are on the cards. It is always a fantastic week – we go to Cowes for the great competition, fun and the fantastic social scene and last week we revelled in it all!” Lady Penelope (c) Rick Tomlinson The Squib class was sporting a very healthy fleet at this year’s regatta with entries having grown by over 20%. The class had boats representing 10 Clubs from around the country (and France) with 70% of these raced by families and 25% with an under 25 year-old onboard at some point during the week. Steve Warren-Smith, Captain of the Class, thinks the growth can be attributed to a variety of different factors. He explains: “We are the most affordable Class out there. This result by Malcolm and Andy helps demonstrate that it’s the ability that counts, not the wallet! Cowes Week is a wonderful and unique event, which allows the minnows to compete with the giants evenly, and to win fairly. We’re delighted that one of our own has won the Aberdeen Asset Management Cowes Week overall title in two consecutive years”. In the Black Group, overall glory was also consistent with the final result in 2013 with Island-based Adam Gosling in IRC 2 winning with his Corby 36, Yes! After finding out he was overall winner of IRC 2 and of Black Group, Adam said: “We’ve had great rivalry this week against very good sailors. This is the second time in a row that we’ve won Black Group, which is rather unexpected. We set out to win our class, but we knew it would be hard because we were the smallest boat in the class. The key to our win was good starts, which meant we could stay ahead of the larger boats for longer, before eventually getting buried by them, and control the races that way.” In celebration of the 50th anniversary of co-ordinated race management by Cowes Combined Clubs, the CCC Anniversary Trophy was introduced at this year’s regatta. The trophy was won by Itchenor Sailing Club with its representative team of the XOD, Lass, the Solent Sunbeam, Danny, and the Swallow, Gwaihir who fought off stiff competition from 14 other entries across 8 different clubs. The Trophy, a painting by local artist and yachtsman, Mike Till, will take pride of place at Itchenor Sailing Club until it is contested again at next year’s regatta. Commemorative 50th anniversary glasses and silverware are also available for purchase from the Regatta Centre. Simply contact the office on: 01983 295744 for further details. The Aberdeen Asset Management Under 25 Trophy was even more competitive this year with crews from across 20 different boats racing for the award with their entry fee covered by title sponsor, Aberdeen Asset Management. The crew of Jugador in the J/70 class fought off competition from Shoreham Youth Team in the Sonar class to take the Trophy home, with Jugador skipper, Jack Davies, also taking the Young Skipper’s Trophy. Full results information from across all classes, together with images, daily highlights footage and a replay of the live commentated footage from throughout the Week are all available on the event website. Highlights ashore also included a packed schedule of family activities in support of Family Day on Sunday 3 August, which included an appearance from Andy Day of CBeebies on Cowes Parade, an outdoor screening of The Goonies at Northwood House and circus and theatre workshops courtesy of Wight Stars at Cowes Yacht Haven. Women’s participation in sailing was celebrated on Ladies Day (Thursday 7 August), which saw the presentation of the Ladies Day Trophy to the inspirational Dee Caffari in recognition of her immense contribution to the sport of sailing. The regatta’s new official charity, UKSA had a fantastic response from the public to their stand in Cowes Yacht Haven . Fundraising activities included ‘Try-Sailing’ taster sessions, gutterboat racing, sending people up a mast and branded bracelets. Funds were also raised through an innovative ‘pass the mark’ initiative whereby Aberdeen Asset Management donated £1 for every time Aberdeen Alpha was passed. In addition, sales of the official charity t-shirt, designed by leading fashion designer Amanda Wakeley (funded by Aberdeen Asset Management and other key event partners) raised monies for the charity too. Full details on the amount raised for the Island-based charity will be released in due course. A very special evening of entertainments took place on Friday 8 August with a display from the awe-inspiring RAF Typhoon, the iconic Red Arrows , and the traditional fireworks display which, despite the downpour, the crowds still turned out in their droves to enjoy. The post-event survey is now online inviting competitors and visitors to the regatta to share their feedback to help organisers make further improvements to the regatta. Entries are now online for the 2015 regatta and anyone entering between now and the end of the year will not only take advantage of a Super Early Bird entry fee, but will also be in with a chance of winning a fantastic range of prizes including a rebate on their entry fee, free berthing in Cowes and a host of other benefits and goodies provided by the regatta sponsors and the main event venues. Next year’s dates are 8-15 August. The countdown starts here! Written by zuzana Cowes Week Limited (CWL) presented Ladies Day for the first time in 2006, with one simple objective: to raise the profile of sailing as one of few mainstream sports where men and women compete on equal terms. Over the last decade, female participation across the sport has grown, and at Aberdeen Asset Management Cowes Week a third of all competitors participating in the racing are female. Dee Caffari - Winner of the 2014 Ladies Day Trophy Ladies Day provides a fantastic platform for celebrating women in sailing, and by doing so, helps promote the fact that Cowes Week is fully inclusive. The main focus of the Ladies Day celebrations each year is a special evening reception at which the ‘Ladies Day Trophy’ is awarded. This trophy recognises the outstanding contribution, commitment, or achievement of women in sailing. The judging panel for this year’s Trophy was formed of double Olympic gold medallist, Shirley Robertson, Aberdeen Asset Management’s Global Head of HR, Kerry Christie, Women’s Sport and Fitness Foundation Trustee, Karen Wilson, Yachting World’s editor, Elaine Bunting, and CWL’s Michelle Warner. This year’s trophy was awarded at a reception this evening, hosted by Aberdeen Asset Management, to Dee Caffari. Dee has helped bring sailing to the attention of the broader public since she started in the sport and has raced at nearly every Cowes Week over the last 15 years across a wide range of different classes. Outside of Cowes Week she has been instrumental in the success of the women’s sailing programme in Oman, has sailed single-handed and non-stop around the world in both directions and is the only woman to have sailed non-stop around the world three times. She’s about to set off on her 5th circumnavigation as part of Team SCA. Dee is also an ambassador for Toe in the Water and is a phenomenal ambassador for sailing, whatever the gender. Dee was this evening awarded the Ladies Day Trophy In recognition of her immense contribution to the sport of sailing. Commenting on the win, Dee said: “It is very exciting to receive this award following in a long line of women who have got their name on this trophy. It is awesome to finally be holding the award. I have been nominated in the past but thought I’d never win it. To have my achievements listed and recognised, especially with the esteemed company in the room tonight, is very special.” Written by zuzana This year’s Aberdeen Asset Management Cowes Week , the world’s best-known sailing regatta, is set to kick off tomorrow, on August 2. The 2014 regatta is expected to provide an action-packed excitement afloat, with a shore-side program to match. AAM Cowes Week 2013 - Photo by Richard Langdon/Getty Images This year, Cowes Combined Clubs celebrates 50 years of co-ordinated race management at the 188 year-old regatta, and at least 13 competitors racing this year also took part in the 1964 regatta (the first year of the formation of CCC). Eric Williams of Williams Shipping is one, and these days is frequently to be found towards the top of the leader-board with his Dragon, Ecstatic. Commenting on what keeps him coming back to Cowes Week, Eric said: “I love it. It’s a great sailing obstacle course! It’s not just about the racing; you’re crossing tides, avoiding ships, missing rocks and keeping clear of everyone else. There’s so much to think about and you’ve never won until you’ve crossed the finish line. It certainly gets the adrenalin flowing!” In celebration of the anniversary, the daily prizes and overall trophies will carry a commemorative logo and there are a number of commemorative items available for purchase too. In addition, the CCC Anniversary Trophy has been introduced. This is a painting by local yachtsman and artist, Mike Till, and will be awarded as a perpetual interclub team trophy with the painting held on the premises of the winning club. Organisers are delighted to also welcome a number of new faces to this year’s regatta, with at least 45 newcomers entering for the first time in 2014. David and Gill Roberts are one such crew, taking part for the first time on the final Saturday with their cruiser, Bugsy 2. This will be their first proper race in their first yacht! Racing on the final Saturday is now used as an introduction to the regatta for those who want to find out what it’s all about while having the chance to win some silverware and enjoying a gentler pace with a later start, for a bargain price of just £30. Commenting on their motivation for signing up to this year’s regatta, David Roberts said: “Having bought our first boat and just about got used to her, we thought it would be great fun to enter her into the final Saturday race, which seemed designed to encourage the likes of ourselves to take part.” Anyone thinking about taking part in this year’s regatta can still do so; entries are accepted for the following days racing before 5pm each day. Visit the Regatta Centre behind the bandstand on Cowes Parade or call 01983 295744 to sign-up. In keeping with Aberdeen Asset Management’s and Cowes Week Limited’s shared objectives of supporting the next generation of sailors, they were delighted to announce the appointment of UKSA as the official charity of the regatta earlier in the year. UKSA provides transformational opportunities for young people through sailing and watersports, and will be fundraising in order to offer every year six primary school child on the Island (a total of 1,600 children) the opportunity to experience water-based sports. UKSA have a range of activities planned in support of this target, including a limited edition Ladies Day charity T-shirt and will be resident at Cowes Yacht Haven throughout the Week. Aberdeen Asset Management has also extended its popular Under 25 initiative to twenty crews who have had their entry fees covered by the title sponsor this year and will also receive team sailing kit and be in contention for the prestigious Aberdeen Asset Management Under 25 Trophy. On a practical note, visitors and competitors to the regatta will notice that work is currently underway in the harbour for the long-awaited new outer breakwater which will give the marinas and moorings protection from north-easterly winds and minimise damage to boats caused by strong winds in this direction. All boats need to observe the exclusion zone in place throughout the regatta to safeguard against any damage from submerged chain, anchors and floating pipelines. Ashore, there is a packed schedule of events with entertainments laid-on from early afternoon each day across the town and the addition of a big wheel at Northwood House this year offering panoramic views across Cowes and the Solent. Special highlights for 2014 include a display from The Blades Aerobatic Display team (Saturday 2 August at 7pm), Family Day (Sunday 3 August), Ladies Day (Thursday 7 August), and the RAF Typhoon Display Team (7.10pm), the iconic Red Arrows (7.30pm) and the spectacular fireworks display (9.30pm) all taking place on the penultimate day of the regatta (Friday 8 August). See the official event website for full details of the shore-side schedule. There are competitions running throughout the Week too, with lots of brilliant prizes to be won. Details of these can be found online and include the #GoGreenBlue competition in support of Green Blue Day (Saturday 2 August), the Aberdeen Asset Management photography competition and a last chance to win a year’s supply of wine courtesy of new wine and champagne sponsor, Laithwaite’s. On a more sombre note, Tuesday 5 August will commemorate the centenary of the first shot at sea in the First World War with a sail past by the Royal Navy and a one minute silence in memory of all those who have served in defence of the nation. A single cannon shot will be fired from the Royal Yacht Squadron at 10am to mark the start of the silence and will fire again at the end of the minute. In addition, this year’s race for The Britannia Cup, will be held in commemoration of the centenary of the Great War at Sea. Aberdeen Asset Management Cowes Week 2014 will provide something for everyone and organisers look forward to welcoming all to Cowes for one of the greatest events on the sailing calendar. For those unable to attend, Cowes Live! will broadcast the racing action on the event website from 9.30am until early afternoon each day thanks to funding from Aberdeen Asset Management and the support of the event’s technology partner, NGR, and Cowes Radio.	Admiral's Cup
'Boston Crab' is a term used in which sport?	