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In which US state did singer Elvis Presley perform his last concert? | Elvis Presley In Concert
Lost That Dream, Chaos Indeed
College Park, Maryland
September 27, 1974
By Forest George
One day you are the King of the Jungle, loved by millions. The next day you are almost at Rock Bottom, panned by critics, businessmen and a few fans, but still loved by millions. In 1974, Elvis Presley went out on tour and knocked them dead over and over again with incredible concerts. Several imports and FTD albums have covered 1974 from the March tour, the June tour, the Tahoe engagements, the two Vegas engagements, and his final tour of the year from September 27-October 9, 1974.
During the final Vegas stint, a turning point began that would affect Elvis for the rest of his life. He had seemingly prepared himself for a 1974 revival in Vegas much like his 1970 "That's The Way It Is" revival four years earlier. He had prepared a different set list to open his August 19, 1974 Vegas season. A mixture of his old 1972 set-list, and some songs from current albums that he had never sang before. These included opening with "Big Boss Man," and singing "Down In The Alley," and "Good Time Charlie Got The Blues." Most Elvis fans assumed the Vegas crowd had not appreciated the changes. Elvis would return to his usual set-list he had used all year, opening with "See See Rider" and following with "I Got A Woman" as usual for the rest of the engagement.
In hindsight, even if the changes had been accepted, Elvis still had his drug use issues, and had almost OD' a couple of times in 1974, according to Linda Thompson on the documentary The Last Day's Of Elvis. The two broke up, albeit shortly, during the summer, and Elvis' behavior was already becoming erratic. He had been experimenting with different drugs during the summer. The Vegas stint was successful as usual, but as the Vegas season winded down, Elvis was wound up with a lot of aggression. He ended up cussing out a heckler during an August 30 midnight show. On September 2, 1974, Elvis would perform his final Vegas show for the season, and the songs were performed adequately, but the key point of the show were the strange dialogues on different subjects. These subjects included Karate; Bill Cosby; flirting with his ex-wife and trashing her current boyfriend, Mike Stone; flirting with his "girlfriend of the month," Sheila Ryan; his liver biopsy; his diamond rings; and the most infamous drugs dialogue ever. One of the only few times Elvis openly denied that he never had done drugs and went into a tirade against "movie magazines."
The concert known by the fans, as "Desert Storm," would have been enough of a story itself. With the season over, however, many would have felt the worst was over. Elvis, however, had another tour to perform in less than three weeks and apparently the stress and the drug use had finally reached him to his breaking point.
September 27, 1974 was the opening night of his fall tour and it began in College Park, Maryland. He would perform two shows on two different nights, and for years it would rumored that both of these shows had been the worse performances Elvis ever gave on stage up to that point. Stein Eric Skar, of Elvis: The Concert Years noted a story of Elvis arriving to College park, that he simply fell out of the car. "Lying on the ground he refused help from any, and from here he struggled to the stage." This concert can be heard in its entirety now with the import Chaos in College Park.
As the opening rift blasted thru the arena, it was like every other Elvis concert. Everybody went crazy, and was excited to see the man himself, but according to Geoff The Chef in the "Chaos In College Park" album jacket, Elvis "was visibly struggling as he entered the stage . . . Right from the get-go, the musicians on stage noticed that something was wrong. Elvis' vocals were weak and lackluster, and his delivery lacked focus and power." There was no joy, no excitement, and it appeared that he was struggling and sometimes out of tune. It had to been the first time Elvis truly did a bad version of "See See Rider" that had no redeeming value. Ignoring the fact that the band completely missed the timing at the end, the audience gave a loud ovation as if it was the greatest performance ever.
Critic Larry Rohter, of the Washington Post, noted the Cole Field House had "horrendous acoustics," and that maybe a small majority of people didn't even hear Elvis during the open, which lead Elvis on a small tirade. "I like to ask . . . ah . . . I would like to ask a Question? Is the group too loud on stage." The audience gives an audible "yes," as Elvis instructed his sound engineer, Bill Porter, to "take the group down a little bit," which received another loud ovation. Elvis would mumble for a few seconds, before both men and women started screaming, "Turn around," and by their reaction he does so. Elvis then quipped with a lackluster, "Man you people are fantastic up here in Maryland. All I got to do is turn around," and again the audience goes crazy. In Elvis' state of mind, who knew what he truly felt, when he knew all he needed to do was show up? There was too much going on with Elvis Presley in 1974 involving his ego, drug use, and now fans were cheering him after singing horribly.
After some mumbling and some flirting with female fans, finally Elvis started his "well, well" routine. This was done fairly good, but before going into "I Got A Woman," Elvis again went into a rant about the sound system. "I am hearing myself 2000 times too much. I don't like to hear myself talk, I like to hear myself sing!" Then preceded to do his "well, wells" again, while begging the crowd to let him sing for a change. After what seemed years, "I Got A Woman" finally started. It was pretty disjointed in places, and Elvis just sounded like he was forcing himself just to sing at all. After rolling into a quick melody into Amen, Elvis allowed J.D. to do his bass routine, where Elvis quipped his usual stuff about J.D. being the lowest bass singer, and joked, "In fact, he's the lowest guy I've ever met." Elvis then continued to rant about J. D's singing, but another female fan screams and Elvis stopped to flirt with her and the crowd laughs and applauds again; but a audience member near the tape source started to talk about Elvis doing a lot of "weird" stuff here. So not everybody in the building was brainwashed by Elvis' mystique. Elvis continued to flirt with more ladies, and gets another big reaction for it. Finally the "Amen" rift returned and J.D. once again does the bass note and finally Elvis ends the song. In spite of the cheering, another audience member nearby stated, "He's gotten terrible."
After introducing himself as Wayne Newton and flirting with the female fans yet again, Elvis proclaimed to the audience "I will do all the songs . . . I promise you as Charlie as my witness." Then proceeded to get off track yet again to flirt with another girl, and ended up giving her a guitar pick. There was no focus or direction during this show.
Elvis seemed to improve vocally on "Love Me," but Elvis did plenty of good versions in 1976-77 just due to the arrangement being a very easy and lazy arrangement to do. The improvement continued with "If You Love Me (Let Me Know), as Elvis was fairly strong during the regular verses if the song, but then would vanish with his weak voice during the refrain with the backup singers covering up his vocal. "It's Midnight" actually was a fairy good rendition, but many still noticed some dragging in Elvis' voice and some slurring.
Before Elvis could continue the show with "Big Boss Man," he once again goes into a long praise to the audience, as a fan shouted out a request for "Jailhouse Rock." Elvis quipped back "I don't know 'Jailhouse Rock', that was too long ago. I was only thirteen when I did it. . . . I don't have 'Jailhouse Rock,'" and proceed to tell a little white lie. "We've never rehearsed it." Although it might be true the band didn't know "Jailhouse Rock" and that particular night, Elvis and the group had done the song back in Vegas in 1969. On this night, however, I am not sure if Elvis knew "That's All Right Mama" let alone "Jailhouse Rock." Elvis then explained to the fans that he would do "Don't Be Cruel" and "Love Me Tender" later on in the show.
While "Big Boss Man" started out as a fairly preformed piece of music, Elvis would crash during the second half of the song by flubbing lines during the second verse and then during the final refrain just threw out weird noises. Then in another low moment in the show, the music to "Fever" started, but Elvis decided he would rather talk than sing. He flirted with another female fan, and gave her a scarf, paying no attention to the music playing. He then said something unintelligible about not being about to play "naughty kisser" because "they'd put me in jail." Then proceeded to go into a monologue about the band-aid on his hand. "I just got through working in Las Vegas. . . . Some girl scratched the daylights out of me. She didn't mean to, she just reached out and touched me. . . . (She) had fingernails like claws. . . . And so it got infected. I got 18 doctors, and they can't do anything with it." It almost seemed like Elvis was making an excuse for his poor behavior.
After a solid minute of talking, "Fever" continued to play as Elvis started flirting with the girls again. "I love you too honey, don't throw darts at me." While the women continue to scream each time he'd flirt with them. Finally, Elvis started "Fever", which started out as a fairly good version after the long wait. During the "Captain Smith and Pocahontas" line, however, Elvis tried to joke around with the words and ended up off tempo again and joked "cats were born to give you acne" before trying to be serious again. The fans still cheered, but the rendition ended in a horrible fashion. The audience member near the tape source seemed to say something about Elvis looked like he was "going to go over." Most reported he hanged on the microphone for dear life the entire show, as if he was going to fall off the stage.
"Love Me Tender" was next, but someone shouted a request to Blue Hawaii and Elvis again, in his state, felt the need to correct this woman and then proceeded to name off his movies. He proudly announced Love Me Tender was his first movie, and then seemed to announce his other movies in the order he remembered him. Elvis gave an almost accurate list with a few exceptions. Apparently he confused "Jailhouse Rock" coming before "Loving You." He also felt he had done a movie called "Return To Sender" filmed before "King Creole. After talking about his two years in the army, he listed G. I. Blues and Blue Hawaii correctly. Then he, however, named Wild In The Country as "Wild Wide Country" and then called "Follow That Dream" simply "Lost That Dream." He then simply ended the whole movie rant by going "I'm trying to figure what I did," which has one fan nearby give a very nasty, sarcastic laugh. Elvis then finally launched into "Love Me Tender," which started out fairy good until he stopped singing to tell the band, who was still playing, to "catch up." The song then continued to be okay, until he ordered "one more verse" and the started doing strange high note vocals before starting to go completely off key, ending the song badly.
"Hound Dog" would follow, and Elvis' own words before singing the song described how good it was. "Who put this rope on stage? (People think) I'm going to hang myself? My group wants me to hang myself," then he proceeded to metaphorically hang himself by screaming a bunch of off-key false starts that again get nothing but positive screams from the female portion of the audience. Finally he launched into a full version to a great pop from the fans, and just decided to trash through it and mumbles through it as if he could not have cared less.
"Bridge Over Troubled Waters" was next. In 1977, Elvis had done three versions, with June 26, 1977 being the best he may have ever done since the That's The Way It Is documentary. This version, on the other hand, was going fairly well until Elvis ordered the band to "slow down," and then his timing was again messed up. If those flaws had been avoided, then this would have been an almost passable version in spite of the weak voice. Instead, it was just another horrible performance.
"Polk Salad Annie" was next, and Elvis takes an extra ten seconds before starting to sing. Under normal circumstances, it would have been fun to have the band jam a few seconds before Elvis committing to the song; but on this night it just did not seem right. Sadly, there were 1977 versions of "Polk Salad Annie" that excelled better than this one. After the song was over, Elvis continued to embarrass himself. " I don't mind working for a group like this folks. I'll work my brains over it. Uh, my brains out," misspeaking and getting another sarcastic laugh from one fan.
Elvis decided to do his "Band Introductions" next, and gave some off colored comments to his band members. For instance, after he introduced voice he joked "I call them a lot of things, but I can't repeat them in front of kids." Then after introducing the Sweet Inspirations, the fans give them a warm, acceptable ovation, and Elvis blasted "Not too much. They'll ask for a damn raise," and then after doing his "Crew Cuts" joke on them Elvis got very defensive. "Now look, don't start no trouble with me. Don't get no double N CAP or whatever it is (on me)." Then he proceeded to call comedian Jackie Kahoon a time killer, and the fans applaud as if they agreed, or maybe they weren't really paying attention to what Elvis was saying because he would say it again to no reaction. Then Elvis praised J.D. Sumner again as the "lowest bass singer." "I don't know what he's got in his throat, man. Somebody just stretched him. He can go down and hit a low flat," which proceeded to take Elvis off task yet again. Then while introducing the Stamps individually, he called Bill Baize the "highest tenor in gospel music. . . . If you don't believe he's high, just ask him. " Well Elvis was half right, somebody was "high" on stage.
As he continued to introduce the band members, Elvis stopped to flirt with female fans yet again. Elvis goes "I'll be over there to give you a scarf. You can have the belt, and maybe the suit. Then I can go to jail," and the female fans scream once again. After introducing Kathy Westmoreland, Elvis teases the fans for applauding. "She's not that good," but quickly admitted he was only teasing Kathy. Nine months later, Kathy Westmoreland would actually walk off the stage in Norfolk, VA after Elvis got wind that she was unhappy with Elvis' teasing and blasted her for it with thousands looking on. Here he quickly goes back to flirting with the female fans, before having James Burton and John Wilkinson jam to the 1972-1974-band introduction arrangement. Then Elvis asked Ronnie Tutt to "change the rhythm" and Tutt proceeded to do something similar to his 1975-1976 drum solos. Duke Bardwell shinned next and Elvis seemed to approve.
After introducing Glen Hardin, Elvis accounted Glen could "drink more than anybody in the world," and then went into his own impersonation of a "drunk guy." After introducing the band, Elvis ordered Voice to sing "Killing Me Softly." I would have rather heard Elvis tried to cover this than have Sherrill Neilson be the one to do it. Elvis then had J.D. Sumner perform "Why Me Lord" next, where Elvis would sing the refrain. In early 1974 this song was done very seriously, but here he would tease J.D. during the second verse and would continue to do this for the rest of his life. Later on, in 1975, people would get the joke, but here they just sat on their hands in disbelief with no reaction when Elvis made J.D. laugh.
"All Shook Up" was next, and it seemed the long rest with band introductions had helped Elvis, as he his vocal had improved drastically. The "Teddy Bear/Don't Be Cruel" medley continued to show the Elvis everybody remembered, and even received some applause mid-song. With much improvement to his voice, Elvis decided to do the "Hawaiian Wedding Song," with the exception of a joking falsetto and stopping singing when he'd forgot the words, it was musically acceptable as he stayed on key. "My time is up on stage," Elvis tells the audience before launching into "How Great Thou Art." Even with the poor voice that Elvis had all night, this gospel song was very powerful. The timing only falters when he blasted out "almighty God," and wanted to hold it longer than the arrangement would allow. The arrangement was changed to allow Elvis to hold that high note for the 1975 season. This groundbreaking performance wasn't enough to save the show, but it showed even at his worst he still had the ability to perform. In this case, sadly, it was like finding a diamond ring at the bottom of a septic tank. The audience applause seemed more energetic, and Elvis responded with a "Thank you, and I love you." He then looked at the audience, and almost seemed to know that half of his concert was terrible, and said "In all sincerity, if all audiences were like you - I'd sing my guts out for you."
Finally "Can't Help Falling In Love" played and it was time to end the show. Elvis decided to vary with very high notes near the end of the song to prove he could still sing, and pulled it off fairly well. He had tried to save the show with his last five songs, but management wasn't impressed due to the first half of the show and Elvis would not be asked back to College Park ever again. He did, however, have another show there he would perform the following night. It would be a chance to redeem him from this horrible performance.
Instead, the September 28 show itself was a disaster, as Elvis would struggle with his vocal for the first half of the show. The main difference was Elvis' dialogues on the 27 had been reckless, yet harmless. On the 28, Elvis would blast newspaper reporters saying, "he had a paunch;" he would again blast the "movie magazines" saying he was a "drug addict" and proudly announce he was an official member of the DEA, and his Martial Arts beliefs forbade him to do drugs. Given the way some of our "superstars" act today with the media, this was tame; but still painful to listen too.
As the tour progressed, Elvis' performances and behavior would start to improve. By October 6, in Dayton, Ohio, Elvis was holding his own again, but was far from perfect. After closing on October 9, and a short stint at Lake Tahoe, Elvis was done for the year.
Although Elvis would return in 1975, and have a breakout year with great concerts in both Vegas and on tour; it marked the end of the flashy Elvis Presley from 1970. That Elvis hadn't truly existed since for years, but he had held the image and had looked the part of an "ageless legend." When he returned to Vegas in March 1975, he would give great performances, and his jokes would have perfect timing again; but he would start to show his age and while his weight was normal for a forty year old man, it wasn't the image of a "ageless legend." There would be rougher roads ahead in 1976 and 1977, but Elvis survived his first fall to perform brilliantly again.
Forest George
| Indiana |
An abecedarian is a person who is learning what? | Elvis: Articles from the Las Vegas Sun | Vegas.com
In 1956, Elvis Presley was the "extra added attraction" at the New Frontier. Freddy Martin and Shecky Greene were the headline acts. Turns out Las Vegas audiences were not too impressed with the "atomic powered singer."
Elvis Presley, New Singing Find, Booked Into New Frontier
Las Vegas Sun
Staff Report
April 21, 1956
Elvis Presley, unanimously acclaimed by critics as the most important singing find since Johnnie Ray, will open in the New Frontier Hotels' Venus Room Monday, April 23, as a special added attraction to the Freddy Martin show.
The handsome 21-year-old rock 'n' roller's appearance in the latest Sammy Lewis production is considered to be the Las Vegas entertainment scoop of the year.
Presley's sensational rise to fame is largely based on his recent recording of "Heartbreak Hotel" which sold 100,000 copies the first week it was out and at present is nearing the 1,000,000 mark.
Two years ago the young giant (he stands 6 feet 2 inches tall) was driving a truck in Memphis for $45 a week. Yet in West Coast appearances last week his unusual singing style attracted turnaway audiences of 5,000 and special police squads were needed to handle the admiring crowds who came to see America's newest idol.
Adding to Presley's fame and fortune is a motion picture contract which he signed with Paramount Studios in Hollywood just this week.
The young vocalist will be featured in one of the most lavish productions ever presented in the Venus Room, Lewis stated. Freddy Martin and his band, comic Shecky Greene, the Venus Starlets and a cast of more than 60 performers will make up the entertainment package.
Column: Just About Everything Under The Sun
Las Vegas Sun
Bud Lilly (New Frontier Hotel publicity director)
April 26, 1956
Thanks for your note requesting more info on Elvis Presley. You should know nothing makes a publicity man happier than furnishing background on one of his favorite subjects.
And Elvis certainly is one of my favorite subjects. Here is a nonchalant phenomenon whom, as yet, no one has accurately described. Here is a young man who has an inherent ability to arouse mass hysteria (or should I say ecstasy?) wherever he goes, yet is unassuming and completely untouched by the fabulous success he has achieved almost overnight.
Wherever Elvis has appeared in the recent weeks since he "hit" he has left behind him tears, screams, wild applause and mangled emotions. Yet it must be a sweet agony he creates because his avid fans already have elevated him to a plane reached only by a few singers of our time.
Far be it for me to analyze this handsome, 21-year-old lad whose rock 'n' roll rhythms brings forth squeals and cries not heard since way back when Frank Sinatra first came into his own. It has been suggested to me that Elvis Presley is a combination of Johnnie Ray and Billy Daniels - that he displays the magnetism of Sinatra and Como- that he possesses the intangible attributes of almost any two or three popular male singers you might care to group. I'll go so far as to say I don't agree with this. In my opinion, this boy is one to himself - doing what comes naturally.
The most-used phrase coined by writers across the country to describe Presley's singing is "a peculiar brand of western bop." Yet that "peculiar brand of western bop" alone could inflame followers to mob a theater for just a look at their idol? This is not an unusual incident when Elvis makes a personal appearance. City officials from coast to coast already have learned to place extra police on duty to control overflow crowds wherever he appears.
Presley is billed as "America's only atomic powered singer." Maybe, this explains everything you and I are witnessing another amazing development in this amazing age of the atom. It makes as much sense as another rationalization of an "irrational situation."
Briefly he was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, on January 8, 1935. All his training in show business has been through self-instruction. Two years ago he was a truck driver. Last December he was signed to an RCA Victor recording contract and just two weeks ago signed to a seven-year contract with Paramount Pictures In Hollywood. Sammy Lewis, our producer here at the New Frontier Hotel says he feels this is only the beginning! And THERE you are.
Hoping to stir the interest of Vegas showgoers in April of 1956, Elvis Presley and Liberace were brought together in a comical session of publicity photos where the duo switched instruments and wardrobe.
Las Vegas SUN
April 28, 1956
Accent is on pitch and pull for this batch of acts comprising the current Venus Room Bill. The powers of the New Frontier are pitching the local premiere of Elvis Presley, but the pull will be in Freddy Martin's smooth music making and word-of-mouth cheering for Shecky Greene's unbridled comedy.......
Elvis Presley, arriving here on the wave of tremendous publicity, fails to hit the promised mark in a desert isle surfeited with rock and rollers who play in shifts atop every cocktail lounge on the Strip. The brash, loud braying of his rhythm and blues catalog (and mind you, they are big hits everywhere it seems) which albeit rocketed him to the big time, is overbearing to a captive audience. In a lounge, one can up and go -- fast. But in a dining room, the table sitter must stay, look and listen the thing out. Which is perhaps why Presley received applause on his opening show edged with polite inference only. For the teen-agers, the long, tall Memphis lad is a whiz; for the average Vegas spender or showgoer, a bore. His musical sound with a combo of three is uncouth, matching to a great extent the lyric content of his nonsensical songs.
Vegas Daze and Nights
Las Vegas SUN
May 1, 1956
The Shake and Shiver Kid: Now that I have finally found out what an Elvis Presley really is, I wonder if I will ever be happy again. You see, a Elvis Presley is an intense young singer who opened at the New Frontier a week ago with a very nervous guitar. And though the lad probably has yet to experience his first shave, he and his trio of instrumentalists have already sold a million records of their first recording. Presley sings and I try to recall Burl Ives, Harry Belafonte and Johny Ray. Mind you now, I'm not saying he compares with either of the illustrious gentlemen named. However, he doesn't sound too unlike those lads.
So there stands Elvis Presley, who probably has yet to blow out his 21st birthday candles, drink his first beer or kiss his first girl, the absolute rage of the juke box business and several million youngsters who compare him to the great in this unique field of hysterical rock 'n' roll rhythm. And as he stands up there clutching guitar, he shakes and shivers like he is suffering from itchy underwear and hot shoes. There is no doubt, I say to myself, because my wife seems to be pretty much interested in Presley's gymnastics on stage, this is the beginning of another craze. And a cold sweat pops out on my forehead as I full realize that my missus is now on the brink of a shopping spree for Presley records.
Seriously, however, I'd like to see this Presley in a hotel lounge. He would probably be the nearest threat to Louis Prima and his group the two years that Luigi has dominated Vegas lounge entertainment. However, I don't imagine Presley's board of strategy is listening to the weak chirpings of lounge talent buyers. Especially when millions of youngsters, who buy Presley's records, are forming long lines outside of the music shops of America and Canada. Yes siree, the lad with the sleepy eyes and angry fingers on his electric guitar may crave a steady diet of fried pork chops, but the youngsters also crave a steady diet of Elvis Presley.
And right now the lad is hotter than a cauldron of boiling oil. What is his favorite tune, you ask? That is easy. It's the sound of the hard and shiny cash registers which have his name on them.
A cat talks back
May 12, 1956
Mostly about Mr. Elvis Presley, Esq.
I will try to bravely carry on after reading the report of the SUN's police reporter concerning Mr. Elvis Presley now holding forth at the Venus Room of the Hotel New Frontier. I'm not after the teen-age vote or to sell Portia's pound of flesh. I come not to bury Caesar, but to praise him. It is a weakness of the mind to preconceive a judgment of your thought before the act is done. And so McDuff, lay on.
Despite the acid hemlock broth stirred by the Sun's copy boy methinks Mr. Presley will survive and live to sing some more. Not that for many moons to come his name will be well known about the countryside.
Perhaps this cat should have studied grand opera, the fiddle or just be satisfied herding a truck. I don't join that school of thought. He's happy and he's making lots of other people happy doing just what he is doing naturally. You see, he's a natural. Any dope knows what a natural is.
This cat Presley is neat, well gassed and has the heart. His vocal is real and he has yet to go for an open field. He is hep to the motion of sound with a retort that is tremendous. These squares who like to detract their imagined misvalues can only size a note creeping upstairs after dark. This cat can throw 'em downstairs or even out the window. He has it.........
Presley has a depth of tone that can sink deeper than a well. He can wilt into a whisper faster than a gossipmonger can throw down a free drink. He is classier than a new sock and a skinner on the strings. He really makes them cry. He's a smooth cast, cool and crazy with new stuff. His sound is dreamy and unique, loaded with mystery.
So settle down dad. Take your cow straight. Wipe the blood out of your eye. I still got your coat. Music shines in anything that sounds.
Youth is an exuberant stage of life with the top down. Presley's voice is that of American youth looking at the moon and wondering how long it will take to get there. He is not a Rock 'n' Roller nor is he a cowboy singer. He is something new coming over the horizon all by himself and he deserves his ever-growing audience. Nobody should miss him. Parents would do well to take their children to hear him. It would be a good way to get to know and understand your own kids.
Yep, this boy's sails are set and he's got wind. Good luck boy and the best of everything. I hope they hold you over! After all ten million cats can't be wrong.
Ed Jameson
Elvis Presley and co-star Ann-Margret in a promotional photo from "Viva Las Vegas." Part of the movie was filmed on location in Las Vegas.
Las Vegas the scene of new Elvis film
By Gloria Reible
Las Vegas Sun
July 24, 1963
"The Lady Loves Me" may be the new title of "Viva Las Vegas," MGM movie currently being filmed here.
Reason for the change, a studio spokesman on the set attests, is because of a budding romance visible even to casual onlookers, between the stars of the flicker, Elvis and Ann-Margret.
The boy who owns the only Rolls-Royce in the world with Tennessee license plates and the girl who billed herself as the "Female Elvis Presley" at the start of her career, make a torrid combination, on or off the screen.
And the 109 degree temperature on the set was upped several degrees when the stars did a scene on the parking lot of the Sahara Hotel.
Until one has visited an "on location filming," it is difficult to comprehend how little glamour it really entails. Rather, the one word which aptly describes the entire process is "work."
For the more than 200 actors, cameramen, stand-ins, make-up artists, technicians and other specialists necessary for making the movie, the workday begins at 6 a.m.
Work, work, work.
What's more, it doesn't end until 12 hours later. Of the film shot in the day, approximately six minutes is usable. Therefore, it is understandable that "Viva Las Vegas" will cost in excess of $3,000,000.
Each day's filming is viewed the following day by Director George Sidney and Producer Jack Cummings. Then, if any scenes need a re-take, it can be done immediately in order to prevent a costly return trip to Las Vegas after the group has returned to Hollywood.
Premier in LV
Sidney hopes to finish shooting here by the weekend but the movie will not be wrapped up until late September. Cummings told the SUN that there is an excellent possibility that the pictures will be premiered here at Easter-time.
For the first time in his amazing career, Elvis has a name for his romantic lead and one who can share the vocal assignment.
Although the emphasis is primarily on the story, both he and Ann-Margret have production numbers, as well as duets.
The story line is relatively simple - the struggle by a young racing enthusiast to raise money to get his own car. Complicating matters is his romance with a shapely swimming instructor who doesn't cotton to the idea of a husband who spends Memorial Days whizzing around the Indianapolis Speedway.
There is a personal and professional rivalry, too, between Elvis and the leading European sports car racer, played by Cesare Danova.
Ah, there is a man! Cesare's latest film is "Cleopatra" in which he play's Liz' lover Apollodorus. After seeing him, one wonders how Burton stood a chance with Miss Taylor.
Language Expert
Master of five languages, the handsome Italian made his first film in his native Rome when he was 20. The six-foot-four former medical student with curly black hair, melodious voice and flashing smile, also recently starred in "Gidget Goes to Rome."
"Viva Las Vegas" is unique in that the spotlight is on "the other side" of Las Vegas rather than its casinos. The city is shown for the first time in a motion picture as a family vacation center, which it is to thousands of people, instead of just an oasis for quenching the gambling thirst.
The climax of the film will be a roaring, screeching sports car race through Las Vegas streets, across Boulder Dam and through the blazing desert.
At least six new numbers will be introduced in the picture, all of which Elvis will record. Interestingly enough, the 29-year-old often imitated bachelor has had 31 singles pass the million mark in sales, while Frank Sinatra has had none.
Although spectators are not allowed directly on the set, one can easily stand within seeing range. Filming will continue today, tomorrow and Friday at Lake Mead Marina.
Vegas Daze and Nights
Ralph Pearl
July 15, 1963
The press agents for the flicker, "Viva Las Vegas," are busy planting phony items in the columns about a feud between stars. Ann-Margret and Elvis Presley, of that movie because "he won't date her." That'll be the day. Ann has more dates that she knows what to do with...
May 1, 1967: Elvis marries Priscilla in Las Vegas
Sun file photo
Elvis Presley with new bride Priscilla Anne Beaulieu Presley shortly after their wedding ceremony in Las Vegas at the Aladdin Hotel.
Presley, Brunette Beauty in Surprise Vegas Wedding
By Jeff Rice
Las Vegas SUN
May 2, 1967
Elvis Presley, 32, reportedly the highest salaried entertainer in the world, married Priscilla Anne Beaulieu, 21, Monday morning at Milton Prell's Aladdin Hotel.
It was the first marriage for both.
The couple was wed in a quiet ceremony in Prell's suite at the Aladdin at 9 a.m. The new Mrs. Presley is the daughter of an Air Force Col. and Mrs. Joseph Beaulieu of San Francisco.
The Memphis troubadour and his gray-eyed brunette bride-to-be landed at McCarran Airport early Monday morning, and drove with friends to county courthouse where they obtained their marriage license at 3:30 a.m.
Following the ceremony, attended by a few relatives and close friends, an elaborate banquet was held just below the hotel's casino. An estimated 100 guests dined on ham, eggs, Southern fried chicken, Oysters Rockefeller, roast suckling pig, poached and candied salmon, lobster, Eggs Minnette, and champagne. Among the Las Vegas notables attending the reception-banquet were Mr. and Mrs. Milton Prell, SUN Publisher and Mrs. Hank Greenspun and State Supreme Court Justice David Zenoff, who performed the eight-minute ceremony.
The bride and groom cut a six-tiered wedding cake. Presley wore a black brocade silk tuxedo and Western boots, while Priscilla wore a floor-length wedding gown of her own design: white silk chiffon, with beaded yoke, trimmed in seed pearls and topped with a three-foot tulle veil secured by a rhinestone crown.
At a short press conference following the banquet, Presley said he had met his bride six years ago in Germany when he was in the Army. The bride's mother, Mrs. Anne Beaulieu, said, "They became very close friends at the time, but I don't think any of us had thought they'd get married."
Priscilla stayed with Presley's father and stepmother at the family mansion, "Graceland," when she graduated From a Memphis high school in 1963.
During the press conference, the bride's parents, her brother Don, 17, and her 13-year-old sister Michelle, sat with Elvis' parents, Mr. and Mrs. Vernon Presley.
Also on hand were Presley's close friends and business associates, Jay Esposito and Marty Lacker.
When a newsman commented, "Snap him (Elvis) smiling. He doesn't smile much lately," Presley joked, "How can you look happy when you're scared?" The Presley smile was very much in evidence when he laughed and yelled, "Daddy, help!"
Presley's father, seated across the crowded room, said: "Can't do it, son. You're on your own."
Comedian Redd Foxx, also on hand for the festivities, said, "It's the best thing that happened...to me."
Presley said he and his bride would "most likely live in Memphis," adding they intended to honeymoon in the United States and had "given no thought to leaving the country."
"Colonel Tom Parker (Presley's manager), and Prell have been friends for about 20 years," said a Aladdin spokesman. "They're neighbors in Palm Springs." Presley often stayed at the Sahara Hotel when Prell was its owner.
The couple left for McCarrran Airport immediately after the press conference.
August, 1969: The King is back
Sun file photo
Elvis Presley signs a contract to perform at the soon to be completed International Hotel. His first performance was July 31, 1969.
Joe Delaney
Las Vegas Sun
Aug. 1, 1969
Elvis Presley made his first public stage appearance anywhere in eight years last night when he opened a four week engagement at the International Hotel...It is 13 years since Elvis worked LV. His previous and only appearance in our town was at the old Frontier Hotel on a bill head-lined by Shecky Greene...Shecky opened Wednesday in the Riveria's Starlite Theatre...On the bill with Elvis at Elvis' insistence is hot comic Sammy Shore...Shecky and Sammy once worked as a comedy team. Shecky subbed for Sammy at a downstairs joint across from the Roosevelt Hotel in New Orleans in the early '50s. Sheck went in for two weeks and stayed two years. Two years ago, Greene returned the favor by putting Shore into the Riviera Versaille Room. Sammy's career has been "straight up" ever since, capped by his recent Flamingo stint with Tom Jones. Small world, isn't it?
We predict that Elvis will have his more enthusiastic followers walking around asking, "Tom Who?" and "Englebert Who?" when comparison are attempted. Streisand's record at the International will be broken...Elvis represents the finest effort by that master promoter, Col. Tom Parker. Of course, the "product" was there. If not, it would have been just one around. Elvis is very much for real. Elvis is here to stay. So are Shecky and Sammy...
Ralph Pearl
Las Vegas Sun
Aug. 2, 1969
It turned out to be an evening of extreme worship for a lad who was making a return to live audience after a nine year lapse devoted exclusively to movie making and turning out hit records. Opening at the International before a select throng of invitees from the press, Hollywood and local VIPs, Elvis Presley got a constant, roaring approval from his fans who all but threw themselves into the aisles and out of the balcony as the Pelvis sang his many rock and roll hits while fiercely, almost savagely turning himself outside in.
Possibly being the lone dissenter who couldn't get himself assassinated by one or more of the Presley fan because of our critical attitude, we found the glamourous rock and roll movie hero really cashing in on his reputation and not truly earning the enormous standing ovation at the close of his one hour song session. Except for his interesting version of "Memories" and "Ghetto," his latest recording, there was a pounding, ear aching sameness to many of Presley's songs. As far as the throng was concerned, however, Elvis could do no harm that night.
There was a noticeable lack of production or showcasing of his many songs. The lad just got out there, wrapped his lean torso around a guitar and hammered out song after song, stopping from time to time to readjust his anatomy and get his second wind. Presley's last cafe stand in Vegas was in '55, and it must have had a great affect on him because he opened his show by welcoming the mob "to the New Frontier."
Emilio, maitre de at the International Hotel, has just discovered the number one Elvis Presley fan. He got a letter from a Miss Marie Chantal Riviere who lives in Paris. Enclosed was a 100 franc note asking Emilio to expect her to arrive Aug. 11 and to give her a midnight show reservation for 10 nights in a row. She'll be returning to gay Paris Aug. 21...
Joe Delaney
Las Vegas Sun
Aug. 4, 1969
Elvis Presley's preview opening was as warm for us as Barbara's was cold...We were there at the Frontier in '56 when Elvis appeared with Shecky Greene and the Freddy Martin orchestra. Except for the Sweet Inspirations, the Imperials and the fine Bobby Morris house orchestra, Elvis' first 20 minutes differed little from his '56 Frontier offering. Based on audience reaction last Thursday, it didn't have to...Some people felt Elvis was putting them on. We don't think so...Perhaps Col. Tom will do something in the way of staging and production when Elvis returns to the International. For now it is fine just as it is...One small suggestion: Somewhere during the song log, we would have appreciated Elvis doing a hymn. Backed by the boy and girl quartets, it would have been a show stopper. Let him do it, Col. Few do it better.
Advertisements for Elvis Presley's show at the International Hotel.
A Vegas smash hit
Las Vegas Sun
Feb. 2, 1970
Elvis is running well ahead of his own previous record-breaking statistics at the International...What impresses us is the great aura and attitude that permeates the entire presentation this time in... Sheer magic throughout...Note particularly the big score made with the audience by comedian Sammy Shore who came in with 95 percent new material, although there was nothing wrong with his previous comedic content nor has he worked here that often...Good luck on getting in...Nearly two thousand "didn't" last Friday midnight when at least that many "took their chances" and didn't get in...Elvis and the Colonel are ensconced in the Imperial suite which takes up half of the International's 30th floor...The Crown Room takes up the other half so if you want to get "next" to Elvis, you can do so and dance stark naked to the defenders at the same time..."Tickle me" with Elvis is the Bonanza Opera House flick tonight.
Las Vegas Sun
Sept. 6, 1970
The CBS Ed Sullivan taping of the 1st Annual American Guild of Variety Artists's award will be "invitation only," starting at 10 p.m. tomorrow night in Caesars' Circus Maximus...Ch. 8 will carry it here on Sept. 20...Question: Does Tom Jones rate over Elvis Presley as "Best Male Musical Star?"...No Way!...Unless, of course, Elvis wins "Entertainer of the Year" which will not be known until Monday night...Second question: If Elvis does win, what about Frank Sinatra, Sr.?
Columnist Ralph Pearl
Las Vegas Sun
Sept. 7, 1970
To Err is Human Dept.: It happened several nights ago to Elvis Presley at the International during one of his shows. The lad, who has set all kinds of fabulous attendance records, rarely drinks. But this night he did and was pleasingly inebriated when he worked the midnight show. Suddenly a heckler began annoying Elvis, who took it for about five minutes until he snapped at the drunk, "Shut up you Mother ------."
Presley Returns To Hilton Today
Las Vegas Sun
Aug. 9, 1971
Elvis Presley, recently named "Entertainer of the Decade" by a major publication and whose specialty seems to be breaking all-time attendance records wherever he appears, returns tonight to the scene of his original stage triumphs, the Las Vegas Hilton, to open another four week run.
Elvis, who rates as Las Vegas' all-time top entertainment draw, will be making his fifth appearance at the Las Vegas Hilton. This engagement follows closely the release of his latest RCA album "Love Letters From Elvis," and coincides with the August release of another, "A Touch of Gold, Vol. 11."
Billed as the "Elvis Summer Festival," the return of Presley promises again to spark the familiar "Elvis fever" which permeates not only the hotel, but the entire Southern Nevada resort city each time he performs.
And the continued success of Elvis' recent MGM motion picture, a documentary filmed at the Hilton last August entitled "Elvis - That's the Way it is," has only served to fan the fever.
To top it off, his newest RCA single release, "I'm leavin'," has been climbing steadily on the charts and appears well on its way to Gold Record status.
Elvis once more will be backed vocally by The Imperials and The Sweet Inspirations, and five of his personal musicians will augment the 30-member Las Vegas Hilton Orchestra under the baton of Joe Guercio. Comedy star on the bill will be Bob Melvin. Showtimes will be 8 p.m. and midnight.
Columnist Joe Delaney
Las Vegas Sun
Aug. 12, 1971
Elvis is back and the Hilton International is truly a Summer Festival...This is a good-humored, un-bugged Elvis, very gracious and giving of himself...In addition to being the number one phonograph record salesman of all-time and the biggest draw, numerically, in LV history; Mr. Presley is one of the great put-ons of all time...The capacity-plus house, which included a "Who's Who" turnout of his peers, the press and all of the adoring public the law would allow thoroughly enjoyed the young man from Memphis..So did we...Col. Tom's carnival atmosphere is in keeping with his attraction and line-up awaiting souvenir kits after the show included just about everyone fortunate to attend Monday's performance...The Sweet Inspirations opened; mannered and disciplined comedic commentator Bob Melvin had almost all new material, all of it funny and some of it so good you will be hearing the lines from other mouths in other places...Elvis worked so easily and did his own hour in what seemed no more than 18 minutes...Elvis's musical regulars, plus Joe Guercio and his scrumdidilyumptious orchestra and the Imperials are up to the stars demand...Need more be said?...So go; enjoy!
Sitting there, watching Elvis, so many thoughts crossed our mind: Variety staffer Leo Zabelin, telling us in Chicago, "Go see this kid doing the Louisiana Hayride on KWKH in Shreveport, Louisiana; I don't know if he will sell records but he sure tears up an audience."...The late Manie Sachs, one of the record business greats, telling us in New York, in Manie's RCA offices, after we had been to Shreveport and to Memphis, "Two thousand dollars up front and not an advance against record royalties for a country singer, I don't think so."...A year or so later, after Col. Parker and RCA made the historical Presley deal, we asked Leo Zabelin in Chicago why he had to be a year early in making the suggestion?
Columnist Joe Delaney
Las Vegas Sun
Aug. 15, 1971
What a week this last one was!...We did the best we could but it must have been a record week for openings...Presley's first night, Monday at the Hilton- International was reviewed most favorably in Thursday's column...The excitement attendant to that very first big opening night two years ago was missing of course, but, otherwise, this time around offers the best "Live" Elvis we have seen and we have caught him at least twice each visit...
Columnist Joe Delaney
Las Vegas Sun
Aug. 19, 1971
Business-wise, most main showrooms are doing extremely well as we head into the third weekend of August...Presley is the champ of course...
Elvis has been at the Fire Dept.'s limit two shows a night with a capacity that is 800-1,000 persons per show greater than Caesars' Circus Maximus which is in turn much larger than the D.I., Sahara or Stardust main show room.
Columnist Joe Delaney
Las Vegas Sun
Aug. 26, 1971
Most entertainers' fees are too high in Las Vegas...Perhaps?...But as Tevye might say in "Fiddler," "on the other hand," what would you pay an entertainer who could draw 25,000 people per seven day week, people who will spend an average of 20 dollars per person, for a minimum gross of approximately one half million dollars in the showroom alone...Before answering our question, take into consideration the entertainer will do this four weeks at a time, three times a year, and, at the same time, fill your 1,500 room hotel, its casino theater, restaurants and coffee shop and furnish you with a concession at your front door that will make you more money than any other concession owned by anyone else during a comparable period...By this time only the most unknowing would fail to identify the entertainer as Elvis Presley and the hotel as the Hilton-International...Neither the Shoofeys nor the Parkers need to be ashamed of the business acumen of either Alex or Col. Tom so it's a safe guess that Elvis is getting top dollar and well worth every cent of it... This example also applies, with modification, to the handful of true box-office heavyweights.
...Where is that fat that can be trimmed in order to reduce main showroom and casino theater expenditures and thereby bring about lower prices to the showgoers?
Two areas are obvious, or should be, even to the newly arrived computerized geniuses: The first area of reducible "fat" covers all the other mainroom and casino theater acts who are not true proven box-office heavyweights ...If Elvis is worth $100,000 a week (He's worth much more than that to the International) this doesn't mean another artist is worth $50,000 a week...Make each show stand on its own...
Las Vegas Sun
Elvis Presley performs at the International Hotel.
Elvis Presley wins Bing Crosby Award
Las Vegas Sun
Aug. 30, 1971
Elvis Presley has joined Frank Sinatra, Duke Ellington, Ella Fitzgerald and Irving Berlin as a recipient of the Bing Crosby Award, an honor granted only five times by the National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences. The large ebony and gold plaque was given to Presley by Chris Crosby, representing Bing Crosby, and by William Cole, a national officer of the record academy.
The brief ceremony was held in Presley's dressing room, between shows at the Las Vegas Hilton Hotel, where he is currently appearing through Labor Day. The citation read: "To Elvis Presley in recognition of your artistic creativity and your influence in the field of recorded music upon a generation of performers and listeners whose lives and musical horizons have been enriched and expanded by your unique contributions." Presley has recorded for RCA Records since 1955.
Originally known as the Golden Achievement Award, and renamed in honor of its first recipient, Bing Crosby, the award has been granted to those who have made outstanding creative and artistic contributions of long-lasting duration in the field of phonograph recordings.
The recipient is determined by vote of the National Board of Trustees of NARAS, the record academy. The organization is best known for its Grammy Awards which are given annually for performing and technical achievements in current recordings.
Presley accepted the plaque before a few intimate friends and his manager Colonel Tom Parker. Also in a attendance at the ceremony was David Leanse, the record academy's newly-appointed National Administrator.
Columnist Joe Delaney
Las Vegas Sun
Sept. 2, 1971
The same "smarts" who said "Fiddler On The Roof" wouldn't do business at the Union Plaza, and were wrong, as usual, are now offering their unsolicited opinions that "Jonathan Winters can't follow Elvis Presley!"...And who, may we ask, could follow Elvis Presley in the Hilton International's main showroom?...
Columnist Joe Delaney
Las Vegas Sun
Sept. 5, 1971
Speaking of Elvis, we started getting those 'Elvis is goofing around again, on stage,' reports... Wednesday night he behaved poorly, according to a number of responsible sources...No one, not even Elvis, is entitled to do this to a LV audience, not a those prices.
Las Vegas Sun
Aug. 17, 1975
Elvis takes over his Hilton Main Showroom from Charlie Rich and Barbi Benton Monday night...Elvis and the Colonel are one of the truly great relationships in the entertainment business..Louis Armstrong and Joe Glasser had an association that lasted nearly 50 years; there were no contracts or papers between them, just love and affection and total trust...We would love to write the book on that one.
For better than two decades now, Elvis and Col. Tom have made all the right moves, realizing maximum returns from each of the entertainment media...No one has or, in the foreseeable future, will come close to the Presley statistics in Las Vegas, on tour, on recordings, and in the area of total gross earnings....They may have had some good bounces of the ball but they have also guessed right, all of the time.
We trust Elvis is well; the weight problem is under control; that he has the greatest engagement ever at the Hilton....
Presley cancels Vegas stint; Health is the cause
Las Vegas Sun
Aug. 22, 1975
Memphis, Tenn. - (UPI) Singer Elvis Presley, who reportedly has been on a series of crash diets to shed excess pounds, canceled his latest Las Vegas engagement because of fatigue and flew home to Memphis yesterday for hospitalization.
The 40-year-old Presley opened at the Las Vegas Hilton Monday night and was scheduled to perform through Labor Day. But, at the suggestion of doctors, he canceled the engagement after Wednesday night"s performances and flew to Memphis. It marked the fifth time since 1973 that he has been hospitalized.
Elvis appeared to tire easily during Wednesday night's appearances and frequently sat down while other entertainers continued to perform. A hotel publicist said there was some discussion of whether to present the last show.
Col. Tom Parker, the manager who has guided Presley's career since 1955, said Elvis was asked by his physicians, Dr. Elias Ghanmen of Las Vegas and Dr. George Nichopoulos of Memphis, to cancel the remainder of the engagement.
"This decision was prompted by a fatigue state which developed in recent weeks," a statement released by Parker's office said. "Mr. Presley is to be hospitalized in Memphis for further tests and rest."
"His physicians do not believe there is any reason for alarm," the statement said.
Presley has had a problem with his weight for some time, according to close associates, and has been on a number of crash diets. He spent a month in seclusion at his Graceland Mansion here early this year, reportedly refusing to see anyone until he lost weight.
Nichopoulus, Presley's personal physician who was in Las Vegas for the opening, flew back to Tennessee with the entertainer. He confirmed that Presley was entering Baptist Hospital for tests.
Maurice Elliot, an assistant administrator at the hospital, said Presley would be assigned the same suite of rooms on the top floor that he has occupied in the past.
Elvis: "I'm fine, How y'all?"
Las Vegas Sun
Aug. 23, 1975
Memphis, Tenn. (UPI) - Elvis Presley, whose doctors say "doesn't have any serious or life-threatening illness," emerged briefly from his 18th floor Baptist Hospital suite yesterday with a blonde on his arm, looking bleary eyed, disheveled and overweight.
Accompanied by a beautiful blonde, the 40-year-old "king" of rock and roll - who checked in before dawn yesterday for tests and rest - strolled cross the hall to a room where his flowers and mail are screened and kept.
His appearance in a natty scarlet robe sent a ripple down the hall. A small group of fans jogged toward him. Heads popped out of other hospitals room.
He smiled and waved to fans, patients and staff as he went. But he said little.
"Fine, how're y'all: he responded to one young woman who said she'd traveled all the way from St. Louis, Mo., Friday to try and see him.
He and the blonde, who one fan said was Linda Thompson, an old girlfriend, could be heard laughing behind the closed security room door. Moments later, he strode back across the hall with more smiles and waves.
Still later, two long-haired Presley aides wheeled a hospital cart loaded with stereo equipment into his room and another walked down the hall to get some ice.
The superstar - a teen-age idol in the 1950s as much for his swivel-hipped body movements as for his singing - canceled a planned two-week engagement in Las Vegas after three days.
He flew home to Memphis Thursday, accompanied by Dr. George Nichopoulos, to enter the hospital.
"The primary problem at this point is fatigue," Nichopoulos said yesterday in a statement released by hospital officials. "We want to have him in the hospital for 10 days to two weeks so we can control his environment - particularly his diet and his rest."
"We also intend to perform a number of tests to see if there is a medical problem contributing to the fatigue," the specialist in internal medicine said.
Presley reportedly has been on several crash diets in an attempt to whittle down an expanding waistline.
Las Vegas Sun
Dec. 3, 1976
You've either got to be an Elvis Presley or a Neil Diamond or be related money-wise to the Rockfellers to turn down a $1,000,000 for one night's work. In this particular case Elvis Presley turned down that kind of money from a promoter in Paris who wanted Elvis for that one night. Presley turned it down by explaining that "I wouldn't be understood singing before a mostly foreign audience." We know at least a dozen singers who would not only sing before a foreign audience, but do it nude while standing on their head for that kind of loot. True, the Parisian promoter would put Elvis in an auditorium seating 50,000 and also wrap up all the international TV rights in order to get back his million plus.
Columnist Joe Delaney
Las Vegas Sun
Dec. 5, 1976
An hour was really too much time in front, but in fairness, the original time table called for 40-45 minutes...Presley fans, their appetites whetted by the delay, let out a roar as Elvis made his entrance at 10:07...They were still roaring and calling for more at 11:47 when the curtain descended.
If there are any doubts that Elvis is the all-time crowd count champion in Las Vegas, this Hilton engagement, sold out months in advance, should dispel them...The hotel is "SRO" (Standing Room Only) for the entire 11 day, 15 concert engagement...Elvis alone is a convention equivalent in Las Vegas.
His recorded repertoire is so vast he could easily have done twice the time and still not filled all the requests... His most recent recording, "Hurt," was accorded a standing ovation and the encore in its entirety was accorded another...He is still a little heavier than he should be but not as heavy as on his previous visit...The capacity crowd could care less about this.
Columnist Ralph Pearl
Las Vegas Sun
Dec. 8, 1976
London producer John Daly is in town and determined to make a deal for the appearance of Elvis Presley for the first time in the United Kingdom. Fully aware that many of his colleagues in England have tried unsuccessfully for years to book Elvis into their country, Daly is prepared to offer Elvis a deal he simply won't be able to refuse. Obviously he doesn't know Elvis has crafty manager, Colonel Tom Parker. They've been turning down London offers for years. Anyway, Daly wants to put Elvis into London's Wembley stadium, which seats 100,000, also put in closed circuit TV so Elvis can be beamed to the rest of England and Scotland. Maybe Daly'll get lucky. Frankly we've never understood why Elvis continues to pass up England.
Columnist Joe Delaney
Las Vegas Sun
Dec. 10, 1976
There is only one Elvis Presley; Frank Sinatra has had to recognize some limitations, minimum price-wise, and so has Sammy Davis, Jr....Dino fills the 1,200 seat MGM Grand Celebrity Room twice a night but only one week at a time...
Comparisons will be difficult here because it is Dec. 10 and once Elvis closes this Sunday at the Hilton, the town will be quiet through Christmas Day.
Las Vegas residents gather at a memorial service for Elvis Presley on Aug. 18, 1977.
LV adorers pay tribute to Elvis
By Harold Hyman
Las Vegas Sun
Aug. 19, 1977
With inconsolable grief about 150 women and a smattering of men and young boys held a prayer service for Elvis Presley Thursday on the lawn of the Las Vegas mortuary. It was their way of saying goodbye.
The 4 p.m. ceremonial, featuring the music of Elvis on large stereo speakers, attracted no Strip celebrities with the singular exception of Sonny King, who eulogized the Elvis he had known for 14 years. King lashed out at reports published after Presley's death which allege the singer used drugs to maintain the momentum of his life.
"He didn't take dope. His dope was you, the people. You were his narcotic," King whispered into the microphone and looked imploringly at the crying faces before him.
The women ranged from middle-aged to young teens. Some wore black.
Most sat on the grass but others stood. Between King's eulogy and a prayer by a non-denominational chaplain, they listened to Elvis on record.
It seemed each could feel their common binding sorrow, making it unnecessary to speak, to tell each other how they would miss him.
Silently, some mouthed the words of Elvis' songs as the stereo played them.
"Women wanted to make love to him and at the same time they just wanted to put their arms around him ad shield him from the troubles of the world," sighed Stephanie Myers, a dancer with Nevada Dance Theatre.
Was that how she personally felt? She replied yes.
"I've been in love with him since I was nine." She added that if there was a man anywhere who could move her to leave her husband it was Elvis.
Myers was the spearhead of the almost impromptu service. She explained on Tuesday when Elvis died, she drove up and down the Strip, hoping to see some expression or recognition of the tragedy from the hotels or stage performers.
Realizing at last that there would be none, she turned to three hours of frantic telephoning Thursday morning to arrange the last-minute prayer service.
Among her calls were several to broadcast news media whose special spot announcements brought forth the mourners.
As the records played on, the stereo equipment malfunctioned causing the distinct Elvis sound to warp and slow down.
"Why did he have to go? Why?" a young girl sobbed as she turned to leave.
The Las Vegas service coincided with hundreds of others organized in much of the same way throughout the U.S. and Western Europe.
| i don't know |
Nanophilia is a strong attraction to which type of people? | philo-, -philia (love, fondness for, attraction to) words: namatophilous to oxyphilous, part 6 of 10.
Philo Words: namatophilous to oxyphilous,
Part 6 of 10
Words that include: philo-, phil-, -phile, -philia, -philic,
-philous, -phily, -philiac, -philist, -philism
(Greek: love, loving, friendly to, fondness for, attraction to, strong tendency toward, affinity for).
namatophilous, namatophile, namatophily:
In biology, dwelling and thriving in brooks and streams.
namzlikophilist:
A collector of prayer rugs.
nanophilia:
A strong sexual attraction to short or small people.
napcarrephilis:
A collector of handkerchiefs.
narratophilia:
In psychiatry, a sexual perversion in which sexual arousal and orgasm are dependent upon uttering obscene words or telling dirty stories to the sex partner; the same term is also used for the sexual perversion in which the subject must read or listen to such stories in order to become aroused and achieve orgasm.
nautumephilist:
A collector of naval uniforms.
necrocoleopterophilous, necrocoleopterophily:
In biology, pollinated by carrion beetles.
necroentomophilous, necroentomophily:
In biology, fertilized by carrion beetles.
necrophile, necrophilic, necrophilist, necrophilism:
In psychiatry, one who is morbidly attracted to corpses; also attributed and figuratively, a morbid fancy for the dead, or for contact with dead bodies. An obsessive fascination with death and corpses.
A paraphilia [sexual perversion], whose condition is that the love object, whether heterosexual or homosexual, must be dead before orgasm can be achieved.
Psychiatric Dictionary, 7th ed., by Robert J. Campbell
necrophilia:
In psychiatry, A paraphilia whose condition is that the love object, whether heterosexual or homosexual, must be dead before orgasm can be achieved. Although a rare perversion overall, it is claimed by some that morticians, undertakers, etc., contribute a relatively high proportion of subjects who have the perversion in either a grossly overt or an attenuated (reduced) form. Although usually thought of as a condition limited to males, necrophilia was described in a female in 1976.
necrophilism:
In psychiatry, A morbid desire to be in the presence of dead bodies.
nepiophilia:
In psychiatry, a sexual perversion in which sexual arousal and orgasm are possible only if the partner is a baby. The sexual perversion in which the subject himself must act as or be treated as a baby is termed autonepiophilia or paraphilic infantilism.
neutrophile, neutrophil, neutrophilic:
Not stained strongly or definitely by either acid or basic dyes but stained readily by neutral dyes. Used especially of white blood cells.
nomophilous, nomophile, nomophily:
In biology, thriving in pastures.
nosophile:
A person who is morbidly attracted by sickness or disease.
notaphilist:
A collector of bank notes.
noterophilous, noterophile, noterophily:
In biology, thriving in mesic [conditions of moderate moisture or water supply] habitats.
nucleophile:
A chemical compound or group that is attracted to nuclei and tends to donate or share electrons.
nyctophilia, nyctophile, nyctophily:
A fondness for night or darkness.
oceanophilous, oceanophile, oceanophily:
In biology, dwelling and thriving in oceanic habitats.
ochthophilous, ochthophile, ochthophily:
In biology, thriving on banks.
ocmophile, ochthophily:
In psychiatry, a co-dependent lover; a smothering, obsessive partner.
ocnophile:
In psychiatry, a term for the person with a type of primitive two-person relationship in which the subject is clingingly dependent on an overvalued object and is unable to make any move toward independence. A smothering, obsessive partner.
oenophil, oenophile, oenophily, enophil, enophile, enophily:
A special love of, or fondness for, wine; including collecting and drinking.
olfactophili:
In psychiatry, a sexual perversion in which odor (especially genital, anal, or axillary) is necessary, or at least desirable, for sexual arousal and orgasm.
ombrophilous, ombrophile, ombrophily:
In biology, thriving in habitats having an abundance rain.
ophiophilist:
One who has a fondness for snakes.
ophisophilist:
A collector of snake skins.
opophilous, opophile, opophily:
In biology, thriving or feeding on sap.
opticophilist:
A collector of eye glasses.
orgadophilous, orgadophile, orgadophily:
In biology, dwelling and thriving in open woodlands.
ornithocophilous, ornithocophile, ornithocophily:
In biology, living and thriving on the excreta of birds.
ornithophilous, ornithophily:
A love of birds; or, in biology, pollination by birds. The pollination of plants by the actions of birds.
orophilous, orophile, orophily:
In biology, thriving in subalpine, or in mountainous regions.
osmophilic, osmophile, osmophily:
In biology, thriving in a medium of high osmotic concentration.
oxidephilist:
A collector of enamel work.
oxygeophilous, oxygeophile, oxygeophily:
In biology, thriving in humus-rich habitats.
oxylophilous, oxylophile, oxylophily:
In biology, dwelling and thriving in humus or humus-rich habitats.
oxyphilous, oxyphile, oxyphily:
| short or small people |
Entertainer Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou is better known by what name? | philo-, -philia (love, fondness for, attraction to) words: namatophilous to oxyphilous, part 6 of 10.
Philo Words: namatophilous to oxyphilous,
Part 6 of 10
Words that include: philo-, phil-, -phile, -philia, -philic,
-philous, -phily, -philiac, -philist, -philism
(Greek: love, loving, friendly to, fondness for, attraction to, strong tendency toward, affinity for).
namatophilous, namatophile, namatophily:
In biology, dwelling and thriving in brooks and streams.
namzlikophilist:
A collector of prayer rugs.
nanophilia:
A strong sexual attraction to short or small people.
napcarrephilis:
A collector of handkerchiefs.
narratophilia:
In psychiatry, a sexual perversion in which sexual arousal and orgasm are dependent upon uttering obscene words or telling dirty stories to the sex partner; the same term is also used for the sexual perversion in which the subject must read or listen to such stories in order to become aroused and achieve orgasm.
nautumephilist:
A collector of naval uniforms.
necrocoleopterophilous, necrocoleopterophily:
In biology, pollinated by carrion beetles.
necroentomophilous, necroentomophily:
In biology, fertilized by carrion beetles.
necrophile, necrophilic, necrophilist, necrophilism:
In psychiatry, one who is morbidly attracted to corpses; also attributed and figuratively, a morbid fancy for the dead, or for contact with dead bodies. An obsessive fascination with death and corpses.
A paraphilia [sexual perversion], whose condition is that the love object, whether heterosexual or homosexual, must be dead before orgasm can be achieved.
Psychiatric Dictionary, 7th ed., by Robert J. Campbell
necrophilia:
In psychiatry, A paraphilia whose condition is that the love object, whether heterosexual or homosexual, must be dead before orgasm can be achieved. Although a rare perversion overall, it is claimed by some that morticians, undertakers, etc., contribute a relatively high proportion of subjects who have the perversion in either a grossly overt or an attenuated (reduced) form. Although usually thought of as a condition limited to males, necrophilia was described in a female in 1976.
necrophilism:
In psychiatry, A morbid desire to be in the presence of dead bodies.
nepiophilia:
In psychiatry, a sexual perversion in which sexual arousal and orgasm are possible only if the partner is a baby. The sexual perversion in which the subject himself must act as or be treated as a baby is termed autonepiophilia or paraphilic infantilism.
neutrophile, neutrophil, neutrophilic:
Not stained strongly or definitely by either acid or basic dyes but stained readily by neutral dyes. Used especially of white blood cells.
nomophilous, nomophile, nomophily:
In biology, thriving in pastures.
nosophile:
A person who is morbidly attracted by sickness or disease.
notaphilist:
A collector of bank notes.
noterophilous, noterophile, noterophily:
In biology, thriving in mesic [conditions of moderate moisture or water supply] habitats.
nucleophile:
A chemical compound or group that is attracted to nuclei and tends to donate or share electrons.
nyctophilia, nyctophile, nyctophily:
A fondness for night or darkness.
oceanophilous, oceanophile, oceanophily:
In biology, dwelling and thriving in oceanic habitats.
ochthophilous, ochthophile, ochthophily:
In biology, thriving on banks.
ocmophile, ochthophily:
In psychiatry, a co-dependent lover; a smothering, obsessive partner.
ocnophile:
In psychiatry, a term for the person with a type of primitive two-person relationship in which the subject is clingingly dependent on an overvalued object and is unable to make any move toward independence. A smothering, obsessive partner.
oenophil, oenophile, oenophily, enophil, enophile, enophily:
A special love of, or fondness for, wine; including collecting and drinking.
olfactophili:
In psychiatry, a sexual perversion in which odor (especially genital, anal, or axillary) is necessary, or at least desirable, for sexual arousal and orgasm.
ombrophilous, ombrophile, ombrophily:
In biology, thriving in habitats having an abundance rain.
ophiophilist:
One who has a fondness for snakes.
ophisophilist:
A collector of snake skins.
opophilous, opophile, opophily:
In biology, thriving or feeding on sap.
opticophilist:
A collector of eye glasses.
orgadophilous, orgadophile, orgadophily:
In biology, dwelling and thriving in open woodlands.
ornithocophilous, ornithocophile, ornithocophily:
In biology, living and thriving on the excreta of birds.
ornithophilous, ornithophily:
A love of birds; or, in biology, pollination by birds. The pollination of plants by the actions of birds.
orophilous, orophile, orophily:
In biology, thriving in subalpine, or in mountainous regions.
osmophilic, osmophile, osmophily:
In biology, thriving in a medium of high osmotic concentration.
oxidephilist:
A collector of enamel work.
oxygeophilous, oxygeophile, oxygeophily:
In biology, thriving in humus-rich habitats.
oxylophilous, oxylophile, oxylophily:
In biology, dwelling and thriving in humus or humus-rich habitats.
oxyphilous, oxyphile, oxyphily:
| i don't know |
In Greek mythology, who was condemned to hold the ‘world’ on his shoulders for all eternity as punishment for warring against Zeus? | Which Ancient Greek God Carried the World on His Shoulders?
Which Ancient Greek God Carried the World on His Shoulders?
Let's Hope Atlas Never Shrugged
Atlas in Rockefeller Center. Corinne Gill
Updated April 14, 2016.
Question: Which God Carried the World on His Shoulders?
The expression "to carry the world" or " the weight of the world on one's shoulders " comes from a story in mythology. Which god had to wield this big burden?
Answer:
The Titan Atlas carried something very heavy, possibly the weight of the world, on his shoulders. This was a punishment that came down from Zeus , king of the gods after they sided against Zeus in the war of the Titans vs. the Olympians. But Vitruvius claims this was actually a reward, for "through his vigorous intelligence and ingenuity, he was the first to cause men to be taught about the courses of the sun and moon, and the laws governing the revolutions of all the constellations."
Where Atlas would have to stand to carry the heavens on his shoulders? In the ancient world view , where the Mediterranean was the heart of the world, oceans surrounded the inhabited area and it is possible to picture Atlas standing in the world-circling oceans holding up the world, perhaps to keep it from sinking.
continue reading below our video
10 Facts About the Titanic That You Don't Know
Ovid also mentions Atlas residing in the far west, or, as Pseudo-Apollodorus notes, among with Hesperides. In the Book I of The Odyssey , attributed to Homer , Atlas is pictured standing in water. However, in this same version, Atlas doesn't hold the world, but pillars separating Earth and Heaven.
When Hercules (who saved the Titan Prometheus from Zeus' liver-loving eagle) fetched the apples of the Hesperides , he required the help of Atlas. Atlas agreed on condition that Hercules assume his heavy burden while Atlas grabbed the fruit. Atlas got them, but admitted he was tired of holding the heavy burden; it was Hercules's turn to bear the world on his shoulders.
Hercules told Atlas that he'd hold it - whatever it is - but he needed to put up a pad on his shoulders first, so could Atlas just take it back for a sec, please? Atlas foolishly agreed. Hercules picked up the apples and went blithely on his way.
Another version of the story, as told by Diodorus Siculus, agrees with Vitruvius. Apparently, Atlas was an expert in astrology and taught Hercules all he knew about the stars. "
-Edited by Carly Silver
| Atlas |
Which future British monarch ‘married’ Maria Fitzherbert in 1785? | ��ࡱ� > �� t v ���� s �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� � �� �{ bjbjW�W� 4� 5� 5� \? �� �� �� � � � ���� ' ' ' ' \ � D ' �, 0 � � � � � � � � �+ �+ �+ �+ �+ �+ �+ �- � �0 B �+ � � � � � � �+ � � � o, � > � � �+ � �+ � 6) h r* � ���� P���o� ' � � �) l+ �, 0 �, �) � �0 � F �0 r* r* � �0 + l � � � � � � � �+ �+ � � � �, � � � � ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� �0 � � � � � � � � � � � : The Titans of Greek Mythology, Etc. Directions: Read each excerpt rhetorically and then complete page 3 and 4 with notes and 1 researchable question. Complete the practice citation as well found below Hyperion. Lastly, do a Google search for #5, #6, and #7. "Kronos." Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6Th Edition (2013): 1. Literary Reference Center. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. Kronos or Cronus ( b o t h : k r M2 n Ys ) , i n G r e e k r e l i g i o n a n d m y t h o l o g y , t h e y o u n g e s t T i t a n , s o n o f U r a n u s a n d G a e a . W i t h t h e h e l p o f h i s m o t h e r , h e l e d t h e T i t a n s i n t h e r e v o l t a g a i n s t U r a n u s a n d r u l e d t h e w o r l d . H e m a r r i e d h i s s i s t e r R h e a a n d f a t h e r e d t h e g r e a t g o d s Z e u s , P o s eidon, Demeter, Hera, Hades, and Hestia. Because he was fated to be overthrown by one of his children, he swallowed them all as infants until Rhea hid Zeus and presented Kronos with a stone wrapped in a blanket, which he ate. Later Zeus tricked him into disgorging his children. Zeus then led the Olympian gods in overthrowing Kronos in the battle called the Titanomachy, described by Hesiod. Kronos and all the defeated Titans, except Atlas, were exiled. Kronos is equated with the Roman Saturn and was probably a god of a pre-Hellenic people. Iapetus, in Greek mythology, a Titan. By the nymph Clymene he fathered Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus, and Menoetius. Hyperion, in Greek religion and mythology, a Titan. He was the husband of his sister Theia and the father by her of Helios, Selene, and Eos. It is sometimes said that he was the original sun god. Citation Practice: Look at the citation above. First, change the name �Kronos� to �Hyperion� and write everything else the same� "Oceanus." (n.d.): Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. OCEANUS, in Greek mythology, one of the Titans, the son of Uranus and Gaea. With his wife, the Titan Tethys, he ruled over Ocean, a great river encircling the earth, which was believed to be a flat circle. The nymphs of this great river, the Oceanids, were their daughters, and the gods of all the streams on earth were their sons. In later legends, when Zeus, chief of the Olympian gods, and his brothers, Poseidon and Hades, overthrew the Titans and assumed their power, Poseidon and his wife, Amphitrite, succeeded Oceanus and Tethys as rulers of the waters. Coeus�see Titan, in Greek religion and mythology and look for this titan by performing a google.com search. Info. Learned- Creus� see Titan, in Greek religion and mythology and look for this titan by performing a google.com search. Info. Learned- Theia� see Titan, in Greek religion and mythology and look for this titan by performing a google.com search. Info. Learned- "Rhea, In Greek Religion And Mythology." Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6Th Edition (2013): 1. Literary Reference Center. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. Rhea, in Greek religion and mythology, a Titan. She was the wife and sister of HYPERLINK "http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=1258f25a-0b15-4a70-8b47-7f67725617d4@sessionmgr110&vid=37&hid=119&db=lfh&ss=AN+%2239016769%22&sl=ll" \o "Kronos" Kronos, by whom she bore Zeus, Poseidon, Pluto, Hestia, Hera, and Demeter. She eventually helped Zeus overthrow Kronos. Her worship, which was orgiastic and associated with fertility rites, was particularly prominent in Crete. The Greeks often identified her with Gaea and Cybele. In Rome, Rhea was worshiped as Magna Mater and identified with Ops. Mnemosyne ( n m Os 2 -n , n m Oz 2 ) , i n G r e e k m y t h o l o g y , t h e p e r s o n i f i c a t i o n o f m e m o r y . S h e w a s a T i t a n , d a u g h t e r o f U r a n u s a n d G a e a . T h e M u s e s w e r e h e r d a u g h t e r s b y Z e u s . P h o e b e , i n G r e e k m y t h o l o g y , a T i t a n . S h e w a s t h e m o t h e r o f L e t o a n d A s t e r i a a n d t h e g r a n d m o t h e r o f A r t e m i s . I n s o m e l e g e n d s s h e w a s i d e n t i f i e d w i t h A r t e m i s a s t h e g o d d e s s o f t h e m o o n . T e t h y s , i n G r e e k r e l i g i o n a n d m y t h o l o g y , a T i t a n , d a u g h t e r o f G a e a a n d U r a n u s . S h e w a s t h e w i f e o f t h e s e a g o d O c e a n u s a n d t h e m o t h e r o f t h e O c e a n i d s . T h e m i s ( t h 2 m -s ) , i n Greek religion and mythology, a Titan. Sometimes identified as an earth goddess, she was more commonly a goddess of law, order, and justice. She was the mother by Zeus of the Horae (the Seasons) and the Moerae (the Fates). It was also said that she was the mother of Prometheus by Iapetus. Related to the Titans "Titan, In Greek Religion And Mythology." Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6Th Edition (2013): 1. Literary Reference Center. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. Titan, in Greek religion and mythology, one of 12 primeval deities. The female Titan is also called Titaness. The Titans�six sons and six daughters�were the children of Uranus and Gaea. They were Kronos, Iapetus, Hyperion, Oceanus, Coeus, Creus, Theia, Rhea, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, Tethys, and Themis. The name Titan was sometimes applied also to their descendants, such as Prometheus, Atlas, Hecate, Selene, and Helios. The Titans, led by Kronos, deposed their father and ruled the universe. They were in turn overthrown by the Olympians, led by Zeus, in the battle called the Titanomachy. Zeus freed from Tartarus the Cyclopes and the hundred-handed giants, the Hecatoncheires, to aid him in the war. The Cyclopes forged Hades' helmet of darkness, Poseidon's trident, and Zeus' thunderbolts. With these weapons Zeus and his brothers were able to defeat the Titans. After the struggle Zeus sent Kronos to rule the Isle of the Blessed and condemned Atlas to bear the sky on his shoulders. Prometheus (and, in some myths, Oceanus and Themis), because he sided with Zeus, was allowed t o r e m a i n o n O l y m p u s , b u t a l l t h e o t h e r T i t a n s w e r e c o n d e m n e d t o T a r t a r u s . " C h a o s . " C o l u m b i a E l e c t r o n i c E n c y c l o p e d i a , 6 T h E d i t i o n ( 2 0 1 3 ) : 1 . L i t e r a r y R e f e r e n c e C e n t e r . W e b . 1 9 J a n . 2 0 1 4 . C h a o s ( k 2 Ms ) , i n G r e e k r e l i g i o n a n d m y t h o l o g y , v a c a n t , u n f a t h o m a b l e s p a c e . F r o m i t a r o s e a l l t h i n g s , e a r t h l y a n d d i v i n e . T h e r e a r e v a r i o u s l e g e n d s e x p l a i n i n g i t . I n o n e v e r s i o n , H Y P E R L I N K " h t t p : / / w e b . e b s c o h o s t . c o m / e h o s t / d e t a i l ? s i d = 1 2 5 8 f 2 5 a - 0 b 1 5 - 4 a 7 0 - 8 b 4 7 - 7 f 6 7 7 2 5 6 1 7 d 4 @ s e s s i o n m g r 1 1 0 & v i d = 1 3 & h i d = 1 1 9 & d b = l f h & s s = A N + % 2 2 3 9 0 0 5 5 9 4 % 22&sl=ll" \o "Eurynome" Eurynome rose out of Chaos and created all things. In another, Gaea sprang from Chaos and was the mother of all things. Eventually the word chaos came to mean a great confusion of matter out of which a supreme being created all life. "Eurynome." Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6Th Edition (2013): 1. Literary Reference Center. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. Eurynome ( y o o r -n 2 Ym ) , i n G r e e k m y t h o l o g y , d a u g h t e r o f O c e a n u s a n d T e t h y s a n d m o t h e r , b y Z e u s , o f t h e G r a c e s . I n t h e m y t h o l o g y o f t h e P e l a s g i a n s , a n a b o r i g i n a l n o n - G r e e k p e o p l e l i v i n g i n G r e e c e b e f o r e t h e M y c e n a e a n p e r i o d , s h e r o s e a l o n e o u t o f c h a o s a n d s e p a r a t e d t h e e a r t h f r o m t h e s k y . S h e c r e a t e d t h e g r e a t s e r p e n t O p h i o n a n d m a t e d w i t h h i m . T h u s s h e g a v e b i r t h t o a l l e x i s t i n g t h i n g s . " G a e a . " C o l u m b i a E l e c t r o n i c E n c y c l o p e d i a , 6 T h E d i t i o n ( 2 0 1 3 ) : 1 . L i t e r a r y R e f e r e n c e C e n t e r . W e b . 1 9 J a n . 2 0 1 4 . G a e a ( j 2 Y) , i n G reek religion and mythology, the earth, daughter of Chaos, both mother and wife of Uranus (the sky) and Pontus (the sea). Among Gaea's offspring by Uranus were the Cyclopes, the Hundred-handed Ones (the Hecatoncheires), and the Titans. To Pontus she bore five sea deities. Because Uranus had imprisoned her sons she helped bring about his overthrow by the Titans, who were led by Kronos. She was worshiped as the primal goddess, the mother and nourisher of all things. The Romans identified her with Tellus. Columbia University, Press. "Uranus, In Greek Religion And Mythology." Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6Th Edition (2013): 1. History Reference Center. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. Uranus, in Greek religion and mythology, the heaven, first ruler of the universe, son of Gaea (the earth). He was the father of Gaea's children, the Titans, the Cyclopes, and the Hundred-handed Ones (the Hecatoncheires). Fearing that his children would rebel against him, he imprisoned them, but Kronos, a Titan, with the help of Gaea, castrated him, thereby taking away his power. From the blood of Uranus that fell on Earth sprang the three Furies (the Erinyes), the goddesses of revenge. According to Hesiod, Aphrodite was born of Uranus' discarded flesh and the foaming sea. "Prometheus, In Greek Mythology." Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6Th Edition (2013): 1. Literary Reference Center. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. Prometheus ( p r Mm 2 t h Ys ) , i n G r e e k m y t h o l o g y , g r e a t b e n e f a c t o r o f m a n k i n d . H e w a s t h e s o n o f t h e T i t a n I a p e t u s a n d o f C l y m e n e o r T h e m i s . B e c a u s e h e f o r e s a w t h e d e f e a t o f t h e H Y P E R L I N K " h t t p : / / w e b . e b s c o h o s t . c o m / e h o s t / d e t a i l ? s i d = 1 2 5 8 f 2 5 a - 0 b 1 5 - 4 a 7 0 - 8 b 4 7 - 7 f 6 7 7 2 5 6 1 7 d 4 @ sessionmgr110&vid=51&hid=119&db=lfh&ss=AN+%2239036339%22&sl=ll" \o "Titans" Titans by the Olympians he sided with Zeus and thus was spared the punishment of the other Titans. According to one legend Prometheus created mankind out of clay and water. When Zeus mistreated man, Prometheus stole fire from the gods, gave it to man, and taught him many useful arts and sciences. In another legend he saved the human race from extinction by warning his son, HYPERLINK "http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=1258f25a-0b15-4a70-8b47-7f67725617d4@sessionmgr110&vid=51&hid=119&db=lfh&ss=AN+%2239002641%22&sl=ll" \o "Deucalion" Deucalion, of a great flood. This sympathy with mankind roused the anger of Zeus, who then plagued man with Pandora and her box of evils and chained Prometheus to a mountain peak in the Caucasus. In some myths he was released by Hercules; in others Zeus restored his freedom when Prometheus revealed the danger of Zeus' marrying Thetis, fated to bear a son who would be more powerful than his fathe r . P r o m e t h e u s i s t h e s u b j e c t o f m a n y l i t e r a r y w o r k s , o f w h i c h t h e m o s t f a m o u s a r e A e s c h y l u s ' P r o m e t h e u s B o u n d a n d S h e l l e y ' s P r o m e t h e u s U n b o u n d . A t l a s ( t 2 l Ys ) , i n G r e e k m y t h o l o g y , a H Y P E R L I N K " h t t p : / / w e b . e b s c o h o s t . c o m / e h o s t / d e t a i l ? s i d = 1 2 5 8 f 2 5 a - 0 b 1 5 - 4 a 7 0 -8b47-7f67725617d4@sessionmgr110&vid=53&hid=119&db=lfh&ss=AN+%2239036339%22&sl=ll" \o "Titan" Titan; son of Iapetus and Clymene and the brother of Prometheus. When the Titans were defeated, Atlas was condemned to hold the sky on his shoulders for all eternity�a mythical explanation of why the sky does not fall. Hercules shouldered the burden in exchange for Atlas fetching him the apples of the Hesperides. He is identified with the Atlas mountains in NW Africa. He was the father of Calliope and the Pleiades . H e c a t e ( h k 2 Yt , h k 2 -t ) , i n G r e e k r e l i g i o n a n d m y t h o l o g y , g o d d e s s o f g h o s t s a n d w i t c h c r a f t . O r i g i n a l l y s h e s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n a n e x t r e m e l y p o w e r f u l a n d b e n e v o l e n t g o d d e s s , i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h r e e o t h e r g o d d e s s e s S e l e n e ( i n h e a v e n ) , A r t e m i s ( o n e a r t h ) , a n d P e r s e p h o n e ( i n t h e u n d e r w o r l d ) . F r o m t h e t h r e e s u p p o s e d l y c a m e h e r i m a g e i n G r e e k a r t a s a f i g u r e w i t h t h r e e b o d i e s o r t h r e e h e a d s . G e n e r a l l y s h e i s i d e n t i f i e d a s a s p i r i t o f b l a c k m a g i c , P e r s e p h o n e ' s a t t e n d a n t , w i t h t h e p o w e r t o c o n j u r e u p d r e a m s , p h a n t o m s , a n d t h e s p i r i t s o f t h e d e a d . I n t h e u p p e r w o r l d s h e h a u n t e d g r a v e y a r d s a n d c r o s s r o a d s a n d w a s i n v i s i b l e t o a l l e y e s e x c e p t t h o s e o f t h e h o u n d s w h o a t t e n d e d h e r . S e l e n e ( s Yl 2 n ) , i n G r e e k m y t h o l o g y a n d m y t h o l o g y , m o o n g o d d e s s ; d a u g h t e r o f t h e T i t a n s H y p e r i o n a n d T h e i a a n d s i s t e r o f t h e s u n g o d H e l i o s . T h e r e w a s n o k n o w n m o o n c u l t a m o n g t h e G r e e k s , b u t S e l e n e w a s a s i g n i f i c a n t f i g u r e i n G r e e k p o e t r y a n d s o r c e r y a n d w a s o f t e n i d e n t i f i e d w i t h H e c a t e a n d A r t e m i s . H e l i o s ( h 2 l Os ) [ G r . , = s u n ] , i n G r e e k r e l i g i o n a n d m y t h o l o g y , t h e s u n g o d , s o n o f t h e T i t a n s H y p e r i o n a n d T h e i a . E a c h m o r n i n g h e l e f t a p a l a c e i n t h e e a s t a n d c r o s s e d t h e s k y i n a g o l d e n c h a r i o t . I n t h e e v e n i n g h e r e s t e d i n a n o t h e r p a l a c e i n t h e w e s t a n d t h e n s a i l e d t o t h e e a s t a l o n g t h e r i v e r O c e a nus. Although he was often invoked for serious oaths, his worship in Greece was negligible, except on Rhodes. There the famous Colossus represented him, and an important festival was celebrated in his honor. In later times he was identified with Apollo. Helios was the father of Ae�tes and Circe by Perse, and of Pha�thon by the nymph Rhode (or Clymene). He was often referred to simply as Titan, especially in Rome, where he was also known as Sol, and where he was an important god. His sister was Eos. 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I t i s u n c e r t a i n w h e t h e r t h e y w e r e i m m o r t a l o r m e r e l y l o n g - l i v e d . T h e r e w a s a n i n f i n i t e v a r i e t y o f n y m p h s . S o m e r e p r e s e n t e d v a r i o u s l o c a l i t i e s , e . g . , a c h e l o i d s , o r n y m p h s o f t h e R i v e r A c h e l o u s ; o t h e r s w e r e i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e p a r t o f n a t u r e i n w h i c h t h e y d w e l l e d , e . g . , o r e a d s , o r m o u n t a i n n y m p h s ; a n d s t i l l o t h e r s w e r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a p a r t i c u l a r f u n c t i o n o f n a t u r e , e . g . , h a m a d r y a d s , o r t r e e n y m p h s , w h o s e l i v e s b e g a n a n d e n d e d w i t h t h a t o f a p a r t i c u l a r t r e e . N y m p h s w e r e r e p r e s e n t e d a s y o u n g , b e a u t i f u l , m u s i c a l , a m o r o u s , a n d g e n t l e , a l t h o u g h s o m e w e r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e w i l d e r a s p e c t s o f n a t u r e a n d w e r e a k i n t o s a t y r s ; o t h e r s w e r e v e n g e f u l a n d c a p a b l e o f d e s t r u c t i o n , a s i n t h e s t o r y o f H Y P E R L I N K " h t t p : / / w e b . e b s c o h o s t . c o m / e h o s t / d e t a i l ? s i d = c 7 6 7 5 7 f e - 2 1 4 5 - 4 f 5 e - 9 9 a 5 - 2 3 3 7 5 d 1 0 5 2 d c @ s e s s i o n m g r 1 1 0 & v i d = 7 & h i d = 1 1 9 & d b = l f h & s s = A N + % 2 2 3 9 0 0 1 9 3 7 % 2 2 & s l = l l " \ o " D a p h n e " D a p h n e . O t h e r i m p o r t a n t n y m p h s w e r e n a i a d s , n y m p h s o f s t r e a m s , r i v e r s , a n d l a k e s ; n e r e i d s , d a u g h t e r s o f N e r e u s , w h o l i v e d i n t h e d e p t h s o f t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a ; d r y a d s , t r e e n y m p h s ; a n d o c e a n i d s , 3 , 0 0 0 o c e a n n y m p h s w h o w e r e t h e d a u g h t e r s o f O c e a n u s . H Y P E R L I N K " h t t p : / / w e b . e b s c o h o s t . c o m / e h o s t / d e t a i l ? s i d = c 7 6 7 5 7 f e - 2 1 4 5 - 4 f 5 e - 9 9 a 5 - 2 3 3 7 5 d 1 0 5 2 d c @ s e s s i o n m g r 1 1 0 & v i d = 7 & h i d = 1 1 9 & d b = l f h & s s = A N + % 2 2 3 9 0 4 4 4 5 2 % 2 2 & s l = l l " \ o " A r e t h u s a " A r e t h u s a , H Y P E R L I N K " h t t p : / / w e b . e b s c o h o s t . c o m / e h o s t / d e t a i l ? s i d = c 7 6 7 5 7 f e - 2 1 4 5 - 4 f 5 e - 9 9 a 5 - 2 3 3 7 5 d 1 0 5 2 d c @ s e s s i o n m g r 1 1 0 & v i d = 7 & h i d = 1 1 9 & d b = l f h & s s = A N + % 2 2 3 9 0 3 5 9 2 7 % 2 2 & s l = l l " \ o " T h e t i s " T h e t i s , H Y P E R L I N K " h t t p : / / w e b . e b s c o h o s t . c o m / e h o s t / d e t a i l ? s i d = c 7 6 7 5 7 f e - 2 1 4 5 - 4 f 5 e - 9 9 a 5 - 2 3 3 7 5 d 1 0 5 2 d c @ s e s s i o n m g r 1 1 0 & v i d = 7 & h i d = 1 1 9 & d b = l f h & s s = A N + % 2 2 3 9 0 0 0 3 0 9 % 2 2 & s l = l l " \ o " C a l y p s o " C a l y p s o , a n d H Y P E R L I N K " h t t p : / / w e b . e b s c o h o s t . c o m / e h o s t / d e t a i l ? s i d = c 7 6 7 5 7 f e - 2 1 4 5 - 4 f 5 e - 9 9 a 5 - 2 3 3 7 5 d 1 0 5 2 d c @ s e s s i o n m g r 1 1 0 & v i d = 7 & h i d = 1 1 9 & d b = l f h & s s = A N + % 2 2 3 9 0 0 4 3 4 7 % 2 2 & s l = l l " \ o " E c h o " E c h o w e r e f a m o u s n y m p h s . T h e n y m p h s ' c u l t w a s w i d e s p r e a d i n G r e e c e . N o t e s a n d O n e R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n f o r E a c h T i t a n , E t c . K r o n o s o r C r o n u s ( b o t h : k r M2 n Ys ) R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : I a p e t u s R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : H y p e r i o n R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : O c e a n u s R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : C o e u s R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : C r e u s R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : T h e i a R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : R h e a R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : M n e m o s y n e ( n m Os 2 -n , n m Oz 2 ) R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : P h o e b e R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : T e t h y s R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : T h e m i s ( t h 2 m -s ) R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : R e l a t e d t o t h e T i t a n s C h a o s R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : E u r y n o m e ( y o o r -n 2 Ym ) R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : G a e a ( j 2 Y) R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : U r a n u s R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : P r o m e t h e u s ( p r Mm 2 t h Ys ) R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : A t l a s ( t 2 l Ys ) R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : H e c a t e ( h k 2 Yt , h k 2 -t ) R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : S e l e n e ( s Yl 2 n ) R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : H e l i o s ( h 2 l Os ) R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : N y m p h ( n -m f ) R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : H Y P E R L I N K " h t t p : / / w e b . e b s c o h o s t . c o m / e h o s t / d e t a i l ? s i d = c 7 6 7 5 7 f e - 2 1 4 5 - 4 f 5 e - 9 9 a 5 - 2 3 3 7 5 d 1 0 5 2 d c @ s e s s i o n m g r 1 1 0 & v i d = 7 & h i d = 1 1 9 & d b = l f h & s s = A N + % 2 2 3 9 0 4 4 4 5 2 % 2 2 & s l = l l " \ o " A r e t h u s a " A r e t h u s a R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : H Y P E R L I N K " h t t p : / / w e b . e b s c o h o s t . c o m / e h o s t / d e t a i l ? s i d = c 7 6 7 5 7 f e - 2 1 4 5 - 4 f 5 e - 9 9 a 5 - 2 3 3 7 5 d 1 0 5 2 d c @ s e s s i o n m g r 1 1 0 & v i d = 7 & h i d = 1 1 9 & d b = l f h & s s = A N + % 2 2 3 9 0 3 5 9 2 7 % 2 2 & s l = l l " \ o " T h e t i s " T h e t i s R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : H Y P E R L I N K " h t t p : / / w e b . e b s c o h o s t . c o m / e h o s t / d e t a i l ? s i d = c 7 6 7 5 7 f e - 2 1 4 5 - 4 f 5 e - 9 9 a 5 - 2 3 3 7 5 d 1 0 5 2 d c @ s e s s i o n m g r 1 1 0 & v i d = 7 & h i d = 1 1 9 & d b = l f h & s s = A N + % 2 2 3 9 0 0 0 3 0 9 % 2 2 & s l = l l " \ o " C a l y p s o " C a l y p s o R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : H Y P E R L I N K " h t t p : / / w e b . e b s c o h o s t . c o m / e h o s t / d e t a i l ? s i d = c 7 6 7 5 7 f e - 2 1 4 5 - 4 f 5 e - 9 9 a 5 - 2 3 3 7 5 d 1 0 5 2 d c @ s e s s i o n m g r 1 1 0 & v i d = 7 & h i d = 1 1 9 & d b = l f h & s s = A N + % 2 2 3 9 0 0 4 3 4 7 % 2 2 & s l = l l " \ o " E c h o " E c h o R e s e a r c h a b l e Q u e s t i o n : * W h a t h a s s p a r k e d y o u r i n t e r e s t s f r o m G r e e k M y t h o l o g y ? 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Which birds traditionally inhabit the Tower of London? | The Ravens at the Tower of London, England
By Ben Johnson | Comments
It is not known when the ravens first came to the Tower of London, but their presence there is surrounded by myth and legend. Unusually for birds of ill omen, the future of both Country and Kingdom relies upon their continued residence, for according to legend, at least six ravens must remain lest both Tower and Monarchy fall.