Club History - Royal Cork Yacht Club Club History Club History Post by Dermot Burns – Royal Cork Yacht Club Archivist. Email [email protected] A comprehensive history of the club entitled, “A History of the Royal Cork Yacht Club” was recently published. This work was awarded the Book of the Year award by the Irish Printing Industry at their annual awards ceremony. Sometime in the early 1600s, the idea of sailing for private pleasure started to take root in the Netherlands. Later that century, during the Cromwellian years, King Charles II of England was in exile in the Netherlands and while there he became aware of this new and exciting pastime. In 1660 after his restoration to the English crown and return from exile, Charles was presented with a yacht called Mary by the Dutch, which he sailed enthusiastically on the Thames. Soon several of his courtiers followed his example and we feel pretty certain that one of them was Murrough O’Brien, the 6th Lord Inchiquin (Murrough of the Burnings). We know that not only had he attended the court of King Charles from 1660 to 1662, but also that he had been created the 1st Earl of Inchiquin by Charles in 1664. We also know that private sailing started to become popular in Cork Harbour shortly after his return, quite possibly because of his direct encouragement. In any case, by 1720, interest in the sport had progressed so much that his great-grandson, the 26 year old William O’Brien, the 9th Lord Inchiquin, and five of his friends got together to formalise their activities and in so doing established ” The Water Club of the Harbour of Cork “. This club is known today as the Royal Cork Yacht Club and it is the oldest yacht club in the world. The Old Rules They based themselves in a castle on Hawlbowline Island, the lease of which Lord Inchiquin held. From that castle they regulated their sailing, membership and dining affairs according to a set of rules known to us today as “The Old Rules”. In the early years the majority of club sailing activity took the form of sailing in various formations, copying the manoeuvres of the navies of the day. They communicated with each other by means of flying different flags and firing cannons. Each display and sequence of flags or guns meant something and every yacht owner carried a common signal book on board, which allowed them to communicate with each other. Paintings from 1738 in the possession of the club show club yachts carrying out such manoeuvres. Shortly before 1806 the club moved to the nearby town of Cove as the British Admiralty decided that they had a greater need for Hawlbowline Island than we had. The American Revolution and then later on the French Revolution, would have been significant factors in the Royal Navy’s decision to build up their presence in the safe & strategic harbour of Cork. Kinsale had been the main naval centre on this coast up until this time but that harbour had begun to silt badly causing problems for warships which in addition had become bigger with deeper draughts. Cork Harbour Water Club By 1806 the Water Club of the Harbour of Cork had started to refer to itself as the Cork Harbour Water Club. During the 1820s, following the fashion of the few other clubs that had emerged by then, it changed its name to include the word “Yacht” and dropped the word “Water” and became known as the Cork Harbour Yacht Club. Later on that decade it dropped “Harbour” and became the Cork Yacht Club. In 1831 King William IV granted the club the privilege of using the prefix “Royal” and it became known as the Royal Cork Yacht Club. The Club had been using various premises in Cove as clubhouses but eventually, in 1854, it moved into a magnificent new building which it had built on land given to it by the then Admiral, J.H. Smith Barry. The building, which stands directly onto the waterfront, was to become not only a major yachting centre but also an essential meeting place for Cork society. By mid century membership was keenly sought after and club records show that many candidates were disappointed. One who was fortunate to be admitted was Prince Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria, later to be Emperor of Mexico. Prince Ferdinand was a brother of Emperor Franz Joseph and was the founder of the Imperial Austrian Navy. A special meeting of the General Committee was convened on 30th November 1858 to consider if Prince Ferdinand should be allowed to go forward for ballot for membership. It was felt by many of the members that “the admission of Foreigners” into the club might cause the Lords of the Admiralty to withdraw some of our privileges. After the matter was discussed for some time he was allowed to go forward and was in due course elected & admitted. One of the very first sporting heroes, Sir Thomas Lipton, who challenged for the America’s Cup sailing his famous series of yachts called Shamrock was admitted to the club in 1900. Move to Crosshaven By the 1960s changing economic and social patterns made Cobh less and less attractive as a base for the club. In 1966 the Royal Cork and the Royal Munster Yacht Clubs agreed to merge and the Royal Cork moved to its present premises in Crosshaven assuming the title “The Royal Cork Yacht Club, incorporating the Royal Munster Yacht Club”. In the 1970s & 80s the very pinnacle of sailing competition was the Admirals Cup which was an international competition based on teams of three boats. The Royal Cork was the pivotal point for the very competitive Irish teams of those years, the right designer, builders, sail maker, crews, and owners with vision all came together at the same time and gave nations with greater resources cause for reflective thought. Sailing Activities The Royal Cork Yacht Club today encompasses a wide variety of sailing activities from young kids in their Optimist dinghies sailing right through the winter months to the not-so-young kids racing National 18s and 1720s during the remaining nine months. There is also enthusiastic sailing in Toppers, Lasers, RS Fevas and other dinghies. The larger keelboats race on various courses set in and around the Cork Harbour area for club competitions. They also take part in events such as the Round Ireland Race, Cowes Week and the Fastnet Race. In many far off waters, right across the globe, overseas club members proudly sail under the Royal Cork burgee. The club has a significant number of cruising members, many of whom are content to sail our magnificent south and west coasts. Others head north for the Scottish islands and Scandinavia. Some go south to France, Spain, Portugal and the Mediterranean. The more adventurous have crossed the Atlantic, explored little known places in the Pacific and Indian Oceans while others have circumnavigated the globe. Looking forward into the 21st century, the Royal Cork goes from strength to strength, total membership is around 1800, our facilities are unparalleled in Ireland and continue to expand, major World, European & Irish Championships are hosted in the club regularly. Cork Week, which is held every two years, is regarded as one of Europe’s best regattas and attracts contestants from all over the world. Recently the Royal Cork was proud to host the ISAF Women’s World Match Racing Championships. The activities of the club are regarded as a major tourism asset for the Cork area and significantly contribute to the economy of Crosshaven. The Royal Cork may be almost 300 years old but it is still vibrant, progressive and innovative – just as it was in 1720. About Us The Royal Cork Yacht Club is based in Crosshaven, Cork, Ireland and is the world's oldest yacht club founded in 1720. It is the organiser of the biennial Cork Week, widely regarded as Europe’s premier sailing event. The club encompasses a wide variety of sailing activities from Optimist dinghies to racing National 18s and 1720s, Toppers, Lasers, RS Fevas and more ...read more Upcoming Events	i don't know
What is the name of Chicago's American Football team?	Chicago Sports \| Information on the Chicago Bears, Chicago Bulls and Other Chicago Sports Teams Chicago Sports \| Information on the Chicago Bears, Chicago Bulls and Other Chicago Sports Teams Aerial view of Chicago Illinois skyline with Soldier Field Chicago Sports One of the best things to do in Chicago is go to see one of the famous Chicago sports teams in action! Though all of the Chicago teams have had their highs and their lows over the years, the local fans are always behind them 100%. It's often said that Chicago fans are as loyal as they come and will faithfully support their teams no matter what the team stats may be. You don't have to be a die hard sports fan to enjoy a game in the Windy City though - and why stick to your love of just one sport? Chicago sports include baseball, football, basketball, hockey, soccer, horseracing, and running, so there's something for everyone, every season of the year! The Chicago Bears football team plays at the newly renovated Soldier Field . Die-hard fans bundle up in the severest of weather conditions to watch their team play, and over the years, The Chicago Bears have become one of the biggest attractions in Chicago! Be sure to check out the Chicago Bears schedule for your chance to see "The Monsters of the Midway" in action! The Chicago Blackhawks hockey team plays at the United Center , which is the largest arena in the United States. The Chicago Bulls basketball team also plays at the United Center. The Bulls might not be winning world championships today, but they still have the best mascot in the league - Benny the Bull - and the Luvabulls dancers. Chicago Bears at Soldier Field Chicago, IL Chicago is fortunate to have two baseball teams, the north side Chicago Cubs and the south side Chicago White Sox . Locals usually strongly favor one team over the other - talking baseball in some circles is akin to talking politics or religion; the fans take their positions quite seriously! The Cubs play at the historic Wrigley Field and the White Sox play at the modern U.S. Cellular Field . The Chicago Fire soccer team plays at Soldier Field to a diverse crowd of soccer enthusiasts. Area minor league teams include the Wolves hockey team , the Kane County Cougars baseball team and the Schaumburg Flyers baseball team. These teams provide more cost-effective sporting entertainment, especially important for families. 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Some offers do not include taxes and fees. All offers based on availability and are subject to change without notice. A History of Winning The Chicago Cubs play with the Los Angeles Angels at Wrigley Field The last decade has seen a renaissance in professional Chicago sports. In 2005, the White Sox brought the Windy City's first World Series title home since 1917. The Bears followed up that success with a Super Bowl run in 2006, though they were defeated by Peyton Manning and the Indianapolis Colts. In 2010, the Chicago Blackhawks ended a nearly 50-year Stanley Cup Championship drought by beating the Philadelphia Flyers in six games. Even the Bulls have enjoyed a resurgence to the NBA's forefront, making their first Eastern Conference Finals since the Michael Jordan era. And while the Cubs may still be the lovable losers of the National League, their loyal fan base is as passionate and hopeful as ever. Check out our extensive inventory of Chicago sports tickets if you're hoping to experience the rekindled excitement of Chicago sports on your next vacation in Chicago. Other Chicago Sports One of the top racetracked in NASCAR sports, with 2 races in the Nationwide Series each year, one race in the Camping World Truck Series, and home ot the GEICO 400. Chicago Machine Professional Lacrosse Team Chicago team associated with the Major League Lacrosse League, play their games at Toyota Park in Bridgeview. The 12-week regular season concludes August 10 with playoffs extending into September. Tickets to all home games are available online or by calling (312) 255-1540. Chicago Sky - Official site of the Chicago WNBA Basketball team with schedule, roster, tickets and gear. Chicago Rush - Arena Football League 1011 E. Touhy, Suite 400 Des Plaines, IL 60018 Phone: (773) 243-3434 It has been quite a seven-year run for Arena Football in Chicago. Seven trips to the playoffs, three Central Division titles, near capacity crowds at Allstate Arena, the addition of NFL Hall-of-Famer and Chicago icon Mike Ditka to the ownership group and, of course, the Arena Bowl XX title are just some of the headlines from the first seven seasons of the Chicago Rush. Chicago Slaughter Professional Indoor Football Team 1055 W. Golf Road; Hoffman Estates, IL 60169 The Chicago Slaughter is an indoor 7 on 7 Professional Indoor Football Team. The Slaughter plays out of the new Sears Centre Arena in Hoffman Estates, IL, and is coached by ex Chicago Bear, Steve "Mongo" McMichael. Chicago Storm - Major Indoor Soccer League Chicago's professional indoor soccer team plays its home games at the Sears Centre in Hoffman Estates. Storm offices are located at 5333 Prairie Stone Pkwy., in Hoffman Estates. For additional information on all aspects of Chicago Storm soccer including season tickets, group outings & birthday parties call 866-STORM- 81. Elgin Cricket Club Mfg/selling custom design cricket equipment wickets, bats, hard balls, batting gloves, uniforms, imports soccer balls from Pakistan-China. Call 847-622-2407 for information. Hawthorne Race Track Horse Racing Sportsman's Park Horse Racing University of Illinois Chicago 839 W. Roosevelt Rd., Chicago, 60608 The UIC Flames are a Division I institution competing at the highest level of competition in collegiate athletics. Our university is conveniently located just west of downtown Chicago and we host a number of different and exciting sporting events each month. Please visit our website for more information. Windy City Rollers UIC Pavilion 525 S. Racine, Chicago, IL Chicago's women's roller derby team, a member of the four-team roller derby league. The Windy City Rollers are proud members of WFTDA - Women's Flat Track Derby Association	Bear (disambiguation)
How many pegs or marbles are there in a Solitaire board game?	African-Americans - Football History \| Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site African-Americans Charles W. Follis, Halfback, Wooster Played 1902-06 with the Shelby Athletic Club. First documented evidence of his playing for pay is for the season of 1904, although recent evidence suggests that the Shelby Athletic Club was professional as early as 1902. Charles (Doc) Baker, Halfback, no college Played 1906-08 and 1911 for the Akron Indians Henry McDonald, Halfback, Canandaigua Academy Played 1911-17 for the Rochester Jeffersons Gideon (Charlie) Smith, Tackle, Michigan Agricultural Played one game (November 28, 1915) for the Canton Bulldogs 1920-1933 Frederick (Fritz) Pollard, Back, Brown \| [HOF Bio>>>] Played 1919-1921, 1925-26 Akron, 1922 Milwaukee, 1923, 1925 Hammond, 1925 Providence Robert (Rube) Marshall, End, Minnesota Played 1919-1921 Rock Island, 1925 Duluth Paul Robeson, End, Rutgers Played 1921 Akron, 1922 Milwaukee Jay (Inky) Williams, End, Brown Played 1921 Canton, 1921-26 Hammond, 1924 Dayton, 1925 Cleveland John Shelbourne, Back, Dartmouth Fred (Duke) Slater, Tackle, Iowa Played 1922 Milwaukee, 1922-25 Rock Island, 1926 Rock Island (AFL), 1926-1931 Chicago Cardinals James Turner, Back, Northwestern 1946 Kenny Washington, Halfback, UCLA Played with San Francisco Clippers (PCPFL) 1944-45. Signed a contract with the Los Angeles Rams on March 21, 1946; played 1946-48 with the Rams Woody Strode, End, UCLA Signed a contract with the Los Angeles Rams May 7, 1946. Played with the Rams 1946 only. Played with Calgary Stampeders (WIFU) 1948 Bill Willis, Guard, Ohio State \| [HOF Bio>>>] Signed a contract with the Cleveland Browns of the All-America Football Conference on August 6, 1946. Played 1946-1953 with the Browns Marion Motley, Fullback, South Carolina State; Nevada \| [HOF Bio>>>] Signed a contract with the Cleveland Browns of the All-America Football Conference on August 9, 1946. Played 1946-1953 Cleveland Browns, 1955 Pittsburgh Steelers Firsts by African-Americans in the Modern Era (Post-World War II) First African-American drafted by an NFL club: George Taliaferro, halfback (Indiana). Picked by the Chicago Bears in the thirteenth round of the 1949 draft but elected to sign with the Los Angeles Dons of the AAFC. Played with the Dons 1949; New York Yanks 1950-51; Dallas 1952; Baltimore 1953-54; Philadelphia 1955 First African-American draftee to play in the NFL: Wally Triplett, halfback (Penn State). Picked by the Detroit Lions in the nineteenth round of the 1949 draft. Played with Detroit 1949-1950; Chicago Cardinals 1952-53 First name star from a predominantly African-American college: Paul (Tank) Younger, fullback-linebacker (Grambling). Los Angeles Rams 1949-1957; Pittsburgh 1958 First African-American quarterback in the NFL: Willie Thrower (Michigan State), Chicago Bears 1953 First African-American official: Burl Toler (San Francisco University), field judge/head linesman, 1965 to 1989 First African-American referree: Johnny Grier (University of D.C.), 1988 First pros from predominantly African-American schools: Ezzret Anderson, end (Kentucky State), Los Angeles Dons (AAFC), 1947; John Brown, center (North Carolina College), Los Angeles Dons (AAFC), 1947; Elmore Harris, halfback (Morgan State), Brooklyn, 1947 First African-American lineman to win all-league honors: AAFC-Bill Willis, guard (Ohio State), Cleveland, 1946; NFL-Bill Willis, guard, Cleveland, 1950 First African-American back to win all-league honors: AAFC-Marion Motley, fullback (South Carolina State; Nevada), Cleveland, 1946; NFL-Marion Motley, fullback, Cleveland, 1950 First African-American to win individual league statistical championship: AAFC-Marion Motley, fullback. Cleveland, 1946 (rushing); NFL-Marion Motley, fullback, Cleveland, 1950 (rushing) First African-American elected to Pro Football Hall of Fame: Emlen Tunnell, defensive back (Iowa), New York Giants 1949-1958, Green Bay 1959-1961: elected 1967 First African-American starting quarterback in a Super Bowl: Doug Williams, Washington Redskins, Super Bowl XXII (following the 1987 season) First African-American general manager: Ozzie Newsome, Baltimore Ravens, 2002 First African-American referree in a Super Bowl: Mike Carey, Super Bowl XLII Coaching Firsts by African-Americans	i don't know