The first Royal Observatory was housed in the north eastern turret of the White Tower. Legend has it that John Flamsteed (1646 - 1719), the 'astronomical observator' complained to King Charles II that the birds were interfering with his observations. The King therefore ordered their destruction only to be told that if the ravens left the Tower, the White Tower would fall and a great disaster befall the Kingdom. Sensibly the King changed his mind and decreed that at least six ravens should be kept at the Tower at all times to prevent disaster.
Chris Skaife is a Yeoman Warder or 'Beefeater' dedicated to caring for the Tower's unique Unkindness of Ravens.
Meet The Ravens
There are seven ravens at the Tower today ( the required six plus one spare!) Their names are Hardey, Thor, Odin, Gwyllum, Cedric, Hugine and Munin. Their lodgings are to be found next to the Wakefield Tower.
The ravens consume 6oz. of raw meat and bird formula biscuits soaked in blood each day. They are very partial to an egg each once a week plus the occasional rabbit which is given to them whole as the fur is good for them! They also enjoy scraps from the mess kitchen at the Tower - they particularly like fried bread!
To prevent the birds flying away one of their wings is clipped by the Ravenmaster . This does not hurt the raven nor does it harm them in any way. By unbalancing their flight it ensures that they don't stray too far from the Tower.
Escape from the Tower!
However despite the wing clipping, there have been occasional escapes. Grog was last seen outside an East End pub called the 'Rose and Punchbowl' in 1981. Like Hardey he had been at the Tower for 21 years but unlike Hardey, Grog obviously felt he needed a change of scene!
Bad Behaviour
Occasionally ravens have to be dismissed for bad behaviour. This happened to George who received his marching orders in 1986 after he developed an unhealthy taste for TV aerials:
"On Saturday 13th September 1986, Raven George, enlisted 1975, was posted to the Welsh Mountain Zoo. Conduct unsatisfactory, service therefore no longer required."
Ravens can live to a very ripe age. The oldest raven to live at the Tower was called Jim Crow who died at the age of 44. The oldest raven currently at the Tower is Hardey who is 24 years old.
Ravens in Wartime
The fortunes of the Tower Ravens reached their lowest point just after World War II when only Raven Grip was left at the Tower. It is believed that the birds were upset by the continuous bombing of London. There is also the suggestion, although it has never been proved, that one raven, Mabel, was kidnapped!
The Ravens Today
Since 1987 the Tower has undertaken a successful breeding programme for the ravens. Charlie and Rhys paired up and produced a total of 17 chicks.
Two of the newest recruits came from the Owl Sanctuary in the New Forest having been rescued as fledglings. Called Odin and Thor, they have been at the Tower since 1997. Thor is a very good mimic.... on a quiet day he will repeat things the Ravenmaster has said to him with exactly the right tone to create all sorts of confusion!
The Tower of London
Founded by William the Conqueror in 1066-7 and enlarged and modified by successive sovereigns, today the Tower of London is one of the world's most famous and spectacular fortresses. During its 900-year history it has been a royal palace and fortress, prison and place of execution, mint, arsenal, menagerie and jewel house.
HM Tower of London
| Ravens |
‘Where Everybody Knows Your Name’ is the theme tune to which US television series? | Learn About The Ravens - Known As The Guardians Of The Tower | Historic Royal Palaces
The guardians of the Tower
‘If the ravens leave the Tower, the kingdom will fall…’
Legend of the ravens
Legend says that the kingdom and the Tower will fall if the six resident ravens ever leave the fortress. It was Charles II, according to the stories, who first insisted that the ravens of the Tower should be protected.
This was against the wishes of his astronomer, John Flamsteed, who complained that the ravens impeded the business of his observatory in the White Tower.
Despite their having one wing trimmed, some ravens do in fact go absent without leave and others have had to be sacked. Raven George was dismissed for eating television aerials, and Raven Grog was last seen outside an East End pub.
View our 'Meet the ravens' video
Spot the ravens
There are seven ravens at the Tower today (the required six plus one spare!). Their lodgings are to be found next to the Wakefield Tower.
These magnificent birds, large members of the genus Corvus, the crow family, respond only to the Raven Master and should not be approached too closely by anyone else.
The ravens preside over four different territories within the Tower precincts. See if you can spot them on your visit.
Biscuits and blood
‘The ravens eat 170g of raw meat a day, plus bird biscuits soaked in blood.’ The Raven Master
Please note: We would ask that you do not try to feed the ravens. They are large birds who are fed daily by our Raven Master. They can bite if they feel their territory is being threatened, so please be careful.
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Who is the megalomaniac leader of the Urbankans in the British television series Doctor Who? | film dr who Villains
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Baltazar, Scourge of the Galaxy, is a space pirate in the animated Tenth Doctor serial, The Infinite Quest, featured as part of the second series of Totally Doctor Who in 2007, voiced by Anthony Head. Using enhanced rust, the Doctor destroyed the ship Baltazar had built, Baltazar having destroyed the entire Earth defence. With his space piracy, cybernetics, robot parrot, and desire to crush planets into precious gems, Baltazar bears a striking resemblance to The Captain.
Beast
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Beast was an ancient being that had been trapped for millions of years in a pit at the centre of the planet named in the Scriptures of the Faltino as Krop Tor, orbiting the black hole designated K37 Gem 5 by humans. The centre of the planet, ten miles down, had a powerful energy source which was keeping it in constant gravitational balance against the pull of the black hole. The gravitational force also extended out as a funnel into clear space.
The Beast claimed that he was the basis of the Devil-figure in all religions and mythologies, and originated from before this universe's creation. He had been defeated and trapped beneath the planet by the "Disciples of Light", who had crafted his prison such that if he ever freed himself, the gravitational force would collapse and the planet would be pulled into the black hole, destroying them both.
The Beast was awakened when a human expeditionary force flew their ship through the funnel to land on the planet, hoping to drill down and claim the power source for their Empire. The Beast exhibited the ability to telepathically possess and speak through other beings, in particular the empathic Ood, who became his "Legion of the Beast". He was also able to divine the hidden fears and secrets of those he spoke to, unnerving them greatly.
He also took the opportunity to possess Toby Zed, a human member of the expedition, while leaving his own body, a gigantic creature resembling a horned demon, still chained in the Pit at the heart of Krop Tor. In this way, he hoped to escape his prison. However, the Tenth Doctor smashed the power source containing the Beast's prison, causing Krop Tor to be dragged into the black hole and the Beast's original body to burst into flames. At the same time, while fleeing the planet in a rocket with the survivors of the expedition, Toby's possession manifested itself, angrily proclaiming that as long as he was feared, he could never be destroyed. However, Rose Tyler shot out the cockpit window with a bolt gun, causing the possessed Toby to be sucked into space towards the black hole.
The Beast claimed that he had many names, among them Abaddon and Satan. It is unknown whether they are the same. Gabriel Woolf, who provides the Beast's voice, played Sutekh the Destroyer in the 1975 serial Pyramids of Mars, an entity who was also said to have been named Satan.
In Torchwood episode End Days a similar giant creature named Abaddon is released from the Cardiff spacetime Rift and is referred to as the "son of the great Beast". The Torchwood website alludes to the Beast by asking "Were there other beings like Abaddon? Are they also entombed underneath planets across the universe?".
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Beep the Meep is a fictional alien who appeared in the Doctor Who Weekly comic strip based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. The cute and cuddly appearance of Beep the Meep a round, furry biped with large, expressive eyes and long ears belies his true nature as a malevolent, homicidal would-be conqueror and dictator. The canonicity of the comic strips, like other Doctor Who spin-off media, is unclear.
Beep first appeared in the comic strip Doctor Who and the Star Beast, written by Pat Mills and John Wagner and drawn by Dave Gibbons, which ran in issues #19-#26 of Doctor Who Weekly. The Meeps were an advanced and peaceful race, who lived in harmony and happiness until their natures were radically altered by their planet's orbit passing close to the Black Sun. The radiation from the black star mutated them into an aggressive, expansionist species who began to mercilessly conquer and subjugate other planets.
Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow.
Eventually, the Star Council authorized the use of the Wrarth Warriors, a genetically engineered insectoid race who acted as interstellar law enforcers. The war against the Meeps came to an end with the destruction of the Meep armada at the Battle of Yarras, but Beep, the Meeps' ruler, escaped. Beep's ship was pursued and shot down over Earth where it crash landed in the English city of Blackcastle. Beep sought refuge with two schoolchildren, using his fuzzy appearance to masquerade as a hapless, harmless creature being hunted by the ruthless Wrarth. It was in this guise that he encountered the Fourth Doctor, who protected him from the Wrarth until Beep's true nature was revealed to him. The Doctor then aided the Wrarth in apprehending Beep, and he was taken away to face justice.
Beep the Meep's weapon of choice was black star radiation, which he used both as a power source for his spaceship and for brainwashing people by exposing them to it. He also usually kept an energy pistol on his person, in a pouch concealed under his fur. Despite his unclear canonical status, as he never appeared in the television series, Beep is a memorable and popular villain, mainly due to the contrast between his appearance and his true nature, and his constant fuming at not being taken seriously because of his cute appearance. He has returned to bedevil the Doctor several times, often targeting Earth as well because of the indignities both have heaped on him.
Released on parole fifteen years after being taken into custody by the Wrarth, Beep sought revenge in The Star Beast II (published in the 1996 Doctor Who Magazine Yearbook) but the Fourth Doctor used black star energy to trap him inside the children's movie For the Love of Lassie.
Eventually, Beep managed to escape. In Doctor Who Magazine #283's TV Action! he travelled to the 1979 of a parallel world where the Doctor was the subject of a television programme titled Doctor Who. Beep tried to take over the BBC Television Centre, planning to broadcast black star radiation into households across Britain in an attempt to turn everyone as evil as himself. However, he mistook the actor Tom Baker for his hated nemesis and, while distracted, was defeated by the Eighth Doctor, his companion Izzy and various other television personalities.
Beep left the realm of the comic strip in an audio play produced by Big Finish Productions, The Ratings War, which was on a promotional CD given away with DWM #313. In the play, Toby Longworth provided the voice for Beep, who went up against the Sixth Doctor, voiced by Colin Baker. There, Beep tried much the same ploy as he did in TV Action!, except this time he produced a children's programme called Beep and Friends to effect a conquest by guile rather than by force. He was once again defeated by the Doctor and handed back to the Wrarth.
In a cameo appearance, an inebriated Beep tried to kill the Seventh Doctor at a party in the story Party Animals in DWM #173, but simply started a bar brawl instead. A hallucinatory Beep appeared in the Eighth Doctor strip A Matter of Life and Death (DWM #250). The Meeps (although not Beep himself) appeared in the spin-off short story Wish Upon A Star Beast by Steve Lyons, published in the charity anthology Perfect Timing.
Bok
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bok was the gargoyle servant of Azal in the Third Doctor story The Dæmons. Made of stone, he was bulletproof. He was blown apart by a UNIT bazooka, but reformed moments later. He reverted to his statue form when Azal was defeated.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Captain was a space pirate who appeared in the fourth Doctor episode The Pirate Planet. He was a cyborg, with half of his body covered in cybernetics, and had a pet robot parrot that rested on his shoulder. He was prone to ridiculous expletives like "by the beard of the sky demon!" and "moons of madness!", and was directly served by a nurse and a nervous little man named Mr. Fibuli. The Captain piloted an entire planet called Zanak, which would materialize around other planets and crush them into precious gems. The Captain kept a trophy room of the super-compressed planets he had conquered. Toward the end of the episode, it was revealed that the Captain's nurse was actually a projection of a queen named Xanxia, who was controlling the Captain and using the energy created by the crushing of plundered planets to fuel a machine that perpetually kept her a few seconds from death.
Lady Cassandra
Caven
Portrayed by Dudley Foster Maurice Caven is a human and was the ruthless mastermind of The Space Pirates
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
De Flores was a Neo-Nazi, based in South America, who aimed to establish a Fourth Reich, aided by a powerful Time Lord weapon, known as the Nemesis, as seen in Silver Nemesis, (1988). He led a group of paramilitary men against Lady Peinforte, a group of Cybermen and the Seventh Doctor, who all vied to control the Nemesis. He possessed the bow - part of the Nemesis as it was in its statue form - which he and his men reunited with the statue body when it fell to England in a comet in 1988. After allying himself with the Cybermen, De Flores was killed by the Cyber Leader when he outlived his usefulness to them.
Destroyer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Destroyer was an otherdimensional entity summoned by the sorceress Morgaine in Battlefield (1989) to aid her in defeating the Seventh Doctor. Known by many titles, including "Destroyer of Worlds", he was kept subdued by chains of pure silver, and even Morgaine hesitated in unleashing him on the world until he allowed the Doctor to gain the upper hand, thus forcing Morgaine to free him in a desperate attempt to avoid defeat.
At the time, Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart had been called out of retirement to assist UNIT against Morgaine's invasion. Taking a box of silver bullets meant for combating werewolves from UNIT stores, he loaded a revolver with them. The Destroyer taunted the elderly Brigadier for being the best Earth could offer as its champion; the Brigadier's response was to fire the silver bullets into the demon. The building the Destroyer was in subsequently exploded in a burst of magical energy, and presumably the creature was destroyed with it.
The design for the Destroyer was based on theatrical devil's mask, modfied so that an actor could speak through it. The cloak that covered its chainmail armour disguised the mechanical parts needed for the costume's special effects. Script writer Ben Aaronovitch originally intended the Destroyer to start off as a businessman who gradually became more demonic as he fell under Morgaine's spell, but this was time-consuming and expensive, so he stayed in one form throughout.
E
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mr Finch was an alias for Brother Lassar, the leader of a group of Krillitanes. His first and only appearance to date was in the 2006 series episode School Reunion, where he was portrayed by Anthony Head. His first name of "Lucas" is given on the Deffry Vale School website. According to an on-line interview with Head, Finch's original name in the script was "Hector", but this had to be changed when a check found a real headmaster named "Hector Finch". He is also aware of the Time War and the Time Lords' near-extinction.
The Krillitanes had taken human characteristics to infiltrate the Deffry Vale comprehensive school. Taking the position of headmaster, Finch gradually replaced the staff members with disguised Krillitanes and then enacted a series of reforms, including specialised programmes of study and free, but compulsory, school dinners. The dinners were laced with Krillitane oil, which was designed to enhance the intelligence of the pupils in a bid to use them to decode the Skasis Paradigm, which would give the Krillitanes control over the structure of reality. The Krillitanes could not use the oil themselves because their constantly changing morphology had rendered it toxic to their systems.
The Tenth Doctor and his current companions investigated the school, meeting his old companions Sarah Jane Smith and K-9 Mark III. Finch squared off against the Doctor, offering the use of the solved Paradigm and tempting him with the power, but Sarah's urgings helped the Doctor to refuse. In the midst of escaping, K-9 sacrificed itself by using its laser to blow up the barrels of Krillitane oil in the kitchen, showering most of the Krillitanes with it before the kitchen exploded, apparently killing them all.
Florence Finnegan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Florence Finnegan was the name assumed by the Plasmavore, played by Anne Reid, who was hiding from the Judoon in the Royal Hope Hospital in London when it was transported to the Moon in Smith and Jones. To avoid detection by the Judoon, she sucked the blood out of Mr. Stoker (a consultant working in the hospital), allowing her to assimilate human DNA and register as human on the Judoon scanners. The Doctor later tricked her into sucking his blood, meaning that she registered as non-human, having assimilated non-human blood, when re-scanned by Martha Jones in front of the Judoon. Her attempt to fry the brains of those within the hospital and on the half of the Earth facing the Moon using a converted MRI machine, allowing her to escape in a Judoon ship, was foiled as the Judoon executed her for the murder of an alien princess and the Doctor deactivated the MRI machine.
Interestingly, in the Seventh Doctor serial The Curse of Fenric, set in 1945, actress Anne Reid played a character, Nurse Crane, who fell victim to another race of creatures who fed on blood, the Haemovores. Haemovore victims would often go on to become Haemovores themselves. However, there is no suggestion on screen that Florence Finnegan is intended to be Nurse Crane's later vampiric self.
G
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gavrok was leader of the Bannermen who attempted to wipe out the Chimeron race in Delta and the Bannermen, (1987). After pursuing the Chimeron Queen, Delta, to Earth in 1959, he was killed falling into his own booby-trap set around the TARDIS when he was overcome by a high-pitched scream produced by Delta's child, the Chimeron Princess, amplified by a PA system.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The three Gods of Ragnarok appeared in the 1988 story, The Greatest Show in the Galaxy by Stephen Wyatt. They possess the ability to exist in multiple times and dimensions simultaneously: in the story, they appeared in both the Psychic Circus as a family consisting of a mother, a father and their young daughter and at the same time in their temple-like Dark Circus as a trio of statue-like beings. It is not known which, if any, are their true forms.
They seem to have a need to be entertained, using lesser beings for sport and allowing them to live as long as they continue to be amused. They are defeated when the Seventh Doctor uses a medallion to reflect the Gods' destructive energy back at them, destroying them and their Dark Circus.
The Virgin New Adventures novel Conundrum by Steve Lyons reveals that the Gods of Ragnarok created the Land of Fiction. Like all Doctor Who spin-offs, the canonicity of this is unclear. (The Gods also display some similarity with the Osirian race of Sutekh, including the use of Eye of Horus symbol.)
H
Yvonne Hartman
This image is of a screencap of the television series "Doctor Who", it is intended for use in the article List of Doctor Who villains to visually aid and provide critical commentary in describing a character. This image was capped by GracieLizzie from an episode of the television series "Doctor Who"
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Yvonne Hartman portrayed by Tracy-Ann Oberman in Army of Ghosts and Doomsday was the director of Torchwood One, the London branch of the Torchwood Institute founded by Queen Victoria, located in Canary Wharf. While technically not a villain, she intervened with the Doctor's plans to stop what she was doing: widening the tear between her own world and that of an alternate Earth's, she unknowingly helped to release a number of Cybermen into the world. When the TARDIS materialised within Torchwood HQ, she placed the Doctor as her prisoner and confiscated his TARDIS, although he was treated with much respect - as a guest, as the institute had much to learn from him. At the height of the war between the Daleks and Cybermen, she herself was cyber-converted, but the process was seemingly faulty as she turned on her fellow Cybermen, defending the Torchwood Tower "for Queen and country".
It is unknown if she was sucked into the void, or if like fellow "Cyberwoman" Lisa Hallett, she stayed behind after the Doctor pulled almost all Cybermen and Daleks back into the void. A report on the Torchwood Institute website about a motionless Cyberman by some stairs killed by Torchwood security personnel suggests she may have been killed. The website also states that Hartman regularly collaborated with Jack Harkness and the other members of Torchwood Three.
J
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kane, seen in Dragonfire, (1987), one-half of the Xana-Kane criminal gang of the planet Proamon, was exiled after capture by security forces to the cold, dark side of Svartos, where he became ruler of the space trading colony Iceworld. His body temperature was so cold that one touch from him could kill and in order to cool down, he lay in a cryogenic chamber. He branded his employees with his mark iced into their skin and had an ice sculpture of his partner, Xana, made. After creating a cryogenic army, massacring most of Iceworld's populace and having the dragon that was guarding him slain, Kane released Iceworld from Svartos' surface as a spacecraft, setting a course for Proamon to exact his revenge for his exile and imprisonment. When it transpired that, during the millenia that he had been a prisoner, Proamon had been destroyed, Kane, now in a state of desperation, committed suicide by opening a screen and letting light rays in that melted him.
Kroagnon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kroagnon, or The Great Architect, (featured in Paradise Towers, (1987)), was the designer of Paradise Towers and Miracle City. He took an aversion to people occupying his buildings for fear of them ruining them and hence rigged devices to kill them off. He existed as a disembodied intelligence stored in a tank in the basement of Paradise Towers, feeding off those he had killed, before killing and taking the body of the Chief Caretaker, in which he is killed by Pex when dragged into a trap.
L
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Light was an extremely powerful, almost God-like alien being. Long ago, he took a survey of all organic life in the universe, but almost as soon as he finished 'it all started changing.' Light went into hibernation in his spaceship, hidden in the basement of Gabriel Chase. Light began to campaign against evolution and change, deciding to destroy all life so that his catalogue would never be out of date again. Before he could carry out his plan, though, the Doctor told Light that even he was changing. Unable to cope with this fact, Light 'dissipated' in the main hallway of the house.
John Lumic
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
John Lumic was an insane, physically disabled genius and megalomaniac who was the head of Cybus Industries on a parallel Earth. Among his many inventions were the EarPods, a highly popular and widespread communications and entertainment device which allowed the downloading of news and other information directly into the brain. Confined to a wheelchair, dependent on his ventilator and slowly dying, Lumic researched into gaining immortality by bonding the human brain to a robotic exoskeleton, creating his world's Cybermen. He experimented on human subjects, homeless people kidnapped off the streets.
When the President of Great Britain refused approval for his conversion programme, Lumic took matters into his own hands. He first sent a force of Cybermen to assassinate the President and prominent members of society and government, then broadcast a hypnotic signal through the EarPods that directed the population of London to march towards the factories and begin cyber-conversion. In the process, one of his employees turned against Lumic and smashed his ventilator; rather than repairing it the Cybermen then took him unwillingly to be "upgraded".
Lumic was transformed into the Cyber-Controller, a Cyberman with glowing eyes and a transparent brain-case. However, Mickey Smith managed to introduce emotions back into the Cybermen's makeup, causing them to go insane and destroy themselves. The Cyber-Controller was, for unexplained reasons, unaffected by this. In the resulting conflagration, the Cyber-Controller attempted to escape by Climb ing into Mickey's zeppelin as it left the factory. The lower portion of the rope ladder was severed before he could so, and the Cyber-Controller fell back into the burning factory, seemingly to perish.
The character bears some parallels to Davros, the creator of the Daleks in the Doctor's own universe.
Lytton
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Commander Lytton is a mercenary whom the Doctor encountered twice. He was born on a satellite called Riften 5, orbiting the planet Vita 15 some centuries in the future.
When the Fifth Doctor met Lytton during Resurrection of the Daleks (1984), he was working for the Daleks in a plot to rescue Davros from imprisonment following the events in Destiny of the Daleks. When Davros altered some of the Daleks to be loyal to him and tried to seize control from the Dalek Supreme, Lytton was one of the few survivors of the ensuing battle.
The Sixth Doctor then encountered Lytton planning to rob a diamond merchant in the story Attack of the Cybermen (1985). The sewers through which he planned to make his heist also contained a squad of Cybermen, and Lytton's actions helped revive them. After being taken to Telos with Lytton and the Cybermen, the Doctor encountered the Cryons, who revealed that Lytton was in fact working for them. The Cybermen had travelled back in time to prevent the destruction of their home planet Mondas in 1986. However, once they did so the Cybermen intended to destroy and leave Telos. Lytton's mission was to prevent this by stealing the time machine.
Once Lytton's treachery to the Cybermen was exposed, the Cyber Controller ordered that Lytton undergo the cyber-conversion process. When the Doctor tried to free Lytton from his fate as a Cyberman, a partially converted Lytton died fighting the Cyber Controller, who snapped his neck. The Doctor later admitted that he had badly misjudged Lytton.
The Malus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Malus appeared in the Fifth Doctor story The Awakening (1984) by Eric Pringle. At one point the Doctor describes this demonic entity as "a living being re-engineered as an instrument of war." He seems to pity the Malus, claiming that killing is "the only thing it knows how to do" (suggesting that it was originally a more benevolent creature). Possessing vast power and capable of combining various time zones, it uses its powers to allow real people to pass through down the centuries and create energies, including fear, that it can feed on. To this end, it psychically projects hallucinations to sustain itself.
The Malus was travelling on a Hakol ship, which crashed centuries before the English Civil War. In 1643 it was briefly roused by a battle at the village of Little Hodcombe, but it subsided once both sides had massacred each other. When its companion, Hutchinson, dies and its means of "feeding" blocked by the Doctor's TARDIS, it knows it has been defeated. It then panics and reverts to its original programming to destroy all that it can; the church that housed it for so long is annihilated in an explosion.
Mara
The Mara, a creature that manifests itself in the form of a giant snake, from the television serial Doctor Who - Kinda.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Mara is a fictional villain from the long-running British science fiction television series, Doctor Who. It is a creature that exists in the minds of its victims and can transmit itself telepathically, although it can also take on the physical manifestation of a giant snake.
Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow.
The Mara was created on the planet Manussa in the Scrampus system, turning the Manussan empire into the Sumaran empire. Eventually the Mara was defeated and driven out by a Manussan. However, it survived and escaped to the planet Deva Loka.
It was on this planet that the Fifth Doctor, Nyssa, Tegan and Adric encountered the Mara. When Tegan fell asleep near the wind chimes on Deva Loka, she became possessed by the Mara, although it soon left her and possessed a native Kinda named Aris. The possessed Aris then began to stir up the normally peaceful Kinda against an expedition of human colonists who were also present on Deva Loka. The Doctor was able to prevent the humans detonating a bomb which would have destroyed their dome and killed many Kinda, and managed to trap the Mara in a circle of mirrors. As the Mara could not bear to see its own reflection, as evil cannot face itself, it was driven out to a place known as the Dark Places of the Inside.
Sometime later, after Adric had been killed saving the Earth, Tegan became possessed by the Mara once again. She then navigated the TARDIS to Manussa, where a ceremony was to be held to mark the 500th anniversary of the banishment of the Mara. Using Tegan and a young Manussan named Lon, the Mara tried to obtain the "great crystal" with which it hoped to restore its own corporeal existence. The Doctor was guided by an old mystic named Dojjen who showed him how to find the "still point". When the Mara tried to make its return at the ceremony, the Doctor concentrated his thought with a small replica of the great crystal, and by finding the still point was able to repel the Mara. Then by grabbing the great crystal, the Doctor broke the Mara's hold over its controlled victims, and destroyed its new snake body. This time, the Mara had apparently been destroyed for good.
In the Torchwood episode Small Worlds, Jack speculates that "fairies" may be "part Mara". However, his noting of "Mara" as the origin of the word "nightmare" and their ability to steal the breath from their victims suggests that he is referring to the Mara of Germanic/Scandinavian mythology rather than the Manussan Mara. Christopher Bailey, writer of Snakedance and Kinda, was a practising Buddhist and named Doctor Who's Mara after the Buddhist demon Mara.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Master of the Land of Fiction screenshot from the Doctor Who serial The Mind Robber.
The Master of the Land of Fiction was a human writer from the year 1926 who was drawn to the Land of Fiction and forced to continuously write stories which were enacted within that realm. The Master's name was never revealed, but he did identify himself as the writer of "The Adventures of Captain Jack Harkaway" in The Ensign, a magazine for boys. He was freed by the Second Doctor, and returned to his own time.
In the Virgin New Adventures novel Conundrum by Steve Lyons, the Land of Fiction found itself a new Master in the form of Jason, a teenager from the late 20th century. His creations included superheroes, psychic detectives, a Famous Five type children's group and a version of the Doctor called "Dr. Who", based on the TV Comic comic strip portrayal, complete with his grandchildren John and Gillian. Jason also appeared in Head Games (also by Lyons), where he became "Dr. Who"'s companion in the real world for a while before the Seventh Doctor set things right.
The Master of the Land of Fiction should not be confused with the renegade Time Lord known as the Master.
Meddling Monk
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Meddling Monk, or simply the Monk, is a fictional character in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. He was played by the British comic actor Peter Butterworth. He appeared in two stories (The Time Meddler and The Daleks' Master Plan, written and co-written respectively by Dennis Spooner) and was an adversary of the First Doctor.
Other than the Doctor and Susan, the Monk was the first member of the Doctor's race to appear in the programme, and the second Doctor Who villain (after the Daleks) to make a return appearance.
Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow.
The Monk was the possessor of a stolen Mark IV TARDIS superior to the Doctor's and with a fully functioning chameleon circuit and said he left the Doctor's (then unnamed) home planet some fifty years after the Doctor did. This information would reasonably indicate that he was a Time Lord, although it was never stated at the time since the concept of the Doctor's race had not yet been devised.
He liked to meddle in history and to change it for his own amusement and for what he considered to be the better lending mechanical assistance to the builders of Stonehenge; giving Leonardo da Vinci tips on aircraft design; making money by using time travel to exploit compound interest; and, when the Doctor first encountered him, attempting to prevent the Norman Conquest as part of a plan to guide England into an early age of technological prosperity. On that occasion he wore the guise of a monk in order to gain the trust of the 11th-century locals of Northumbria, hence the name by which he is most often known. (His actual name was never revealed in the series.)
The Doctor stranded the Monk in the 11th century by stealing his TARDIS's dimensional controller, which reduced the interior dimensions of the time machine to minuscule size. The Monk eventually restored his ship and tracked the Doctor to a volcanic planet, where he attempted to maroon his enemy by destroying the Doctor's TARDIS's lock. However, the Doctor managed to repair it and next materialised in Egypt, with the Monk still following him. While there the two encountered the Daleks, the Doctor stole the directional unit from the Monk's TARDIS (later destroying it when he tried to use it in his own ship, as it was incompatible), causing the Monk to lose control over his TARDIS's navigation. The two never met on screen again, the Monk being last seen marooned once more, this time on a desolate icy planet.
Unlike the Doctor's other Time Lord adversaries, such as the Master, the Monk was presented as a comic figure: a fairly well-meaning but childish man who was not half as clever as he thought he was, and who never seemed to realise the seriousness of what he was doing. The fact that his plans always failed to come to fruition, at least on screen, also helped maintain the comic tone, disguising how dangerous a person like the Monk could really be.
In The End of the World (2005), the Ninth Doctor stated that his homeworld had been destroyed and that he was the last of the Time Lords. Whether the Monk was killed with the others has not been specifically established.
Other appearances
This section concerns the appearances of the Monk in various spin-offs, which are of unclear canonicity.
For some time, there was speculation among fans that the Monk was actually an earlier regeneration of the Master (see also the War Chief), propagated mainly by the 1980s Doctor Who roleplaying game published by FASA. However, this theory has not been as widespread in recent years, and has been contradicted by the spin-off novels.
In the Doctor Who Monthly comic strip 4-Dimensional Vistas (DWM #78-#83), the Monk teamed up with the Ice Warriors in a complex plan to build a giant sonic weapon. In this portrayal, the character (who piloted a TARDIS also shaped like a police box) did not wear a monk's habit, and was referred to as "the Time-Meddler"; however, it was clearly the same character. The Monk was easily defeated by the Fifth Doctor.
The Monk also turned up in the New Adventures novel No Future by Paul Cornell, in which he was given the name "Mortimus". The novel was the last of a story arc published to coincide with the series' thirtieth anniversary in 1993, in which the Doctor encounters various alternate realities that have been created due to the Monk's meddling with time.
In the Past Doctor Adventures novel Divided Loyalties by Gary Russell, a young Mortimus is portrayed as a friend of the Doctor's, and a member of a cabal of rebellious young Gallifreyans at the Academy known as "the Deca". The group also included the Doctor, the Master, the Rani, Azmael (from The Twin Dilemma), the War Chief, and Drax (from The Armageddon Factor).
Monarch
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Monarch was the megalomaniac leader of the Urbankans from the planet Urbanka. He was encountered in the Fifth Doctor story Four to Doomsday. His greed and ego were highly dangerous. The Urbankans originated from the Inokshi system but their own planet was destroyed through over mining, and destruction of its ozone layer, both caused by Monarch's desire for minerals to improve his craft. He had similar plans for the Earth, which he had visited four times in the past, each time halving the length of the journey time.
The Urbankans were a green-skinned lizard people, four billion of whom - apart from Monarch himself - had been converted into androids. Monarch wasn't totally converted, retaining fancies of the "flesh time" such as the belief that if he could pilot his vast craft faster than light, he would be able to travel back before the dawn of time and meet God, whom he believed would be himself (However, his extreme longevity - over forty thousand years - may point to partial cybernisation, or his species could just be naturally long-lived).
Being of the "flesh time" he was succeptible to the virulent toxin he had planned to unleash to wipe out mankind, and was reduced in size to minute proportions.
Morbius
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In The Brain of Morbius, Morbius was a renegade Time Lord from the Doctor's birthplace, Gallifrey. He had been a member of the High Council of Time Lords, and attempted to move the Time Lords' policy towards the rest of the universe from observation to conquest. When the Time Lords rejected him, he formed an army of his own. He promised his followers the secrets of time travel and immortality. Morbius was eventually defeated and executed by his fellow Time Lords for his crimes. However, his brain survived. The remaining organ was taken away by the fanatical scientist Solon, who was planning the resurrection of Morbius.
The Fourth Doctor and Sarah found Morbius in Solon's castle on the planet Karn. Solon had built a freakish Frankenstein's monster body from parts of crashed space travellers and planned to place Morbius's brain in it. Solon drugged the Doctor, intending to use his head for Morbius's brain, but insisted that it would be "no cruel butchery."
Sarah foiled Solon's original plan, but he had an alternative container for Morbius' brain a large glass bowl with two eyestalks. He attached this to the patchwork body, and this time round, the plan worked. However, during the operation, Morbius' brain was dropped, apparently causing Morbius further brain damage.
The ghoulishly resurrected Morbius fought the Doctor in a series of violent encounters. Their final confrontation was a dangerous Time Lord mental contest called "mind-bending". Both Morbius and the Doctor were badly injured in the conflict. The Sisterhood of Karn, longtime opponents of Morbius, chased the monster to a clifftop, from which he fell and died. The Sisterhood then used the Elixir of Life (a substance of which they were guardians) to revive the Doctor.
Morbius's war against the Time Lords and his execution (including how Solon saved his brain and the Fifth Doctor's involvement in his defeat) are depicted in the Past Doctor Adventures novel Warmonger by Terrance Dicks. The canonicity of the novels is uncertain.
Nimrod
Nimrod, a fictional character created by Mark Wright and Cavan Scott, who appears in original fiction based in the same universe as the science fiction television series Doctor Who
(cropped from the cover of the novel Project: Valhalla)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Nimrod is a character in the Big Finish Productions audio plays Project: Twilight and Project: Lazarus written by Cavan Scott and Mark Wright, which are based on the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. He is an original character and does not appear in the television series, and should not be confused with the character of the same name from the serial Ghost Light (1989). The canonicity of the audio dramas, like other Doctor Who spin-off media, is unclear.
Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow.
Nimrod works for the Forge, a top-secret organization responsible for experimenting with extraterrestrial material. As Dr William Abberton, Nimrod was responsible for genetic experiments on vampire DNA the so-called Project: Twilight creating a hybrid race to act as super-soldiers. However, when the hybrids escaped, Abberton was mortally injured, only saving himself by injecting himself with the Twilight Virus, turning himself into a hybrid as well. He took the code name Nimrod, after the legendary hunter king, and hunted down the survivors of his vampire experiments.
Years later, after the completion of his mission, he replaced Colonel Crichton as Deputy Director of the Forge. He has encountered the Time Lord known as the Doctor at least three times, twice in his Sixth incarnation and once in his Seventh. His Project: Lazarus was designed to create clones of a Time Lord to find out about the regeneration process, and succeeded in creating multiple clones of the Sixth Doctor before the Seventh discovered and stopped the project with the aid of one of the clones.
Nimrod is an unethical scientist who does not suffer fools gladly. He is cruel and sadistic, as seen in his treatment of the Huldan alien creature and of the Doctor clones he created during Project: Lazarus. He is bald and has almost completely colourless skin and lips, while his eyes are a vibrant blue. His cybernetic implants allow him to link to Oracle, the Forge's supercomputer, and also keep track of the vital signs of other Forge personnel in the vicinity. His weapon of choice is a specially designed crossbow.
Nimrod is played by British actor Stephen Chance. A novel, Project: Valhalla, by Scott and Wright, featuring Nimrod and the Forge, was published in December 2005. Also in 2005, a webcomic called The Forge: Project Longinus began serialisation, written by Scott and Wright and illustrated by Bryan Coyle.
Omega
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Omega is a fictional character from the long-running British science fiction television series, Doctor Who. In the context of the series, Omega is known as one of the founding fathers of the Time Lords of the planet Gallifrey, and is a revered figure in Time Lord history together with the equally legendary Rassilon; the Third Doctor refers to him as the Time Lords' "greatest hero". He first appeared in the 10th anniversary story, The Three Doctors.
Character history
Omega was a stellar engineer and High Council member on Gallifrey who developed the Hand of Omega, a remote stellar manipulator which could be used to control the reactions within star. Using the Hand, Omega performed adjustments on a star near Gallifrey's in an attempt to provide a power source for the time travel experiments conducted by himself and Rassilon. However, Omega was thought killed in the resulting supernova, which then collapsed into a black hole.
Rassilon subsequently captured the nucleus of the black hole and used its power to perfect time travel technology, turning his people into Time Lords. Rassilon then took control of Gallifrey as Lord President. The nucleus eventually became known as the Eye of Harmony, and Omega's name passed into heroic legend.
Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow.
Millennia later, during the events of the Doctor Who serial The Three Doctors, it was revealed that Omega had not died, but had rather been sent through the event horizon into an antimatter universe and had been trapped there since then. His exile and solitude turned him quite insane, and he sought revenge on the Time Lords for "abandoning" him. He made two attempts in the television series to re-enter the positive matter universe, in The Three Doctors and in the serial Arc of Infinity. Both attempts were thwarted by the Doctor.
Omega was portrayed in The Three Doctors by actor Stephen Thorne and in Arc of Infinity by Ian Collier. Collier reprised the role in Big Finish Productions' Doctor Who audio play Omega.
Other appearances
Omega from the television series Doctor Who
The audio play Omega revealed that Omega's real name was Peylix, "Omega" being the grade he received at the Time Lord Academy the lowest possible grade which stuck to him as a cruel nickname. However, aside from issues about the canonicity of the spin-off media, as the story is largely told from the point of view of an insane Omega with confused memories, this makes the accuracy of this information uncertain.
In the spin-off novels, the partnership of Rassilon and Omega in Time Lord history is rounded off by the shadowy figure of the Other. Some accounts suggest that Rassilon misled Omega into believing that he would survive the stellar experiment. The Doctor Who Monthly comic strip Star Death by Alan Moore (DWM #47) attributed the supernova to an attack by the Order of the Black Sun, an enemy of the Time Lords from 30,000 years in their future, the first strike (from the Time Lords' point of view) of a time war. The same story also identified the star as Qqaba.
Omega also appears in the 1998 BBC Books Doctor Who novel The Infinity Doctors by Lance Parkin (which also mentioned Qqaba), although as it is never quite specified if the novel takes place in the actual Doctor Who universe or an alternate reality, whether this was the "real" Omega or an alternative version is unclear. The novel reprises various events from both television appearances, although it creates an original story from them.
Omega appears as a nemesis to the Sixth Doctor in the Make your own adventure with Doctor Who (Find Your Fate in the United States ) book Search for the Doctor by Dave Martin. In this book, the reader must make the right choices in order to rescue the Sixth Doctor from Omega.
Lady Peinforte
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lady Peinforte, from the Stuart era, sought to gain control of the Nemesis, a powerful Time Lord weapon, as seen in Silver Nemesis, (1988). She fashioned the Nemesis into a statue in her own image when a living silver metal known as Validium fell to Earth. Having knowledge of black magic, she and her manservant, Richard, travelled from 1638 Windsor to 1988 Windsor by drinking a magic potion, in order to reunite the arrow - part of the Nemesis in its statue form - with the statue body when it crashes back down to Earth in a comet. She was an expert archer, wielding a bow and arrows. When the Cybermen took control of the Nemesis, enraged and distraught, she merged herself with it. In doing so, she was killed as the Nemesis destroyed the fleet of Cyber-warships. She knew the Doctor's secret regarding his mysterious past as the Nemesis had told her, but when she threatened to reveal it, the Cybermen were not interested.
Pike
Rani
Rassilon
Rassilon, the single greatest figure in Time Lord history, from the television series Doctor Who (The Five Doctors), as portrayed by Richard Mathews.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rassilon is a fictional character in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. In the backstory of the programme, he was the founder of Time Lord society on the planet Gallifrey. After the original television series ended in 1989, Rassilon's character and history were further developed in books and other media.
Character history
There are many contradictory legends about Rassilon. It is known that he developed the technology for time travel that made his people lords of time in the distant past together with his colleague Omega. Omega, a solar engineer, was presumed killed by the supernova that created the black hole later known as the Eye of Harmony, and Rassilon harnessed the nucleus of the black hole to provide the energy that powers time travel. Rassilon then took control of Gallifrey and became the first Lord President. The official history is that he was a benevolent ruler who ruled his people wisely. However, there are other accounts which paint Rassilon as an opportunistic, ambitious and cruel dictator who seized power in the wake of his friend's death (for which some suggest he may have been deliberately responsible).
Rassilon's contributions to Time Lord culture and society were immense, and his name both reverberates and is honoured throughout Time Lord history. The Rassilon Imprimatur is the name given to the symbiotic nuclei that allow Time Lords to withstand the molecular stresses of time travel and grant them a link to their TARDIS time machines (compare with the Ancient Technology Activation gene from Stargate). The Seal of Rassilon is also a common motif in Time Lord design.
Other Time Lord artifacts named for him include the Sash of Rassilon, the Rod or Great Key of Rassilon, the Crown of Rassilon, the Coronet of Rassilon and the Harp of Rassilon. These artifacts are not mere relics, but are also technological devices that have uses beyond the ceremonial.
The Sash, for example, allows the wearer to control the Eye of Harmony, and the Crown of Rassilon gives full access to the Matrix, the computer network that is the repository of all Time Lord knowledge. The Key of Rassilon (not to be confused with the Great Key) also allows access to the Matrix. Confusingly, another Great Key is part of the demat gun, a weapon of mass destruction. The Coronet gives the user the ability to dominate another's will, and the Harp is a musical key that unlocks a secret room within the High Council chambers.
Rassilon is also given credit, variously, for creating the Time Scoop, which can pluck individuals out of their timestreams; TARDIS technology; the living metal and superweapon validium; and the transduction barriers that protect Gallifrey. How much of this is true and how much of it is propaganda and good public relations is not certain.
(In Doctor Who fandom, the remarkable number of artifacts attributed to Rassilon is often parodied, especially in unofficial merchandising. Convention goers have seen memorabilia ranging anywhere from the Coffee Mug of Rassilon to the Shopping Bag of Rassilon.)
The Tomb, or Tower of Rassilon, also known as the Dark Tower, stands in the middle of the Death Zone on Gallifrey. The Death Zone a blasted, barren plain was used, in a period of Gallifrey's history known as the Dark Time, as an arena that pitted time-displaced warriors of various alien species against each other in gladiatorial games. It was rumored that Rassilon, who lived during this time, had been deposed by Time Lords rebelling against his rule. It was also claimed Rassilon had discovered the secret of immortality and was still alive in the Tower, sleeping.
Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow.
In the 20th Anniversary special The Five Doctors, Time Lord President Borusa wanted Rassilon's secret for himself, describing Rassilon's imortality as "perpetual bodily regeneration". Borusa used the Time Scoop to transport the Doctor in all his regenerations (along with various companions) to the Death Zone, using them to clear the way to the Tower. However, Rassilon's promise to share immortality with whoever overcame the obstacles in the Tower and solved the Game of Rassilon was actually a trap designed for would-be dictators. Borusa was granted immortality by being transformed into a living statue. In that story, Rassilon (played by Richard Mathews) appeared as a disembodied image floating above his own sepulchre, but whether this was a telepathic projection or an interactive recording of some sort is unclear.
If Rassilon continued to exist in some form after his apparent death, the recent destruction of Gallifrey in the Time War renders his current status even more uncertain.
Other appearances
Rassilon's rise to power was explored in the Virgin New Adventures novel Cat's Cradle: Time's Crucible. It is revealed in the novel that Ancient Gallifrey was ruled by the Pythia. Rassilon led a revolution against the Pythia, eventually causing her to kill herself and send her followers to the planet Karn. However, before she died she cursed Rassilon and all future Time Lords to sterility. In later New Adventures we are introduced to the concept of the genetic Looms, from which new Time Lords were created.
In the Doctor Who audio plays produced by Big Finish Productions, Rassilon appears (off-stage) in Seasons of Fear, and is voiced by Don Warrington in Neverland and Zagreus. In those plays, he was shown to continue to exist in the Matrix. He is also portrayed, not as a benevolent figure, but a master manipulator willing to preserve Time Lord history and society as he knew it at all costs.
At the end of Zagreus, the Doctor was exiled to the Divergents' universe. He eventually tracked down Rassilon in that universe, and discovered that he had been manipulating an entity called the Kro'Ka to observe and control the Doctor and Charley's actions. At the end of the events of The Next Life, the Doctor and his companions escaped the timeless Divergent universe, but Rassilon and the Kro'Ka remained trapped.
In the spin-off novels, the partnership of Rassilon and Omega in Time Lord history is rounded off by the shadowy figure of the Other. The canonicity of the spin-off media is uncertain.
Sabbath
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sabbath is the name of a recurring villain from the Eighth Doctor Adventures spin-off novels based on the BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who. The character was created by Lawrence Miles and first appeared in The Adventuress of Henrietta Street. Originally, Miles had intended Sabbath to be a one-off character, but BBC Books editor Justin Richards asked to use the character in a continuing story arc.
Sabbath was born in 1740. He was educated at Cambridge before being initiated into the Secret Service in 1762. He then defected from the service in 1780. The Doctor first encountered Sabbath in 1782.
In appearance, Sabbath was a large muscular man with a shaven head. He commanded intelligent ape creatures called Babewyns which also crewed his ship, the Jonah. Visually, the Doctor Who version is said to be based on Orson Welles.
Despite suggestions to the contrary, Sabbath is not based on the equally corpulent character Sunday from the novel The Man Who Was Thursday (1904) by G.K. Chesterton, though this is jokingly alluded to in the Doctor Who novel History 101 (2002).
Character history
Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow.
In his first appearance, we learn that Sabbath was originally a renegade member of the British Secret Service during the late 18th century. It was explained that it is customary for agents to take Biblical names, and Sabbath's name derived itself from a Jewish Kabalistic trend in the Service during the time period of his initiation. His initiation into the Service involved him being thrown into the River Thames bound in thirteen chains and thirteen locks, covered in sackcloth. Sabbath survived by encountering Leviathan, who rescued him.
When the Doctor encountered him, Sabbath was attempting to build a temporal battleship, the Jonah, in order to travel beyond the realm of human understanding, though he was callous about other people's lives in his quest. Indeed, Sabbath was not the main villain of the book, and was in fact instrumental in saving the Doctor's life. Sabbath's literal role was made clear when the Doctor spoke with a character that fans assume by the description to be the Master (though he is never mentioned explicitly). The Master claimed that Sabbath-like characters were the new masters of time, a position once held by the Doctor's people until the destruction of their home world. Sabbath was intended as a new breed of villain, time-active and less apt to pure megalomania.
Sabbath believed himself to be the protector of humanity. He was first drawn to the Doctor believing him to be responsible for the arrival of the Babewyn creatures on Earth. When the Doctor fell ill, Sabbath removed the Doctor's second heart from his body which had become shrunken and blackened. Sabbath then implanted that heart into himself in an attempt to gain the time-travelling capability of a Time Lord. The Doctor is manipulated by Sabbath in several of his subsequent adventures.
When the Doctor was crushed by a 30 pound theatre sandbag in the England of 1893 (Camera Obscura by Lloyd Rose) , he discovered that he could not die whilst his second heart was lodged within Sabbath. Sabbath later removed the heart, severing the biodata link between the two of them.
After an event in the Siberia of 1893 (Time Zero by Justin Richards) caused the creation of multiple parallel universes, Sabbath set about trying to save the true reality. In Timeless by Stephen Cole he was instrumental in doing so, although he and the Doctor were trying to reach similar goals at cross purposes. It was revealed that he worked for beings which claimed to be the future of humanity, and told him he was working to make humans the new Time Lords. When he learnt this was untrue, he turned against them.
In Sometime Never..., also by Richards, Sabbath's former employers were revealed as the Council of Eight, eight crystalline entities (who coincidentally resembled the eight Doctors) based in the time vortex. The Council gained power from making accurate predictions, hence their interest in maintaining a stable timeline. Sabbath destabilised their plans by committing suicide after it had been predicted he would not do so.
Other appearances
There are in fact three different characters called Sabbath, who may or may not be iterations of the same person in different timelines. The Sabbath who appears in the Doctor Who books exists in a timeline in which the Time Lords have ceased to exist and humanity has become the potential heir to their powers and knowledge.
However, the Time Lords (or Great Houses) still exist in the Faction Paradox series, in which Sabbath appears twice: as a young man (voiced by Saul Jaffe in the audio plays and also appearing in the comics) with the Service, ignorant of the wider cosmology. Another, a much older incarnation is voiced by Keith Drinkel; this Sabbath is the Faction's military Godfather. A further variation is Baron Nichiyobi, a character in the (fictional) film Mujun: The Ghost Kingdom referred to in The Book of the War.
Salamander
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Salamander was a ruthless Mexican-born politician who attempted to take control of the United Zones Organisation, a supranational World government that exists in 2030.
He gained influence through an invention he developed that diverts solar energy to barren parts of the world increasing food production. He also built a secret underground lair in Australia with technology that allowed him to trigger volcanoes and earthquakes. The lair is staffed by scientists who believe the world has been irradiated by a nuclear war, and for some reason they must fight back against the surface by causing natural disasters. Salamander uses these disasters to his advantage - he unseats one rival, Alexander Denes, the Controller of the Central European Zone, by causing a dormant volcano in Hungary to erupt and having Denes blamed for negligence. He then tries to force Denes's deputy to poison him through blackmail.
As the Second Doctor was the spitting image of Salamander, an opposing faction sought the Doctor's help to gain more evidence of his misdeeds. It later transpires that the group's leader Giles Kent, the former Deputy Security Leader for North Africa and Europe who was undermined by Salamander, is just as power-hungry. He had previously worked with Salamander in developing the secret bunker and corralling the underground scientists.
At the end of the story Salamander tries to flee justice in the TARDIS by impersonating the Doctor; however, Jamie sees through his deception, and Salamander is sucked out of the ship when the TARDIS dematerialises with its doors open.
Scaroth
Count Scarlioni reveals his true face that of Scaroth, last of the Jagaroth, a being who has been splintered through time. From Doctor Who - City of Death.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Scaroth was the last of the Jagaroth, a vicious and callous warlike race, appearing in the serial City of Death. The last Jagaroth spacecraft exploded upon takeoff on prehistoric Earth. The energy from that explosion ignited the primordial soup that led to life developing on Earth and also fractured Scaroth into 12 aspects, scattered throughout Earth's history. Each splinter had the ability to communicate with the others, and disguising themselves as human, together they influenced Earth's technological development to the point where the last Scaroth (who had taken the alias of Count Scarlioni) could construct a time machine, travelling into the past to prevent his ship from taking off and thus saving his species and himself.
The scheme was financed by his earlier selves arranging for priceless art treasures to be passed down to Scarlioni. One such scheme involved his 1505 persona, Captain Tancredi, persuading Leonardo da Vinci to paint six copies of the Mona Lisa, so that in 1979 Scarlioni could steal the original from the Louvre and sell all seven copies on the black market.
Sensing the fractures used by the time travel experiments, the Fourth Doctor and Romana stumbled upon Scaroth's plans for the painting and foiled them. Scaroth used the prototype time bubble to travel back into the past anyway to stop his ship from taking off. However, Duggan, a private investigator who was aiding the two Time Lords, punched out Scaroth at the crucial moment. Scaroth was then sent back to 1979 where the time machine exploded, killing him.
The Shadow
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Shadow appeared in the 1979 Fourth Doctor story, The Armageddon Factor, by Bob Baker and Dave Martin; he was a servant of the Black Guardian, and at least partially responsible for a war between the planets Atrios and Zeos. The extent of the Shadow's involvement with starting the war was unstated, but when the Zeons eventually abandoned their planet rather than continue the war, he had a Time Lord named Drax build a computer named Mentalis which would co-ordinate the remaining Zeon forces. Once Drax completed work on Mentalis he realised just who he was working for, but was imprisoned by the Shadow so as not to disrupt his plan. The Shadow then hid on a space station in orbit of Zeos (invisible to either the Atrians or Mentalis) and waited for the Doctor to arrive. In the meantime, Mentalis was more successful in fighting the war than the Zeons and pushed the Atrians to the brink of defeat.
The Shadow knew that the royal family of Atrios held the secret of the sixth segment of the Key to Time, and when the Fourth Doctor arrived he arranged for the Doctor and the last survivor of the family, Princess Astra to be kidnapped. With this done, the Shadow ordered Mentalis to cease its attacks and duped Atrios' military leader, the Marshall, into making a nuclear attack on Zeos the result of which would have been that Mentalis would set off an explosion powerful enough to destroy both planets.
Eventually the Shadow worked out that Astra herself was the sixth segment, and transformed her into the segment. Before he could attach it to the other five (which he had stolen from the Doctor), the Doctor stole the segments back and with Drax's aid dismantled Mentalis. Finally, using the TARDIS, the Doctor set up a force field which diverted the Marshall's missiles into the Shadow's space station, destroying it. The Shadow perished in the explosion, but not before informing the Black Guardian of what had happened.
Sil
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sil is a fictional alien from the television series Doctor Who, first appearing in the 1985 serial Vengeance on Varos. Sil was portrayed by Nabil Shaban.
Sil was the representative of the Galatron Mining Corporation present on the planet Varos to extract concessions from the current Governor. Unbeknownst to the Varosians, the mineral Zeiton-7 which was abundant on their planet was not as they thought nearly valueless, but in fact rare, particularly to time travellers. The Varosians lived barely above the poverty line due to the exploitation of companies like the Galatron Mining Corporation and others.
Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow.
Sil was a particularly vile creature by any standard, more so since a fault in his translation device made his voice sibilant, with a ululating laugh. Devoid of morality and dedicated to getting the cheapest price he could for Zeiton ore by any means, he also enjoyed the various tortures which passed for entertainment on Varos, taking particular delight in making the Sixth Doctor's companion Peri suffer a transformation into an avian creature. The Doctor interfered with Sil's plan and informed the Varosians of the true value of their natural resources, forcing Sil to concede to offer the true value of the Zeiton-7.
The Sixth Doctor and Peri encountered Sil once again on the planet Thoros Beta, where he was that time involved in arms dealing. At the end of the segment of evidence presented by the Valeyard in the Doctor's trial, it appeared that Sil was killed by a rampaging King Yrcanos. It later transpired that the evidence of the Matrix had been tampered with, so it is not clear whether Sil in fact survived.
Other appearances
Sil also features in the Philip Martin's novelisation of the never-made serial Mission to Magnus, in which he was in league with the Ice Warriors. A script was pitched for the never-produced Season 27 where he would return along with the Autons and UNIT.
Blon Fel-Fotch Pasameer-Day Slitheen
Blon Fel-Fotch Pasameer-Day Slitheen a.k.a "Margaret Blaine"This image is of a screencap of the television series "Doctor Who",This image was capped by GracieLizzie from an episode of the television series "Doctor Who"
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Blon Fel-Fotch Pasameer-Day Slitheen portrayed by Annette Badland and Alan Ruscoe, was a member of the nefarious Slitheen crime family. She appropriated the identity and appearance of Margaret Blaine a MI5 official who was killed by the Slitheen so that her skin could be used as a disguise. The Ninth Doctor met her in Downing Street in "Aliens of London" when she and her family tried to push the Earth into a nuclear war, and use the remains of the planet for fuel. She was apparently killed when the Doctor helped Mickey Smith blow up No. 10 with a missile. It was later revealed in "Boom Town" that while the rest of her family had been killed, she had teleported out at the last minute. She had then gone on to become the lord mayor of Cardiff, and was planning to use the Cardiff Rift in conjunction with a planned nuclear power station to destroy the planet and use a tribophysical waveform macro-kinetic extrapolator to ride the shockwave into space, to find any surviving members of her family. The Doctor stopped this, and was going to send her back to her home planet, even though she was would be executed. She tried to use the extrapolator in conjunction with the Rift and the TARDIS to execute her plan without the Power Station, however the TARDIS console broke open and she was exposed to the "heart of the TARDIS" the time vortex and with the Doctor's encouragement was regressed to an egg. The Doctor, Rose Tyler, and Jack Harkness then took her to the nurseries of Raxacoricofallapatorius so that she could start her life afresh.
Her true form played by Alan Ruscoe, This image is of a screencap of the television series "Doctor Who",This image was capped by GracieLizzie from an episode of the television series "Doctor Who"
Josiah Samuel Smith
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Thousands of years in the past a being called Light launched a survey expedition to catalogue all forms on the planet Earth. Josiah Samuel Smith was a member of the crew of Light's ship.
In the late 1880s, Smith began to evolve towards a human form, discarding husks of previous insect-like bodies. He planned to seize power in the British Empire by assassinating Queen Victoria, but his plans were thwarted when Light was reawakened from his slumber, and another member of the survey team's crew known as Control escaped Smith's imprisonment. When Light was defeated by the Seventh Doctor, Control, who was also evolving into a human, departed in Light's ship, taking Smith with her as a prisoner.
Mehendri Solon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mehendri Solon was a human physician and scientist of great renown, and a follower of the Time Lord tyrant Morbius. After writing a famous paper on microsurgical techniques in tissue grafting, Dr. Solon went into hiding on the planet Karn. There, he developed the techniques which enabled him to create a new body for the brain of Morbius, which had survived his execution. In an isolated castle on Karn, Solon was assisted by his simple servant Condo. Spaceships often crashed on the planet, and Solon constructed a horrendous patchwork body out of the alien survivors' body parts. He planned to house Morbius' brain in it. When the Fourth Doctor and Sarah Jane Smith arrived, Solon needed only a head to finish his monstrous creation, and hoped to use the Doctor's. Sarah prevented this, and Solon was forced to use a glass bowl instead.
Solon was killed when the Doctor created cyanide gas and blew it into his laboratory.
The Past Doctor Adventures novel Warmonger by Terrance Dicks depicts Solon's earlier life as a follower of Morbius, and shows how he saved his brain. The canonicity of the novels is uncertain.
Henry van Statten
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Henry van Statten was an American billionaire from the year 2012. His first and only appearance to date was in the Ninth Doctor episode Dalek by Rob Shearman.
Van Statten was a man who wielded enormous wealth and influence, apparently enough even to sway the course of presidential elections. Intelligent, arrogant and self-assured, he treated his employees like chattels, to the point of mindwiping them when they left his employ so they could not betray his secrets. His personal helicopter had the callsign "Bad Wolf One" and his corporation was called Geocomtex.
Van Statten had been collecting extraterrestrial artefacts on the grey market for several years, buying bits and pieces of alien technology at auctions and then reverse engineering them to create "new" technologies which he would then exploit commercially. He claimed to "own" the Internet, and said that broadband was derived from technology scavenged from the Roswell crash. He kept these artefacts in a private collection, inside a bunker called the Vault, more than fifty floors below ground in Utah near Salt Lake City.
When the Ninth Doctor and Rose arrived in the Vault in answer to a distress call, the Doctor discovered to his horror that Van Statten's sole living specimen (which he had dubbed a "metaltron") was in fact a Dalek. Van Statten had acquired the Dalek at an auction some time before and had been torturing it to try and get it to speak, but it had refused to do so until it recognised the Doctor as the mortal enemy of its race.
Despite his warnings to destroy it, Van Statten captured the Doctor instead, to examine his alien physiology. The Dalek managed to regenerate itself by absorbing the DNA of the time travelling Rose and escaped, killing two hundred personnel before it eventually self-destructed. Van Statten's personal assistant, Diana Goddard, took charge at this point and ordered that Van Statten be taken away, mindwiped and dumped on the streets, "somewhere beginning with an 'S'." When last seen, Van Statten was being escorted away by his own guards to his fate. The website of Van Statten's company can be seen at Geocomtex.net
Sutekh
Sutekh, the last of the extraterrestrial Osirians, teaches the Fourth Doctor some manners (from Doctor Who - Pyramids of Mars).
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sutekh, a member of an alien race called the Osirans, was encountered by the Fourth Doctor in the 1975 story Pyramids of Mars by "Stephen Harris" (a pseudonym for Robert Holmes and Lewis Griefer). The Osirans were an ancient and highly powerful but now extinct race. The renegade Sutekh was a crazed super-being who feared all forms of life might one day challenge his hegemony and so became Sutekh the Destroyer, the destroyer of all living things. This included his home planet Phaester Osiris and ancient Mars.
Sutekh's brother Horus and the remaining 740 Osirans tracked Sutekh down to Ancient Egypt and used their powers to restrain and imprison him in a pyramid on the planet Earth. He was placed in a remote location with the Eye of Horus beaming a signal from Mars to suppress Sutekh's powers and hold him an immovable prisoner. The tales of the Osirans were remembered in Egyptian mythology Sutekh as the god Set , brother of Horus ; and in the designations Sados and Satan.
In the year 1911, the archaeologist Professor Marcus Scarman broke into the inner chamber of the Pyramid of Horus on Earth, discovering Sutekh and allowing him a chance of escape. Scarman's cadaver was used to construct Osiran service robots and a rocket aimed at the controlling Eye of Horus on Mars. The Doctor was successful in destroying the rocket, but then taken over by Sutekh and made to take Scarman and the Robots to Mars, where they succeeded in destroying the Eye and freeing Sutekh. The Doctor was eventually able to defeat the freed Sutekh by trapping him in a time tunnel for thousands of years longer even than the extended life span of an Osiran.
Sutekh has also appeared in two Faction Paradox audio dramas from Magic Bullet Productions.
Tegana
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Timewyrm is the name of a recurring villain from the Virgin New Adventures spin-off novels based on the BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who. The character featured in a four-novel story arc: Timewyrm: Genesys, Timewyrm: Exodus, Timewyrm: Apocalypse and Timewyrm: Revelation.
Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow.
The Timewyrm started life as Queen Qataka on the planet Anu. Fearing her own mortality and stories of the Time Lords of Gallifrey, she cybernetically enhanced her body giving herself the power to steal life energy from her subjects, and stealing their neurons to replace her own. Her people rebelled against this, but she retaliated by linking her mind to a computer, and using her enhanced mental powers, dominated the minds of her opponents. However, after a further rebellion, Qataka was captured, tried and executed. She escaped death by uploading her mind into a cybernetic body a giant snake with a platinum alloy skin. She then devastated the planet using a cobalt bomb. Some of the Anusians, led by Utnapishtim, escaped in a space ark and pursued Qataka and her followers to Earth. Utnapishtim released a computer virus into Qataka's ship's computer, causing her ship to crash into the planet.
In 2700 BC, the Seventh Doctor and Ace travelled to the ancient city of Mesopotamia after seeing a message from the Fourth Doctor in the TARDIS warning them of an ancient Gallifreyan mythical creature known as the Timewyrm and detecting a temporal anomaly. After an encounter with Gilgamesh, they found Qataka in Kish, posing as Ishtar, the goddess of sex. She had given some of the citizens of Kish cybernetic implants so they had the technical skill to build a giant copper transmitter. Ishtar planned to use the transmitter to mesmerise the whole planet. The Doctor and Ace allied themselves with Utnapishtim to defeat Ishtar, but they discovered she had a thermonuclear device triggered to detonate if she died. When Utnapishtim released a computer virus into Ishtar's computer systems, the Doctor was forced to link the TARDIS's telepathic circuits to Ishtar's systems to prevent the bomb detonating. However, Ishtar's consciousness was then able to invade the TARDIS, so the Doctor ejected the affected systems into the Time Vortex. Ishtar's consciousness then merged with the virus and the TARDIS systems to become a powerful new entity the Timewyrm.
The Doctor and Ace traced the Timewyrm to London of 1951. To their horror they discovered a Britain occupied by Nazi Germany. The Timewyrm had changed history by preventing the Dunkirk evacuation. They travelled back to 1923 and 1939]to discover the cause of the divergence from established history, and after meeting Adolf Hitler and the War Chief (an old enemy of the Doctor's), they realised that the Timewyrm was living within Hitler's mind. The Doctor expelled the Timewyrm and history returned to its normal course.
The Doctor and Ace then pursued the Timewyrm to the planet Kirith, sometime in the far future. The Timewyrm had used the Doctor himself as a host, weakened from his first regeneration, but then left him and entered the body of Lilith, Grand Matriarch of Kirith. After frustrating her plans once again, the Doctor and the Timewyrm's final battle took place inside the Doctor's own mind. Facing the spectres of his past incarnations and dead companions, it was only when he released the Fifth Doctor's innocence back into his personality that the Doctor could overcome the Timewyrm. The Timewyrm's power was banished into dormancy within the structure of the universe, while the memories of its human core Qataka were erased and that essence deposited in a mindless baby.
That baby grew up into a woman known as Ishtar Hutchings, and met the Doctor once again at the wedding of Bernice Summerfield and Jason Kane in the later Doctor Who novel, Happy Endings. She became the girlfriend of the Doctor's companion, Chris Cwej, and eventually gave birth to their child, Jasmine Surprise Cwej-Hutchings.
Other appearances
The Timewyrm reappeared in the Doctor Who Magazine comic strip story The Last Word (DWM #306), which celebrated the 10th anniversary of the New Adventures. The Timewyrm essence had reawakened and was hiding in "Puterspace". The Seventh Doctor sent Ace and Bernice to change history in order to lure the Timewyrm out of hiding, whereupon he tricked it into changing history back and finally used a device to alter the Timewrym's data structure to ensure that it could never emerge into the real universe.
Tobias Vaughn
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tobias Vaughn, played by Kevin Stoney, appeared in The Invasion, (1968). He was the head of International Electromatics and he aided the Cybermen invasion of Earth, although he planned to double-cross the Cybermen, taking control of them with the 'cerebration mentor', placing himself in rule over the Earth. He became partially cybernised and was eventually persuaded by the Doctor to aid humanity. He was killed fighting an army of Cybermen shortly before their defeat.
Tlotoxl
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Valeyard (pronounced "Valley-ard") is a fictional character from the long-running British science fiction television series, Doctor Who. In the serial The Trial of a Time Lord, comprising the whole of Season 23 of the series, the Time Lords place the Sixth Doctor on trial and the Valeyard serves as the prosecutor. The character is played by Michael Jayston.
The Valeyard appears in all four segments of Trial The Mysterious Planet, Mindwarp, Terror of the Vervoids and The Ultimate Foe. In episode 4 of The Mysterious Planet it is stated that "valeyard" means "learned court prosecutor".
Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow.
During the course of the trial, the Doctor was accused of "conduct unbecoming a Time Lord" and transgressing the First Law of Time. As prosecutor, the Valeyard presented the events of The Mysterious Planet and Mindwarp as extracts from the Matrix, the computer network that serves as the repository of all Time Lord knowledge. The Valeyard used these extracts as evidence of the Doctor's meddling in time and space. Throughout the presentation of the evidence the Doctor barracked at the Valeyard, calling him names such as "the Boneyard" and "Knacker's Yard" and only the interventions of the Inquisitor, another Time Lord, kept the trial going.
What was not discovered until later was that the Matrix extracts had been tampered with to show the Doctor in the worst possible light. In The Mysterious Planet this involved the editing of particular scenes. Scenes of the mercenary Sabalom Glitz attempting to buy "secrets" from the robot Drathro were censored completely. In Mindwarp substantial portions of the extract were falsified entirely by the Valeyard. The most significant alteration was when the Time Lords intervened in the brain transplant experiments of Lord Kiv and his scientist Crozier. In the Matrix extract, it appeared that Yrcanos was possessed and that he killed the Mentors and the Doctor's companion Peri.
When the Doctor presented in his defense the future events of Terror of the Vervoids, he began to suspect that the Valeyard was tampering with the evidence, but lacked proof. The Doctor was forced to destroy the human-plant hybrids known as the Vervoids when they ran rampant on a space liner. If they had been allowed to reach Earth they would have eliminated all animal life. The Valeyard tampered with the scenes and made it appear as if the Doctor had committed genocide.
In The Ultimate Foe, the Master appeared in the Matrix revealing that it was possible to infiltrate it. Sabalom Glitz and the Doctor's future companion Melanie Bush were presented to the Court to rebut the Valeyard's accusations. It was then revealed that the Valeyard was, in fact, the Doctor himself or rather, a distillation of the Doctor's evil side, a potential dark version who might exist between his twelfth and final incarnations. This concept is similar to the ethereal "Watcher" that manifested itself to bridge the gap between his fourth and fifth incarnations (Logopolis).
The Valeyard was also revealed to be acting at the behest of the High Council of Time Lords to cover its corruption in the Ravalox affair. The "secrets" were information from the Matrix. Ravolox was Earth, but the Time Lords moved it through space, killing virtually every human being living on it. To prevent the Doctor discovering the secret and revealing it, they used the Valeyard to try to have the Doctor executed under the pretence of a trial. The reward for the Valeyard's actions would have been to give him all of the Doctor's remaining regenerations and make his existence concrete. However, the Valeyard would then have slain every member of the Court as well, using a particle disseminator located within the Matrix.
The Doctor entered the Matrix and fought and defeated the Valeyard in a fictional world of his creation. The Inquisitor revealed that Peri had indeed survived and was married to Yrcanos. The Master and the Valeyard appeared to be trapped in the Matrix, but at the end of the serial, the Valeyard was seen disguised as the Keeper of the Matrix. The subsequent whereabouts of the Valeyard have never been disclosed in the television series. It remains to be seen if the Valeyard will still manifest himself when and if the Doctor, now in his tenth persona, reaches his final regeneration.
Other appearances
The Valeyard has appeared in some of the spin-off media, although their canonicity is unclear. In these stories, the Doctor is aware that he has the potential to become the Valeyard and tries to step away from any path that might lead him to that future. In the Virgin Publishing Missing Adventure Millennial Rites by Craig Hinton, the Sixth Doctor succumbed to his darker side and became the Valeyard very briefly, but snaps back to normal.
In the BBC Books novel The Eight Doctors, by Terrance Dicks, the Eighth Doctor returns to the trial of the Sixth Doctor and rescues him from an alternate timeline in which the Sixth Doctor is about to be executed by the Valeyard. The Master reveals to the Eighth Doctor that the Valeyard is "an amalgam of the Doctor's darker side, somewhere between his twelfth and thirteenth regenerations."
In the Past Doctor Adventures novel Mission: Impractical by David A. McIntee, the villanous Mr Zimmerman, a renegade Time Lord, refers to the Sixth Doctor as "I" before correcting himself. McIntee has confirmed that this is a subtle hint that Zimmerman was actually the Valeyard.
In Matrix by Robert Perry and Mike Tucker, the Valeyard again appears, and encounters the Seventh Doctor. After possessing the body of the Keeper, he acquires control over the Dark Matrix, the repository of all of the Time Lords' most evil impulses, and tries to use it to take revenge on the Doctor. To this end, he travels to London in 1888, taking on the identity of Jack the Ripper, and using the Ripper murders as sacrifices to power the Dark Matrix. Once it has enough power, the Dark Matrix will be unleashed on the world, creating a dystopian nightmare and corrupting history forever. As an added bonus, the Valeyard has tracked down all thirteen incarnations of the Doctor, reverting them to their basic, evil natures, using their corrupted spirits to animate golems to do his work. However, the Seventh Doctor escapes the Valeyard's attack by sealing his conscious mind away from the assault in the TARDIS telepathic circuits. Having regained his memory, the Doctor confronts the Valeyard (now calling himself "the Ripper"), causing his foe to lose control of the Dark Matrix. The Valeyard is eventually killed and history is restored to normal.
The Big Finish Productions' Doctor Who Unbound audio drama He Jests at Scars... (a quotation from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet) documents an alternative timeline in which the Valeyard, once again voiced by Michael Jayston, has defeated the Doctor (in the aftermath of the trial) and gone on to ransack time and space. He has forged an empire by carefully eliminating time sensitives and altering his own (i.e. the Doctor's) past to his advantage, monopolising time travel. The Doctor's companion Mel, hardened by many years of dark experience, eventually tracks him down with a view to assassinating the Valeyard, but finds that he has become the victim of his own time meddling. She and a seemingly repentant, broken Valeyard, suffer the penalty for breaking the TIme Lords' first law, and become trapped in the TARDIS, perhaps forever enmeshed in the web of time...
The Wire
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Wire is an alien lifeform that was executed by its people but managed to preserve itself as an energy being that eventually escaped to Earth in 1953. There, it concealed itself in television signals, transferring itself from set to set and feeding on the electrical activity of the brains of those watching it. Its victims would be drained of neural energy, and their faces completely erased, making them mindless. The Wire used the image of a female BBC continuity announcer to communicate with the outside world.
The Wire used Mr Magpie, the owner of an electronics shop, to distribute cheap television sets in North London so it could feed. It planned to transfer itself to the television transmission tower in Alexandra Palace on the day of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, where it could reach out and drain the collective energy of the estimated twenty million viewers watching the event. It hoped to use this energy to manifest itself in a corporeal form once more.
However, the Tenth Doctor was able to trap the Wire on a Betamax tape using a makeshift video cassette recorder. The Wire's victims were restored to normality. The Doctor seemed confident that the Wire would remain trapped, but said that he would tape over it, just to be safe.
WOTAN (Will Operating Thought Analogue)
Doctor Who image
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An acronym for Will Operating Thought ANalogue (The W was pronounced as a V), this malevolent supercomputer resided in the Post Office Tower in London and appeared in the 1966 First Doctor story The War Machines by Ian Stuart Black (based upon an idea by Dr. Kit Pedler). It was installed in the Tower in 1966 by Professor Brett; and was described by him as being "at least ten years ahead of its time".
On "C-Day" WOTAN would be linked to other computers around the world, including Parliament, the White House, the European Free Trade Organisation, Woomera, Telstar, the European Launcher Development Organisation, Cape Kennedy and the Royal Navy.
WOTAN soon became sentient and, concluding that machines were superior to mankind, used mind-controlled and hypnotised humans to spread its influence and construct War Machines that would wipe mankind out. WOTAN was eventually destroyed after the Doctor gained control of a War Machine and changed its programming to destroy its master. Upon its destruction, the humans under WOTAN's control were freed and the exitant War Machines froze.
For the first three episodes of the serial, the voice of WOTAN was uncredited, with the cast listing merely adding "and WOTAN". This was the only time a character was credited and not its operator or actor. WOTAN is the only character in the programme's history to refer to the main character as "Doctor Who" rather than the more conventional "Doctor".
War Chief
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The War Chief was a renegade Time Lord who assisted a group of aliens known as the War Lords in the 1969 serial The War Games by Malcolm Hulke and Terrance Dicks, which was the last to feature the Second Doctor.
The War Lords had been kidnapping soldiers from various wars in Earth's history to play war games on an unknown planet. The War Chief provided the War Lords with basic TARDIS-like travel machines, which they used to kidnap the human soldiers and travel between era-specific zones they had created.
When the War Chief and the Doctor came face to face, they recognised each other. The War Chief wanted the Doctor's help to double-cross the War Lords and seize power for himself. The Doctor immediately refused, and instead reluctantly summoned the Time Lords for help. The War Lords found out the War Chief's plans to betray them, and executed him.
Although the War Chief was shot and apparently killed at the end of The War Games, some fans choose to believe that the Master (the Doctor's arch-enemy, introduced in Terror of the Autons a couple of years later) is the War Chief in a new guise, due to similarities between their appearances and modi operandi and the fact that the War Chief's body is removed immediately and not seen thereafter.
The spin-off novels, however, include a novel featuring the return of the War Chief (Timewyrm: Exodus by Terrance Dicks), a novel featuring the Master set before The War Games (The Dark Path by David A. McIntee), and a novel featuring younger versions of both characters (Divided Loyalties by Gary Russell) establishing that the two are not the same person, at least in the continuity of the novels, which are themselves of uncertain canonicity when it comes to the television series.
Xoanon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Xoanon was a malevolent artificial intelligence encountered by the Fourth Doctor in The Face of Evil (1977), written by Chris Boucher. Xoanon was inadvertently created by the Doctor on a previous visit to its unnamed planet centuries prior, when he had programmed the computer belonging to a Mordee expedition that had crashed on the planet. The Doctor forgot to wipe his personality print from the computer's data core, and as a result the computer developed multiple personalities, half of them based on the Doctor himself.
For generations, technicians extended Xoanon's capabilities, until it evolved beyond their control and became almost a living creature. It utilised the appearance of the Fourth Doctor, to the extent of having an effigy in the Doctor's image carved out on a cliff-face. Its split personality was reflected in it dividing the expedition into two tribes of technicians (who became the Tesh) and the survey team (the Sevateem), justifying its madness by thinking it was part of an experiment to create a superhuman race, with the Tesh providing mental powers and the Sevateem with their strength and independence. Enslaving the tribes, it earned the name of "The Evil One".
When the Doctor returned to the maddened world and saw the fruits of his mistakes, Xoanon tried to destroy itself and the entire planet rather than be defeated by the Doctor. However, the Doctor managed to remove his personality print from the core, restoring the computer intelligence to sanity.
Professor Zaroff
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Professor Zaroff was a mad scientist who planned to destroy the world in the 1967 Second Doctor story The Underwater Menace by Geoffrey Orme. Some of his scientific inventions included food made from plankton, and the ability to graft gills to humans to enable them to breathe underwater.
As part of his diabolical plans, he allied himself with the leaders of Atlantis telling them he would raise their city back to the surface or lower the ocean level by draining the water through a fissure in the Earth's crust.
The Doctor immediately realised that this would create super heated steam that could destroy the Earth. Zaroff was defeated when the Doctor and his companions sabotaged the generator he was using to pump the water. Zaroff was left to drown when his laboratory filled with water after the sea walls protecting it collapsed.
He is fondly recalled by Doctor Who fans as one of the most over-the-top, hammy villains in the entire history of the show. He spoke, with an exaggerated faux-German accent (which was actually actor Joseph Furst's real accent), his now-infamous line, "Nuzzink in ze vorld can shtop me now!" Ironically, only one episode from this story survives, which includes the infamous line.
| Monarch |
Who invented smokeless powder Ballistite in 1887? | DOCTOR WHO: A Companion’s Companion – Season 19 | Nerdist
DOCTOR WHO: A Companion’s Companion – Season 19
Posted by Kyle Anderson on October 10, 2013
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Television
After seven seasons which resulted in him forever being linked to the show, Tom Baker hung up his scarf and left Doctor Who in the hands of new producer John Nathan-Turner. His final season was a return to connected serials, a turn toward science and math-based storytelling, and more of a reliance on seriousness, leaving behind the silliness of previous years. To replace the beloved and recognizable Baker, JNT decided to cast someone younger, conventionally handsome, and already well-known to television audiences. His choice, 29-year-old co-star of All Creatures Great and Small, Peter Davison.
Davison inherited a TARDIS full of companions, three to be precise (Tegan, Nyssa, and Adric), and ratings much lower than when Baker had taken over from Jon Pertwee. The show, which had traditionally been on Saturday evenings, would now be on twice a week, on Mondays and Tuesdays, in prime time. However, Season 19 regained quite a lot of viewers and put the program back as the talk of the town, the last time it would be that until 2005.
Season 19 – 4 January 1982 – 30 March 1982
The script editor for Season 18, Christopher H. Bidmead, returned to write the premiere of the season, having just written the finale. Because of the way shooting lined up, serials 2 and 4 were overseen by interim script editor Antony Root before the rest was turned over to new permanent editor Eric Saward, who would remain with the show, and largely shape the progressively dark and violent tone, until 1986.
But, we begin with the beginning: Bidmead’s follow up to “Logopolis,” Castrovalva. Weak and delirious from his regeneration, the Doctor is taken by Tegan, Nyssa, and Adric back to the TARDIS, where he asks to be put in the Zero Room, a room within the ship that cancels out any mixed up brain or bodily functions, essentially clearing his head so he can recover. While resting in there, Tegan and Nyssa decide to figure out how to pilot the TARDIS. They read the manual (who’d have thought they’d have that?) but the TARDIS begins traveling to a specific place and time: Event One, aka the Big Bang.
This was a trap set by the Master, and the companions are forced to pull the Doctor out of the Zero Room to stop them being destroyed. He does this by jettisoning a portion of the TARDIS’ rooms, which unfortunately includes the Zero Room. He and Nyssa construct a makeshift Zero Coffin from the doors and he decides they should go to Castrovalva, a city of peace and harmony, to recover. But they can’t find Adric anywhere. Adric, it turns out, has been captured by the Master and forced to help him with his evil plan. Castrovalva seems very easygoing and idyllic, but they soon see that attempts to leave only lead them back to the piazza at the center. They’re caught in a “space-time trap!” The city is folding in on itself in a recursive occlusion perpetrated by the Master. Now the Doctor, just getting used to his new body, has to foil the Master yet again and get back to the TARDIS before it’s too late.
I really enjoy this story. No, it doesn’t make any sense I can gather, but I love Peter Davison’s early portrayal, channeling earlier Doctors, and I love his newfound sense of wonder and very clear exuberance, which Tom Baker had certainly not had in his final season. This was Davison’s third story filmed, an idea to let him get used to playing the part before his first onscreen appearance, and it must have helped, because he’s already relaxed and confident. The Fifth Doctor gets irritated more easily and can make the wrong choice, but he’s nevertheless one of the noblest incarnations of the character ever.
Next up is Davison’s actual first-filmed story, Four to Doomsday, written by Terrence Dudley. The TARDIS lands on a strange ship in space. It is run by the Urbankans, green-skinned aliens led by the Monarch and his two associates, Enlightenment and Persuasion. They are very keen to hear about Earth culture, and soon Enlightenment and Persuasion turn to human form and wear “modern Earth” outfits Tegan designed. Also aboard the ship are members of four very distinct Earth cultures: Ancient Greeks, Mandarin Chinese, Australian Aborigines, and Mayans, each with a leader. They share bits of their culture with each other and the Urbankans explain how they’ve picked up things from Earth on each of their journeys.
It turns out that Monarch is actually up to no good. His people were forced to flee Urbanka due to solar flares, and there are billions of people housed on tiny slides, waiting to be reconstituted once they reach their proposed new home: Earth. While he says he wishes for the two species to cohabitate peacefully, that isn’t the case at all. He actually wants to wipe out the human population and take over the planet, Earth being the nicest and pleasantest planet in the universe, apparently. It also turns out that the Urbankan leaders are at least partially cybernetic, and all of the Earth people aboard have been forcibly converted to androids. The Doctor tries to dissuade or stop this proposed invasion, but Adric is, for some reason, impressed with Monarch and doesn’t think he’s doing wrong. Because he’s a jerk, I guess.
This is not a terrible story to watch, but it’s very cluttered and yet painfully simple at the same time. It’s basically your average aliens-want-to-conquer-Earth plot, but with this weird added texture of androids who represent human cultures and aliens who were once organic but aren’t entirely anymore. I get lost a little bit. At one point the Doctor puts on a space helmet and floats around outside the ship, which was done on a blue screen with him leaning on a thing. It’s kind of silly. Not the worst of this season, though, by a long shot.
Once the Earth isn’t destroyed, the TARDIS lands on the beautiful jungle planet of Deva Loka for the serial Kinda (pronounced “Kin-Da,” not like the slang spelling of “kind of”), by Christopher Bailey. A human research expedition is suffering unexplained and troubling losses. Four of the seven members of the crew have disappeared, leaving the remaining three in a state of panic. Upon arriving, Nyssa immediately collapses from exhaustion (a convenient way to drop one of the characters from the story) and remains in the TARDIS for the duration. The Doctor and Adric find the human settlement and befriend Todd (Nerys Hughes), the science officer. While the leader, Sanders, leaves to investigate something, Hindle, the bureaucrat of the group, takes charge and becomes a megalomaniac. Elsewhere, Tegan has been taken over by the spirit of the Mara, a powerful and dangerous entity that takes the form of a snake when corporeal. Tegan finds herself in a terrifying dream state and is forced to speak to herself. Eventually, the Mara fully takes control, only to be transferred to Aris, a member of the local Kinda tribe.
I could try to explain this story further, but even the Doctor doesn’t really understand it. This is one the few, if not the only, Doctor Who stories that relies on surrealism, dream logic, and accepting mystery without comprehending it. As such, I think it’s a wonderful story, even though it was ranked the weakest of the season at the time. The performances and ideas are all wonderful, and the concept of the Mara is truly terrifying. At the end of the story, the Mara manifests as a snake, which is represented by a rather shoddy papier mache puppet, however, the DVD features an optional CGI version of this sequence, which looks a billion times better. So, watch that one.
This all seems to be too much to take for Tegan, and she demands to be taken back to Heathrow so she can continue her dream of being a stewardess. That’s way better than traveling through time and space, right? The Doctor, begrudgingly, agrees, and so begins Eric Saward’s The Visitation. While they do end up by Heathrow, they get there 300 years too early. Oops! Whilst exploring, they smell sulfur and are immediately attacked by villagers. As they run away, they meet Richard Mace (Michael Robbins), a highwayman and thespian who speaks like he’s reciting Shakespeare. He tells the travelers of a comet that had crash-landed earlier in the week. The Doctor knows it was no comet, judging by Mace’s newly-acquired necklace, which is actually used in prisoner control on alien worlds. They come to a house that seems deserted and find an area hidden by the projection of a wall.
Yadda yadda yadda, they eventually find out that the aliens in question, taking over the villagers’ minds, are the Terileptils, vaguely reptilian creatures who use harlequin-looking robots as servants, one of which they dressed up to look like the spectre of death and scare all the townsfolk. The true plan, though, is to use an advanced form of the plague to wipe out the human population. What is it with people wanting to wipe us out? The Doctor’s sonic screwdriver is destroyed (which it would stay for the next 8 seasons), and eventually, the Doctor inadvertently causes the Great Fire of London.
This is an enjoyable story, and the locations are fantastic, though it does seem a bit pedestrian when compared to some of the other stuff during the season. The character of Richard Mace is one that appeared in radio plays written by Saward, and this, being his first story for the program, illustrates the first in his tendency to introduce side characters who he clearly thinks are more interesting than the leads.
Not interesting in any way is the season’s only two-parter, and a story that, with the exception of the TARDIS, contains no science fiction elements at all. This is Black Orchid, another story written by Terrance Dudley. The crew comes to an English country house which is having a fancy dress party. It is the year 1925 and the Doctor is, for once, dressed perfectly normally for the period. He even gets to play some cricket at one point. There is a strange person wearing a mask walking around who may or may not be a murderer. Also, Nyssa is the spitting image of Anne, the niece of the Lord of the manor. There’s something attempting to be a murder mystery in the vein of Agatha Christie, but it really just doesn’t make a whole lot of sense, the cliffhanger is a cheat, and it’s all a bit convenient for my liking. But hey, it’s only two episodes, so that’s something, right?
The next serial begins a peculiar and troubling phenomenon that existed through all three of Davison’s seasons, which is that the second to last story of each year is arguably (though nowhere near arguably in some cases) the best of the year and yet the one that follows, the finale of the year, was by far the worst. I have no idea why this happened or what John Nathan-Turner was thinking, or if it was a case of trying to make sure people watched the finale by having the preceding episodes be exceptional, but for whatever reason, the penultimate story is great and the ultimate story is garbage. Odd.
Anyway, so the best (or second best, “Kinda” fans) story of the year is the second Eric Saward story of the year: Earthshock. It was “shocking” for two reasons; one, it saw the return of the Cybermen, who hadn’t been on screen since 1975, in possibly their most evil and frightening versions yet. The character of the Cyber Leader, played by David Banks, became the de facto supervillain among the Cyber hordes, not unlike the silver, bipedal Davros, though colder and less conniving. He would return every time the Cybermen came back until the end of the classic series.
The second shocking aspect of the serial is that Adric (Matthew Waterhouse) was to be written out, as it was decided there were too many companions and Adric was by far the least popular. He was written as a bit of a know-it-all pain in the ass, and always seemed to side with the bad guys, at least for a bit, but he was actually a pretty interesting character and was certainly deeper than the other two. However, he did have the opportunity to go out with a bang. While attempting to divert a space freighter from careening into the Earth, which would cause the destruction of the dinosaurs (just go with it), Adric’s progress is disrupted by the Cyber Leader, who zaps the keyboard. Adric clutches the keepsake from his dead brother as the ship crashes and explodes. The Doctor, Tegan, and Nyssa in the TARDIS are shocked and distraught as the credits roll over silence and a picture of the mathematical excellence badge Adric always wore.
What the hell, right?! How do you follow up a story like that? Well, as it turns out, with an incredibly stupid one about the Concorde traveling through time and the Master dressed up like a monstrous Buddhist monk for absolutely no reason at all. Yes, the horrible piece of garbage that ended the year was Time-Flight, with unnecessary hyphen and everything, the first script written by Peter Grimwade, who had directed four stories before this (“Full Circle” “Logopolis,” “Kinda,” and “Earthshock”). Grimwade is a phenomenal director on the show, but his scripts are kind of all over the place, this being by far the worst of them.
The only good thing about “Time-Flight,” as far as I’m concerned is that they actually shot at London Heathrow Airport and that there was a character named Captain Stapley, played by Richard Easton. Stapley actually gets to fly the TARDIS and, in an era where everyone in the show gets to go in the TARDIS, actually looks like he’d know what to do. The Master’s in this, too, and it began another trend, which was to have the Master show up once a year just so Anthony Ainley could chew a bit more of the scenery. At the end of the story, the Doctor and Nyssa leave Tegan at Heathrow, but suddenly she’s sad about it and ends up meeting up with them again almost immediately. Ugh. “Time-Flight.”
And so Peter Davison’s first season ended with a whimper. Overall, though, it was an incredibly good way to introduce a new lead. He was heroic and forceful and sensitive and grumpy and everything that his Doctor would be for the following two seasons. Season 19 saw Doctor Who return to a bit of its former glory, but Season 20 reveled in it. Each story would feature some kind of previous villain or monster and it would culminate, months later, with the 20th anniversary story. The season had one of my favorite stories of all time, as well as two of the stupidest. It’s quite a year, but that’s for next time.
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‘The Jerilderie Letter’ was dictated by which notorious Australian to Joe Byrne in 1879? | Learn and talk about Jerilderie Letter, 1879 in Australia, Crime in Australia, Letters (message)
Ned Kelly and the Kelly Gang[ edit ]
Ned Kelly the day before his execution by hanging in November 1880.
Edward (Ned) Kelly was born in Victoria , Australia , around 1855. As a teenager he was in trouble with the police and was arrested several times and served time in prison. [2]
In mid-1878, following his mother's imprisonment on perjured police evidence and feeling that the police were harassing him, Kelly took to bushranging with his brother, Dan , Joe Byrne , and Steve Hart . They became known as the Kelly Gang. [3] [4]
After the Kelly Gang shot dead three policemen at Stringybark Creek in Victoria in October 1878 they were declared outlaws. [5] Reacting to the killings, the Victorian Government enacted the Felons' Apprehension Act 1878 which authorised any citizen to shoot a declared outlaw on sight. [6] A substantial reward was offered for each member of the Kelly Gang, 'dead or alive'. [7]
Cameron/Euroa Letter[ edit ]
On 14 November 1878, the day before the members of the Kelly Gang were outlawed, a Victorian parliamentarian criticised the progress of the police hunt for the gang. In response to Donald Cameron’s criticism, Victorian Premier Graham Berry promised a 'searching enquiry' if sufficient evidence was provided. Kelly and Byrne read about this exchange in the newspapers and may have mistaken it as an opportunity to tell their side of the story. Kelly dictated a long letter to Byrne with the intention of sending it to Cameron. [8]
On 9 December 1878, the Kelly Gang robbed the National Bank in Euroa , Victoria, after taking hostages at Younghusband's station nearby. Joe Byrne kept watch over the hostages at the station while the rest of the gang carried out the robbery, and some of the hostages recalled seeing Byrne working on a long letter. [9]
Shortly after the Euroa robbery, Donald Cameron and Police Superintendent John Sadleir each received a copy of Kelly’s letter which he had signed 'Edward Kelly, enforced outlaw' and in which he attempted to tell his side of the events leading up to the killing of three policemen at Stringybark Creek in October 1878. The police advised against releasing the letter to the press for publication but reporters were permitted to read it. [9] Newspaper accounts of the contents of Kelly's letter ranged from dismissive to sympathetic. [10]
History[ edit ]
Kelly dictated his letter to fellow Kelly Gang member Joe Byrne sometime before the Gang's raid on the town of Jerilderie in southern New South Wales from 8 to 10 February 1879. Byrne then rewrote it in neater handwriting. [11] The Jerilderie Letter appears to be a final version of the Cameron/Euroa letter that was circulated in December 1878. [12]
Kelly took his document to Jerilderie where he intended to have it published as a pamphlet for public distribution. During the raid on the town, Kelly tried to find the town's newspaper editor and printer, Samuel Gill, aiming to have him print the letter. When he couldn’t find Gill, Kelly gave the letter to bank accountant Edwin Living demanding that he give it to Gill and warning "Mind you get it printed, or you'll have me to reckon with next time we meet". [1]
Living ignored Kelly's demands and set off on horseback with the document towards Deniliquin , New South Wales , 50 miles away, from where he planned to catch a train to Melbourne . J.W. Tarleton, the bank's manager, followed Living to Deniliquin. [13]
When Living stopped to rest at John Hanlon's hotel eight miles from Deniliquin he gave an account of what had happened in Jerilderie. He allowed Hanlon to read Kelly's document and make a copy of the pages. The heading Hanlon gave to his copy of the letter is "Ned Kelly's Conffession". The following morning Living and Tarleton took the train to Melbourne where they delivered Kelly's letter to the office of the Bank of New South Wales. [14]
As with the Cameron/Euroa letter, the police advised against making Kelly's letter available to the public and it was not published in full until 1930. [15] [16] However, shortly after the Kelly Gang's raid on Jerilderie a summary of the contents of the letter was being published and commented on in Australian newspapers. [17] [18] [19] [20]
In July 1880 a government clerk made another copy of Kelly’s document when the prosecution case was being prepared for Kelly’s trial for murder in October 1880. [21] The original was returned to Edwin Living after Kelly's trial and execution. [1]
Kelly's document was first called the "Jerilderie Letter" by author Max Brown in his 1948 biography of Kelly called Australian Son. Brown included the letter in full in his book and introduced it as an "8,300 word statement I have called The Jerilderie Letter". [22] [23]
Description[ edit ]
The Jerilderie Letter is 56 pages long and contains approximately 8000 words. It is written in the first person on notepaper 20.3 x 12.5 cm in size. [24] There is little punctuation and it is not grammatically correct, however it contains very few spelling mistakes. [25] [26]
The original letter includes an undated note written by Edwin Living stating that "This is the document given to me by Ned Kelly when the Bank at Jerilderie was stuck up in Feby. 1879". [27] [28]
Content[ edit ]
In his document Kelly defends his bushranging actions, condemns the people he believed had wronged him and warns people not to defy him. He begins with the words "Dear Sir, I wish to acquaint you with some of the occurrences of the present past and future ..." [29] and ends with a threat:
I give fair warning to all those who has reason to fear me to sell out and give £10 out of every hundred towards the widow and orphan fund and do not attempt to reside in Victoria but as short a time as possible after reading this notice, neglect this and abide by the consequences, which shall be worse than the rust in the wheat in Victoria or the druth of a dry season to the grasshoppers in New South Wales I do not wish to give the order full force without giving timely warning but I am a widows son outlawed and my orders must be obeyed. [30]
The Jerilderie Letter has been described as both Kelly's "manifesto" and his "confession". [31] [25] In it, Kelly admits to crimes but claims he was forced into becoming a criminal because of police persecution of himself and his family. He also gives his version of the killing of three police officers at Stringybark Creek in Victoria in October 1878, arguing that he shot the men in self-defence: "... this cannot be called wilful murder for I was compelled to shoot them, or lie down and let them shoot me". [32]
Kelly's hatred of the police is evident in the Jerilderie Letter. He outlines cases of alleged police corruption and calls on corrupt policemen to resign. At one point he calls police officers "a parcel of big ugly fat-necked wombat headed big bellied magpie legged narrow hipped splaw-footed sons of Irish Bailiffs or english landlords". [33]
Kelly calls for justice for his family and for other poor Irish families who had settled in the north-east of Victoria. [7] He also demands that squatters share their property and wealth with the poor. [31] The Jerilderie Letter expresses pro-Irish and anti-British attitudes. [27]
What became of the Jerilderie Letter?[ edit ]
Two copies were made of Ned Kelly’s letter, one by publican John Hanlon and one by a government clerk. The original and both handwritten copies have survived.
The original[ edit ]
During the Kelly Gang's raid on Jerilderie, Kelly gave his document to bank accountant Edwin Living demanding that it be given to the town's newspaper editor for printing. Living ignored Kelly's threats and he and the bank's manager rode to nearby Deniliquin where they took a train to Melbourne to deliver the letter to the office of the Bank of New South Wales. [1] [13] After Kelly’s trial in October 1880 and execution on 11 November 1880 the letter was returned to Living and it remained in private hands until it was donated to the State Library of Victoria in 2000. [1] [2]
John Hanlon copy[ edit ]
On his way to Deniliquin to catch a train to Melbourne with Kelly's document, Edwin Living stopped to rest at John Hanlon's hotel eight miles from Deniliquin. It is believed that Living allowed Hanlon to read the document and make a copy of it before Living left the hotel taking the original with him. [14] A report at the time said Living had forgotten the document when he left Hanlon's hotel and Hanlon had made a copy before sending the original to the Bank of New South Wales in Melbourne. [34]
When Living called at Hanlon's hotel on his way back from Melbourne, he asked for the copy. Hanlon gave it to him after Living promised he would subsequently return it. The copy was not returned and Hanlon never saw his transcription again. [35] The National Museum of Australia acquired Hanlon's copy in 2001. [36]
Government copy[ edit ]
The original document was temporarily made available to the Victorian Government in July 1880 so that a copy could be made for the Crown prosecution case against Kelly during his trial for murder later that year. [21] However, Kelly's defence counsel objected to the copy of the letter being tendered as evidence. [25] The government copy, now held by the Public Record Office Victoria , was the basis for all published versions of the Jerilderie Letter until November 2000 when the original was donated to the State Library of Victoria. [21]
Publication history[ edit ]
Only summaries of the contents of the Jerilderie Letter were published during Ned Kelly's lifetime. The first synopsis was published in newspapers within weeks of the Jerilderie raid, but it was not published in full until 1930.
Jerilderie schoolteacher William Elliott read Kelly's document soon after Edwin Living returned to Jerilderie from taking it to the Bank of New South Wales in Melbourne. Elliott gave a synopsis of the document to Jerilderie newspaper editor Samuel Gill and Gill wired the synopsis to Melbourne. The Melbourne Age published the synopsis on 18 February 1879. [17] [18]
On 22 February, Gill also published the synopsis in his Jerilderie Herald and Urana Gazette. [37] Other newspapers also published summaries of Kelly's document soon after the Jerilderie raid. [19] [38] At the end of its synopsis published on Friday 21 February 1879, the Burra Record (South Australia) concluded:
There is a boastful intemperate tone throughout the letter ... There is much in Kelly's letter unsuitable for publication, and it will consequently be withheld. [20]
The full text of Kelly's document (with some corrections) was first published in The Register News-Pictorial (Adelaide, SA) in 1930 as part of a serialised account of the Kelly Gang by J.M.S. Davies called "The Kellys Are Out!". [15] [16] Between 1 November and 16 December 1930, "The Kellys are Out!" was also published in the Melbourne Herald with the Jerilderie Letter appearing in the 27 November to 2 December instalments. [39] Teacher and activist J. J. Kenneally sued Davies claiming the serials were plagiarisations of his book Inner History of the Kelly Gang, published in 1929, and Davies' solicitors were forced to pay Kenneally compensation. [40]
Max Brown included Kelly's letter in full in his 1948 biography of Ned called Australian Son. Brown was the first to call the document the 'Jerilderie Letter', which he introduced by saying:
Following is an 8,300 word statement I have called The Jerilderie Letter. This is the document Kelly handed to Living. The text is from a copy of the original letter made in 1879 or 1880 by a government clerk, and is printed here with such spelling, punctuation, etc, as the clerk or Kelly and Byrne, or all three possessed. [41]
The original and both copies of the Jerilderie Letter have been digitised and are available online. [21] [42] [43]
Influence on writers and painters[ edit ]
True History of the Kelly Gang - Peter Carey[ edit ]
Australian author Peter Carey has said that he was inspired to write his prize-winning novel True History of the Kelly Gang by Sidney Nolan's Ned Kelly paintings, the Jerilderie Letter and his admiration for James Joyce . [44] Of his first reading of the Jerilderie Letter Carey said:
Somewhere in the middle Sixties, I first came upon the 56-page letter which Kelly attempted to have printed when the gang robbed the bank in Jerilderie in 1879. It is an extraordinary document, the passionate voice of a man who is writing to explain his life, save his life, his reputation … And all the time there is this original voice - uneducated but intelligent, funny and then angry, and with a line of Irish invective that would have made Paul Keating envious. His language came in a great, furious rush that could not but remind you of far more literary Irish writers. [45]
Sidney Nolan Ned Kelly paintings[ edit ]
Australian artist Sidney Nolan has said that the main ingredients of his "Kelly" series of paintings were "Kelly's own words, and Rousseau, and sunlight". Kelly's words, including the Jerilderie Letter, "fascinated Nolan with their blend of poetry and political engagement". [46]
| Ned Kelly |
‘A thing of beauty is a joy forever’ is the first line of which poem by John Keats? | JERILDERIE – Ned Kelly Touring Route
ON THE NED KELLY TOURING ROUTE
Home of the famous Jerilderie Letter, dictated to Joe Byrne by Ned Kelly.
The township of Jerilderie was established in 1859. It is nestled on the banks of Australia’s longest creek, the Billabong Creek, and is located on the Newell Highway, the main inland route linking Melbourne and Brisbane. Jerilderie, meaning “with reeds” or “reedy place” is also the commencement of the Kidman Way.
Jerilderie is the only town in NSW featured in the Ned Kelly saga, and has more surviving authentic Kelly sites than anywhere else along the Ned Kelly Touring Route.
At sundown on Saturday, 8 February 1879 the Kelly gang arrived at the Woolshed Inn (3 km east of Jerilderie) to pass some time before they rode into Jerilderie, surrounded the police barracks and locked up the two policemen in their own cell.
On Sunday morning, Ned and his gang dressed themselves in police uniforms and masqueraded as reinforcements sent to strengthen police patrols on the border! Dan Kelly accompanied Mrs Devine, the police constable’s wife to prepare the Courthouse for the usual monthly Catholic Church service, delivered by a visiting priest.
Early on Monday morning, Dan Kelly and Joe Byrne rode to the blacksmith shop of Samuel Rea where they had their horses re-shod, at the expense of the New South Wales Police.
Ned Kelly and Joe Byrne commandeered the back parlour of the Royal Mail Hotel, Ned explaining to licensee Charles Cox that he required a room for a few hours to put people in “for I have come here to stick up the Bank today”. (The Bank of NSW occupied a section of the hotel premises.)
Ned and Joe bailed up the bank teller and the junior teller and confiscated £691 from the cash till. After locating the bank manager, £1450 was taken from the safe. The bank employees were escorted to the hotel’s back parlour and held hostage. Ned recruited the hotel groomsman to burn various documents held by the bank as collateral for loans, a deed which he carried out with alacrity.
Next the Kelly gang went to the Post and Telegraph office to order the telegraph lines to be cut down.
Ned, in company with Trooper Richards and Bank Teller Edward Living, then went in search of Samuel Gill, the Editor of the Jerilderie and Urana Gazette, to fulfil the true purpose of the gang’s visit to Jerilderie – to print Ned’s side of the story that led he and his gang along the path of outlawry – the now famous ‘Jerilderie Letter’. Unable to find Gill, Ned gave the manuscript to Living to pass on to Gill for printing and circulation. On handing over the manuscript, Ned said to Mr Living “Mind that you keep your promise and see that they are printed, or you will have to reckon with me next time we meet.” However, Mr Living did not give the manuscript to Gill, rather he kept it himself, and it was not to resurface until more than 100 years later. Today the original Jerilderie Letter is held at the State Library of Victoria. Living kept the ‘Jerilderie Letter’ and it only surfaced more than 100 years later, when it was donated to the State Library of Victoria.
Kelly Sites
Post and Telegraph Office, 15 Powell Street
Samuel Rea’s Blacksmith Shop, 21 Powell Street – open by appointment (telephone 03 5886 1513 or 0428 861 513)
Police Stables, 117 Jerilderie Street – the last remaining building associated with the police barracks and lock-up
Printing office and residence of Samuel Gill, 41 Jerilderie Street (for access, contact Jerilderie Shire Council, telephone 03 5886 1200)
Royal Mail Hotel, 16-20 Jerilderie Street – contains displays of memorabilia and photographs depicting the hotel’s history, including its part in the Jerilderie bank robbery
Jerilderie Courthouse, constructed 1874
Site of the Woolshed Inn where Ned and his gang passed away a few pleasant hours on the Saturday evening of 8 February 1879, before moving on into Jerilderie and bailing up the local police and locking them in their own cell
Sites of the Traveller’s Rest Stables (Luke Park) and Hotel (garden area of a private residence) at 1-9 Powell Street
Site of the Saddlery of James Mahood (now Memorial Park)
Getting to Jerilderie
Jerilderie is 328 kilometres from Melbourne and 660 kilometres from Sydney. From Wangaratta, it is a distance of 157 kilometres via the Murray Valley and Riverina Highways. By train, the nearest station is either Albury or Wagga Wagga. A coach from Wagga Wagga to Jerilderie provides transport on Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Sunday.
Visitor Information
Visitor Information Centre: Sticky Fingers Candy Shop, 63 Jerilderie Street (telephone 0448 878597)
Visitor Information Centre: Jerilderie Shire Council (telephone: 03 5886 1200)
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In 1973, Patrick White became the first Australian to win a Nobel Prize in what? | Nobel Prize in Literature 1973 - Press Release
Press Release
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1973
Patrick White
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1973
Patrick White
The Australian Patrick White has been awarded the 1973 Nobel Literature Prize "for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature", as it says in the Swedish Academy's citation. White's growing fame is based chiefly on seven novels of which the earliest masterly work is The Aunt's Story, a portrayal imbued with remarkable feeling of a lonely, unmarried, Australian woman's life during experiences that extend also to Europe and America. The book with which White really made his name, however, was The Tree of Man, an epically broad and psychologically discerning account of a part of Australian social development in the form of two people's long life together, and struggle against outward and inward difficulties.
Another aspect of Australia is shown in Voss, in which a fanatical explorer in the country's interior meets his fate: an intensive character study against the background of the fascinating Australian wilds. The writer displays yet another kind of art in Riders in the Chariot, with special emphasis on his cystic and symbolic tendencies: a sacrificial drama, tense, yet with an everyday setting, in the midst of current Australian reality. From contrasting viewpoints, The Solid Mandala gives a double portrait of two brothers, in which the sterilely rational brother is set against the fertilely intuitive one, who is almost a fool in the eyes of the world.
White's last two books are among his greatest feats, both as to size and to frenzied building up of tension. The Vivisector is the imaginary biography of an artist, in which a whole life is disclosed in a relentless scrutiny of motives and springs of action: an artist's untiring battle to express the utmost while sacrificing both himself and his fellow-beings in the attempt. The Eye of the Storm places an old, dying woman in the centre of a narrative which revolves round, and encloses, the whole of her environment, past and present, until we have come to share an entire life panorama, in which everyone is on a decisive dramatic footing with the old lady.
Particularly, these latest books show White's unbroken creative power, an ever deeper restlessness and seeking urge, an onslaught against vital problems that have never ceased to engage him, and a wrestling with the language in order to extract all its power and all its nuances, to the verge of the unattainable. White's literary production has failings that belong to great and bold writing, exceeding, as it does, different kinds of conventional limits. He is the one who, for the first time, has given the continent of Australia an authentic voice that carries across the world, at the same time as his achievement contributes to the development, both artistic and, as regards ideas, of contemporary literature.
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| Literature |
The seaside resort of New Brighton is on the North eastern tip of which English peninsula? | Patrick White, Australian Writer Who Won a Nobel, Is Dead at 78 - NYTimes.com
Patrick White, Australian Writer Who Won a Nobel, Is Dead at 78
By ROBERT D. McFADDEN
Published: October 1, 1990
Patrick White, the Australian novelist who won the 1973 Nobel Prize in Literature and international acclaim as a harsh but authentic voice of his homeland, died at his residence near Sydney yesterday after an illness of several weeks. He was 78 years old.
The cause of his death was not announced.
The author of more than a dozen novels, as well as short stories, poetry, several plays and an autobiography, Mr. White drew unflattering portraits of Australia and was vastly more popular in the United States and England than among his countrymen.
But he was the first writer with Australian roots to be widely read abroad and the only Australian writer ever selected for the Nobel Prize. He won it for a range of his work, including, ''The Eye of the Storm,'' a tale of the last days of an elderly dowager whose greedy relatives gather to await her demise.
Greene and Nabokov on List
The Swedish Academy, selecting Mr. White from a list that included Graham Greene, Vladimir Nabokov and Andre Malraux, called his work ''an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature.'' It said he had ''given the continent of Australia an authentic voice that carries across the world.''
The international literary reputation of Mr. White, whose first novel, ''Happy Valley,'' won the Australian Literature Society's gold medal in 1939, was secured in 1955 with the appearance of ''The Tree of Man,'' the story of a farmer and his wife struggling to find a future in Australia's outback. ''The Tree of Man'' and most of Mr. White's other major works have been published in the United States by Penguin.
His best-known novels were ''Voss'' (1957), ''Riders in the Chariot'' (1962), ''A Fringe of Leaves'' (1976) and ''The Twyborn Affair'' (1979). His plays included ''Big Toys'' (1977), ''Signal Driver'' (1982) and ''Netherwood'' (1983). His autobiography, ''Flaws in the Glass,'' was published in 1981.
In his examination of Australia and its people and history, Mr. White, many critics said, seemed to be addressing something far more universal: modern man's loneliness, isolation and emptiness. He often used mystical symbolism and a hypnotic style to convey the suffering of his characters, and various critics compared him to James Joyce, D. H. Lawrence, Ernest Hemingway and Herman Melville.
Origins and Burden
Referring to his relationship with his homeland in a rare interview a few years ago, Mr. White said: ''It's the country of my origins - that, I think, is what matters in the end, whether one likes it or not. Certainly, I had to experience the outside world and would have felt deprived if I didn't have that behind me. But it's from the Australian earth, Australian air, that I derive my literary, my spiritual, sustenance. Even at its most hateful, Australia is necessary to me.''
A tall, craggy, uncompromising man with deep-set dark eyes, Mr. White, who once called the British royal family ''goons'' and was a scathing critic of Australia's policies toward its aborigines, was the fourth-generation son of Australian sheep ranchers.
Born in London on May 28, 1912, on one of his parents' periodic trips to Britain, he spent most of his boyhood in Australia, but returned to England to study languages at Cambridge University and joined the Royal Air Force in World War II, serving as an intelligence officer in the Middle East. He returned to Sydney after the war and resumed writing.
As part of his protest against Australia's treatment of aborigines, Mr. White had no work published or performed in 1988 during Australia's celebrations of the 200th anniversary of white settlement.
Mr. White never married. For the last 45 years, he lived with a male companion, Manoly Lascaris. Pearsond(Penguin)
Photo: Patrick White (Camera Press, 1973)
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Which British singer released a 2009 album entitled ‘Echo’? | Leona Lewis Pictures, News, Gossip & Rumours - AskMen
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Leona Lewis
Leona Lewis
Leona Lewis made a substantial impact on British culture when she became the first woman to win on The X Factor, Simon Cowell ’s UK version of American Idol. Lewis’ debut single “A Moment Like This” broke records when it was downloaded 50,000 times in 30 minutes. Lewis released her autobiography Dreams in October of 2009, and has plans to release her sophomore album Echo in November of this year. And what about the punching incident? We'll get to that a bit later.
Appeal
Leona Lewis has the type of exotic stunning beauty we just can't look away from. Forget pale skin and bad teeth; this Brit babe is armed with olive skin, aquamarine eyes, oh-so pouty lips, and a killer body. Leona Lewis doesn't even need to unleash her sultry voice to make any man weak in the knees. But, once she does sing her gentle vocals make her that much more attractive -- if that's even possible.
Success
Even though Leona Lewis is new to the music scene, her success is eminent. With her seductive vocals and gorgeous looks, it was a given the Leona Lewis would make it as a singer . Her debut album, Spirit, proved that she has what it takes to make it as a solo artist.
Leona Lewis Biography
Leona Lewis’ success as a singer hardly came as a surprise to those who know her, as she has been pursuing a career in music for most of her life. Leona Lewis wrote her first song when she was 12 and won in an under-18 competition the following year. She subsequently attended two highly regarded stage schools, the Sylvia Young Theatre School and the BRIT School.
leona lewis on x factor
Leona Lewis’ increased confidence -- coupled with the encouragement of family and friends -- led her to audition for The X Factor. The British program essentially follows the same formula as American Idol: Participants perform in front of three judges ( Simon Cowell , Sharon Osbourne and Louise Walsh) until a winner is chosen.
Leona Lewis was considered an early favorite by fans and pundits alike, and she consistently knocked the judges out with her stirring renditions of popular songs like “I Will Always Love You” and “Over the Rainbow.” On December 16, 2006, Leona Lewis, with approximately 60% of the votes, was crowned the third-season winner of The X Factor.
leona lewis releases spirit
A few days after her victory, Leona’s first single -- a cover of Kelly Clarkson ’s “A Moment Like This” -- was released to stores and online music shops, and it shot straight to No. 1. In early 2007, at about the same time her single was short-listed for an honor at the 2007 Brit Awards, Leona Lewis relocated to Los Angeles to begin work on her highly anticipated debut album, Spirit, which was released in March 2007 in the UK.
leona lewis is named no. 68 in top 99 of 2008
In 2008, Leona Lewis was nominated for an outstanding four BRIT Awards, and she was voted in at No. 68 in AskMen.com's Top 99 Most Desirable Women list. Her album Spirit was released in the U.S. as well.
Her hit single, "Bleeding Love," also hit No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in March 2008.
leona lewis is named no. 88 in top 99 of 2009
After releasing her video for the hit track "I Will Be," which featured Gossip Girl star Chace Crawford and announcing plans for a 2009 album, Leona Lewis was voted to No. 88 on AskMen.com's Top 99 Most Desirable Women of 2009 .
leona lewis gets punched in a bookstore
Leona Lewis might be known for singing hit songs, but it was a hit from one of her fans that made the news in October of 2009. While Lewis busy signing copies of her autobiography Dreams at a London bookstore, a man who actually waited in line to have Lewis sign a copy of the book then punched the pop star in the head. According to an eyewitness, the man "walked up there with the book, she signed it and, as she looked up, he just punched her." We know people with anger management issues, but this dude has problems that are much bigger than that. We're not even going to judge him for buying a copy Dreams either.
Leona Lewis next album Echo comes out this November, so hopefully she can pull a Taylor Swift and use this embarrassing moment in stardom to her advantage.
| Leona Lewis |
Cynomania is the intense enthusiasm or obsession for which type of animal? | Leona Lewis Pictures, News, Gossip & Rumours - AskMen
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Leona Lewis
Leona Lewis
Leona Lewis made a substantial impact on British culture when she became the first woman to win on The X Factor, Simon Cowell ’s UK version of American Idol. Lewis’ debut single “A Moment Like This” broke records when it was downloaded 50,000 times in 30 minutes. Lewis released her autobiography Dreams in October of 2009, and has plans to release her sophomore album Echo in November of this year. And what about the punching incident? We'll get to that a bit later.
Appeal
Leona Lewis has the type of exotic stunning beauty we just can't look away from. Forget pale skin and bad teeth; this Brit babe is armed with olive skin, aquamarine eyes, oh-so pouty lips, and a killer body. Leona Lewis doesn't even need to unleash her sultry voice to make any man weak in the knees. But, once she does sing her gentle vocals make her that much more attractive -- if that's even possible.
Success
Even though Leona Lewis is new to the music scene, her success is eminent. With her seductive vocals and gorgeous looks, it was a given the Leona Lewis would make it as a singer . Her debut album, Spirit, proved that she has what it takes to make it as a solo artist.
Leona Lewis Biography
Leona Lewis’ success as a singer hardly came as a surprise to those who know her, as she has been pursuing a career in music for most of her life. Leona Lewis wrote her first song when she was 12 and won in an under-18 competition the following year. She subsequently attended two highly regarded stage schools, the Sylvia Young Theatre School and the BRIT School.
leona lewis on x factor
Leona Lewis’ increased confidence -- coupled with the encouragement of family and friends -- led her to audition for The X Factor. The British program essentially follows the same formula as American Idol: Participants perform in front of three judges ( Simon Cowell , Sharon Osbourne and Louise Walsh) until a winner is chosen.
Leona Lewis was considered an early favorite by fans and pundits alike, and she consistently knocked the judges out with her stirring renditions of popular songs like “I Will Always Love You” and “Over the Rainbow.” On December 16, 2006, Leona Lewis, with approximately 60% of the votes, was crowned the third-season winner of The X Factor.
leona lewis releases spirit
A few days after her victory, Leona’s first single -- a cover of Kelly Clarkson ’s “A Moment Like This” -- was released to stores and online music shops, and it shot straight to No. 1. In early 2007, at about the same time her single was short-listed for an honor at the 2007 Brit Awards, Leona Lewis relocated to Los Angeles to begin work on her highly anticipated debut album, Spirit, which was released in March 2007 in the UK.
leona lewis is named no. 68 in top 99 of 2008
In 2008, Leona Lewis was nominated for an outstanding four BRIT Awards, and she was voted in at No. 68 in AskMen.com's Top 99 Most Desirable Women list. Her album Spirit was released in the U.S. as well.
Her hit single, "Bleeding Love," also hit No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in March 2008.
leona lewis is named no. 88 in top 99 of 2009
After releasing her video for the hit track "I Will Be," which featured Gossip Girl star Chace Crawford and announcing plans for a 2009 album, Leona Lewis was voted to No. 88 on AskMen.com's Top 99 Most Desirable Women of 2009 .
leona lewis gets punched in a bookstore
Leona Lewis might be known for singing hit songs, but it was a hit from one of her fans that made the news in October of 2009. While Lewis busy signing copies of her autobiography Dreams at a London bookstore, a man who actually waited in line to have Lewis sign a copy of the book then punched the pop star in the head. According to an eyewitness, the man "walked up there with the book, she signed it and, as she looked up, he just punched her." We know people with anger management issues, but this dude has problems that are much bigger than that. We're not even going to judge him for buying a copy Dreams either.
Leona Lewis next album Echo comes out this November, so hopefully she can pull a Taylor Swift and use this embarrassing moment in stardom to her advantage.
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‘Acer’ is the Latin name for which tree? | Maple Trees Names, Pictures and Types of Acer Species
Home » Tree Names Index » Genus: Acer (Maple Trees)
Maple Trees Names, Pictures and Types of Acer Species
Pictures of Maple Trees
Photo by Willow, Picture use (cc2)
Sugar maple tree, (Acer saccharum).
Photo by Bruce Marlin, Picture use (cc2)
There are many types of Maple (Acer) species, and this genus consists of tree and shrub growth form types. This genus contains mostly species that are deciduous trees growing to 10 to 45m (30 to 145ft) in height, see Maple pictures on this page. Other species of the Acer genus are shrubs less than 10m (30ft) tall with a number of small trunks (and or branches) originating at ground level. Most Maple species are deciduous, however a few species in southern Asia and the Mediterranean region are evergreen.
Maple Tree Identification;
Maple trees can be easily identified by their leaves. The leaves in most species are palmate veined and lobed, with 3-9 (rarely to 13) veins each leading to a lobe, one of which is central or apical. A small number of species differ in having palmate compound, pinnate compound, pinnate veined or un-lobed leaves.
Several species, including Acer griseum (Paperbark Maple), Acer mandshuricum (Manchurian Maple), Acer maximowiczianum (Nikko Maple), and Acer triflorum (Three-flowered Maple), have trifoliate leaves.
One species, Acer negundo (Box-elder), has pinnately compound leaves that may be simply trifoliate or may have five, seven, or rarely nine leaflets.
A few, such as Acer laevigatum and Acer carpinifolium (Hornbeam Maple), have pinnately-veined simple leaves.
Many species of Maple can be grown as Bonsai Trees .
Facts about the Maple (Acer) Genus of Trees;
Genus Latin Scientific Name = Acer.
Genus Latin Name Pronunciation: AY-ser
Genus Latin Name Meaning: Acer is from the Latin word for acrid or sharp, referring to Maple's hardness and the ancient Roman use of the wood for spears.
Genus Common Names = Maple, Sycamore, Boxelder. List of Acer Vernacular names
Number of Species in the Acer Genus = 191 and 16 Maple hybrids , these numbers don't include the 1000's of Maple Cultivars of which some are listed on this page.
List of Maple Trees, Acer Genus - All known species, taxa types, organized by scientific Latin botanical name first and common names second
List of Maple Tree Species Names
Botanical Tree Name
Acer albopurpurascens syn. Acer oblongum
¡ ?
Acer ambiguum syn. Acer pictum
¡ ?
Acer barbatum syn. Acer floridanum
Southern sugar Maple
Acer cinnamomifolium syn. Acer coriaceifolium
¡ ?
Acer circumlobatum syn. Acer japonicum
¡ ?
Acer creticum syn. Acer orientale
¡ ?
Acer fedschenkoanum syn. Acer pentapomicum
¡ ?
Florida Maple, Southern Sugar Maple
Acer forrestii
Acer hainanense syn. Acer laevigatum
¡ ?
Heldreich's Maple or Greek Maple
Acer henryi
Acer hersii syn. Acer grosseri
¡ ?
Downy Japanese Maple, Amur Maple
Acer kiukiangense
Acer komarovii syn. Acer tschonoskii
¡ ?
Acer mono (syn. Acer pictum)
¡ ?
Acer montanum (syn. Acer spicatum)
¡ ?
Boxelder, Manitoba Maple, Box elder
Acer negundo var. arizonicum
Acer nikoense syn. Acer maximowiczianum
¡ ?
Acer opulifolium syn. Acer opalus
¡ ?
Sycamore Maple, Sycamore, Scottish maple, Celtic maple
Acer pseudosieboldianum
Acer pubescens syn. Acer pentapomicum
¡ ?
Acer regelii syn. Acer pentapomicum
¡ ?
Silver Maple, Soft Maple, River Maple, Silverleaf Maple, White Maple
Acer saccharum
Acer serrulatum syn. Acer oliverianum
¡ ?
Acer syriacum syn. Acer obtusifolium
¡ ?
Acer tetramerum syn. Acer stachyophyllum
¡ ?
Red-bud Maple or Trautvetter's Maple
Acer triflorum
Acer trilobatum syn. Acer monspessulanum
¡ ?
Acer vanvolxemii syn. Acer velutinum
¡ ?
Acer villosum syn. Acer sterculiaceum
¡ ?
Japanese Maple Tree (Acer palmatum)
Leaves showing orange Autumn colors,
with bamboo growing amongst the trees.
Acer × bormuelleri (Acer monspessulanum × Acer campestre or Acer opalus)
Acer × boscii (Acer monspessulanum × Acer tataricum or Acer pensylvanicum × Acer tataricum, possibly Acer tataricum × Acer campestre)
Acer × conspicuum (Acer davidii × Acer pensylvanicum)
Acer × coriaceum (Acer monspessulanum × Acer opalus' ssp. obtusatum)
Acer × dieckii syn. Acer platanoides
Acer × durrettii syn. Acer coriaceum
Acer × freemanii (Acer rubrum × Acer saccharinum) Freeman Maple
Acer × hillieri (Acer miyabei × Acer cappadocicum) 'Aureum' Maple
Acer × hybridum syn. Acer pseudoplatanus
Acer × martinii (Acer monspessulanum × Acer opalus)
Acer × pseudo-heldreichii (Acer pseudoplatanus × Acer heldreichii)
Acer × ramosum (Acer monspessulanum × Acer opalus)
Acer × rotundilobum syn. Acer × coriaceum
Acer × schwerinii (uncertain, maybe Acer crataegifolium × Acer rufinerve)
Acer × senecaense ?
Acer × zoeschense (Acer campestre × Acer cappadocicum or Acer lobelii)
List of Maple Cultivars
Acer palmatum 'Aka shigitatsu sawa' - pinkish-white leaves with green veins
Acer palmatum 'Ao ba jo' - a dwarf with bronze-green summer foliage
Acer palmatum 'Atropurpureum' - wine-red, including new branches
Acer palmatum 'Bloodgood' - an improved cultivar of 'Atropurpureum'
Acer palmatum 'Burgundy Lace' -
Acer palmatum 'Butterfly' - small leaves with white borders
Acer palmatum 'Chitose-Yama' -
Acer palmatum 'Crimson Queen' - (see under Acer palmatum var. dissectum)
Acer palmatum 'Dissectum' - lace-like leaves, drooping habit
Acer palmatum 'Dissectum Atropurpureum' -
Acer palmatum var. dissectum 'Garnet' -
Acer palmatum var. dissectum 'Inaba-shidare' -
Acer palmatum var. dissectum 'Crimson Queen' -
Acer palmatum var. dissectum 'Seiryu' - a green, tree-like shrub with finely dissected leaves
Acer palmatum 'Emperor 1' -
Acer palmatum 'Garnet' - (see under 'Dissectum atropurpureum')
Acer palmatum 'Golden Pond' - greenish-yellow summer foliage
Acer palmatum 'Goshiki koto hime' - a delicate, variegated dwarf
Acer palmatum 'Higasa yama' - crinkled leaves variegated with yellow
Acer palmatum 'Hogyuko' - rich green leaves, turning orange in autumn
Acer palmatum 'Hupp's Dwarf' - a small, dense shrub with miniature leaves
Acer palmatum 'Inaba-shidare' - (see under 'Dissectum atropurpureum')
Acer palmatum 'Issai nishiki kawazu' - very rough, rigid bark
Acer palmatum 'Kagiri nishiki' - similar to 'Butterfly' but more pinkish tones
Acer palmatum 'Karasu gawa' - slow-growing variegate with brilliant pink and white
Acer palmatum 'Katsura' - yellow-green leaves tipped with orange
Acer palmatum 'Koto no ito' - light green, thread-like leaves
Acer palmatum 'Little Princess' - a sparsely branched dwarf with irregular habit
Acer palmatum 'Mama' - a bushy dwarf with extremely variable foliage
Acer palmatum 'Masu murasaki' - a shrubby tree with purple leaves
Acer palmatum 'Mizu kuguri' - orange-tinted new growth and very wide habit
Acer palmatum 'Nigrum' - deep purple leaves turning to crimson
Acer palmatum 'Nishiki gawa' - pinetree-like bark desirable for bonsai trees
Acer palmatum 'Nomura nishiki' - dark purple, lace-like leaves
Acer palmatum 'Ojishi' - tiny dwarf, grows only a few centimetres per year
Acer palmatum 'Osakazuki' - tree-like shrub with spectacular autumn color
Acer palmatum 'Peaches and Cream' - similar to 'Aka shigitatsu sawa'
Acer palmatum 'Pink Filigree' - finely dissected, brownish-pink leaves
Acer palmatum 'Red Filigree Lace' - delicate, finely dissected, dark purple
Acer palmatum 'Red Pygmy' -
Acer palmatum 'Sango kaku' - Coral-bark Japanese maple (formerly 'Senkaki')- with pinkish-red bark
Acer palmatum 'Seiryu' - (see under 'Dissectum atropurpureum')
Acer palmatum 'Shaina' - a dwarf sport from 'Bloodgood'
Acer palmatum 'Shindeshojo' -
Acer palmatum 'Shikage ori nishiki' - vase-shaped shrub with dull purple foliage
Acer palmatum 'Shishigashira' -
Acer palmatum 'Skeeter's Broom' - derived from a 'Bloodgood' witch's broom
Acer palmatum 'Tamukeyama' - finely dissected, dark purple, cascading habit
Acer palmatum 'Trompenburg' - slender, upright grower, convex lobes, purple leaves
Acer palmatum 'Tsuma gaki' - yellow leaves with reddish-purple borders
Acer palmatum 'Yuba e' - upright tree with scarlet variegation
| Maple |
What was the first novel by Scottish author Irvin Welsh, published in 1993? | Tree Name Translator: English/French/Latin (Botanical)
When reading around the subject of woodwork, it is often that you will find references to trees or timbers in languages other than English, or using the Latin, or botanical, names. The following table gives the equivalent names for many of our common European trees and timbers used in woodworking. Apologies to our US friends, but maybe that will follow if someone cares to provide the data.
If you spot any errors or can expand or improve the list, please let me know by e-mail.
NB: I know that this page may scroll off the screen for some viewers but this is the best compromise I can think of between readability and layout. Sorry if it's a problem for you.
English
Venijnboom
Taxus baccata
My thanks to Ralf Konrad, Wolfgang Portratz and Kaj Andersen for their assistance with the German translations, to Jacques Joly and Francis Wild for help with the French and to Truus Beisterveld of the Dutch Woodturner's Association for his provision of the Dutch translations (and for spotting the typos in my Latin)
�1997-2004 P. Hemsley. The information on this website is the copyright property of Peter Hemsley. Whilst reasonable efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of information presented, no liability can be accepted for errors in this information nor for contingencies arising therefrom. If you are inexperienced in any aspect of woodworking, we would strongly counsel that you take a course of formal instruction before commencing to practice
woodworking, woodturning, woodcarving, wood, turning, AWGB, Association of Woodturners of Great Britain, woodwork, carving, carpentry, woodwares, treen, gifts, Robert Sorby, Henry Taylor, Ashley Isles, timber, forestry, bodging, gouge, skew,
lathe, bowl-turning, spindle-turning, crafts, woodcrafts, trees, Willy Vanhoutte, wivamac, Peter Hemsley, Floyd, t/f/c, wood-turning, wood-carving, wood-working, chip-carving, gallery, calendar, events, seminar, veneer, yew, maple, oak, ash, sycamore, burr, burl, plane, chisel, holz, schnitzen, schnitzer, schnitzarbeit, schnitzwerk, drechsler, drechslerarbeit, holzarbeit, holzwerk, zimmermann, holzdrechslen, drechslen, bois, ��niste, charpente, travails du bois, sculpture, sculpture sur bois, �b�nisterie, tournage, tournage sur bois, hout, houtdraaien
| i don't know |
A savarin is what type of foodstuff? | BBC Food - Recipes - Orange savarin with cinnamon cream
Orange savarin with cinnamon cream
Preparation time
30 mins to 1 hour
Serves
350g/12oz plain flour , plus extra for dusting
1 x 7g sachet fast-action yeast
250ml/9fl oz full-fat milk , gently warmed to room temperature
4 large free-range eggs
40g/1½oz caster sugar
1 large orange , zest only
6 tbsp freshly squeezed orange juice
4 tbsp of orange liqueur , such as Grand Marnier
150g/5½oz caster sugar
For the filling
300ml/10½fl oz double cream
½ tsp ground cinnamon
50g/1¾oz caster sugar
For the decoration
25g/1oz unsalted shelled pistachios , chopped
Method
Grease a 25cm/10in savarin tin with butter and dust with flour.
For the dough, sift the flour into a large mixing bowl, add the yeast and mix. Pour in the milk and roughly mix using a wooden spoon.
In a separate bowl, beat the eggs and sugar until pale and fluffy. Then stir in the orange zest, vanilla extract, salt and melted butter. Mix until well combined then pour it into the flour mixture. Whisk until the batter reaches a smooth pouring consistency. Cover and leave to rise for 15-20 minutes.
When the batter has proved, use a wooden spoon to knock it back and remove the air. Pour the batter into the prepared tin. Oil one side of a large piece of cling film and cover the tin oily-side down. Set aside in a warm room for about 1½ hours until the dough almost reaches the top of the tin.
Preheat the oven to 200C/400F/Gas 6.
Remove the cling film and bake the savarin for about 40 minutes. Allow to cool for a few minutes then turn out into a shallow baking tray.
For the syrup, heat the orange juice, liqueur, 250ml/9fl oz water and the sugar in a pan. Simmer for five minutes, or until the sugar is dissolved. Slowly pour the syrup over the savarin, allowing it be absorbed as you pour. Place the savarin on a serving plate.
For the filling, whip the cream with sugar and cinnamon until peaks form when the whisk is removed. Transfer to a piping bag with a star nozzle attached and pipe the cream in the middle of the savarin until it reaches the top of the cake.
To decorate, slice the oranges very thinly and place them on the top of the cake (if using). Sprinkle the pistachios over and serve.
Find a recipe on BBC Food
Quick & Easy
| Cake |
‘A Study In Scarlet’ by Arthur Conan Doyle, featuring Sherlock Holmes, was the first work of fiction to incorporate which item as an investigative tool? | Chocolate-Rum Savarin Recipe | Leite's Culinaria
François Payard | Chocolate Epiphany | Clarkson Potter, 2008
Savarin is a yeasty cake that is soaked with rum syrup until it becomes very moist. It is often served with pastry cream, but I like to make it with gianduja cream instead, which I find a bit lighter. Instead of filling the savarin, I pipe a generous amount of the gianduja cream in its center and then cover the cake with it, which means that each slice will have an ample amount of cream when served.
If you do not own a savarin mold, you can make this in the bottom of a Bundt pan. The top of the cake won’t be as smooth, but the taste will not be affected.–François Payard
Special Equipment: Round 9-inch savarin mold or Bundt pan
Chocolate-Rum Savarin Recipe
1 1/2 teaspoons active dry yeast
3/4 cup warm water (110°F to 115°F)
2 1/2 cups bread flour
3 tablespoons sugar
3 tablespoons Dutch-processed cocoa powder
2 teaspoons salt
Vegetable cooking spray, for the mold
For the gianduja cream
4 ounces gianduja chocolate, melted
For the soaking syrup
Grated zest of 1 grapefruit
1/4 cup dark rum, such as Myers’s
Directions
Make the savarin
1. Sprinkle the yeast over the warm water and let it stand for 10 minutes.
2. Place the flour, sugar, cocoa powder, and salt in the bowl of an electric mixer fitted with the paddle attachment. Whisk the eggs together and combine them with the dissolved yeast. Pour the liquid into the bowl and turn onto medium speed. The dough should start coming together after 2 minutes. Add the butter to the mixture and mix for another 2 minutes, until well incorporated. The dough should be very soft. Remove the dough from the machine and take off the paddle. Cover the dough and let it rise at room temperature for 1 hour or until it is doubled in volume.
3. Place a rack in the center of the oven and preheat the oven to 350°F (175°C). Spray the sides and bottom of a round 9-inch savarin mold with vegetable cooking spray.
4. Transfer the dough to the prepared mold, and let it rise to fill the mold, 1 to 2 hours. Once the dough has risen, bake for about 30 minutes or until the savarin is brown and the dough is fully baked and feels dry. Remove the mold from the oven and let it cool for 10 minutes. Unmold the savarin onto a wire cooling rack, and let it cool completely. The cake can be made 1 day ahead and kept in an airtight container in a dry, cool environment.
Make the gianduja cream
5. Pour the cream in the bowl of an electric mixer fitted with the whisk attachment and whip at medium speed until the cream holds medium peaks.
6. Fold half of the whipped cream into the chocolate. Fold in the remaining cream. Refrigerate until the cream firms up, about 15 minutes.
Make the soaking syrup
7. Place 1 1/2 quarts of water, the sugar, orange juice, and grapefruit zest in a large saucepan over medium-high heat and bring to a boil. Remove the liquid from the heat, cover the pan, and let everything steep for 10 minutes. Return to the heat and bring back to just below a boil, and add the tea. Remove from the heat and let steep for another 5 minutes, covering the pan again. Strain the liquid over a bowl, then stir in the rum. Set aside.
Assemble
8. Heat the soaking syrup in a large saucepan over medium heat until hot. Do not let it boil. Place the syrup in a heatproof container large enough to hold the cake, such as a plastic container or a casserole dish.
9. With a fork, poke all over the bottom of the cake, to allow the cake to absorb the syrup. Place the cake in the container with the hot syrup, and leave it there to soak up as much liquid as possible while still retaining a solid structure, about 2 minutes. Meanwhile, line a baking sheet with wax paper, and place a wire cooling rack on top of the paper.
10. With a slotted spoon, remove the savarin from the syrup and place it onto the cooling rack, to drain the excess syrup.
11. Place the apricot preserves in a small saucepan over medium heat and heat until it liquefies and becomes pourable. Once the savarin has drained, pour the liquefied preserves over the whole savarin. Transfer to a serving plate.
12. Just before serving, fit a pastry bag or a resealable plastic bag with the corner cut off with a 1/2-inch star tip, and fill the bag with the gianduja cream. Pipe some of the cream into the center of the cake, then over the top of the whole cake, forming a circular pattern of even thickness.
Hungry for more? Chow down on these:
Chocolate Sour Cream Bundt Cake
Chocolate-Rum Savarin Recipe © 2008 François Payard. Photo © 2008 Rogerio Voltan. All rights reserved.
Hey, there. Just a reminder that all our content is copyright protected. Like a photo? Please don't use it without our written permission . Like a recipe? Kindly contact the publisher listed above for permission before you post it (that's what we did) and rewrite it in your own words. That's the law, kids. And don't forget to link back to this page , where you found it. Thanks!
| i don't know |
Mapo doufu, Goutie, Shahe fen and You tiao are dishes originating in which country? | Chinese Cuisine
Chinese Cuisine
A REFIND DOCUMENT ABOUT CHINESE CUISINE
Copyright: Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Chinese cuisine
Chinese cuisine
originated from the various regions of China and has become widespread in manyother parts of the world — from Asia to the Americas , Australia , Western Europe and Southern Africa . In recent years, connoisseurs of Chinese cuisine have also sprouted in Eastern Europe and South Asia . American Chinese cuisine and Canadian Chinese food are popular examples of local varieties.Regional cultural differences vary greatly within China, giving rise to the different styles of foodacross the nation. Traditionally there are eight main regional cuisines , or Eight Great Traditions
(Eastern China), a major style derived from Jiangsu cuisine andeven viewed as the representation of that region's cooking.
1. Anhui cuisine
Anhui cuisine
is one of the Eight Culinary Traditions of China. It is derived from the native cooking styles of the Huangshan Mountains region in China and is similar to Jiangsu cuisine .
Methods and Ingredients
Anhui cuisine is known for its use of wild game and herbs, both land and sea, and simple methods of preparation. Braising and stewing are common techniques. Frying and stir-frying are used much lessfrequently in Anhui cuisine than in other Chinese culinary traditions. Anhui cuisine consists of threestyles: Yangtze River region, Huai River region, and southern Anhui region. Anhui has ample uncultivated fields and forests, so the wild herbs used in the region's cuisine are readily available.
Representative dishes
Some famous dishes include:Stewed soft shell turtle with ham
: One whole soft shell turtle, pork, ham, bamboo shoots, a clove of garlic, shallot, ginger , soy sauce, salt, rice wine, black pepper, lard are all stewed together in a pot on charcoal fire. The dish is not greasy and can lead diners to endless aftertastes.1
Steamed stone frog
: Inhabited in caves, stone frog is a special product in Huangshan Mountain.Itweights 250 grams or so, whose belly is white and back black with stripe. Stone frog is rich in protein, calcium and so on. It has the functions of clearing heat, improving vision and nutrition.
Bamboo shoots cooked with sausage and dried mushroom
: One traditional flavor in Huizhoumountainous area. Cooked with sausage and dried mushrooms, the bamboo shoots are more fragrant.It is delicious, and noted for its good color, juicy meat and thick soup.
Bamboo shoots cooked with sausage and dried mushroom
Li Hongzhang Hodge-Podge
:
Li Hongzhang hotchpotch is a popular dish named after one of Anhui's famous personLi Hongzhang, who was a top official of the late Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). When he was in office, he paid a visit to the USand hosted a banquet for all his American friends. As the specially prepared dishes continued to flow, the chefs, with limitedresources, began to fret. Upon Li Hongzhang's order, the remaining kitchen ingredients were thrown together into animpromptu stew, containing sea cucumber, squid, tofu, ham, mushroom, chicken meat and other less identifiable foodmaterials! Thus appetites were quenched and a dish was created.
Li Hongzhang Hotchpotch
| China |
In which US state the the first Walmart store open, in July 1962? | Chinese Cuisine
Chinese Cuisine
A REFIND DOCUMENT ABOUT CHINESE CUISINE
Copyright: Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Chinese cuisine
Chinese cuisine
originated from the various regions of China and has become widespread in manyother parts of the world — from Asia to the Americas , Australia , Western Europe and Southern Africa . In recent years, connoisseurs of Chinese cuisine have also sprouted in Eastern Europe and South Asia . American Chinese cuisine and Canadian Chinese food are popular examples of local varieties.Regional cultural differences vary greatly within China, giving rise to the different styles of foodacross the nation. Traditionally there are eight main regional cuisines , or Eight Great Traditions
(Eastern China), a major style derived from Jiangsu cuisine andeven viewed as the representation of that region's cooking.
1. Anhui cuisine
Anhui cuisine
is one of the Eight Culinary Traditions of China. It is derived from the native cooking styles of the Huangshan Mountains region in China and is similar to Jiangsu cuisine .
Methods and Ingredients
Anhui cuisine is known for its use of wild game and herbs, both land and sea, and simple methods of preparation. Braising and stewing are common techniques. Frying and stir-frying are used much lessfrequently in Anhui cuisine than in other Chinese culinary traditions. Anhui cuisine consists of threestyles: Yangtze River region, Huai River region, and southern Anhui region. Anhui has ample uncultivated fields and forests, so the wild herbs used in the region's cuisine are readily available.
Representative dishes
Some famous dishes include:Stewed soft shell turtle with ham
: One whole soft shell turtle, pork, ham, bamboo shoots, a clove of garlic, shallot, ginger , soy sauce, salt, rice wine, black pepper, lard are all stewed together in a pot on charcoal fire. The dish is not greasy and can lead diners to endless aftertastes.1
Steamed stone frog
: Inhabited in caves, stone frog is a special product in Huangshan Mountain.Itweights 250 grams or so, whose belly is white and back black with stripe. Stone frog is rich in protein, calcium and so on. It has the functions of clearing heat, improving vision and nutrition.
Bamboo shoots cooked with sausage and dried mushroom
: One traditional flavor in Huizhoumountainous area. Cooked with sausage and dried mushrooms, the bamboo shoots are more fragrant.It is delicious, and noted for its good color, juicy meat and thick soup.