The author Dick Francis was formerly famous in which sport?	Dick Francis (Author of To the Hilt) edit data Dick Francis CBE (born Richard Stanley Francis) was a popular British horse racing crime writer and retired jockey. Dick Francis worked on his books with his wife, Mary, before her death. Dick considered his wife to be his co-writer - as he is quoted in the book, "The Dick Francis Companion", released in 2003: "Mary and I worked as a team. ... I have often said that I would have been happy to have both our names on the cover. Mary's family always called me Richard due to having another Dick in the family. I am Richard, Mary was Mary, and Dick Francis was the two of us together." Series:	Horse racing
What is the name of Fulham's football ground?	Dick Francis: Quotes, Personal Life, Horse Racing Career, Writing Career, and a List of Books by Author Dick Francis Quotes more ï¿½ ï¿½ less "Crime to many is not crime but simply a way of life. If laws are inconvenient, ignore them, they don't apply to you.""I wondered to what extent people remained the same as they'd been when very young; if one peeled back the layers of living one would come to the know child." Personal Life more ï¿½ ï¿½ less Francis was born in Pembrokeshire, Wales. Some sources report his birthplace as the inland town of Lawrenny, but at least two of his obituaries stated his birthplace as the coastal town of Tenby. His autobiography says that he was born at his maternal grandparent's farm at Coedcanlas on the estuary of the River Cleddau, roughly a mile north-west of Lawrenny. He was the son of a jockey and stable manager and he grew up in Berkshire, England. He left school at 15 without any qualifications, with the intention of becoming a jockey and became a trainer in 1938. During World War II, he served in the Royal Air Force, piloting fighter and bomber aircraft, including the Spitfire and Hurricane. In October 1945, he met Mary Margaret Brenchley (17 June 1924 - 30 September 2000), whom he married in June 1947 in London; they had two sons, Merrick and Felix (born 1953). In the 1980s, Francis and his wife moved to Florida; in 1992, they moved to the Cayman Islands, where Mary died of a heart attack. In 2006, Francis had a heart bypass operation; in 2007 his right leg was amputated. He died of natural causes on 14 February 2010 at his Caribbean home in Grand Cayman, survived by both sons. Horse Racing Career more ï¿½ ï¿½ less After leaving the RAF in 1946, Francis became a celebrity in the world of British National Hunt racing. He won over 350 races, becoming champion jockey in the 1953—54 season. From 1953 to 1957 he was jockey to Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother. In 1957 he was forced to retire from racing as the result of a serious fall. His most famous moment as a jockey came while riding the Queen Mother's horse, Devon Loch, in the 1956 Grand National when the horse inexplicably fell when close to winning the race. Writing Career more ï¿½ ï¿½ less Francis wrote more than 40 international bestsellers. His first book was his autobiography The Sport of Queens (1957) which led to him becoming the racing correspondent for London's Sunday Express newspaper, remaining in the job for 16 years. In 1962 he published his first thriller Dead Cert, set in the world of racing. Subsequently he regularly produced a novel a year for the next 38 years, missing only 1998 (during which he published a short-story collection). Although all his books were set against a background of horse racing, his heroes held a variety of jobs from artist (In the Frame and To the Hilt) to private investigator (Odds Against, Whip Hand, Come to Grief, Under Orders-- all starring injured ex-jockey Sid Halley). Francis is the only three-time recipient of the Mystery Writers of America's Edgar Award for Best Novel, winning for Forfeit in 1970, Whip Hand in 1981, and Come To Grief in 1996. Britain's Crime Writers Association awarded him its Gold Dagger Award for fiction in 1979 and the Cartier Diamond Dagger lifetime achievement award in 1989. In 1996 he was given the Mystery Writers of America Grand Master Award, the highest honour bestowed by the MWA. He was awarded a Commander of the British Empire (CBE) in 2000. In 2003 he was honoured by being awarded the Gumshoe Awards' Gumshoe Lifetime Achievement Award. Many of Francis' books are featured in volumes of Reader's Digest Condensed Books. Francis' manager (and co-author of his later books) was his son Felix Francis, who left his post as teacher of A-Level Physics at Bloxham School in Oxfordshire in order to work for his father and who was the inspiration behind a leading character in the novel Twice Shy. His other son Merrick, formerly a racehorse trainer, later ran his own horse transport business, which inspired the novel Driving Force. He was elected in 1999 a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature	i don't know
'Lutz' is a term used in which sport?	Lutz - definition of Lutz by The Free Dictionary Lutz - definition of Lutz by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Lutz Also found in: Medical , Wikipedia . Lutz also lutz (lŭts) n. A jump in figure skating in which the skater takes off from the back outer edge of one skate and makes one full rotation before landing on the back outer edge of the other skate. [After Alois Lutz (1898-1918), Austrian figure skater.] lutz (luːts) n (Ice Skating) skating a jump in which the skater takes off from the back outside edge of one skate, makes one, two, or three turns in the air, and lands on the back outside edge of the other skate [C20: of uncertain origin] (lʌts) n. (sometimes l.c.) a figure-skating jump in which the skater leaps from the back outer edge of one skate to make one full rotation in the air and lands on the back outer edge of the other skate. [1935–40] Translations Lutz	Skating
How many squares are there on a traditional Snakes and Ladders board?	Sports \| Define Sports at Dictionary.com sports of or relating to a sport or sports, especially of the open-air or athletic kind: a sports festival. 2. (of garments, equipment, etc.) suitable for use in open-air sports or for outdoor or informal use. Origin of sports noun 1. an athletic activity requiring skill or physical prowess and often of a competitive nature, as racing, baseball, tennis, golf, bowling, wrestling, boxing, hunting, fishing, etc. 2. a particular form of this, especially in the out of doors. 3. sports, (used with a singular verb) such athletic activities collectively: Sports is important in my life. 4. What he said in sport was taken seriously. 6. They made sport of him. 7. an object of derision; laughingstock. 8. something treated lightly or tossed about like a plaything. 9. something or someone subject to the whims or vicissitudes of fate, circumstances, etc. 10. Informal. a person who behaves in a sportsmanlike, fair, or admirable manner; an accommodating person: He was a sport and took his defeat well. 12. Informal. a person who is interested in sports as an occasion for gambling; gambler. 13. Informal. a flashy person; one who wears showy clothes, affects smart manners, pursues pleasurable pastimes, or the like; a bon vivant. 14. Biology. an organism or part that shows an unusual or singular deviation from the normal or parent type; mutation. 15. of, relating to, or used in sports or a particular sport: sport fishing. suitable for outdoor or informal wear: sport clothes. to amuse oneself with some pleasant pastime or recreation. 19. to play, frolic, or gambol, as a child or an animal. 20. to engage in some open-air or athletic pastime or sport. 21. to trifle or treat lightly: to sport with another's emotions. 22. to mock, scoff, or tease: to sport at suburban life. 23. to pass (time) in amusement or sport. 25. to spend or squander lightly or recklessly (often followed by away). 26. Informal. to wear, display, carry, etc., especially with ostentation; show off: to sport a new mink coat. 27. Archaic. to amuse (especially oneself). Idioms sport one's oak. oak (def 5). Origin 1350-1400; Middle English; aphetic variant of disport Related forms outsport, verb (used with object) unsported, adjective 1. game. 4. amusement, fun, entertainment. See play . 19. romp, caper. 21. toy. Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for sports Expand Contemporary Examples He sports all black, including a cape and helmet, and has an imposing baritone voice, courtesy of James Earl Jones. It appears now that he must have some skill at sports and games. Folkways William Graham Sumner Devoted to the Border sports, in which he was formerly an active performer, he has celebrated them in animated verse. Practical Ethics William DeWitt Hyde This volume takes in a great number of winter sports, including skating and sledding and the building of a huge snowman. British Dictionary definitions for sports Expand (modifier) relating to, concerned with, or used in sports: sports equipment 2. (modifier) relating to or similar to a sports car: sports seats 3. (Brit) Also called sports day. a meeting held at a school or college for competitions in various athletic events sport noun 1. an individual or group activity pursued for exercise or pleasure, often involving the testing of physical capabilities and taking the form of a competitive game such as football, tennis, etc 2. any particular pastime indulged in for pleasure 4. the pleasure derived from a pastime, esp hunting, shooting, or fishing: we had good sport today 5. playful or good-humoured joking: to say a thing in sport 6. derisive mockery or the object of such mockery: to make sport of someone 7. someone or something that is controlled by external influences: the sport of fate 8. (informal) sometimes qualified by good, bad, etc. a person who reacts cheerfully in the face of adversity, esp a good loser 9. (informal) a person noted for being scrupulously fair and abiding by the rules of a game 10. (informal) a person who leads a merry existence, esp a gambler: he's a bit of a sport 11. (Austral & NZ, informal) a form of address used esp between males 12. (biology) an animal or plant that differs conspicuously in one or more aspects from other organisms of the same species, usually because of a mutation an anomalous characteristic of such an organism verb 13. (transitive) (informal) to wear or display in an ostentatious or proud manner: she was sporting a new hat 14. (intransitive) to skip about or frolic happily 15. to amuse (oneself), esp in outdoor physical recreation 16. (intransitive) often foll by with. to dally or trifle (with) 17. (rare) (transitive) often foll by away. to squander (time or money): sporting one's life away 18. (archaic) (intransitive) often foll by with. to make fun (of) 19. C15 sporten, variant of disporten to disport Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for sports Expand n. atheltic games and contests, by 1660s, from sport (n.). Meaning "sports section of a newspaper" is 1913. Sports fan attested from 1921. Sportswear is from 1912. Sports car attested by 1914; so called for its speed and power: I have just returned from the south of France, passing through Lyons, where I visited the [Berliet] works with my car, and was shown the new model 25 h.p. "sports" car, and was so impressed with this that I immediately ordered one on my return to London. [letter in "The Autocar," Jan. 7, 1914] sport v. c.1400, "to take pleasure, to amuse oneself," from Anglo-French disport, Old French desport "pastime, recreation, pleasure," from desporter "to divert, amuse, please, play" (see disport ). Sense of "to amuse oneself by active exercise in open air or taking part in some game" is from late 15c. Meaning "to wear" is from 1778. Related: Sported; sporting . n. mid-15c., "pleasant pastime," from sport (v.). Meaning "game involving physical exercise" first recorded 1520s. Original sense preserved in phrases such as in sport "in jest" (mid-15c.). Sense of "stylish man" is from 1861, American English, probably because they lived by gambling and betting on races. Meaning "good fellow" is attested from 1881 (e.g. be a sport, 1913). Sport as a familiar form of address to a man is from 1935, Australian English. The sport of kings was originally (1660s) war-making. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper Slang definitions & phrases for sports Expand sport noun Astylish and rakish man • Often used as a term of address, sometimes with an ironical tinge: What did she tell you, sport? (1923+)	i don't know
In ice hockey, how many players from each side are allowed on the ice at any one time?	How many players are on an ice hockey team? \| Reference.com How many players are on an ice hockey team? A: Quick Answer Under the rules of the International Ice Hockey Federation, a hockey team is allowed to have up to 20 players with an additional two goalkeepers. Each team is also allowed to have up to six team officials on the bench, though these officials do not participate in gameplay. Full Answer Most countries and international events, including the Winter OIympics, follow the game rules of the International Ice Hockey Federation. In the U.S., the National Hockey League has its own set of rules for NHL games. Under NHL rules, each team is allowed to have up to 18 players with an additional two goalkeepers for a total of 20 players. NHL rules do not designate a maximum number of team officials allowed on the bench.	six
In rowing, what is the name of the Oxford University reserve team?	Timeline Timeline Triple Gold Club International hockey timeline 1873 – James Creighton devises informal rules for a new winter game in Montreal, a game which later became known as ice hockey. 1875 – The first pre-announced game between two named teams, officiated by a referee, with a recorded score is played at Montreal’s Victoria Skating Rink on March 3. James Creighton’s McGill team defeats Captain Torrence’s Victoria team 2-1. 1877 – McGill University in Montreal forms the first organized hockey team on January 31. On February 27, the Montreal Gazette publishes the first rules – seven in all – for hockey. The rules are based on field hockey rules. 1881 – The McGill University team poses at Montreal’s Crystal Palace Rink for what would be the world’s first photograph of a hockey team. 1893 – The first Stanley Cup games are played with Montreal Amateur Athletic Association Winged Wheelers being the first winners. 1897 – Canadian champion skater George Meagher travels to Paris, France and brings hockey equipment with him. He oversees a series of friendly games between Paris’ Palais de Glace Club and bandy clubs from London and Glasgow. 1902 – The first real ice hockey games in Europe are played at the Princes’ Skating Club in Knightsbridge, England. 1905 – Two international games between Belgium and France are played in Brussels on March 4, Belgium winning both, 3-0 and 4-2. Ice hockey games, with no unified set of rules, are also played in Switzerland that year. 1908 – The International Ice Hockey Federation, initially named Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace (LIHG), is founded in Paris, France on May 15. France, Belgium, Switzerland, Great Britain and Bohemia are the founding members. The first LIHG-organized games are played in Berlin, Germany on November 3-5. Four club teams participate in games which feature two periods of 20 minutes each. Germany becomes the sixth member nation of the LIHG. 1910 – The first LIHG European Championships take place in the Swiss winter resort of Les Avants on January 10-12. Great Britain is the first country to claim an international ice hockey championship. 1911 – The LIHG adopts “Canadian rules” for all levels of play on March 14. 1917—The National Hockey League is formed consisting of four teams—Montreal Canadiens, Toronto Arenas, Ottawa Senators, and Montreal Wanderers. 1920 – The Olympic Summer Games in Antwerp, Belgium host the first international ice hockey tournament with North American participation. The games are played on a very small rink, 56 x 18 meters. Canada (Winnipeg Falcons) wins gold. Teams play seven-men a side (the “extra” skater is the “rover”). 