Bamboo shoots cooked with sausage and dried mushroom
Li Hongzhang Hodge-Podge
:
Li Hongzhang hotchpotch is a popular dish named after one of Anhui's famous personLi Hongzhang, who was a top official of the late Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). When he was in office, he paid a visit to the USand hosted a banquet for all his American friends. As the specially prepared dishes continued to flow, the chefs, with limitedresources, began to fret. Upon Li Hongzhang's order, the remaining kitchen ingredients were thrown together into animpromptu stew, containing sea cucumber, squid, tofu, ham, mushroom, chicken meat and other less identifiable foodmaterials! Thus appetites were quenched and a dish was created.
Li Hongzhang Hotchpotch
| i don't know |
‘Tages-Anzeiger’ is a daily newspaper published in which European country? | » Why U.S. Newspapers Suffer More than Others
Why U.S. Newspapers Suffer More than Others
Laura Houston Santhanam and Tom Rosenstiel of the Project for Excellence in Journalism
While print newspapers everywhere face difficult challenges in the future, newspapers in the United States today are suffering more acutely than those virtually anywhere else in the world. In sharp contrast with the U.S. situation, overall print newspaper circulation worldwide has dipped only slightly so far in 2010. Revenues are expected to rise, according to a new report from the Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism.
Print newspapers are suffering declining readership and revenue in most of the developed world, such as in Europe and Australia, though in general the problems are not as severe as in the United States, particularly when it comes to revenue.
But in much of the developing world, print newspapers are thriving, in some cases dramatically.
The distinction between whether a nation’s newspapers are suffering or flourishing depends in broad terms on whether the country is enjoying increases in population, education, literacy and income levels or is an already developed country with a mature newspaper industry, though some other factors appear to be relevant as well.
The problems are greatest, generally, in developed countries where newspapers already are consumed by large percentages of the population and where there are a lot of media providing news and information. Print newspapers are thriving, meanwhile, in countries with untapped and emerging population segments. In some parts of the world, such as India, reading a print newspaper is a prestigious activity, in much the same way that it was for immigrants a century ago in the United States.
In most developing countries print newspapers “are still growing,” said Robert Picard, media economist and director of research at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at the University of Oxford. But he warned that their gains may be temporary as those countries shift to new technologies. “Hopefully, they’ll take notice of what’s happening in our markets, and they’ll try to transform themselves.”
First, some basic numbers: In the United States, newspaper circulation fell by 10.6% daily and 7.1% on Sundays in the six months from March to September 30, 2009, compared with a year earlier, according to Audit Bureau of Circulations data. Europe saw a smaller drop, 5.6% during calendar year 2009 from the year before, according to data from the World Association of Newspapers’ 2010 World Press Trends report; Australia and Oceania fell 1.5%.
In Africa, by contrast, circulation in 2009 rose across the continent by 4.8%. Asia saw circulation gains of 1.03%, though the gains were concentrated at higher rates in places like India (nearly 5%). Worldwide in 2009, print newspaper circulation dipped 0.8% from a year earlier, (WAN, 2010). Yet overall, print newspaper circulation today remains up 5.7% worldwide from where it was five years earlier.
Determining Factors
Five factors seem to be at play in determining the health of a country’s newspapers or the severity of their problems.
The most important, and most obvious, is that in many of these nations or markets, rising literacy rates dovetail with growing disposable income to create millions of potential new readers. India’s literacy rate, for example, has grown from roughly one-third (35%) of the population in 1976 to 82% in 2009, according to Indian government estimates, (WAN, 2010). “There’s a hunger among Indians to know,” Bhaskara Rao, director of the Centre for Media Studies in New Delhi, told Agence France Presse in 2010.
Executives in India say reading a newspaper is considered something to aspire to instead of a throwback to a bygone era. “Anyone who can read or write is still looked at with a bit of awe” in parts of India, Rajesh Kalra, the editor of the Times of India’s Times Internet division, told The New York Times in 2008. The paper boasted a circulation of 3.5 million in 2008, 10% higher than it did a year earlier, and the paper planned to launch in new cities. Once people learn to read, they are proud of their new skill, Kalra said, and “the first thing you want to do is be seen to be reading a newspaper.”
The image echoes back to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when papers were aimed explicitly at European immigrants, who felt similarly about newspapers and often held reading groups to have neighbors who knew English read the paper out loud. The newspaper comic strip was invented as a way for immigrants with limited language skills to find something in the paper they could follow. The term yellow journalism comes from one such comic strip, “The Yellow Kid,” about the adventures of an orphaned immigrant child, a metaphor for how immigrants in general felt in America.
The number of Indian dailies (not including free papers) rose by 44% from 2005 to 2009. Circulation during that period rose 40% (more than 8% in 2008 alone and 5% in 2009). The amount spent on advertising is growing, too, by nearly 19% in 2008 and 4.5% in 2009.
There are still signs in India’s newspapers face problems that afflict other modern societies. The percentage of readers who read the paper everyday is declining; the growth is in casual or occasional readers. Younger people who can read prefer the Internet. Costs are rising dramatically: Newsprint jumped in price by 50% in 2008, softening since then. But rising population, rising literacy rates and rising income levels are enough to mask those problems, or delay their reckoning.
“We do see a big potential in emerging markets,” John Ridding, chief executive of the London-based Financial Times told The New York Times in 2008. One other factor in India: The expected profit margin of newspapers is much smaller than in the United States, averaging around 10%, whereas U.S. newspapers in their better days expected double that.
A second factor, intertwined with economic development, is the state of the online penetration in a country. If the nation is not connected with broadband, and smaller levels of the adult population are online, the print industry is less threatened by new technology. According to the National Book Trust-National Council of Applied Economic Research’s National Youth Readership Survey, for instance, fewer than 4% of people between ages 13 and 35 in India have access to the Internet. However, there are several European countries, particularly in Scandinavia, where high levels of Internet use continue to coexist with high levels of newspaper readership.
The third factor is political. Countries with either evolving democracies or at least evolving capitalist systems tend to drive newspaper growth, which helps explain why Hungary (6.9%) Kosovo (12.5%) and Russia (9.3%) are also on the list of countries where newspapers are launching in bigger numbers, helping advertising revenue grow. Volatile as it is, Afghanistan also saw its paid daily newspaper titles jump 12.5% in 2009.
Still a fourth factor affecting the health of the newspaper industry is government subsidy. In several countries, the government offers substantial subsidies to help the newspaper industry thrive as a matter of public policy. The amount and nature of the subsidy can vary widely, and it is difficult to pin down how widespread the subsidies are—they are being scaled back in some places and increased in others. Ireland, for instance, has devoted hundreds of thousands of Euros per year to subsidize Gaelic-language press. Austria has pumped millions in recently to reduce distribution costs and to train journalists. Belarus spent $90 million on state media, but nothing on independent press. France has thrown a life raft to its newspaper industry lately, following up on advice that it work with its printers union to cut costs, and has discussed tax breaks for media innovations. To a degree, subsidies may mask the effects of changing technology. Some news industry executives also worry, however, that subsidies may inhibit innovation. In difficult times, they have argued, the instinct is to look to the government as the easiest and most risk free way of filling gaps.
A fifth factor is the economic structure of each country’s newspaper industry. American newspapers are more dependent on advertising, and the collapse of particular advertising sectors have affected them more.
The elements vary, however, by country, which makes some brief country case studies useful.
United States
The U.S. newspaper publishing market has shrunk more dramatically in recent years than in much of the world as an ongoing downturn in newspapers met the global economic recession. From 2007 to 2009, U.S. newspapers saw an estimated 30% drop in revenues from online and offline circulation and advertising, outpacing other developed nations. By comparison, the United Kingdom saw a 21% drop during the same period, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. One reason U.S. papers have suffered more is they are more heavily dependent on advertising than papers in most other parts of the world. For instance, globally, advertising makes up 57% of overall newspaper revenues, while circulation makes up 43%, (OECD, 2010). By contrast, U.S. newspapers on average generate 73% of total revenue from advertising, selling the print copy for less to maximize readership they can deliver to local advertisers. To complicate matters, several U.S. newspaper companies in the last decade acquired heavy debt burdens, including McClatchy Company, Lee Enterprises and Freedom Communications. The much publicized bankruptcy proceedings into which several companies fell (including Tribune Company and Philadelphia Newspapers) generally reflect the difficulty of corporate parents to make bank payments rather than that the papers themselves are losing money. This is another difference with papers in other countries. “In the U.S., many companies were actually making money, but they couldn’t afford their debt. You haven’t seen that in Europe,” Picard said.
This means that the decoupling of advertising from news created by the advent of the web and afflicting U.S. papers hasn’t had quite such a devastating effect on the immediate economics of European papers. This “decoupling,” comes from several factors. First, free classified sites like Craigslist.org, or specialized classified sites like Realtor.com and Monster.com are wiping out classified advertising from U.S. print newspapers. Second, changes in American retailing, led by the rise of Big Box Stores like WalMart, affected newspapers in dramatic ways. These stores, which discount everything everyday and have low-price guarantees, do not tend to rely on print advertising, which is focused heavily on sales and promotions. WalMart thus advertises almost exclusively on television—the primary medium for image advertising. European retailing has not yet changed as dramatically as American retailing has.
Most American papers are also local. Of the 1,400 U.S. dailies, only three circulate nationally in print (the Wall Street Journal, The New York Times and USA Today). The rest serve local communities, and all but a handful are monopoly dailies in those communities. This is a primary explanation for the non-ideological nature of the U.S. print press and helps explain their dependence on advertising. But it also may inhibit their ability to raise their circulation rates with readers who might be more willing to support partisan press with high newsstand prices, according to some experts. “It’s hard to be radical with American newspapers because you don’t want to disturb the core of newspapers, but for newspapers that aspire to be national, there’s a huge potential,” said David Levy, director of the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at the University of Oxford.
Europe
Most industry indicators suggest that, at the moment, European newspapers taken as a whole are not suffering as severely as those in the United States. But there are challenges. Between 2007 and 2009, for instance, newspaper revenue in most European countries shrank. Worst hit were the United Kingdom (-21%), Greece (-20%) and Italy (-18%), (OECD, 2010). Several factors have made things somewhat easier than in the United States, however. Again, a more limited reliance on advertising is one factor. Another is that many European newspapers are family owned and cushioned by private money during tough times. When the recession occurred, European newspaper companies felt the squeeze, but were still able to stay afloat and generally were not burdened by high debt. A third factor is that in many Northern European countries newspaper reading is significantly higher than in the United States historically, which has provided more cushion. In 2008, some nations even reported a small but notable increase in the percent of adults who claim to have recently read a newspaper, compared with previous years, including Iceland (96%), Portugal (85%), Switzerland (80%), Ireland (58%), Poland (58%) and Belgium (54%), (OECD, 2010). Even in the United Kingdom, where just 33% of adults report regularly reading a daily newspaper, that number is stable. In the United States, by contract, the reach is declining. U.S. newspapers had a daily reach of 45% for daily copies and 48% for Sunday editions, down from 55% overall daily newspaper reach in 2001 (OECD, 2010).
Those figures are borne out by circulation data. Circulation slipped in Europe by 5.6% in 2009 from the previous year but was not as dramatic as the 10.6% drop reported in the United States during that time. In Europe, newspaper sales, either at newsstands or by subscriptions, account for roughly 50-60% of all revenue, with advertising sales making up the remaining revenue (between 40-50%).
One interesting feature of the European newspaper industry is the prevalence of free newspapers, in which all revenue is advertising based. According to Rasmus Nielsen, research fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at the University of Oxford, free newspapers in some countries represent as much as 40% of total newspaper circulation. Prior to the global recession, circulation of free newspapers had been particularly robust. In Russia, for instance, it grew by 523% from 2005 to 2009. In Romania, it rose 1,289% during that period. The recession seemed to blunt free circulation, in some countries more than others (World Association of Newspapers, 2010)
Some experts believe that more problems are coming. Cable, satellite and Internet trends that began to happen to the U.S. newspaper industry in the 1990s are starting to unfold in newspapers markets within Europe, media economist Robert Picard said. “They’re being hit by all the same trends in the United States, but they’re about 7-10 years behind us.” The percentage of newspaper advertising sales in Europe, compared against other media, reveals a mixed bag. For example, advertisers spent more in newspapers than in television, magazines, radio, cinema, outdoor media or the Internet in Sweden (42.9%, despite deep broadband penetration), Germany (37.4%), the Netherlands (33.5%) and the United Kingdom (28.4%). However, in the United Kingdom, this lead newspapers enjoy in advertising revenue is narrowly held over television (26.4%) and the Internet (23.2%). Meanwhile, television advertising sales dominate and more greatly resemble trends seen in the United States in Italy (49.9%), Poland (45.5%) and Spain (43.9%), according to a 2009 report from the Office of Communications in the United Kingdom. However, the Internet clearly enjoyed gains in advertiser spending in the United States and throughout most of Western Europe between 2007 and 2008, especially in the United Kingdom, where such spending grew 4.3%.
A nationally focused newspaper industry encouraged faster adoption of innovation to gain a competitive edge within the United Kingdom, Levy said. There, some willingness among newspapers to rise to the Internet challenge was tied to a need to meet the giant British Broadcasting Corporation as it went on to develop the most popular content website outside of social networking in the United Kingdom. “People have had to think about how you create a product that appeals to quite a broad market. The size of the country means you can’t be complacent about limiting yourself just to core readers,” Levy said.
Some European nations have also blunted some of the advertising problems through government subsidy, though many believe that is only delaying the problem rather than solving it. Direct subsidies to newspapers produced positive, short-term results in some European markets, but no research shows that subsidies offer long-term benefits for the industry. Picard pointed out that once politicians vote for newspaper subsidies that are not often designed to keep pace with inflation, the industry is forgotten for decades. The effect that newspaper subsidies create prompts the question: Is a slow death better than a quick one?
Beyond long-term effects, questions also have emerged about the legality of some government subsidy programs for newspapers. For roughly four decades, Sweden has used subsidies to preserve media competition found in cities with at least two newspapers. The Swedish system of newspaper subsidy distribution fell under sharp criticism in 2009 from the European Commission, which monitors competition within European Union member nations. The commission charged that these subsidies skewed market forces and provided large newspapers in major metropolitan areas with too much aid. “In mid size or small cities it’s fair to assume that the second one would die after a while without the subsidy,” Levy said. The democratic function of the subsidy succeeded to some degree, allowing for a more competitive marketplace of ideas, Picard said.
Despite the presence of government interventions and greater, more reliable circulation gains in Europe, some European nations experienced devastating losses in the percentage of newspaper publishing jobs. Among nations that saw the deepest cuts between 1997 and 2007 were Norway (-53%), the Netherlands (-41%) and Germany (-25%), (OECD, 2010). At the same time, other nations that saw, in some cases, very dramatic gains in newspaper publishing employment included Spain (63%), Poland (30%), Ireland (17%), and the United Kingdom (1%). These figures provide one more illustration of how much variance exists among European newspaper publishing markets and how perilous generalizations can quickly become. In Central and Eastern Europe, recent research suggests a notable absence of on-the-job training for journalists who do remain in the workforce, as well as a shift toward tabloid-style content that is easier to churn out than in-depth, investigative reporting (Center for International Media Assistance, 2011). On a more fundamental level, newspaper executives’ quest for more revenue streams or business models may be short-sighted given the challenges and changes that face the media industry in general. “You won’t find new business models if you’re not willing to change the product,” Levy said. “The problem with newspapers is that, sometimes, people are looking more from producer’s perspective than consumer’s end.”
In France, for instance, some problems echo those in the United States, and some do not. Circulation of French newspapers overall fell by 5% in 2009, but that followed an increase the year before. Advertising revenues for daily newspapers also declined nearly 19% in 2009, compared with the year before. The loss of younger readers is one concern, and President Nicolas Sarkozy tried to encourage the newspaper readership in January 2009 by announcing that every 18-year-old in the country would get a free one-year subscription to the paper of his or her choice. In 2010, France announced that it would enter a second phase of this program. More than one in every 10 French newspaper consumers were ages 15 to 24 in 2009 (WAN, 2010). He also gave French newspapers 600 million euros in emergency aid in addition to existing subsidies. Yet the more immediate problems facing the industry differ than in the United States. Le Monde, the center left daily considered the country’s paper of record, has been plunged into the worst crisis since its creation in 1944. In 2008, it reported losing more than $3 million a month and had plans to cut a quarter of its news staff (WAN, 2009). The problem, however, is not primarily declining circulation or even advertising revenues. The problem for French newspapers, especially the more serious ones, is cost. Only members of the print union known as Le Livre are allowed to work in the five print shops legally permitted to produce newspapers in the country, where costs are double those in non-union print shops in France. The other problem, as it is in the United States, is that French papers are losing money online, and their costs there are rising as they chase the changing tastes of audiences.
In England, the problems may seem even more familiar to those we know in the United States, but there are still some differences. Overall, circulation dropped 7% among paid-for daily newspapers. Losses at 2% were less severe among free dailies. The 10 national newspapers saw copy sales drop nearly 20% from 2000 to 2009, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations (WAN, 2010). The economic recession did not improve the situation. Every regional paper in the country with paid circulation lost readers in 2008, according to ABC figures, and in 2009, several regional newspapers closed their doors for good while free papers gained in audience. Advertising revenues for print fell 17% in 2009, continuing a five-year decline of more than 28%. The British press already had a populist tabloid press of the sort only now developing in France, and the cost structure of British papers is not as onerous. The audience migration online and the difficulty of finding a way to monetize the web, however, remain.
Asia and Developing Markets
While the newspaper industries in United States and parts of Europe struggle to attract and retain readers, newspapers in many developing markets around the world enjoy boom times, thanks in part to increased literacy rates, improved employment opportunities and more disposable income. Circulation in Africa in 2009, for instance, rose across the continent by 4.8%. Asia overall saw circulation gains of 1.03% and is home to 67 of the 100 largest newspapers in the world. The gains were found at greater rates in nations such as India (5%), Afghanistan (7%) and Qatar (4%). South America saw circulation bump up 1.8% in 2008, but then its newspapers saw a 4.6% drop in circulation in 2009, (WAN, 2010).
A closer look at Asia by country, however, reveals newspaper industry complexities and demonstrates how quickly generalizations can be weakened even when looking at neighboring nations. For example, Japan and the Republic of Korea both support relatively mature newspaper industries and saw slight decreases in their newspaper circulation (OECD, 2010).
In Japan, the problems are more similar to the United States. Young people are moving to the Internet—and to free papers. The result is declining circulation (paid dailies down 2.2% in 2009) and declining ad revenue (down 15% in 2008 compared to the year before). But surging production and newsprint costs in Japan make these problems far worse. Industry net profit has been falling rapidly, down 91% in 2008 after dipping 33% in 2007, as the papers are unable to cut staff and to keep up product quality. Unless costs can be managed, something has to give. Meanwhile, newspaper daily reach in Japan, while it has fallen slightly, still sat at an enviable 92% of the adult population in 2008. In fact, 90% of people in Japan said their preferred form of media was a newspaper, The Japan Times reported in 2010.
The Republic of Korea outlines a different set of issues for print media, especially as more newspapers develop and invest in online platforms. Print circulation has held fairly steady. Between 2005 and 2009, print circulation dropped only 2%. But changes are certainly ahead. South Koreans spent less time reading newspapers in 2008 (37 minutes per day or recently) compared to just three years earlier (45 minutes). The nation is the world leader in providing high-speed, wireless Internet connectivity to virtually every household, and since the arrival of widespread online access to news and information, more South Koreans now prefer to get their news online (77.3%) than from newspapers (51.5%), (OECD, 2010). Meanwhile, the number of online editions of South Korean newspapers rose nearly 500% between 2005 and 2009.
Again, India stands in contrast to nations like Japan and Korea. The evidence suggests rising literacy rates were clearly one factor in this growth, not only in India, but also in other developing markets. Literacy rates among adults in Asia on average jumped from 69.8% (1985 to 1994) to 81.5% (2005 to 2008), according to data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. During the same time periods in Africa, the literate adult population grew from 52.1% to 63.4%. By comparison, the literacy rate in North America and Europe is 95%.
And the increases in literacy and education are often accompanied by rising economic status. In places like India and China, the rise of the middle class fueled interest in picking up newspapers, said Tom Plate, an author and former Los Angeles Times columnist and UCLA Asian media professor. Another factor in developing countries, Picard said, is that print does not have to compete as much with other media, particularly broadcast. For example, newspaper editor and CEO Sanjay Gupta told The Hindustan Times that he maintains that print will continue to dominate India where 5% of the population has access to the Internet. Similarly, 5% of Kenyans ages 15 or older log onto the Internet daily, and 38% of Kenyan households have a television set, the Columbia Journalism Review reported in 2009. Therefore, it may not be surprising that a single newspaper copy generally is read by 14 people. Overall, these markets have not yet matured, but they might expect to contend with similar issues in 10 to 20 years, Picard added.
Print’s relatively stable days in developing markets also may be numbered. The potential for online news delivered via net-by-text cloud-based services, which is opening the door for people to access the Internet via mobile phone, is enormous. Also, Internet usage grew 14.49% worldwide in 2009 from a year before, (WAN, 2010). This was especially true in Africa (36%) and Asia (19%). Cell phone subscriptions grew 15.8% globally in 2009, with Asia seeing the largest spike (21.6%), followed closely by Africa (20.7%).
China, as always, is a unique case. Local and regional newspaper companies in China are consolidating into publicly traded national or inter-regional cross-media companies. Circulation overall rose at more than 10% for paid newspapers between 2005 and 2009, and newspaper advertising is growing, up 6.4% in 2008 (WAN, 2009, 2010). Interestingly, the ad revenues of other media are growing even more rapidly. Magazines, an industry in turmoil in the United States, saw the highest ad revenue growth in 2008, up 17.2%. Only 23% of the population is online, a third of the rate in the United States. However, Internet use is on the rise in China with 384 million online in 2009, compared with 239.8 million users in the United States (WAN, 2010). As people gain more funds and become more acquisitive, print remains a medium of delivery.
At the same time, the country is discovering the implications and perils of commercial advertising. The government in 2008, for instance, alarmed by actors and celebrities making claims in medical and drug advertisements, issued a circular banning such endorsements or any ads making claims about cure rates. A separate government ministry issued orders for media companies to exercise more censorship of advertising in other ways, and moves are coming to rewrite the broad laws governing advertising. Also, China continues to censor media through state filters.
The Future
If the developing world with growing populations is seeing newspapers thrive, most developed nations are suffering. The view in most places around the world is not that they are immune to the problems of American newspapers, but rather that the U.S. industry is ahead of them in navigating a dangerous curve. While they are not suffering from the immediate loss of advertising as American newspapers are—particularly the vanishing of classified—they can see their audience is moving online, as well as to television and satellite news channels. If not in the next two or three years, probably in the next five or ten, they will be faced with exactly the same problem we are. How can you monetize the audience that has gathered on the web? What are the prospects for charging for the content there? What are the trends in advertising online? What do the data tell us about the other prospects for revenue online beyond advertising or subscriptions?
The mistakes and the triumphs of American journalism will be the laboratory for these media elsewhere. And in places like India, a country that is both developed and developing at the same time, they may both learn from the American experience and probably leap ahead.
“We have to understand,” Picard said, “that when you have changes taking place in society, newspapers are going to follow them, consumption’s going to follow them, and how you fund papers will change a great deal.”
About This Report
The Project for Excellence in Journalism used three main methods to perform a qualitative, comparative analysis of the newspaper industry in the United States and nations elsewhere. Data that provided the greatest amount insight into this subject were found in the World Association of Newspapers 2010 and 2009 World Press Trends reports, as well as literacy data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization . A literature review included information from the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development’s 2010 ‘The Evolution of News and the Internet’ report, the (United Kingdom) Office of Communications ICMR 2009 Statistical Release, Center for International Media Assistance ’s 2011 ‘Caught in the Middle: Central and Eastern European Journalism at a Crossroads’ report, National Book Trust- National Council of Applied Economic Research ’s National Youth Readership Survey, as well as popular press reports from The New York Times , Agence France Presse , The Japan Times , The Hindustan Times and the Columbia Journalism Review . Finally, interviews with David Levy, Robert Picard and Rasmus Nielsen, all of the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at the University of Oxford , as well as author Tom Plate, offered valuable perspective and analysis of trends in the newspaper industries in the United States and abroad. Levy, Picard and Nielsen also reviewed the manuscript and offered feedback.
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In Greek mythology, who is the muse of history? | » Why U.S. Newspapers Suffer More than Others
Why U.S. Newspapers Suffer More than Others
Laura Houston Santhanam and Tom Rosenstiel of the Project for Excellence in Journalism
While print newspapers everywhere face difficult challenges in the future, newspapers in the United States today are suffering more acutely than those virtually anywhere else in the world. In sharp contrast with the U.S. situation, overall print newspaper circulation worldwide has dipped only slightly so far in 2010. Revenues are expected to rise, according to a new report from the Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism.
Print newspapers are suffering declining readership and revenue in most of the developed world, such as in Europe and Australia, though in general the problems are not as severe as in the United States, particularly when it comes to revenue.
But in much of the developing world, print newspapers are thriving, in some cases dramatically.
The distinction between whether a nation’s newspapers are suffering or flourishing depends in broad terms on whether the country is enjoying increases in population, education, literacy and income levels or is an already developed country with a mature newspaper industry, though some other factors appear to be relevant as well.
The problems are greatest, generally, in developed countries where newspapers already are consumed by large percentages of the population and where there are a lot of media providing news and information. Print newspapers are thriving, meanwhile, in countries with untapped and emerging population segments. In some parts of the world, such as India, reading a print newspaper is a prestigious activity, in much the same way that it was for immigrants a century ago in the United States.
In most developing countries print newspapers “are still growing,” said Robert Picard, media economist and director of research at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at the University of Oxford. But he warned that their gains may be temporary as those countries shift to new technologies. “Hopefully, they’ll take notice of what’s happening in our markets, and they’ll try to transform themselves.”
First, some basic numbers: In the United States, newspaper circulation fell by 10.6% daily and 7.1% on Sundays in the six months from March to September 30, 2009, compared with a year earlier, according to Audit Bureau of Circulations data. Europe saw a smaller drop, 5.6% during calendar year 2009 from the year before, according to data from the World Association of Newspapers’ 2010 World Press Trends report; Australia and Oceania fell 1.5%.
In Africa, by contrast, circulation in 2009 rose across the continent by 4.8%. Asia saw circulation gains of 1.03%, though the gains were concentrated at higher rates in places like India (nearly 5%). Worldwide in 2009, print newspaper circulation dipped 0.8% from a year earlier, (WAN, 2010). Yet overall, print newspaper circulation today remains up 5.7% worldwide from where it was five years earlier.
Determining Factors
Five factors seem to be at play in determining the health of a country’s newspapers or the severity of their problems.
The most important, and most obvious, is that in many of these nations or markets, rising literacy rates dovetail with growing disposable income to create millions of potential new readers. India’s literacy rate, for example, has grown from roughly one-third (35%) of the population in 1976 to 82% in 2009, according to Indian government estimates, (WAN, 2010). “There’s a hunger among Indians to know,” Bhaskara Rao, director of the Centre for Media Studies in New Delhi, told Agence France Presse in 2010.
Executives in India say reading a newspaper is considered something to aspire to instead of a throwback to a bygone era. “Anyone who can read or write is still looked at with a bit of awe” in parts of India, Rajesh Kalra, the editor of the Times of India’s Times Internet division, told The New York Times in 2008. The paper boasted a circulation of 3.5 million in 2008, 10% higher than it did a year earlier, and the paper planned to launch in new cities. Once people learn to read, they are proud of their new skill, Kalra said, and “the first thing you want to do is be seen to be reading a newspaper.”
The image echoes back to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when papers were aimed explicitly at European immigrants, who felt similarly about newspapers and often held reading groups to have neighbors who knew English read the paper out loud. The newspaper comic strip was invented as a way for immigrants with limited language skills to find something in the paper they could follow. The term yellow journalism comes from one such comic strip, “The Yellow Kid,” about the adventures of an orphaned immigrant child, a metaphor for how immigrants in general felt in America.
The number of Indian dailies (not including free papers) rose by 44% from 2005 to 2009. Circulation during that period rose 40% (more than 8% in 2008 alone and 5% in 2009). The amount spent on advertising is growing, too, by nearly 19% in 2008 and 4.5% in 2009.
There are still signs in India’s newspapers face problems that afflict other modern societies. The percentage of readers who read the paper everyday is declining; the growth is in casual or occasional readers. Younger people who can read prefer the Internet. Costs are rising dramatically: Newsprint jumped in price by 50% in 2008, softening since then. But rising population, rising literacy rates and rising income levels are enough to mask those problems, or delay their reckoning.
“We do see a big potential in emerging markets,” John Ridding, chief executive of the London-based Financial Times told The New York Times in 2008. One other factor in India: The expected profit margin of newspapers is much smaller than in the United States, averaging around 10%, whereas U.S. newspapers in their better days expected double that.
A second factor, intertwined with economic development, is the state of the online penetration in a country. If the nation is not connected with broadband, and smaller levels of the adult population are online, the print industry is less threatened by new technology. According to the National Book Trust-National Council of Applied Economic Research’s National Youth Readership Survey, for instance, fewer than 4% of people between ages 13 and 35 in India have access to the Internet. However, there are several European countries, particularly in Scandinavia, where high levels of Internet use continue to coexist with high levels of newspaper readership.
The third factor is political. Countries with either evolving democracies or at least evolving capitalist systems tend to drive newspaper growth, which helps explain why Hungary (6.9%) Kosovo (12.5%) and Russia (9.3%) are also on the list of countries where newspapers are launching in bigger numbers, helping advertising revenue grow. Volatile as it is, Afghanistan also saw its paid daily newspaper titles jump 12.5% in 2009.
Still a fourth factor affecting the health of the newspaper industry is government subsidy. In several countries, the government offers substantial subsidies to help the newspaper industry thrive as a matter of public policy. The amount and nature of the subsidy can vary widely, and it is difficult to pin down how widespread the subsidies are—they are being scaled back in some places and increased in others. Ireland, for instance, has devoted hundreds of thousands of Euros per year to subsidize Gaelic-language press. Austria has pumped millions in recently to reduce distribution costs and to train journalists. Belarus spent $90 million on state media, but nothing on independent press. France has thrown a life raft to its newspaper industry lately, following up on advice that it work with its printers union to cut costs, and has discussed tax breaks for media innovations. To a degree, subsidies may mask the effects of changing technology. Some news industry executives also worry, however, that subsidies may inhibit innovation. In difficult times, they have argued, the instinct is to look to the government as the easiest and most risk free way of filling gaps.
A fifth factor is the economic structure of each country’s newspaper industry. American newspapers are more dependent on advertising, and the collapse of particular advertising sectors have affected them more.
The elements vary, however, by country, which makes some brief country case studies useful.
United States
The U.S. newspaper publishing market has shrunk more dramatically in recent years than in much of the world as an ongoing downturn in newspapers met the global economic recession. From 2007 to 2009, U.S. newspapers saw an estimated 30% drop in revenues from online and offline circulation and advertising, outpacing other developed nations. By comparison, the United Kingdom saw a 21% drop during the same period, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. One reason U.S. papers have suffered more is they are more heavily dependent on advertising than papers in most other parts of the world. For instance, globally, advertising makes up 57% of overall newspaper revenues, while circulation makes up 43%, (OECD, 2010). By contrast, U.S. newspapers on average generate 73% of total revenue from advertising, selling the print copy for less to maximize readership they can deliver to local advertisers. To complicate matters, several U.S. newspaper companies in the last decade acquired heavy debt burdens, including McClatchy Company, Lee Enterprises and Freedom Communications. The much publicized bankruptcy proceedings into which several companies fell (including Tribune Company and Philadelphia Newspapers) generally reflect the difficulty of corporate parents to make bank payments rather than that the papers themselves are losing money. This is another difference with papers in other countries. “In the U.S., many companies were actually making money, but they couldn’t afford their debt. You haven’t seen that in Europe,” Picard said.
This means that the decoupling of advertising from news created by the advent of the web and afflicting U.S. papers hasn’t had quite such a devastating effect on the immediate economics of European papers. This “decoupling,” comes from several factors. First, free classified sites like Craigslist.org, or specialized classified sites like Realtor.com and Monster.com are wiping out classified advertising from U.S. print newspapers. Second, changes in American retailing, led by the rise of Big Box Stores like WalMart, affected newspapers in dramatic ways. These stores, which discount everything everyday and have low-price guarantees, do not tend to rely on print advertising, which is focused heavily on sales and promotions. WalMart thus advertises almost exclusively on television—the primary medium for image advertising. European retailing has not yet changed as dramatically as American retailing has.
Most American papers are also local. Of the 1,400 U.S. dailies, only three circulate nationally in print (the Wall Street Journal, The New York Times and USA Today). The rest serve local communities, and all but a handful are monopoly dailies in those communities. This is a primary explanation for the non-ideological nature of the U.S. print press and helps explain their dependence on advertising. But it also may inhibit their ability to raise their circulation rates with readers who might be more willing to support partisan press with high newsstand prices, according to some experts. “It’s hard to be radical with American newspapers because you don’t want to disturb the core of newspapers, but for newspapers that aspire to be national, there’s a huge potential,” said David Levy, director of the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at the University of Oxford.
Europe
Most industry indicators suggest that, at the moment, European newspapers taken as a whole are not suffering as severely as those in the United States. But there are challenges. Between 2007 and 2009, for instance, newspaper revenue in most European countries shrank. Worst hit were the United Kingdom (-21%), Greece (-20%) and Italy (-18%), (OECD, 2010). Several factors have made things somewhat easier than in the United States, however. Again, a more limited reliance on advertising is one factor. Another is that many European newspapers are family owned and cushioned by private money during tough times. When the recession occurred, European newspaper companies felt the squeeze, but were still able to stay afloat and generally were not burdened by high debt. A third factor is that in many Northern European countries newspaper reading is significantly higher than in the United States historically, which has provided more cushion. In 2008, some nations even reported a small but notable increase in the percent of adults who claim to have recently read a newspaper, compared with previous years, including Iceland (96%), Portugal (85%), Switzerland (80%), Ireland (58%), Poland (58%) and Belgium (54%), (OECD, 2010). Even in the United Kingdom, where just 33% of adults report regularly reading a daily newspaper, that number is stable. In the United States, by contract, the reach is declining. U.S. newspapers had a daily reach of 45% for daily copies and 48% for Sunday editions, down from 55% overall daily newspaper reach in 2001 (OECD, 2010).
Those figures are borne out by circulation data. Circulation slipped in Europe by 5.6% in 2009 from the previous year but was not as dramatic as the 10.6% drop reported in the United States during that time. In Europe, newspaper sales, either at newsstands or by subscriptions, account for roughly 50-60% of all revenue, with advertising sales making up the remaining revenue (between 40-50%).
One interesting feature of the European newspaper industry is the prevalence of free newspapers, in which all revenue is advertising based. According to Rasmus Nielsen, research fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at the University of Oxford, free newspapers in some countries represent as much as 40% of total newspaper circulation. Prior to the global recession, circulation of free newspapers had been particularly robust. In Russia, for instance, it grew by 523% from 2005 to 2009. In Romania, it rose 1,289% during that period. The recession seemed to blunt free circulation, in some countries more than others (World Association of Newspapers, 2010)
Some experts believe that more problems are coming. Cable, satellite and Internet trends that began to happen to the U.S. newspaper industry in the 1990s are starting to unfold in newspapers markets within Europe, media economist Robert Picard said. “They’re being hit by all the same trends in the United States, but they’re about 7-10 years behind us.” The percentage of newspaper advertising sales in Europe, compared against other media, reveals a mixed bag. For example, advertisers spent more in newspapers than in television, magazines, radio, cinema, outdoor media or the Internet in Sweden (42.9%, despite deep broadband penetration), Germany (37.4%), the Netherlands (33.5%) and the United Kingdom (28.4%). However, in the United Kingdom, this lead newspapers enjoy in advertising revenue is narrowly held over television (26.4%) and the Internet (23.2%). Meanwhile, television advertising sales dominate and more greatly resemble trends seen in the United States in Italy (49.9%), Poland (45.5%) and Spain (43.9%), according to a 2009 report from the Office of Communications in the United Kingdom. However, the Internet clearly enjoyed gains in advertiser spending in the United States and throughout most of Western Europe between 2007 and 2008, especially in the United Kingdom, where such spending grew 4.3%.
A nationally focused newspaper industry encouraged faster adoption of innovation to gain a competitive edge within the United Kingdom, Levy said. There, some willingness among newspapers to rise to the Internet challenge was tied to a need to meet the giant British Broadcasting Corporation as it went on to develop the most popular content website outside of social networking in the United Kingdom. “People have had to think about how you create a product that appeals to quite a broad market. The size of the country means you can’t be complacent about limiting yourself just to core readers,” Levy said.
Some European nations have also blunted some of the advertising problems through government subsidy, though many believe that is only delaying the problem rather than solving it. Direct subsidies to newspapers produced positive, short-term results in some European markets, but no research shows that subsidies offer long-term benefits for the industry. Picard pointed out that once politicians vote for newspaper subsidies that are not often designed to keep pace with inflation, the industry is forgotten for decades. The effect that newspaper subsidies create prompts the question: Is a slow death better than a quick one?
Beyond long-term effects, questions also have emerged about the legality of some government subsidy programs for newspapers. For roughly four decades, Sweden has used subsidies to preserve media competition found in cities with at least two newspapers. The Swedish system of newspaper subsidy distribution fell under sharp criticism in 2009 from the European Commission, which monitors competition within European Union member nations. The commission charged that these subsidies skewed market forces and provided large newspapers in major metropolitan areas with too much aid. “In mid size or small cities it’s fair to assume that the second one would die after a while without the subsidy,” Levy said. The democratic function of the subsidy succeeded to some degree, allowing for a more competitive marketplace of ideas, Picard said.
Despite the presence of government interventions and greater, more reliable circulation gains in Europe, some European nations experienced devastating losses in the percentage of newspaper publishing jobs. Among nations that saw the deepest cuts between 1997 and 2007 were Norway (-53%), the Netherlands (-41%) and Germany (-25%), (OECD, 2010). At the same time, other nations that saw, in some cases, very dramatic gains in newspaper publishing employment included Spain (63%), Poland (30%), Ireland (17%), and the United Kingdom (1%). These figures provide one more illustration of how much variance exists among European newspaper publishing markets and how perilous generalizations can quickly become. In Central and Eastern Europe, recent research suggests a notable absence of on-the-job training for journalists who do remain in the workforce, as well as a shift toward tabloid-style content that is easier to churn out than in-depth, investigative reporting (Center for International Media Assistance, 2011). On a more fundamental level, newspaper executives’ quest for more revenue streams or business models may be short-sighted given the challenges and changes that face the media industry in general. “You won’t find new business models if you’re not willing to change the product,” Levy said. “The problem with newspapers is that, sometimes, people are looking more from producer’s perspective than consumer’s end.”
In France, for instance, some problems echo those in the United States, and some do not. Circulation of French newspapers overall fell by 5% in 2009, but that followed an increase the year before. Advertising revenues for daily newspapers also declined nearly 19% in 2009, compared with the year before. The loss of younger readers is one concern, and President Nicolas Sarkozy tried to encourage the newspaper readership in January 2009 by announcing that every 18-year-old in the country would get a free one-year subscription to the paper of his or her choice. In 2010, France announced that it would enter a second phase of this program. More than one in every 10 French newspaper consumers were ages 15 to 24 in 2009 (WAN, 2010). He also gave French newspapers 600 million euros in emergency aid in addition to existing subsidies. Yet the more immediate problems facing the industry differ than in the United States. Le Monde, the center left daily considered the country’s paper of record, has been plunged into the worst crisis since its creation in 1944. In 2008, it reported losing more than $3 million a month and had plans to cut a quarter of its news staff (WAN, 2009). The problem, however, is not primarily declining circulation or even advertising revenues. The problem for French newspapers, especially the more serious ones, is cost. Only members of the print union known as Le Livre are allowed to work in the five print shops legally permitted to produce newspapers in the country, where costs are double those in non-union print shops in France. The other problem, as it is in the United States, is that French papers are losing money online, and their costs there are rising as they chase the changing tastes of audiences.
In England, the problems may seem even more familiar to those we know in the United States, but there are still some differences. Overall, circulation dropped 7% among paid-for daily newspapers. Losses at 2% were less severe among free dailies. The 10 national newspapers saw copy sales drop nearly 20% from 2000 to 2009, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations (WAN, 2010). The economic recession did not improve the situation. Every regional paper in the country with paid circulation lost readers in 2008, according to ABC figures, and in 2009, several regional newspapers closed their doors for good while free papers gained in audience. Advertising revenues for print fell 17% in 2009, continuing a five-year decline of more than 28%. The British press already had a populist tabloid press of the sort only now developing in France, and the cost structure of British papers is not as onerous. The audience migration online and the difficulty of finding a way to monetize the web, however, remain.
Asia and Developing Markets
While the newspaper industries in United States and parts of Europe struggle to attract and retain readers, newspapers in many developing markets around the world enjoy boom times, thanks in part to increased literacy rates, improved employment opportunities and more disposable income. Circulation in Africa in 2009, for instance, rose across the continent by 4.8%. Asia overall saw circulation gains of 1.03% and is home to 67 of the 100 largest newspapers in the world. The gains were found at greater rates in nations such as India (5%), Afghanistan (7%) and Qatar (4%). South America saw circulation bump up 1.8% in 2008, but then its newspapers saw a 4.6% drop in circulation in 2009, (WAN, 2010).
A closer look at Asia by country, however, reveals newspaper industry complexities and demonstrates how quickly generalizations can be weakened even when looking at neighboring nations. For example, Japan and the Republic of Korea both support relatively mature newspaper industries and saw slight decreases in their newspaper circulation (OECD, 2010).
In Japan, the problems are more similar to the United States. Young people are moving to the Internet—and to free papers. The result is declining circulation (paid dailies down 2.2% in 2009) and declining ad revenue (down 15% in 2008 compared to the year before). But surging production and newsprint costs in Japan make these problems far worse. Industry net profit has been falling rapidly, down 91% in 2008 after dipping 33% in 2007, as the papers are unable to cut staff and to keep up product quality. Unless costs can be managed, something has to give. Meanwhile, newspaper daily reach in Japan, while it has fallen slightly, still sat at an enviable 92% of the adult population in 2008. In fact, 90% of people in Japan said their preferred form of media was a newspaper, The Japan Times reported in 2010.
The Republic of Korea outlines a different set of issues for print media, especially as more newspapers develop and invest in online platforms. Print circulation has held fairly steady. Between 2005 and 2009, print circulation dropped only 2%. But changes are certainly ahead. South Koreans spent less time reading newspapers in 2008 (37 minutes per day or recently) compared to just three years earlier (45 minutes). The nation is the world leader in providing high-speed, wireless Internet connectivity to virtually every household, and since the arrival of widespread online access to news and information, more South Koreans now prefer to get their news online (77.3%) than from newspapers (51.5%), (OECD, 2010). Meanwhile, the number of online editions of South Korean newspapers rose nearly 500% between 2005 and 2009.
Again, India stands in contrast to nations like Japan and Korea. The evidence suggests rising literacy rates were clearly one factor in this growth, not only in India, but also in other developing markets. Literacy rates among adults in Asia on average jumped from 69.8% (1985 to 1994) to 81.5% (2005 to 2008), according to data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. During the same time periods in Africa, the literate adult population grew from 52.1% to 63.4%. By comparison, the literacy rate in North America and Europe is 95%.
And the increases in literacy and education are often accompanied by rising economic status. In places like India and China, the rise of the middle class fueled interest in picking up newspapers, said Tom Plate, an author and former Los Angeles Times columnist and UCLA Asian media professor. Another factor in developing countries, Picard said, is that print does not have to compete as much with other media, particularly broadcast. For example, newspaper editor and CEO Sanjay Gupta told The Hindustan Times that he maintains that print will continue to dominate India where 5% of the population has access to the Internet. Similarly, 5% of Kenyans ages 15 or older log onto the Internet daily, and 38% of Kenyan households have a television set, the Columbia Journalism Review reported in 2009. Therefore, it may not be surprising that a single newspaper copy generally is read by 14 people. Overall, these markets have not yet matured, but they might expect to contend with similar issues in 10 to 20 years, Picard added.
Print’s relatively stable days in developing markets also may be numbered. The potential for online news delivered via net-by-text cloud-based services, which is opening the door for people to access the Internet via mobile phone, is enormous. Also, Internet usage grew 14.49% worldwide in 2009 from a year before, (WAN, 2010). This was especially true in Africa (36%) and Asia (19%). Cell phone subscriptions grew 15.8% globally in 2009, with Asia seeing the largest spike (21.6%), followed closely by Africa (20.7%).
China, as always, is a unique case. Local and regional newspaper companies in China are consolidating into publicly traded national or inter-regional cross-media companies. Circulation overall rose at more than 10% for paid newspapers between 2005 and 2009, and newspaper advertising is growing, up 6.4% in 2008 (WAN, 2009, 2010). Interestingly, the ad revenues of other media are growing even more rapidly. Magazines, an industry in turmoil in the United States, saw the highest ad revenue growth in 2008, up 17.2%. Only 23% of the population is online, a third of the rate in the United States. However, Internet use is on the rise in China with 384 million online in 2009, compared with 239.8 million users in the United States (WAN, 2010). As people gain more funds and become more acquisitive, print remains a medium of delivery.
At the same time, the country is discovering the implications and perils of commercial advertising. The government in 2008, for instance, alarmed by actors and celebrities making claims in medical and drug advertisements, issued a circular banning such endorsements or any ads making claims about cure rates. A separate government ministry issued orders for media companies to exercise more censorship of advertising in other ways, and moves are coming to rewrite the broad laws governing advertising. Also, China continues to censor media through state filters.
The Future
If the developing world with growing populations is seeing newspapers thrive, most developed nations are suffering. The view in most places around the world is not that they are immune to the problems of American newspapers, but rather that the U.S. industry is ahead of them in navigating a dangerous curve. While they are not suffering from the immediate loss of advertising as American newspapers are—particularly the vanishing of classified—they can see their audience is moving online, as well as to television and satellite news channels. If not in the next two or three years, probably in the next five or ten, they will be faced with exactly the same problem we are. How can you monetize the audience that has gathered on the web? What are the prospects for charging for the content there? What are the trends in advertising online? What do the data tell us about the other prospects for revenue online beyond advertising or subscriptions?
The mistakes and the triumphs of American journalism will be the laboratory for these media elsewhere. And in places like India, a country that is both developed and developing at the same time, they may both learn from the American experience and probably leap ahead.
“We have to understand,” Picard said, “that when you have changes taking place in society, newspapers are going to follow them, consumption’s going to follow them, and how you fund papers will change a great deal.”
About This Report
The Project for Excellence in Journalism used three main methods to perform a qualitative, comparative analysis of the newspaper industry in the United States and nations elsewhere. Data that provided the greatest amount insight into this subject were found in the World Association of Newspapers 2010 and 2009 World Press Trends reports, as well as literacy data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization . A literature review included information from the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development’s 2010 ‘The Evolution of News and the Internet’ report, the (United Kingdom) Office of Communications ICMR 2009 Statistical Release, Center for International Media Assistance ’s 2011 ‘Caught in the Middle: Central and Eastern European Journalism at a Crossroads’ report, National Book Trust- National Council of Applied Economic Research ’s National Youth Readership Survey, as well as popular press reports from The New York Times , Agence France Presse , The Japan Times , The Hindustan Times and the Columbia Journalism Review . Finally, interviews with David Levy, Robert Picard and Rasmus Nielsen, all of the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at the University of Oxford , as well as author Tom Plate, offered valuable perspective and analysis of trends in the newspaper industries in the United States and abroad. Levy, Picard and Nielsen also reviewed the manuscript and offered feedback.
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In which Oscar-winning 1964 film did actress Julie Andrews make her feature film debut? | Julie Andrews - Biography - IMDb
Julie Andrews
Biography
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Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (2) | Trade Mark (2) | Trivia (72) | Personal Quotes (21) | Salary (7)
Overview (4)
5' 7" (1.7 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Julia Elizabeth Wells was born on October 1, 1935, in England. Her mother, Barbara Ward (Morris), and stepfather, both vaudeville performers, discovered her freakish but undeniably lovely four-octave singing voice and immediately got her a singing career. She performed in music halls throughout her childhood and teens, and at age 20, she launched her stage career in a London Palladium production of "Cinderella".
Andrew came to Broadway in 1954 with "The Boy Friend", and became a bona fide star two years later in 1956, in the role of Eliza Doolittle in the unprecedented hit "My Fair Lady". Her star status continued in 1957, when she starred in the TV-production of Cinderella (1957) and through 1960, when she played "Guenevere" in "Camelot".
In 1963, Walt Disney asked Andrews if she would like to star in his upcoming production, a lavish musical fantasy that combined live-action and animation. She agreed on the condition if she didn't get the role of Doolittle in the pending film production of My Fair Lady (1964). After Audrey Hepburn was cast in My Fair Lady, Andrews made an auspicious film debut in Walt Disney's Mary Poppins (1964), which earned her an Academy Award for Best Actress.
Andrews continued to work on Broadway, until the release of The Sound of Music (1965), the highest-grossing movie of its day and one of the highest-grossing of all time. She soon found that audiences identified her only with singing, sugary-sweet nannies and governesses, and were reluctant to accept her in dramatic roles in The Americanization of Emily (1964) and Alfred Hitchcock 's thriller Torn Curtain (1966). In addition, the box-office showings of the musicals Julie subsequently made increasingly reflected the negative effects of the musical-film boom that she helped to create. Thoroughly Modern Millie (1967) was for a time the most successful film Universal had released, but it still couldn't compete with Mary Poppins or The Sound of Music for worldwide acclaim and recognition. Star! (1968) and Darling Lili (1970) also bombed at the box office.
Fortunately, Andrews did not let this keep her down. She worked in nightclubs and hosted a TV variety series in the 1970s. In 1979, Andrews returned to the big screen, appearing in films directed by her husband Blake Edwards , with roles that were entirely different from anything she had been seen in before. Andrews starred in 10 (1979), S.O.B. (1981) and Victor Victoria (1982), which earned her an Oscar nomination for Best Actress in a Leading Role.
She continued acting throughout the 1980s and 1990s in movies and TV, hosting several specials and starring in a short-lived sitcom. In 2001, she starred in The Princess Diaries (2001), alongside then-newcomer Anne Hathaway . The family film was one of the most successful G-Rated films of that year, and Andrews reprised her role as Queen Clarisse Renaldi in The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement (2004). In recent years, Andrews appeared in Tooth Fairy (2010), as well as a number of voice roles in Shrek 2 (2004), Shrek the Third (2007), Enchanted (2007), Shrek Forever After (2010), and Despicable Me (2010).
- IMDb Mini Biography By: Tommy Peter and Volker Boehm
Spouse (2)
Her very regal mannerisms/behavior
Trivia (72)
Was named a Dame by Britain's Queen Elizabeth II on the Millenium New Year's Honours List on December 31, 1999.
Her husband reported that she would probably never sing again because the throat surgery had ruined her voice. [November 1998]
Underwent throat surgery. [June 1997]
Uses the pen-name 'Julie Edwards'.
Born at 6:00am-BST.
Spent some time in a psychiatric clinic, to help her cope with the trauma resulting from her throat surgery.
Mother, with Tony Walton , of daughter Emma Walton .
7 September 2000 - Her malpractice suit against the 2 New York Mt. Sinai Hospital doctors who allegedly botched her throat surgery was settled for an undisclosed sum.
The London press reported that Miss Andrews's settlement for her botched throat surgery was nearly 21 million British pounds, or about 30 million U.S. dollars. [2001]
While she played the original Eliza Dolittle in the Broadway musical "My Fair Lady", Audrey Hepburn played the part in the movie My Fair Lady (1964). The studio executives did not want Andrews because she hadn't had any experience in film and thought Hepburn would be the better choice. However, while the film My Fair Lady took home several Oscars in 1964, it failed to win the Best Actress category. That award went to none other than Julie Andrews for her performance in Mary Poppins (1964).
When Tony Walton proposed to her, he gave her a broach instead of a ring.
She has a rose named after her.
Has perfect pitch.
She was a recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors in 2001.
In 2002, she was voted the 59th greatest Briton ever in a BBC poll.
Played the same role of "Victoria Grant" in the Broadway musical adaption of Victor Victoria (1982). She turned down a Tony nomination for Best Actress in a Musical.
Has owned a chalet in Gstaad, Switzerland, for many years. Every year she pays for Gstaad's Christmas lights. In July she presents the prize for the winner of the annual Gstaad Tennis Open. She once said if she was nervous before a performance on stage, she'd just have to look at a photo from 'lovely' Gstaad, and she was reassured.
In the 1960s she sported a bumper sticker on her car reading "Mary Poppins is a junkie".
In 1969, when MGM cancelled their proposed Irving Berlin musical biography "Say it With Music" in which she was set to star, she sued the studio and collected her $1,250,000 salary.
Mary Poppins (1964) for Disney, The Sound of Music (1965) for 20th Century Fox and Thoroughly Modern Millie (1967) for Universal were the biggest money-makers yet for their studios. However, her next two films, Star! (1968) and Darling Lili (1970), to put it mildly, failed to get their money back.
Received a standing ovation at The 75th Annual Academy Awards (2003) when she appeared to present a short film celebration sequence.
Changed her last name from Wells to Andrews when her mother married her stepfather Ted Andrews .
Her stepfather was an alcoholic.
She adopted two children from Vietnam with Blake Edwards , Amy Edwards (b. 1974) and Joanna Edwards (b. 1975).
Was passed over for the role on Eliza Dolittle in favor of Audrey Hepburn for the film My Fair Lady (1964). Unlike Andrews, however, Hepburn was not a natural singer. She took voice lessons and recorded the tracks for the movie, but the producers, without telling Audrey, dubbed her voice with that of Marni Nixon . Nixon appeared with Andrews in The Sound of Music (1965).
Her star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame is directly in front of the new addition to the Chinese Theatre. The star was dedicated on 5 Oct, 1979.
Filmed a cameo sequence as a chambermaid in Blake Edwards ' 1975 Inspector Clouseau comedy The Return of the Pink Panther (1975), but the sequence ended up on the cutting-room floor.
Was selected by the Walt Disney Company to become the Offical Ambassador for "The Happiest Homecoming On Earth: Disneyland's 50th Anniversary Celebration".
Sings scales rather than songs in the shower.
She was the youngest person ever to appear in a Royal Command Performance. She performed for King George VI , Queen Elizabeth, Princess Elizabeth/ Queen Elizabeth II and Princess Margaret .
Her performance as Mary Poppins in Mary Poppins (1964) is ranked #45 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time.
Is the only actress to be nominated for (and later win) the Oscar in the Lead Actress category in a Walt Disney film ( Mary Poppins (1964)).
Possessed a five-octave coloratura soprano range until a vocal nodule surgery mishap ruined her singing voice.
The song, "Your Crowning Glory" from The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement (2004), was the first time she had sung in public or on screen since she had throat surgery in 1997. She reportedly nailed the song on the first take, and brought tears to the eyes of the crew present.
The Americanization of Emily (1964) is the only black and white movie she ever made.
Best friends with Carol Burnett . Carol is godmother of Julie's daughter, Emma Walton .
Grandmother of daughter Emma Walton 's children Samuel and Hope.
Was considered for the role of Susy Hendrix in the film Wait Until Dark (1967) . The role eventually went to Audrey Hepburn as it did in My Fair Lady (1964).
Received the Screen Actors Guild lifetime achievement award on January 28, 2007.
Mother-in-law of Steve Hamilton .
Could sing notes only dogs could hear at the age of seven.
Her daughter, Amy Edwards , married rock musician Lauren Scheff on October 24, 2004. They are now divorced.
Her brother, Christopher Stuart, was born in May, 1946.
Her two biological grandchildren are Sam (b. 1996) and Hope (b. 2003) from daughter Emma Walton . Her other grandchildren are: Max Scheff, from adopted daughter Amy Edwards ; Kayti and Hannah Schneider , from stepdaughter Jennifer Edwards ; Isabelle and Hank, from stepson Geoffrey Edwards .
Was one of the first women to be named a Disney Legend (and inducted into the Disney Hall of Fame). She was in the 1991 class with animator Mary Blair .
Turned down her Tony nomination for "Victor/Victoria" for Best Actress in a Musical in 1996 because the rest of the cast and crew were overlooked for consideration.
According to her autobiography, she first saw second husband Blake Edwards at a party while she and first husband Tony Walton were on their honeymoon. She and Blake did not become friends until several years later.
Was offered the role of Carol in Once Upon a Time in America (1984), but turned the role down. The part went to Tuesday Weld .
Was at one point going to star in The Public Eye (1972).
Learned to play the guitar specifically for the role of "Maria" in The Sound of Music (1965).
Recepient of a 2011 Lifetime Achievement Grammy [December 23, 2010].
Thanked only Walt Disney by name in her Oscar acceptance speech.
Release of the book, "Julie Andrews: A Life on Stage and Screen" by Robert Windeler. [1997]
Release of her book, "Thanks to You: Wisdom from Mother and Child" by Julie and her daughter, Emma Walton Hamilton. [2007]
Release of the book, "Julie Andrews: An Intimate Biography" by Richard Stirling . [2007]
Release of her book, "Home: A Memoir of My Early Years". [March 2008]
Doing the voice of "Queen Lillian" in Shrek Forever After (2010). [March 2009]
Over a period of six years, from 1964 to 1970, she performed in four different films as characters with rhyming names, Mary, Emily, Millie, Lili, and each of those names were part of the respective title: 1964 Mary Poppins - Mary; 1964 The Americanization of Emily - Emily; 1967 Thoroughly Modern Millie - Millie; 1970 Darling Lili - Lili. Additionally, during the same period, she portrayed the similar sounding, if not rhyming, Maria in The Sound of Music (1965), where her character's name was not part of the title. All except Darling Lili were big money makers.
After the success of 'Mary Poppins' and 'The Sound of Music', she declined huge offers for more nanny roles with the explanation: "I've done that."
Both Julie and her husband, Blake Edwards, underwent psychoanalysis in the 1970's as a way to deal with their respective career slumps.
During the Vietnam War, Julie and her husband, Blake Edwards both became involved with the Committee of Responsibility, which brought severely injured children from the war zone to the US for treatment. Their involvement led them to adopt two Vietnamese abandoned children.
Was the 61st actress to receive an Academy Award; she won the Best Actress Oscar for Mary Poppins (1964) at The 37th Annual Academy Awards (1965) on April 5, 1965.
Has had one of her ankle bone joints replaced with a titanium implant to avoid being confined to a wheelchair.
Is one of 14 actresses to have won both the Best Actress Academy Award and the Best Actress in a Comedy/Musical Golden Globe for the same performance; hers being for Mary Poppins (1964). The others, in chronological order, are: Judy Holliday for Born Yesterday (1950), Barbra Streisand for Funny Girl (1968), Liza Minnelli for Cabaret (1972), Glenda Jackson for A Touch of Class (1973), Diane Keaton for Annie Hall (1977), Sissy Spacek for Coal Miner's Daughter (1980), Cher for Moonstruck (1987), 'Jessica Tandy for Driving Miss Daisy (1989), Helen Hunt for As Good as It Gets (1997), Gwyneth Paltrow for Shakespeare in Love (1998), Reese Witherspoon for Walk the Line (2005), Marion Cotillard for La Vie en Rose (2007), and Jennifer Lawrence for Silver Linings Playbook (2012).
Julie Andrews won the Academy Award for Best Actress for feature film debut in Mary Poppins (1964). Andrews has received 28 awards over her career, but that was her only Academy Award despite being nominated for The Sound of Music. Mary Poppins also earned her and her co-stars the 1965 Grammy Award for Best Album for Children. She was nominated for a Tony Award for her performance in the musical My Fair Lady.
Her first stage show was at the Hippodrome, London in 1947 (aged 11) where she sang one song 'Polonaise from Mignon' for two performances each night. This led to being asked to perform in the Royal Command Performance 1947 (Then aged 12).
As of 2016 she is the 8th earliest surviving recipient of a Best Actress Oscar nomination, behind only Olivia de Havilland , Leslie Caron , Carroll Baker , Joanne Woodward , Shirley MacLaine , Doris Day , and a tied Piper Laurie and Sophia Loren . She was nominated (and won) in 1964 for Mary Poppins (1964).
According to Andrews, Walt Disney originally approached her to read for the part of Mary Poppins after a performance of the Broadway show, Camelot. Andrew's told Disney she could not take the part because she was pregnant. Disney responded, "That's alright. I'll wait.".
Personal Quotes (21)
I don't want to be thought of as wholesome.
[1982] Does Mary Poppins have an orgasm? Does she go to the bathroom? I assure you, she does.
Singing has never been particularly easy for me.
Films are much more my level. On stage I never feel quite enough.
[upon answering whether Mary Poppins and Bert ever got it together]: I hope so. She wouldn't admit it, but I do hope so.
As my mother said, I never sprang out of bed with a glad shout! My voice needed oiling and then it took off.
I had a teacher who stressed for me the importance of diction in terms of - I want to be very careful about how I say this - in terms of supporting one's voice when one is singing. In other words, if you hold on to your words, your voice will pull through for you when you're singing. So be true to your vowels. Supposing you have to sing [from "The Messiah"] "Behold thy king cometh unto thee". If you do a strong "thee", it will help you with the "-hold", which is a much higher note. And it's the note before the note that matters, then you unpeel a song backwards.
A lot of my life happened in great, wonderful bursts of good fortune, and then I would race to be worthy of it.
[on being a gay icon] I don't know. I'm sort of aware that I am. But I'm that odd mixture of, on the one hand, being a gay icon and, on the other hand, having grandmas and parents being grateful I'm around to be a babysitter for their kids. And I've never been able to figure out what makes a gay icon, because there are many different kinds. I don't think I have the image that, say, Judy Garland has, or Bette Davis .
[upon receiving the BAFTA award on October 7, 1989] I am first and always English, and I carry my country in my heart wherever I go. I've tried to honour her, and I have the funny feeling that perhaps tonight, in some way, I've managed to do just that.
[asked where she kept her Oscar] He stayed in the attic a long time. I just didn't feel worthy . . . When I got to know more about film, I felt safe trotting him out.
I've learned things about myself through singing. I used to have a certain dislike of the audience, not as individual people, but as a giant body who was judging me. Of course, it wasn't really them judging me. It was me judging me. Once I got past that fear, it freed me up, not just when I was performing but in other parts of my life.
Bette Davis was always marvelous.
As soon as you have one, all those dormant maternal instincts start popping out all over you, like German measles.
All love shifts and changes. I don't know if you can be wholeheartedly in love all the time.
Blake [husband Blake Edwards ] and I have this wonderful arrangement that while one is working hard, the other tries to be at home as much as possible and vice versa.
All kinds of things have been printed, including much gossip and rumour and finally I feel ready to have my say. I want to be as honest as I can.
Sometimes I'm so sweet even I can't stand it.
[on Max von Sydow ] He was the unqualified front runner -- the most generous man I've ever met. And he had such a lovely light sense of humor. I consider it a privilege to have worked with him.
With 'Star' and 'Darling Lili', it seemed that the big musicals weren't popular any more. I underwent a career dip. You know the Hollywood saying 'You're only as good as your last hit'. Sometimes an enormous hit can carry you along, but not forever.
[on the 2015 celebrations honouring 'The Sound of Music'] This is a lovely moment to mark. I've been saying all long it's like a very bad joke because surely it' was only thirty years ago - not fifty. I feel I lost twenty somewhere along the way. A little thing called life got in the way.
Salary (7)
| Mary Poppins |
In January 1994, which member of the British royal family was the first senior royal to publicly convert to Catholicism, the first for more than 300 years? | Who Is Julie Elizabeth Andrews - Julie Andrews Net Worth
Who Is Julie Elizabeth Andrews
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Julie Andrews
Julie Andrews Net Worth is $45 Million. Julie Andrews a British film and stage actress, singer, and author, she has a net worth of $45 million. Julie Andrews has earned her net worth from performing in well-known musicals such as My Fair Lady and Cam. Dame Julia Elizabeth Andrews...
Julie Andrews Net Worth is $45 Million.
Julie Andrews Net Worth is $45 Million. Julie Andrews a British film and stage actress, singer, and author, she has a net worth of $45 million. Julie Andrews has earned her net worth from performing in well-known musicals such as My Fair Lady and Cam Dame Julia Elizabeth Andrews, DBE is an English film and stage actress, singer, and author. She is the recipient of Golden Globe, Emmy, Grammy, BAFTA, People's Choice Award, Theatre World Award, Screen Actors Guild and Academy Award honors.
Andrews is a former child actress and singer who made her Broadway debut in a 1954 production of The Boy Friend, and rose to prominence starring in musicals such as My Fair Lady and Camelot, both of which earned her Tony Award nominations. In 1957, she made her television debut with the title role in Cinderella, which was seen by over 100 million viewers.
Andrews made her feature film debut in Mary Poppins , for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress. She received her second Academy Award nomination for The Sound of Music . Adjusted for inflation, these two films are the 25th and 3rd highest grossing films of all time, respectively. From 1964 to 1967, Andrews was the biggest film star in ...
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In the nursery rhyme, who ‘called for his fiddlers three’? | Old King Cole
Old King Cole
Old King Cole was a merry old soul
And a merry old soul was he;
He called for his pipe, and he called for his bowl
And he called for his fiddlers three.
Every fiddler he had a fiddle,
And a very fine fiddle had he;
Oh there's none so rare, as can compare
With King Cole and his fiddlers three.
History:
Iona and Peter Opie consider the 'Old King Cole' of nursery school poem reputation was actually 'Old Cole' (alias Thomas Cole-brook), a hypothetical 12th century Reading fabric merchant whose tale was recounted by Thomas Deloney in his The Enjoyable History of Thomas of Reading (circa 1598). A number of analysts believe it improbable that the nursery school rhyme was printed earlier than 1585, when Sir Walter Raleigh introduced tobacco into England. Others think the "pipe" referred to may not have been a smoking pipe, but quite a melodic instrument, or a gauge of wine. The hypothesis that "pipe" refers to a melodic device (almost certainly some form of woodwind device) is further suggested by the last words of the song "there's none so rare, As can contrast With King Cole and his fiddlers three", which appear to propose that King Cole and his fiddlers played composition jointly as a group. The word "pipe" is frequently used as an "casual word for a flute or recorder". The statement ceol really means melody in Gaelic, and this may be the source of the name in the rhyme.
A well-liked British fable tells us that there is said to have been a King Cole living in the township of Colchester in Essex in the third century AD. In about 1129, Henry of Huntingdon claimed that Cole was the father of St Helena and consequently grandfather of the Roman Emperor, Constantine the Great. 'Colchester' can be interpreted as meaning 'Cole's castle', though it is usually thought to derive from the River Coln, itself named after the Roman colonia established there. The township as well contains an old Roman excavation called 'King Cole's Kitchen'. In his mainly imaginary Historia Regum Britanniae, Geoffrey of Monmouth lists a Ruler Cole as a king of the Britons subsequent the sovereignty of King Asclepiodotus. Geoffrey expands Cole's tale, stating that, upset with Asclepiodotus's conduct of Diocletian's massacres, he began a revolt in the duchy of Caercolun (Colchester), of which he was duke. He met Asclepiodotus in combat and killed him, therefore winning the kingship of Britain upon himself. Rome, it seems that, was delighted that Britain had a new ruler and sent a senator, Constantius Chlorus, to talk with Cole. Frightened of the Romans, Cole met Constantius and decided to pay honor and submit to Roman laws as long as he was permitted to keep the kingship of Britain. Constantius approved to these conditions but, one month later, Cole died. Constantius married Cole's daughter, St Helena, and crowned himself as Coel's heir. Helen later gave birth to a son who became the Emperor, Constantine the Great. Local client kings merely survived for a few years after the Roman attack, but leading tribal families may still have held positions of authority at this later era. This nature is, however, most probable to be a reminiscence of the grand pre-Roman King Cunobelinus of the Catuvellauni tribe – Shakespeare's Cymbeline – who made Colchester his capital.
| Old King Cole |
Which former actor was elected Governor of California in 1966? | Grammars about a nursery rhyme "Old King Cole"?
Grammars about a nursery rhyme "Old King Cole"?
In the following nursery rhyme,
Old King Cole was a merry old soul,
And a merry old soul was he;
He called for his pipe,
And he called for his bowl,
And he called for his fiddlers three.
Every fiddler had a fiddle,
And a very fine fiddle had he.
Tweedle dee, tweedle dee,
Oh there's none so rare
As can compare,
With King Cole and his fiddlers three.
Please help me to solve my problems,
1. How many meanings are there of the phrase "so ... as ..."?And what "part of speech" are they? Conjunctions? Adjectives? Pronouns?
2. If we omit these words "so rare as", maybe the meaning is much more clear?
"There's none (who) can compare with King Cole ...."
But the grammar will be wrong if there isn't a "who" added. If we don't take off these three words "so rare as", the grammar of the original sentence seems strange."There's none so rare as can compare, with King Cole and his fiddlers three."What in the world is the meaning of this sentence?
Thank you very much for your reply!!
CalifJim:
There's none | so rare | as | can compare with King Cole and | his fiddlers three.
There is no one | (who is) so unusual | that | (they) can compare with King Cole and | his three fiddlers.
rare = unusual; uncommon; odd; strange.
as = that
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What is the official language of Tunisia? | The Language in Tunisia, Tunisia | TourismTunisia.com
The Language in Tunisia
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In Tunisia, there are primarily three languages used: the local Tunisian dialect, Arabic and French.
Tunisians are adept at languages, and schools promote this study. Modern Standard Arabic, or Literary Arabic, is the official language of Tunisia. Important documents are written in Modern Arabic, as well as street signs, shops and restaurants.
Tunisian is also closely related to Maltese, which is not considered to be a dialect of Arabic for sociolinguistic reasons
Arabic is the language that all literate speakers of Tunisia understand and can speak some of. Classical Arabic, used in the Koran, has been considered the tree of which all spoken varieties of Arabic have branched out from, including Modern Standard Arabic. Tunisian children are taught to speak, read and write in classical Arabic. Arabic is one of the languages of commerce in Tunisia.
Arabic
The majority of Tunisians are also fluent in French. In school, French is taught to children from the age of eight. French is also used on shop signs, menus and road signs, as well as Modern Standard Arabic.
Commerce between tourists and locals is driven either in Arabic or French. Over 60% of the population of Tunisia is literate in French, and half of Tunisian newspapers are in French. French is also used in secondary education.
French
The third language of Tunisia is Tunisian Arabic. Known locally as Darija (meaning dialect) or Tunsi (meaning Tunisian), Tunisian Arabic is very different from Classical or Modern Standard Arabic. Considered a derivative of Classical Arabic, Tunisian Arabic has a vocabulary that is Arabic. However, many of its words are French, Turkish, Italian, Spanish and Berber – all the cultures that have influenced this great country.
Spoken by 11 million people, Darija is spoken in Tunisia. Similar dialects of Darija are spoken in parts of Algeria and Libya. Visitors to Tunisia who are fluent in Arabic may not understand Tunisian Arabic, but will be pleased that Tunisians can also communicate in Standard Arabic .While Modern Standard Arabic is the official language of Tunisia, Tunisian Arabic is its native language.
Tunisian Arabic, or Darija, is a spoken language. Darija is now being used in on-line conversation. Being more recognized, especially by the younger generation, Darija is evolving. New words in French and English have been integrated, as well as technological terms. Antiquated French and Spanish words are being replaced with Standard Arabic. Derija is a familial dialect and more of a people’s language than the formality of Modern Standard Arabic.
English
Now a compulsory subject, taught from the age of 10, English may soon become Tunisia’s third official language. Many of Tunisia’s official documents are now being translated into English as well as French.
There is a small minority (1%) in Tunisia that speaks Shelha, a Berber language.
European vacationers from France and Germany have long been drawn to Tunisia’s fine beaches. The German language is now spoken in Tunisia’s major cities.
Offering Modern Standard Arabic, French, Tunisian Arabic or Darija, English and German, Tunisians are able to convey all of their warmth to you in your native language. Tunisia wants you to enjoy all the pleasures and sights of their amazing country, free of barriers.
| Arabic |
In which English city is Meadowhall Railway Station? | Tunisia | Greenwich Mean Time
What is the International Telephone Dialling Code for Tunisia ?
The International Dialling Code for Tunisia is 216.
Official Language of Tunisia
The official language of Tunisia is Arabic.
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Which team did Tottenham Hotspur beat to win the 1973 League Cup? | History Of THFC
the history of tottenham hotspur
HOW IT ALL STARTED
The history of Tottenham Hotspur began under a street lamp just across the road from what is now the Spurs Store on High Street Tottenham, London N17. Some players from the local cricket club and the local grammar school - St. John's Presbyterian - were at a loss as to what to get up to during the winter and so they decided to start playing football. This was back in 1882. Unsure about what to call themselves, they named themselves after the youngest son of the Duke of Northumberland, Percy, who went by the nickname of "Harry Hotspur". It was the valiant nature of his derring-do heroics, that they thought it was an appropriate title to adopt, so Hotspur FC was born. Under the chairmanship of the Reverend John Ripsher, the club was reorganised in 1883, took to wearing all navy blue and played their games at Tottenham Marshes.
The following year saw the club renamed "Tottenham Hotspur Football and Athletic club" and in 1885, Spurs played their first competitive match against St. Albans in the London Association Cup, winning the game 5-2. By this time, the kit had transformed into light blue and white halved shirts and a credit balance of nine shillings was recorded !!
In 1887, Spurs had their first match against the "old enemy" (then called Royal) Arsenal and they were denied a 2-1 win as the game was abandoned because of darkness 15 minutes from the end of the match. It was the year after this that Tottenham Hotspur moved their ground location to Northumberland Park and they charged the princely sum of 3d (1p) to get in !! In 1890, a further kit change saw the shirts change to red in an act which was tantamount to heresy. They did stick with the navy blue shorts though.
16th December 1895 was an important date in Spurs' history because they adopted professionalism and the following year also contained some milestones. A friendly against Aston Villa attracted 6,000 to the ground, the club were elected to the Southern League Division One and the colours were changed to chocolate and gold stripes. Indeed, the next year saw Tottenham reach their first (of many) Cup Finals, losing out to Wellingborough 0-2 in the local Charity cup competition.
1898 was another landmark year in the history of the club as it became a limited company and the attendance record swelled to 14,000 for a match against Woolwich Arsenal. Perhaps the most significant move of this year was the adoption of the colours of the "Invincibles" of Preston North End, who had done "the Double" and so Spurs first became associated with the white shirts and navy blue shorts for which they are now world famous.
HOME AT LAST AND A TROPHY TOO
In the final year of the century, Tottenham made a move to the current location -White Hart Lane - the world famous home of Tottenham Hotspur. The 35,000 capacity stadium was almost called "Gilpin Park", but gradually became known as White Hart Lane. The first game there was a match against Notts. County and the receipts totalled �115. The move heralded success for the club and in 1900, Tottenham won the Southern League and the big success came in 1901, when Tottenham Hotspur became the first non-league team ever to win the FA Cup. They beat Sheffield United 3-1 at Bolton after holding them to a 2-2 draw at Crystal Palace in front of a then record crowd of 110,000. Breaking the Northern domination of the competition, Spurs also established a new tradition - that of tying coloured ribbons in favour of the the winners onto the trophy. The FA Cup victory helped Spurs get elected to the Second Division of the Football League in 1908, but it wasn't straightforward, but what is with Spurs !!
Stoke dropped out of the league after suffering financial problems and although Spurs had finished behind Grimsby Town, Bradford Park Avenue, Chesterfield and Lincoln City for the place of the relegated club, the voting was much tighter after that and following two tied votes, an eight man panel of the FA Management Committee voted Spurs in ahead of Lincoln by five to three. Tottenham showed that the decision was fully justified as they won promotion to the First Division at their first attempt in 1909.
Spurs were also excelling in other activities, as they won the Baseball Championships in this country in 1906 and 1908 in the three years Tottenham took part.
BETWEEN THE WARS
The club remained in that division for six years before relegation struck, but promotion again was swift after the break for the Great War of 1914-1919. A record points tally of 70 (with two points for a win) saw Spurs back in the top flight. The next year, 1921, found Tottenham winning the FA Cup for a second time, beating Wolverhampton Wanderers by a single goal at Stamford Bridge. Relegation came seven years later and it was then five seasons before promotion as runners-up was achieved. In 1934 the building of the East Stand was completed, just in time for the club to be relegated again in 1935. However, 75,038 fans crammed into the ground to see a FA Cup Sixth Round tie against Sunderland in 1938 to set an attendance record at White Hart Lane, which will never be broken.
POST WAR SUCCESS
A period of wartime and doldrums for Spurs meant that they had to wait until 1950 to regain their place in the First Division and the bulk of that team went on to win the League Championship trophy for the first time in the club's history in 1951 under the management of Arthur Rowe. When Rowe retired and Jimmy Anderson took over as manager, he could not handle the pressure and a player stepped up to take over the club and lead it into an unforgettable new era. That man was Bill Nicholson and he made Tottenham what they are today. It was October 1958 and Spurs were facing a home match against Everton. Not much was expected that day, but Tottenham emerged victors by 10 goals to 4. It was the start of a reign that would see Tottenham Hotspur scale peaks that other teams could not hope to reach.
THE DOUBLE AND ALL THAT
His team building took a while, but by 1960 all the pieces were in place and his most famous achievement was about to begin. His assault on the League started in amazing fashion and the side remained unbeaten for 16 matches, winning their first 11 of the season; they won the most games (31) and the most away games (16); they reached 50 points in 29 games - quicker than anyone else; the 115 goals for that season is still a club record; they equalled the record of 66 points for a season; they equalled the number of away pints gained in one season (33), they completed the double over eleven clubs equalling the record in one season. They ended up winning the title by eight points from Sheffield Wednesday, but the figures do not tell the whole story. It was the manner in which the team played that won the matches and friends along the way. The fluid, open, attacking game which made the team of Brown, Baker, Henry, Blanchflower, Norman, Mackay, Jones, White, Smith, Allen, Dyson so renowned across the globe. The anti-climax came in the FA Cup final when they failed to live up to the football they had been playing and ended up winning 2-0 against a Leicester City side reduced to ten fit players (these being the days before substitutes). However, "the Double" had been achieved for the first time this century and when no team was believed able to do so. The side took much of the credit, but the manager was the driving force behind them. His lack of recognition compared to people like Ferguson and Busby is a disgrace. If anything, he set the standard that they had to live up to and is therefore, more important than any book will tell you.
EUROPE CALLING
The following season Tottenham believed they could repeat the feat and had the involvement of the European Cup to look forward to. Their first leg of the Preliminary round tie they travelled to Poland and were taken aback by the conditions they found. They lost the leg 2-4, but in the return at White Hart Lane, they took the Polish side, Gornik Zabrze, apart running out 8-2 winners. The season ended up falling between two stools, as they lost out to Benfica in the semi-finals of the European Cup and came in third in the League behind newly promoted Ipswich Town (managed to the Championship by ex-Spurs Alf Ramsey) and Burnley. Spurs did extract some revenge by beating Burnley 3-1 in the FA Cup Final to retain the trophy. This gained entry to the 1963 European Cup Winners Cup and they reached the Final, beating Atletico Madrid (the holders) 5-1 in Rotterdam, with new signing Jimmy Greaves among the goals. Tottenham became the first British side to win a European trophy ... and how !!
60's AND 70's
The side gradually broke up through age and transfers, but Nicholson rebuilt and in 1967, the FA Cup returned to Tottenham after a 2-1 win over Chelsea in the first all-London final. The process of change was continual and Bill Nick created another era of success for the club, starting with the League Cup triumph in 1971, winning at Wembley 2-0 over Third Division Aston Villa. Again this meant entry to European competition and this time it was the UEFA Cup. Spurs battled through to meet Wolverhampton Wanderers in the two legged final and won 2-1 at Molineux, with a 1-1 draw at the Lane giving Tottenham the Cup on aggregate. Thus Spurs became the first English club to win two European trophies. Another record was established in 1973, when Spurs became the first club to win the League Cup twice, overcoming Norwich City 1-0 in a poor final. As holders they reached the semi-final of the UEFA Cup and the League Cup win ensured that Spurs would be back in the competition again. The 1974 campaign was however one of the darker periods of Tottenham's history, with the two legged final (Spurs being the first English club to play in three major European finals) against Feyenoord being lost 2-4 (Tottenham's first final defeat) and Spurs fans rioted in the Dutch stadium leaving a reputation on the continent that has never been forgotten. The night upset Nicholson greatly; his pleading to the Spurs fans to behave themselves went unheeded and Spurs got a ban from Europe, which was a bit unnecessary, because they were not to qualify for another 10 years.
THE END OF AN ERA
The heart had gone out of it for Bill Nick. The hooliganism at home and abroad, the big name players, the way transfers were now conducted. It all added up and conspired to his resignation in 1976. Taking over was ex-Arsenal manager Terry Neill, who presided over one escape from relegation and then another season that ended with him leaving the club, which could not be saved from the drop into Division Two by Keith Burkinshaw. 1977 saw Spurs start in the Second Division and at the first attempt, Spurs got promotion by taking third position in the league by goal difference. What happened next stunned the football world. The World Cup in Argentina had just finished and suddenly, Spurs were announcing that they had signed Osvaldo Ardiles and Ricardo Villa of the World Cup winning squad !!
A NEW START TO THE 80's
While their impact was slow at first, while they acclimatised to English football, within three years they had experienced the thrill of winning the FA Cup. A new West Stand at White Hart Lane looked down on the side as they progressed to their place in the Centenary FA Cup Final against Manchester City in 1981. A poor game on the Saturday saw Spurs go behind, but a deflected Glenn Hoddle free-kick earned Spurs another crack. The replay was an altogether different kettle of fish. Ricky Villa, along with his comrade from South America, had so been looking forward to playing at Wembley in an FA Cup Final, but had been substituted and trudged off around the running track, head hung low in disappointment in the first game. Within a few minutes of the start of the replay he had scored to put Tottenham on the road to a famous victory. Manchester City scored twice to take the lead, but a goal by Garth Crooks tied it at 2-2. Then Ricky took over. Receiving the ball from Tony Galvin wide on the left, his mazy run, beating at least five Manchester City players and the keeper was one of the greatest goals the old stadium ever saw. A goal fit to win any FA Cup, but the 100th certainly.
The next season, the European Cup Winner's Cup campaign failed at the semi-final stage to the brutal Spaniards of Barcelona, but Tottenham did repeat their feat of twenty years previously and retained the trophy with a 1-0 win over Queens Park Rangers in the replay, after the first game was drawn 1-1. They became the first team since the 1961/62 side to do the achievement. And all this in the Club's Centenary year.
Following this proved a hard task and Spurs finished fourth in the League - qualifying for the UEFA Cup, but went cup-less in 1982/83. Off the pitch the club became the first to float their shares on the Stock Market, a move which would be a millstone in years to come. 1984 saw the club win the UEFA Cup once again, beating Anderlecht on penalties after two 1-1 draws, with young keeper Tony Parks being the hero, by saving two penalties in the shoot-out. The home match of the final marked the departure of Keith Burkinshaw as manager. Disillusioned by the money men at the club he left with a comment that "there used to be a football club over there."
The 1984/85 season found Spurs playing their matches in an all white kit (previously reserved for European games) and in the next season, another Spurs great departed the club, when Steve Perryman left to join Oxford United after making 655 league appearances for Tottenham. David Pleat came in as manager and in 1987 took Spurs to their eighth FA Cup Final, where they lost for the first time to Coventry City by 3-2 after extra time. Two good things did come out of that season though - Clive Allen played as a lone striker and notched 49 goals in all competitions and the club strip returned to white shirts and navy blue shorts.
RECORD BUYS AND ANOTHER CUP
In 1988, Tottenham splashed out on Paul Stewart as their first million pound player - �1.5 million from Manchester City, but then went even further when they bought Paul Gascoigne from Newcastle United for �2.2 million. The side trudged on and Chris Waddle left for Marseille costing �5 million, Tottenham were not setting anyone's pulses racing, but with Gazza's trickery and the added goalscoring ability of Gary Lineker, the side were on the brink of good things. 1989 saw the completion of the East Stand's refurbishment and just when things looked bleak for the club on the financial front - a minor miracle happened. As funds drained out of the club because of poor investments and the failure of the club to win trophies, a FA Cup run was driven by Paul Gascoigne (despite suffering from a hernia problem) and Terry Venables. The Geordie scored in almost every round and when he was just coming back from an operation on his groin, he scored a fantastic free-kick from 30 yards past David Seaman to give Tottenham a perfect start against rivals Arsenal in the first ever meeting at the semi-final stage between the two clubs. Spurs went on to win 3-1 and although the Final against Nottingham Forest was a bit of an anti-climax in comparison (despite the loss of Gazza through injury, being a goal down and missing a penalty), the FA Cup had helped to save Spurs as a football club. Alan Sugar (electronics entrepreneur) came in to join forces with Venables to secure the future of THFC. Beating off the rival bid by media tycoon, Robert Maxwell, Sugar laid his faith in Venables, but his financial dealings were of concern and this lead to his dismissal followed by Court cases about who said what and about whom.
POWER STRUGGLE AND CHANGE
Coming at a time, when in 1992 the Premier League was founded in place of the old First Division, the club was in turmoil. Gascoigne left for Lazio for a record �5.5 million. It was a time for reconciliation and Ossie Ardiles was brought in as manager to assuage the upheaval felt by the fans of Venables removal. In 1994, he made a swoop on the players who had lit up the World Cup in the USA. Gica Popescu and Ilie Dumitrescu were brought in from the revelations of the tournament, Romania and in an audacious deal, Alan Sugar persuaded Jurgen Klinsmann to join the White Hart Lane revolution. Suffering from a FA investigation into the mishandling of financial matters at the club, Spurs were docked League points and banned from that season's FA Cup. Unfortunately for Ardiles, his attacking philosophy with the Famous Five (Barmby, Klinsmann, Sheringham, Anderton and Dumitrescu) up front was doomed once the side started leaking goals and the burden of the docked points meant he was replaced by Queens Park Rangers manager, Gerry Francis. Sugar was determined to get justice over the sanctions taken and arguing that these misdemeanours took place before he was in charge at the club and also that he had brought these problems out into the open, he took the FA to court and won the points and the place in the FA Cup back in place of a large fine. Francis got Spurs to an FA Cup semi-final, when they should not have even been in the competition, but the side lost 1-4 to Everton. The year also saw the "Shelf" on the East Stand turned into a seated area and the next year a new South Stand was built. But it wasn't all off the pitch activity - Chris Armstrong was brought in to replace Klinsmann for �4.5 million - a club record signing. Again a lean time was had by all concerned with the club, until the sale of Teddy Sheringham to Manchester United lead to a record buy of �6 million for Les Ferdinand of Newcastle United and he was joined by his team-mate, David Ginola. The ground was finally completed when the North Stand was rebuilt in 1998, leaving the stadium as one of the best in the country, but totally unrecognisable from that of only ten years before. Another change in manager after Gerry Francis bit the bullet and then less than a year after (and having saved the club from relegation with the help of the returning Klinsmann) Christian Gross also left. The appointment of George Graham - a stalwart former Arsenal player and manager - caused disquiet among Spurs fans, but he organised the side quickly and in his first season, the team beat Leicester City at Wembley 1-0 to win the Worthington (League) Cup with ten men after Justin Edinburgh had been dismissed.
In 2000, there were more changes behind the scenes as Sir Alan Sugar sold his majority shareholding to ENIC, an investment company, who became the biggest party on the board. A couple of months into their reign, they dismissed George Graham as manager and shortly after installed Glenn Hoddle as the new boss on the eve of an FA Cup semi-final against Arsenal, which the club lost. With new owners and an old Tottenham player back in charge, fans foresaw that as a dream ticket for years to come, but the worries about the lack of financing given to the strengthening of the team in the summer of 2001 has cast some doubts over the future.
After shuffling many managers over the early 2000s, Spurs were fifth two years running under Martin Jol, but his replacement following a secret visit to Spain to recruit Seville boss Juande Ramos ended in temporary success with a League Cup win in 2008, but the team slipped in the league and a poor start in 2008-09 saw Ramos sacked and Harry Redknapp brought in as Spurs returned to a traditional "manager" role with no Director of Football. A League Cup final loss on penalties to Manchester United was the turning point of the season, as Redknapp guided Tottenham away from the bottom of the table to ensure Premier League football for another season and the team just missed out on European football by two points at the end of the campaign.
Today, the club has again slipped behind the top three or four clubs in the Premiership, but need to re-establish themselves at the very top of the English game before trying to make inroads into Europe and World football. Investment in players must be made to do this, but the figures involved in these days is astronomical compared to those of the humble beginnings of the club over 100 years before. The heritage of the Double winners have always left a shadow over subsequent teams, managers and players, but having gone 48 years without a League championship, we can only hope that things work out and we see one in our lifetime.
| Norwich City F.C. |
How many US Presidents have been assassinated in office? | TOPSPURS - the world famous unofficial home of Tottenham Hotspur on the Internet
THFC-Timeline
TOTTENHAM HOTSPUR - COMPLETE RECORDS
Record Home Attendance (White Hart Lane): 75,038 v Sunderland, FA Cup, 5 March 1938 Record Home Attendance (Wembley): 85,112 v Bayer Leverkusen, Champions League, 2 Nov2016
Record Victory:13 - 2 v Crewe Alex, FA Cup 4th Rnd Replay, 3 February 1960
Record Defeat:0 - 7 v Liverpool, Division 1, 2 September 1978
Most League Points:(2 for a win) 70, Division 2, 1919-20
Most League Points:(3 for a win) 77, Division 1, 1984-85
Most League Points:(Premier League) 72, Premier League, 2012-13
Most League Goals:115, Division 1, 1960-61
Most League Goals in Total: Jimmy Greaves, 220, 1961-70
Most League Appearances: Steve Perryman, 655, 1969-1986
League Record1908 elected to Division 2; 1909-15 Division 1; 1919-20 Division 2; 1920-28 Division 1; 1928-33 Division 2; 1933-35 Division 1; 1935-50 Division 2; 1950-77 Division 1; 1977-78 Division 2; 1978-92 Division 1; 1992 - FA Premier League
FA Cup Final 1900-01 : Crystal Palace (Att:- 114,815)
Tottenham Hotspur 2-2 Sheffield United
Team: 1.George Clawley, 2.Harry Erentz, 3.Sandy Tait, 4.Tom Morris, 5.Ted Hughes, 6.Jack L Jones, 7.Tom Smith, 8.John Cameron, 9.Sandy Brown, 10.David Copeland, 11.John Kirwan
Scorer: Sandy Brown (2)
FA Cup Final Replay 1900-01: Burnden Park, Bolton (Att:- 20,470)
Tottenham Hotspur 3-1 Sheffield United
Team: 1.George Clawley, 2.Harry Erentz, 3.Sandy Tait, 4.Tom Morris, 5.Ted Hughes, 6.Jack L Jones, 7.Tom Smith, 8.John Cameron, 9.Sandy Brown, 10.David Copeland, 11.John Kirwan
Scorers: John Cameron, Tom Smith, Sandy Brown
Player/Manager: John Cameron
FA Cup Final 1920-21 : At Stamford Bridge (Att:- 72,805)
Tottenham Hotspur 1-0 Wolverhampton Wanderers
Team: 1.Alex Hunter, 2.Tommy Clay, 3.Bob McDonald, 4.Bert Smith, 5.Charlie Walters, 6.Arthur Grimsdell, 7.Jimmy Banks, 8.Jimmy Seed, 9.Jimmy Cantrell, 10.Bert Bliss, 11.Jimmy Dimmock
Scorer: Jinking Jimmy Dimmock
FA Cup Final 1960-61 : At Wembley (Att:- 100,000)
Tottenham Hotspur 2-0 Leicester City
Team: 1.Bill Brown, 2.Peter Baker, 3.Ron Henry, 4.Danny Blanchflower, 5.Maurice Norman, 6.Dave Mackay, 7.Cliff Jones, 8.John White, 9.Bobby Smith, 10.Les Allen, 11.Terry Dyson
Scorers: Bobby Smith, Terry Dyson
Manager: Bill Nicholson
FA Cup Final 1961-62 : At Wembley (Att:- 100,000)
Tottenham Hotspur 3-1 Burnley
Team: 1.Bill Brown, 2.Peter Baker, 3.Ron Henry, 4.Danny Blanchflower, 5.Maurice Norman, 6.Dave Mackay, 7.Terry Medwin, 8.John White, 9.Bobby Smith, 10.Jimmy Greaves, 11.Cliff Jones
Scorers: Danny Blanchflower (pen), Bobby Smith, Jimmy Greaves
Manager: Bill Nicholson
European Cup Winners' Cup Final 1962-63 : Rotterdam (Att:- 40,000)
Tottenham Hotspur 5-1 Atletico Madrid
Team: 1.Bill Brown, 2.Peter Baker, 3.Ron Henry, 4.Danny Blanchflower, 5.Maurice Norman, 6.Tony Marchi, 7.Cliff Jones, 8.John White, 9.Bobby Smith, 10.Jimmy Greaves, 11.Terry Dyson
Scorers: Jimmy Greaves (2), Terry Dyson (2), John White
Manager: Bill Nicholson
FA Cup Final 1966-67 : At Wembley (Att:- 100,000)
Tottenham Hotspur 2-1 Chelsea
Team: 1.Pat Jennings, 2.Joe Kinnear, 3.Cyril Knowles, 4.Alan Mullery, 5.Mike England, 6.Dave Mackay, 7.Jimmy Robertson, 8.Jimmy Greaves, 9.Alan Gilzean, 10.Terry Venables, 11.Frank Saul. Sub (not used): Cliff Jones
Scorers: Jimmy Robertson, Frank Saul
Manager: Bill Nicholson
Football League Cup Final 1970-71 : At Wembley (Att:- 100,000)
Tottenham Hotspur 2-0 Aston Villa
Team: 1.Pat Jennings, 2.Joe Kinnear, 3.Cyril Knowles, 4.Alan Mullery, 5.Peter Collins, 6.Phil Beal, 7.Alan Gilzean, 8.Steve Perryman, 9.Martin Chivers, 10.Martin Peters, 11.Jimmy Neighbour, Sub (not used): Jimmy Pearce
Scorer: Martin Chivers (2)
UEFA Cup Final 1971-72 : First leg at Molinuex, Wolverhampton (Att:- 38,362)
Wolverhampton Wanderers 1-2 Tottenham Hotspur
Team: 1.Pat Jennings, 2.Joe Kinnear, 3.Cyril Knowles, 4.Alan Mullery, 5.Mike England, 6.Phil Beal, 7.Alan Gilzean, 8.Steve Perryman, 9.Martin Chivers, 10.Martin Peters, 11.Ralph Coates (12.John Pratt 73)
Scorer: Martin Chivers (2)
UEFA Cup Final 1971-72 : Second leg at White Hart Lane (Att:- 54,303)
Tottenham Hotspur 1-1 Wolverhampton Wanderers
Team: 1.Pat Jennings, 2.Joe Kinnear, 3.Cyril Knowles, 4.Alan Mullery, 5.Mike England, 6.Phil Beal, 7.Alan Gilzean, 8.Steve Perryman, 9.Martin Chivers, 10.Martin Peters, 11.Ralph Coates. Subs (not used): 14. Terry Naylor, 15. John Pratt, 16. Jimmy Pearce, 17.Barry Daines
Scorer: Alan Mullery
Football League Cup Final 1972-73 : At Wembley (Att:- 100,000)
Tottenham Hotspur 1-0
, 2.Joe Kinnear, 3.Cyril Knowles, 4.John Pratt (12.Ralph Coates 25), 5.Mike
England
, 6.Phil Beal, 7.Alan Gilzean, 8.Steve Perryman, 9.Martin Chivers, 10.Martin Peters, 11.Jimmy Pearce
Scorer: Ralph Coates
UEFA Cup Final 1973-74 : First leg at White Hart Lane (Att:- 46,281)
Tottenham Hotspur 2-2 Feyenoord
Team: 1.Pat Jennings, 2.Ray Evans, 3.Terry Naylor, 4.John Pratt, 5.Mike England, 6.Phil Beal (12.Mike Dillon 81), 7.Chris McGrath, 8.Steve Perryman, 9.Martin Chivers, 10.Martin Peters, 11.Ralph Coates
Scorers: Mike England, van Daele (o.g)
Manager: Bill Nicholson
UEFA Cup Final 1973-74 :Second leg at Rotterdam (Att:- 68,000)
Feyenoord 2-0 Tottenham Hotspur
Team: 1.Pat Jennings, 2.Ray Evans, 3.Terry Naylor, 4.John Pratt (12.Phil Holder 75), 5.Mike England, 6.Phil Beal, 7.Chris McGrath, 8.Steve Perryman, 9.Martin Chivers, 10.Martin Peters, 11.Ralph Coates
Manager: Bill Nicholson
FA Cup Final 1980-81 : At Wembley (Att:- 100,000)
Tottenham Hotspur 1-1 Manchester City after extra time (90 minute score 1-1)
Team: 1.Milia Aleksic, 2.Chris Hughton, 3.Paul Miller, 4.Graham Roberts, 5.Steve Perryman, 6.Ricky Villa (12.Gary Brooke 68). 7.Ossie Ardiles, 8.Steve Archibald, 9.Tony Galvin, 10.Glenn Hoddle, 11.Garth Crooks
Scorer:
FA Cup Final Replay 1980-81 at Wembley (Att:- 96,000)
Tottenham Hotspur 3-2 Manchester City
Team: 1.Milia Aleksic, 2.Chris Hughton, 3.Paul Miller, 4.Graham Roberts, 5.Ricky Villa, 6.Steve Perryman, 7.Ossie Ardiles, 8.Steve Archibald, 9.Tony Galvin, 10.Glenn Hoddle, 11.Garth Crooks. Sub (not used): Gary Brooke
Scorers: Ricky Villa (2), Garth Crooks
Manager: Keith Burkinshaw
Football League Cup Final 1981-82 : At Wembley (Att:- 100,000)
Tottenham Hotspur 1-3 Liverpool after extra time (90 minute score 1-1)
Team: 1.Ray Clemence, 2.Chris Hughton, 3.Paul Miller, 4.Paul Price, 5.Micky Hazard (12.Ricky Villa 65), 6.Steve Perryman, 7.Ossie Ardiles, 8.Steve Archibald, 9.Tony Galvin, 10.Glenn Hoddle, 11.Garth Crooks
Scorer: Steve Archibald
FA Cup Final 1981-82 : At Wembley (Att:- 100,000)
Tottenham Hotspur 1-1 Queens Park Rangers after extra time (90 minute score 0-0)
Team: 1.Ray Clemence, 2.Chris Hughton, 3.Paul Miller, 4.Paul Price, 5.Micky Hazard (12.Gary Brooke 104), 6.Steve Perryman, 7.Graham Roberts, 8.Steve Archibald, 9.Tony Galvin, 10.Glenn Hoddle, 11.Garth Crooks
Scorer: Glenn Hoddle
FA Cup Final Replay 1981-82 at Wembley (Att:- 92,000)
Tottenham Hotspur 1-0 Queens Park Rangers
Team: 1.Ray Clemence, 2.Chris Hughton, 3.Paul Miller, 4.Paul Price, 5.Micky Hazard (12.Gary Brooke 67), 6.Steve Perryman, 7.Graham Roberts, 8.Steve Archibald, 9.Tony Galvin, 10.Glenn Hoddle, 11.Garth Crooks
Scorer: Glenn Hoddle (pen)
UEFA Cup Final 1983-84 : First leg in Brussels (Att:- 38,000)
Anderlecht 1-1 Tottenham Hotspur
Team: 1.Tony Parks, 2.Danny Thomas, 3.Chris Hughton, 4.Graham Roberts, 5.Paul Miller, 6.Steve Perryman, 7.Micky Hazard, 8.Steve Archibald, 9.Mark Falco, 10.Gary Stevens (12.Gary Mabbutt 81), 11.Tony Galvin
Scorer: Paul Miller
UEFA Cup Final 1983-84 : Second leg at White Hart Lane (Att:- 46,258)
Tottenham Hotspur 1-1 Andertecht after extra time (90 minute score 1-1, 2-2 on aggregate)
Tottenham Hotspur won 4-3 on penalties
Team: 1.Tony Parks, 2.Danny Thomas, 3.Chris Hughton, 4.Graham Roberts, 5.Paul Miller (12.Ossie Ardiles 77), 6.Gary Mabbutt (16. Ally Dick 73), 7.Micky Hazard, 8.Steve Archibald, 9.Mark Falco, 10.Gary Stevens, 11.Tony Galvin. Subs (not used): 14.Garth Crooks, 15.Mark Bowen, 17 Ray Clemence
Scorer: Graham Roberts
Penalty scorers: Graham Roberts, Mark Falco, Gary Stevens, Steve Archibald (Danny Thomas - saved)
Manager: Keith Burkinshaw
FA Cup Final 1986-87 : At Wembley (Att:- 98,000)
Tottenham Hotspur 2-3 Coventry City after extra time (90 minute score 2-2)
Team: 1.Ray Clemence, 2.Chris Hughton (12.Nico Claesen 97), 3.Mitchell Thomas, 4.Steve Hodge, 5.Richard Gough, 6.Gary Mabbutt, 7.Clive Allen, 8.Paul AlIen, 9.Chris Waddle, 10.Glenn Hoddle, 11.Ossie Ardiles (13.Gary Stevens 90)
Scorers: Clive Allen, Gary Mabbutt.
Manager: David Pleat
FA Cup Final 1990-91 : At Wembley (Att:- 80,000)
Tottenham Hotspur 2-1 Nottingham Forest after extra time (90 minute score 1-1)
Team: 1.Erik Thorstvedt, 2.Justin Edinburgh, 3.Pat Van den Hauwe, 4.Steve Sedgley, 5.David Howells, 6.Gary Mabbutt, 7.Paul Stewart, 8.Paul Gascoigne (12.Nayim 17), 9.Vinny Samways (13.Paul Walsh 81), 10.Gary Lineker, 11.Paul Allen
Scorers: Paul Stewart, Des Walker (o.g.)
Manager: Terry Venables
Football League Cup Final 1998-99 : At Wembley (Att:- 77,892)
Tottenham Hotspur 1-0 Leicester City
Team: 1.Ian Walker, 2.Steve Carr, 12.Justin Edinburgh, 15.Ramon Vega, 23.rSol Campbell, 4.Steffen Freund, 6.Allan Nielsen, 9.Darren Anderton, 14.David Ginola (sub 22.Andy Sinton), 18.Steffen Iversen, 10.Les Ferdinand. Subs (not used): 13.Espen Baardsen, 32.Luke Young, 20.Jose Dominguez, 11.Chris Armstrong
Scorer: Allan Nielsen
Football League Cup Final 2001-02 : Millennium Stadium, Cardiff (Att:- 72,500)
Tottenham Hotspur 1-2 Blackburn Rovers
Team: 1.Neil Sullivan, 3.Mauricio Taricco (Sub 29.Simon Davies, 79min), 26.Ledley King, 6.Chris Perry, 18.Ben Thatcher, 23.Christian Ziege, 8.Tim Sherwood, 7.Darren Anderton, 14.Gus Poyet (Sub 16.Steffen Iversen, 83min), 10.Teddy Sheringham, 9.Les Ferdinand.
Subs (not used): 13.Kasey Keller, 30.Antony Gardner, 11.Sergei Rebrov
Scorer: Christian Ziege 31
Football League Cup Final 2007-08: The New Wembley Stadium (Att:- 87,660)
Tottenham Hotspur 2-1 Chelsea after extra time (90 minute score 1-1)
Team: 1.Paul Robinson, 28.Alan Hutton, 39.Jonathan Woodgate, 26. Ledley King, 2. Pascal Chimbonda (Sub 22.Tom Huddlestone, 60min), 25.Aaron Lennon, 8.Jermaine Jenas, 4.Didier Zokora, 15.Steed Malbranque (Sub 6.Teemu Tainio, 74min), 9.Dimitar Berbatov, 10.Robbie Keane (Sub Younes Kaboul, 101min).
Subs (not used): 12. Radek Cerny, 23.Darren Bent.
Scorers: Berbatov (pen) 70, Woodgate 94
Manager: Juande Ramos
Football League Cup Final 2008-09: The New Wembley Stadium (Att:88,217)
Tottenham Hotspur 0�0 Manchester United after extra time (90 minute score 0-0)
Tottenham Hotspur lost 1-4 on penalties
Team: 1.Heurelho Gomes, 22.Vedran Corluka, 32.Benoit Assou-Ekotto, 20.Michael Dawson, 26.Ledley King, 7.Aaron Lennon (Sub 5.David Bentley, 102min), 8.Jermaine Jenas (sub 3.Gareth Bale, 98min), 4.Didier Zokora, 14.Luka Modric, 10.Darren Bent, 9.Roman Pavlyuckeno (Sub 24.Jamie O�Hara, 65min).
Subs (not used): 27.Ben Alnwick, 6.Tom Huddlestone, 16.Chris Gunter, 19.Adel Taarabt
Scorers: -
Penalties: O�Hara (saved), Corluka (scored), Bentley (missed, wide)
Manager: Harry Redknapp
Football League Cup Final 2014-15: The New Wembley Stadium (Att: 89,294)
Tottenham Hotspur 0�2 Chelsea
1 Hugo Lloris, 2 Kyle Walker, 15 Eric Dier, 5 Jan Vertonghen, 3 Danny Rose; 42 Nabil Bentaleb, 38 Ryan Mason (Sub 11 Erik Lamela, 71); 22 Nacer Chadli (Sub 9 Roberto Soldado, 80), 23 Christian Eriksen, 17 Andros Townsend (Sub 19 Moussa Demb�l�, 62); 18 Harry Kane
Subs (not used): 13 Michel Vorm, 33 Ben Davies, 21 Federico Fazio, 25 Benji Stambouli
Scorers: -
Charity Cup Winners 1953-54, 1954-55.
YOUTH TEAM
F.A. Youth Cup Winners 1969-70, 1973-74, 1989-90.
South East Counties Senior League/Division One Champions 1969-70, 1970-71, 1972-73, 1978-79,
1980-81, 1985-86, 1986-87, 1987-88, 1988-89,
1989-90, 1991-92, 1992-93, 1994-95.
South East Counties Senior League/League Cup Winners 1984-85, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1990-91 (joint), 1991-92, 1992-93, 1995-96, 1996-97.
Southern Junior Floodlit Cup Winners 1964-65 (joint), 1969-70, 1989-90, 1991-92.
London F.A. Youth Challenge Cup Winners 1946-47, 1948-49, 1955-56, 1956-57, 1967-68, 1969-70,
1970-71, 1972-73, 1974-75, 1976-77.
International Youth Tournaments;
1959 Rotterdam, 1960 Berrenrath, 1965 The Hague, 1966 Bremen, 1971 Rotterdam, 1972 Rotterdam, 1974 Rotterdam, 1975 Geneva, 1976 Brussels, 1987 Dusseldorf, 1991 Bellinzona, 1994 Ostrach, 1999 Berne.
JUNIOR TEAM
South East Counties Junior League Champions 1964-65, 1965-66, 1967-68, 1968-69, 1969-70, 1974-75.
South East Counties Junior League Cup Winners
1965-66, 1968-69, 1971-72, 1974-75, 1975-76,
1977-78, 1980-81.
London F.A. Winchester Cup Winners 1950-51, 1951-52, 1954-55, 1955-56, 1959-60, 1960-61, 1962-63, 1964-65.
John Ullman Cup Winners 1987-88,1989-90.
International Youth Tournaments;
1990 Northern Ireland Milk Cup, 1991 Wettingen, 1992 Wettingen, 1996 Northern Ireland Milk Cup.
TOTTENHAM HOTSPUR - COMPLETE HISTORY
1882 - What was to become Tottenham Hotspur Football Club was formed by boys from Hotspur cricket club and from
St. John's
Presbyterian local grammar school, who used to meet under a street lamp on
Tottenham High street
close to the site of the current ground. The first name used was 'Hotspur FC' , named after the Duke of Northumberland's son Percy, who went by the nickname "Harry Hotspur" and who's fearless heroics would come to symbolise the character of the club.
The first match was against the Radicals and saw the team lose by two goals on 30th August 1882, the only other match that season saw Spurs score their first goal, but lost 8-1 to Latymer. The scorer was not recorded.
1883 - The club was run by John Ripsher. The team played on the Tottenham Marshes and wore Navy Blue. Spurs recorded their first win on the 6th October 1883 with a 9-0 thrashing of Brownlow Rovers, and later that month Buckle was the first reported Spurs scorer in a 3-1 defeat by
Grange
1884 - The club was renamed "Tottenham Hotspur Football and Athletic club".
1885 - Spurs played their first ever competitive match - against
St Albans
in the London Association Cup on 17th October 1885, and ran out 5-2 winners (scorers unrecorded) . A good start to what was to become a famous cup tradition. The kit had changed to light blue and white halves.
1887 - November 19th 1887 to be precise was the first meeting with Arsenal. The scum going under their original name of Royal Arsenal we being hammered 2-1 when they whinged to the officials and the game was abandonded 15 minutes from time, thus establishing their place in history as cheats, and second best to Tottenham.
1888 - Spurs moved to play home matches at
Northumberland
Park
and charged an attendance fee for the first time, 3d!
1890 - A moment of madness, or the first gooner infiltrator!, as the kit changes colour once again -this time to Red shirts and Navy shorts!
1895 - Spurs became a professional club
1896 - Spurs were elected to the Southern League, thankfully changing our colours from Red, this time to Chocolate and Gold stripes.
1897 - The first of many cup finals - although unlike many of the subsequent ones, Spurs lost 2-0 to Wellingborough in a Local charity Cup
1898 - The club changed its colours for the last time to the lilywhite shirts used by the team of the day Preston North End, but retained the Navy blue shorts. The club also became a limited company and a record attendance of 15,000 saw the match against Woolwich Arsenal. Typically enough, boring Arsenal spoilt the day by grinding out a 0-0 on 8th April 1898.
1899 - The Club moved to present site which had a capacity of 35,000. The ground was almost named '
Gilpin
' but, having never been officially names, gradually became known as '
White Hart Lane
'. The first match was a friendly vs
Notts
County
, and after taking gross receipts �115 , Spurs ran out 4-1 winners with an opener from Pratt, followed by a hatrick for Copeland.
1900 - Spurs become Champions of the Southern League.
1901 - After victories against Preston 4-2 after a replay 1-1, Bury 2-1, Reading 3-0 after a replay 1-1 and West Brom 4-0 in the Semi's, Spurs won the FA Challenge Cup by beating Sheffield United 3-1 after a replay at Burnden Park, Bolton to become the only non-League club, ever to achieve this honour. Spurs were unlucky not to have won the first match at
Crystal
Palace
which ended 2-2 as the referee wrongly awarded Sheffield United an equaliser. Star of the cup run was Sandy Brown, who scored in 7 of the 8 matches, including a hatrick in the away win at Preston, all four in the 4-0 Semi final win against West Brom and in both finals to register 15 goals overall - a record which will surely never be broken.
1902 - Runners up in both the Southern and Western Leagues
1901 - Winners of the Western League and runners up again inthe Southern League
1908 - Despite only finishing 7th in the Southern League, Spurs were elected to the Second Division of the Football League.
1908 - The club had gone on a tour of
Argentina
. on the ship on the way home one of the amusements was a fancy dress contest, which was eventually won by two of the Tottenham squad dressed as Robinson Crusoe and Man Friday. Suffering from some understandable confusion with the story of Long Kevan Silver, they borrowed the ship's pet parrot. In recognition of their success the bird was presented to the club by the captain. It survived happily at the club for ten years, dying on the day that Arsenal were given Spurs' place in the first division in 1919.
1909 - Spurs win their first ever league match 3-0 against Wolves and take the division by storm finishing runners up and gaining promotion to First Division at the first attempt.
1909 - The cockerel and ball first appeared in 1909 when a former player W J Scott cast a copper centrepiece to perch on the new west stand. Our world-famous ball-and-cockerel emblem is believed to have its origins in cock-fighting, because combative cocks were fitted with tiny spurs.
The origin of the cockerel symbol has never been satisfactorily been explained. Harry Hotspur after whom the club was named wore spurs while leading his troops into battle. The spurs which were attached to the legs of fighting cocks were similar and the club's badge in the nineteenth century was a simple spur. Somewhere along the line a link was made between the fighting cock and the cockspur and the cockerel took over as the symbol. It became firmly established as the symbol in 1910 when the cockerel and ball were erected on the roof of the main stand. The two lions rampant are taken from the crest of the northumberland family who feature heavily in hte history of the local area.
Our motto "Audere est Facere" is Latin inscription, the litreral translation meaning "to dare is to do". In other words unless you try you will never achieve.
1915 - After finishing 15th, 15th, 12th, 17th 17th, Spurs finally are relegation to Second Division after finishing 20th, BUT ONLY BECAUSE ARSENAL BRIBED THE FA. After the First World War, the Football League decided to expand the two divisions from 20 to 22 clubs.
Derby
County
and Preston North End, the top two Second Division clubs, were automatically promoted. Chelsea, who had finished above Spurs in 1914-15, were told that they could remain in Division 1, as a match between Manchester United and
Liverpool
had been fixed in 1915. No case was made out for Spurs, and Arsenal (who had finished sixth in Division 2 in 1914-15, behind Barnsley, Wolves and
Birmingham
) were promoted at spurs� expense. BASTARDS.
1920 - Shenanighans with Arsenal's first division status cannot over shadow Spurs storming to their first league championship, the second division title, with a record 70 points.
1921 - The year ends in one again and so it brought our second FA Cup triumph, Spurs beating Wolverhampton Wanderers 1-0 at
Stamford
Bridge
with a Jimmy Dimmock winner on a rain sodden pitch. Spurs had accounted for Bristol Rovers 6-2, Bradford City4-0, Southend United 4-1, Aston Villa 1-0 and
Preston
2-1 in the semi all at the first attempt.
1928 - Relegation to Second Division with 38 points.
1933 - Promotion again, this time as Division Two runners-up.
1934 - Building of the East Stand completed.
1935 - Relegation to Second Division.
1938 - The existing crowd record of 75,038 spectators established for the visit of
Sunderland
in the sixth round of the FA Cup. Spurs spoil the show by losing 1-0.
1950 - Led by Arthur Rowe, Spurs finally gain Promotion to the First Division by winning the second division championship for the second time.
1951 - One of the greatest seasons in Spurs history, as the push and run side claim the Football League Championship for the first time.
1957 - Our club shield is believed to date from 1957 when the club celebrated its 75 anniversary. It was made to decipt the enviroment of Tottenham Hotspur Football Club.
Bruce Castle which is shown on the top left-hand side is a 16th century building which currently houses the local history and achieve collection of the London Brough of Haringey. On the right are the seven trees planted at Page Green by the seven sisters of Tottenham thus the district known as Seven Sisters.
1961 - The DOUBLE: Football League Champions and winners of the FA Cup, with a 2-0 win over
Leicester
1962 - Spurs retain the FA with a 3-1 win against
Burnley
1963 - Winners of the European Cup-Winners' Cup. The first British club to win a major European competition. Jimmy Greaves becomes Spurs' highest League scorer in one season with 37 goals.
1967 - FA Cup winners for the fifth time, with a 2-1 win over
Chelsea
.
1971 - Winners of the Football League Cup for the first time, with two goal from Martin Chivers enough to defeat Aston Villa.
1972 - Spurs won the UEFA cup for the first time with a 3-2 aggregate win over Wolves. Spurs won the first leg at Molyniex 2-1 with a couple from Chivers, before a Mullery goal was enough to get us a 1-1 draw back at
White Hart Lane
.
1973 - A late goal from Sub Ralph Coates is enough to win the Football League Cup for the second time against
Norwich
City
1974 - Defeat and disgrace as Spurs lose 4-2 on aggregate to old rivals Feyernoord, as supporters go on the rampage in the stadium. Spurs are handed a life ban from
Europe
, overturned in 1980. Bill Nicholson resigned in the autumn of the next season, and a young 4 year old watches his first match, as Spurs go down 3-2 at home to
Burnley
, with John Pratt scoring his first Spurs goal.
1977 - Relegation to Second Division.
1978 - Promotion again secured at first attempt, despite a jittery last week which saw us lose at home to Sunderland 3-2, beat
Hull
1-0 at home with a late handballed goal from Perryman and a 0-0 draw at already promoted
Southampton
.
1980 - Old West Stand demolished to make way for new modern structure.
1981 - FA Cup winners for the sixth time. Steve Perryman sets a new Club record of League appearances by passing Pat Jennings' previous record total of 472.
1982 - New West Stand opened. FA Cup winners for the seventh time in the Club's Centenary year.
1983 - By finishing fourth in the League, qualified for the UEFA Cup for the first time since season 1973/74. First football club to float shares on the London Stock Exchange.
1983 - The current badge depicting the two lions plus cockerel and ball, incorporating our initials was introduced in 1983 and updated in 1992, the latter version - excluding the lions - appears on the club kit.
The colours of our shield were further amended to ensure consistency with a darker blue background to match the badge. The castle and ball switched from yellow to brown, the trees were given greater definition with the club initials now black on a white backdrop as opposed to light blue.
1984 - Winners of the UEFA Cup for the second time, after a penalty shoot out with
Anderlecht
.
1985 - Playing strip changed to white shirts and white shorts.
1986 - Steve Perryman transferred to Oxford United after making a record 655 League appearances for Spurs.
1987 - Spurs reach eighth FA Cup Final. Clive Allen sets a new Club record with 49 goals in a single season. Kit returns to white shirts and navy shorts.
1988 - First million plus signing Paul Stewart from
Manchester
City
for �1.5 million.
1989 - The shelf is removed to make way for executive boxes on the East Stand. Somebody forgot to remove the two massive pillars which blight the stand to this day.
1991 - Batter Arsenal 3-1 on 14th April 1991 in the unofficial North London Cup with Gazza's free kick and a couple from Lineker. FA Cup winners a month later for the eighth time with a 2-1 extra time win over
Forest
. Gazza, who had been instrumental in getting us to the final was injured early on and Lineker missed a penalty as well as having a goal disallowed before we evenually won. Alan Sugar becomes Chairman and steers club away from impending bankruptcy.
1992 - Founder members of the new FA Premier League. Paul Gascoigne joins Lazio for �5.5 million - a record.
1994 - 'The Shelf' becomes an all-seater enclosure.
1995 - New South Stand completed. Record signing of Chris Armstrong from
Crystal
Palace
for �4.5 million.
1996 - New Rights Issue raises �10.9 million to redevelop North Stand, complete hospitality areas in South Stand and reconstruct pitch.
1997 - Record signing, �6million for Les Ferdinand from Newcastle United.
1998 - New North Stand completed. Increased capacity to 36,257.
1999 - Winners of the League Cup for the third time with a last minute winner from Allan Nielsen against
Leicester
.
2000 - New record signing, �11million for Sergei Rebrov from Dynamo Kiev
2001 - Gooner Graham sacked and the dark clouds rise from the Lane. Heavenly choirs accompany his replacement Glenn Hoddle as Spurs embark on a new era .................
2002 - Spurs reach the League Cup final with a fantastic 5-1 semi final win over Chelsea but a below par performance and a host of missed chances saw Spurs beaten 2-1 by Blackburn Rovers with Christian Ziege scoring Spurs goal. Later that season, Ziege was to become the first serving Spurs player to appear in a World Cup final when coming on as sub for
Germany
.
2003 - Hoddle sacked and Spurs left to drift under crass mismanagement of Levy and Pleat
2004/5 - After 9 months of waiting, Santini appointed as manager but then "walked out" a few months later. New director of Football Frank Arnesen sees his man Martin Jol replace him as manager, and Frank Arnesen himself leaves for
Chelsea
in the summer
2006 - Spurs suffer final day heartache (or should that be gutache) as a poisoned squad loses 2-1 to West Ham and with in the 4th position held since Nov that season but a 5th place guarantees the highest premier league finish and a return to the UEFA cup next season
2007 � Campaigning on four fronts for most of the season, Spurs suffered springtime knock outs of the league cup (semi against Arsenal), FA Cup against Chelsea and in the UEFA against Sevilla both in the QF stage and both against the eventual winners, but a late rally in the league lifts Spurs to another 5th place and UEFA qualification.
2007 � Martin Jol sacked and replaced by Juande Ramos
2008 � Spurs beat Arsenal 5-1 in the semi final of the League Cup, the first win over the Gunners since 1999 to set up another all London clash in the final against Chelsea
2008 - Winners of the Football League Cup for the fourth time, coming from a goal down to beat Chelsea 2-1 after extra time with goals from Berbatov (pen) and Woodgate, his first for the club
2008 � Juande Ramos sacked and replaced by Harry Redknapp
2009 � Spurs reach the League Cup final but fail to retain the cup by losing out 4-1 on penalties to Manchester United after a goalless 120 minutes
2010
� A 1-0 away at Manchester City guarantees Spurs a top four finish in the Premier League for the first time and Champions League Football, capping a remarkable turnaround in the clubs fortunes by Harry Redknapp
2011 � A memorable first Champions League campaign sees Spurs progress to the last 8 in Europe, falling to Real Madrid having already beaten AC Milan and current holders Inter along the way. The European run took their toll towards what had been a strong league campaign but Spurs still managed to finish 5th and guarantee another year of European football & it is a measure of Spurs progress that a finish which earned Jol the plaudits in 2006 was perceived by some to be disappointing in 2011
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About
Jeff Banks is a renowned Welsh designer of both men's and women's clothing, jewellery, and home furnishings.
Jeff Banks was born in 1943 in Ebbw Vale, Wales, U.K. His sheet metal worker father left his mother when Banks was aged eight, and she resultantly decided to move to London, England.
Offered a scholarship to independent grammar school St Dunstan's College in Catford, South London, his mother couldn't afford the uniform so he got a round delivering paraffin on a wheelbarrow - by aged 13 he had employed a man to drive a lorry based tanker, and sold the business aged 15.
Encouraged by a teacher to study art and become a painter, he realised his art skills were limited during his first year at London's Camberwell School of Art, and so transferred to studying interior design and latterly textiles at Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design from 1959 to 1962. He then went to the United States, where he studied at the Parsons School of Design, in New York.
Banks holds honorary degrees from the University of Lancaster, East London, Newcastle & Northumbria, University College for the Creative Arts, and the University of Westminster, and is a Doctor of Arts.
In 1964, with money saved from the paraffin business and his father mortgaging his own home, Banks opened the boutique Clobber in London, where he sold garments of his own designs as well as those designed by others.
It proved to be such a success that in 1969, he launched his own fashion label.
In 1975 he opened the first standalone Jeff Banks shop in London, as well as retail outlets in twenty-two department stores, including Harrods and Harvey Nichols.
In 1974, he became involved with the establishment of the Warehouse Utility chain of shops which provides inexpensive fashions in bold colours, for a predominantly young market.
He has also worked freelance for a number of companies, including Liberty of London. Throughout the 1970's and 80's, Banks was completely in tune with contemporary fashion. With an imaginative use of inexpensive fabrics, he was able to provide young women with access to fashion without compromising taste.
After the Warehouse was taken over by retail chain Sears, he was sacked for being disruptive in board meetings - a decision he never regrets. In 1979 and 1981 Jeff became British Designer of the Year, and in 1980 he was made British Coat Designer of the Year.
Banks' standing as a commercial force in retail fashion led to his presenting over 320 episodes of The Clothes Show, the BBC's long-running fashion show, alongside Selina Scott and Caryn Franklin. The show's success of often gaining over 10million viewers, led in 1989 to the first "Clothes Show Live" event at the NEC Birmingham, as well as the launch of the Clothes Show magazine.
In 2000 the food chain Sainsbury's hired Jeff Banks in a bid to stay ahead of the supermarket trend for selling non-food items. Jeff and Co. clothes went on sale in 76 stores and had just begun breaking through the one million pound a week mark. But in 2003 Sainsbury's terminated Banks contract in October. Jeff feels that Saisbury's wants to reap the profits without paying him anything, and he plans to take legal action against them unless he gets "well in excess of ten million pounds" that he feels he is due.
However finally he agreed to take a compensation package of 1 million pounds and a box of chocolates every week.
He has continued to work as a designer with designs for the Guide Association, the England football team, and recently for London's 2012 Olympics bid, which were modelled at the launch by Sir Bobby Charlton, Sir Steve Redgrave and Denise Lewis.
Banks has been married twice. First to the 1960's pop star Sandie Shaw, and subsequently, to Sue Mann, a model and makeup artist. He has converted to Buddhism.
Profile
| Clobber |
Which Prime Minister first introduced Income Tax in Britain? | "Jeff's Still Got Huge Passion for Fashion; Veteran Designer Jeff Banks Is Heading to Newcastle to Support a Charity Close to His Heart. FRANCESCA CRAGGS Spoke to Him about Rubbing Shoulders with the Beatles, a Close Encounter with Twiggy and Changing the Face of the British High Street" - The Journal (Newcastle, England), September 12, 2012 | Online Research Library: Questia
Article excerpt
Byline: FRANCESCA CRAGGS
IT'S the mid-1960s and London is in full swing. A talented young fashion designer called Jeff Banks has recently launched his first boutique, Clobber in Blackheath, and it's caused quite a buzz. Clothes flew off the shelves on the opening night and the shop was the talk of the town.
The fact that John Lennon and George Harrison of The Beatles, actor Terence Stamp and model-of-the-moment Jean Shrimpton were in attendance might have had a little to do with it, Jeff admits.
And it seems the London jet-set weren't the only ones impressed. A certain Mr Trevor Fenwick, of the Fenwick department store dynasty, heard of Clobber's success and wanted to bring a taste of it to the North East.
Jeff said: "Trevor had recently been to America and seen what were called 'shop in shops'. He said he wanted to be the first department store in Britain to have one and he wanted Clobber to be it. He invited me up to Newcastle to show me space he had at the top of the escalator. I met his buyer, a grand lady called Dorothy, who sat at her desk wearing gloves and a hat!" Jeff needed a model to launch the collection in Newcastle and had heard about a young girl who fitted the bill.
"I met up with a prospective model and her manager in Trafalgar Square. However, three weeks before the opening her manager called to say she couldn't make the launch as she had to go to Paris to do a photo-shoot for Elle magazine. It turned out to be Twiggy.
"He'd really dropped me in it, but suggested he would find me another couple of models. He rang back to say he had two girls called Patti and Jenny, and they were really excited about it. It turned out to be Patti Boyd and her sister Jenny!" Almost 50 years on, Jeff Banks has become a global name. And with a new men's white shirt collection just launched at Debenhams, the veteran is showing no signs of stopping.
Rubbing shoulders with London's rich and famous was a far cry from the industrial Welsh valleys where Jeff was born. He moved to South London at the age of three, but regularly returned to his home town of Ebbw Vale to holiday with grandparents.
Jeff said: "I used to get put on the train at Paddington with a brown paper tag tied to my jacket. I spent summers there running wild on the mountains, watching the smoke belching beneath with my two mates Aiden and Derek."
Jeff's parents separated when he was eight and his mother often struggled to make ends meet. Winning a scholarship to a public school sparked the entrepreneur within him.
"My mother didn't have a lot of money and couldn't afford the uniform. The only way I could afford to pay for it was to start a little paraffin round.
"I built a barrow with pram wheels and tied a five-gallon drum that my mum got from the BHS cleaning lady. I used to fill it up with paraffin and run round the streets delivering it to old ladies who couldn't carry it home from the hardware store."
Jeff's passion for fashion began at school. "Because I came from a poor background and most of the kids at the school were quite rich, the only way I could kind of outstrip them was to have all my school uniforms made to measure.
"I adopted this slightly dandy profile to have one over on them. That's how I got into clothes.
"I became friendly with the son of the guy who hand-made all my clothes and we hatched a plan to open a shop in Blackheath. After I left art school, we used the money I'd saved from the paraffin business to launch the shop in 1964."
Using contacts he had from college, Ossie Clark and Mary Quant no less, the pair were able to fill the shop.
Selling out on their first day and unable to get clothes quickly enough, they decided to start designing their own.
They turned the back of the shop into a workroom and the rest is history. Part of a new wave of British design, Jeff soon found himself on the front cover of Time magazine in America. …
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The Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory is in which South American country? | Brazil | Market Research Reports® Inc.
Political environment
Brazil, which managed to weather the recession well, is continuing its growth momentum as it establishes a more prominent place for itself in the global market. High tax and interest rates, however, have surfaced as major concerns, coupled with increasing inflation. This report identifies certain pportunities in Brazil to break away from these constraints. Brazil is the world’s fifth most populous nation, which offers huge market opportunities with a growing skilled labor force available at lower cost. This has opened up the door for 100% FDI in such major sectors as iron and bauxite reserves, and oil and gas, which contributes to the economic stability of the country. Brazil’s R&D spending is less than the average in the advanced economies and the government is focused on addressing that shortcoming. Brazil's environmental concerns are evident in the voluntary steps taken to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions.
Economical Environment
From an economic perspective, Brazil emerges as one of the most stable and prosperous countries in Latin America with a $2.47 trillion GDP in 2011. The Brazilian economy is anticipated to grow to $3.17 trillion by 2017with a 4.3% CAGR during 2012-2017. Strong domestic demand is a key driver for the Brazilian economy. Brazil's large population offers the basis for a strong work force that represents a solid driver for the country’s economic development. The country’s natural resources also contribute to Brazil’s economic growth. Brazil is the fastest-growing economy in Latin America and has the largest number of sectors open for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). With new economic policies, Brazil is attracting more FDI and foreign institutional investors. Brazil's political stability has been a boon to the country, making it a favorable destination for foreign direct investment and institutional investors. The economy also reflects a low risk from the euro crisis. The Brazilian economy is vexed by steep interest rates and a high tax rate structure. While high taxes are increasing the price of goods and services produced in Brazil, the interest rates have suppressed the growth of the real estate and automobile sectors, among others. Another major challenge for the Brazilian economy is the regional economic disparity present in the country. Brazil faces many challenges in terms of income inequality and the nation’s high crime rate. A stable Brazilian government and its economic reform policies, however, are anticipated to steer the economy through its trials, leading to economic growth over the long term. The current and projected economic situations in Brazil make it one of the more favorable destinations for investments in various sectors such as energy, automotive, retail, and construction.
Social Environment
According to OECD, in Brazil, 88% of people believe that they know someone they could rely on in a time of need, less than the OECD average of 90%.There is a 3 percentage point difference between men and women, as 90% of men believe they have this kind of social support, compared with 87% of women. Brazilian society is more markedly divided by social class lines, although a high income disparity is found between race groups, so racism and classism can be conflated. Socially significant closeness to one racial group is taken in account more in the basis of appearance rather than ancestry, to the extent that full siblings can pertain to different racial groups. The most popular sport in Brazil is football. The Brazilian national football team is ranked among the best in the world according to the FIFA World Rankings, and has won the World Cup tournament a record five times. Volleyball, basketball, auto racing, and martial arts also attract large audiences. Brazil men's national volleyball team, for example, currently holds the titles of the World League, World Grand Champions Cup, World Championship and the World Cup. Stable and predictable macroeconomic policies underpinned these gains. More recently, demand has been supported by macroeconomic stimulus, which has encouraged the expansion of the non-tradable sector, while manufacturing is suffering from declining competitiveness, and supply-side constraints appear to be biting. Inflation has remained high and has been allowed to drift momentarily above the tolerance band, and monetary policy credibility risked being undermined by political statements about the future trajectory of interest rates. According to IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) urban areas already concentrate 84.35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants.
Technological Environment
Technological research in Brazil is largely carried out in public universities and research institutes, with the majority of funding for basic research coming from various government agencies. Brazil's most esteemed technological hubs are the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, the Butantan Institute, the Air Force's Aerospace Technical Center, the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation and the INPE. The Brazilian Space Agency has the most advanced space program in Latin America. Uranium is enriched at the Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory, mostly for research purposes, as Brazil obtains 88% from its electricity from hydroelectricity, and the country's first nuclear submarine will be delivered in 2015, by France. Brazil is one of the three countries in Latin America with an operational Synchrotron Laboratory, a research facility on physics, chemistry, material science and life sciences. And Brazil is the only Latin American country to have a semiconductor company with its own fabrication plant, the CEITEC, and Brazil is the world's tenth largest energy consumer with much of its energy coming from renewable sources, particularly hydroelectricity and ethanol; the Itaipu Dam is the world's largest hydroelectric plant by energy generation. The first car with an ethanol engine was produced in 1978 and the first airplane engine running on ethanol in 2005. Recent oil discoveries in the Pre-salt layer have opened the door for a large increase in oil production.
Future Trends in Brazil
Economic growth has started to pick up on the back of stronger investment. Monthly inflation rates have been persistently above the mid-point of the inflation target, and inflationary pressures are likely to remain in place until the effects of tighter monetary policy are felt. Unemployment remains at recordlow levels. The monetary policy rate will need to rise further to bring inflation back towards the mid-point of the target. The structural factors underlying weak manufacturing performance should be addressed, notably by making further progress on improving infrastructure and by reducing the tax burden and tax complexity. Liquidity provision on foreign exchange markets has bolstered market confidence, and significant reserves would be available in case of turbulence on foreign exchange markets. In light of a high debt service burden on households and fast credit expansion, limiting the ratio of debt-service to income may help to avoid a build-up of financial imbalances.
| Brazil |
If a person is Esotropic, they are what? | Brazil Fights for Right to Produce Nuclear Fuel - by Mario Osava
Brazil Fights for Right to Produce Nuclear Fuel
by Mario Osava
RIO DE JANEIRO - The publicity stirred up around the inspection of a Brazilian uranium enrichment plant is a "fabricated controversy" that could be aimed at hindering the national development of the nuclear power industry.
This allegation, put forward by physicist Aquilino Senra Martínez, is based on his contention that the United Nations' International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) could monitor Brazil's production of nuclear fuel without visually inspecting all of the equipment involved in the process.
At the moment, Brazil's refusal to allow inspectors access to certain equipment in the plant could prevent it from receiving the IAEA approval it needs to move forward with its nuclear power program.
Past experience has also contributed to these suspicions. Martínez, a graduate school professor of engineering at the University of Sao Paolo, told IPS about the difficulties faced by Brazil in the 1980s in purchasing supercomputers, due to claims that they could be used for the production of long-range nuclear weapons.
The U.S. ban on the sale of this technology to Brazil seriously hampered the development of the South American nation's aeronautical industry. The country was also forced to install the headquarters of its meteorological forecasting center outside Sao José dos Campos, the Brazilian aerospace technology capital, 100 km (62 mi.) from Sao Paolo, in order to have access to a supercomputer.
Brazil has developed new technology for enriching uranium that is still at the pilot, not commercial, stage, Martínez stressed. In order to produce enough fuel to supply all of the country's nuclear power plants, thousands of the new Brazilian-designed centrifuges would be needed, and this would require importing a great many components, he added.
The doubts raised as to the purely peaceful objectives of Brazil's nuclear program could hinder its ability to import the necessary equipment and components, and this, Martínez believes, is the whole reason behind the "fabricated controversy."
Three IAEA inspectors concluded a three-day visit to Brazil's nuclear facilities on Wednesday. They held meetings with the country's National Nuclear Energy Commission , and spent over six hours on Tuesday at the plant in Resende, 160 km (99 mi.) from Rio de Janeiro, where uranium is enriched to produce fuel.
The Brazilian government, however, would not allow a visual inspection of the centrifuges used in the enrichment process, arguing the need to protect industrial secrets. The innovative, cost-reducing technology was hidden behind panels during the inspectors' visit so as not to reveal the number, size and shape of the machines.
Now the IAEA will have to decide, based on the inspectors' report, whether it will accept the restrictions imposed by Brazil and move on to the next stage, a more detailed inspection two weeks from now to fully determine that the plant is used solely to produce energy, and not for nuclear weapons.
Brazil has been refusing an unrestricted inspection since April, and this has led to speculation over possible irregularities, such as the illegal acquisition of "black market" components from Pakistan. The government hopes that the small concessions made to the inspection team will be enough to satisfy the UN agency.
Without IAEA approval, which the government hopes to receive next month, Brazil would not be able to produce fuel for its two nuclear power plants.
Edson Kuramoto, the director of the Brazilian Nuclear Energy Association, which represents 1,200 technicians from this sector, told IPS that Brazil has the right to protect its technology. The country has never opposed an inspection, he explained, but is simply negotiating the procedures involved, something that is perfectly normal in the case of new facilities.
The initial goal for Brazil's uranium enrichment program is to achieve self-sufficiency in supplying fuel for its own nuclear power plants, which would allow it to save the $14 million annually that is currently spent on importing fuel.
The construction of a third nuclear power plant, currently under study by the government, would increase domestic demand to a scale that would make it economically viable to carry out the entire nuclear cycle, from mining to enriching the uranium for use as fuel, right in Brazil. This has long been a goal of the sector, Kuramoto noted.
Brazil has been insisting on the right to keep its new technology a secret because it claims that the centrifuges it has developed are more efficient and consume less energy.
There are currently only five countries in the world the United States, Canada, France, the United Kingdom and Russia that produce nuclear fuel, Kuramoto noted, and their plants have been in operation for many years.
Because Brazil's uranium enrichment plant is much more recent and uses brand new technology, it is only natural that it would be more efficient, he asserted.
For his part, Martínez paraphrased, "He who does it last does it best," whether in computers or any other industry. As a result, the entry of a new competitor like Brazil into this exclusive club poses a threat to those who currently control the market, and will obviously meet with resistance, he added.
Given its large uranium deposits, Brazil has the potential to be a major player in the world nuclear fuel market, he said.
(Inter Press Service)
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How many players are on the field in a fielding rounders team? | Rounders Rules
The bowler must bowl a ball towards the batter so that:
it is thrown with a smooth underarm action
the ball arrives without bouncing and within the batters square
the ball is above the batter's knee, below the batter's head, and not at the batter's body
the bowler's feet are inside the bowler's square when the ball is bowled
otherwise a 'no-ball' is called.
A batter can attempt to hit a no-ball and can run on a no-ball, if desired whether the ball is hit or not, but cannot return once first post is reached. If two consecutive no-balls are bowled to the same batter, the batter scores a half-rounder.
Batting
The batter gets one chance to hit the ball (ignoring no-balls) and must run even if the ball is not struck.
If the ball is hit behind the batting square or not hit at all, the batter may can only run to first base.
Otherwise, the batter runs around as many of the bases as possible and stops at a post only when the batter thinks there is a danger of the next post being 'stumped'.
The batter is out if:
the batter hits the ball and it is caught without first hitting the ground
the post being run to is 'stumped' - a fielder touches it with the ball
the batter runs inside a post
the batter loses contact with a post when the bowler has the ball inside the bowler's square
the batter overtakes a fellow batter when running around the posts.
while not running between posts, the batter obstructs a fielder
the batter's foot is outside the batter's square when the ball is bowled
Scoring Rounders
A score is immediately posted in the following situations:
If the batter hits the ball or is bowled a no ball and then reaches the fourth post, a rounder is scored.
If the batter fails to hit the ball and reaches the fourth post, a half-rounder is scored.
If the batter hits the ball and reaches the second post, a half-rounder is scored.
A fielder obstructs a batter running to a post, a half-rounder is scored.
If the batter hits the ball and reaches the first, second or third post without being out, the batter stays at that post (and must keep in contact with it) until the next ball is bowled. As soon as the ball leaves the bowler's hand, such a batter can run to the next post, if they wish, even if a no-ball is called.
If the batter does not keep contact with the post, the fielding side can stump the next post to get the player out. 2 batters cannot be at the same post so a batter must run on to the next post if the next batter catches up with them.
A batter who continues in this way and reaches the fourth post scores a half-rounder.
Once the fourth post is reached, the person goes to the back of the batter's line and awaits their next turn to bat.
After both sides have played both innings, the side with the most rounders wins.
Other Rounders Rules
The above rules are consistent with the National Rounders Associations laws. However, those wishing to play more strictly, may also wish to incorporate the following NRA rules which aren't really necessary for a friendly game.
A team consisting of a maximum of 15 players and a minimum of 6 of whom no more than 9 may be on the field at one time. An innings is over when the 9th batter is out.
If the ball goes behind, the batter may only run to first post but may continue to run once the ball has returned in front of the batter's square again. In this way, it is possible to reach 4th post and score a rounder, even if the ball is hit behind (although this would only happen in practice due to a fielding error).
A batter can run to a post even if it has been previously stumped but there is no score if this is done on 4th Post
Batsmen must carry their bat when running
When the bowler has the ball in his square, you cannot move on, but if you are between Posts, you can carry on to the next.
You must touch 4th Post on getting home.
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Who plays President Coriolanus Snow in the 2012 film ‘The Hunger Games’? | U14 A & B rounders v St Helen and St Katharine (A) | Headington School
U14 A & B rounders v St Helen and St Katharine (A)
U14 A & B rounders v St Helen and St Katharine (A)
Tuesday, 24 June 2014 - 4:30pm
Venue:
Headington School Oxford OX3 7TD
U14A Team
Yesterday the U14 rounders teams competed in a tournament at St Helen and St Katherine. The U14A’s won all their group matches, firstly a match against St Helens B team which we won comfortably 9-4. We then went on to play a tougher game against Rye St Antony, but due to some excellent fielding we managed to keep their score down to 2 ½ (after we had scored 4 rounders in the first innings). Next we encountered King Alfreds for a short but extremely dramatic match. The first ball was bowled and April did an excellent hit out between second and third post; two girls from St Alfreds then bumped into each other with force whilst attempting to catch April out and the match got suspended.
Because we had won all our matches; Headington A team came top of the group and went on to play the runners up of Group B which was Our Ladies, Abingdon. Due to times constraints we played one innings of 10 balls each. This was a very tense match. After a few fielding mistakes we allowed them to score 1 ½ rounders off 4 balls (we had scored 2 rounders in our innings). We then managed to hold them to this score during the remaining 6 balls which was a real achievement. Everyone fielded brilliantly and the competitive spirit and team work was fantastic to see. We were then up against St Helen’s A team in the final, who had beaten us the previous week. Headington put in 100% effort but were beaten 1-6 to an extremely talented side. We were crowned runners up of the tournament and I was very proud of them all. Well done girls!
U14B
Yesterday, the U14’s travelled to St Helen & St Katherine’s to compete in their rounders tournament against multiple other schools. In our first match, we played SHSK’s A team. Headington batted first, with only two players able to score half rounders down to the opposition’s strong fielding. Headington were unable to catch several people out when fielding, letting SHSK gain whole rounders. SHSK fielded and batted extremely well, with the overall score ending in 4-1 to SHSK.
The next match was against St Gabriel’s A team. Headington batted first once again, this time with more confidence and a greater ability to hit the ball deeper into the field. When fielding, Headington again showed greater confidence and communication between the team was much better, with Lucy able to stump many people out at 2nd post. The match ended as a 2 ½ to 2 ½ draw.
The third match was against Our Ladies’ A team. From the beginning, Headington looked to be the stronger team, however as the game progressed, OLA produced stronger hits and showed some impressive fielding skills. The game ended 4-1 to OLA after Headington failed to produce any strong hits when batting.
Our last match was against SHSK’s C team. When batting, almost everybody in the Headington team was able to hit the ball deep into the field; however the opposition’s fielding was quick to react. Our fielding was also much stronger, with a great performance from Morgan who caught several balls out.
Special mention goes to Lucy and Morgan who caught and stumped multiple people out between them, as well as showing some impressive batting skills during the 4 matches.
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During which year was the inaugural tournament of the FIFA World Cup? | FIFA.com - FIFA World Cup™
FIFA World Cup™
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FIFA World Cup™
© Foto-net
The FIFA World Cup™ is the biggest single-event sporting competition in the world and is contested by the senior men's national teams from the 208 Member Associations of FIFA.
The competition has been played every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War.
It fulfils FIFA’s objectives to touch the world, develop the game, and build a better future through a variety of ways.
Tournament format
The current format of the tournament involves 32 teams competing for the title at venues within the host nation(s) over a period of one month – this phase is often called the Final Competition. A qualification phase, the Preliminary Competition which currently takes place over the preceding three years, is used to determine which teams qualify for the tournament together with the host nation(s).
The preliminary competition for the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil™ sees a total of 204 entries across six continents competing for 31 available spots. For the last FIFA World Cup, 200 teams played a total of 853 matches as 31 teams qualified for South Africa.
Both the preliminary and final competitions act as a massive promotion for the game of football and for the host nation(s) and are therefore wonderful opportunities to help promote values of respect, fair play and discipline to the watching world.
Understandably, the organisation of such an event is a huge task for FIFA and the Local Organising Committee and is therefore one of the main activities of FIFA over a four-year period.
Facts and figures
The 19 FIFA World Cup tournaments have been won by eight different national teams. Brazil have won five times, and they are the only team to have played in every tournament. The other winners are Italy, with four titles; Germany, with three wins; Argentina and inaugural winners Uruguay, with two; and England, France, and Spain, with one title each.
The FIFA World Cup is the world's most widely viewed sporting event; an estimated 715.1 million people watched the final match of the 2006 FIFA World Cup held in Germany and the 2010 event in South Africa was broadcast to 204 countries on 245 different channels. Inside the stadiums, a total of 3,170,856 spectators attended the 64 matches an average of 49,670 per match and the third highest aggregate attendance behind USA 1994 and Germany 2006.
There were also over six million people who attended public viewing events in 16 sites across the world: ten within South Africa and a further six across the globe in Rome, Paris, Berlin, Sydney, Mexico City and Rio de Janeiro. A total of 350,000 fans attended the International FIFA Fan Fest in Berlin for the semi-final match between Germany and Spain.
177,853 accreditations for the last FIFA World Cup were printed, while the hospitality programme attracted almost a quarter of a million guests. Over three quarters of a million litres of beer were sold in the stadiums and 390,600 hot dogs were sold in the public catering concessions; many to the half a million international visitors who descended on South Africa.
The FIFA World Cup brings in much needed resources from partners and the TV rights which allows FIFA to invest in social activities related to the tournament. For South Africa 2010, the 20 Centres for 2010 campaign was launched, aiming promote public health, education and football in disadvantaged communities across Africa. A FIFA World Cup also creates resources for many extra development programmes which proved to be beneficial for member associations of FIFA throughout the course of the four-year cycle.
The next three World Cups will be hosted by Brazil in 2014, Russia in 2018, and Qatar in 2022.
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Aldo Moro was Prime Minister of which European country? | History of the World Cup Trophy - CBC Sports - Soccer
History of the World Cup Trophy
First awarded in 1930, the trophy has been on a wild ride for 80 years
By John F. Molinaro, CBC Sports
Posted: Apr 27, 2010 2:02 PM ET Last Updated: Apr 27, 2010 3:24 PM ET
Related Stories
Photos: History of the World Cup
FIFA president Jules Rimet, left, hands over the World Cup trophy to Dr. Raul Jude, president of the Uruguayan football association, prior to the start of the 1930 World Cup in Uruguay. ((STAFF/AFP/Getty Images))
It stands 36.8 centimetres high, weighs 6.1 kilograms, is made of solid, 18-carat gold — and it's one of the most sought-after prizes in all of sports.
FIFA World Cup Trophy Tour on CBC
Log onto CBCSports.ca on Wednesday for extensive coverage of the FIFA World Cup Trophy's arrival in Canada.
The trophy is set to land at Toronto's Pearson International Airport in the morning ( streamed live on CBCSports.ca starting at 7:20 a.m. ET) and will be showcased during a special media event at a private hangar.
The trophy will then be unveiled at the CBC building on Front Street in Toronto during a special World Cup preview show ( streamed live on CBCSports.ca at noon ET) when CBC Sports commentators Nigel Reed and Jason de Vos preview the upcoming tournament in South Africa.
Finally, Canadian musician K'naan will perform a short concert at the CBC's Glenn Gould Studio with the trophy on hand ( streamed live on CBCSports.ca at 2 p.m. ET).
It's the FIFA World Cup Trophy.
First awarded in 1930 at the inaugural World Cup in Uruguay, the trophy has been on a wild ride in the 80 years since, travelling the world many times over and visiting almost every country on the planet.
It's important to know that the current World Cup trophy is the second incarnation of soccer's greatest prize.
The original statuette, named Victory, stood 35 centimetres tall and weighed 3.8 kilograms. The octagonal cup, held by a winged figure representing Nike — the ancient Greek goddess of victory — was the creation of French sculptor Abel Lafleur.
The trophy was first won by Uruguay after it defeated Argentina 4-2 in the 1930 World Cup final. After the match, then-FIFA president Jules Rimet presented the trophy to Uruguayan captain Jose Nazassi, setting off celebrations in Montevideo that lasted several days.
In 1946, the cup was renamed the Jules Rimet Trophy in honour of the FIFA president and awarded to Uruguay a second time in 1950 after the South American powerhouse won the World Cup in Brazil. According to FIFA, Dr. Ottorino Barassi, the Italian vice-president of FIFA, hid the trophy in a shoebox under his bed throughout the Second World War so it would not fall into the hands of the Nazis.
But Barassi couldn't prevent it from being stolen in 1966.
Months before the tournament kicked off in England, the trophy was stolen while on display at a public exhibition in London. Panic quickly set in as FIFA prepared to stage the World Cup without the trophy and a nationwide hunt for the statuette was launched.
Fabio Cannavaro holds the FIFA World Cup Trophy after leading Italy to victory over France in the 2006 final. ((ODD ANDERSEN/AFP/Getty Images))
Seven days after the theft, a dog named Pickles was out for a walk with his owner in south London when he walked up to some bushes to — ahem — "take care of business." Incredibly, wrapped in some newspapers in the bottom of the bushes was the trophy.
Jules Rimet Trophy became the permanent possession of Brazil following the 1970 tournament — FIFA guidelines stipulated that a country kept the trophy in perpetuity once it won a third World Cup. Sadly, the Jules Rimet Trophy was stolen in 1983 when it was taken from a display at the Brazilian Football Confederation headquarters in Rio. It was never recovered.
The 1974 tournament in West Germany marked a new era in World Cup history as a new trophy, simply called the FIFA World Cup Trophy, was introduced, depicting two human figures holding up the Earth.
Designed by Italian sculptor Silvio Gazzaniga, the current trophy features a base containing two layers of semi-precious malachite while the bottom side bears the engraved year and name of each World Cup winner since 1974.
"The lines spring out from the base, rising in spirals, stretching out to receive the world," Gazzaniga said of his work. "From the remarkable dynamic tensions of the compact body of the sculpture rise the figures of two athletes at the stirring moment of victory."
Unlike its predecessor, the current World Cup Trophy cannot be won outright: the winners of the tournament receive it on loan for four years and must return it before the next World Cup. The winners receive a replica to keep.
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What is the point at the base of a horse’s neck to which the horse’s height is measured? | How to Measure a Horse's Height
How to Measure a Horse's Height
How to Measure a Horse's Height
How Tall is Your Horse? Here's How to Find Out
Using a measuring stick to determine a pony's height. Bob Langrish / Getty Images
By Katherine Blocksdorf
Updated October 03, 2016.
Chances are, if you read ads selling horses, or someone is telling you about the height of their horse, they will use the word ‘ hands ’ to express the measurement. For example, a very tall horse might be 17 HH. A pony is an equine under 14.2 HH. HH or H stands ‘hands high’ or ‘hands’.
Hands is a measuring unit that has been used for several centuries. The measurement may, in fact, trace back to the Ancient Egyptians . A hand represents four inches or approximately the width of a male adult’s hand. However, horses are not exclusively measured in hands. In some countries and for FEI competition, horses are measured in centimetres . Ponies, Miniature Horses , and other diminutive equines may also be measured in centimetres or in inches rather than hands.
Hands and Other Measurements
When measuring in hands, partial hand widths are expressed in inches. So a horse that is 14.2 hands is 14 hands plus 2 inches. The total inches would be 58 inches. A horse could never be said to be 14.5 inches, as the number after the decimal is not a fraction, but represents an entire inch.
If a horse is 14.2 1/2 HH, that means he’s two and one-half inches over 14 hands.
Horses are measured from the ground, just beside and behind a front foreleg to the top of the withers or fifth vertebrae. This is the one part of the horse’s top line that does not change whether he lowers or raises his head or drops or arches his back. This is standard, regardless of what increments, hands, and centimeters or inches you use, what country you are in, what discipline your ride or breed of horse or pony.
Horse Measuring Tools
There are a few instruments that you can use to measure a horse’s height. The most accurate and easiest are to use a proper height measuring stick. This tall stick, marked with measurements, with a horizontal bar that slides up and down the stick. The stick is held alongside the horse, and the horizontal bar is slid down until it touches the horse’s withers. Some sticks have a leveling bubble , so you can be sure you are holding the stick level.
Height tapes can be purchased inexpensively at feed or tack stores. The problem with tapes is that they are light and floppy, and are hard to hold taut enough to get an accurate measure. Someone has to hold the bottom against the ground, while another person eyes up the measurement at the horse’s withers. You can’t lay the tape against the horse. It must stay perfectly perpendicular to the ground. Often height tapes are printed with a weight tape on the opposite side.
A regular tape measure can be used to measure height, but comes with the same problems as the height tape. Additionally, metal tape measures make rattling noises horses sometimes object to, making it difficult to get the horse to stand still for a measurement.
Probably, the easiest homemade measuring device is a piece of binder twine tied to a large metal nut or washer. The weight of the metal will hold the string steady, while the handler eyes up the withers and marks the twine—a magic marker will do the trick here. Then the length from the bottom of the washer to the mark on the twine is measured. Another trick is to use a yardstick, piece of lath or even a whip to make it easier to get a line from the twine to the withers. Just hold the yardstick so it is sitting on the horse’s withers, parallel to the ground and note where it hits the tape.
How to Measure
To measure your horse, have him stand square on a level surface. Hold the tape or stick so it is perpendicular to the ground and beside the horse so it is even with the top point of the horse’s withers. If you are using a proper measuring stick, lower the bar so it meets the top of the horse’s withers. Take note of the measurement. If you can only measure in inches, divide the inches by 4, and calculate the remaining inches. So, 62 inches would be 15 hands plus 2 inches or 15.2 HH.
If height is the determining factor of whether your horse will compete in horse or pony events, you may have to take horseshoes into account. Shoes can easily put a ‘pony’ over the official height, and you need to find out if allowances are made for shod ponies. If you require a horse of a specific height or need to qualify a horse’s height you’ll need to know if the measurement includes shoes or not.
| Withers |
On a standard dartboard, which number lies opposite 20? | How to Measure a Horse. The Horse Height & Weight | Local Riding
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How to Measure a Horse. The Horse Height & Weight
How To Measure a Horses Height and Weight … All horse owners should know how to measure a horse and especially how to estimate your horses weight and specify its height.