1921 – The first LIHG European Championships after World War I is contested. Only Sweden and Czechoslovakia take part in the Stockholm event, won by the Swedes, 7-4. 1923 – The LIHG adopts a new set of rules. The game is now played with five skaters and a goalie and the games consist of three, 15-minute periods. The rink size is 80 x 40 meters, considerably bigger than the eventual standard size of 60 x 30. 1930 – The first IIHF World Championship outside the Olympics take place in Chamonix, Berlin, and Vienna. 1933 – USA becomes the first country other than Canada to win the IIHF World Championship. 1936 – The three zones of the hockey rink are introduced. Players must carry the puck to another zone, not pass it. Body-checking is allowed only in the defensive zone. Rink size is changed to 60 x 30 meters. Great Britain stops Canada’s Olympic domination by winning gold in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. 1939-47—There is no World Championship or Olympic play during World War II. 1946 – The red line at centre ice and the modern offside rule is introduced in the new rule book. Body-checking is allowed only in the defensive half of the ice. All games now consist of three, 20-minute periods. 1947 – Czechoslovakia becomes the first non-North American team to win the IIHF World Championship. 1948 – Canada wins its fifth Olympic gold, but only on goal difference. The world is closing in. 1952 – Canada (Edmonton Mercurys) wins its sixth Olympic gold. It would be Canada’s last Olympic hockey gold medal for 50 years. 1953 – Sweden wins the IIHF World Championship for the first time, but only three teams finish the event held in Zurich, Switzerland. 1954 – The Soviet Union enters the IIHF World Championship and strikes gold in Stockholm, Sweden. 1956 – The Soviet Union wins their first Olympic gold, in Cortina, Italy. 1957 – The largest hockey crowd ever, more then 50.000 spectators at Moscow’s Lenin Stadium, watch Sweden win world championship gold after a 4-4-tie against the Soviet Union. 1960 – USA wins its first Olympic gold at Squaw Valley, California. 1961 – The Trail Smoke Eaters’ world championship gold in Geneva, Switzerland is the last of an era as the Soviet Union takes over. Canada’s world championship drought lasted 33 years. 1963 – The Soviet Union begins its streak of nine consecutive IIHF World Championship gold medals. 1964 – Canada gives up sending club teams to the World Championships and Olympics as Father David Bauer’s national team starts representing the country. 1968 – The Soviet Union wins its third Olympic gold, in Grenoble, France. Canada’s bronze was the country’s last international medal for ten years. 1969 – Body-checking is allowed in all three zones in international hockey, a rule change that paves way for future confrontations between “amateurs” and “professionals.” 1970 – Canada leaves international hockey after a disagreement with the IIHF over the amateur rule. Sweden hosts the World Championship, initially allocated to Canada (Montreal and Winnipeg). Canada does not participate again in either the World Championship or Olympics until 1977. The World Championship in Stockholm is the first where helmets are mandatory for skaters. 1971 – Czechoslovakia’s Marcel Sakac, Sweden’s Leif Holmqvist and Christer Abrahamsson and USA’s Carl Wetzel are the last goaltenders to play without a face mask in the World Championships, in Switzerland. 1972 – Czechoslovakia wins its first world championship gold in 23 years and ends the Soviet Union’s streak of nine consecutive world titles. This is the first year where there is both an Olympics and World Championship tournament. Hockey history is written in September as the Soviet Union takes on a fully professional Team Canada in the eight-game “Summit Series.” Canada’s Paul Henderson wins the series for Canada with just 34 seconds remaining in Game 8 in Moscow. Team USA becomes the first national squad to wear name bars on their sweaters at the Olympics in Sapporo. Swedish defenseman Thommie Bergman becomes the first European-trained player to occupy a regular roster spot and play a full season in the NHL, for Detroit. Goaltender’s face masks become mandatory in Olympics and World Championships. 1973—Borje Salming, a Swedish defenseman, becomes the first European-trained player to achieve star status in the NHL, playing for Toronto. 1975—CSKA Moscow and the Montreal Canadiens play to an historic 3-3 tie at the Montreal Forum on New Year’s Eve, one of the finest exhibitions of pure hockey ever played. 1976 – The inaugural “open” international hockey tournament – Canada Cup -- is staged for the first time. Darryl Sittler’s overtime goal in game two of the best-of-three finals against Czechoslovakia in Montreal wins the cup for Canada. It is the first international tournament officiated by one referee and two linesmen as opposed to the two-referee system. 1977 – Canada re-enters the World Championship with a professional squad in Vienna, Austria after a seven-year absence but fails to win a medal. Czechoslovakia becomes the first country other than Canada and the Soviet Union to win two consecutive World Championship gold medals. It is the first World Championship which is officiated by one referee and two linesmen. The IIHF introduces the World Junior (U20) Championship as a formal, annual event which for the previous three years had been an invitational tournament only and not sanctioned by the governing body. 1979 – The Soviet Union shocks the NHL All-Star Team in the Challenge Cup by winning the third and decisive game 6-0 at New York’s Madison Square Garden. 1980 – The biggest upset in international hockey history: A collegian Team USA defeats the Soviet Union 4-3 at Lake Placid en route to a gold medal. The Soviet’s silver breaks what would have been a streak of eight consecutive Olympic gold medals by Soviet Union/Russia. 1981 – The Soviet Union beats Sweden 13-1 in the most lopsided World Championship decider and goes on to defeat Team Canada 8-1 in the one-game Canada Cup final in Montreal, arguably the most crushing defeat in Canada’s international hockey history. 1983 — Legendary Soviet goalie Vladislav Tretiak is selected by Montreal in the NHL’s Entry Draft, though he is never allowed to join the team. Tretiak retires following the next season as the most successful player in the history of international hockey with ten World Championship gold medals, two silver and one bronze, including three Olympic golds and one silver. 1984 – The Soviet Union does not lose a game for over four years and sweeps through the Sarajevo Olympics undefeated, claiming its sixth Olympic gold. Canada makes up for its 1981 defeat by winning this year’s Canada Cup. Mike Bossy’s dramatic overtime goal in the semifinal inflicts the Soviets their first loss since Lake Placid 1980. 1987 – Sweden wins its first World Championship gold in 25 years, in Vienna, Austria. Canada wins the fourth Canada Cup after a three-game series against the Soviet Union where all games end with the same score, 6-5. Canada’s Mario Lemieux and Wayne Gretzky dominate the series. 1988 – The Soviet Union wins its seventh and last Olympic hockey gold, in Calgary, Canada. 1989 – Alexander Mogilny becomes the first Soviet hockey defector as he leaves the team immediately following the World Championship in Stockholm. 1990 – The Eastern Bloc starts to collapse and many players from former socialist countries can be freely signed by NHL-clubs. The first IIHF-sanctioned World Women’s Championship takes place in Ottawa, Canada. 1992 – Sweden wins consecutive World Championship gold medals for the first time. The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) – the former Soviet Union and the future Russia – wins Olympic gold in Albertville, France. The IIHF abandons round-robin playoffs as means of determining the medalists and introduces the cup-system with quarterfinals, semifinals and final. 1993 – Russia wins its first World Championship gold, but it also marks the end of the Soviet Union/Russian dominance after 39 years. 1994 – Sweden wins its first Olympic gold, in Lillehammer, Norway, after Peter Forsberg’s daring shootout goal against Canada, a goal so famous that it eventually became a postage stamp in Sweden. 1994 – Canada wins its first world championship gold in 33 years, in Milan, Italy, becoming the first team to win the IIHF World Championship in a shootout. Luc Robitaille is the shootout hero in the final against Finland. 1995 – Finland becomes the seventh nation to win the IIHF World Championship gold as they defeat archrival Sweden on their home ice in Stockholm. 1996 – USA wins the inaugural World Cup of Hockey, which replaced the Canada Cup. It’s the USA’s biggest international success since the 1980 Olympic “Miracle on Ice”. 1997 – IIHF Congress decides to take away the red line for the purpose of allowing the two-line pass, the most important rule change in international hockey since 1969. The new rule is implemented for the first time at the 1999 World Championship in Norway. The IIHF Hall of Fame is established. 1998 – For the first time since its founding in 1917, the National Hockey League takes a break to allow its players to participate in the Olympic Winter Games. Surprisingly, the Czech Republic wins its first Olympic gold in Nagano, Japan. Women’s hockey makes its debut on the Olympic program and USA wins the historic gold medal, defeating arch-rival Canada. 1999 – Jan Hlavac becomes the first player to decide a World Championship gold medal game in overtime as Czechs defeat Finland in Lillehammer, Norway. 2001 – The Czech Republic becomes the first nation other than Canada and the Soviet Union to win three consecutive World Championships. 2002 – Canada ends a 50-year drought by winning Olympic gold in Salt Lake City, USA. The country strikes a double as Canada’s women also win. Slovakia becomes the eighth nation to win the World Championship, in Gothenburg, Sweden, two months after finishing 13th in the Olympics. 2004 – Canada wins consecutive World Championship titles for the first time since 1959. The Canadians defeat Sweden in both 2003 and 2004. 2006 – Sweden becomes the first country in international hockey history to win Olympic gold and the World Championship in the same year, capturing the titles in Turin and Riga, respectively. The Swedish women also make history by defeating USA in a shootout in the semi-finals, earning a silver medal and marking the first time a women’s final featured a matchup other than Canada-USA. 2007 – IIHF introduces the three-point system. The World Championship in Moscow is the first IIHF’s flagship event where a regulation-time win is awarded with three points. 2008 — Canada hosts its first World Championship to mark the centenary of the IIHF. Quebec City (celebrating its 400th anniversary) and Halifax host the 56 games and 16 countries.	i don't know
Which Australian was named as Wisden's Cricketer of the 20th Century?	Don Bradman and Shane Warne named in Wisden's all-time XI Don Bradman and Shane Warne named in Wisden's all-time XI Julian Guyer reddit More LONDON: Australia great Don Bradman was named captain on Wednesday of an all-time Test World XI to mark the 150th anniversary of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. Although Bradman played his last Test in 1948, no batsman before or since has come anywhere near his staggering Test batting average of 99.94. SHARE Shane Warne has been named in Wisden's greatest Test team. Photo: David Gray Also included is his compatriot Shane Warne, who during the 1990s established himself as arguably the greatest legspinner cricket has known. Given that it is a UK-based publication built around the events of the previous English season, albeit one now encompassing the whole of senior international cricket, it is perhaps unsurprising there are four England players in the side. SHARE Link The greatest: Don Bradman. W.G. Grace, the 19th century star who invented the fundamentals of batting, opening great Jack Hobbs, wicketkeeper Alan Knott, a mainstay of England teams of the 1970s and Sydney Barnes, a master of both swing and spin and reckoned by many to have been England's greatest bowler of all time, make it into the side. West Indies provide three players in Vivian Richards, widely regarded as the best batsman of his generation, Garfield Sobers, frequently referred to as the greatest allrounder cricket has known and Malcolm Marshall, viewed as arguably the best in a long line of top-class Caribbean fast bowlers. Advertisement India provide one player in the soon-to-retire Sachin Tendulkar, Test cricket's leading run scorer of all-time, with the team completed by Pakistan's Wasim Akram, long esteemed as the best left-arm fast bowler cricket has known. Hobbs, Bradman, Richards, Sobers and Warne were named as Wisden's five players of the 20th Century in 2000. WISDEN WORLD XI: 1. Jack Hobbs (England, Wisden Cricketer of the Year 1909) 61 Tests, 5,410 runs at 56.94 2. W. G. Grace (England, CY 1896) 22 Tests, 1,098 runs at 32.29 3. Don Bradman (Australia, CY 1931, capt) 52 Tests, 6,996 runs at 99.94) 4. Sachin Tendulkar (India, CY 1997) 198 Tests, 15,837 runs at 53.86 5. Vivian Richards (West Indies, CY 1977) 121 Tests, 8,540 runs at 50.23 6. Garry Sobers (West Indies, CY 1964) 93 Tests, 8,032 runs at 57.78, 235 wickets at 34.03 7. Alan Knott (England, CY 1970, wkt) 95 Tests, 4,389 runs at 32.75, 250 catches, 19 stumpings 8. Wasim Akram (Pakistan, CY 1993) 104 Tests, 414 wickets at 23.62 9. Shane Warne (Australia, CY 1994) 145 Tests, 708 wickets at 25.41 10. Malcolm Marshall (West Indies, CY 1983) 81 Tests, 376 wickets at 20.94 11. Sydney Barnes (England, CY 1910) 27 Tests, 189 wickets at 16.43. AFP	Don Bradman
Who was the first Irishman to win the Tour de France?	Wisden top 100 cricketers of all time \| The Roar Highlights Under the heading Shane Warne is still our best spinner , it was also mentioned that he was named one of the five greatest cricketers of the Twentieth Century. The ultimate accolade has to be bestowed upon four knights – Sir Donald Bradman, Sir Garfield Sobers, Sir Jack Hobbs, and Sir Vivian Richards – along with the likeable larrikin, Shane Keith Warne. That was 11 years ago, with Warne, the only current player, at the peak of his leg-spinning powers. Let’s turn the clock back to how Wisden – the cricketer’s bible – formatted this intriguing exercise. There were 100 selectors: a mixture of former Test cricketers, cricket-writers, and historians; * England (28) – Jonathan Agnew, Trevor Bailey, Jack Bannister, Sir Alec Bedser, Scyld Berry, Dickie Bird, Brian Close, Lord Cowdrey, Ted Dexter, Matthew Engel, Alf Gover, Tom Graveney, Frank Keating, Tony Lewis, George Mann, Vic Marks, Christopher Martin-Jenkins, Derek Pringle, Nette Rheinberg, Mike Selvey, EW Swanton, Bob Taylor, Freddie Trueman, Crawford White, John Woodcock, Ian Wooldridge, and Peter Wynne-Thomas. * Australia (20) – Greg Baum, Percy Beames, Richie Benaud, Bill Brown, Richard Cashman, Ian Chappell, Mike Coward, Alan Davidson, Gideon Haigh, Murray Hedgcock, John Inverarity, Bill Lawry, Peter McFarline, Jim Maxwell, Arthur Morris, Bobby Simpson, Cec Starr, and Steve Waugh. * South Africa (11) – Ali Bacher, Eddie Barlow, Colin Bryden, Russell Endean, Trevor Goddard, Norman Gordon, Michael Owen-Smith, Peter Pollock, Krish Reddy, Peter van der Merwe, and John Waite. * West Indies (11) – Gerry Alexander, Tom Becca, Sir Carlisle Burton, Tony Cozier, Esmond Kentish, Clive Lloyd, Reds Periera, Allan Rae, Donna Symmonds, Sir Clyde Walcott, and Sir Everton Weekes. * India (10) – Mihir Bose, Dilip Doshi, Sunil Gavaskar, Ayaz Memon, Ramesh Mohan, Nirum Prabhu, Raj Singh, Kris Srikkanth, Polly Umrigar, and Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan. * New Zealand (9) – Dick Brittenden, Don Cameron, Walter Hadlee, Don Neeley, John Reid, Bert Sutcliffe, Lindsay Weir, and John Wright. * Pakistan (8) – Arif Abbasi, Fereshteh Gati, Hanif Mohammad, Intikhab Alam, Javed Burki, Mushtaq Mohammad, Omar Kureishi, and Qamar Ahmed. * Sri Lanka (3) – Stanley Jayasingha, Ranjan Madugalle, and Gerry Vaidyasekera, * And Zimbabwe (1) – Dave Houghton. The brief was simple: name five cricketers each, in any order. Don’t concentrate on your own country or own era. No selector could vote for himself – and the infamous Englishman WG Grace was to be considered ineligible as Wisden regarded him as a cricketer of the 19th century. Pretty straight-forward, but the net results were anything but straight-forward. Controversy raged for months. Interestingly, not one of the 100 selectors nominated the final five, and among the maximum 500 votes, only 49 were nominated. * 100 votes – the max – Sir Donald Bradman. How he would have loved to sneak in an extra four runs in last Test dig at The Oval in 1948 to average a career 100, instead of 99.94. * 90 votes – Sir Garfield Sobers, how he missed out on 10 votes defies description. * 30 – Sir Jack Hobbs.	i don't know