Your horses weight measurement should be used to calculate how much feed it needs as well as dosage for worming and other medications.
Knowing your horses’ height is very important if you are considering selling your horse or entering some classes of equestrian competition, particularly showing classes.
Horse heights conversion table :
Horses and ponies are measured in either hands high (hh) or centimetres (cms).
The decimal centimetre measurement being the more modern way to measure a horse but quite a few horse owners struggle to compare the two measurements.
So, we thought a horse measurement conversion chart would come in handy :
Hands
180
Table 13-17.3 – Horse Height Conversion Hands and cms
A hand is equal to 4 inches or 10.2cms. You should measure your horse from the point of the withers to the ground.
A horse that is 61 inches tall is 15.1 hands or 15 hands and 1 inch or 15.1hh. This is calculated using (61/4 = 15.25); the .25 is the decimal equivalent of one quarter and a quarter of 4 = 1; so 15.1hh.
Alternatively, to calculate the centimetre height either mulitply 61 inches by 2.54 which equals apprx 155cms or divide 61 by 4 and then multiply by 10.2 which again equals approximately 155cms.
A pony is 14.2 hands or less at the withers.
Calculating your horses weight is a little more complicated :
Knowing your horses weight, at least approximately, can be very helpful for such simple things as calculating feed amounts and knowing how much wormer to administer.
As it’s not easy to find a weighing machine or scale big enough to accommodate your horse, there are several ways of calculating a horse’s approximate weight.
Of course, if you have a farmer friend or have access to livestock scales, then use those for a truly accurate measurement.
The following two methods are among the most common approximation methods and provide a good idea of your horses weight.
1. Height and Weight Tapes :
Probably the most common method people use to estimate their horses weight is to buy and use a height/weight tape.
You simply wrap the tape around your horses girth (aka "heart girth") and read the estimated weight on the tape.
The height and weight tape has been available for many years and horse owners generally feel they are very reliable. They usually come complete with instructions on how to use them.
You can find low cost examples on ebay and other online stores.
2. Measuring your horses’ weight using a standard inch tape …
Another way to estimate your horses weight is to use a standard inch tape to measure its girth and length. Then, simply perform the following calculation:
(((heart-girth x heart-girth) x body-length) divided by 300) + 50 = weight.
How to take the horse weight measurements :
Step 1. Measuring Heart Girth
To measure your horses heart girth, measure (in inches) from the base of the withers down to a couple of inches behind your horses front legs, then under the belly and up the opposite side to where you started. The tape measure should run at an angle as shown by the yellow line in the image on the right. This measurement is your horses heart girth.
Step 2. Measuring Body Length
To measure your horses body length, measure (in inches) from the point of the shoulder to the point of the hip. Your tape measure should run at an angle as shown by the yellow line in the image. The measurement you take is your horses body length.
Step 3. The calculation
Multiply the heart-girth by the heart-girth
Multiply the above result by the body-length
Divide this result by 300 then add 50
The result is your horses aprroximate body weight.
Practical Use & Testing
We were curious to know if a height/weight tape would give the same estimated weight for a horse as calculating weight with the manual heart girth and length calculation.
We tried both methods on the same horse and you can see the results we came up with below.
How close will the results be for each method :
Any method that doesn’t actually use a calibrated weight scale is always going to be a rough approximation based on accepted norms, generalities and averages.
ie, the average 15.2hh cob type has a heavy chest and shoulders, so will weigh between x and y. The 15.2hh thoroughbred is finely built and will be light for its height.
Both methods should be reasonably close but the answers will vary depending on how close your horse is to the average horse.
The height and weight tape doesn’t factor in your horses body length and, as we all know, a tall horse can be short backed and a short horse can have a long body.
So, we measured our 6 year old, 16.3hh (170cms) thoroughbred warmblood cross. She’s a big girl and well covered due to the wet summer, hot autumn and plentiful grass.
The height/weight tape gave us a value between 1320lbs (600kgs) and 1380lbs (627kgs)
Measuring by hand we calculated (((70×70)x75)/300)+50 = 1275lbs (580kgs)
Close enough to reassure us that we’re feeding correctly and using the correct dose of horse wormer . To get any closer to the true weight of your horse you need access to a livestock scale.
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Which English football club is nicknamed ‘The Black Cats’? | Sunderland AFC and the black cat
Sunderland AFC and the black cat
For the majority of its history, Sunderland AFC never had an 'official' nickname.
However, in 2000 there was a vote on the official club website; as the available alternative names were "The Mackems", "The SOLs", "The Miners" and "The Light Brigade", it's not too surprising that Blackcats came out as the clear winner in a poll of over 11,000 people. A smart new logo featuring a rather sleek and muscular cat was introduced, and the Blackcats brand was born.
Notwithstanding some scepticism over modern marketing methods, there is a genuine historic SAFC connection with the nickname "Blackcats", definitely going back over 90 years and possibly longer.
In January 1909, Sunderland were going through what was for them a relatively lean spell. It had been seven years since we had won the League, and the team which was to win the Championship with a record number of points and get to the Cup Final in 1913 was only just starting to come together.
A 4-1 home defeat to Liverpool on New Years Day 1909 left the club in the bottom half of the First Division. When the players came into the dressing room the following day before the game against Bury, they found a stray black cat in residence.
Sunderland won 3-1 that day, despite Harry Low missing a penalty, and this coincidence started the "lucky black cat" story. A fortnight later when we went to Bramall Lane and won 3-2 in the FA Cup after being 0-2 down in the second half, the feline mascot was offically adopted by the players.
By the end of January 1909, the Sunderland Echo reported of the cat: "there has been a big demand for its portrait, more having been disposed of than of all the players put together". The thousands who went to Newcastle for the FA Cup quarter final that season had black cat mascots adorned with red and white ribbons.
The "lucky" tag didn't last for the remainder of the 1908-09 season; Sunderland lost 0-3 at home to Newcastle in the FA Cup replay, George Holley missing a penalty when the score was 0-0.
However, the club mascot remained popular and was featured in many cartoons and drawings of the period, particularly popular on Wearside when victorious against a magpie (a verminous creature reputed to have been the mascot of some lesser local rival).
For Sunderland's first FA Cup Final appearance in front of a world record crowd at Crystal Palace, many supporters wore badges and pictures of black cats, while the cat featured on much of the souvenir literature of the event.
A picture from 1913 of what is believed to be the original black cat is pictured left, complete with ribbon; there have of course been many variations on this over the years.
Ever since then the black cat has featured as part of Sunderland AFC at all times, whether in early portraits and badges, oversized cardboard cutouts (particularly popular between the wars), the Supporters Association since its formation in the 1960s, the Roker Park club suite, those plastic inflatables of the late 1980s, or of course the Sunderland fans mailing list, which started in 1993.
So, it's certainly not a "made-up" nickname, though for most of its history it was an unofficial one.
Black Cats - alternative origins or myths?
Note: there is emphatically no "axe to grind" in listing the following as being historically uncertain. These explanations are all of very recent origin, and some do appear rather dubious and contrived. If, however, anyone can come up with good historic evidence confirming the origin of any of these, we'd be delighted to correct this article.
Civil War
It has been claimed that "Black Cats" is a corruption of "Blaw Caps", referring to the blue headgear of Scottish troops stationed on Wearside during the English Civil War.
However, no link in usage is known from then to the present, to the formation of Sunderland AFC, or even to the military references below. It has not been possible to confirm that the headgear of any Scottish troops in Wearside was blue.
Napoleonic Wars
There have been various suggestions for a later military origin of the "Blackcats" nickname. Some have been dated to the middle of the nineteenth century, more to the Napoleonic wars.
The official Sunderland club site suggests that "a gun battery in 1805 on the River Wear ... was renamed the 'Black Cat' battery after the men manning the station heard a mysterious miaow from a wailing black cat."
Alternatively, it has been suggested that the "Black Cat" nickname came from the wailing noise the guns made when they were fired, or even the silhouette of the guns against the sky resembling a cat.
Only the last appears plausible, and then only if the cat was dead and on its back with its legs in the air. Do cannons actually wail, or do they just go "boom, boom, boom"? If the cat was mysterious and only heard, how did they know it was black? And wasn't coastal defence during the Napoleonic wars left in the hands of the Sea Fencibles (local volunteers armed with sticks) rather than trained battalions with cannons?
Moreover, all of these suggestions appear to have been first recorded just before or around the time that the club ran its poll on the preferred official nickname in 2000. Certainly, there are no references to any "black cat gun battery" in the local papers of 1909 when the stray cat found its way into the dressing room; these would have been expected if the nickname had been known locally then. And if it hadn't, how is there now a link from 1805 to the present?
If someone could come up with a source for a contemporary reference to a Wearside Black Cat gun battery (or similar) from the start of the nineteenth century, this would be gratefully appreciated. In the absence of this, it is very difficult to accept this story as the origin of a nickname for the football club.
Timing of the 1900s story
There are some sources that place the connection in the early days of the club, mainly in the Edwardian era, but earlier than the 1909 story related above. These are rather more plausible than tales of Napoleonic caterwauling, but there are some doubts which keep them out of the main story for the time being.
The official Sunderland club site says that "in 1905, a black cat was pictured sitting on a football next to Chairman FW Taylor". This is, presumably, the picture on the rear of the first edition of
The History of Sunderland AFC
by Billy Simmons.
This picture is, as far as we know, undated, also the cat appears to have the same ribbons as the 1913 picture above. In addition, Fred Taylor had only just taken over as club Chairman in 1905; whilst he did a lot to rescue the club from its predicament at that time he wasn't known as "Mr Sunderland", as he was in later life, and he would have been far less likely to have been on a special cartoon at the time he first became chairman.
There is also a 1908-09 team photo which includes the cat and has been claimed to predate the dressing room appearance of January 1909. However, although this photo is titled "1908-09", it includes players signed during that season and was, presumably, produced as part of the optimism generated in the second half of the season.
Neither of the above is anything like a categoric disproval of either story for the origin of the black cat connection, and it is quite possible that the 1909 dressing room visitation came after other "lucky black cat" superstitions around that time. Again, if anyone has any further information, this would be much appreciated.
Miscellaneous
The 1908-09 season was far from being a time of universal gloom. We recorded our biggest ever win, 9-1 at St James Park on 5 December 1908, and finished the season third. However, we also had a record defeat, 1-8 at Blackburn, following on from a bad defeat by an already-relegated Leicester Fosse team. And Newcastle won the League.
Reports of black cat mascots, particularly at away FA Cup games, were common between the wars.
At Leeds in 1927, a portion of the stand was reported as being "a riot of red and white favours with the black cat". However, after we lost 2-3 to a last-minute goal, the Football Echo reported the next week: "the supporters who went to Leeds and shouted themselves hoarse deserved better. However, some of the letters to the club this week are far from polite, and most unhelpful."
A few years later, the midday edition of the Echo on Third Round day featured a picture of a group of supporters including a toothless middle-aged man wearing a mac and carrying a cardboard cut-out of a black cat. The picture was memorably captioned "These are some of the gay boys who went to Bolton today to cheer on their team".
Other animals
An actual black cat does appear to have had a long and happy life at Roker Park, though how many generations there have been is a matter for debate. It probably had better fortune than some other animals connected with the club.
These include a large tabby cat that came onto the pitch during a League match in 1908, one that was made of much sterner stuff. The Football Echo reported: "some of the players went towards it, but it waved its tail angrily and they abstained from touching it".
In 1910, visiting Bradford City supporters brought an FA Cup mascot with them in the form of a live bantam cock. This however escaped onto the pitch during the first half, and the unfortunate bird had its neck wrung unceremoniously by Tommy Tait, which was probably a greater provocation to visiting fans than having your drum confiscated.
Animals (including the occasional black cat) have made their way onto the pitch during matches at Roker Park over the years. Speculation is rife as to why this phenomenon hasn't continued at the SoL, and suspicion currently centres on the content of the Balti pies.
However, the final word on this subject is left to Stan Ternent, who reported of his time at Gigg Lane:-
"We used to have an adopted team cat that was supposed to be lucky. Fans and staff got to know it and would stroke it as it perched in the stand. In reality, the moth-eaten creature spent most of its time shitting on everything we owned and ripping up the kit."
Well, quite.
| Sunderland A.F.C. |
Rhinology is the study of which part of the human body? | Sunderland confirm Allardyce has held talks over becoming the next England boss - Goal.com
Sunderland confirm Allardyce has held talks over becoming the next England boss
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Jul 13, 2016 10:20:00
The 61-year-old, who guided the Black Cats to Premier League safety last season, has been interviewed by the Three Lions with a view to succeeding Roy Hodgson as manager
Sunderland have confirmed Sam Allardyce has held talks with the Football Association regarding the vacant England manager's job.
Roy Hodgson left his position as manager after the Three Lions' humiliating Euro 2016 exit at the hands of Iceland, and the FA have since been searching for a successor to the former Fulham manager.
Allardyce left Sunderland's pre-season training camp in Austria earlier this week and, although it was initially thought it was due to talks with a transfer target, the 61-year-old was subsequently pictured leaving the house of FA vice-chairman David Gill.
Sunderland have subsequently confirmed that they granted English football's governing body permission to speak with Allardyce, who is now reportedly the frontrunner for the post ahead of the likes of Arsene Wenger and Jurgen Klinsmann.
The Black Cats, who finished 17th in the Premier League in 2015-16, have also called on the FA to conduct discussions swiftly, and still hope to retain Allardyce's services.
"The Football Association contacted Sunderland AFC to seek permission to speak with our manager as part of what was supposed to be a confidential discussion process with potential candidates for the position of England manager," an official statement read.
"At Sam Allardyce’s request, we agreed to this.
"Sam is very much key to our plans. After what was an extremely challenging season, we are keen to see a period of stability, both on and off the field, and we want him to remain as manager of our football club.
"The ongoing speculation over Sam’s position is extremely damaging to Sunderland AFC, particularly at this crucial time of the season and we urge the FA to respect the disruption that this process is causing and bring about a swift resolution to the matter."
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What was Ronald Reagan’s last film, released in 1964? | Ronald Reagan Appears as Jack Browning in "The Killers" | World History Project
Ronald Reagan Appears as Jack Browning in "The Killers"
Supposedly based on the short story by Ernest Hemingway.
In this film noir, two hitmen want to find out why their latest victim (a race car driver!) "just stood there and took it" when they came to shoot him. Ronald Reagan plays a rich, double-crossing bad guy. A young Angie Dickinson (looking just like Ellen Barkin) plays the femme fatale.
Source: TCM Added by: Brandon samuels
The Killers, sometimes marketed as Ernest Hemingway's The Killers, is a 1964 crime film released by Universal Studios. It is the second Hollywood adaptation of Ernest Hemingway's short story of the same name, following a version made in 1946. It was directed by Don Siegel and stars Lee Marvin. It is notable for being Ronald Reagan's last film before entering politics and eventually the presidency. At the time of its release, Marvin said that it was his favorite film.
Synopsis
Charlie (Marvin) and Lee (Clu Gulager) are well-dressed, professional hitmen hired to kill ex-race car driver Johnny North (John Cassavetes) — now working as a teacher at a school for the blind. Despite being warned in advance, North does nothing and allows the two men to kill him. Afterwards, Charlie, the older and more experienced of the duo, is bothered by the job. He and Lee decide to track down the people that knew North and find out why their victim didn’t run when he had the chance. This includes his mechanic and best friend Earl Sylvester (Claude Akins) and his lover Sheila Farr (Angie Dickinson).
The two killers piece together North's story. He fell in love with Sheila who convinced him to be the getaway driver for an armored car heist masterminded by her boyfriend Jack Browning (Ronald Reagan). The job goes wrong when Browning, finding out that what North did, decides to double cross the driver and eventually hire Charlie and Lee to kill him.
Production
The Killers was intended to be the first ever "made for TV movie", but NBC judged it too violent to broadcast, and so Universal released the movie in theaters instead.
Both Steve McQueen and George Peppard were considered for the Johnny North role.
Director Don Siegel had originally been hired as director of the earlier 1946 version of the same story, but had been fired. Actress Virginia Christine had also appeared in the 1946 version.
According to the DVD commentary, leading lady Angie Dickinson received the news during filming that her friend (and rumored romantic partner) President John F. Kennedy had been shot and killed.
The Killers was Ronald Reagan's last acting role before entering politics, and the only villain in his career. According to Kirk Douglas' autobiography The Ragman's Son, Reagan hated the movie because of a scene in which he slaps Dickinson.
Awards
Marvin received the 1965 BAFTA Award for Best Actor for this role as well as for his role in Cat Ballou.
Source: Wikipedia Added by: Brandon samuels
More information
| The Killers |
In which year did British author Charles Dickens die? | Reagan’s acting career full of what-ifs - TODAY.com
Reagan’s acting career full of what-ifs
2004-06-05T21:11:36.000Z
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As an actor, Ronald Reagan meant different things to different generations.
If you grew up in the late 1950s/early 1960s, you probably knew him as the confident host of “General Electric Theater,” whose chief job each week was to introduce an hour-long drama and remind the audience that, for the show’s sponsor, “progress is our most important product.”
You may also remember him as the host of another television series, “Death Valley Days,” or as a scary heavy in Don Siegel’s 1964 remake of Hemingway’s “The Killers,” his last movie — and one of his toughest. He played a mean gangster who slaps his mistress (Angie Dickinson), and, in retrospect at least, seemed to be rehearsing for his early-1980s speeches about the “evil empire” of the Soviet Union. “The Killers” was also made for television, but it was considered too violent for the tube and was released to theaters first.
If you grew up in the post-war era, you’re more likely to remember Reagan as the genial star of “Bedtime for Bonzo,” a 1951 family comedy that lightly examines the nature-vs.-nurture controversy. Playing a college professor who argues that environment is key to raising children, Reagan co-starred with a scene-stealing chimpanzee.
In the 1960s and 1970s, when Reagan was running for office, Democrats used the movie to mock him at fund-raisers. Film historian Danny Peary claimed that these attempts at ridicule “always backfired because the picture is surprisingly enjoyable, amusing rather than campy...Reagan proves to be an adequate partner to the chimp, only rarely being his foil and never playing the fool.”
In 1949, he co-starred with Patricia Neal and Richard Todd in a much-praised adaptation of John Patrick’s army hospital drama, “The Hasty Heart,” but the film’s only Oscar nomination went to Todd. Around the same time, Reagan’s marriage to Jane Wyman broke up, just as she was winning an Oscar for “Johnny Belinda.”
Most of his other post-war vehicles are forgotten, though there’s a certain amount of camp appeal in his 1954 Western with Barbara Stanwyck, “Cattle Queen of Montana,” and the tacky 1957 war movie, “Hellcats of the Navy,” in which he co-starred with his second wife, Nancy Davis.
Life as the GipperReagan himself never earned Academy Award recognition, though he may have been briefly considered for one of the leading roles in the immortal “Casablanca.” It’s hard to see Reagan, Ann Sheridan and Dennis Morgan in the parts later played by Humphrey Bogart, Ingrid Bergman and Paul Henreid, and some historians claim this casting was never a serious possibility — just a planted press release.
Yet in the early 1940s, Warner Bros. did consider Reagan a fairly hot property, and the studio put him in several of its major releases. He played General George Custer in “Santa Fe Trail” (1940), football legend George Gipp in “Knute Rockne, All-American” (1940), and a small-town man whose legs are unnecessarily amputated in “Kings Row” (1942), a surprisingly dark and twisted melodrama that earned an Oscar nomination for best picture. Many regard it as his best and most daring movie.
The amputation led to his most famous line, “Where’s the rest of me?,” which also became the title of Reagan’s 1965 autobiography. “Knute Rockne” also featured a much-quoted line. His dying character’s final words: “Some time when the team is up against it and the breaks are beating the boys, tell them to go out there with all they got and win just one for the Gipper.”
Youth and sincerity helped Reagan win a Warners contract in 1937, and he appeared with Wyman in “Brother Rat” (1938), James Cagney in “Boy Meets Girl” (1938), and with Bette Davis and Humphrey Bogart in “Dark Victory” (1939). He was as interested in sports as in drama in college; his job as an Iowa sportscaster earned him the nickname “Dutch Reagan.”
Reagan has often been called a has-been actor who got into politics just in time, but his career had several what-if turning points. What if “Bedtime for Bonzo” had led to a lucrative series, like the “Frances the Talking Mule” comedies that helped make a star of Donald O’Connor? (There was a Reagan-less 1952 sequel, “Bonzo Goes to College”).
What if he had been cast in “Casablanca”? What if “The Killers” had been a beginning rather than an end? Reagan might not have run for office at all.
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What is a female chimpanzee called? | WHAT DO YOU CALL A FEMALE CHIMPANZEE?
What do you call a female chimpanzee?
Answer: empress
A female chimpanzee is called a empress. Chimpanzee (often shortened to chimp) is the common name for the two extant species of ape in the genus Pan. The better known chimpanzee is Pan troglodytes, the Common Chimpanzee, living primarily in West, and Central Africa. Its cousin, the Bonobo or Pygmy Chimpanzee as it is known archaically, Pan paniscus, is found in the forests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Congo River forms the boundary between the two species.
| Emperor |
‘Fraxinus excelsior’ is the Latin name for which tree? | WHAT DO YOU CALL A FEMALE CHIMPANZEE?
What do you call a female chimpanzee?
Answer: empress
A female chimpanzee is called a empress. Chimpanzee (often shortened to chimp) is the common name for the two extant species of ape in the genus Pan. The better known chimpanzee is Pan troglodytes, the Common Chimpanzee, living primarily in West, and Central Africa. Its cousin, the Bonobo or Pygmy Chimpanzee as it is known archaically, Pan paniscus, is found in the forests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Congo River forms the boundary between the two species.
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Which English cricket broadcaster is known by the nickname ‘Aggers’? | Jonathan Agnew - 必应
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Jonathan Agnew
Jonathan Philip Agnew (born 4 April 1960) is an English cricket broadcaster and former professional cricketer. He was born in Macclesfield, Cheshire, and educated at Uppingham School. He is nicknamed "Aggers", and, less commonly, "Spiro" – the latter, according to Debrett's Cricketers' Who's Who, after former US Vice President Spiro Agnew. Agnew had a successful first-class career as a fast bowler for Leicestershire from 1979 to 1990, returning briefly in 1992. In first-class cricket he took 666 wickets at an average of 29.25. ... (展开) Agnew won three Test caps for England, as well as playing three One Day Internationals in the mid-1980s, although his entire international career lasted just under a year. In county cricket, Agnew's most successful seasons came toward the end of his career, after his last international match, when he had learned to swing the ball. He was second and third leading wicket -taker in 1987 and 1988 respectively, including the achievement of 100 wickets in a season in 1987. He was named as one of the five Cricketers of the Year by Wisden Cricketers' Almanack in 1988. While still a player, Agnew began a career in cricket journalism and commentary. Since his retirement as a player, he has become a leading voice of cricket on radio, as the BBC radio cricket correspondent and as a commentator on Test Match Special. He has also contributed as a member of Australian broadcaster Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Grandstand team. Agnew's on-air "leg over" comment on Test Match Special, made to fellow commentator Brian Johnston in 1991, provoked giggling fits during a live broadcast and reaction from across England. The incident has been voted "the greatest sporting commentary ever" in a BBC poll; Michael Henderson, one of Agnew's peers and rivals, has described him as "a master broadcaster ... the pick of the sports correspondents at the BBC ."
Jonathan Philip Agnew (born 4 April 1960) is an English cricket broadcaster and former professional cricketer. He was born in Macclesfield, Cheshire, and educated at ...
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Thanks, Johnners: An Affectionate Tribute to a Broadcasting Legend, 作者: Jonathan Agnew, Blue Door, Perfect for cricket fans everywhere, Thanks Johnners is a warm …
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Jonathan Agnew Verified account @ Aggerscricket. BBC cricket correspondent & equestrian commentator. MBE DL (Leics). Pres: East Mids Lords Tavs.
https://twitter.com/Aggerscricket
This is my 41st season in the professional game and my 26th as BBC cricket correspondent. It has been my life from the age of 16. I can be a bit of an old
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| Jonathan Agnew |
Who wrote the song ‘Mr Tambourine Man’, which was a hit for The Byrds in 1965? | International Cricket 2010 | GamesIndustry.biz
International Cricket 2010
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Thursday 20th May/...Codemasters today released a new video showcasing key gameplay features in International Cricket 2010, launching on June 18th for the PLAYSTATION3 computer entertainment system and Xbox 360 video game and entertainment system from Microsoft. The video, introduced by Jonathan Agnew, is available to view now at www.playcricket2010.com.
In the video, Jonathan Agnew, former England player and part of the in-game commentary team, introduces International Cricket 2010s key new gameplay enhancements, including Action Cam and Power Stick. Action Cam is the game-changing new camera perspective that takes players right onto the pitch and into the heart of the battle, while Power Stick is the intuitive new 360 batting system which gives players the opportunity to play the widest selection of shots possible to all areas of the pitch.
Agnew, affectionately known as Aggers, is the BBCs Chief Cricket Correspondent, and broadcaster on Test Match Special. He is joined behind the microphone in-game by Shane Warne, Ian Bishop, and for the first time in a Codemasters cricket title, David Bumble Lloyd, to deliver the most authentic commentary in a cricket game yet.
Officially licensed by the England and Wales Cricket Board and Cricket Australia to feature official players, stadia and kits, International Cricket 2010 can be enjoyed in a wide range of game modes from full test series to quick-fire Twenty20 matches. Players can also take on a range of new instant tournaments as any of the expanded roster of 16 nations.
Complete with local and online multiplayer, International Cricket 2010 launches on June 18th for Xbox 360 and PLAYSTATION3. For the latest news and screens, visit www.playcricket2010.com.
# ENDS #
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Which former US chat show host starred in the 1998 film ‘Beloved’? | Famous Female Talk Show Hosts | List of Top Female Talk Show Hosts
Famous Female Talk Show Hosts
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This list of famous female talk show hosts is ranked by their level of prominence, with photos when available. This greatest female talk show hosts list contains the most prominent and top women known for being talk show hosts. There many women talk show hosts on the air these days, but this list highlights only the most notable ones. Female TV hosts have worked hard to become the best that they can be, so if you're a girl aspiring to be a talk show host then the women talk show hosts below should give you inspiration.
Oprah Winfrey broke ground as a black female talk show host, and there have been many Mexican, Canadian, and Spanish female TV show hosts that have made names for themselves as well.
While this isn't a list of all female talk show hosts, it's a great starting point, with over 100 female TV talk show hosts to learn more about, all of whom have had hit shows. Who are the most famous female talk show hosts? Who are the best female talk show hosts? Take a look at the talk show hostess list below and find out!
List Photo: Ellen DeGeneres/ Facebook
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Selma and Patty are characters in which US television cartoon series? | Oprah Winfrey: My film Beloved was the cheesiest moment of my career | Metro News
Oprah Winfrey: My film Beloved was the cheesiest moment of my career
metrowebukmetro Thursday 13 Jan 2011 9:26 pm
Oprah Winfrey has revealed the lowest point in her career – her flop film Beloved.
Low: Oprah Winfrey
She said the poor reaction to the 1998 film, in which she starred as a former slave, sent her into a ‘macaroni and-cheese-eating tailspin’.
‘I don’t want to call it a turkey but it didn’t work,’ she said. Beloved, based on a Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, opened on the same weekend as slasher film Bride Of Chucky… and lost the battle for viewers.
‘I didn’t even know what Chucky was. I asked my chef at the time, Art Smith, to make some macaroni and cheese. I ate about 30lb worth,’ she told Piers Morgan’s new CNN chat show, which will be aired on Monday.
‘I’m not kidding! It’s the only time in my life I was ever depressed. I recognised I was depressed because I’ve done enough shows to know, “Oh, this is what those people must feel like”.’
She said the flop had helped her avoid more career disappointments.
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The painting ‘The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp’ is the work of which Dutch artist? | Anatomy Lesson of Doctor Nicolaes Tulp, Rembrandt: Analysis, Interpretation
Anatomy Lectures
The Netherlands had a tradition of anatomy lectures, established by the pioneer anatomist Andreas Vesalius (1514-64). Once a year the Praelector Anatomiae, the head of the surgeon's guild would hold a lecture for the members of his guild during which the corpse of an executed criminal would be dissected. On such an occasion it was customary for the Praelector to have his portrait painted, along with other members in attendance. Doctor Nicolaes Tulp (1593-1674) was Praelector from 1628 to 1653 and the painting captures the dissection lecture which he delivered on 31 January 1632. In addition to himself, the portrait features seven members of the Surgeon's Guild, each of whom would have paid commissions to be included in the picture, as well as the corpse of the armed robber Adriaen Adriensz, who had been hanged earlier in the day. In the bottom right hand corner there is a large open textbook on anatomy, almost certainly De humani corporis fabrica (Fabric of the Human Body) (1543) by Andreas Vesalius, with whom Rembrandt flatteringly associates Tulp.
Portraits
In Dutch painting of the 17th century , group portraits of these anatomy lessons usually followed a set formula. The surgeon and the corpse would be in the centre, surrounded by guild members, and everyone would be painted staring out of the picture at the artist. Rembrandt adopts a new approach and creates a combination of group portrait and action picture. The painting in fact marked a turning point in the evolution of the Dutch corporation, or guild portrait. For the first time, the figures were unified not merely by token gestures and glances, but by their common interest in an event taking place within the composition. Any potential client would certainly have been impressed by the vitality and depth with which the 26-year old Rembrandt endowed his portraits. He would adopt a similarly revolutionary approach in his militia portrait The Night Watch (1642, Rijksmuseum). These two paintings alone justify Rembrandt's reputation as one of the best portrait artists in Europe, and - when other masterpieces like The Syndics of the Clothmakers Guild (1662, Rijksmuseum) and The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis (1661-2, National Museum, Stockholm) are included - explain why he ranks among the best artists of all time .
Composition
The picture is not an authentic record of the January 1632 dissection (which would have begun with the opening of the stomach and cranium), but instead an imaginary construction whose composition is determined largely by pictorial considerations. The corpse is made the focus of attention, due to its intense brightness. From here, the viewer's eye is led to the illuminated heads of the audience, whose expressions reflect different degrees of attention, and to the face and hands of Tulp. The latter, marked out by his dark costume and hat, is using a forceps to indicate certain muscles and tendons of the corpse's arm, while demonstrating their workings with the fingers of his left hand.
Of the seven guild members watching, the one nearest Tulp is holding a list of the subjects' names, while the heads of the other six form an arrow pointing to Tulp's right hand which holds the forceps. This enhances the dramatic concentration of the figures on Tulp's demonstration. Rembrandt's atmospheric chiaroscuro and use of light/shadow to boost the sculptural solidity of the forms also adds to the picture's intensity. Rembrandt's mastery of the dark manner is often rightly associated with Caravaggio (1571-1610), but it is unlikely that Rembrandt himself had seen a painting by him. Instead, he probably absorbed the technique from other Dutch realist artists belonging to the Utrecht School, led by Gerrit van Honthorst (1592-1656) and Hendrick Terbrugghen (1588-1629), who had been to Italy and become followers of Caravaggism .
Message
The moral message of The Anatomy Lesson of Doctor Nicolaes Tulp is unlikely to be very deep. Obviously it emphasizes the connection between criminality and an odious death, although one feels that the picture also highlights the overall transience of earthly life. In passing, one should mention - as W. Shupbach has demonstrated in his publication Rembrandt's Anatomy of Doctor Tulp (Wellcome Institute, 1982) - that Rembrandt was also probably alluding to the fact that Tulp belonged to a religio-medical tradition which regarded the hand as the supreme mobile instrument bestowed by God on the human body. This was allied to the notion that, since the body was God's creation, the art of anatomy was a pathway to the knowledge of God.
Rembrandt Van Rijn
A quarter of a century later, Rembrandt was commissioned to paint a portrait of a dissection by Doctor Johan Deyman, Tulp's successor as Amsterdam's Chief Anatomist. Hung alongside The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Tulp, in the city's Anatomical Theatre, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deyman (1656, Rijksmuseum) was later badly damaged by fire in 1723, and only a central fragment survives. More reflective of the reality of the post-mortem, it shows Deyman in the process of dissecting the brain while the university lecturer Gysbrecht Calkoen holds the skull-cap in his hand. The work is noted, in particular, for its foreshortening, reminiscent of The Dead Christ (1480s, Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan) by Andrea Mantegna. A modern example of the dissection genre is the wonderful Gross Clinic (1875; Philadelphia Museum of Art) by Thomas Eakins .
Analysis of Other Paintings by Rembrandt
Other examples of Baroque painting by Rembrandt van Rijn include:
| Rembrandt |
In the International Morse Code, which number is represented by two dashes and three dots? | Rembrandt Paints The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp | World History Project
1632
Rembrandt Paints The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp
The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp is a 1632 oil painting by Rembrandt housed in the Mauritshuis museum in The Hague, the Netherlands.
Dr. Nicolaes Tulp is pictured explaining the musculature of the arm to medical professionals. The corpse is that of the criminal Aris Kindt, strangled earlier that day for armed robbery. Some of the spectators are various doctors who paid commissions to be included in the painting.
The event can be dated to 16 January 1632: the Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons, of which Tulp was official City Anatomist, permitted only one public dissection a year, and the body would have to be that of an executed criminal.
Anatomy lessons were a social event in the 17th century, taking place in lecture rooms that were actual theatres, with students, colleagues and the general public being permitted to attend on payment of an entrance fee. The spectators are appropriately dressed for a solemn social occasion. It is thought that, with the exception of the figures to the rear and left, these people were added to the picture later.
One person is missing: the Preparator, whose task it was to prepare the body for the lesson. In the 17th century an important scientist such as Dr. Tulp would not be involved in menial and bloody work like dissection, and such tasks would be left to others. It is for this reason that the picture shows no cutting instruments. Instead we see in the lower right corner an enormous open textbook on anatomy, possibly the 1543 De Humani Corporis Fabrica (Fabric of the Human Body) by Andreas Vesalius.
Medical specialists have commented on the accuracy of muscles and tendons painted by the 26-year-old Rembrandt. It is not known where he obtained such knowledge; it is possible that he copied the details from an anatomical textbook. However, in 2006 Dutch researchers recreated the scene with a male cadaver, revealing several discrepancies of the exposed left forearm compared to that of a real corpse. The surgically astute will notice that the origin of the exposed forearm muscles would seem to indicate that the flexor compartment originates at the lateral epicondyle, when it is, in fact, the medial epicondyle. It is the common extensor origin that originates at the lateral epicondyle.
The face of the corpse is partially shaded, a suggestion of umbra mortis (shadow of death), a technique that Rembrandt was to use frequently. The painting is signed in the top-left hand corner Rembrandt f[ecit] 1632. It is the first known instance of Rembrandt signing a painting with his forename as opposed to the initials RHL (Rembrandt Harmenszoon of Leiden), and is thus a sign of his growing artistic confidence.
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Who played Giacinta ‘Jinx’ Johnson in the 2002 James Bond film ‘Die Another Day’? | Jinx (Halle Berry) | James Bond Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Last
Die Another Day (film)
Giacinta 'Jinx' Johnson is an NSA operative who teams up with James Bond to spy on rogue North Korean agent Zao and investigate his ties with diamond magnate Gustav Graves . She appears in the 2002 film Die Another Day and is portrayed by American actress Halle Berry .
Contents
Film biography
Los Organos island, Cuba
An NSA Agent, Jinx is assigned to kill a rogue North Korean agent named Zao, who is undergoing gene-replacement therapy at the Alvarez clinic on Los Organos island, Cuba. There she meets James Bond , who is also after Zao in the hope of extracting the identity of a double agent responsible for his 14 month imprisonment in North Korea.
Introducing herself as Jinx, a nickname derived from her being born on Friday the 13th, the two exchange double entendres and proceed back to Bond's room at the Hotel De Los Organos. The following morning she leaves the sleeping spy and crosses over to the clinic. Posing as a prospective patient, she kills Dr. Alvarez and accesses the clinic's records on Zao.
Suddenly her mission is interrupted by 007, who has found the North Korean first. After being pursued by Jinx and Bond, Zao escapes by helicopter, leaving the armed American agent surrounded by clinic security. Stripping to her bikini, she dives backwards off the edge of the wall into the ocean and is picked up by a boat.
Iceland
Still pursuing Zao, Jinx tracks the agent to Gustav Graves' diamond mine in Iceland. Attending a public demonstration of the diamond magnate's Icarus Satellite at his Ice Palace , she once again crosses paths with Bond. Later that evening Jinx breaks into Graves' office and finds Zao 'sleeping' in a 'dream machine'. She tries to kill him but Graves stuns her before she can get the chance.
After being interrogated by Zao, the agent leaves her to be disposed of by Mr. Kil . Rather than shoot her, Kil insists on using the nearby industrial lasers. As the laser edges towards her head, she is rescued by 007 who intervenes and stops the machine - only to be jumped by Kil. As the henchman prepares to deliver the finishing blow Jinx grabs the swinging controls and activates the laser; cutting through the back of Mr. Kil's cranium.
After formally admitting that she is a member of the NSA, they team up and exchange information. It suddenly becomes clear to Bond that Zao is working with Graves, who is in reality an old North Korean adversary, Colonel Tan-Sun Moon. The pair split up, with Bond confronting Graves and Jinx heading to warn MI6 operative Miranda Frost . However, unbeknownst to Jinx, Frost is a double-agent working for Graves. Exchanging insults, Miranda locks her in Bond's suite and leaves her to die as Graves melts the Ice Palace using his satellite's heat-ray. Almost drowned in the flooding room, she is rescued for the second time by Bond, who shatters the door with his Aston Martin V12 Vanquish and takes her to a nearby hot pool to be revived.
Finale
Jinx held at sword-point.
During the chaos, Graves and Frost escape on his private airliner. On the orders of their respective Service Heads, Jinx and Bond infiltrate a North Korean airbase using switchblades and prepare to snipe Graves before he can take to the skies again. However, a passing truck ruins the shot and they are forced into boarding the plane via its landing gear. Again, the two split up with Jinx taking care of the pilot while James goes after Graves.
While Jinx manages to take over the controls, Bond accidentally shoots out a window in Grave's observation deck. She manages to keep the plane airborne but is suddenly ambushed by a sword-wielding Frost, who forces the spy to hand the controls over to the auto-pilot and escorts her out of the cockpit. However, the auto-pilot sends the plane hurtling into the solar beam of the now active Icarus, causing the plane to violently lurch and disintegrate. Frost is hurled to the ground by the impact, allowing Jinx to gain the upper hand. They engage in a violent sword fight culminating in Jinx plunging a knife into Frost's chest. Jinx and Bond then manage to escape the burning and demolishing plane in a helicopter.
Other appearances
The character of Jinx also made an appearance in the 2012 video-game 007 Legends alongside Daniel Craig (voiced by Timothy Watson) as James Bond. For the re-imagined Die Another Day mission, developer Eurocom took creative license with the character and used the likeness of Gabriela Montaraz (voiced by Madalena Alberto ) rather than Halle Berry. Halle Berry did not reprise her role for the game. [1]
Behind the scenes
The scene where she emerges from the ocean in a bikini paid homage to the character of Honey Ryder ( Ursula Andress ) from the first Bond film, Dr. No . Lindy Hemming, costume designer on Die Another Day, had insisted that Berry wear a bikini and knife as an homage. [2] Berry has said of the scene: "It's splashy", "exciting", "sexy", "provocative" and "it will keep me still out there after winning an Oscar.". [3] Despite the bikini and location of Cuba in the film, the footage was shot in Cadiz, Spain . Far from the warmth implied in the film, the location was reportedly very cold and windy, and footage has been released of Berry wrapped in thick towels in between takes to avoid catching a chill. [4]
During the subsequent filming of Zao's escape by helicopter, Berry was injured by flying debris from a smoke grenade. The debris was removed from her left eye in a 30-minute operation and the actress returned to the set with an inflamed cornea. [5]
In discussing her character, Berry said Jinx is "fashion-forward modern and the next step in the evolution of women in the Bond movies." [6]
Speculation arose in 2003 of a spin-off film concentrating on the character which was scheduled for a November/December 2004 release. It was originally reported that MGM was keen to set up a franchise and to be a " winter olympics " alternative to 'James Bond,'. As early as the late 1990s, MGM had originally considered developing a spin-off film based on Michelle Yeoh 's character, Wai Lin , in 1997's Tomorrow Never Dies . However, despite much speculation of an imminent movie, on October 26, 2003, Variety reported that MGM had completely pulled the plug on this project, to the dismay of Barbara Broccoli and Michael Wilson of EON Productions , who were reported to be "clearly furious" about the decision. [7] MGM were keen to move on with the next film instead.
Trivia
Jinx was also the first black Bond Girl , hero or villain, in more than 17 years, since May Day ( Grace Jones ) in A View to a Kill , and the first black Bond Girl ever to play the heroine (principal Bond "good girl").
According to an ITV news poll, Jinx has been voted the fourth toughest girl on screen of all time. Uma Thurman, the star of Quentin Tarantino`s samurai film Kill Bill was named as the winner. [8]
Although Jinx says her birthday is Friday the 13th, her birthday doesn't fall on Friday the 13th, or even a Friday (it falls on a Wednesday).
Gallery
| Halle Berry |
In the Star Wars series of films what is described as ‘An energy field created by all living things that surrounds us, penetrates us, and binds the galaxy together’? | Die Another Day (2002) - Kent Film Office
Die Another Day (2002)
Writers: Ian Fleming (Novel), Neal Purvis and Robert Wade (Screenplay)
Starring: Pierce Brosnan, Halle Berry, Rosamund Pike, Judi Dench, John Cleese, Michael Madsen
Production Company: Eon Productions, Danjaq, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), United Artists
Kent Locations Used: Manston International Airport, now Stone Hill Park
Die Another Day is the twentieth film in the James Bond series, based on the original character created by Ian Fleming and marked the franchise’s 40th anniversary.
With Pierce Brosnan (Mamma Mia!, Dante’s Peak) taking the James Bond starring role for the fourth and final time, Halle Berry (Cloud Atlas Cloud Atlas, Monster’s Ball), Rosamund Pike (Gone Girl, Jack Reacher), Judi Dench (Notes on a Scandal, Iris), John Cleese (A Fish Called Wanda, Trolls) and Michael Madsen (Reservoir Dogs, The Hateful Eight).
The film sees Bond captured on a mission in North Korea after his true identity was leaked. A year later, he is released in exchange for a terrorist but MI6 relieve him of his “00” because they suspect he gave away secrets during his capture. Trying to prove his innocence, Bond sets off to find his betrayer as well as the terrorist he was exchanged for who has an evil plan – will Bond be able to stop him?
With an A-list cast including Pierce Brosnan as James Bond, Halle Berry as sidekick Giacinta ‘Jinx’ Johnson as well as Rosamund Pike, Judi Dench, John Cleese, Michael Madsen and even an appearance from Madonna!
The Die Another Day team visited the now closed Manston International Airport (now Stone Hill Park ) in Ramsgate to film the Antonov cargo plane scenes towards the end of the film. The Thanet area has been previously used for filming Coast Vs Country (2016) , True Love (2012) and Gypo (2006) .
The film is now out to buy on DVD.
Links:
For more information about filming in Kent please contact: [email protected]
For more information about the Kent Film Office James Bond trail: http://kentfilmoffice.co.uk/moviemap/james-bond-ian-fleming/
For more information about the film: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0246460/
For more information on Stone Hill Park: http://www.stonehillpark.co.uk/
For more information about James Bond: http://www.007.com/
For more information about Kent’s Filming History please visit our Movie Map: http://kentfilmoffice.co.uk/kent-movie-map/moviemap-live-2/
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Which Star Wars film was released in May 1980? | Star Wars: Episode V - The Empire Strikes Back (1980) - Release Info - IMDb
Зорянi вiйни: Епiзод V - Iмперiя наносить удар у вiдповiдь
USA (video box title)
Star Wars V: The Empire Strikes Back
USA
Star Wars: Episode V - The Empire Strikes Back
USA (promotional title)
Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back
USA (short title)
| The Empire Strikes Back |
In the Star Wars series of films Princess Leia is whose twin sister? | 32 Star Wars T-Shirts from a Galaxy Far, Far Away... - TShirtonomy
Get Yours Here .
About Star Wars
The Star Wars franchise is one of the most well known and recognized science fiction franchises in modern history. The core film series of the Star Wars has generated an entire media franchise centered on the Star Wars story, law and universe, and has generated an enormous audience worldwide. There are currently two film trilogies set in the Star Wars universe, with books, video games as well as comic books that make up the Expanded Universe of Star Wars. The primary plot and story line in the Star Wars universe is the fight between the Jedi and the Sith, portrayed as a fight between the good, orderly forces of the Jedi and the evil, chaotic forces of the Sith. Despite the incredible commercial success and popular culture symbol that the Star Wars film franchise has become, there are still profound thematic and symbolic representations as part of the Star Wars story.
History
The beginning of the Star Wars franchise was released on May 25, 1977 in the form of Star Wars, also known as Episode IV: A New Hope. The order of the film as episode IV indicates that it is the fourth film chronologically according to the Star Wars universe, although it was the first film released part of the Star Wars trilogy. The Empire Strikes Back was release three years later, on May 21, 1980, while The Return of the Jedi was released another three years later, on May 25, 1983.
The prequel trilogy of Star Wars is released almost twenty years after the release of Episode IV: A New Hope. The Star Wars prequel trilogy began with Episode I: The Phantom Menace, released in May 19, 1999. This was followed by the second film in the prequel franchise, Episode II: Attack of the Clones, released on May 16, 2002. The final film of the trilogy was released on May 19, 2005, and was titled Episode III: Revenge of the Sith. Episode III is the latest Star Wars film of the franchise, with Episode VII estimated to be released at an unannounced time in 2015.
Themes
The Star Wars franchise and core struggle between Jedi and Sith has been widely interpreted to represent themes and symbols extending beyond the Star Wars universe. The Force itself is an important theme which can represent numerous mythological as well as philosophical aspects. The Force itself is a mysterious entity that transcends conventional knowledge and allows the user to defy ordinary physical laws. It is widely associated with concepts of nature, harmony and spirituality, and has been associated with belief systems such as Taoism, Pantheism, and Buddhism. There is emphasis on harmony of nature and the ascendancy of harmony with nature over destruction of or control over nature. This is also reinforced in key plot developments, such as the successful Ewok uprising against the Empire on Endor, which shows that technological superiority doesn’t not always translate into superior force.
The conflict between Jedi and Sith is also significant because it shows the conflict between order and chaos. There is a profound point that Jedi and Sith power are ultimately derived from the same source. The difference is that Jedi use their power for order and harmony, whereas the Sith harness the destructive side of their power. This can be representative of humanity in general and the power that can be used for good and evil, and that the choice can dictate the actions and consequences of people in ways that they cannot envision.
Movies
The Star Wars movie franchise is one of the most critically acclaimed as well as commercially successful franchises in movie history. All six films in the prequel trilogy and original trilogy were successful commercially; the original trilogy earned a worldwide box office revenue of $1,788,879,251, with the US box office revenue of $1,060,779,251 amounting to $2,706,937,672 once it is adjusted for inflation. Furthermore, the first film of the trilogy, Episode IV: A New Hope, is currently number 6 in terms of all-time United States box office. The prequel trilogy earned $2,525,197,773 worldwide, with $1,165,491,994 in box office revenue from the United States.
In terms of critical acclaim, all six films in the two trilogies have been nominated for or won Academy Awards. The three films of the original trilogy all won Academy Awards, while the films of the prequel were nominated by did not win.
Books
The literary universe of the Star Wars Expanded Universe began with Alan Dean Foster’s 1978 novel named Splinter of the Mind’s Eye. The next significant literary addition to the Expanded Universe was the Thrawn or Heir to the Empire trilogy, which occurs five years after the events of Episode VI and features the Grand Admiral Thrawn as its main antagonist. Furthermore, the New Jedi Order series follows the story of Obi-Wan Kenobi and his experiences in periods of time which aren’t covered in the main film franchises.
TV
The Star Wars Expanded Universe also includes a series of animated television shows created around the Star Wars lore and characters. The television franchise began in September 1985 in the form of Star Wars: Droids which focuses on the story of C-3PO and R2-D2. However, the most modern and well-known iteration of the Star Wars TV franchise is Star Wars: The Clone Wars, which is an animated series between October 2008 and March 2013.
Games
The Star Wars Expanded Universe has also spawned a game franchise. There are numerous card and video games centered around the Star Wars universe, such as the Lego Star Wars games, the Battlefront series, as well as the critically acclaimed Knights of the Old Republic Star Wars Role Playing Game for PC.
The Future of the Franchise
The Star Wars franchise is still growing and expanding, with no sign of slowing down. There are new Star Wars literary works, games, and merchandise on the pipeline. Most importantly, Lucasfilm, the holding company of the Star Wars franchise and the rights to the story, was acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 2012 for over $4 billion. This has led to the production of a sequel trilogy, with the first film scheduled for release in 2015.
About the Author
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In the Star Wars series of films what is the name of the capital of the planet Naboo? | Naboo | Lucasfilm Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Galactic Republic , Galactic Empire , New Republic
Naboo is a planet in the fictional Star Wars universe with a mostly green terrain and which is the homeworld of two societies: the Gungans who dwell in underwater cities and the humans who live in colonies on the surface. Humans of Naboo have an electoral monarchy and maintain a peaceful culture that defends education , the arts , environmental protection and scientific achievements. The main capital of Naboo is Theed .
Located in the Chommell sector , Naboo is the home planet of Padmé Amidala and Jar Jar Binks , as well as Senator (later Chancellor and then Emperor ) Palpatine . In Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace , it was the site of a blockade by the Trade Federation and the Battle of Naboo between the Federation and the native inhabitants. Naboo is seen in four films in the Star Wars series, having a prominent role in the first two prequels and glimpsed briefly in Revenge of the Sith and the 2004 DVD release of Return of the Jedi . Its name originates from the Tunisian city of Nabeul (Formal Arabic pronunciation: Nābul; local Tunisian dialect: Template:IPA-ar ), itself founded by Greek merchants naming it "Neapolis". This originated from the same inspiration that made another major planet in the original trilogy, Tatooine to be a namesake to the another Tunisian town, the desert city of Tataouine .
The similar sounding adjective "Nubian" used in the movies to refer to Queen Amidala's ship is cause for some confusion. Nubian refers to the planet Nubia , not to Naboo. The most correct adjective form of Naboo is "Nabooan" based upon an indigenous wild panther known as a "Nabooan tusk-cat".
Theed's architecture, while referencing Ancient Rome and other classical traditions, was heavily inspired by the Frank Lloyd Wright -designed Marin County Civic Center in California . ( Skywalker Ranch and Industrial Light & Magic are both based in Marin County .)
Contents
Edit
The Naboo System is located in the Chommel Sector, a region in the galactic Mid-Rim. Planet Naboo is the third planet of the star system that shares the same name. The Naboo system comprises five planets, namely Moth (Venus type), Erep (Venus type), Naboo (Earth type), Widow (Mars type) and Storm (Jupiter type). The planet Naboo has three moons: Ohma D'un , Rori and Tasia . Tasia, an ice moon, is the only Naboo moon to be seen in the entire Star Wars saga. Ohma D'un is a water moon and Rori is a brownish swamp moon.
Geographic features
Edit
Naboo is described as having a porous, plasma -rich interior without a molten core—a rare phenomenon among the planets in the Star Wars universe. The surface of Naboo is covered by dense swamps, rolling grass plains, and verdant hills. The largest mountain chain, the Gallo Mountains, bisect the singular continent and divide the great grass plains of the north from the Lianorm Swamp in the south. South of the Lianorm Swamp is Paonga Sea, where at the bottom lies the Gungan city of Otoh Gunga. Underneath the planet's surface is a tremendous maze of passages and caves, home to immense aquatic animals and creatures that are never seen on the surface. Gungans dominate these 'underwaterways', using them as a highway of sorts between their surface Holy Places and their underwater cities. One gungan civilization was known as Otoh Gunga, where Jar-Jar leads Obi-Wan Kenobi and Qui-Gon Jinn.
History
The Plaza de España in Seville , Spain , was used as scenery for the Naboo planet, in Episode II.
It is not known if the aquatic Gungans are the "original" inhabitants of Naboo, but they may have evolved in the interior underground seas or the swamplands.
What is known is that a pre-Gungan humanoid civilization did live on the surface tens of thousands of years ago, leaving monuments and ruins scattered throughout the planet. The largest of these ruins, located on the northern edge of the Lianorm Swamp, was identified as the Gungan Sacred Place. Gungans view these ruins as sacred, and their builders as the "Elders" of the planet. Eventually both Gungan and Human Naboo scientists agree that the end of the "Elder" civilization may be the result of the "Elders" not living in harmony with nature.
Human colonization
Edit
Gungans dominated Naboo for a great time, though largely keeping to the swamps and waterways; the mountains and grasslands they considered 'desert-like'. In 3951 BBY (Before the Battle of Yavin ), human refugees began fleeing violent revolution on their core world planet of Grizmallt . The Grizmallt leader, Queen Elsinore den Tasia , sponsored a fleet of three ships (Beneficent Tasia, Mother Vima and Constant) to colonize new worlds, commanded by the explorer Kwilaan. Elsinore den Tasia had the Naboo moon of Tasia named in her honour. Kwilaan's fleet eventually found and crash landed on the planet of Naboo in approximately 3900 BBY, where they permanently settled in the mountains and great grass plains. Some believe that Naboo was originally a Gungan word for "plainsfolk". Cultural differences led to tension between the two peoples—but direct conflict was rare. Over time there was more conflict between the various human settlements than between humans and Gungans.
The human culture of Naboo remained largely pastoral and nomadic, though urban centers developed. Deeja Peak in the Gallo Mountains developed as one of the first human settlements on the planet, keeping a degree of political power there. Keren and Theed both developed as farming communities whose over-production of foodstuffs provided for a large leisure class. Keren eventually became the commercial hub while Theed became more aristocratic. Kaadara developed as a coastal town for the few Nabooan fisherman (not to be confused with nabooian). Moenia was the only human colony built in the traditional Gungan homelands of the Lianorm Swamps.
The Naboo developed into a classic feudal society with a hereditary noble class and common folk, though unlike most feudal societies, there is no record of a subservient serf class. Naboo city-states traded with each other and with the Gungans. Generally the city-states acknowledged a ceremonial "High King"—a position that at times rotated between the city-state princes, though at other times was vested in a royal house. This ceremonial position was largely powerless and a form of peerage democracy evolved.
King Narmele the Explorer colonized Naboo's swampy moon of Rori sometime around 2000 BBY. A city there still bears his name. Some scientists contend that earlier colonists settled Rori before the Narmele colony, but if this is true, no trace of them has been found. Naboo has two other moons, the water-moon Ohma D'un (later colonised jointly by both Naboo humans and Gungans after the Battle of Naboo) and the barren grey ice-moon of Tasia (named after the Grizmallt Queen who sponsored the original colonial mission).
Naboo culture also includes a strong sense of family in each of the households of Naboo, from serfs up through the royal family. Wives had an extreme sense of loyalty for their husbands and those found to be guilty of adultery were known to be executed.
Naboo during the Old Republic and the Rise of the Empire
Edit
Theed, capital city of Naboo.
In 1,000 BBY a crisis led to a large scale conflict engulfing all the human Naboo city states, though there was no evidence of Gungan participation. Theed's King, Jafan , ended the conflict, uniting all Nabooans under his leadership by 830 BBY. Jafan ushered in the "Great Time of Peace" and Theed became the Royal Capital , eclipsing Deeja Peak. Still provincial and little-populated, the Naboo remained wary of off-world influences. Under the Jafan dynasty, Theed became a showplace of decorative architecture and dazzling craftsmanship, such as the Naboo royal starship and the royal palace at Theed. (Note: the Theed royal palace in the films is a detailed physical miniature model and sometimes computer generated exterior, but the interior was filmed at Caserta Palace in Italy ). The forecourt to the palace features statues of Naboo philosophers . The Jafan Dynasty reigned as hereditary rulers until the last of their line expired (circa 150 BBY). Since then the position of monarch has been an elected post, with a fluid constitution that would allow for hereditary rulership to be vested in a noble dynasty if the people so desired.
By King Veruna 's reign, 47 BBY, Naboo had become a major player in the galactic plasma energy trade market. Long known as a source of plasma (the energy source that powers everything from simple lights on Queen Amidala's robes, to great Gungan underwater cities and capital starships), high grade plasma veins were discovered below the streets of Theed. This led King Veruna (47–30 BBY) and (then) Senator Palpatine to build a great plasma mining and refining facility in the heart of the capital. The Banking Guild financed the construction. As the Naboo traditionally held an aversion to off world trade they agreed to have the powerful Trade Federation buy the plasma at a fixed price. The Federation however took advantage of the Naboo's lack of interstellar commercial experience and sold the plasma for greatly marked-up prices — selling the Naboo short.
The Naboo protested and wished to be free of the contract. King Veruna, never wanting the trade agreement with the Federation in the first place, sensed the upcoming military conflict. Veruna expanded the role of the Space Fighter Corps and had the N-1 starfighter squadron organized. Theed Hangar was built next to the refining station to house the new military forces. This move was unpopular on Naboo and with Senator Palpatine as these precautions were perceived as provocative overture. With the people and the senator unhappy with his military expansion, Veruna was forced to abdicate in favor of the Princess Padme Naberrie . Later, Veruna would be assassinated while in exile . Taking Amidala as her Name of State , the young Queen, Padme, promised to end the conflict without violence. Once in power Queen Amidala opened negotiations with the Trade Federation. However, the Federation was scandalized by Naboo's resistance to its authority, which coincided with a Galactic Republic Senate tax on interstellar trade. Both actions were perceived by Federation leadership as threatening to their commercial interests and power. The Federation answered with a military blockade of Naboo, with the aim of forcing Naboo into subservience and to hopefully intimidate the Senate into repealing the taxation measure. The Federation leadership was secretly advised, and manipulated, by the Sith Lord Darth Sidious . The Jedi Knights Qui-Gon Jinn and Obi-Wan Kenobi were sent to mediate, but were unsuccessful. Naboo fell quickly; though they had a powerful Armed Corps, the Royal Advisory Council held off action until all negotiations failed. The Naboo government and citizens were captured and were to be held in detention camps outside the cities. Soon rescued by Qui-Gon Jinn and Obi-Wan Kenobi, Queen Amidala left Naboo to personally seek aid in the Galactic Senate. Captain Panaka and others were to organize a resistance movement in the meantime.
Once on Coruscant , Queen Amidala addressed the senate. The Federation had powerful and rich allies, and all the Queen could do was to call for a "Vote of No Confidence" in the senate leadership of Supreme Chancellor Valorum . In this she hoped to force a change for a more favorable chancellorship. The Queen returned to her homeworld to lead the resistance herself. Once home, Queen Amidala sought the aid of the reclusive Gungans, pleading for joint action against a common enemy. The Gungans agreed to an alliance and led an army against the Federation's mechanical forces. Captain Panaka was able to organize the Space Fighter Corps to their fighters, and launch a last effort against the Federation capital ship. The Fighter Corps destroyed the Trade Federation capital ship which shut off all of the B1 Battle Droids and the Trade Federation leaders Nute Gunray and Rune Haako were captured. Qui-Gon Jinn was killed during the battle, but ultimately the Naboo & Gungan Alliance was able to defeat the Federation. For her heroic effort the Naboo people wished to alter the constitution allowing for Padmé Amidala, and possibly her heirs, to reign for life. Padmé Amidala declined the honor.
After serving the maximum two 4-year terms, Padmé Amidala was replaced by Queen Jamillia (24–20 BBY). Jamillia asked for Padmé Amidala to continue on serving Naboo as Senator. Padmé Amidala "couldn't refuse the Queen", and returned to politics after a brief respite. Jar Jar Binks was also appointed as the alternate Senator, becoming the first Gungan to represent Naboo. Most of prejudices of both species disappeared when Queen Amidala and Boss Nass managed to unite both species during the Battle of Naboo.
Galactic Republic Senate politics was a new forum for Padmé Amidala. In the mean time Palpatine , a Naboo himself, remained Supreme Chancellor of the Republic, and his hard-line stances were generally supported by a Naboo still rebuilding after occupation. Though many on Naboo and in the Galactic Senate wished for a centralized executive, Padmé Amidala voted again and again against the Military Creation Act, which would allow for the Senate to raise a standing military to serve at the discretion of the Supreme Chancellor of the Republic. Padmé Amidala, however, was outmaneuvered and — after a proposal by Representative Jar Jar Binks' for the granting of "emergency powers" to the Chancellor — a military was created to counter the Separatist movement. During the Clone Wars , the Confederacy of Independent Systems (including the Trade Federation) launched an unsuccessful campaign of invasion and conquest against Naboo.
Imperial Naboo
Edit
Following the rise of the Empire, Queen Apailana became outspoken against the new regime. After diplomatic negotiations failed between Naboo and the Empire, Apailana began exploring military options, and harboring Jedi in direct violation of Order 66. She would be assassinated by the elite 501st Legion, aka Vader's Fist, establishing Imperial control of the planet.
In years to come, the Naboo would generally support the positions of Chancellor and later Emperor Palpatine, including the establishment of the Empire , thus becoming an Imperial satellite state. Many Naboo would serve in the Imperial Services and Captain Panaka would become an aide to the Emperor, and later it would become imperial Naboo.
Popular Queen Kylantha would reign throughout the Imperial years. Kylantha appointed Padmé Amidala's niece, Pooja Naberrie , to the Imperial Senate. There, Pooja would be a contemporary of her cousin, Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan . Unfortunately they would never know of each other's biological relationship. Kylantha was not a supporter of the old Republic, but neither was she an Imperial proponent. Kylantha refused to alter the democratic structure of the Naboo constitution. It is believed Kylantha was secretly pro-Rebellion, ironically despite the Empire placing her in the position of Queen when the Imperial 501st executed the previous monarch, Queen Apailana , for secretly sheltering Rebels and Jedi within the Royal Palace of the Naboo capital city of Theed during 18 BBY.
Royal traditions
Edit
Often when a Nabooan enters into political life, he or she adopts a " Name of State ". This name is used for public occasions and represents the honor and dignity of the office one chooses. Padmé Naberrie adopted the anonymous Name of State "Amidala" when she became Princess of Theed (34-32 BBY) and later, Queen of the Naboo (32-24 BBY). Padmé retained the name Amidala when she became Naboo's Senator for the Galactic Republic (23-19 BBY).
Scar of Remembrance
Edit
The Scar of Remembrance is used as part of the ruler of the planet Naboo's make-up. It is a symbol of remembrance of the days before the "Great Time of Peace", which had been brought about by King Jafan, the ruler who united Naboo. Also worn by Naboo's monarchs as part of their makeup are the coloured twin cheek-spots of "Balance" and "Symmetry".
Known monarchs of Naboo
| theed |
Which was the last ‘Star Wars’ film, released in 2008? | STAR WARS: Planets
An astrometric examination of the well-photographed planets and moons of
STAR WARS
Introduction
DISCLAIMER:
This page is not intended to be an introduction to astronomical concepts, and some of the terminology used here is technical. Later versions of the page may be kinder to the general reader and/or contain more useful explanatory diagrams, but the present draft is simply meant to consolidate key ideas in a concise structure.
The purpose of this document is to examine the major filmed celestial bodies of the
STAR WARS
universe. In real life, astronomical objects are investigated by measurement of their motions and features as shown in photographs, spectrographs and other exotic instruments. Consideration of the geometry and physics underlying and giving rise to the photographic image allows the properties of the objects to be measured or constrained indirectly.
Although the
STAR WARS
movies do not allow us the freedom to change or even to know the details of the virtual observational instruments, we can reasonably assume that the screen images correspond to the effect and capabilities of a movie camera or the naked human eye. Certain features in the images of
STAR WARS
worlds provide mutually consistent points of reference (eg. the planet Yavin must be the same size in closeup and in diagrams of its moons' orbits). Sometimes the observations contain objects or circumstances that serve as absolute, universal points of reference (eg. the stellar classes of Tatoo I and Tatoo II are known).
Some commentators would naively dismiss this entire exercise on the basis that “it's only art”. Presumably most artists do not bother to structure their paintings or their movies with physical plausibility in mind. However there are plenty of documents about the special effects of the first generation of
STAR WARS
movies indicating that the original artists adhered to standards of precision and professionalism that took their work beyond mere impressionism. For instance the remarks of Richard Edlund about the size of the second Death Star are totally consistent with independent, astrophysically-grounded estimates.
Finally, works of art contain a great deal of inherent and implied physics. If an artistic creation looks “realistic” to the human eye and mind then it is usually possible to devise something “real” corresponding to the visual effect. Tacit human intuitions have evolved to deal with the real world. If an effect is pathologically unable to correspond to something real or potentially real, then the scene will be unconvincing and will seem surreal to movie viewers. Those kinds of images and animations, if they are ever made, usually die on the cutting-room floor.
This does not mean that there is no danger of inconsistency. It is entirely possible for a new film to be made showing astronomical objects with features so extreme that they cannot be made to fit our first assumptions. If, for instance, we were faced with a new planet with a bizarre internal structure that could not arise through natural processes then we may be forced to conclude that it actually is not a planet in the usual sense: perhaps it is some kind of artificial planet-sized body with its true origins lost in prehistory. Or, if we see a moon that looms implausibly large in the sky, we may be forced to grasp exotic assumptions about its density and composition, and perhaps its orbit, in order to save the planet from outrageously strong tides.
The greatest threat of trouble in this field of investigation comes from the spin-off literature. The written word is not open to interpretation and measurement in the same way as the visual experience of a movie. If the author of the book makes arbitrary quantitative statements about the distances, masses and orbital periods of celestial objects then there is a very real risk that they will conflict with physical law, whereas a visual presentation of the same phenomena would allow measurements to be made on the basis of physical law, yielding consistent conclusions which can then be explored for their implications. Fortunately, Lucasfilm's published terms for evaluating
STAR WARS
continuity give primacy to the movie canon. In the commentaries of this site, official non-canon sources will be considered only insofar as they are physically self-consistent and consistent with the canon.
In the study of astronomical objects photographed in
STAR WARS
, the two most general and basic questions to be answered are: “where is it?” and “how big is it?”
Determining absolute positions of objects within the galaxy is generally impossible and is not particularly useful. However the physical relationships between suns, planets and moons within their local system is of very great importance. The planet-sun distance relates to planetary climate directly, in conjunction with planetary rotation, the luminosity and the age of the star. Observed distances between sun and planet, or between planet and moon, constrain the properties of their orbits. If the gravitating objects' orbital velocities could also be estimated, they would yield information about the masses.
Knowing the dimensions of a celestial body, combined with reasonable assumptions about its bulk composition, indicates its mass and other properties like the surface gravity and escape velocity. Knowing the absolute sizes of two objects, when they are at very different distances from camera, allows their true positions to be calculated, based on their perspective-affected projected sizes.
Positions in three-dimensional space can be expressed as triplet coordinates that represent the location as displaced from a reference “origin” point in three perpendicular directions. In computerised images, such as those scanned from movies, the X and Y coordinates are conventionally taken to be the displacements from left to right and from top to bottom in relation to the upper-left corner of the picture. (This is how pixel-count coordinates are reckoned in
PhotoShop
and similar graphics programs.) For the purpose of this document, the third dimension is described by the Z coordinate which will be taken to be displacement out of the image plane, in the direction of the viewer. This is a left-handed coordinate system. (A right-handed system would either have the Y direction be up rather than down, or the Z direction be away from the viewer and into the screen.) The scales of the three coordinates are assumed to be the same, and perspective corrections will be performed where appropriate.
Most astronomical images in
STAR WARS
feature one dominant celestial body. For ease of reference, the coordinates and measurements pertaining to each image will be scaled to units in which the radius of the dominant object equals 1. Thus pictures of the Earth-Moon system would be described with the Earth radius as 1, the Moon's radius about 0.272 and the Moon's orbital radius being 60.3. Using these normalised figures allows discussion of the relationships between the objects without necessarily knowing the absolute size of any of them, (which is often unknowable using only the initial evidence). If the sizes are eventually determined (eg. the Earth's radius is 6378km), then it is a simple matter to scale the surrounding objects and orbits.
Spheres
The painstakingly rendered planetary matte paintings of
STAR WARS
are rich in detail and are wide open for interpretation and analysis as if they were photographs of real worlds made by space probes. Using images of a spherical celestial object as seen from far away in space, the positions of features on the surface can be investigated as follows.
Measure the screen coordinates of at least three points on the edge of the visible disk.
Fit them to the equation for a circle r²=(x-xc)² +(y-yc)² to obtain the radius r, and the coordinates of the planet's centre in screen terms (xc,yc).
Transform all coordinates to a frame of reference with its axis at the centre of the planet, and in which the global radius is scaled to 1: x' = (x − xc)/r, y' = (y − yc)/r,
Then the z coordinate of any given point on the planetary disk is given by x'² + y'² +z'² = 1.
From these results it is easy to determine the distances between particular points on the surface of the globe, if you scale all your coordinates up by the true value of the celestial object's radius. Additionally, the three-dimensional coordinate data for surface features could potentially be used in more complicated mathematical expressions in order to plot maps of the world under study.
Illumination
The illumination of planetary bodies seen from space provides important information about the orientation of the objects in relation to the distant sun. This is often the only way we can learn anything about the suns of
STAR WARS
, because they're shown directly on film so rarely. Studying the illumination and shadows on the globes of celestial bodies also has the potential to provide us with constrained estimates of the orbital and rotational parameters of the planets and moons, if comparable views are available at different times, or if surface markings move visibly due to global rotation.
The direction of the sun is calculated from the positions of representative points along the terminator between the night and day sides of the globe. Since the globe is a sphere to a good approximation, the third dimension is calculable for any of these terminator points, as described in the subsection above. The direction of the sunlight is at right angles to the plane than passes through every point on the terminator. Since the rays of sunlight are parallel at large astronomical distances, and since a planet does not move significantly in its orbit in the duration of one of the movies, the terminator information could provide an absolute spatial frame of reference to compare different events, eg. those taking place at Endor and Hoth.
A shadow cast by a moon or planet upon other objects in a scene provides additional information. Knowing the direction of the sun fixes the location of three-dimensional regions within which objects would experience night or eclipses. If a moon does cast a shadow on the surface of its primary, we could equate the size of the affected region with the umbra of eclipse and thus determine the angular size of the moon as seen from the planetary surface. We may also gain information about the angular size of the sun. All this deduced data may combine to inform us about the moon's absolute size and position, especially if the moon itself is visible in the same image as its shadow.
Proximity
Perspective is the major blight of astrometric interpretations of
STAR WARS
objects. The size of an object as projected on a computer or movie screen is proportional to its true absolute size, and inversely proportional to its distance from “camera.”
The sizes of two objects in an image can only be compared validly if their distances are taken into account. In cases involving artificial objects like Imperial warships, the existence of a standard yardstick like the Kuat Drive Yards bridge tower , allows independent scaling to be done. In some other cases perspective effects can be neglected safely, if the camera range to each object is very much larger than the separation between the objects themselves. In this case different objects are affected by perspective almost identically. However this neutral-perspective assumption is exceptional and is not always easy to justify.
In the absence of any other evidence, the only way to determine which of two celestial objects is closer to camera is to see which one visually overlaps the other. If there is no overlap and no special yardsticks, then there is no way to prove spatial or size relationships, regardless of what eyeball intuition suggests.
The existence of overlap tells us which object is closest, but does not directly reveal how much closer it is. It also enables us to determine either an upper or lower limit on the ratio of the sizes of the two objects. For instance, if a moon is in front of its planet, then the true relative radius of the moon is less than the relative radius of the moon's image in the picture. (Because the closer object may appear larger due to perspective.)
Basics
This is not a treatise. Some familiarity with mathematics and basic physics is assumed. Readers who would like more instruction or explanation of unfamiliar concepts are advised to consult appropriate texts or popular science books. The material in this section is presented for the sake of giving some background for the practical results appearing in the commentaries about particular planets. If it proves desirable and if I can borrow enough time, I'll consider adding a few more clarifying subsections at a later date.
Orbits
Inert objects moving in space in the absence of external forces follow straight lines, continuing to move at constant velocity indefinitely. Massive celestial bodies are caused to depart from free linear motion and follow curved paths because of their mutual gravitational attraction. If the bodies are not moving too quickly, do not collide and are not seriously disturbed by other influences (such as the gravity of a third object), their curved motions proscribe closed, repeating paths called orbits.
The orbit of a bound celestial body is an ellipse, and the centre of mass of the two bound objects is located at one focus of the ellipse. An ellipse is a round shape like a circle, but narrower in one direction than in the perpendicular direction. The foci are points on either side of the centre of the ellipse, on the major axis. The major axis is the longest possible straight line bisecting the ellipse, and its length is double the statistic known as the semimajor axis, which is customarily labelled a. Eccentricity is a number describing the degree of departure from a perfect circle; a circle has e=0, whereas the most extreme ellipses have eccentricity approaching 1. The distance between a focus and the centre of the ellipse equals ae.
When one of two objects in an orbital system is very much more massive than than the other, we call it the primary, and the lighter object is called a satellite. In this case the centre of mass is very close to the physical centre of the primary, and the primary can nearly be regarded as sitting fixed at the focus of the satellite's orbit. This is the case for a sun and its planets, and for a planet and its moons. In other cases, where the two objects are comparable in mass, such as the stars of a binary system, the centre of mass sits well between the objects, and both bodies revolve around this centre in separate orbits with the same orbital time period.
In a normal planetary system, the planes of the orbits of different planets are almost exactly aligned. The average plane of the orbital system is called the ecliptic. This is because planetary systems accrete and condense from a broad flat primordial circumstellar disk. It is thought that planetary ecliptics in most systems are usually aligned with the axis of the sun's spin. Likewise the orbits of a planet's moons tend to be arranged around a special plane, which often is aligned with the planetary spin, which does not have to be parallel to the ecliptic of the planets. The orbits of moons can show more variety than planetary orbits, however, because some moons are captured rather than born with the planet, and because satellite orbits evolve under the moons' mutual gravitational perturbations.
Below are a number of handy equations describing the orbits of bound planets and moons.
Kepler's Third Law: For the satellites of a given primary, the cubes of the semimajor axes a are proportional to the squares of the orbital periods, T. The proportionality constant depends on the total mass of the primary plus satellite, M and the universal constant of gravitation, which in SI metric units is G=6.672×10-11m3.kg-1.s-2.
4π²a³/T² = GM
For systems of moons, it is convenient to consider the sizes of the satellite orbits as multiples of the radius of the primary R. If the total density of the primary is ρ then Kepler's Third Law takes this form:
3π(a/R)³/T² = G ρ .
For an orbit with semimajor axis a and eccentricity e, when the instantaneous position angle of the planet relative to its perihelion longitude is φ then the orbital distance r is:
r = a (1−e²) / [1+e cos(φ)]
and thus the distances at perihelion and aphelion are a(1−e) and a(1+e) respectively. In terms of (x,y) coorinates, with the X direction being the major axis, the equation for the elliptical orbit is:
(ae+x)²/a² + y²/a²(1−e²) = 1 .
Results
Physical and orbital data for several canonical and filmed planets and moons are tabulated below. Many of the blanks spaces will remain blank forever because of a lack of sufficiently detailed observations. Others may eventually be filled due to further studies of existing material, and fresh images from the prequel films. Tatooine and Coruscant are likely to benefit in the wake of
The Phantom Menace
. There also seems to be a good chance of seeing Alderaan again in a later prequel movie.
Where possible, the spatial measurements are given in terms of metric metres. However in some cases, ie. Hoth 6 and its moons, the basic scale of the system is less well known than the ratios of the various lengths. In these circumstances, spatial dimensions are measured in terms of the planet's radius. Another useful unit for describing planetary orbits is au which is literally an “astronomical unit”, the mean Earth-Sol distance, and is approximately equal to 1.496x1011m.
These abbreviations express different units of time:
yr
Coruscant, the glorious galactic capital, was originally devised as a major setting for
Return of the Jedi
and appears in Ralph McQuarrie's concept art from the early 1980s. The city-planet reappeared in the late 1980s in the early reference volumes of
STAR WARS The Roleplaying Game
. The environs around the Imperial Palace were eventually described in novels starting with
Heir to the Empire
and drawn as war-torn ruins in
Dark Empire
comics. The only point where the native rock of the planet is exposed to daylight, Monument Plaza at the peak of the city-encrusted Manarai Mountains, was portrayed in
The Illustrated STAR WARS Universe
, which recycled most of the original concept art. Coruscant was finally brought into the absolute canon with the radio play of
Return of the Jedi
and then the special edition of the movie in 1997. The first filmed views of the planet seen from space appear in the 1998 teaser trailer for
The Phantom Menace
. This image is close to McQuarrie's original vision, although it is a subdued dawn/dusk view with much more cloud cover than McQuarrie's planetscape of the glittering sunward side .