In 'The Vicar of Dibley' what is the vicars name?	Amazon.com: The Vicar of Dibley - The Divine Collection: Dawn French, James Fleet, Trevor Peacock, Gary Waldhorn, Roger Lloyd Pack, Emma Chambers, John Bluthal, Liz Smith, Simon McBurney, Gareth Vaughan, Richard Armitage, Patricia Kane: Movies & TV Ad feedback Special Offers and Product Promotions Save Big On Open-Box & Pre-owned: Buy "The Vicar of Dibley - The Divine Collectionâ from Amazon Warehouse Deals and save 40% off the $59.98 list price. Product is eligible for Amazon's 30-day returns policy and Prime or FREE Shipping. See all Open-Box & Pre-owned offers from Amazon Warehouse Deals. Editorial Reviews Product Description The sleepy village of Dibley has a new vicar, but it's not your standard order bloke with beard, bible and bad breath - it's Dawn French, of the hilarious comedy duo French and Saunders. Armed with a sharp wit, a double dose of double entendre and healthy Amazon.com The sleepy English village of Dibley gets shaken up when their new vicar turns out to be a woman--and not just any woman, but Geraldine Granger, played by Dawn French of the peerless comedy duo French & Saunders. With wit and warmth, Gerry swiftly trumped her parishioner's chauvinism and turned British sitcom The Vicar of Dibley into a cult favorite. Over the course of 16 episodes and specials, Gerry grappled with everything from a broken church window to getting smeared in the tabloids, from the demise of the Easter Bunny to the possible destruction of the village. While The Vicar of Dibley routinely trafficked in the absurd--pop star Kylie Minogue happens to drop by, just when she's most needed--at its best, the show found its greatest absurdity (and its greatest humor) in the everyday life of an English village and the everyday quirks of its daffy inhabitants. While the brilliant French was unquestionably the axis on which the show happily spun, much of its success was due to the clever writing (Vicar was created by Richard Curtis, who wrote the screenplays for Four Weddings and a Funeral, Notting Hill, and Love Actually) and a rock-solid comic ensemble, including Emma Chambers as Gerry's dim-bulb assistant Alice; Gary Waldhorn as the pompous landowner David Horton; James Fleet as his none-too-bright son Hugo; and Roger Lloyd-Pack, Trevor Peacock, Roger Bluthal, and Liz Smith as maddeningly eccentric villagers. It's no wonder the show has inspired devoted fans on both sides of the Atlantic; from the clever stories to the joke that follows the credits of every episode, The Vicar of Dibley is sheer delight. --Bret Fetzer Special Features All 16 episodes on three discs Comic Relief sketches: "Ballykissangel" and "Red Nose Day Speical" Documentary: "The Real Vicars of Dibley" Photo gallery	Geraldine Granger
On who's show did 'The Simpsons' first appear?	The Vicar of Dibley - Wikiquote The Vicar of Dibley Jump to: navigation , search The Vicar of Dibley (1994–2007) is a British sitcom created by Richard Curtis, and mostly written by Curtis and Paul Mayhew-Archer. The show was written for its title actor, Dawn French. The sitcom is about a small fictional village called Dibley that gets a female vicar (set after the real-life change in Church of England law allowing the ordination of women). It is a comedic study of the effect that this has on a small rural community. The Vicar of Dibley came third in a 2004 BBC poll to find 'Britain's Best Sitcom'. Contents The Arrival[ edit ] 10 November 1994 Reverend Pottle: Lord, we ask you to bless the members of this, thy congregation. (There are four people in the pews.) We also ask you to remember the Queen, who has been having trouble with her piles again, and Mrs. Sinclair Wilson and all her family. (Alice whispers in his ear) Mrs. Sinclair Wilson, who has been having trouble with her piles again, and the Queen and all her family. May you bring them happiness in this life and in the next. Peace everlasting. Amen. Alice: Amen. (Alice looks up to see that Reverand Pottle has apparently dozed off in the pulpit. She nudges him and then checks his pulse. He is dead.) Alice: Um... We now sing hymn number 16: 'The Day Thou Gavest Lord is Ended.' (They begin to sing and carry on as Reverand Pottle slowly tilts and falls to the ground.) (On deciding to rally the parish council against the appointment of a female vicar) David Horton: They don't call me Sportin' Horton for nothing! Hugo Horton: I didn't know they called you Sportin' Horton. I thought they called you Dirty David due to your enormous collection of Victorian porno- David Horton: Oh for goodness sake! Shut up! Geraldine Granger: You were expecting a bloke - beard, bible, bad breath. David Horton: Yes, that sort of thing. Geraldine Granger: And instead you got a babe with a bob cut and a magnificent bosom. David Horton: So I see. David Horton: Owen, this is Geraldine. She's the new vicar. Owen Newitt: No it isn't! She's a woman! Geraldine Granger: Oh! You noticed! [Points to breasts] These are such a giveaway, aren't they? Alice: You can call me Alice. Geraldine: Right. Alice: Because it's my name. Geraldine: I've just been visiting my new parishioners. Frankly I think that they would have been less surprised if the new vicar was Mr Blobby. Songs of Praise[ edit ] 17 November 1994 David Horton: Am I alone on Sundays in preferring not to shake hands with the malodorous creature in the next pew? Jim Trott: No no no no... I quite like that bit. David Horton: Let alone kiss them? Jim Trott: I love that bit! Mrs Cropley: I rather enjoyed Lady Chatterley. Some very useful tips. David Horton: I beg your pardon? Mrs Cropley: Oh, gardening tips. Mellors was a game keeper. Very good at hedge control. David Horton: I see. Mrs Cropley: I thought the sex was jolly good fun as well! David Horton: We are, for once, all agreed. Songs of Praise is cheapening, shallow and ridiculous,[Turns to Hugo] Isn't it? Hugo Horton: Oh yes. Very cheapening. Mrs Cropley: Utterly shallow. Frank Pickle: Totally ridiculous. David Horton: Excellent. Well, let's have a vote on this shall we? Anybody in favour of letting the morons from TV land into our church? [All council members except David raise their hands enthusiastically, even Owen, who is just stretching his arm to put on a plastic arm-length glove.] Frank Pickle: I mean, it's gotta be a hoot, hasn't it? Community Spirit [ edit ] 24 November 1994 Jim Trott: [Over PA system] No no no no no no no Parking is allowed on the upper field! No no no no no no no refreshments will be available in the refreshment tent! (A villager comes up to Jim) Villager: Is that "No parking is allowed in the upper field", or "Parking is allowed in the upper field"? Jim Trott: [Over PA system] No no no no no no no Parking is allowed on the upper field! OK? David Horton: Our vicar has as many connections with the rich and famous as I have with the Black Panther Movement ! David Horton: [delighted] I've just been told the news; what a total and utter unmitigated cock-up! I thought the fair in '87 was embarrassing enough when those bloody kids put cannabis in the cupcakes, but this really is the queen of balls-ups! Hundreds of people waiting to see Elton John and you invite Rambling Syd Rumpo! Mrs Cropley: I rather enjoyed the fair in '87. Such larks! The Window & The Weather [ edit ] 1 December 1994 Letitia: Ooh, it is a big bugger, though, isn't it? The Easter Bunny[ edit ] Owen: You're a tit short of an udder, you are. Geraldine: Can I have a private talk with you? Alice: Okay, as long as it's not about tampons because I just don't understand them. (While delivering chocolate eggs in a bunny costume, Geraldine runs into another full sized bunny.) Geraldine: David! David: Vicar! What are you doing? Geraldine: I'm the Easter Bunny! David: You can't be! I'm the Easter Bunny. I promised Letitia Cropley I'd do it. Geraldine: Well, so did I! David: Mad bat must have forgotten she'd already asked me. How demeaning! After all the time I've spent on these bloody ears! (Puts his rabbit head back on.) Geraldine: I must say, you look surprisingly cute in that. David: Shut up. Geraldine: What a sexy little tail! (Gives it a squeeze.) David: Stop that! I suggest we keep very quiet about this. You do one end of the village and I'll do the other. It will remain our secret. Geraldine: Fair enough. Are you sure you don't want to come back to my burrow afterwards for a bit of bunny funny business? David: Quite sure. (They turn the corner and gasp as they are confronted with the sight of Owen and about a dozen other Easter Bunnies.) Owen: Oh hell! Any more and we'll be able to stage a production of BLOODY WATERSHIP DOWN!! The Christmas Lunch Incident[ edit ] 25 December 1996 Autumn[ edit ] 24 December 1999 Owen Newitt: I am not a lunatic. I have the psychiatric report to prove it. A slender majority of the panel decided in my favour. Alice: I've done the test and it said I wasn't pregnant. The hamster didn't turn blue or anything. Geraldine: I'm not sure I'm familiar with this particular pregnancy test. Alice: Oh, it's how we've always done it here in Dibley. You see, you get a hamster, and you wee on it, and if it turns blue you're pregnant. Geraldine: Right. Jim: We're sorry to trouble you at this time, Vicar. It's just that you know when you said that if we had a serious problem that should come and see you. Geraldine: [uneasy] Yes Frank: [serious] We need to see you now. Desperately. Geraldine: [Geraldine begins to feel for them] Of course guys, of course. Come on in. Make yourself at home. Have a seat. Now tell me, what's the problem? Jim: [shows a crossword] It's Seven Down. Frank: [Frank and Jim have just found out that Geraldine is planning to sleep with Simon] Good luck vicar, I think he'll make you very happy. Geraldine: Aw, thank you Frank. Jim: And if he doesn't I'll have a go! Owen: She's already missed one set of Sunday services and it's important she doesn't miss another. Alice: Can I just say, um, that I thought Mr. Pickle gave a lovely sermon as lay preacher. Hugo: Yes, bravo. How you kept going for two and a half hours was amazing. Owen: As I say, it's absolutely vital that she doesn't miss another Sunday. I need hardly remind you that we actually lost a couple of the older members of our congregation during last week's service. Jim: Don't worry Frank, they were going to die anyway. And that fellow who stood up and said if this moron doesn't shut up soon I'm going to kill myself and then five minutes later shot himself in the head... well, he'd been gloomy for quite some time... Geraldine: This Christmas is quite special this year. Jim: Is Carry On Camping going to be on the telly? Geraldine: No, no! Owen: Is Jesus coming back to get rid of all the bad in this sick world? Geraldine: Not that either, although it would be good to have someone new presenting Songs of Praise ! But no, the reason that this year is special to me is that it is my tenth year in Dibley. Frank: Here is a woman, who could have done anything. Gone anywhere! And yet you have chosen to waste the best ten years of your life stuck with us morons! Geraldine: ... Yeah. Thanks for that! [Geraldine is drunk infront of her Perishiners] Geraldine: [To woman in the crowd] Hello you! I haven't told anyone about your boob job! [Winks at her, then looks at David] Geraldine: And you! You think no one notices that you're.. bald. I mean everyone is looking at you, and thinking "My goodness. Why does this man have a massive egg for a head". CRACK ON! Geraldine: [Geraldine giving her Christmas sermon while heavily drunk] On this day, many many years ago, a child was born. And his name was ummm... his name was... gosh, I know this... it's in that book. Ummm... [looks at Alice for answer]. Alice: [Whispers, trying to hint the name] J. Geraldine: Jeremy! No, that's not it. Alice: [Whispers louder than before] J-esus. Geraldine: Jesus - no that's not right either. Doesn't matter, what's in a name? Important thing is... he was a very, very nice guy... apparently. (laughs) Two important things to remember about him. ONE, he loved all of us and he had a nice fluffy beard , and three, two, one - THUNDERBIRDS ARE GO!!! [She collapses and falls off the pulpit. The congregation applauds]. Happy New Year[ edit ] Dibley Christmas Carol Suggestions[ edit ] Geraldine: Right, Owen, you said you'd delight and surprise us. Owen: Yes, I'm not so sure about the delight bit any longer. Geraldine: ... right, well fire away. Owen: Jesus was born on Christmas day Halleluia, halleluia But he never got his end away Halleluia Geraldine: Next! Geraldine: So Frank, how many verses? Frank: 108. It's quite a controversial thesis and it took a little bit of time to formulate my... peroration. Geraldine: Right, well, would you forgive us if we didn't hear all of the verses? Frank: I could drop 1 or 2 in the middle. Geraldine: Fire away! Praise the lord But hold on to your hat Jesus Christ was born a cat Geraldine: You say it.	i don't know
Who was the original presenter of University Challenge?	Jeremy Paxman: University Challenge contestants know less about the classics - Telegraph TV and Radio Jeremy Paxman: University Challenge contestants know less about the classics Today's students know less than their predecessors about the classics and religion but are experts on science and computing, according to Jeremy Paxman. Paxman said it was "life-affirming" to see how much young people know Photo: PA By Anita Singh , Showbusiness Editor 7:00AM BST 10 Aug 2010 Follow The presenter of University Challenge said he believed that the questions had evolved to suit modern students, and added that it was “life-affirming” to see how clever the contestants could be. He said that knowledge is not “nerdy”. “Knowledge isn’t elitist – that’s rubbish. Why are we embarrassed by the idea that people know things? It’s not a conspiracy against the ignorant. Knowing things is good,” said Paxman, who replaced Bamber Gascoigne as host of the programme 16 years ago. “It’s interesting to see how, as years go by, they know less and less about classics and the Bible, and more and more about science and computing.But it’s not just, 'Gosh, how amazing what they know!’ I love the fact that it gives us a view of young people completely at variance with the derogatory stuff in the papers. And it’s not nerdy, it’s life-affirming. “I am really, really impressed by them. Simply to get as far as taking part involves a lot of selection.” Despite greeting wrong answers with snorts of contempt, the Newsnight presenter confessed to feeling sympathy for struggling contestants. He told the Radio Times: “I do feel, 'Oh, you poor things. Sometimes you can see that they know, but they’re just not getting there fast, being a nanosecond too slow on the buzzer.” Related Articles	Bamber Gascoigne
Who starred alongside Adam Faith in 'Love Hurts'?	Keele on "University Challenge" University Challenge... the Show University Challenge is a long-running British television quiz show, licensed and produced by Granada Television. It was first shown from 21 September 1962 to 31 December 1987 and Bamber Gascoigne was its only quizmaster. The show was revived for BBC2 with Jeremy Paxman as the new quizmaster and ran from 21 September 1994 to the present day. The format was based on the American show College Bowl, which ran on NBC radio from 1953 to 1957, and on NBC TV from 1959 to 1970. Bamber Gascoigne was the first quizmaster; he compiled the questions himself and presided in his uniquely urbane way until the end of the first incarnation of the series in 1987. He had arrived at Magdalene College, Cambridge in 1955 to study for an English degree, during which time he wrote the musical Share My Lettuce, which became a West End production starring Kenneth Williams and Maggie Smith in 1957. As well as presiding for 25 years on University Challenge - the record for any presenter of a quiz show - he has also presented many documentaries and historical programmes including Cinema, The Christians, Man and Music, Victorian Values, and The Great Moghuls. Since 1994 Bamber has been developing the history website HistoryWorld which won the 2002 New Statesman New Media award for the best educational web site. His name is coincidentally an anagram of 'Organise BBC Game'. In a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes drawn up by the British Film Institute in 2000, voted for by industry professionals, University Challenge was placed 34th. A spoof of University Challenge appeared in the notorious ‘Bambi’ episode of “The Young Ones”. The quizmaster on that occasion was played by Griff Rhys-Jones. University Challenge competitors are in illustrious company - notable contestants in the quiz include Sebastian Faulks, Julian Fellows, Stephen Fry, Clive James, Miriam Margolyes, David Mellor, Malcolm Rifkind, John Simpson, David Starkey and William Waldegrave. KEELE'S 1968 TRIUMPH In1968 a quartet of Keele undergraduates triumphed in TV's toughest test of general knowledge. Millions watched Paul Brownsey, Pam Maddison (Groves), Aubrey "Larry" Lawrence and Andrew MacMullen win the 1968 final of University Challenge. It was the first – and so far the only – time Keele’s team took the title but it was a decisive victory. In only the fifth season of the long-running varsity quiz, Keele swept all before them, answering even the trickiest questions put to them by Bamber Gascoigne. Captained by Aubrey Lawrence, usually known as Larry, Keele beat Jesus College Cambridge in the final. Sadly, between the recording and the transmission of the final, a member of the Jesus College team was killed in a boating accident, although his family gave their blessing to the programme being broadcast as a tribute. Having more than proved his worth Captain Larry went on to become BBC Radio's Brain of Britain and to compete in Mastermind in 1978. “During the documentary ‘Memoirs of a Cigarette’ on Channel 4 about the national smoking ban, prominent display is given to the Keele University Challenge team of 1968 and especially Andy MacMullen in the act of lighting up a cigarette on screen. It was deliberate - to put Jesus off at a crucial stage in the game. He told us he intended to do it before that contest was shot. Keele won, of course. Andy gave up smoking not that long afterwards: but that's another story.…” John Meager (1968) “A photographer from Granada TV tried to pose us against a wall at Keele on which all sorts ‘revolutionary’ slogans had been painted. I refused. This wasn’t so much because I disagreed with the sentiments as that I objected to being used in that kind of way to make an ‘interesting’ picture which might lead to it being ‘inferred’ that I endorsed the sentiments: if I wanted to make a statement I would make it when and how I wanted to, not at some photographer’s whim. There was much excitement when a female student who accompanied us bumped into Elsie Tanner in the ladies’ loos at Granada.” Paul Brownsey (1970) MORE GLORY FOR KEELE'S 1968 TEAM “The academic year after the victory I was the Keele exchange student to Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania. While I was there Swarthmore got invited to appear on the US version, College Bowl. I thought it would be fun to do the double and tried out for the Swarthmore team – and scored top marks. They then decided that since I was not a 100% pukkah Swarthmore student I shouldn’t appear. Rather mean! One night at Swarthmore I got back to my room to find a note on my door: ‘telegram from England at switchboard’. As you can imagine, I imagined a death in the family, something like that, and hurtled over to the switchboard in panic. When I opened it I let out a yell that startled the operator no end. It was telegram from Granada TV saying they wanted to fly me over, all expenses paid, for the Christmas special in 1969, at which we were to play against the girls of St Hilda’s. This was a team who, on their original appearance some years before, had got lots of notice for their beauty-and-brains combination: all rather old-fashioned now, the idea that a glamorous girl could also have brains! This was in the days when people like David Frost made the news by flying the Atlantic weekly for one TV show in the USA and one in the UK. So I felt somewhat like that as I taxied to the airport. It was a wonderful excuse for not attending classes. I was taking four classes at Swarthmore and polished it just a little more for each performance: “Oh, Miss Snyder, I’m afraid I won’t be in class for the next two weeks.” “Oh?” (Remark already potent with reproof.) “Well...you see...British TV is flying me over for an appearance….” There were actually two Christmas specials, the one in 1969 when we beat the girls of St Hilda’s, and a second in 1970 when our own Keele dons beat us very decisively. Who was on the team of Keele dons? I confess I largely forget. David Battye in Computing was definitely one and I have a hunch that Alan Iliffe, Senior Tutor, was one of the others” Paul Brownsey (1970) "During an evening performance of "The Knight of the Burning Pestle" by Beaumont and Fletcher, again in 1968, word came through from Manchester that our University Challenge team had won the contest. Jim Denman (1970), who played the lead, seamlessly moved from his lines to say "... and word hath come in from the north that Keele hath won University Challenge, that very merry quiz." Those of us on stage tried hard to remain in character whilst the rest of the Walter Moberly hall erupted! What a night!" Julian Comer (1971) In 2002, the same four members of the Keele team showed their mettle once again when they were reunited in University Challenge's “Champions of Champions”, a special season marking the 40th anniversary of the quiz. Along with 30 other winning teams, they were once again put through the agony they had first endured 34 years before and made steady progress to the Grand Final of the special series, when they came up against Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, champions of 1979. Sidney Sussex beat Keele by 375 points to 185, avenging the defeat of their Cambridge fellows in 1968 but placing 2nd out of the 40 championship teams was no mean feat for Keele’s ’68 eggheads. UNIVERSITY RE-CHALLENGE 2008 As a tribute to the 1968 team, Keele University held a special University Re-Challenge on Tuesday 7th October 2008 to celebrate their memorable victory. Quizmaster Bamber Gascoigne agreed to come out of retirement for this event – partly because he always had a soft spot for Keele but also because there was an appeal in support of the Donna Louise Trust, a local charity for a children’s hospice. The Student’s Union held auditions to identify their lambs for the slaughter and six heroes earned a coveted – and dreaded – place. Team Captain Ben Hockenhull, a Medical student, was joined by Kathryn Ambrose, studying PhD Humanities; Rob Russell, studying MA International Relations; Adam Cook, studying MA International Relations. Patrick Kidd ‌(MA Diplomatic Studies) and Andy Hodder (PhD Industrial Relations) were the reserves. The Forty Years On squad was an almost unchanged line-up. Captain, Aubrey "Larry" Lawrence (Latin & History) joined Paul Brownsey (History & Philosophy) and Andy MacMullen (Law & Politics) - the latter of who came direct from the airport after arriving from the USA to take part. Bob Crockford from the 1964 Keele team stood in for Pam Maddison who was unavailable. After a presentation about the contest and Keele then and now, the teams went head to head before a packed audience in the Westminster Theatre. Keele’s Audio Visual Services team created a setting that was reassuringly, even uncannily, familiar, with the well-known tune, the insistent buzzers, the traditional name plates and the sonorous tones of Keele colleague Chris Wain announcing the name of the answering player. The veteran quiz-master started proceedings with the legendary words, “Fingers on the buzzers, your starter for 10”. There was early trouble for the 1968 team as they fell quickly to minus five points. By the half-way stage they still trailed 95 to 45 and seemed doomed to a brave defeat. However, they clawed their way ferociously into contention. With five minutes remaining they surged ahead to a lead of 135 to 90 as the 2008ers were swept aside by the veterans. When Bamber announced that only three “starter questions” remained, the 2008 team still trailed by 145 to 100. They were fastest to each one and closed the gap to a tie of 145 points each. The very last deciding question saw every finger poised tensely on the buzzers. The victory for 2008 seemed certain as the question emerged - it was about a computer game. Rob Russell pounced accurately and the 2008 squad clinched a rousing 155 – 145 victory for 2008. The Vice-Chancellor, Professor Dame Janet Finch, welcomed Bamber Gascoigne and the teams, saying: “It has been an extremely tense contest and very close. I am delighted the 2008 team has won, it shows that Keele is definitely keeping up the standards.” Members of the winning student team were presented with a framed David Gentleman print of Keele Hall. All proceeds from the event were donated to the Donna Louise Trust. Feedback on University Re-Challenge “I had a brilliant day, and was extremely proud to represent Keele. Thank you so much for all of the hard work you put into organising such a momentous occasion, and for letting me be a part of it.” Kathryn Ambrose (2007) “Thanks to everyone at Keele for the warmth of their welcome and for their help. It was a memorable day and poignant in ways I haven’t quite got to the bottom of yet. I almost think I want to come back and be a student again. The 2008 team seemed a really nice bunch and were really welcoming. They went out of their way to be friendly and chatty.” Paul Brownsey (1970) “Thank you for organising such a splendid and enjoyable day; for me it was of little consequence to come second as it was all in such a good cause! It was nice to meet the 1968 team and I thought that the 2008s and their fellow students excelled in their friendly hospitality. I even enjoyed the quiz afterwards in the Students’ Union” Bob Crockford (1964) ”Thanks for everything you, KUSU and our vanquishers on the 2008 team did to make the event so enjoyable. Jean and I had a great time – the biggest problem was reining in the nostalgia. When University Challenge was revived under Paxman I was interviewed by a journalist whose agenda was clearly to present the whole thing as dumbed down to suit a less knowledgeable generation. I argued against it then and now I’ve been proved to be right.” Aubrey Lawrence (1969) “What a terrific evening the University Re-Challenge was! It could not have turned out better! I had the good fortune to sit next to two 2008 ‘freshers’. They were really friendly and we had a great ‘how things are and how things were’ type of chat”. Tim Patrickson (1970) “I thoroughly enjoyed reading your report on the recent University Challenge and watching the video of the show and Bamber Gascoigne made by Central TV. I was addicted to the program many years ago and thought that I was doing well if I could answer just one or two questions correctly. The victory of the 2008 team gives us hope for the future in these uncertain times.” Roger James (1968) “Thanks for the University Challenge write-up. I’m a fan of the programme, and would dearly have loved to go; but midweek sadly just wasn’t on for me. Looks like it was quite a nail-biter. Well done on raising all that money.” David Gentleman (1993) THE UNIVERSITY CHALLENGE TROPHY Each member of the winning 1968 Keele team received a copy of the Shorter Oxford Dictionary as a prize. Keele University received a trophy in the form of a triple-panelled, three dimensional masterpiece of modern art in glass and coloured in various shades of blue. The trophy stands over 2m tall and now resides in a place of honour on the walkway overlooking the Concourse of the Chancellor's Building, and down to the soaring statue of Icarus. The Trophy has known many previous homes and resting places but it is alleged to have sojourned briefly in the boiler room of Hawthorns. Unfortunately, during its long history the trophy also managed to devolve into its several constituent parts. Our best efforts have restored it to its former glory although nobody really knows what its former glory actually looked like. It is irrefutable that anyone tracing the various lines will discover that the right-hand panel is back to front… Bamber Gascoigne showed particular interest in the trophy and remembered it well. He recounted a widely-circulated myth that the paint on the trophy had succumbed almost immediately to the rigours of time and gravity and dribbled down to the bottom of the glass, leaving just a blue puddle. He was relieved and delighted to see it that it has survived in its original glory. Unbeaten! The Christmas Special 2013 ‌Four distinguished Keele alumni were invited to participate in the BBC University Challenge Christmas Special and the match was broadcast on 23rd December 2013. As expected from any team with a Keele education, the members were eclectic in talent... and Keele had the only team captained by a Rear Admiral! Ian Moncrieff (1977 Geography & Geology) - Ian joined the Royal Navy on a university cadetship in 1976 and accumulated 20 years operational seagoing experience in nine warships. He was at one time Commander British Forces South Atlantic in the Falkland Islands, and later Commandant General of the Royal Marines at Plymouth. He is now CEO of the UK Hydrographic Office, which has been charting the world’s oceans for more than 200 years, providing navigational services for the Royal Navy and merchant mariners to save and protect lives at sea. Maggie Atkinson (2008 PhD Education) - Maggie was president of the Association of Directors of Children's services and became Children's Commissioner for England in 2009. She has been at the forefront of policy and practice for children. The commissioner’s general function is defined as “promoting awareness of the views and interests of children in England”, especially as they relate to their well-being... to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution, and achieve economic well-being. Francis Beckett (1969 History & Philosophy) - author, journalist, biographer and contemporary historian. Francis has written biographies of Aneurin Bevan, Clement Attlee, Harold Macmillan, Gordon Brown and Tony Blair. While at Keele he was chosen by the English Speaking Union to be one of the two British student debaters to tour the USA in 1969. His work provokes strong reactions from across the political spectrum. His 2010 book "What Did the Baby Boomers Ever Do For Us?" claims that the baby boomer generation inherited the good years, and pulled the ladder up after them. His plays have been performed on the London fringe and on radio, and his short stories appear in the Young Oxford OUP series. Steve Jackson (1972 Psychology & Biology) - In 1975 Steve Jackson co-founded Games Workshop and helped to organise the first role-playing convention, the first "Games Day". He was involved in developing the Fighting Fantasy gamebook series and now works at Lionhead Studios, which he founded with Peter Molyneux. He is honorary professor at Brunel University in London, teaching Digital Games Theory and