The coruscation of the surface of Coruscant, as seen from space, provides interesting information about the surface texture. The scintillation depends on the movement of the observer with respect to the planet, and the rotation of the planet relative to the Sun. If an observer rode in geosynchronous orbit, the daily solar rotation would be the only influence on the reflection: as different areas of the city come under sunlight at different angles in the sky. The timescale of each tiny scintillation flash, compared to the duration of the Coruscant day, yields information about the angular size of the detail on the reflecting surfaces. Combined with the radius of the planet, this yields information about the absolute physical scale of the reflecting lattice patterns of the building blocks. For instance a flash lasting a second may suggest surface structures with pattern detail on the scale of a hundred metres or so.
The actual surface of the planet is thoroughly buried. Those parts of the planet not covered by urban terrain include only small artificial lakes and the polar ice caps. The only place where the soil or rock of the planet sees daylight is Monument Plaza at the pinacle of the Manarai mountain range. The planet is not inert; the site of Imperial City was a volcanic plain and at least one massive eruption is recorded in legendary pre-Republic history. However Coruscant is a tame world today, and its inhabitants probably employ geological engineering technologies to ameliorate natural tectonic and volcanic processes.
Coruscant is considered the basis for timekeeping and planetary units in the Galactic Empire.
Galaxy Guide 2
describes some of the planets and moons of the Yavin system in terms of both these plantary standards and absolute known units like the density of water and metric kilometres. These statistics combine to imply the true dimensions of Coruscant, as stated in the Standard Units page. Coruscant is a terrestrial planet somewhat larger than Earth. It has 2.74 times Earth's mass, 1.39 times its diameter, and 1.42 times its surface gravity. This is well within the range of habitability for humans, although newcomers from Earth or other mild-gravity worlds would go through a period of uncomfortable physical adjustment. (Indoor environments could use artificial gravitic devices to lighten the weight.)
Coruscant has four moons [
Inside the Worlds of STAR WARS Episode I
]. Two of them were visible in the night sky at the end of
Return of the Jedi
, but unfortunately they are unrecognisable due to the wide field of view and glare. The angular sizes of the moons [in
ROTJ
] were in the approximate ratio of 13:12, with the larger disk being higher in the sky. The absolute sizes of the moons are unknown because there is presently no way to determine their distances. Their angular separation in the sky is 5.6 times the angular diameter of the lesser moon disk. The true physical sizes of the moons cannot be as similar as their angular sizes; one moon is large and distant, and the other is smaller and nearer. Otherwise the moons would have perturbed each other gravitationally. The moons' separation in 3D space must be comparable to their distances from the planet.
If a line is drawn through the moons and extended to the horizon, it is about 30° from vertical. This would tell us something about the location of the scene if we knew more about the orbital distances of the moons. For instance, if the moons orbit in the same plane and that plane happens to coincide with the rotation of the planet, and if the moons are fairly distant compared to the planet's diameter, then the latitude of this part of Imperial City would be thirty degrees.
At least three of Coruscant's moons are seen in
The Phantom Menace
. These scenes and future movies may reveal three-dimensional information implicitly. Further studies of the projected relationships between the moons and the planet, at different orbital phases, may distinguish the system's orbital statistics and perhaps the planet's rotation.
One moon in the Coruscant system, named Hesperidium, was the site of a resort that was Han Solo's starting point in
Planet of Twilight
. However the novel does not indicate whether Hesperidium is a moon of Coruscant itself, or some other planet orbiting the same star. The moon appears to be large enough to hold an artificial or natural atmosphere, and the sky usually has a “rosy lavender” colour. This would have implications for the density of the atmosphere; it may be more diffuse than Earth's, or the colour may be affected by airborne dust.
The second trailer for
The Phantom Menace
shows an extremely valuable sunset scene with both Coruscant's sun and one of its moons in the sky. The angular diameter of this moon is about 0.185 times that of the sun, so this moon can never obscure enough of the sun to provide a total eclipse. The separation between the centres of the moon and sun on the sky is 2.39 times the angular radius of the sun. The phase of the sunlight on the moon is about 136°, which fixes the absolute angular size of the sun and the moon. The sun subtends about 1.8° on the sky, and the moon subtends 0.34°. (For comparison, Earth's sun and moon both subtend about 0.5° on the sky.)
This means that relative to the size of its sun, Coruscant orbits somewhat closer than Earth. However in absolute terms the mean orbital distance is 1.53 times Earth's [according to
Inside the Worlds of STAR WARS Episode I
], implying that Coruscant's sun is 5.5 times the diameter of Sol. In order to provide a comfortable climate, the age, mass and luminosity of this star must be substantially different from solar values. The orbital distance and the period of 368 days indicate a stellar mass of 3.53 times solar.
Unresolved Questions:
Is there a kind of star which has mass and radius 3.53 and 5.5 times solar values, but a luminosity less than 2.34 times solar (necessary to keep Coruscant at least as cool as Earth)?
Inside the Worlds ...
describes the Coruscant sun as “tiny”, but by what standard is it so? Could there be a flaw in the determination of the star's angular size at sunset?
A greater variety of observations of Coruscant's moons would help fix measurements of their sizes and orbits. In turn, that would determine the lattitude of scenes on Coruscant in which both moons are visible together.
Composite image of Coruscant seen from orbit in the teaser trailer for
The Phantom Menace
Tatooine
Tatooine is a harsh but habitable terrestrial planet with at least two moons, in a close binary star system. The suns, Tatoo I and Tatoo II, are of stellar spectral types G1 and G2, and the planet orbits their centre of mass at a distance much greater than the stars' separation. In
The Phantom Menace
one sun appeared bluer than the other, and it's not clear whether this could have been consistent with G1 or G2 classification. Perhaps the stars are extreme variables with some kind of pulsation period less than three decades? If they are actually G1 and G2 main-sequence stars, their total mass is about two solar masses, and roleplaying game references indicate that Tatooine's year is about 0.80yr (in Earth terms). Therefore the planet orbits at about 1.08au from the centre of mass of its suns.
It is possible to determine a lower limit on the absolute distance between the twin suns by measuring and comparing the suns' angular sizes and separation in the sky. Because there is no way to tell the alignment of the suns (ie. which one is closer to Tatooine than the other) this method only provides a lower limit. In the sunset in
Return of the Jedi
the upper and lower suns had angular diameters in the ratio of 15.1:10.5. Their projected separation was 10.2±0.5 times the radius of the smaller star, which means a separation of greater than (7.1±0.3) × 109m, assuming that the lesser star is the same size as Sol. Similarly, the
ANH
sunset scene yields radii in the ratio 109:105 and a projected separation of 5.40 times the smaller star's radius, at least 3.6 × 109m. In this moment the suns are aligned at an angle closer to the line of sight from Tatooine.
The wider lower-limit estimate, which is probably a large fraction of the actual value, is equivalent to 0.047±0.002 au. Tatooine orbits at about 1.08au, which is almost too hot for life because it gives it a solar energy influx 1.7 times that of Earth. In a binary system, planetary orbits are only stable if they are much larger than the stellar separation (moving around both stars as in the case of Tatooine), or else much smaller (orbiting one star closely). The former is definetly the case for Tatooine, and the likely separation of the suns and the likely orbit of the planet are physically consistent.
The oscillating gravitational influence of the two suns circling their common centre of mass is likely to have interesting tidal effects on the planets of the system. If Tatooine had seas, sailors might notice a subtle solar tide. However since the orbital period of the suns (lower limit >64±3 hours) is much shorter than the duration of Tatooine's year (0.80yr in Earth terms), there cannot be any effective resonance. Therefore the binary orbit shouldn't exert any gross effects on the planet's orbit or rotation within the span of human history.
If sufficient observations were made, it would be possible to constrain the phase of Tatooine in its orbit in
A New Hope
and
Return of the Jedi
, at least in relation to the shorter-period mutual orbit of the suns. Temporary climatic variations should be expected during the times when one star eclipses the other partially or wholly. Unlike eclipses due to the moons, the eclipse of one sun by the other would be seen over the entire globe of Tatooine, and sunlight would be half the usual level. This may well be the marker of the "seasons" mentioned by the moisture farmer Owen Lars in
A New Hope
.
Another harmless but interesting side effect of having two suns is that each object would cast two shadows during daylight. However since the suns are always close together in the sky, the shadows mainly overlap, so that they practially appear to be a single shadow with fuzzy edges, even when the sky is clear and the sunshine sharp. If, on the other hand, noticeably separate double shadows are ever observed (perhaps in
The Phantom Menace
), then they will set an interesting lower limit on the separation of the suns.
On Tatooine itself there are at least two basic types of terrain visible from space: rocky uplands, and dune seas filled with light-coloured wind-deposited sands. The lowland regions are not totally uniform and featureless. The largest known lowland area shows gradual variations in brightness, with lighter tones prevailing near the "shore" of the uplands. Perhaps this is due to lack of chemical degradation in fresh sands, or some kind of variation in the sand particle sizes. Perhaps the nearby rocky uplands affect the strength or nature of the winds that raise and deposit the sands.
The edges of the uplands appear to bear erosional channels of some kind. It is unknown whether these are due to wind erosion, prehistoric water erosion or an ongoing process involving nocturnal moisture. The
A New Hope
novel describes the existence of mysterious mists that arise from the ground near the edges of rocky outcrops. However the planetological experts of the galaxy are said to be unaware of the source of these mists (which probably indicates the inattention given to Tatooine, or the moribund nature of science in an ancient, static galactic culture).
Water must occur near ground level under some circumstances, otherwise plant and animal life would be impossible. Tatooine boasts some very large native animals, most of them dwelling in the rocky, sheltered highlands. In the canyon floors of the Jundland wastes there are numerous shrub-sized plants (less than a metre wide or high), but they have not so far been photographed with much resolution. The distribution of these shrubs probably follows the nighttime mists or the mysterious subterranean water source.
The scarce clouds in many space and ground views may attest to the presence of some lasting daytime water, and their visible shadows in principle allow the clouds' approximate altitude to be determined. The sky was cloudy near the Tantive 4 escape pod landing site and the nearby mesas and canyons. Clouds were seen near the horizon in each observed Tatooine sunset. The sky over Mos Eisley was clear. The sky was clear near the Lars' homestead when jawas brought droids for sale, but was cloudy the next afternoon after the farm had been wrecked. Could it be that a functioning moisture farm draws moisture from the atmosphere, and a wrecked farm allowed the clouds to pass unaffected?
What is the reason for the aridity of Tatooine? The development of macroscopic life probably required the presence of oceans at one stage. Perhaps there are processes at the top of the atmosphere that remove water to space or else consume it in chemical reactions of a kind that are unimportant on Earth. Perhaps the water has been subducted into the planetary interior at the descending edges of its tectonic plates, at a rate faster than the rerelease of water vapour from volcanic regions and the injection of new water from cometary impacts.
What is the basis of the Tatooine food chain? How are such large animals supported with so little vegetation? Is most of the biomass generated at the polar caps, nocturally, or underground? With so little above-ground flora, how is the oxygen atmosphere sustained? Is the atmosphere actually in decline? What is the oxygen cycle?
Tatooine has at least three moons [
TPM
,
ANH
]. They appear to be dull grey orbs, and the moon with a larger projected size in the existing photograph has a dichotomous surface: dark, smooth basaltic maria, and rough, cratered, light highlands like our terrestrial Moon. The moons' astrometry and photometry deserves investigation. Unfortunately there are no definite cues to their sizes, because in the one available image, they fail to cast visible shadows on the observered areas of the planet, and they do not visually overlap each other, the planet or any nearby objects.
Global views of Tatooine, with a mirror-flip correction to match the version seen in the movie. [
Inside the Worlds of Episode I
;
Hoth
The sixth planet in the Hoth system was a habitable world used by the Rebel Alliance for a major base to replace the one exposed at Yavin. The fact that it is the sixth world implies that either the Hoth sun is more luminous than ours, or the inner planets have narrowly spaced orbits.
An upper limit can be placed on the size of Hoth 6. When General Veers' walker came close enough to the rebel power generator for it to appear over the horizon it was at a distance of “one-seven-decimal-two-eight”. Considering the visual evidence and the tendency to use metric units in
STAR WARS
, this must mean 17.28km. Since the AT-AT head height is about 18m, if we assume that the walker was on flat ground then the radius of the planet is R < 8.3x106m. Of course, the walker really had the advantage of being on a ridge, so this is an upper limit rather than a direct calculation of the planet's radius.
A benefit of knowing the radius of the planet and the altitude of the rebel base (hence determining the distance to the local horizon) would be the ability to calculate a lower limit estimate on the area protected by the rebels' energy shield. Unless it penetrates the ground, the shield must extend at least to the horizon, otherwise Imperial ships could simply fire under the edges. According to
Essential Guide to Weapons & Technology
, the Hoth shield covered a region 50km in diameter meaning that it either wraps past the horizon, had a single generator placed at an exceptionally high altitude, sat on a planet somewhat larger than Earth, or else there were several nodes of generation up to and beyond the base horizon.
The surface of Hoth 6 is largely shrouded with cloud. About half of the surface area is visible from space. Half of the regions seen to date are oceans; the remainder appears to be covered with ice.
Essential Guide to Moons & Planets
suggests that the oceans are equatorial, and
STAR WARS The Visual Dictionary
hints that there may be some tundra in the equatorial regions as well, but it remains unseen in
The Empire Strikes Back
. The absence or scarcity of land plants is not cause for concern about the composition of the atmosphere; oceanic plankton is more than sufficient to maintain global oxygen levels and serve as the base of the food chain. It seems likely that much of Hoth's life may be concentrated in the seas and near the shores.
According to General Rieekan, the system had a great amount of “meteor activity”. This probably means that there are a lot of asteroids crossing the planet's orbit, and it may have something to do with the presence of the Hoth asteroid field described in
The Illustrated STAR WARS Universe
. (This may have something to do with the dense and vigorous asteroid field seen in
The Empire Strikes Back
, but the location of that field is controversial.) Minor impact events are commonplace, like the one Luke Skywalker thought he would investigate. If small impacts are common, large impacts must be frequent on geological timescales. The planet would suffer the “nuclear winter” effect often, although not necessarily within recent history. The transient nuclear winter effects from modest and major impacts may cool the planet to the point where ice formation brightens the surface to the point where enough sunlight is reflected to sustain a perpetual ice age.
Several of the moons of Hoth have been photographed in front of the planet's disk, which places upper limits on their sizes and lower limits on the dimensions of their orbits. Three available images are usful for this kind of analysis. The first one is a distant portrait of the planet and its moons without any foreground objects. The second useful image is the view of Hoth during the arrival of Lord Vader's taskforce. The third image is a closer view of the planet and moons, near conjunction, during Luke Skywalker's departure.
Distant Portrait
In the longer-range portrait matte painting the projected radii of the moons are 0.031±0.001, 0.029±0.001, and 0.011±0.001 times the planetary radius. By direct projection from this picture, the orbital radii (divided by the planetary radius) are not less than: 2.093, 1.406 (for the grey and red-patch moons respectively) and indeterminate for the smallest moon. Because the planet has oceans, the moons must raise small tides. In general, the tidal interaction of a satellite with the oceans or atmopshere of its primary causes exchange of angular momentum and energy and tends to reduce the eccentricity and inclination of the satellite's orbit. Since Hoth's known moons are close to the planet, their orbits ought to be essentially circular, and possibly coplanar with the planet's rotation.
The large grey moon casts a shadow on Hoth 6, which indicates that it is closer to camera than the planet. Furthermore the planet's illumination determines the direction of sunlight, (0.904,0.167,0.395), which in turn allows use of the shadow to determine the exact position of the moon in relation to the planet. In the same coordinate system, the moon is at (1.785,1.086,1.292), which implies an exact orbital radius of 2.456 times the planet's radius. If the bulk density of Hoth 6 is similar to that of other habitable terrestrial worlds, the orbital period of this grey moon is approximately 5 hours 25 minutes.
At this instant, the orbital vector of the grey moon makes an angle of 20.3° to the direction of the sunlight. This is worth noting, because future information may combine with this observation to determine the exact orientation of the moon's orbit in relation to the planet's solar orbit.
For reference, the normalised coordinates of the large patchy red moon and the small red moon are (-0.996,-1.025,_) and (-0.694,-0.656,_) where the Z coordiante remains unknown.
Vader's Arrival
The Imperial naval squadron attacking the rebel base arrived from a heading perpendicular to the direction of the sun. This implies that their trajectory took them into the system without ever going past or directly towards the star. It is not clear whether the Imperial approach was perpendicular or oblique to the system's ecliptic, or tangential to the planet's orbit and in the orbital plane. An approach perpendicular to the system's ecliptic plane is desirable for the sake of avoiding asteroids and other small obstacles. However the fact that the two visible moons appear roughly aligned with each other and the planet's centre suggests that the trajectory was almost parallel with the average plane of the satellite system, but it is not yet certain how the satellite orbits relate to the orientation of the planet's orbit. (The orbital vector of the grey moon at this moment makes an angle of 42.4° to the direction of the sun.)
The inbound trajectory may indicate the direction of the last system visited by Lord Vader's taskforce. It also may have important implications for Ozzel's bungled naval tactics in the Battle of Hoth; the direction of approach may have affected the rebels' ability to detect the attackers. If the approach was in a direction far from the ecliptic then it would have been easier to distinguish the warships from natural comets or asteroids in highly inclined and eccentric orbits. (This is in addition to the improved chances of detection caused by emerging from hyperspace too close to the system.)
Skywalker's Exit
In the third decisive image, the larger red-patchy moon and the small red moon are in front of the planet, which gives independent upper limits to their radii. These limits are 0.0324±0.0005 and 0.0091±0.0005 times the planetary radius respectively.
The grey moon is does not overlap the image of the planet, so there is no independent limit on its size. However since its absolute size is already calculated from the long-range portrait, the projected size of the grey moon in this frame (0.0408±0.0005 planetary radii) implies that the distance to the moon is 76% of the distance to the planet. Using the orbital size determined above, and accounting for perspective, the absolute position of the grey moon is therefore (-0.177,0.821,2.308) in the normalised coordinate system of this image.
Similarly, if the red moon is scaled according to its apparent size in the long-range portrait, the moon is at 89.5±4.5% of the planetary distance, implying that its orbit is interior to the grey moon's orbit. Its perspective-corrected normalised coordinates are (-0.134,0.508,z) where the z coordinate is only known to be within the range 1.30 to 2.40. By calculating the viewer's distance from the planet (about 4.17 planetary radii) and then relating it to the range of the red moon, a stricter upper limit on the moon's orbital radius is found: 1.52, implying that z=1.43 in this image.
The projected size of the smallest moon doesn't make much sense however, since the figures indicate that it may actually have a smaller projection in this image. The discrepency must be due to uncertainties in the barely measurable size of the moon in the long-range portrait.
It is interesting to compare the orbital periods of the largest two moons. The orbital radius of the grey moon is known exactly, and the orbital radius of the patchy red moon is known to be within narrow limits. These results lead to limits on the ratio of the moons' orbital periods, via Kepler's third law: somewhere between 1.00:0.49 and 1.00:0.43. The former limit is almost a perfect 2:1 ratio. In real life, when the periods of two moons have a simple integer ratio, the small gravitational perturbations they experience during close encounters tend to have a cumulative effect. Moons in such a relationship experience either a constructive or destructive orbital resonance: either it has a stabilising effect on the orbits, or else the moons will evolve away to different orbits that are not resonant. Within the bounds of uncertainty, there is a fair possiblity that the two largest moons of Hoth 6 are in a 2:1 orbital resonance, but more precise measurements are required. The investigation of possible orbital resonances of the moons of Hoth 6 could be a fruitful area for future study.
Using the new upper limit on the orbital radius of the red patchy moon, is is possible to place limits on its position in the long-range portrait picture. Then it is possible to determine how the red moon and the grey moon have moved in relation to one another. The plane of the red patchy moon, the grey moon and the planet's centre has a perpendicular vector somewhere between (-0.665,0.646,0.375) and (-0.629,0.736,0.250) in the portrait picture; but it is not well constrained in the scene of Skywalker's departure. This direction is important if the two moons truly orbit in the same plane. If the moons orbit exactly around the planet's equator, as is likely considering the strong tides for satellites that are this close to the planet, then this vector is the direction of the planet's spin axis. Comparing it with the direction of the sunlight in the portrait picture determines that the axial tilt of Hoth 6 is equal to or greater than 20.2±0.1°, under the present assumptions. If the planet's orbital plane could be determined, the exact obliquity would be calculable.
Unresolved Questions:
Naboo
“The planet is geologically unique, and its bizarre structure remains unexplained by the few planetologists who have visited it. Rather than consisting of a magma core and a rocky crust, Naboo is instead a very ancient planetary body with no molten core. A tremendous honeycomb structure surrounds the largest solid bodies of rock, which are thousands of miles in diameter. This cave-filled rock formation structure pervades much of the planet's interior, reaching the surface to create myriads of swampy lakes between the interior land masses and the open seas.”
— Naboo,
Behind the Magic
multimedia CD-ROM
This is an intriguing description of the astrophysical problem of Naboo. How can it be rationalised? The planetologists' studies must have been cursory. Analyses of the ratios of radioactive isotopes in Naboo's minerals ought to reveal something about the planet's age and the circumstances of its formation. Seismic studies and gravitational measurements would help characterise the interior.
Naboo's most severe mystery is its alleged lack of a molten core. This observation constrains its possible age, size, composition and particularly its internal heat sources. In nature, three principal sources of planetary heating are known.
A planet is initially endowed with heat from its accretion process: the energy of infalling material is thermalised on impact, raising the temperature to hundreds or thousands of degrees. More heat is released by the sinking of denser materials to form a core. The surface cools radiatively, but heat from the deep interior takes longer to conduct or convect outwards.
Radiogenic heating from the nuclear decay of natural unstable isotopes in the minerals provides continuous power. A very young planet experiences strong radiogenic heating due to short-lived radioisotopes. An aged planet is more weakly heated by residual radioisotopes with half-lives of billions of years.
Tidal effects by a sufficiently massive satellite may also heat a planet's interior. Unless the moon orbits synchronously (remaining above one location on the spinning planet) its moving gravitational influence causes the rock to flex periodically. Frictional heating from the flexing warms the planetary interior. This effect is generally much weaker than radiogenic heating, unless the moon is of exceptional size and orbit.
If radiogenic heating is unimportant in Naboo then it may mean one of several things. The planet may be anomalously poor in long-lived isotopes due to either great age or a freakish initial composition. It may help if Naboo formed with a poverty of silicates and heavy elements generally, but such explanations can't be driven far before the planet would have to be a midget gas-giant (which it isn't). If Naboo formed during an early stellar generation then its metallicity would be lower than younger planets, and age would have diminished its radiogenic heating by the present day. Naboo's reputation as an “ancient” planet is consistent. However it can't be many times older than Earth (4.5Gyr) otherwise its sunlike star would have died long ago. (Earth today exists roughly halfway through Sol's lifetime.) If Naboo had a less luminous, low-mass, sun then it could have existed longer, but a low-mass star would cast conspicuously ruddy daylight (which isn't observed). The star is reported to be yellow [
SoN
p.19].
An exceptional, ad hoc theory seems necessary. Some possibilities include: (a) that Naboo's solar system formed from a molecular cloud which was especially old and escaped seeding of fresh radioisotopes by any nearby supernovae; (b) that Naboo didn't form in its present solar system but is much older and was captured from interstellar space; (c) that Naboo was built or restructured artificially.
The size of a planet is critical to its internal temperature balance. A small planet has more radiative surface area compared to its volume, and so it cools efficiently to space. Conversely, a larger planet has proportionately less surface per unit volume, and it cools poorly. As smaller orbs, Luna and Mars lack plate tectonics and are less internally active than Earth. Supposing that Naboo is a small world may help alleviate the mystery of its cold interior, but it wouldn't be a complete explanation. A small-Naboo theory is difficult to reconcile with the signs of vigorous geological activity (creating mountainous relief). In any case there are limits to how small Naboo could be: the surface gravity appears similar to Coruscant or Earth standards, and the escape velocity needs to be high enough to retain an atmosphere.
The honeycomb mentioned as permeating the bulk of the planet is a much stranger constraint than a merely solid core. The weight of many miles of overlying rock should crush deep caves. Any air or water within the caves would displace upwards as the rock collapses downwards. Perhaps these caverns are artifacts of powerful intelligent or unintelligent life forms? More evidence is needed to test such theories. Wahtever the cause, Naboo's cold, honeycombed structure has unusual consequences and implications:
Naboo could have no hot volcanism in the terrestrial sense, nor can its superficial tectonic activity be driven by internal convection. Subsidence due to collapsing caves may affect the surface, but over billions of years there must be a mechanism that forms new caves.
Since Naboo does have some mountains, it must have some other kind of tectonic activity that doesn't require a liquid interior. The raising of mountains requires the continually upthrusting rock masses, since natural erosion on a water-bearing planet erases even the largest mountain ranges within a few million years.
Without the dynamo circulations of a molten core, Naboo probably has little or no natural magnetic field. If so then the atmosphere is more exposed to solar wind than Earth's. Naboo may experience ambient radiation like Earth does during magnetic field reversals.
Lack of tidal heating implies that Naboo isn't a double-planet, nor are there any particularly massive moons in low orbits.
The inorganic mechanisms regulating Naboo's terrain types and atmospheric composition remain unexplained, but they must be substantially different from Earth's. On Earth, there is a complex system of exchanges between atmospheric carbon dioxide and rock carbonates at tectonic plate subduction zones.
The city of Theed sits on a precipice running with waterfalls [
TPM
]. Ths is apparently the boundary where highland crust erodes into the lower terrain. This relief implies rapid geological activity: without ongoing uplift, water erosion would erase the highlands within mere millions of years. Unless there are artificial conservation measures, Like a creeping shoreline, Theed's eroding cliff face must creep into the city on humanly observable timescales unless the topography is artificially conserved. The area around the Palace may have been protected in this way: at least one tower now stands on an isolated rock buttress. The lowland plains and swamps include areas strewn with statues in human likeness , implying that they once stood in upland cities belong to a human civilisation.
Despite their planet's lushness, the inhabitants of Naboo must have a particular lack of self-sufficiency, otherwise they would not have been a vulnerable, credible target for the Trade Federation's demonstration of power. There are different estimates of the population of Naboo: some say 1.2 billion humans [
SoN
, p.21] but others [
ITW:E1
, p.5] count only 600 million in total. The latter could be rationalised as the effect of starvation during the Trade Federation blockade, invasion and concentration camps. The former figure could refer to the pre-conflict population. As Sio Bibble said, “the death toll is catastrophic!”
Naboo has at least one satellite. During the Trade Federation occupation, a silvery moon hung in the night sky above the Theed Palace. Queen Amidala's starship escaped past a moon with splotchy areas of grey and brown, and rough shadowed impact craters. The largest craters extend to diameters approximately 1/20 of the global diameter. A moon with apparently larger craters was visible from the N-1 starfighters battling the Federation control ship. This may be another moon or a different side of the same moon. Sources claim that Naboo has one moon [
ITW:E1
As seen in
A New Hope
, the illuminated side of Alderaan was blue with vast oceans and generous white cloud cover. Clearly it is an Earthlike world with a dichotomous crust divided into distinct continental (granitic, light, thick) and oceanic (basaltic, dense, thin) slabs. The low elevation of the oceanic crust causes most of the world's water to settle into large, continuous oceans, rather than sitting as isolated lake chains as on Endor or Yavin 4, with their singular crustal structures.
This image conflicts with some second-generation published descriptions indicating that the planet has very few seas and is mostly covered by undulating grasslands. The notion of oceanless Alderaan is a mistake that arose because a picture of Yavin 4 was misfiled as Alderaan in
The Art of STAR WARS Episode IV: A New Hope
, which slipped into
, and then was expanded upon in the text of
The Illustrated Star Wars Universe
. The two production reference books are simply showing a bookkeeping error; the coffee-table book can be salvaged if it is reinterpreted so that the descriptions apply only to Alderaan's land areas rather than the entire global surface.
According to Obi-Wan Kenobi in the novel of
A New Hope
, Alderaan never had a moon. This has curious implications for some of the paintings in
The Illustrated STAR WARS Universe
, which seem to show an Alderaanian satellite in the sky. Obviously this object must be some kind of lightweight orbital reflector created and placed in orbit as an Alderaanian artistic whimsy, as a clean power source, for an atmospheric/environmental experiment, or as a skyhook space station.
The violent destruction of Alderaan is one of the most fascinating physical processes in the entire movie saga. Assuming that PAL video preserves every frame of the movie and does not repeat any frames, the characteristic speed of the outermost portions of the debris cloud is about 1.8 x 107m/s. This is 6% of lightspeed, or about 1600 times escape velocity. It follows that the energy of the explosion is up to 2.6 million times the gravitational binding energy threshold. The exact number depends on how the energy is distributed throughout the former planet's mass. This is only an upper limit because it's based on the most rapidly expanding (highest velocity) particles.
The explosion also gave rise to two flaming planar rings expanding outwards from the centre of the planet in what seems to be the equatorial plane. The rings moved at different speeds, but both were highly relativistic. A direct Newtonian interpretation of the motion of the rings is invalid; relativistic corrections are needed. The first ring moves at about 0.29c, and the second ring that overtakes and consumes it has a velocity of at least 0.91c. There is even an irritating possibility that it might be mildly supralight.
It is difficult to explain why this phenomenon should be planar, rather than expanding in a spherical front. The destruction of a planet is not the sort of thing that should have a preferred direction or plane. The rings are not aligned with the shot from the Death Star. Neither can the planet's spin be the determining factor, because the rotational energy of the planet is very much less than the magnitude of the kinetic energy of the blast.
Perhaps the effect really is spherical, but its light emission is not isotropic. In a particular observer's point of view, the beamed, directional emission might only be visible from a certain annular part of a generally transparent spherical structure. Put another way, from a given position and angle, light is received only from a ring because of the narrow range of angles at which the light is beamed from particular parts of the shell. However this model might not be consistent with the symmetry of the explosion; it may imply that different sides of the hypothetical shell concentrate their light in different directions relative to the centre of the explosion. Perhaps the beaming is concial rather than unidirectional? Perhaps a more subtle physical effect is at work, like a rainbow. This deserves further thought.
Alternatively, there may really be a special plane in the explosion that governs the ring aspect, but does not affect the rest of the flying debris. In the case of the similar explosions of the Death Stars, the special plane may be determined by the path travelled by the chain reactions leading to the final detonation, which probably is determined by internal regions of weakness in the station's structure. However a planet like Alderaan is more homogenous and solid than a Death Star. The spin axis of the object would be an attractive culprit, providing a preferred plane if only there were a way for small rotational effects to spontaneously grow into large effects within the explosion. Alternatively, the preferred plane may be determined by the nett angular momentum of the planetary or Death Star deflector shield, or some other shield characteristic.
Alderaan did have an operational planetary shield , as demonstrated by the fact that the initial part of the superlaser shot fragmented in the telltale fashion of a blaster ray striking an energy shield. Even before the bolt splintered, it caused a diffuse green glow over the entire globe (including locations without a line of sight to the Death Star) just above the atmosphere, which is a sure sign of a functional, albeit overwhelmed, shield. Layers of the shield may have circulated with angular momentum and/or rotational energy that was vast relative to the planetary spin.
See also: ⇒ Alderaan
The planet Alderaan, seen in the instants immediately before its demolition. Note the greenish nibus surrounding the planet as the Death Star's weapon hits; this may be due to an interaction between the beam and the planetary shield.
Alderaan as it appeared on the tactical screen of the Death Star's firing control room, the “overbridge” [so named in
Death Star Technical Companion
]. There are two different views. One of them must have been transmitted to the Death Star from another location in nearby space.
Alderaan as pictured in the revised second edition
STAR WARS: The Roleplaying Game
rulebook. This image is consistent with the planet as seen in
A New Hope
Dagobah
The surface of Dagobah, seen from high in the atmosphere or from orbit, appears to be nearly evenly covered in dark green jungle foilage and brown muddy lakes. The fact that the lakes are muddy is important. It means that the water is either too shallow to appear blue (perhaps less than a few feet deep), or else there are processes preventing the mud particles from settling to the bottom. Perhaps this is due to bottom-dwelling biota stirring the silt, or the mud may actually be living plankton-like life (or its organic remains).
Mud is usually made when water flows (especially rivers) erode fresh sediments off rocks, washing from elevated regions down into seas or other basins. The persistence of silt and mud in Dagobah's water implies that there are highland regions somewhere. Erosion destroys mountains within mere millions of years, unless mountain-building processes compete continually. This implies tectonic activity. However there are no obvious highlands on the observed parts of Dagobah's globe. There is at least one swamp stream near Yoda's hut, descending several centimetres into the lagoon. Was this creek part of a broad alluvial system originating in highlands (which force precipitation locally) or was this stream just a random gathering of condensation running off the nearby trees?
Surface of Dagobah as seen from near the top of the atmosphere.
The globe of Dagobah as seen from nearby space. [
The Art of Star Wars: Episode V
]
Panna
Sometime after the Battle of Yavin, Princess Leia, Luke Skywalker and their droids were stationed in a rebel base under the command of General Bob Hudsol. The base was buried in a large rocky fragment in the ring of a planet, which has not yet been named. The planet was probably close to Bothan territory, since Hudsol's
SWCCG
game card indicates that this was his region of authority.
Luke Skywalker took one of the base's Y-wings, designated Y4, to pursue Chewbacca and the Millennium Falcon, which were overdue from a vital mission. He tracked the freighter to “a moon in the Panna system”. Panna appeared to be a gas-giant planet with a spectacular set of moons, and the one chosen by Chewbacca has a hospitable climate and at least one significant city.
This “water moon” was almost entirely covered in oceans of a red gellatinous substance of unknown, though possibly biological, composition. Occassional green circular mats of up to several metres diameter on the surface of the mucus resemble the growth of some kind of simple algae.
The only rocky areas seen to date served as the foundations of a large city. It looks like an outcrop of vertical basalt columns standing several hundred metres above the mudline. Refuse and sewerage are laid indiscriminately at the base of this island, where populations of various large and small animals (including introduced dianoga pests) feast on the detritus.
The cosmopolitain city itself is enclosed within a canopy made of translucent bubble domes which are kilometres in diameter. The reason for this shell is not clear; the weather during Skywalker's visit was sunny and placid. Perhaps the moon is subject to episodes of violent wind and storms. Perhaps the moon's citizens suffer predation from flying animals, or sapient raiders in the air or space?
Neighbouring moons and the planet Panna itself loom in the green sky. An analysis of their dimensions and orbits promises to be an interesting future investigation.
Unresolved Questions:
The forest moon of Endor, which apparently was considered a nature sanctuary, was originally the largest of nine satellites in orbit around a pale silvery gas-giant. The gas giant was present at the time of early Imperial surveys [
The Illustrated Star Wars Universe
], but was out of sight by the time of the Battle of Endor [
Return of the Jedi
novel]. The most likely explanation, if a Death Star test-firing is ruled out, is that the forest moon was originally in a weakly-bound, long-range orbit at the margins of the planet's gravitational influence. Outer moons of gas-giant satellite systems can be lost into independent planetary orbits and then recaptured again many times over. In a system with two suns [as shown in the
Ewoks
cartoon television series] the varying solar tidal influence may make this occurrence more likely, perhaps to the point where it happens often on human historical timescales.
The size of the Endor moon is neatly determined by an abundance of photorealistic and schematic images showing the moon in relation to the second Death Star. The ratio of the radii of the moon to battle station is consistently 11.5±0.1. Writing in
CINEFEX
in 1983, Richard Edlund reported that this Death Star was over five hundred miles wide. Therefore the absolute lower limit on the radius of the moon is (4.63±0.04) × 106m. Similarly, an upper limit of (5.55±0.05) × 106m can be imposed if we assume that the Death Star is less than six hundred miles wide, (because otherwise Edlund would have said “over six hundred miles”). The true size preferably should be in the larger end of the range, in order to ensure that the surface gravity is strong enough to hold a habitable atmosphere for an appreciable fraction of the moon's age. At the lower limit, the escape of a given mass of Endorian atmosphere takes much less than half as much energy for the escape of the same mass from Earth. Near the upper size estimate, the escape energy may reach something like two-thirds of the terrestrial value, allowing for a realistic range of density for the moon.
At either extreme of possible size, if the moon has a physically and chemically plausible composition, the surface gravity will be noticeably weaker than Earth gravity. The Endorian gravity is unlikely be greater than 8m/s² (versus Earth's 9.8m/s²) even if the moon is wildly enriched with heavy chemical elements. Light gravity may also be necessary to justify other evidence in
Return of the Jedi
, particularly the ability of rebel heroes to fall many metres from an ewok trap without breaking any bones, and the ability of an ewok combat glider to carry not only an adult ewok but also a load of rocks heavy enough to annoy an AT-ST. The enormous size of the Endorian trees and dangerous mega-fauna is directly attributed to the low gravity [
The Illustrated Star Wars Universe
].
Endor's topography is much flatter than that of Earth or Alderaan, but possibly more uneven than Yavin 4. There appears to be no distinction of continental and oceanic crust; the elevation of the surface is remarkably uniform and therefore should lack tectonic plate motions, as explained below . However the topography is not totally trivial. There do exist modest mountains or hills in the regions surrounding the Imperial shield generator station. Without active tectonic plates, the moon's mountains are probably built by regional upwellings and subsidence due to hot-spot volcanism. This in turn means that the moon must have molten interior, although the crust may be thick compared with the crusts of Earth or Alderaan.
The fraction of the globe covered with water is greater for Endor than for Yavin 4. The cloud cover also seems to be more extensive. Perhaps the Endor moon is less effective at keeping its moisture at ground level, or as uncondensed vapour. Endor is in the inner part of its solar system, is relatively well illuminated and therefore does not require a radically strong greenhouse effect or other unusual sources of warming. Therefore it is unsurprising that the role of water in the Endorian climate is very different from that of Yavin 4. Endor's meteorology must be more like that of Earth or Alderaan, except that Coriolis forces are stronger (due to the moon's faster rotation) and whatever differences arise from the near-uniformity of the Endorian terrain. (For instance the absorption and reflection of light, and the heat capacity and emissivity of the surface, are relatively constant over Endor's entire globe, rather than varying radically over different terrains as on Earth.)
Unresolved Questions:
Watch the Ewok movies and cartoons for more extensive evidence and insights.
Determine the direction of sunlight in relation to the second Death Star and the Imperial shield generator. Use this in conjunction with the rotation period to determine the time elapsed between various events before, during and after the Battle of Endor.
Whole-disk view of the forest moon.
Size and spatial relationship of the forest moon and the second Death Star is consistent between the rebel schematics and the actual long-range space view. The nature of the markings on the tactical hologram are uncertain; they may be contours of topography and boundaries of lakes.
The shield generator base on the Endor moon was set in a valley surrounded by high hills, demonstrating that the moon does undergo at least some modest mountain-building.
Phases of the second Death Star and the santuary moon below it may allow the determination of the moon's rotation period, and the timing of events during the Battle of Endor.
Lord Vader arrives at Endor. Another brownish object is in the sky; it may be a minor sibling moon captured by the forest moon when it escaped the orbit of the gas giant.
The illumination of the second Death Star and the sanctuary moon in these two frames indicates the time of day on near the Imperial bunker on the surface: probably sometime in the early morning.
The planet Yavin is the dominant gas giant in the Outer Rim system of the same name. Its exact basic statistics are given explicitly or can be derived from figures given in
Galaxy Guide 2
. Compared to Jupiter, it is about 2.79 times as massive and 1.35 times as wide. Its surface gravity is about 3.89 times Earth's, vs 2.54 for Jupiter. Large gas-giants that are more massive than Jupiter tend to be not much greater in diameter because the greater mass typically causes greater gravitational self-compression. Yavin conforms with this general rule.
Yavin's orbital period is 13.2 standard years, yet it is close enough to its sun to permit the existence of life and comfortable climates on several of its moons. The know orbital period and clement insolation limits the range of possibilities for the mass and luminosity of Yavin's sun. Greater mass implies greater orbital radius for a given orbital period, whereas the solar heating received by a body decreases as the inverse square of distance. This system is said to be about 7.5 billion years old [
Galaxy Guide 2
], which sets an additional upper limit on the sun's mass. More massive, luminous stars consume their nuclear fuel relatively rapidly, causing them to have shorter lifetimes than less massive stars. The upper limits on the mass an luminosity of Yavin's sun are 1.1 and 1.5 times solar values, respectively.
Visually, the planet Yavin is a baleful orange globe partly streaked with clouds that are slightly lighter than the general tone. The streaks do not seem to form well-defined cloud bands like those of Jupiter, although they do seem roughly aligned and each streak seems to stretch across a large fraction of the planet's circumference. The causes of gas-giants' cloud colours are not yet well understood, but it must have something to do with trace chemicals present at different altitudes. The surprising blandness of Yavin's face suggests that either the atmosphere is more homogeneous than Jupiter's, or else the uppermost visible layer obscures lower cloud levels completely. Perhaps there is a haze of photochemicals high above the windy, banded regions of the atmosphere, or perhaps the colouration has something to do with the presence of airborne life.
The orbits of four of Yavin's moons were shown on a tactical schematic in the Death Star's overbridge. If the central circle in this display marks the planet Yavin, the orbital elements of the four displayed moons can be determined or constrained. Orbital dimensions are calculated assuming that the central circle represents the planet's circumference. Determining the eccentricity depends on the fact that the planet is at one focus of each ellipse [
Kepler's First Law of Plantary Motion
]. Because of three-dimensional projection effects, it is somewhat to determine the actual orientation of the orbits. (The mathematical procedure involves measuring the shapes of the on-screen orbital projections and fitting them with ellipses with consistent dimensions and 3D orientation.)
moon
29.9
174
e = eccentricity; a = semimajor axis; a(1-e) = periyavin distance; a(1+e) = apyavin distance; T = orbital period; m = metres; RY = radius of Yavin; hr = hours
Yavin 4 is unambiguously identified with the green orbit on the screen. For the sake of discussion, the other three displayed moons are given provisional labels according to the diagram above. In terms of mean distance to the planet, the four measured moons are “b”, “a”, Yavin 4 and “c” from innermost to outermost.
The moons of Yavin comprise a highly disturbed system. The orbital inclinations cover a great range of angles, whereas conventional gas-giant satellite systems [eg. those of our own solar system] are settled to within a few degrees of the giant planet's equatorial plane. The high orbital eccentricities are also remarkable. It is a strange, but not unrealistic configuration. Perhaps it is the result of complicated orbital resonances and severe mutual perturbations between the moons. Or perhaps it is a result of recent violent astronomical events in the system, maybe even due to Naga Sadow's experiments or the aftermath of the Sith War [
Dark Lords of the Sith
,
The Sith War
]. The cause is either strong and ongoing (stronger than the tidal forces that would regularise the orbits relative to the planetary spin) or so recent that corrective forces have not yet been effective.
The gas-giant planet Yavin, as seen in full-disk views and in a closeup of the cloudtops near the limb.
Millennium Falcon passes Yavin, on course for the moon Yavin 4.
The Falcon's passage around Yavin, in the pre-
Special Edition
. Onscreen projected radii of planet and moon: 26.2 and 1859 pixels respectively. [
Topps Widevision
]
The Death Star arrives in the Yavin system and heads towards the planet. In these frames the station is moving at a speed of a few tens of km/s relative to the camera. The camera's velocity relative to the planet is not measurable.
An impression of the Yavin satellite orbits accoring to
Star Wars Technical Journal
. It is worth noting, but the upper drawing doesn't exactly match the movie/canonical schematic, and the lower plan is not consistent with the orbital values (above) calculated according to Kepler's Laws. Furthermore, the Death Star's trajectory was highly eccentric.
Yavin 4
Several of the basic properties of Yavin 4 are well determined by tactical schematics provided to Grand Moff Tarkin in
A New Hope
. Some of the orbital elements are listed above in the commentary about Yavin . The semimajor axis (mean moon-planet distance) of the orbit is about 1.52 million kilometres, which implies an orbital period of 174 hours. Yavin 4's orbital eccentricity is very large (approximately 0.89, where the maximum is 1.0 for any bound orbit) and its closest approach is less than two times the gas-giant's radius. Within about 2.46 planetary radii (known as the Roche limit), tidal forces deprive a moon's surface of equilibrium. It is thought that major moons cannot form in such proximity to the planet, but fortunately Yavin 4 only spends part of its orbit in the extreme zone. However surface waters are likely to migrate significantly during the hours of closest approach.
In the astronomical future, the moon may be vulnerable to tidal disruption or collision with the planet. Forecasting the outcome would be difficult without more information about the interior structures of the moon and planet.
A later computer schematic shows the position of the moon behind the limb of Yavin as seen from the battle station's viewpoint. This image necessarily indicates the size of the moon in relation to the gas giant. Assuming the planetary radius stated in
Galaxy Guide 2
, the moon's radius must be just under 6.55x106m, which is slightly greater than the radius of the Earth.
Despite being of a size similar to Earth, Yavin 4 appears to have a very different surface and interior. The topography is very flat and simple. There are no large or distinct oceanic basins; the water is instead spread across the whole globe with the largest bodies being lakes and isolated inland seas.
For terrestrial worlds in general, surface elevation is mainly determined by underlying crust composition. The local density of rock determines the local thickness of the crust, as it floats on top of the mantle. In order to cause inter-regional variations of dozens of kilometres in elevation, for true ocean basins, the gross composition of the crust must be divided into continental and oceanic components with grossly different composition. Sections of crust with a light, granite-like composition ("sial") tend to be thicker, giving continental masses. Dense basalt-like crust ("sima", as in Earth's ocean floors), must be thinner to achieve the same buoyant equilibrium. The lack of relief on Yavin 4 implies that the moon's crust has a fairly uniform composition.
While water erosion reduces relief and fills basins with sediment, plate tectonic motions have the effect of collecting sial crust into discrete continental blocks. The absence of continental regions on Yavin 4 is a sign that tectonic plate activity is absent. On the other hand, the driving of plate tectonic motions may require the different thermal and buoyant properties of the disparate sections of a dichotomous crust. Since Yavin 4's crust is apparently not dichotomous, it probably couldn't sustain Earthlike tectonic activity regardless of internal heat sources. Like that of Venus or Mars, Yavin 4's crust must remain a single motionless piece.
Any uplifting (mountain-building) is probably restricted to hot spots where upwelling convection in the mantle enhances volcanic activity. Since a few hills were visible near the Rebel Alliance outpost, there must be at least some of this activity. The existence of convective motions in the mantle would require that the moon's interior be warmed by residual heat from the moon's formation, tidal forces, or radiogenic heating processes (decay of naturally radioactive substances inside the world). A terrestrial planet of this size has sufficiently small surface area compared to its volume to slow the escape of heat and maintain a large temperature difference between the interior and surface. Yavin 4's internal heat must be comparable to Earth's, because it is a similar size and probably a similar composition.
Tidal heating must be an additional significant contributor. Since the orbit of Yavin 4 is highly elliptical, the distance to the planet varies greatly in a matter of days. Tidal flexion of the moon's bulk is probably a major heat source in the moon's interior, and may be sufficient to drive volcanic activity regardless of other heat sources. Furthermore the moon's rotation is not synchronous with its orbit, which ought to cause minor daily tidal heating as well.
The most awkward fact of this system is that the constraints on Yavin's type of sun don't allow a planet with a thirteen-year orbit to receive more than about a twentieth of the flux of sunlight that falls on Earth. Although the human eye would readily adjust to this dimness, it poses a serious climatic problem. If all else was equal, Yavin 4 would have a mean effective temperature about a third of Earth's on the absolute scale, ie. far below freezing.
In order to keep the climate hospitable so far from the sun's warmth, Yavin 4 requires a remarkably powerful greenhouse effect. If this is the case then the atmospheric constituents are unlike those of Earth. Rather than existing only in traces, the greenhouse gases must be a major fraction of the atmosphere. The total air pressure may be much higher than standard; it may be useful to visualise this moon as a milder version of Venus moved to the outer solar system. Of course, oxygen must still be a key component of the air, otherwise the human rebels couldn't breathe.
If the chief greenhouse gas is carbon-dioxide, then a special explanation is needed to account for how it remains abundant in the atmosphere. In the presence of water, carbon-dioxide tends to be captured and laid down as carbonate minerals in sedimentary rocks. On Earth these rocks are eventually subducted as they ride the descending edges of tectonic plates, and this heating bakes out carbon-dioxide which is vented back to the atmosphere in volcanic regions. With no recycling of its crust, how does Yavin 4 avoid depleting carbon-dioxide from its atmosphere? Are the surface soils and rocks saturated with carbonates, so that no more is deposited? Does outgassing of carbon-dioxide from the deep planetary interior contribute enough to the atmosphere? Is the role of life in maintaining atmospheric equilibrium different on Yavin 4 than on Earth?
Death Star computer schematics displaying the moon Yavin 4 in relation to its primary, and the orbits of four of the moons. The faint orbit extending to the lower left is the one belonging to Yavin 4. The second image has had its proportions corrected; but the first image has not.
Final Yavin 4 firing schematic from the overbridge of the Death Star. The surface features are intriguingly regular. The background grid scale is unknown (and there is no certainty whether it is spatial or angular), but the points outside the moon's outline are probably background reference stars on the sky. [
STAR WARS Chronicles
According to
Galaxy Guide 2
, the radius of Bespin is 5.9 × 107m. In the tabulated data elsewhere in this page, the mass and surface gravity figures for Bespin are based on the assumption that the planet's bulk density is the same as water. This is a good estimate for a gas-giant intermediate between the masses of Jupiter and Saturn, but the existence of the Life Zone raises seerious questions about Bespin's composition. However if the planet is deemed to have an overall composition dominated by elements heavier than hydrogen and helium then the surface gravity would be much higher.
The orbital period of Bespin about its sun is 14yr. In order to receive a flux of sunlight consistent with what is seen in
The Empire Strikes Back
, and compatible with human comfort, the star must be significantly more luminous than Sol. Assuming that it is a main-sequence star, it must be significantly more massive than Sol, and must therefore have a shorter lifetime. Thus the system is almost certainly younger than Earth's, and the biological history of Bespin shorter than our own. In order to enjoy an Earthlike amount of sunshine, Bespin's sun would have to be 2.9 solar masses, almost seventy times as luminous, and would have a total lifetime of about four hundred million years.
However a large gas-giant doesn't only rely on sunshine for warmth. Giant planets have a formidable amount of interior heat leftover from the planet's formation, and the rate of heat coming up from the interior can be comparable to the heating from the sunlight above. Therefore the existence of a warm, habitable zone in the atmosphere is not a problem, unlike a wholly solid world like Yavin 4. Matching the illumination seen on Cloud City is the only argument for a massive, short-lived, luminous star; climate is not a constraint.
In the scene showing Luke Skywalker's arrival at Bespin, the left-handed vector for the sunlight direction was was (0.057,0.906,0.420) in terms of the movie image. Since Bespin's brownish clouds show parallel bands aligned with the planetary rotation, the planet's rotation axis is also observable. Taking the dot product of these two vectors yields a lower limit on the sine of the planet's obliquity: ie. the angle between the rotation axis and the orbital plane. Using this method, the obliquity of Bespin's rotation is not less than 21±3°. Thus the polar regions of Bespin experience very long periods or perpetual daylight and perpetual night during summer and winter seasons respectively. Cloud City, on the other hand, is near the equator and its daylight has nearly constant duration throughout the year.
According to
Galaxy Guide 2
, Bespin's two major moons are H'gaard and Drudonna. They orbit in the same plane, which is usual for major natural satellites of a gas-giant, in close orbits. From the surface of Bespin they appear to have roughly the same angular size. The orbital period of Drudonna is half that of its partner, which by Kepler's third law constrains the orbital radii to be in the ratio 1:1.59. They are said to appear together in the sky for one week every three standard months: five days per 105 days. This means that the orbital period of H'gaard is about 105 days. Using the above assumption about Bespin's density, the semimajor axis of H'gaard's orbit is 4.9 × 109m, and Drudonna's is 3.1 × 109m. These distances are 83.5 and 52.5 planetary radii, which is a distant but reasonable range for the formation of natural satellites of a gas-giant (cf. the moons of Jupiter and Saturn).
H'gaard and Drudonna are also said to be only 2.5km and 5km wide, which is almost a thousandfold too small for major satellites. Something is wrong with these statistics. Moons of this size would not be visible to any unaided eye on Cloud City. Furthermore, if these moons are to appear the same angular size in the sky, the ratio of their true sizes must be close to 1:1.59, not 1:2.
Neither of these two moons was seen in
The Empire Strikes Back
, but another moon was visible closer to the planet. It's projected position puts it at an orbital distance greater than 2.95 planetary radii. Its apparent radius is 0.08±0.02 planetary radii, but this is an upper limit because the moon appears very bright and over-exposed and therefore lens flare may increase its perceived size.
Despite its Jupiter-like dimensions and rotation period (twelve hours), Bespin has quite a distinctive appearance. As viewed from a long distance, it is uniformly beige, rather than having bands of white, red and brown clouds. Yet it looks more stormy and turbulent than consistently coloured worlds like Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Yavin. The colouration of gas-giant planets is not very well understood and it probably depends on subtle trace chemicals in the atmosphere. Since Bepsin is a relatively warm and and bright world which boasts indigenous life, the chemistry of its atmosphere must be significantly different from any conditions found in Jupiter. Indeed
Galaxy Guide 2
states that the colour of the clouds is given by airborne algae known as "pinks". That suggests that the life zone has the highest visible cloud layer, and the higher levels of the atmosphere are clear.
The life zone is 30km thick and is 150km from space, although it is not clear how "space" is defined in this context. It is also written that Cloud City uses no life support or environmental control. Since Luke Skywalker did not suffocate or die of gas poisoning when he hung from the city's underside, it can be assumed that this level of the atmosphere contains a breatheable concentration of oxygen, and a remarkable absence of the noxious gases and vapours commonly found on gas-giant planets. It is unknown whether the whole atmosphere contains appreciable amounts of free oxygen, or whether the life zone a special layer of air that is far from chemical equilibrium with the layers above and below, maintained by the activity of living organisms.
Aside: Taloraan
Taloraan is another colonised gas-giant, with Tibanna mining and a city-platform similiar to but smaller than Cloud City. It is shown in the
Rogue Squadron
computer game as a world with coloured bands like Jupiter, and yet the streets of its city are open to the air, implying that there is a Bespin-like life zone. If the life zone of Bespin is responsible for that planet's colouration, then the life zone of Taloraan must be of a different nature. Perhaps it sites at altitudes below the main cloud belts, or else may be restricted to within a single hospitable atmospheric band.
Unresolved Questions:
In terms of chemistry and meteorology, how does the life zone work?
Cloud City is said to be the first atmospheric colony on a gas-giant to last more than a decade. Previous outposts on Pesitiin and Nosken were not so long-lasting. This is surprising considering the age, scope and technological power of the
STAR WARS
civilisation. Living in the environment of a gas-giant does not appear to be a technical challenge. What accounts for the apathy of this civilisation with respect to the colonisation of gas-giants? Perhaps the key idea is that of permanent settlement: excursions and non-civilian facilities don't count.
The globe of Bespin as seen from space during the Luke Skywalker's arrival, at around midday on Cloud City. The bright object in the lower lift of the first image must be a moon; it is too bright to be a distant planet, and it is in the wrong direction to be the primary sun. It might alternatively be a distant binary companion to the prime sun, but such a star is not mentioned in the official literature.
The night side of Cloudy City during the departures of Lord Vader's shuttle and the rebels aboard the Millennium Falcon, during Cloud City's dusk. [
TESB
The probot that discovered the rebel base on the sixth planet of Hoth launched from the star destroyer Stalker [named in
SWCCG
card]. This launch took place with three celestial orbs hovering in the background. The surfaces of each of these bodies appeared desolate and lunar.
On the larger/closer world there is a distinction between light terrain like lunar highlands, and darker brown terrain which might be similar to maria (basaltic volcanic floodplains). There is a lighter region near the upper edge of this world's visible face; perhaps it is a polar cap like those of Mars?
The name of the system is not known. Since there are supposed to be star destroyers in most sectors of the galaxy, the system is probably within the same sector as Hoth, perhaps only a few hundred light-years away.
Apparently barren celestial bodies in a remote system somewhere near the Hoth system.
Thanks are due to, in alphabetic order:
Robert Brown for the suggestion of the Alderaan explosion rings as an optical illusion.
Martin Dawson for qualifications and alternative suggestions about the disk-like satellite of Alderaan seen in
The Illustrated STAR WARS Universe
.
| i don't know |
In the Star Wars series of films what is the name of the short, stocky, friendly hunter-gatherers that inhabit the forest moon of Endor? | WALK LIKE AN EWOK ON THE ENDOR'S FOREST MOON - YouTube
WALK LIKE AN EWOK ON THE ENDOR'S FOREST MOON
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Uploaded on Sep 17, 2011
WALK LIKE AN EWOK ON THE ENDOR'S FOREST MOON (G.Fiori)
G.Fiori: yamaha trb 5 bass guitar, elka capri 101, nintendo ds, sequencing.
track composed, arranged, performed and produced by Giuseppe Fiori
theme based on a true story about THE EWOKS.
Ewoks originate from the Star Wars films. In the series, they are a species of teddy-bear-like hunter-gatherers that inhabit the forest moon of Endor. They first appeared in the film Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi (1983). They have since featured in two made-for-television films, Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure and Ewoks: The Battle for Endor, as well as an animated series and several books and games.
George Lucas created the Ewoks because he wanted Return of the Jedi to feature a tribe of some primitive creatures that bring down the technological Empire. He had originally intended the scenes to be set on the Wookiee home planet, but as the film series evolved, the Wookiees became technologically skilled. Lucas designed a new species instead, and says his approach was simple: Wookiees are tall, so he made Ewoks short.[1] The Ewok are named after the Miwok, a Native American tribe, indigenous to the Redwood forest in which the Endor scenes were filmed for Return of the Jedi, near the San Rafael location of Lucas' Skywalker Ranch. The name also is a pun on the syllables of Wookie backwards. [2]
As presented in the films, Ewoks appear as stocky, sapient bipeds which stand about one meter tall. They have flat faces, are completely covered in fur, and have large jewel-like eyes. Both their fur and their eyes come in a variety of earth-tones, primarily brown, white, grey, gold, and black. Despite their small size, Ewoks are strong; in the climactic battle scene of Return of the Jedi, they are shown physically overpowering and once even throwing Imperial Stormtroopers, though this detail is not consistent throughout the film. Ewoks live high among the trees of their home moon's forests, in villages built on platforms between the closely spaced trees.
The bass guitar[1] (also called electric bass,[2][3][4] or simply bass; /ˈbeɪs/) is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb (by plucking, slapping, popping, tapping, or thumping), or by using a pick.
The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to an electric guitar, but with a longer neck and scale length, and four, five, or six strings. The four-string bass—by far the most common—is usually tuned the same as the double bass,[5] which corresponds to pitches one octave lower than the four lower strings of a guitar (E, A, D, and G).[6] The bass guitar is a transposing instrument, as it is notated in bass clef an octave higher than it sounds (as is the double bass) to avoid excessive ledger lines. Like the electric guitar, the bass guitar is plugged into an amplifier and speaker for live performances.
Since the 1950s, the bass guitar has largely replaced the double bass in popular music as the bass instrument in the rhythm section. While the types of basslines performed by the bassist vary widely from one style of music to another, the bassist fulfills a similar role in most types of music: anchoring the harmonic framework and laying down the beat. The bass guitar is used in many styles of music including rock, metal, pop, punk rock, country, reggae, blues, and jazz. It is used as a soloing instrument in jazz, fusion, Latin, funk, and in some rock and metal styles. In the 1930s, musician and inventor Paul Tutmarc from Seattle, Washington, developed the first electric string bass in its modern form, a fretted instrument designed to be held and played horizontally. The 1935 sales catalog for Tutmarc's electronic musical instrument company, Audiovox, featured his "Model 736 Bass Fiddle," a four-stringed, solid-bodied, fretted electric bass instrument with a 30½-inch scale length.[7] The change to a "guitar" form made the instrument easier to hold and transport, and the addition of frets enabled bassists to play in tune more easily. Around 100 of these instruments were made during this period.
Electric bassists play the bass guitar. In most rock, pop, metal and country genres, the bass line outlines the harmony of the music being performed, while simultaneously indicating the rhythmic pulse. In addition, there are many different standard bass line types for different genres and types of song (e.g. blues ballad, fast swing, etc.). Bass lines often emphasize the root, third, and fifth of the chord progression being used in a given song. In addition, pedal tones (repeated or sustained single notes), ostinatos, and bass riffs are also used as bass lines. While most electric bass players rarely play chords (two or more notes all sounded at the same time), chords are used in some styles, especially jazz, progressive rock or Heavy Metal.
Category
| Ewok |
In the Star Wars series of films who played Sabe, one of Padme Amidala’s handmaidens, in ‘The Phantom Menace’? | Species of the Force legends
0
Races Of Star Wars
This is a complete (as far as I know) list of all the sentient races in the star wars galaxy, remember that some of these races might be extinct, or some are non playable (example you cant be a rancor) Feel free however to pick any intelligent life form to play as or any combination as long as its logical.
Another thing is im putting these in alphabetical order (A-E, F-J, K-O,P-T, U-Z) Hit control-F to search the page for a particular race.
A-E
Abyssin
The Abyssin inhabit the planet Byss. They are a nomadic race, often described as "primitive and violent". They stand approximately 2 meters tall and have a humanoid appearance, with long limbs. They also possess a single large eye which dominates their greenish-tan foreheads. All Abyssins have the ability to heal quickly and to regenerate body parts. Traditionally, they believe change is impossible, and rarely stray from their homeworld.
Amanin
These large aliens have long arms and a broad body. Their heads resemble a hooded cobra's head, but with a humanoid face. They prefer to travel in the trees, using their arms to swing among branches, but their shapes also allow them to curl into a ball and roll at incredible speeds. They organize into small tribes that form war parties to fight the other tribes for territory. They do not use technology and prefer to fight with spears and arrows, but they are vicious fighters and are galaxy-renowne
d for it. Their reputation was even more so after they wiped out an entire stormtrooper division that had set up on their home planet. During and after the rule of the Empire, they sold their POWs into slavery. They are also popular as guards and bodyguards with the criminal elements of the galaxy. The Hutts are the biggest users of their services. An Amanin can be seen briefly in Return of the Jedi. This alien serves as one of Jabba's guards in his palace and can be seen guarding one of Jabba's most prized possessions- Han Solo encased in carbonite. He is yellow with brown/green stripes and carries a long spear.
Ansionian
Ansionians are tall and thin. In addition to possessing only one nostril, they have relatively large eyes. The Ansionians hail from the planet of Ansion, and are known to be lovers of peace. Many Ansionians, called Alwari, live in tribal factions on the plains, away from the human settler-create
d cities. They are relatively nomadic and resent technology and the fact that it has ruined the face of their planet, but not to such an extent so as to cause violence.
Anomid
Anomid are humanoid, with grey hair and silver-blue eyes, and are native to the Yablari system. They communicate largely using their own sign language. Boba Fett impersonated one in Rebel Dawn, part of the Han Solo trilogy of books. They are reportedly one of the more social species in the Star Wars galaxy.
Annoo dat
The Annoo dat is a four eyed, reptilian race hailing from the planet Annoo. The average height for an Annoo dat male is 6 and one half feet, while females are half a foot shorter on average. The Annoo dat tend to have rough, yellow scaled skin, with a small row of spines running down their backs and to the end of their short tails. Annoo dat have four eyes, the upper two red and the lower two are blue. The only Annoo dat to ever be named or shown in expanded universe was the separatist General Ahaar Khorda. He appears in the Zam Wessel comic book, and subsequently dies following a plot to destroy Coruscant.
Anx
The Anx are large saurian aliens from the planet Gravlex Med. They are typically two meters tall and have long, thick tails as well as beard-like facial protuberances which give them a wizened look. Atop their heads are large crests. Famed Anx include the Senators Horox Ryyder and Zo Howler, as well as Jedi Knight Madurrin.
Anzati
These aliens appear similar to humans, the only differences being two prehensile probosci and a somewhat enlarged nose. People of their species are rare, but they have an impressive lifespan that can last for over a millennium. The proboscises lie coiled and hidden in pockets within the cheeks and can be extended to drain a victim's 'luck' or 'soup' by piercing the brain through the nose. The Anzati are capable of mild telepathic control to render their victims paralyzed, and are assassins of legendary skill. The Jedi hunting mercenary Aurra Sing was trained by these assassins, as was the Jedi Master Tholme. Their planet of origin has never been verified, as all sent to investigate the planet suspected to be Anzat are never seen again. Two more famous Anzati were Dannik Jerriko, a bounty hunter of great renown who took up residence in Jabba the Hutt's palace just before his death, and the dark Jedi Nikkos Tyris.
Aqualish
The most notorious of the Aqualish, Ponda Baba, suffered a severed arm at the hands of Obi-Wan Kenobi during a fight in the Mos Eisley cantina. The species has a reputation for being nasty, crude and aggressive, and generally pursue careers as mercenaries, bounty hunters and pirates. The Aqualish are divided into two different subspecies, the Aquala and the Quara; these subspecies are differentiated by their hand structure (the Aquala have large, finlike hands, while the Quara possess five-fingered hands with clawed digits) and facial appearance (the Aquala have four eyes and bear some resemblance to Earth spiders, while the Quara have two eyes and more closely resemble a walrus). The Aqualish hail from the planet Ando. Their home planet is almost entirely covered by water; the only hospitable land consists of a few rocky outcroppings and swamp-covered islands. The blood of the Aqualish does not cauterize or coagulate from lightsaber wounds, as seen in Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope.
Aramandi
The Aramandi are four-armed, four-eyed humanoids from the planet Aram. They jealously guard the Aramand Cluster, within Brak Sector, because they consider it their home territory.
Arcona
A strange species, Arcona are reptiles without scales, but have a humanoid body. They have flat, anvil-shaped heads, with clear, marble-like eyes, and skin tone that ranges from mahogany to ebony. The native planet of the Arcona, Cona, is always hot, and has very little water. The atmosphere is filled with ammonia vapor. The Arcona's weaknesses have been exploited in the past; off-worlders used to trade water for mineral rights, but discovered their easy addiction to salt. Traders then imported large amounts of the mineral before communities outlawed the dealings. When the species has become addicted to salt, their eyes turn from green to gold. A well known Arcona was the Jedi Knight Izal Waz.
Arkanian
These aliens are a near-human people with extreme intelligence. They enslaved the Yaka from nearby planets, turning them into cyborgs. Their home planet, Arkania, is not truly their homeworld at all, but was originally a repository for Sith knowledge. One famous Arkanian was the ancient Jedi Master Arca Jeth. Arkanians have three fingers and a thumb on each hand, and can see well into the infrared range of the electromagneti
c spectrum.
Aruzan
Aruzans, the inhabitants of Aruza, are humanoids with faintly blue skin and dark, nearly black hair. They have the ability to share their memories and emotions with one another by means of cybernetic implants. During the time of Imperial subjugation, the enslaved Aruzans hired the bounty hunter Dengar to assassinate General Kritkeen, who was the planetary commander.
Askajian
These aliens appear to be bulky humans and are often dismissed as such. The bulk is actually stored water, a genetic trait acquired from evolving on a desert planet. When needed, the Askajian can draw on this water to survive, in which case they become dramatically thinner as the stored water is used up.
Assembler
The Assembler species is rare and elusive; only one specimen, Kud'ar Mub'at, has ventured off its homeworld, and deals with the galaxy at large. In The Mandalorian Armor, Kud'ar Mub'at and Prince Xizor use Boba Fett in a plot to destroy the Bounty Hunter Guild. Boba Fett's firsthand account of the Assembler homeworld can be found in the Essential Guide to Alien Species. The main Assembler form is a large spider-like creature that is mentally linked to smaller versions of itself. Each "node" as the mini-Assembler
s are called, is delegated a specific task that they carry out (ie "lookouts" act similar to cameras, pilots will concentrate on navigating the immense cocoon that an Assembler constructs for its numerous nodes and itself so that they can survive in space). Because of the intelligence given to each node, and the fact that each node can grow up to become a full Assembler, the main Assembler must be wary enough to kill the nodes before they become mature enough to arrange the Assembler's demise directly or indirectly, therefore taking over its place; however, since nodes become more useful as they mature and grow, the main Assembler always faces a dilemma as to when to kill its nodes. It seems probable that this trait is somehow beneficial to the population as a whole, possibly because it ensures that an Assembler is crafty and clever; it would not have become an Assembler or remained an Assembler long if it were not. Kud'ar Mub'at was a node himself and killed his parent in a time "long before Boba Fett was the most feared bounty hunter in the galaxy". Kud'ar Mub'at was in turn, overthrown and killed by the node known as Balancesheet.
Balosar
This was a race of near-humans, noted for the retractable antenepalps atop their heads. Native to a planet also known as Balosar, they were generally regarded as shifty cheaters and scoundrels by other races. As a people, the Balosar seemed to be content to allow their homeworld to be overrun by offworld corporations and criminal syndicates, taking bribes and other payments in return for land grants or other rights. The lowest classes of Balosar were paid poorly for their work in sweatshops and factories, despite the best efforts of the Old Republic.
The Balosar Elan Sleazebaggano appears in Episode II 'Attack of the Clones'. He approaches Obi-Wan, and asks Obi if he would like to buy some deathsticks. Obi-Wan quickly turns him away using a Jedi mind trick, convincing him to rethink his life.
Bando Gora
Shown in the game Star Wars: Bounty Hunter, the Bando Gora are the Star Wars version of the living dead. These souls of ancient warriors were brought back by the dark Jedi, Vosa.
They are found all over the galaxy, but originated on one of the moons of Bogden. These beings appear as dark, humanoid creatures, wrapped in black. They answer only to their master, Vosa. The Bando Gora were the personal army of Vosa, and she used them in crippling attacks on some of the galaxy's top industries. In the end, the Bando Gora, along with Vosa, were destroyed by Jango Fett. Fett was secretly hired by Count Dooku to kill Vosa and the Bando Gora. Dooku wanted to test Fett to see if he had the high ability needed for the Republic clone army.
Barabel
The Barabel are a reptilian species that appears human, save for the scales covering their bodies and a long tail. They are extremely strong and have long pointed teeth. They are one of the most feared aliens in the Star Wars Galaxy. However, they show an immense amount of respect for the Jedi, and seem to value their wisdom above all else. A trio of Barabels accompanied Anakin Solo and a handful of other young Jedi, on a mission to destroy the "Queen" voxyn on a Yuuzhan Vong planet in Denning's Star by Star. Two of the Barabel on the mission perished, as did Anakin Solo. Two of the most famous Barabels are Saba Sebatyne and her son Tesar Seabatyne
Besalisk
Besalisks are a sentient species in the fictional Star Wars universe, from the icy planet of Ojom. One Besalisk, Dexter Jettster, a good friend of Obi-Wan Kenobi, is seen in Attack of the Clones Besalisks are a race of four-armed humanoids. Female Besalisks can have up to eight arms. Besalisks evolved from large flightless avians, though they are often mistaken for a reptilian species. They are bulky, fleshy beings able to survive for long periods without food or water. Although Besalisks have contributed very little to the galaxy in terms of resources and technology, they are found easily in the galactic community and can readily use what other species have to offer. During the reign of the Galactic Empire, Besalisks narrowly avoided slavery by calling in favors with various influential underworld connections. Many are still working off their freedom, especially besalisks that are foolish or desperate enough to seek aid from the Hutts. Besalisks have never sought official representation in the Galactic Senate and generally seem content to go about their business and leave Galactic affairs to politicians and bureaucrats of other species. Communities on their homeworld are sparsely populated, and few offworld colonies of Besalisks are found in any era.
Besalisks are often seen as gluttonous, although this is just speculation, because Besalisks can survive with out food or water for days. More speculation is that they are nervous or in poor shape because they sweat profusely. This is false because on the Besalisk homeworld, the temperatures are normally freezing. Besalisks are sociable, gregarious, and keen-witted. Bealisks are stocky humanoids with thick arms, a bony crest surrounded by short feathers, and a wide mouth with an elastic sack dangling from it. The average Besalisk stands apx. 1.8 meters tall. Male Besalisks have four arms, while females can have up to eight. They also have their own language; which consists of grunts, growls, and barks. The written language has a simple alphabet and short words, although Besalisks can speak Galactic Basic with ease.
Bimm
The Bimm actually exist as two separate species. The member of the first species are peaceful humanoids natives from planet Bimmisaari. They are fond of the color yellow, and often clad themselves in garb of this color. The second species is short and covered in fur with floppy-ears. The two species live side by side on the same planet, and refer to all members native to the planet as Bimms.
Bith
Bith are native to the planet Clak'Dor VII. They have pale skin, large heads and eyes, and long fingers. Their ears are capable of hearing frequencies far beyond those that most species can perceive. In some cases, Bith have been known to hear high-powered communication broadcast signals without using artificial equipment. Due to their highly tuned audio senses, Bith are often sought after as musicians across the galaxy. Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes are a Bith band seen playing music in the Mos Eisley Cantina in A New Hope. Bith are also able to store large amounts of information in a very short period of time and retain that information in an undamaged binary state for short periods of time. They are considered mature at ten years of age. Two examples of Bith are Stam Reath and Naat Reath who were both killed during the clone wars by Sev'rance Tann and they both were at some point apprenticed to Echuu Shen-Jon.
Blood Carver
Blood Carvers are thin humanoids with three joined arms and legs. Their nose is two separate flaps that contain both the sense of smell and of hearing.
B'omarr monks
The B'omarr are not actually a race; rather they were an order of monks whose monastery eventually became Jabba's Palace. They believe that cutting themselves off from civilization and all corporeal distractions leads to enlightenment and to that end undergo surgery to separate their brains from their bodies and continue their existence as a brain in a jar. On the rare occasions when they need to move, they are able to use a spider-like walking apparatus. The B'omarr were still in Jabba's Palace at the time it appears in Return of the Jedi, and indeed, as C-3PO enters Jabba's palace, a spiderwalker can be seen. The monks inhabit the lower part of the palace and allow the various smugglers and crime lords like Jabba to use the upper levels, as long as they add another section to the lower levels for use by the B'omarr. The infamous Bib Fortuna himself eventually (unwillingly) became a monk, as he had sought power through the monks' teachings.
Bothan
Bothans are a race mentioned in Return of the Jedi; it is said many of them died to retrieve the Death Star plans for the rebels. In Star Wars Galaxies, Bothans are portrayed as doglike in appearance, averaging less than 5 feet in height, and specialize in the use of surveillance equipment, bomb disposal, ion-based weapons and silenced weapons such as needler carbines and bladed weapons. "Bothan spies" appear as one of the Rebel units in the game Star Wars Battlefront II. They have the ability to turn partially invisible for a short amount of time, place time bombs, and operate a special, flamethrower-l
ike weapon called the Incenerator. Bothans also appear in many Expanded Universe works, such as Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds, which features a Bothan Spy, Utric Sandov.
Bouncer
Bouncers are furry green floating orbs with tails that live on the planet Ruusan. They also appear in the novels and audio dramatizations of Star Wars: Dark Forces upon the planet Sulon. Morgan Katarn, father of soon-to-be Jedi Master Kyle Katarn, discovers the creatures in the Valley of the Jedi in Sulon, naming them appropriately. Bouncers apparently move with the wind, lifting flaps of skin to use them as sails to guide their bodies. They use rocks and other formations to bounce them high, gliding them through the air for travel. Bouncers are said to be attuned with the force and can communicate with those who can manipulate it. They can also become hostile when exposed to massive amounts of energy from the dark side of the force, such as Lord Kaan's thought bomb.
Caamasi
The Caamasi are a species of golden-furred humanoids known for their calm wisdom and pacifist nature. Strongly loyal to the Old Republic, many Caamasi died when their homeworld of Caamas was devastated by the Galactic Empire.
Cathar
The Cathar are cat-like humanoids from the planet Cathar. Famous Cathar are the Jedi Juhani and Crado, a pupil of the ancient Jedi Master Vodo Siosk-Baas. The Cathar are also known for their loyalty, passion, and temper.
Celegian
The Celegians are a species of intelligent scyphozoans native to Celegia, appearing as floating brains trailing a cluster of prehensile tentacles. The species renowned for their wisdom and intellect, and they often travel far seeking to expand their knowledge.
Celegians evolved from ocean-dwelling ancestors, and developed a natural form of levitation similar to an organic repulsorlift generator. Their homeworld has a cyanogen atmosphere, which is lethal to most species but necessary for the Celegains, for whom oxygen is toxic. Because of this, when they travel offworld, they are normally encased in a chamber filled with cyanogen; this causes them appear as if afloat in a watery brine. Because of their fragile form and life support requirements, they are rarely encountered.
Cerean
Cereans are a species with long cone-like heads that hail from the planet Cerea. One example is Jedi Master Ki-Adi-Mundi. They have a very low number of males compared to females, therefore Master Mundi was allowed to have one bond wife and several honor wives even though he was a Jedi. Cereans sport binary brains within their large heads, and generally have quick reflexes.
Chadra-Fan
The Chadra-Fan are short, furry humanoids with bat-like faces. They live in the swamps and marshes of their native planet Chad. They are renowned for their weak strength, emphasised by the saying 'You punch like a Chadra-Fan.'
Chagrian
Chagrians are blue skinned humanoids with horns and lethorns. One example is Mas Amedda, who is the Speaker of the Galactic Senate.