Design. Martin "Hamish" McArthur (1975 English & History) was the reserve and, as he says "Worth watching...the outtakes were great too...." According to Francis Beckett: "We won against Aberystwyth, but there were 14 universities, and only four were going through to the semi finals. So of the seven winners, only the four highest winning scorers went through, and we were the fifth highest." Therefore, we can report proudly that Keele was "unbeaten"! OTHER TEAMS - OTHER TIMES "I was never on a Keele team – but I was once a “human mascot” for the winning Keele team in one of the rounds – stretched horizontally along the laps of the front row of the audience! I don’t know whether the video of that has been preserved for posterity." Malcolm Clarke (1969) "The video of Malcolm Clarke stretched along the front row has been preserved – they reran it when they did that champion of champions thing and the original 1968 Keele team got into the final. There it was, with Bamber Gascoigne saying 'their mascot is this charming infant.'" Francis Beckett (1969) Photo right: The 1982 team reached the second round. “I think the 1970 team reached either the quarter or semi finals; I cannot remember which. I was a proud member but only because we were already on our third pint when we heard about the trials going on in the SU and decided to enter there and then; no one was more surprised than we were to emerge as the Keele team. My own contribution was relatively modest, 'Churchill' and 'woodpecker' as I remember, but then I also suffered from the button malfunction that conspired to keep other Keele teams down on other occasions too. The most memorable member of our team was our only female who the Daily Mirror memorably feted as 'the thinking man's telebird', a moniker which made such an impression that I cannot remember the original but I think it was Lesley. I made a small impression too when I introduced myself as 'of no fixed abode and reading books'. The resulting lunatic fan mail gave me a frightening insight into the mentality of the British television fan.” Anthony Smallwood (1973) ‌Photo left: The "entirely unsuccessful" University Challemnge Team of 1964. The 1964 Team included Captain Simon Spencer (1964), Bob Crockford (1963), David Utley (1965) and Simon Sweetman (1966). "I was a member of the (entirely unsuccessful) University Challenge team in 1964. With Simon Spencer, David "Jasper" Uttley and Bob Crockford." Simon Sweetman (1966) "Simon Sweetman was one of the great Keele characters of our day and remains in our memory for several things. One was playing Winnie the Pooh in Kathy (Unsworth) Swift's (1968) dramatisation of A A Milne. Another was his Marxist-Leninist football report in Cygnet of a game between Stoke City and Moscow Dinamo “ John Meager (1968) Bob Crockord was a member of the 2008 Team University Re-Challenge team formed to play a Keele 2008 team under the watchful gaze of Bamber Gascoigne himself. David Utley became a senior official in the British Council and became an author, mainly of books for children. “I thought I would share with you another great Keele University Challenge team – the little remembered one of 1973 - a motley crew which included leading footballer Ian "Zeb" Taylor and Martin "Hamish" McArthur (1975) and two other guys that I cannot remember the names of, I’m afraid (Ed: Andrew Cobley (1975) and Mike Butcher 1972). The team was chosen one drunken night although more akin to a press gang than a choice; I was the reserve purely because I had an old car and could give the team a lift to the Granada studios in Manchester. One of the team had actually left Keele so when Bamber asked him to introduce himself he said, “X, reading…situations vacant” which earned us a smirk if not much respect from either Bamber or our opponents, UEA. The team strategy was outlined by the captain in the car en route (who was one of the guys I cannot remember the name of) which was: “If you don’t know the answer just say Rabbie Burns or Winston Churchill”. The opening exchanges hadn’t gone well and we hadn’t answered a single question in about the first five minutes. Then Bamber said “your starter for ten” and asked some question with a vague Scottish connection – Hamish buzzed. “Rabbie Burns,” said Hamish. “Correct” said Bamber and the whole team fell about, as did many of our supporters in the audience who were ‘in the know’, leaving Bamber and UEA totally bemused. Unfortunately, the heroic struggle went downhill after that and we lost by a large number and the evening was finished off at the back stage party with Bamber trying to make polite conversation over a sherry and us lot shouting at a big TV in the corner where eventually England infamously lost to Poland in that World Cup qualifier! Happy days.” Richard Wheeler (1975) "I was on the 1973 team. Mike Butcher went on to be involved with Channel tunnel and Ian Taylor is a PE teacher. Andy Cobley was sent down just before the programme aired and he is the one who said he was 'reading situations vacant’. he later got on several TV quiz shows including ‘Who wants to be a Millionaire.’ The programme was recorded on the night England were knocked out of the World Cup qualifiers by Poland in 1973." Martin "Hamish" McArthur (1975) Photo above: University Challenge team 1973 - " a motley crew". “As a member of the 1974 and 1976 or it may have been the 1977 teams (both soundly thrashed in the first round) we were always in awe of our predecessors. The recording was on the same day as the infamous England v Poland World Cup Qualifying game. As was usual, there were three teams - us, East Anglia (the other sacrificial lambs) and an Oxford College. We were more concerned about watching the game than the quiz, but the producer assured us that filming would be finished before the game started and, further, that the Green Room would have a TV and, more important, an unlimited supply of alcohol. The Oxford boys dispatched us first and the UEA in short order and we all repaired to the Green Room. Unbelievably, the Oxford boys and Bamber retreated as far away from the TV as possible and sipped orange juice while the rest of us (including the aforementioned producer) got stuck into the booze. We probably disgraced ourselves and ended up back at the Union around midnight where, to our surprise, we were greeted as conquering heroes! Happy Days!” Gordon Mousinho (1975) Photo Right: 1975 team Toland, Durham, Fauvet, Bygrave - team bench in a photo taken of the live TV screen. "I was in the 1975 team of Toland, Fauvet, Durham and Bygrave. Paul Fauvet was quite famous at the time in Keele leftist circles - a big mate of Steve Botham (Student Union President). Paul became a journalist, now living mostly in Mozambique. I can't recall the first names of Durham and Bygrave - I didn't really know them outside of the University Challenge event. I was clearing out some old boxes in the loft when I came across the two photos - not great quality as they are taken from a scan of a photo taken from the live TV...!" Paul Toland (1978) Photo Below: 1975 team Toland, Durham, Fauvet, Bygrave in photos taken of the live TV screen! Nice mascot - but what was it? “I certainly remember Gordon Mousinho who was part of the group; I think ‘Zeb’ was actually Ian Taylor but he was always known as Zeb. He was very active in the football team and subsequent reunion teams. Hamish and I actually shared a room in one of ‘the huts’ for a while (i.e. the Nissen huts on the walkway between Lindsay and the Chapel) while they were finishing off the flats at Barnes. I thought we lost to UEA first who then lost to Oxford (Trinity I think) but I could be wrong. Gordon’s recollection of the Green Room was spot on with Bamber and the Oxford boys in particular looking down at us as we cheered England on to no avail. Happy days indeed.” Richard Wheeler (1975) "I was one of the four representing Keele on "University Challenge" back in 1973, along with Hamish the Red, Mike Butcher and Zeb Taylor. I was the one who was reading 'Situations Vacant', having been booted out at the end of my P2 year - the selection process for the team formed part of Final Fling, and the recording was in early October, so I wasn't going to let the chance of appearing slip away. Anyway, all agreed to donate our appearance fee (£50 each) to the South African scholarship fund. I have unofficial photographs of the proceedings; I sneaked my camera into the studios, and got Gordon to surreptitiously take a few." Andy Cobley (1973) Photo left: The 1982 rehearsal team with the noble Phil Avery. “I was picked as reserve for the 1982 University Challenge team after taking part in a selection quiz in the SU ballroom hosted by the then Union Secretary, Ric Cowdery. The others who made up the team were Wayne Clarke, the captain Phil Avery, Simon Knock, who was by far the brightest among us, and post-grad Nick Doubtfire. The selection process was pretty casual, which is probably how I made it in – beating my mate Edward Coupe, who hasn’t forgiven me to this day. When the big day came we travelled up to the Granada studios in Manchester on a Keele coach packed with friends and supporters. We were all pretty excited to say the least, though the whole trip also felt somewhat surreal – as if it couldn’t really be happening, not to us at least. Before the actual show to be recorded there was a rehearsal round and Phil very generously invited me to take part in his place so that I could at least savour the University Challenge experience for myself and not just be ‘on the bench’ the whole time. As luck would have it the right questions came up and I did pretty well, resulting in a surprising turn of events. The team decided that on the strength of this I should be promoted, and as Phil had been the one to step down it was felt we should continue on those lines – a decision Phil accepted with a great deal of good grace and team spirit. The idea, a naïve one as it turned out, was that we could perhaps swap places in the next round if we got through, but, of course, having won that first match the feeling was that we shouldn’t change a so-called winning line up. I also managed to give a good account of myself – second only to Simon Knock in the number of responses given, and It would probably have seemed a bit odd for a team to go into the second round with a different captain. So the gallant and selfless Phil never did appear and, bizarrely I ended up as Captain having started out as a sub. We won our first round against Aston and lost narrowly in the second to York, but I think the real winner was our noble Captain, Phil Avery. I still feel pangs of guilt whenever I see him on telly or hear him on the radio as one of the BBC’s stable of weather reporters. I sometimes wish I could go back and do things differently – perhaps I could have feigned sudden illness requiring Phil to step in again and claim his rightful place. It might well have got us into the third round and, of course, I could have gone through University Challenge as an undefeated captain! I guess I missed a trick there. But when you’re young and enthusiastic you just tend to get carried away in the moment. I would love to meet Phil again so I could explain all this to him and offer my heartfelt apologies. Having said that, he enjoys a distinguished career in broadcasting, frequently appearing on our nation’s screens, so perhaps I am more cut up about it than he is. Aside from getting to meet the legendary Bamber ‘Bambi’ Gascoigne, one of the other bonuses was that the show was, of course, recorded in the same studio as “Coronation Street” – and here I’m talking the proper Corrie of its Sixties – Eighties heyday featuring such TV icons as ‘Hilda Ogden’, ‘Bet Lynch’, Alec Gilroy and the like, which was hugely popular with students at the time. So another thrill on what proved a very memorable and special day for me was getting to see the Corrie set from the outside and meeting actor Geoffrey Hughes (now sadly departed) who played loveable rogue and bin-man ‘Eddie Yates’." Gennaro Castaldo (1982). “You might want to find out about the Keele team that was disqualified because they kept dropping cups of water off the front of their desk; only for them to vanish apparently into thin air - all to prove that the two teams weren’t perched one on top of the other but actually side-by-side. Many people didn’t believe that the wonders of camera wizardry could split the screen like that!” Anon. (Unfortunately, our investigations with Bamber Gascoigne suggest that this anecdote about the cups is apocryphal - widely disseminated but sadly founded more in imagination than history).... Did you enjoy this? Why not read more stories from the Keele Oral History Project ?	i don't know
Michael and Bernard Weinstein were better known as which great double act?	Mike Winters - Telegraph Obituaries Mike Winters Mike Winters, who has died aged 86, was the straight man to his goofy-toothed brother Bernie in the comedy double act Mike & Bernie Winters. Mike Winters (right) with his brother Bernie Photo: REX/ITV 5:52PM BST 26 Aug 2013 The brothers were pioneers of television comedy, first appearing on Britain’s screens in 1955 on the BBC show Variety Parade, before becoming regulars on programmes such as Big Night Out and Sunday Night At The London Palladium. In 1965 they won their own comedy show on ITV. Mike was the suave, pipe-smoking member of the duo, referred to as “Choochie-Face” by his brother Bernie, a lovable buffoon with a gormless grin and the cheery catchphrase: “I’ll smash yer face in”. Known for his sophisticated wordplay, Bernie would confuse “vowels” with “bowels” or say “You’ve heard of Frank Sinatra? Well, here’s Stank Tomato!”, while Mike would interrupt with an exasperated “Stop! I’m not interested.” It is somewhat difficult in hindsight to see what people found so funny; even in their heyday critical opinion was mixed. An oft-quoted story told of Bernie following his brother on stage at the notorious Glasgow Empire, to be greeted by a voice from the stalls: “Good God, there’s two of them!”. Meanwhile, when Morecambe and Wise were asked what they would have done had they flopped in show business, they replied: “We’d have been Mike and Bernie Winters.” Yet they were immensely popular. Their ITV show ran for eight years, regularly reaching the top three in the ratings and attracting guest stars such as Tom Jones and The Beatles, who appeared on the programme three times. The brothers continued to work together, but in 1978 they fell out, allegedly over Bernie’s long-running affair with a dancer 20 years his junior. While Bernie dreamed up a new act starring a new partner, his St Bernard dog Schnorbitz, and became a regular on television shows such as Punchlines and Give Us A Clue, Mike abandoned showbusiness and emigrated to Florida to become a businessman. Related Articles	Mike & Bernie Winters
In what year was the very first episode of 'Doctor Who' broadcast?	Mike Winters - Telegraph Obituaries Mike Winters Mike Winters, who has died aged 86, was the straight man to his goofy-toothed brother Bernie in the comedy double act Mike & Bernie Winters. Mike Winters (right) with his brother Bernie Photo: REX/ITV 5:52PM BST 26 Aug 2013 The brothers were pioneers of television comedy, first appearing on Britain’s screens in 1955 on the BBC show Variety Parade, before becoming regulars on programmes such as Big Night Out and Sunday Night At The London Palladium. In 1965 they won their own comedy show on ITV. Mike was the suave, pipe-smoking member of the duo, referred to as “Choochie-Face” by his brother Bernie, a lovable buffoon with a gormless grin and the cheery catchphrase: “I’ll smash yer face in”. Known for his sophisticated wordplay, Bernie would confuse “vowels” with “bowels” or say “You’ve heard of Frank Sinatra? Well, here’s Stank Tomato!”, while Mike would interrupt with an exasperated “Stop! I’m not interested.” It is somewhat difficult in hindsight to see what people found so funny; even in their heyday critical opinion was mixed. An oft-quoted story told of Bernie following his brother on stage at the notorious Glasgow Empire, to be greeted by a voice from the stalls: “Good God, there’s two of them!”. Meanwhile, when Morecambe and Wise were asked what they would have done had they flopped in show business, they replied: “We’d have been Mike and Bernie Winters.” Yet they were immensely popular. Their ITV show ran for eight years, regularly reaching the top three in the ratings and attracting guest stars such as Tom Jones and The Beatles, who appeared on the programme three times. The brothers continued to work together, but in 1978 they fell out, allegedly over Bernie’s long-running affair with a dancer 20 years his junior. While Bernie dreamed up a new act starring a new partner, his St Bernard dog Schnorbitz, and became a regular on television shows such as Punchlines and Give Us A Clue, Mike abandoned showbusiness and emigrated to Florida to become a businessman. Related Articles	i don't know
Which popular daytime show was hosted by Des O'Connor and Melanie Sykes?	Des O'Connor \| New Music And Songs \| Des O'Connor About Des O'Connor Des O'Connor is one of Britain's best-loved and longest-serving all-round entertainers, who had a string of hit singles in the late '60s, including even a number one single, "I Pretend," in 1968. He was born in Stepney, East London, on January 12, 1932, and was evacuated to Northampton during the Second World War. Briefly a professional footballer with Northampton Town, he joined the Royal Air Force with which he performed his national service. His first job on leaving the services was as a complaints clerk in a boot and shoe factory, but he followed his dream to work in show business and got a job as a Bultin's redcoat entertainer. He appeared in variety theaters throughout the country before his break in television in the late '50s as a presenter for the ITV interlude Spot the Tune. In 1963 he was given his own variety show called The Des O Connor Show. In 1967 he began his recording career, and like his contemporary Ken Dodd, he recorded some comic novelties but it was with his romantic ballads that he gained chart success, firstly with the single "Careless Hands" and the number one hit "I Pretend." He was constantly ridiculed for his blandness and easygoing, laid-back style, especially from his good friends and fellow comedians Morecambe & Wise, although he always took this with good grace. His highest-placed album was also entitled I Pretend, which reached number seven early in 1969 although throughout his career he recorded a total of 34 albums and sold over 15 million records. One of his more popular television shows was Today with Des & Mel, a daytime magazine/talk show with co-host Melanie Sykes which ran from 2002, and at the beginning of 2007 he took over the chairmanship of the daytime quiz favorite Countdown. Up to 2007, he had appeared at the London Palladium a record 1,220 times and appeared at sell-out concerts at the most prestigious venues throughout the world, including the MGM Grand Hotel, Las Vegas, the Opera House, Sydney, the Concert Hall, Auckland, the O'Keefe Centre, Toronto, and the Arts Centre, Ottawa. He fronted a mainstream television program every year between 1963 and 2007, which is longer than anyone else, anywhere. He married his long-term fiancée, Australian singer Jodie Brooke Wilson, on September 23, 2007, his fourth marriage. ~ Sharon Mawer, Rovi Hear more of	Today with Des and Mel
In 'Dad's Army' who played the part of Reverend Timothy Farthing?	Des O'Connor — Listen for free on Spotify Des O'Connor Play on Spotify Des O'Connor is one of Britain's best-loved and longest-serving all-round entertainers, who had a string of hit singles in the late '60s, including even a number one single, "I Pretend," in 1968. He was born in Stepney, East London, on January 12, 1932, and was evacuated to Northampton during the Second World War. Briefly a professional footballer with Northampton Town, he joined the Royal Air Force with which he performed his national service. His first job on leaving the services was as a complaints clerk in a boot and shoe factory, but he followed his dream to work in show business and got a job as a Bultin's redcoat entertainer. He appeared in variety theaters throughout the country before his break in television in the late '50s as a presenter for the ITV interlude Spot the Tune. In 1963 he was given his own variety show called The Des O Connor Show. In 1967 he began his recording career, and like his contemporary Ken Dodd , he recorded some comic novelties but it was with his romantic ballads that he gained chart success, firstly with the single "Careless Hands" and the number one hit "I Pretend." He was constantly ridiculed for his blandness and easygoing, laid-back style, especially from his good friends and fellow comedians Morecambe & Wise , although he always took this with good grace. His highest-placed album was also entitled I Pretend, which reached number seven early in 1969 although throughout his career he recorded a total of 34 albums and sold over 15 million records. One of his more popular television shows was Today with Des & Mel, a daytime magazine/talk show with co-host Melanie Sykes which ran from 2002, and at the beginning of 2007 he took over the chairmanship of the daytime quiz favorite Countdown. Up to 2007, he had appeared at the London Palladium a record 1,220 times and appeared at sell-out concerts at the most prestigious venues throughout the world, including the MGM Grand Hotel, Las Vegas, the Opera House, Sydney, the Concert Hall, Auckland, the O'Keefe Centre, Toronto, and the Arts Centre, Ottawa. He fronted a mainstream television program every year between 1963 and 2007, which is longer than anyone else, anywhere. He married his long-term fiancée, Australian singer Jodie Brooke Wilson , on September 23, 2007, his fourth marriage. ~ Sharon Mawer, Rovi Read More Show less	i don't know
In what year did 'Pudsey Bear' become the Children in Need mascot?	Children in Need: Pudsey Bear's path from mascot to national treasure - BBC News BBC News Children in Need: Pudsey Bear's path from mascot to national treasure By Lauren Potts BBC News, Yorkshire 14 November 2014 Read more about sharing. Close share panel Image caption Pudsey Bear appeared on the Children in Need logo in 1986 with a new yellow coat of fur and a red bandage As the BBC's hugely successful Children in Need appeal swings back into action for another year, the creator of the charity's Pudsey Bear mascot explains how the cuddly teddy came to be named. The origins of the nation's favourite bears are rarely a mystery - Paddington hailed from "Darkest Peru" and Winnie-the-Pooh the Hundred Acre Wood. But while the clue is largely in his name, the story of Children in Need's famous Pudsey Bear pays tribute to more than just his West Yorkshire roots. Creator Joanna Lane was working in the BBC's design department when she was asked to revamp the charity's monochrome logo in 1985. Though the brief was simply to improve the image, she could not get the idea of making a mascot out of her head. "It was like a lightbulb moment for me," she said. "We were bouncing ideas off each other and I latched on to this idea of a teddy bear. "I immediately realised there was a huge potential for a mascot beyond the 2D logo." Inspired, Ms Lane went looking for a teddy bear. Finding one in the studio props department, she took it back to the office and continued thinking of ideas. Image copyright Don Smith Image caption Joanna Lane with early prototypes of Pudsey Bear "The only one they had was almost as big as me, so I struggled back carrying this teddy and sat it down in my office to figure out how to make this bear unique and representative of Children in Need," she said. Children in Need The BBC's first broadcast appeal for children was a five minute radio broadcast on Christmas Day in 1927 It raised £1,143, 18s and 3d which was split between four children's charities The first televised appeal was the Children's Hour Christmas Appeal in 1955, which raised £625, 836 Children in Need as a brand launched in 1980 with a televised appeal, hosted by Sir Terry Wogan Pudsey was introduced to the world in 1985 He has had several makeovers since then and donned a party hat in 2004 to celebrate the telethon's silver jubilee Pudsey's friend Blush was launched in 2009 In 2011 and 2012 Pudsey was treated to designer revamps at the hands of Chanel, Burberry, Mulberry and Victoria Beckham Since the appeal launched, Children in Need has raised £740m Children in Need: How to donate "It was very important to me that whatever we came up with was something that young children could relate to. "It was never on the agenda to have a mascot, I just had this vision from day one that this is what it needed to be to reach people." As the idea evolved, prototypes were made of the first batch of bears and Ms Lane pushed for an identity for the now famous yellow teddy. "I had a whole story playing out in my head for this bear, " she said. "I went to the production team and said, 'we need to name it'. So they turned around and said 'if you think it's important to name him, you do it'. "It came from the heart - I looked to my own experience and named him in honour of my home town and my grandparents." Ms Lane was brought up in Pudsey, near Leeds, where her grandfather Irvine Ball was borough councillor between 1936 and 1955 and mayor of the town in 1950. His community work included helping found the Pudsey Musical Festival, Pudsey United Chorus and the Pudsey Committee for Welfare of the Blind. His wife Rose, was also an active member of the community. Ms Lane had no hesitation about honouring their work - lending the name of the town to a bear which fittingly became the face of a multi-million pound fundraising campaign. Image caption Joanna Lumley was just one of many celebrities to cuddle up with the original brown Pudsey Bear Pudsey made his television debut in 1985 when Sir Terry Wogan introduced the new, brown cuddly mascot to the audience. The toy proved popular and returned as the campaign's official logo the following year, with a new design to appeal to children - bright colours, lower-case lettering and a triangle shape which could easily be cut out. He was given a new yellow coat of fur and as the decades passed, his red spotted bandage was upgraded to the multi-coloured number he sports today. As he nears his 30th birthday, he continues to receive letters, drawings and e-mails from youngsters all over the UK and has been photographed with more celebrities than he can remember. He's also made a friend in fellow bear Blush, who was introduced in 2009. Sarah Monteith, from Children in Need, said: "Pudsey is integral to the success of BBC Children in Need. So many of us have grown up with Pudsey and have fond memories of him from our school days. He is unique in uniting generations and galvanising the nation to get fundraising. "His look has evolved over the years and we have had some wonderful recreations of the yellow bears from the likes of top end designers such as Chanel to our very own Sir Terry Wogan. But there is no mistaking that it's the yellow bear with his colourful spots that the nation loves the best." Image caption Sir Terry Wogan remains the telethon's mainstay and has been joined by many presenters over the years The BBC's first broadcast appeal for children was a five minute radio broadcast in 1927. But it was not until the first televised appeal under the Children in Need banner in 1980 that it became a household name. The charity has raised £740m to date. It's developed beyond my wildest dreams Joanna Lane, Creator of Pudsey Bear Catherine Shuttleworth, from Savvy Marketing, said more and more charities are using a logo to entice potential donors, citing the Marie Curie daffodil and the British Legion poppy as good examples of charities which have become synonymous with their imagery. She said: "The use of a strong logo or image can make all the difference in the battle for giving - we have seen this as brands have employed marketing and design agencies to help them create identities that keep them at the front of the mind. "Pudsey has become a national treasure and a modern day icon with kids of all ages having instant recall of this cuddly chap and an understanding of the charity, and more importantly they know that when they see Pudsey he's here to help and that they need to help him. "This has been a critical part of the success of the Children in Need campaign." Image caption Pudsey's current look includes a multi-coloured bandage and Blush has a bow to match Though the race for recognition in the charity market is now commonplace, the success of Pudsey Bear as a branding tool has continued to amaze his creator. "I remember walking through [BBC] TV Centre in Shepherd's Bush once and being confronted by this absolutely huge Pudsey, about 10 or 12 feet high," said Ms Lane. "It stopped me dead in my tracks and I began to realise what had happened. I wasn't really aware of [Pudsey's impact]. "I'm so proud. Although I anticipated some of what's happened, it's really developed beyond my wildest dreams."	one thousand nine hundred and eighty five
"In which quiz show would you hear the words ""Is that your final answer?'?"	BBC - BBC Children in Need - History BBC Children in Need Read more about sharing. History Ever wondered how Pudsey got his name? Read about over half a century of BBC Children in Need, our annual Appeal Night telethons, and discover just how much money we'll be giving to UK charities this year. The BBC's first ever broadcast appeal for children was a five-minute radio broadcast on Christmas Day in 1927. The response was phenomenal and it raised £1,143 18s 3d which was split between 4 prominent children's charities. The first televised appeal was the 1955 'Children's Hour Christmas Appeal', presented by Sooty and Harry Corbett. The Christmas Day Appeals continued on TV and radio right up until 1979, raising a total of £625,836. The presenters included Terry Hall, Eamonn Andrews, Leslie Crowther, Michael Aspel and the rising star of the Radio 2 Breakfast Show - Terry Wogan - who made his debut appearance in 1978. In 1980 the appeal was broadcast on BBC One in a new telethon format, hosted by Terry with Sue Lawley and Esther Rantzen. The telethon was the brainchild of Mark Patterson, who went on to be the Executive Producer for nine years. It captured the public's imagination to such an extent that the donations increased dramatically and broke the million mark for the very first time. Terry Wogan remained the the telethon's mainstay until 2014, and was joined by a diverse line-up over the years that included Joanna Lumley, Sue Cook, John Craven, Andi Peters, Gaby Roslin, Natasha Kaplinsky, Tess Daly and Fearne Cotton. Pudsey Bear Pudsey Bear made his television debut in 1985 when Terry introduced the new, brown cuddly mascot to the audience. He was designed by Joanna Ball, a BBC graphics designer, who named him after the West Yorkshire town where she was born. He proved very popular and returned as BBC Children in Need's official logo the following year with his design amended to that of a yellow bear with a red spotted bandage. In the two decades which have followed, Pudsey has received letters, drawings and e-mails from youngsters all over the UK and been photographed with more celebrities than he can remember. Apart from a party hat worn in 2004 to celebrate the telethon's silver jubilee, Pudsey has remained very much the same. But a 2007 revamp gave Pudsey a fresh new look and brighter colours in time for the 28th annual BBC Children in Need Appeal. The Appeal today So far you have helped to raise over £800 million and you never cease to amaze us with your fabulous fundraising events and generous donations. However, there are still so many children that need your help. Our Appeal is every November, so make sure you get involved and help us to make a difference to children who need our help the most, especially in such tough economic times.	i don't know

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