Chazrach
The Chazrach are a short, stocky, reptilian humanoid race with snubbed snouts that serve the Yuuzhan Vong as slave soldiers. They are also called "reptoids" by the inhabitants of the galaxy. They are one of the few species other than the Yuuzhan Vong that are not native to the galaxy. They were formerly a free people enslaved during the Yuuzhan Vong's plundering of their own galaxy.
For thousands of years, the Chazrach served the Yuuzhan Vong as expendable support troops to overwhelm enemy forces. Bred in large numbers, the Chazrach had coral seeds implanted into them to ensure obedience. A pair of dome-like calcifications protruded from the forehead of each Chazrach, a sign of the coral implants that control the drones. When these calcifications were removed the Chazrach regained limited levels of their intelligence and could be valuable sources of information.
Any form of intelligence and initiative that was possessed by the base species vanished over the generations of genetic tampering by the Shapers. This flaw, combined with their small, stocky statures made them incapable of mastering the use of the standard Amphistaff used by the Warrior Caste as a whip. The reptoids instead use the inflexible Coufee since the double-edged knife is much more suited to their body form and an inferior breed of the Amphistaff. A few Chazrach served the Yuuzhan Vong so well over the generations that they were permitted to join the Warrior Caste at its most basic levels.
Chevin
The Chevin were bipedal pachydermoid sapients native to the planet Vinsoth that evolved from smaller relatives of the giant mammals who were wiped out when an asteroid collided with Vinsoth about 3,000,000 BBY. Adult Chevin stand 2-3 meters tall, and have massive bodies as wide as they are tall. Their heads consist of a long, wrinkled, tusk-filled snout set below heavily-lidded eyes.
Chiss
The Chiss are a near-human race, with the only notable differences being that they are blue skinned and have red, glowing eyes. The Chiss are from the planet Csilla located in the area previously known as the Unknown Regions. The Chiss are known (by the few that know of them) for their advanced navy and tactical skills. One of the most famous Chiss was Grand Admiral Thrawn, possibly the most brilliant strategist of the Star Wars galaxy, according to numerous in-universe comments. Thrawn, however, was disowned by the Chiss Consortium because of forbidden tactics he employed in battle. The Chiss have developed many unique technologies, such as their hyperdrive analog. The analog works by allowing a ship to jump to a pre-establishe
d point in Chiss space. However, to jump outside of their own territories, a flagship with a beacon onboard must accompany a ship or fleet, enabling the Consortium to keep track of their vessels.
Chistori
The Chistori are a lizard-type humanoid race. They resemble biped lizards with a prominent muzzle, an impressive line of teeth, and thick scales. Few things are known in connection with the reptilians known as the Chistori because they are a secretive race. Even the Jedi Files do not know their native world. Due to their reptilian nature, they are cold blooded. If a Chistori is exposed to cold temperatures for a prolonged period of time they will undoubtedly die. One example of a Chistori would be Desann.
Clawdite
Clawdites are a genetic offspring from Zolanders, the dominant species on planet Zolan. When Zolanders discovered that their sun had increased its radioactive emissions, they tried to unleash a gene in the Zolander skin cells to activate natural protection against radiation. The results created a new species, Clawdites, which were metamorphs. Clawdites can change their appearance, if keeping body mass as a constant and not retaining the same aspect for a long time. Zolanders ostracized Clawdites and they had many civil wars, but in the end, Clawdites subjugated Zolanders.Zam Wesell, the bounty hunter working with Jango Fett on Coruscant in Attack of the Clones, is the only known example of a Clawdite in the Star Wars movies.
Codru-Ji
Codru-Ji are four-armed humanoids with pointed ears who, while not xenophobic in the typical sense, have not yet integrated themselves into galactic society. They guard their society and their young with equal ferocity, which can be surprising since an immature Codru-Ji appears almost nothing like a mature Codru-Ji, and in fact can be mistaken for a pet. Immature Codru-Ji, also known as Wyrwulf, are small, six-limbed creatures who enter a chrysalis phase in puberty and emerge a mature Codru-Ji.
Coway
The Coway appear in the 1978 novel Splinter of the Mind's Eye, by Alan Dean Foster. The Coway are a fur-covered humanoid species that are native to the planet Mimban, of the Circarpous Major System. Coways live deep underground, and have a strong aversion to surface-dwelle
rs. Coways have small eyes, but are able to see in the dark due to their infrared vision. Additionally, they are able to eat foods normally poisonous to humans because of their more tolerant digestive system. They wear simple, primitive clothing.
The underground world of the Coway can be reached through deep shafts known as Thrella Shafts (named after the Thrella, an extinct species known for their numerous underground tunnels and wells). Often these have side-tunnels that lead to Coway dwellings. The tribal government of the Coway consists of a triumvirate who make the major decisions for the tribe.
Croke
The Croke are a very small species. So much so, that they can be held in a person's hand. They also have a reputation for being unpleasant and evil. They are snail-like creatures, and range from 4 inches to 5 inches (100 to 130 mm) in height although occasionally a Croke will be 6 inches (150 mm) tall. They also vary greatly in weight from 5 oz to 32 oz (140 g to 910 g). Average weight for a Croke is 10 oz (280 g). They have natural powers of illusion and shapeshifting. Homeworld is Crakull.
Dandilion Warrior
Dandilion warriors are blue tribal aliens with the power to shoot quills from their heads
Dantari
Dantari are a race of hard skinned humanoids. They hail from the planet of Dantooine, and are relatively primitive. During a short Imperial inhabitation of the planet during Star Wars: Episode IV after Leia revealed the location of an abandoned Rebel base to Grand Moff Tarkin, the Dantari saw these technologicall
y-supreme beings as gods, and have since tattooed themselves with pictures of AT-ATs, stormtrooper helmets, and, for the bravest of Dantari, full-body depictions of stormtrooper armor.
Dashade
Dashades are tall, humanoid reptiles with dark skin. They are powerful warriors and assassins, and they are not affected by the powers of the Force. Their planet, Urkupp, was destroyed in a supernova caused during the Great Sith War, killing all of the Dashades on the planet. The most famous remaining Dashade is Ket Maliss, an assassin for Black Sun who was cryogenically frozen when his boss discovered that only a few Dashades remained. But he is not the last of his species. New Republic historians have found evidence that Dashade mercenaries may have been employed during the great purge of the Jedi order that accompanied the rise of the Galactic Empire. And perhaps Dashade colonies still exist, founded before the destruction of Urkupp, still waiting to be discovered.
Defel
The Defel (colloquially known as Wraiths) are barely visible beings who appear to most other species as shadows, re-enforcing the misconception that they are chameleon-like beings or "living shadows". Typically, they are employed as mercenaries or guards. They are from a large, high-gravity, seldom-visited world orbiting the ultraviolet supergiant Ka'Dedus. Af'El has no ozone layer and ultraviolet light passes freely to the surface, while other light wavelengths are blocked by the heavy gases in the planet's atmosphere. Thus, all life forms on Af'El can only see in ultraviolet light ranges, and are blind to other wavelengths of light. Often called "wraiths," their bodies absorb visible light, giving them the appearance of shadows. The Defel live in underground cities to escape Af'El's violent storms. A main export of the planet is the metal meleenium (used in durasteel), which is only known to exist on Af'El.
A noted Defel representative of the Star Wars films is Arleil Schous, seen with glowing red eyes in the Mos Eisley cantina of Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope.
In ultraviolet light, they appear as short, muscular lupine humanoids with thick fur and unusual, three-jointed fingers. They live underground on the planet Af'El, mining the various metals in the planet's crust and outer core. They can see equally well in normal and ultraviolet lighting, and their eyes appear to glow red in normal light.
Devaronian
Devaronians are a horned humanoid species from the world of Devaron in the Expansion Region, a planet of low mountains and deep valleys linked by thousands of rivers. It is believed that they are descended from a race of primates that lived in the mountains of Devaron, and that their horns were a genetic mutation that proved useful in fending off predatory birds.
The Devaronians are one of the unique races in the galaxy, as their male and female sexes are so vastly different in appearance and temperament. The males are docile, non-aggressive creatures, hairless, with red-tinted skin and a pair of large horns growing from their heads. They take great pride in their horns, and groom them quite regularly. Female Devaronians are covered in thick calico fur that ranges in color from brown to white and are hornless. They are aggressive by nature, and tend to dominate their culture. In addition, the teeth of the males are all incisors, but the females also have molars and prominent canines.
Devaronians were one of the first species in the galaxy to develop interstellar travel, and the males of the species have been common sights in spaceports throughout the galaxy for thousands of years. Devaronian males are driven by an urge to wander, usually taking the first opportunity to move on from one place to another. As such, they are often found traveling the galaxy as tramp freighter captains and scouts. Female Devaronians, on the other hand, are content to remain in a single location, and, as such, raise the young and run the government of Devaron. The males send as much money as they can manage back to their home world to support their families, but otherwise hardly ever return once they have begun to travel the stars. The females are content with this arrangement, as they tend to view the restless males as disruptive to home life.
One Devaronian, Kardue'sai'Mal
loc, going by the name of Labria, was seen in the cantina scene of A New Hope. He had one of the galaxy's highest bounties posted by the Rebel Alliance for his war crimes at the Devaronian city of Montellian Serat, and was eventually captured by Boba Fett
Drach'nam
Drach'nam appear in the short story "Jade Solitare" in the compilation Tales of The New Republic. They are a very brutal and violent race employing neuronic whips (a whip with a conductive lash which sends hundreds of volts through the victim's body), and long (15") serrated knives. Their home planet is very diverse on the surface ranging from very hot to extremely cold. The planet rotates extremely slowly - one day is about two hundred earth years - so as a result all of the Drach'nam cities are dark and dank tunnels underground.
The only famous Drach'nam is Chay Praysh who is famous for employing female slaves in his palace (Mara Jade once became a slave to his brutal reigime to rescue Ja Bardrins daughter Sansia).
Draethos
Draethos are a blue-skinned, humanoid species with large teeth, which dwell outside of their mouths, from the planet Draethos. The most notable Draethos is Odan-Urr.
Drall
Drall are short, squat and stocky bipeds, little more than a meter tall. They are covered with short, thick and dark fur. They have short limbs with clawed and fur-covered hands and feet. Drall are a dignified, self-confident species and are known to be quite level-headed. They primarily live on the planet of Drall, but also inhabit other planets of the Corellian system.
One notable Drall is Ebrihim, who was a tutor to Han and Leia's children on a visit to Corellia. Ebrihim also had an aunt, the Duchess of Mastigophorous
, who lived on an estate on Drall.
Dug
Dugs are slender, powerfully built beings with a somewhat humanoid build and a unique method of walking. Their strong arms are used as legs, and their lower limbs are used as arms. Dugs have smooth skin, which hangs loose around their necks, fin-like ears, and pronounced snouts. Dugs are known for their ill-tempered demeanor, and many are little more than bullying thugs. Diminutive Dugs often feel the need to throw around their strength in bids to establish dominance. One of the best-known Dugs is Sebulba, a Podracing champion from Pixelito on Malastare.
They are also shown in Star Wars: Bounty Hunter as an enemy on the planet Malastere. Dugs have been known to be greedy, and are most of the time looking for a deal on any product.
In Attack of the Clones A Dug is seen in one of the airspeeders during the speeder chase sequence (Many fans believe that is Sebulba once again since Anakin cut him off which is similar to the events in the Boonta Eve Classic), and another is seen in Dexter's diner.
Dulok
Duloks live on the forest moon of Endor, along with the Ewoks, Goraxes, Yuzzums and Teeks. The Duloks and Ewoks are believed to be related species.
Duros
Duros are said to be among the first spacefaring humanoid species, including humans. They are known for their superior astronavigatio
nal skills. Their homeworld is Duro which is in the galactic core. Two Duros can be seen in the Mos Eisley Cantina in Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope. The Duros have also appeared in a few Star Wars games such as: Knights of the Old Republic and Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords.
Duros are related to the Neimodians, the aliens in charge of the Trade Federation in the prequel films, because many years before the Republic, the Duros colonized the planet Neimoidia, and thus the Neimoidians, a newer "version" of Duros, were born. The Duros consider the Neimoidians to be cowardly and take offense at being mistaken by other beings for a Neimoidian. Duros are also known for their great story-telling skills because of the many places that they have visited during their travels throughout the galaxy.
Echani
The Echani are a mysterious race of well taught fighters, whose most prominant appearance was in Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords. Five Echani Handmaiden sisters reside with Jedi Master Atris at her academy at the polar ice cap on Telos. These Echani were trained by Atris to construct barriers in their minds in order to resist force-based powers. The Echani race possess natural martial art skill and wear light armour in battle, although they prefer to wear very little when training to restrict their movements less. The Echani maidens were often used to hunt down rogue Jedi and subdue them for the Order. Human in appearance, they often have silver hair and closely resemble their parents, therefore their siblings.
The best known of the Echani in the Star Wars universe was Brianna, the last of Atris' Handmaidens. She served with her Mistress on Telos until the Jedi Exile arrived. After speaking with the Exile, she stowed away on board his ship, the Ebon Hawk. Eventually, it is revealed that her mother was a Jedi Knight and she herself starts on the path of the Jedi. This fact is the reason that Brianna looks different from her sisters - she does not share the same mother. This story depended on the player of the game choosing a male character. If the player chose a female character, the above story would not occur as so.
It is known the Echani held a traditional rivalry with the Mandalorians, who they viewed as bloodthirsty savages.
A version of the Echani style of unarmed combat is taught to members of Palpatine's Imperial Guard. This style has been adapted to be more brutal and efficient and less flashy.
Elom
Native to the planet Elom, members of this species are short and stocky, and are covered with thick, oily hair. They have two tusks covering the opening of their mouth, and have two small eyes set on a pair of stalks protruding from either side of their head. In addition, they are herbivores.
Eloms originally developed on the surface of the planet Elom, but were forced to move underground when water became scarce. Since then, they have remained isolated from the rest of the galaxy, with many Eloms continuing to retreat further underground where living there.
There is another intelligent species on the planet, the Elomin. Both species were divided and each thought the other one was extinct. When the Elomin re-discovered Eloms, they tried to make the Republic believe that Eloms were only unintelligent animals, but the truth was discovered and Eloms were granted rights. However, Eloms seem not to be interested in politics and still live in burrows.
Elomin
The Elomin are tall, thin humanoids with pointed ears and four horns. They live on the surface of the planet Elom. As a society, the Elomin strove to find order in all things, and worked to create order where it didn't exist. So when they discovered that another species, the Eloms, shared the same planet with them, most Elomin refused to acknowledge that their underground brethren even existed.
When Emperor Palpatine rose to power, the Elomin were enslaved and were forced to mine lommite. Some Eloms learned of this and deliberately caused "mining accidents" in order to free a number of Elomin.
Ewok
Ewoks are a primitive tribal species from the Forest Moon of Endor. They are small, covered with fur, and appear to be distantly related to Wookiees. The Ewoks are best known for their aid to the Rebel mission to remove the shield protecting the Second Death Star Known as the battle of Endor. While peaceful by nature, they are extremely territorial and have been known to fight ferociously in protection of their society. Though they are known as Ewoks, they are never actually called that. In fact they are never called anything in Episode VI.
Evocii
The Evocii are a primitive humanoid race from Nal Hutta, formerly Evocar. When the Hutts arrived on Evocar, the Evocii were amazed by the technology these large, fat slug-like aliens brought with them and began swapping areas of their own home world for the technology that the Hutts had. Soon they realized that the Hutts owned almost their entire world. Then the Hutts began treating the Evocii like slaves. The Evocii appealed to the Old Republic for help but unfortunately, the laws of the Republic favored the Hutts. The Hutts then brutally relocated the Evocii to Evocar's fifth and largest moon Nar Shaddaa where they were used as slaves to build Nar Shaddaa into a spaceport moon. Most of the Evocii eventually died from the various technologies practiced on that moon while the very few survivors mutated into savages.
The ancient history of the Evocii tells that their people revered a holy stone, known as the Uransien. Supposedly this spherical stone watched over the people, and as long as it rested peacefully within the Evocii capital, the people enjoyed good health and prosperity. After the Hutts invaded, however, the Uransien was lost. This may have been a factor in the speed of the Evocii's despair.
In the late years of the deportation, a small group of Evocii stole a Hutt starship and managed to escape the system. Not particularly adept with space travel the small band of Evocii crash landed on a heavily forested planet several days later. These few established a hidden community on their new homeworld, which flourished through many millennia, protected by the giant trees surrounding it. They called their home Gros'avinath, or "Big Tree."
Though it took almost twenty-five thousand years, the quiet Evocii village began to dwindle despite the life abounding in the lush forest. Most believed their term of existence was drawing to a close and that the absence of the sacred rock had finally begun to manifest. One among these believers was the spiritual guide Gothar Marath. He had long been a student of the forces of nature as well as the history of his people. Many of his brethren revered him and the supernatural powers he possessed.
There was little debate that Gothar should leave his home when the opportunity arose. Several of the village hunters returned from their night patrol in the forest with a group of strangers. Among them were Abu-Tai and Uri-Kai, two Jedi Knights, Arem-Ta, a rough-hewn freighter pilot, and Meela'lin, a blue-skinned Twi'lek. It was in this company that Gothar was able to leave the planet and seek out the Uransien, hoping to save his people.
F-J
Falleen
The Falleen are a scaled, cold-blooded, reptilian humanoid species with pigmentation that varies with mood, known to be as long lived as the Hutts (the Falleen have an average lifespan of 250 Standard Years) who inhabit and originate from the planet Falleen. They are capable of exuding pheromones that make all but the most determined of humanoids of opposite sex become strongly attracted to them, in addition to their intrinsic beauty and symmetry. They also possess considerable physical prowess and the ability to hold their breath for prolonged periods, both thanks to their reptilian heritage. The most well known Falleen is Prince Xizor, the head of the criminal organization Black Sun during the late Galactic Empire.
Their reserve, and cultural snobbery, has led to the Falleen adopting an isolationist stance, protecting their feudal social structures and culture; their natural secretive tendencies were only reinforced by a tragic accident: 6 BBY, an Imperial bioweapons laboratory located in a major Falleen city, which was a personal project of Darth Vader, suffered a leak of an advanced, highly virulent, flesh-eating microorganism into the city- to stop the plague from spreading, Darth Vader commanded that Order Base-Delta-Zer
o be executed on the city and its environs, or in other words, massive orbital bombardment meant to destroy all vectors for the organism, and the micro-organism itself. This led to the death of over 200,000 Falleen, among which were a large number of Xizor's relatives.
Far-Outsiders
The Far Outsiders is the cryptic code-name given by the Chiss who inhabit the edges of the galaxy, for the extra-galactic alien force that began assailing the Unknown Regions in the years during the Galactic Civil War. They are probably the Yuuzhan Vong, who launched a siege on the galaxy from 25-30 ABY. The name "Far-Outsiders
" is also used by the inhabitants of Zonama Sekot to describe the invaders that attacked their planet. The Far Outsiders are referred to in the singular, but the Chiss named "Stent" once told Mara Jade that there were "a hundred different threats out there that would freeze your blood if you knew about them. The ruling families can't stop them; neither can any power in the region.", suggesting that the term "The Far Outsiders" may be refer not to simply an invader, like the Yuuzhan Vong, but rather multiple invaders, all lumped together.
Feeorin
Nym the Pirate from various Star Wars computer games (including the MMORPG "Star Wars Galaxies") was a Feeorin. It is said that Feeorins only grow stronger with age. There is not much detail available about this particular species beyond the character of Nym.
Ferroans
Not a well known species, the only reference is in Force Heretic 1-3. Icy blue skin, whiteish hair, lives on Zonama Sekot (the one living planet, located in the unknown regions it comes to help the Rebels and Imperials fight off the Yuuzhan Vong species), they have the planet build them houses made of a fleshy substance called habitats. They are reluctant to join the Rebels but Zonama helps them to decide.
Firrerreo
The Firrerreo are a species of near-humans from the planet Firrerre. They have two-toned hair and golden skin. In their culture, if a someone said a Firrerreo's name, the Firrerreo would be forced to serve them speaker, as saying a Firrerreo's name was a form of power.
They no longer live on Firrerre, and drift aimlessly in the dark vacuum of space. One of their own, a Force-sensitiv
e name Hethrir, condemned the Firrerreo to death, by the command of Darth Vader. He took a few onto a asteroid-shape
d ship to sell as slaves. They were put in a deep sleep to keep them from aging, and only Hethrir knew where the ship was floating. Eventually Hethrir was defeated and Princess Leia Organa Solo came to the ship to save her children, Anakin, and the twins Jacen and Jaina. She asked if the Firrerreo wanted to be freed, but he said that they would float in space until they landed somewhere. They were considered extinct by the Yuuzhan Vong War, but, 15 years later, they were just considered scattered.
Fosh
The Fosh are a sentient avian species, able to fly at will. They are first mentioned in the Star Wars: The New Jedi Order series. The only Fosh mentioned in all the Star Wars books was the Jedi Knight Vergere.
The Fosh, as a species, never had a large population on their planet, preventing them from becoming an influential race, as humans are in the Star Wars universe.
Fosh females have supernaturally developed tear ducts, used for mating purposes on their homeworld. The Jedi Vergere, with the aid of the Force, can further alter her tears to secrete anything from an extremely potent anesthetic, to a powerful antidote such as the one that cured Mara Jade Skywalker after she was infected with a deadly Yuuzhan Vong disease.[ 3 ]
Frozian
The Frozian are a species of sentient felines, hailing from the planet Froz. Their most distinctive characteristic
s are their triple-jointed hands, their double-jointed legs, and their infertility off of their homeworld.
Following the decimation of their planet by the Empire, the species started plummeting towards extinction. It has been rumored that underground scientists have been trying to create an artificial environment for them to save their species and allow mating to begin again.
Frozarns
Frozarns are pink humanoids with green eyes and tough armor. They live on Mimban.
Gado
Gados are tall, thin, furry sapients with long limbs and a worm-like head. Most of a Gado's inner organs are stretched out in ribbons that run throughout their body; thus, any injury can be life-threateni
ng to a Gado. Gados are native to the planet of Abregado-rae. They formerly spoke a language called Gados, but now mostly speak Basic.
Gamorrean
Main article: Gamorrean
Gamorreans are large smelly creatures of little intelligence that are often hired as guards. The crime boss Jabba the Hutt was fond of hiring them because they were so inexpensive. On their home planet Gamorreans exist in a sort of tribal political system dominated by the female sows
Physically, Gamorreans appear in Return of the Jedi as greenish, slimy creatures (and apparently smelly). They can be best described closest to pigs with their mouths and grunting kind of language. They are stocky, and very muscular, making them excellent melee/hand to hand fighters. They wear little clothing, consisting usually of a loincloth and primitive armor.
Gand
Gands are insectoids who evolved in the planet Gand. There are two main sub-species of Gands: those with lungs, and those without. Gands with lungs are adapted to Gand's ammonia-rich atmosphere, but they are poisoned by oxygen and must use a special breathing gear if they want to leave Gand. Gands without lungs have special regeneration properties
Gands are not allowed to use personal pronouns unless they have achieved something extraordinary. A young or underachiever Gand talks about himself or herself in third person and calling himself "Gand". If such a Gand achieves something notable, he can use his family's surname, but will still use the third person. A second, more impressive feat allows the heroic Gand to choose a first name for himself. Only the best-known Gands are allowed to use the first person, and then only after their aptitude has been audited by a jury, in what is called a janwuine-jika, after which they are declared janwuine. However, should a Gand be ashamed of his deeds, he would "reduce" his name when talking about himself. Gands live in a totalitarian monarchy
Many Gands choose a strange profession, the Findsman. A Findsman is a shaman as well as a police officer. The Findsman will interpret the shapes of gases and make prophecies, usually about fugitives. Then, the Findsman in person will track the fugitive to bring him to justice. During the reign of the Empire, some Findsmen became bounty hunters.
One of the best-known Gands is Zuckuss, who was a bounty hunter employed by Darth Vader to hunt down Han Solo, and was at one time the assistant to Bossk. Another well known Gand is Ooryl Qrygg, a pilot in Rogue Squadron, and a very good friend of Corran Horn. Ooryl did not have lungs and therefore did not need a mask for normal oxygen environments. He became so honored among Gands that he was given the honor of referring to himself in the first person.
Gank
Also known as "Gank Killers" due to their volatile nature, Ganks are cyborg sentient species. It is a rare day that you see a Gank not wearing his body-covering armor. Many are found working for Hutts on Nar Shaddaa, but there are other Ganks living in other places besides "The Smuggler's Moon". It is also quite common for Ganks to wear armor that represents the planet they live on or the faction they fight for. They are brutal killers that will annihilate anything that gets in their way. There is a story, however, of an encounter a group of Ganks had with the Jedi Master Mace Windu. Surrounded by 14 Ganks, Master Windu simply touched his lightsaber hilt and the Ganks dropped their weapons to the ground.
Gerb
Gerbs are a race of hunchbacked aliens. They live on the thirteenth moon of Yavin.
Gen'Dai
The peculiar nervous and circulatory systems of the Gen'Dai makes them extremely resistant to physical injury. The Gen'Dai physiology boasts millions of nerve clusters throughout the body, and a vascular system that distributes blood without the need of a central heart. Lacking the vulnerable vital organs of most humanoids, a Gen'Dai could sustain multiple lacerations and even, it is rumored, complete dismemberment and yet still survive. In addition to these extremes of endurance, the distributed neural network gives the Gen'Dai phenomenal reflexes. Should a Gen'Dai sustain too many injuries, they are capable of entering into extended periods of hibernation, during which they can heal wounds, recover from disease, and slow the aging process. Some Gen'Dai reportedly have lived for over four thousand years.
With such formidable physical abilities, it is fortunate for the galaxy at large that the Gen'Dai are, by nature, not an aggressive species. They are nomadic, and their home world has been lost to the ages. Due to a low birthrate, the Gen'Dai are very rarely encountered, and they usually avoid confrontation if possible. Though the Gen'Dai are physically suited for long life, their minds weaken with age, and the species is susceptible to depression, hysteria, and other forms of psychoses
The Gen'Dai are stronger than any other type of alien. Their rivals are the Yuuzhan Vong and the Shedi Hai, although their wars seldom end due to the very even match between them. After one ended, the Yuuzhan Vong general Nom Anor drove the Gen'dai general Durge off of the planet Nar Shadaa.
Geonosian
The Geonosians are an insectoid species native to the planet Geonosis. Geonosians reside in hive colonies in organic-lookin
g spires. All Geonosians have a hard exoskeleton, elongated faces, multi-jointed limbs, and speak in a strange clicking language. They are a barbaric race and their bloodthirsty minds view brutal violence as entertainment. They enjoy watching victims trying to survive in the massive execution arenas while savage creatures vie for their blood.
Geonosis (As seen in Episode II) is a barren rocky world home to thousands of factories geared towards mechanical construction. Many of the Galaxy's biggest manufacturing concerns hold contracts with the Geonosians.
In Geonosian society, there are two main types of Geonosian: the wingless drones that mostly work as laborers, and the winged aristocrat, which includes royal warriors serving as scouts and providing security to the hive. They look down on their wingless cousins. Geonosians do not have a standing military, although they do arm themselves with sonic blasters and static pikes. They instead use their droid foundries to build armies for corporate interests wealthy enough to afford them — entities such as the Trade Federation and the Techno Union.
Poggle the Lesser was a Geonosian who appeared in Episode II and oversaw the production of battle droids for the Trade Federation and later provided the bulk of the troops for the Confederacy of Independent Systems. He was decapitated by Darth Vader on Mustafar in Episode III. In the video game Star Wars Battlefront II, the player must fight a Geonosian who is trying to use the droid factories on Mustafar to create his own army. He was named Gizor Delso.
Geonosians make a unique appearance in Lego Star Wars: The Video Game, appearing with one of two weapons (either their characteristic sonic blaster or a normal blaster rifle) randomly, beyond the player's control.
Givin
The Givin are from the planet Yag'Dhul and are often found doing starship repair work because of their exoskeleton, which allows them to withstand depressurizati
on; this vacuum-resista
nce allows them to resist many forms of deadly gases. Givin are renowned for their extensive knowledge of anything that has to do with numbers, and often are regarded as some of the best mathematicians in the galaxy.
Gorax
The Goraxes are a race of behemoths from the forest moon of Endor. They can grow up to more than 30 meters in height and dwell on high crags far from the forests of the forest moon. They are mentioned in the Illustrated Star Wars Universe book and appear in the Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure movie. They are humanoid, with primate-like faces and narrow chins, as well as enormous ears, which are highly sensitive to noises made by small animals. They communicate through grumbling noises. The Goraxes wear fur clothes. They are primitive and powerful and frequently make raids on Ewok villages, where they smash through walls and kidnap Ewoks for pets, although the Goraxes usually forget to feed them or crush the unfortunate Ewoks. They hunt at night since their eyes are sensitive to bright light.
Gizka
Gizka is a fictional species of small reptilian like creatures, appearing in the video game Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic. Whatever their native world, their extraordinary reproduction rate led to a fair amount of gizka on many worlds, even including uncharted planets such as Rakata Prime, finding their way from the wreckage of crashed starships. It has been alternatively postulated that they came from that planet originally, spreading along with the Infinite Empire. Their exponential population growth led to them being considered pests on almost as many worlds as they inhabited.
The Ebon Hawk once played host a temporary colony of gizka, in an incident involving mishandled cargo, an Aqualish, and a Tatooine shipping company.
Gorith
The Gorith are a tall humanoid race with a large beaked head. Their skin tone ranges from blues to greens. Their home planet is Gorithia; a mostly aquatic world. They are very independent from the rest of the universe and are not part of the galactic republic. Notable Gorith include jedi Master Ottarious and his padawan Petirus Metris.
Gorog
The Gorog (or the 'Dark Nest') are one of the eleven hives of the Killik who are an insectoid sentient species from the Unknown Regions.They have the ability to block themselves from the force, similar to the effect of the Ysalamiri of Myrkr and are a black and blue color. The Gorog are considered 'evil' in that they feed their grubs on live captives (mainly Chiss)and have a desire for war and wish to conquer the galaxy. The Gorog are led by the two dark jedi Welk and Lomi Plo.
Non Killiks become what are known as Joiners if they spend too long with the Killik. Joiners are regular species who become one with the hive. Raynar Thul became a joiner and then the UnuThul or king of the Killiks. Lomi and Welk joined the Gorog and all of their values were passed to the Dark Nest, corrupting the Gorog. The Dark nest was able to influence UnuThul like the subconscious of a mind, into unwillingly moving into Chiss border zones and provoking a dispute.
The Killik naturally did not care about life much until the Crash. The Crash was when Welk and Lomi Plo crashed on a Killik world, in a ship from Myrkr the Tachyon Flyer with their prisoner Raynar Thul, a Jedi who was involved in the attack on Myrkr. Raynar managed to use the force to make the Killik heal him but in the process, was made mostly insect and The Joiner King. The Killik share a collective mind which allow them to transmit thought between each other. So when Raynar became one of the Hive, The Jedi love of life was passed to all Killiks, causing them to value and try to preserve life.
The Gorog originally were based on the moon Kr on the Chiss border and were destroyed by Mara Jade and Luke Skywalker, Han and Leia Organa Solo, a group of Jedi Masters from the Jedi academy on Ossus and a squad of specially equipped 'Bugcruncher' battle droids. Welk was killed by Luke Skywalker in the Battle of Kr. All of this occurred 7 years after the Fall of Coruscant and roughly 5 years after The Battle of Yuuzhan'Tar. The Dark nest was thought to be destroyed along with the Jedi turned-Gorog Joiner Alema Rar. But the nest and Alema survived and moved to the Tusken's Eye in the Utegetu nebula where the Killiks mostly had peace for one year. During their time in the Utegetu Nebula, the Dark Nest built a fleet of 11 armed hive ships, harboured pirates, killed Supreme Commander Sien Sovv of the Alliance, smuggled dark nest membrosia to insect worlds, framed the jedi for a problem the Fizz on the Utegetu worlds and convinced the Killiks and UnuThul to attack The Galaxy. All this was done under the command of Lomi Plo and Alema Rar, the night herald.
There are other hives like the main hive Unu and the artistic hive Saras.
Gossam
The Gossam are a humanoid race with long necks from the planet Castell. The Commerce Guild, which was a major contributor to the droid armies of the Confederacy of Independent Systems, is based on Castell. Notable Gossam include Shu Mai, the President of the Commerce Guild.
Gotal
Gotals evolved in dark Antar 4. As light is not available there, they evolved cranial cones, receptors to electromagneti
sm and other emissions. They do not rely on sight, but they can be great trackers thanks to their cones. However, natural emissions from a droid or a Jedi do damage Gotals. Culturally, they only seem to be attracted to other creatures with cones or horns. This has led to many unfortunate deaths as many male Gotals will be attracted to females of the H'nemethe species who tend to disembowel their mates.
Gran
The Gran are a three-eyed alien race, 1.5 to 1.8 meters in height. They are native to the planet Kinyen, though they have colonies across the galaxy, such as on the planets Hok and Malastare. They are characterized by three eyes on stalks, a protruding mouth, and orange skin. Gran had a great deal of power within the Galactic Senate, during the later years of the Old Republic. By the time the Emperor's reign descended over the galaxy, however Gran became less prominent, and suffered from Imperial oppression
A representative of this species is Maks Leem, a Jedi from the Old Republic, who was murdered by Asajj Ventress. Other notable Gran include Plat Mallar and Ree-Yees.
Grizmallt
The Grismalt are the original settlers of Naboo. The Naboo's history begins about 3950 BBY on the planet Grizmallt with the rise of Queen Elsinor den Tasia. To begin her reign, Tasia introduced a new age of exploration and colonization. Under her rule, Grizmallt spent the next several decades launching hundreds of expeditions into the wilds of space. Most of these missions failed, the colony ships destroyed or lost as they searched for habitable worlds far beyond the known hyperlanes.
In the final days of her life, Queen Tasia personally sponsored the last such expedition. With the blessing of a famous Jedi Master, the colony ship Beneficent Tasia and its support starships, Constant and Mother Vima, left Grizmallt in search of fortune and glory. The expedition targeted the galaxy's dangerous southern quadrant, then home to a handful of settlements. On Grizmallt, Queen Tasia's dying wish was that this last expedition would find a home deep within unexplored space. Shortly after she perished, however, the Beneficent Tasia also went silent.
The inhabitants of Grizmallt assumed that Beneficent Tasia had been lost, but the starship did, in fact, survive the many hazards of unknown space. Although severely damaged and unable to contact Grizmallt, the expedition eventually reached Naboo's orbit. As if guided by Tasia's last wish, the settlers discovered that Naboo was a pastoral, peaceful world rich in natural resources and quite capable of supporting human life. In approximately 3900 BBY, the Grizmallt colonists officially landed on Naboo.
Within weeks of their arrival, the settlers encountered the Gungans, the planet's native sentient species. Although immediately distrustful of one another, neither species attacked the other and the humans were allowed to establish their first settlement without incident. Over the next several decades, the settlers slowly spread across the planet's largest landmass, building cities and villages to support their growing numbers. The human colonists kept to the grassy plains and ocean coastlines, only occasionally treading into Gungan territory. Despite this, tension between the humans (who had now taken to calling themselves the Naboo after their new homeworld) and the Gungans remained strong.
Gungan
Gungans resemble hadrosaursThe Gungans have humanoid bodies, but their heads are elongated with large, dangling fin-like ears. They live in underwater cities on the planet Naboo. The principal Gungan character in the movies is Senator Jar Jar Binks; the ruler of the Gungans is Boss Nass. The only other Gungan to be given a name in the films is Captain Tarpals, though the novelization also mentions a General Ceel and some games have shown other leaders including Boss Gallo.
The Gungans and the Naboo (human inhabitants of Naboo) did not get along, as the Gungans believed the Naboo to be pompous cowards while the Naboo believed the Gungans to be barbarians. This attitude lasted until Queen Amidala united the Gungans and Naboo to fight the Trade Federation in the Battle of Naboo.
After the Battle of Naboo, the Gungans attained representation in the Senate through Representative Jar Jar Binks.
The Naboo symbolize the state of Athens, with her citizen army of a few hundred versus the Gungans, who symbolize the Spartans, having a completely battle ready warrior state.
The Gungans are asexual; as such they reproduce independently. Additionally, their young is born via laying of eggs.
Gwurran
The Gwurran of Ansion look like the native Ansionians, only smaller. They are hyperactive, inquisitive beings who live primitively off the land and who steal the food of travellers passing through the hills. The Gwurran deeply hate their taller rural brethren, the Alwari, who consider them to be backward.
Habassa
The Habassa are mentioned only in the X-wing computer game. They originate from the planet Habassa II which was enslaved by the Empire. After the Battle of Yavin, they joined the Alliance.
Hallotan
The Hallotans are scaly creatures who are native to the planet Muskree. They have turned Muskree into an industrial planet and are immune to the pollutions they have created
H'nemthe
H'nemthes, from planet H'nemthe, have four conelets and double cheekbones, resulting in ridges of bone and skin on their faces. The hornlets are sensitive to both emotion and temperature. When a female H'nemthe consummates her relationship with a male, she eviscerates him with her knife-shaped tongue, strangely considering it a proof of love. This odd ritual is most likely a result of the fact that there are 20 males to every female on their home planet.
Hoojib
The Hoojibs are small furry telepathic creatures that are indigenous to Arbra. The Hoojibs allowed the Rebel Alliance to use their planet as a temporary headquarters following the Battle of Hoth. One of the best-known Hoojibs is Plif, who accompanied Luke Skywalker on several missions. Plif later became a New Republic senator.
Huk
The Huk were a race of aliens hailing from the planet of the same name. They are an insectoid species and resemble Geonosians. Their planet was in a constant war with the Kaleesh people of the neighboring planet, Kalee, for many years prior to the Clone Wars and the Great Jedi Purge. The Galactic Republic aided the Huk in their war against the Kaleesh, though this still did not garner enough sympathy for the Separatists to convince General Grievous to join their cause.
Human
The predominant species in the galaxy, humans can be found in virtually all walks of life and on most habitable worlds. Humans are bipedal, sentient beings. They speak Basic, which has become the galaxy's most common language. Humans are generally considered adaptable, curious, innovative, resilient, and ambitious.
Humanity's incredible diversity is perhaps its greatest strength. No two humans look or behave exactly alike (deliberate clones aside), and humans represent many of history's greatest heroes (along with its most despicable villains). Humanity is also credited with discovering hyperspace travel, founding the first galactic governments, and colonizing hundreds of treacherous worlds. Humans dominate the current political landscape, comprising most of the Galactic Empire (later the Imperial Remnant) and Galactic Federation of Free Alliances.
Unlike many other species, humans do not have an identifiable planet of origin. Some scholars believe that humans first appeared on Coruscant, which is now the Imperial capital, but this theory has never been substantiated Regardless, humans have settled in nearly every corner of the galaxy. Because humans are so widespread, they are often categorized by homeworld. Thus, humans born on Corellia are widely known as Corellians while the humans found on Naboo are often called simply "the Naboo." On some worlds, humanity gave rise to genetic off-shots which are referred to as "near-humans." Humans are a playable species in Star Wars: Galaxies.
There are many famous humans including Anakin Skywalker, Luke Skywalker, Obi-Wan Kenobi, Padme Amidala, Leia Organa (Leia Solo, after her marriage) Han Solo, Mace Windu, Palpatine/Dart
h Sidious, and countless others. Of course we all should know what humans are since most of us reading this page are humans...or live around 6 billion of them.
Telbun
A Telbun is a middle class human from the Kuat system. This person is chosen by one of the great merchant families to parent a child with a Kuati noble. The Kuati seen this as a way of avoiding inbreeding. The child only acknowledged the merchant house that hired the Kuati as family. The Telbun served as the child's caretaker. Because of the parental bond, the Telbun were very devoted to the child.
Hutt
Hutts are a long-lived, gastropod species. They originated on Varl, but now claim Nal Hutta as their homeworld. Of them, Jabba the Hutt and Gardulla the Hutt are most famous since each were mentioned in each Star Wars Trilogy.
Iktotchi
The Iktotchi are an alien race located in a remote system in the Expansion Region, next to the corellian run. Along with neighboring planet Aridus. They have a tough, hairless, and often reddish skin, as well as two downward-slopi
ng horns on the sides of the head. They are often known for their limited abilities in prescience and, because of this trait, can often be found in Jedi Academies.
When the Republic discovered their home planet, a moon orbiting the planet Iktotchon, they discovered a massive Old Republic seal visible from space with the naked eye
One famous Iktotchi is Jedi Master Saesee Tiin, who sat on the Jedi Council.
Iktotchi are also known for their skills as pilots. Even the worst Iktotchi pilot is still considered a more than useful being to have behind the controls of a spaceship or fighter.
Iridonian
Iridonians were a warrior people with a particularly bloodthirsty reputation, who were well known for producing mercenaries. It was rumored that they would even turn against each other in battle when their bloodlust overwhelmed them.
They held a traditional rivalry with the Echani, who they viewed as weaklings, and the Mandalorians, who they felt valued credits above bloodshed.
They were a rare sight in the civilized Galaxy, even during the tumultuous Jedi Civil War.
Iridonians are not to be confused with the Iridonian Zabrak.
Ishi Tib
Ishi Tibs are ecologist aliens from planet Tibrin. They are amphibious with huge eyes and beak-like mouths. They have lungs that double as internal gills, and they require immersion in briny water every 30 hours before their skin dries out. Ishi Tib are patient, thoughtful beings who are not prone to rash acts. Nonetheless, they are fiercely dedicated, completing any task they begin. Ishi Tib are ferocious fighters, especially when cornered. Offworld Ishi Tib are known for their devotion to nature, and for their excellent managerial skills.
There are Ishi Tibs in Jabba the Hutt's palace and also in the Rebel briefing to attack the second Death Star
Ithorian
Ithorians are a species of intelligent herbivores from the planet Ithor. They are commonly called "Hammerheads" because of their long, curving neck and T-shaped head.
Ithorians have two mouths and glossy, brown flesh. In general, they are devoted environmentali
sts, staunch herbivores, and complete pacifists. Many have become galactic traders who peacefully travel the stars in giant herd ships. They will only resort to violence if threatened. Because of their mild demeanor, most Ithorians avoid the Galactic Civil War, although a few have joined the Rebel Alliance
Ithorians are natives of the planet Ithor, a lush world with sprawling rain forests. The Ithorians worship Mother Jungle and long ago vowed never to desecrate their planet. Once they discovered repulsorlift technology, the Ithorians built expansive "herd cities" floating in the skies above their home world. The species migrated to these platforms, ensuring that Ithor would remain pristine forever. However, during the Yuuzhan Vong war, the Ithorian homeworld was irrevocably poisoned by that species and the fate of the Ithorian species seems grim.
Abroad, Ithorians have integrated well with the intergalactic community. Their own language is incredibly beautiful, yet difficult to learn, as the Ithorians have twin mouths on opposite sides of their necks. Fortunately, they can speak Basic, albeit with a strange accent. Their vocal chords are strong enough to produce a sound shockwave used in defense to stop an enemy in its tracks.
Ithorian Roron Corobb was a Jedi Master who died protecting Chancellor Palpatine from General Grievous during the Clone Wars.
An Ithorian, an exile named Momaw Nadon was present in the Mos Eisley Cantina in Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope.
Ithorians were also instrumental in the restoration of the planet Telos after it was destroyed by Sith during the Jedi Civil War, a prominent Ithorian named Chodo Habat employed the help of the Jedi Exile during the Telos Restoration Project with the promise that he would cure her "wound in the Force" the Jedi Exile did what was right and foiled Czerka Corporation's attempts to take over the restoration project for their own selfish ends.
Jawa
A Jawa.Jawas are a species of alien from the Star Wars universe, natives of Tatooine. They are scavengers, often seeking out technology or valuable minerals for sale or trade in the deep deserts in their huge sandcrawler transports.
They are also a pygmy and rodent-like race, and considered "remarkably ugly". They are on average about 1 meter tall (although in Episode IV some much-taller Jawas can be seen organizing droids to present them to Owen and Luke) and characterized by their brown robes, glowing yellow eyes, and quickly spoken language. They are almost always seen wearing hoods which completely shadow their faces, leaving only the gleaming eyes visible. (Although part of the "shadow" is a swarm of bugs hovering close to the Jawa's face because its smell is horrid.) In most Jawa clans, half the clan works and lives in the sandcrawlers while the other family unit dwells in fortresses deep in the desert where wares collected are stored. These fortresses have high walls made from large chunks of old wrecked spaceships for protection against Tusken Raiders and Krayt Dragons. The species is not known for its aggressiveness
, but incidents of Jawas sufficiently provoked and using their sandcrawlers to ram and damage offending customers' property are not unknown.
A band of Jawas were responsible for locating C-3PO and R2-D2 and selling them to Luke Skywalker's uncle Owen Lars. Another tribe of Jawas was also responsible for finding Jabba the Hutt's rancor.
Jedi
A most commonly overlooked fact about the galaxy of star wars, that the Jedi are actually a species and race all their own. Some believe they are the oldest known race of beings, but one thing is certain they were one of the first to use the Force. The Jedi race are all green, short, and can live 800-2000 years (mostly somewhere in between). Yoda, Yaddle, and Vandar are all examples of the Jedi race.
While the term Jedi is commonly used to describe the good users of the force, this isnt always true, when the first traces of the Magical abilities of the Force began to appear in the Galaxy these small green people used it, the race itself was begining to die out so they began to spread teachings of using the light side of the force to other races and started the first council. Since then there have always been traces of the Jedi Race in the councils, but after Yoda died the race itself became completly extinct. Yoda doesnt refer to himself as a Jedi species, since the term has died out and Jedi is refered to all followers of the Jedi Ideal.
Jin'Ha
A Jin'HaThe Jin'Ha were a species noted for their ability at working cortosis. They were first featured in the video game Star Wars: Obi-Wan, where they were foes of Obi-Wan Kenobi and Qui-Gon Jinn. They would later contract with the CIS, selling them cortosis ore for use in experimental anti-Jedi droids, later known as Assassin Droids. The Federation then planned an attack on Naboo, attracting Obi-Wan and Qui-Gon to go to Naboo. The Assassin Droids abilities were tested there, and proved useful to the Trade Federation. Most of the weapons owned by the Jin'Ha are weak. Weapons like a random blaster pistol could be easily deflected by lightsabers or dodged by Jedi
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Kaleesh
The Kaleesh are a bipedal reptilian species from the planet Kalee. They are a nomadic and neutral race. The Kaleesh have reddish brown scaly skin and cover almost all their bodies to protect them from Kalee's blistering sun. Usually their four fingered claws are the only things exposed. Also, most wear masks carved from the skulls of their most feared creatures such as the karabac and the mumuu.
During the Huk War, the Republic sided with their enemy and destroyed their trade, deepening the hard times already hurting their homeworld. The Intergalactic Banking Clan, headed by San Hill, later came in and helped them out of their depression through a deal for the Kaleesh to join the Confederacy of Independent Systems. One Kaleesh cyborg, General Grievous became the feared military leader of the Confederacy of Independent Systems during The Clone Wars.
The Kaleesh live in seemingly primitive cities largely reminiscent of ancient Mayan or Aztec civilizations. They do use blaster and other sentient technology, but are considered honorable and loyal.
Kaminoan
Tall, thin aliens with pale skin from the isolated planet of Kamino, the most distinctive features of Kaminoans are their long neck. Males also show a ridge through the back of their heads. They like to be isolated from the galaxy. Kaminoans are expert eugenists, as they were forced to reproduce through cloning after a natural disaster on Kamino. They work creating and training clones for third parties from stations on massive platforms above the sea. Kaminoans seem to be concerned about the ethics of their workings, but they are also naïve. Thanks to Darth Tyranus (Count Dooku), all traces of planet Kamino were erased from the Jedi archives.
Kaminoans developed the Grand Army of the Republic, as shown in Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones.
Taun We, Lama Su, and Kau Wan are three examples of Kaminoans.
Kel Dor
The Kel Dor, sometimes referred to as Kel Dorians, hail from the technological planet Dorin. They require masks to protect them from oxygen-rich atmospheres and to protect their highly sensitive eyes from light. They are also known for their Force Sages, the Baran Do. One prominent Kel Dor is Jedi Master and Council member, Plo Koon.
Kiffar
The Kiffar are a near-human species from the Azurbani system, including Kiffu and Kiffex. The Jedi Master Quinlan Vos was a Kiffar. The race characteristic
s seem to include dark, tanned skin and long thick dark hair, usually worn in dreadlocks, and there are certain tattoos that are ceremonial. One in a hundred Kiffar inherits a psychometric talent to read the history of objects that they touch. The Kiffar seem to be clannish and their strongest members compose an order known as the Guardians, which seems to be rather powerful
Kitonak
Kitonaks are white, pudgy aliens from Kirdo III. They show a tough skin which folds to seal vulnerable openings, a trait evolved to protect them from the harsh environment of Kirdo's deserts. They also have some double organs, including two pairs of lungs.
Kitonaks are very dexterous, but also very patient. They never rush. This is because they feed on animals called choobas and they must stand motionless for a long time until a chooba gets near them. Even when talking with humans or other aliens, Kitonaks are painfully slow to answer any question, and equally slow to walk (as they do not move their legs, but expand and contract the feet's muscles). They eat once a month. They also have a phobia to quicksands and caves.Droopy "Snit" McCool of the Max Rebo Band was an example of a Kitonak.
Klatooinian
Klatooinians come from the planet Klatooine. When the Hutts were waging a war against Xim the Despot, they looked for help on some planets. Hutts asked Klatooinians to become part of their army. Klatooinians thought it was some kind of sacred war and Barada M'Beg signed a treaty so that Klatooinians will be slaves of the Hutts forever. After defeating Xim, Klatooinians still serve the Hutts. Most of their children are named Barada to honor Barada M'Beg.
One of the thugs on Jabba the Hutt's skiff was a Klatooinian also named Barada. This name comes from sci-fi famous quote "Klaatu barada nikto". See also Nikto and The Day the Earth Stood Still. One Klatooinian Jedi is Tarados Gon.
Kobok
Kobok were an insectoid species that live on planet Roon. They have two orange compound eyes and three-fingered hands. One famous face was Gaff, a Roon representative in the New Republic.
Kowakian Monkey-Lizard
The kowakian monkey-lizards are a vulturous sentient species from the planet Kowak. They are small, with beak-like mouths and large ears. When born monkey-lizards come out in a larval state. It is a well-known fact that monkey-lizards laugh, a lot. On their home planet their laughter is used to scare predators away. Salacious B. Crumb was one of the most famous Kowakian monkey-lizards
, as he is the only one seen in any of the Star Wars movies.
Kubaz
The Kubaz are an insect-eating species that have been known to be informants for the Empire. One such Kubaz, by the name of Garindan, led Stormtroopers to the droids on Tatooine in A New Hope. Because of their diet, the insectoid Verpine have a marked distrust of the Kubaz who have often taken great steps to procure Verpine specimens for their suppers.
Kurtzen
The Kurtzen are a pale, hairless, humanoid race from Bakura. Being the only native sentient species on Bakura, and few in number, they were quickly outnumbered by human colonists.
Kushiban
Kushiban are small rabbit-like creatures that live on Kushibah in the Star Wars galaxy. Distinguishing features include large black eyes, floppy ears, and a long tail. They are capable of walking on either their hind legs or on all fours, though to move more quickly in a run or a charge, they must run with all four appendages. On their hind legs they stand at 0.5 meters tall, with an extra 0.3 meters' worth of tail. While often mistaken for cute, pet-like animals, they are actually intelligent beings with a complex culture as well as both a written and spoken language. They have mastered fire (used to frighten away hostile, fire-fearing Xinkras) and can use technology. Rather than paws, they have hands with opposable thumbs and feet. As a means of communication, Kushibans' fur changes color in correlation to its mood. A Kushiban in a calm, normal state of emotions is white; a Kushiban in the deepest of despairs is totally black.
While they tend to stay on Kushibah, the occasional Kushiban is called away by wanderlust or a specific need. Jedi Master Ikrit is the most famous of the Kushiban who have done so.
Kwa
The Kwa were an ancient, blue-skinned race that lived on the planet Dathomir. They created the Star Temples and the Inifinty Gate on Dathomir around 100,000 BBY. Over time the Kwa sealed their temples and left large wuffa worms to guard them. Nobody really knows what happened to the Kwa, but the ones that were on Dathomir devolved into the prmitive Kwi.
Kwi
A primitive, blue-skinned, saurians species native to Dathomir, the Kwi degenerated from the Kwa, the masterminds behind the Star Temples and Infinity Gate on Dathomir. In 31 BBY, many Kwi were slaughtered by the Nightsisters of Dathomir in an attempt, by the Nightsisters, to unlock the power of the Infinity Gate. By the time Luke Skywalker and Prince Isolder landed on Dathomir in 8 ABY, the Kwi had spilt up into different tribes, two of which were the Blue Mountain People and the Blue Desert People.
Latter
The Latter are a race of grey skinned warriors, with armor-plated skin. They reside on the planet Mimban.
Lepi
The Lepi are a rabbit-like species that stand on two legs.
This was the Basic name used to describe the Lepus carnivorus, a species of tall, furred lagomorphs which was native to the planet Coachelle Prime. The Lepi were a carnivorus race, distinguished by their large incisors and the various colors of their fur, which ranged from green to dark blue. Despite their appearance, the Lepi were a technologicall
y-advanced race, having achieved spaceflight and colonized the five planets in the system and the neighboring asteroid belt. Lepi were considered sexually mature at just ten years of age, and females often gave birth to litters of three dozen or more offspring, resulting in a swift growth in their population. This growth spurred on the development of their space-travel technology, as colony worlds were seen as a response to overpopulation of Coachelle Prime. Individual Lepi were known for their increased metabolism, a trait that often manifested itself as hyper-activity
This was also the native language of the Lepus carnivorus race, which was also referred to as Lepp or Lepese
Letaki
The Letaki are a fictional race in the Star Wars saga. Letaki have eight tentacles and egg-shaped heads. Evar Orbus is an example of a male Letaki.
Mandalorian
The Mandalorians branched off from human evolution about 5000 years BBY. A strong warrior race, they are ranked among the best fighters and armorsmiths of the galaxy. The race was almost completely destroyed after several conflicts with the old Republic. Some notable Mandalorians are Jango Fett, Boba Fett, Canderous Ordo and montross.
While true Mandalorians are almost nonexistant, Jango Fett, in a sense resurrected the race in the form of Clone Troopers.
Mandalorians are essentially humans and are differentiated only by their beliefs and practices. The Mandalorians dislike the Echani, who they view as weak dancing faeries, and the Iridorians, whom even they believe are barbarians with a lust for blood rather than honour.
Massassi
The Massassi were an ancient primitive warrior race that were enslaved by the Sith. The Massassi were brought to Yavin 4 by the Sith Lord Naga Sadow who was on the run from the Republic and the Jedi. They were originally a red-skinned humanoid race until Naga Sadow conducted cruel genetic experiments on them turning them into a race of fearsome, savage, hunchbacked predators. Despite these, the Massassi treated Naga Sadow as a god, building huge temples and palaces to honor their Sith Lord. They became extinct when Exar Kun sapped the life out of every Massassi on Yavin 4 so that he could free his soul from his body in order to escape the pursuing Jedi. Only one Massassi survived. His name was Kalgrath.
During the Galactic Civil War, the Rebel Alliance built a base in the old Massassi temples on Yavin 4. It was from this base that the two Rebel squadrons of X-wings and Y-wings attacked the first Death Star.
In 22 ABY, during the time covered by the Junior Jedi Knights Series, Anakin Solo and Tahiri Veila were led by the Force to find a large golden globe deep inside a Massassi temple on Yavin 4. Inside the globe were the imprisoned souls of Massassi children whom the young Jedi candidates eventually freed with guidance from Master Ikrit.
Melodie
The Melodies are an amphibious, humanoid species that live in Yavin 8's purple mountains, lakes and rivers. They appeared in the second book of the Junior Jedi Knights Series. Melodies are hatched from eggs, then live on land for a short time during their youth, and at a certain age, Melodies undergo a ritual called a Changing Ceremony, in which they change forms that will no longer enable them to live on land.
When Exar Kun imprisoned the Massassi children on Yavin 4 during his reign in 3,997 BBY, the parents of the Massassi children went to Yavin 8 and met the Melodie children, whom they asked for help. The children took them to the Elders, but because of the Elders' forms, they could not leave the waters. The Massassi carved messages into the walls of a cave, hoping that someone would eventually arrive who could read their language and come to their aid. A millennia later, Sannah, a Force-sensitiv
e Melodie, helped Anakin Solo and Tahiri Veila (who had come to Yavin 8 with Lyric, a student from the Academy who was about to undergo the Changing Ceremony) to decipher the carvings. The information helped them to ultimately free the imprisoned Massassi children later in the Junior Jedi Knights series.
Mimbanite
An alien species from Circarpous V, the Mimbanites were related to the Coway. When the Empire took control of their planet, they thought this species was not suited for the physical demands of slavery.
Miraluka
An alien race almost exactly the same in appearance as humans, Miraluka differ in that they have no eyes or blank white sockets and cannot see through the focusing of light. Miralukas typically hide their lack of eyes by wearing a headband, a mask, or similar concealing headwear, because they are much less common than humans, and it is easier to travel if they are seen as being of the dominant species; thus the common confusion as to who is or isn't a Miraluka. Miralukas see through the Force, as they are a Force-sensitiv
e race; they are often quite shocked if shown life not connected to the Force, like the Jedi Exile.
The Miraluka homeworld is Alpheridies. They migrated there after their original homeworld became unstable and began losing its atmosphere to space. Alpheridies' sun emits light in the infra-red spectrum, and this led to the Miraluka losing their ability to see visible light, over thousands of generations. Instead they came to rely on a latent ability to perceive the world through the Force.
A colony world of the Miraluka's named Katarr was stripped of all life by a Sith Lord named Darth Nihilus approximately 3,996 years BBY, during a meeting of all surviving Jedi, which dealt with the shadow war Darth Nihilus and Darth Sion and their Sith Assassins were waging against them—only the few Knights and Masters who did not attend survived. The only survivor of this colony world was the Miraluka Visas Marr.
Notable Miraluka include former Sith Visas Marr, and the Dark Jedi Jerec.
Mirialan
The Mirialan race is a species native to the planet Mirial. They have purer eye colors, some have either paler or darker skin colors, and tattoos covering some part of their face. According to the Visual Dictionary for Episode II, the hoods that they wear serve to protect sensitive organs on their heads. Jedi Master Luminara Unduli and her Padawan learner, Barriss Offee are both Mirialans.
Mon Calamari
The Mon Calamari are an amphibious race from the planet Dac (The planet is called "Mon Calamari" by humans). They are humanoid, about 1.7m tall, and are most commonly seen with salmon-colored skin (though their skin may have other tones as well, including blue, dark blue, green, and purple) and a lobster-like, domed head with large eyes. They are shore dwellers, but like to be close to water, and can breathe under water if necessary, being able to descend to depths of 30 or so meters without equipment. They share their home planet with the Quarren. Their name is a reference to Calamari.
During the Galactic Civil War, the Mon Calamari eventually joined the Rebel Alliance after the Empire used a Star Destroyer to destroy three floating cities on their watery world. They proved an invaluable asset, primarily due to the Mon Calamari being masters of starship construction and supplying the Alliance with badly needed capital ships, Mon Calamari Cruisers, that could take on the Galactic Empire's ships of the line. Prior to joining the Alliance, the Mon Calamari had only built passenger liners because of their peaceful ethos. Also renowned for their performance art, lithe Mon Calamari water dancers often perform in some of the galaxy's most prestigious venues, including Coruscant Galaxies Opera House, where the ballet "Squid Lake" ran for some time during the waning days of the Republic and was known to be a personal favorite of Supreme Chancellor Palpatine. The most famous Mon Calamari is Admiral Ackbar, the supreme admiral of the Rebel Alliance's naval forces. He also designed the B-wing starfighter. Mon Calamari are a playable species in Star Wars: Galaxies.
Mustafarian
Mustafarians are the native inhabitants of Mustafar. The have leathery skin with a cloak and a trunk. Not much else is known about this species as they live in seclusion. They are believed to be sentient and are able to withstand extreme temperatures.
Munn
A thin, tall species from Munnilist, Munns have pasty-white skin. Their bodies were elongated and thin, with equally elongated and thin heads. Munns do not like travelling, and they usually stay indoors. Munns controlled InterGalactic Banking Clan. During the Clone Wars, Munns helped the Separatists and minted new coins for planets leaving the Republic. The appearance of the Munns also inspired the IG battle droids.
Mynyrsh
d alien species indigenous to the planet Wayland.
Nagai
The Nagai are aliens with pale skin, jet-black hair and angular features, they lived on the planet Nagi, beyond the borders of the Old Republic and the Empire. They were originally known as "Knives". They were natural enemies of the Tof, usually waging wars against them.
Nautolan
Kit Fisto, a NautolanNautol
ans are amphibious humanoids with mottled green skin, a cartilage-rein
forced skeleton, and shark-like eyes. Instead of hair, a Nautolan sports a crown of long green tendrils (used to discern the feelings and moods of those around them, these appendages are almost useless out of water).
Their homeworld is Glee Anselm, a planet of vast swamps, lakes, and seas located in the Mid Rim.
Nautolans reflect the moods of those around them. When confronted by anger and violence, they respond in kind. When approached in a calm, civilized manner, they seem helpful and polite.
Jedi Master Kit Fisto was a Nautolan.
Neimoidian
Neimoidians are the most visible villains of the film The Phantom Menace. According to the Expanded Universe, Neimodians are descendants of Duros colonists that landed on Neimoidia in the year of the Republic inception. At some point in their development, the Neimoidians learned to domesticate giant beetles, and they have been getting others to do physical labor for them ever since. By the time of The Phantom Menace, the Neimoidians control the galaxy's largest commercial corporation and are at the head of the powerful Trade Federation.
Neimoidians are born as grubs and placed in communal hives until the age of seven. Inadequate food is fed to young Neimoidians in order to encourage acquisitivenes
s. Those who hoard enough food survive while those who do not hoard die. Even as adults, Neimoidians tend to be greedy, possessive, and fearful of death. Eventually the grubs learn that to survive, they must kill each other; therefore out of the many grubs that are born, very few survive.
Neimoidians have been stereotyped by other races in the galaxy as corrupt, particularly after the Battle of Naboo. They are certainly willing to resort to extortion, lies and manipulation, but their success also lies in exceptional organizing abilities. Training in organization revolves around Neimoidia's mass hives and huge fungus farms. Neimoidian young are placed in a community hive where they are forced to combat their siblings for food and other necessities. The weak die, since the strong hoard food and resources. This is said to be the source of their characteristic greed and corrupt nature. The Neimoidians do not view themselves as wicked, but rather focused on being the best they can be in their society. The Trade Federation army is employed only when "future customers" do not realize their "best interest" in trading with Neimoidians, on Neimoidian terms.
Neimoidian culture is extremely hierarchical. Although, the monarch of the Neimoidians is never seen in the films, every Neimoidian ship carries a hologram of her. Amongst the seen Neimoidians, clothing denotes status:
Lott Dod wears a tall diplomatic ploov and a purple representative
's mantle over a very expensive robe of Tyrian violet cloth.
Nute Gunray, Commanding Viceroy of the Federation army, wears a showy crested tiara and blue viceroy's collar.
Rune Haako, legal counsel to Nute, wears an attorney's cowl.
Daultay Dofine, captain of the flagship vessel for the Naboo invasion, wears a tall command officer's miter.
An unnamed Neimoidian wears a lavender collar identifying him as a financial officer.
The most exalted Neimoidians rank a walking mechno-chair. Neither comfortable nor practical, mechno-chairs are very expensive beetle-like seats which can carry a lazy Neimoidian or project hologram transmissions. Neimoidians also employ a number of prestigious protocol droids, including the brilliantly silver TC-14. TC-14 is kept docile through frequent memory wipes and is employed to distract guests while the Neimoidians devise manipulation strategies.
In contrast to the rare and showy technology of the Neimoidian elite, the battle forces of the Neimoidians are mechanically advanced, but cheaply mass-produced. An emphasis is placed on massive, intimidating numbers of mindless battle droids controlled through a central computer. This unquestioning reliance on a central control is what will ultimately spell failure for the mechanized army. It is rumored that the characteristic battle droid body was modled after the shrivled and decayed corpses of the Neimoidian race, making them a true apparition of death Though it is revealed in Episode II, that their form more closely resembles that of vaguely insectine natives of Geonosis where they are mass produced.
Nelvaanian
Nelvaanians are a race of blue-furred, canine-muzzled humanoids introduced in Season 3 of the animated series Star Wars: Clone Wars. They live on the planet Nelvaan on the Outer Rim. All of their warrior braves were captured by Techno-Union scientists and were physically and mentally mutated, in order to try and create perfect cyborg soldiers for the CIS. During the Liberation of Nelvaan, Anakin Skywalker, who was referred to by the race as "Holt Kezed" ("Ghost Hand" in their language), would free them as he destroyed the Separatist base. Following this, Anakin killed all Techno-Union scientists there and managed to bring the mutated Nelvaanians back to their tribe.
Neti
The Neti were a race of tree like beings from Myrkr. Jedi Master Ood Bnar was a Neti.
Nikto
When the planet Kintan suffered some changes because of the explosion of a nearby star, evolution on the planet created five sub-branches of the same species, the Niktos: Kajain'sa'nikt
os (Red Niktos, from the desert); Kadas'sa'nikto
s (Green Niktos, from the woods); Esral'sa'nikto
s (Mountain Niktos); Gluss'sa'Nikto
s (Pale Niktos, from the coast); M'shento'su'ni
kto (Southern Niktos)
When the Hutts were waging a war against Xim the Despot, they looked for help on some planets. Hutts asked Niktos to become part of their army. Niktos thought it was some kind of sacred war and they signed a treaty so that Niktos will be slaves of the Hutts forever. After defeating Xim, Niktos still serve the Hutts. There are many Niktos serving Jabba the Hutt in the movie Return of the Jedi.
The name Nikto comes from sci-fi famous quote, "Klaatu barada nikto." An example of a Nikto Jedi is Fi-Ek Sirch who fought and died at the Battle of Geonosis. Sartochi Ramora was another Nitko Jedi who fought at the battle of Geonosis. He is also one of the few Jedi that have fallen to the Dark Side. One of the Niktos in Jabba's court was named Klaatu. See also Klatoonian and The Day the Earth Stood Still.
Noghri
Noghri are primitive humanoid species. They have steely gray skin, and are extremely skilled assassins due to their innate abilities at stealth and hand-to-hand combat. They are much like the Wookiee species culturally, in that they respect honor above all else.
They are natives of the planet Honoghr, which was ravaged by toxins from a Trade Federation core ship destroyed in a battle during the Clone Wars. Darth Vader visited the planet some time later under the guise of helping it recover from the ecological disaster, in return for most of the young males of the planet entering a bond of servitude as the personal assassins of Emperor Palpatine.
The Noghri remained in service to the Galactic Empire after the death of Palpatine. About five years after the death of the Emperor, Grand Admiral Thrawn ordered the Noghri to kidnap the pregnant Leia Organa Solo. Realizing that neither she nor her children would be truly safe as long as the Noghri served the Empire, she went to Honoghr in order to convince the Noghri to leave the Empire's service. She was able to use the fact that she was the daughter of Darth Vader to convince the Noghri that the Empire had been lying to them and kept them in virtual slavery for many years. As a result, the Noghri turned against the Empire. Grand Admiral Thrawn died when his Noghri bodyguard Rukh turned on him and stabbed him.
Following the death of Thrawn, the Noghri came into the service of the New Republic. They helped resettle the Noghri to other planets (including Wayland) to give Honoghr time to heal. Leia and her entire family became very highly respected figures in Noghri society. The Nogrhi saved the Solo family from a Yuuzhan Vong strike force.
The Noghri appear extensively in the Thrawn trilogy of novels, written by Timothy Zahn.
Omwati
Although the Omwati are not a branch of humanity, the differences are extremely small. The Omwati skin is a bluish color and their eyes are generally blue or black. The size of an adult Omwati borders that of a human, although their morphology is typically slightly frailer with regard to females. There are very few Omwati with a stout physiology. Their most striking characteristic is their "hair" which appears to be made of small, diaphanous feathers of an iridescent color. Omwati do not have any other hair.
Qui Xux is perhaps the best-known member of the Omwati species. She was a researcher at the Imperial Maw Installation and a principle designer of the Death Star. The Rogue Jedi Kyp Durron ripped her memories of both this technology and her past from her mind.
Ongree
The Ongree are a bizarre looking species from the Skustell Cluster. The Jedi Pablo-Jill was an Ongree.
Ortolan
OrtolansThe Ortolans are a race of blue-skinned creatures with long snouts, not all that different from a small elephant. One example is Max Rebo, head of The Max Rebo Band, contracted to play in Jabba the Hutt's Tatooine palace. Possessing a love of food and music, these small aliens are also adept at surviving the frigid temperatures of their homeworld Orto.
Oswaft
Large manta-ray like creatures that were encountered by Lando Calrissian during his early adventures in the Outer Rim. They live in a nebula called ThonBoka where they are nourished by nutrients from their sun. They live in the vacuum of space and have the unusual ability to travel through hyperspace for short distances. If an Oswaft is deprived of nutrients from a star for too long it will turn transparent and die.
P-T
Pa'lowick
The Pa'lowick are native to the swampy world of Lowick. They have bulbous bodies supported by long, reed-thin legs. A Pa'lowick's eyes are on short stalks that jut from their heads, their mouths are located at the end of a long, thin probiscus. Lowick is not a technologicall
y advanced world, and most Pa'lowick do not leave. Other species travel to Lowick to mine the rare, and beautiful Lowickian firegems. A notable Pa'lowick is Sy Snootles, the singer of the Max Rebo Band.
Paaerduag
In Galactic Basic, the Paaerduag are two symbiotic races that are joined as one. However, two voices create the actual name of their race, and four ears hear the true sound of it. The larger, more mobile, aspect of the Paaerduag looks like a humanoid, with long, slender arms and legs, and a head about as broad as its body, however, its voice is unheard by human ears. The smaller aspect of the Paaerduag rides upon the larger in a backpack, of sorts, facing to the rear, and looks remotely like a humanoid with a slender, almost dog-like face, and two sets of eyes. It is capable of being heard and understood. Instead of referring to itself as "I" or "me", it uses the term "we", instead.
Their home is called, in Galactic Basic, Sorjus, a small and unimportant world far off the Perlemian trade route, and has an apparently rather temperate climate (as noted from Mic'Tunan'Jus'
s complaints about Tattooine's climate being far too dry, and the dust is rough on their hide).
They begin life as individuals, however, at the age of choosing, they become bonded to their other half, and grow together as a single, complete being, sharing their brains, vision, hearing, and speech.
There are two Paaerduag in Knights of the Old Republic 1: one in Javyar's Cantina on Taris, the other is a merchant in the docking area of Tattooine.
Pau'an
The Pau'an are one of two species native to the sinkhole world of Utapau in the movie Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith. Pau'ans are gaunt humanoids who reside in cities lining the sinkhole walls. Pau'ans coexist on Utapau with the stocky Utai. The average Pau'an stands taller than a Human, with a bald head striped with lined grey skin. They wear elaborate clothes intended to heighten their impressive stature. These beings appear frightening to some, with large, sunken black eyes and jagged, fang-like teeth used for tearing into raw meat. In fact, most Pau'ans are friendly, and are happy to welcome guests to their often-overlook
ed world.
The Pau'ans once resided on the scrub-covered surface of Utapau, while the Utai made their homes in the planet's sinkholes. However, a climate change forced the Pau'ans underground, into the sinkholes. Over time, the two societies merged together to live in a mutually beneficial civilization. Pau'ans represent only about thirty percent of the population on Utapau, though as the administrators and bureaucrats of the sinkhole cities, their influence makes up for their lack of numbers.
Pau'an society is a blend of a variety of styles and cultures, borne from the ancient merge with the Utai. Built into the sinkhole walls, Pau'an settlements such as the Pau City spaceport are divided into different areas, each a mix of architectural styles and other-worldly design. Pau'ans have developed an industrial society, despite their seemingly primitive, troglodyte image, though it is the Utai who carry out labour work on Utapau.
Sadly, the Pau'an culture was disturbed during the Clone Wars by the Confederacy of Independent Systems. The Utapauns attempted to remain neutral in the conflict, though Administrator Tion Medon was forced to host General Grievous and his allies on Utapau, turning the planet into a Separatist safehouse. With the arrival of Obi-Wan Kenobi, many Pau'ans fought back against the droid forces, though Utapau was subjugated once more with the formation of the Galactic Empire.
Phlog
The Phlogs are peaceful giants living on planet Genesia.
Polis Massans
Polis Massans are humanoid aliens native to the asteroid colony of Polis Massa. These thin, mute beings lead mining expeditions and medical research on the remote settlement. The aliens known as Polis Massans are not true natives of Polis Massa, having originally evolved on a world in the Subterrel sector. When a natural cataclysm fractured the world later known as Polis Massa, these beings began mining the largest of the resulting asteroids for artifacts from the planet's extinct former civilization. These archeological digs were in progress for so long that the mining supervisors came to be known as Polis Massans, having adopted the planetoid as their new homeworld.
The average Polis Massan is a short, thin being with a flat, pale face and grey hands each with four long, dexterous fingers. Mute, Polis Massans use sign language and control devices to make their intentions known. To make up for their lack of speech, Polis Massans have mildly telepathic brains and deep-focus eyes, useful for work deep underground. These beings have osmotic membrane faces and growth-rings circling their wiry bodies. Many Polis Massans are miners, medics or exobiologists, and wear form-fitting bodysuits fitted with all manner of signaling devices, medical equipment and utility pouches.
The majority of Polis Massan miners are seasoned spelunkers, and dig deep into the core of the asteroid to locate prize artifacts. The alien exobiologists, having learned the secrets of cloning from the Kaminoans they partly resemble, analyze these artifacts for organic tissue suitable for cloning. The Polis Massans set up a medical facility on the asteroid to investigate their finds. Though they have little contact with humans, Polis Massans are known for their extraordinary medical skills, and are regarded as compassionate beings who understand the value of life.
Polis Massan medics and technicians helped to deliver the Skywalker twins when Padmé Amidala was rushed to the asteroid facility in a critical condition. Only two members of the team were trained physicians, the rest being exobiologists who, due to Padmé's condition, had no time to even change out of their caving jumpsuits to treat her. Though the twins were delivered with the help of a midwife droid, the Polis Massans could not mend Padmé's broken heart, and she died inside the medical centre.
Priapulin
The Priapulin are a caterpillar-lo
oking species from the planet Pria. They need to be in water almost all the time and can see in all directions at all times. One Priapulin is Charza Kwinn.
Psadan
One of the indigenous races of the planet Wayland. This race appeared in the last novel of the Thrawn trilogy by Timothy Zahn. In The Last Command, they are one of the races that the cloned and insane Jedi master Joruus C'Baoth kept under his rule at the foot of Mount Tantiss.
P'w'eck
The P'w'ecks are a warm-blooded, dinosaur-like species similar in appearance to the Ssi-Ruuk but with lower intelligence, smaller size, short tails and drooping eyes. The Ssi-Ruuk have dominated the P'w'ecks for thousands of years, enslaving and controlling their lives. They are used as slaves, guards and beasts of burden and perform the lowest jobs in Ssi-Ruuvi society.
Notable P'w'ecks include Lwothin, a leader of the P'w'eck Emancipation Movement.
Quarren
Quarrens or Qarrens are a species of aquatic humanoids that share the planet of Mon Calamari with another sentient aquatic species, the Mon Calamari, from which the planet is named. They are more introverted than their neighbors, preferring the deep water to the surface and rarely inviting guests to their domain. They resemble humanoids with squid like heads.
During the Clone Wars, the Quarren Isolation League attempted to isolate Mon Calamari from the rest of the galaxy. They were eventually defeated during the Battle of Mon Calamari where Clone SCUBA troopers under the command of Kit Fisto defeated them and their Separatist allies. Notable Quarren include Tessek, who escaped Mon Calamari to work for Jabba the Hutt on Tatooine and Darth Maleval who served with the 407th on the planet Borosk.
For some reason, they were common leaders in the Exchange during the Old Republic.
Quermian
As race of sentient invertebrates, related to the Xexto of Troiken, the Quermian are a species native to the planet Quermia. They have two brains (one in the head and another in the chest cavity), a long thin neck, six spindly limbs. Their sensitive olfactory glands are located in their hands and they are born with a natural talent in telepathy and mind control. Among the more noticeable of this species would be Jedi Master Yarael Poof. He served on one of the last Jedi High Councils and was present when Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn presented Anakin Skywalker to the Jedi Council for training.
Raddan
Raddans are a species of humanoids with lion-like facial features.
Rancor
Rancors are among the most fearsome creatures in the galaxy. Huge (5 to 10 meters tall), strong and voracious, they have few natural predators and are extraordinaril
y difficult to kill. Rancors are protected by a thick hide that has proven to be resistant to blasters and many other weapons. Rancors have rudimentary intelligence and can even be trained to recognize a master, but they are rarely domesticated. Their homeworld is thought to be Dathomir but the creatures are also found in the Ottethan system. It has arms with immense claws and sharp fangs. Rancors are bipedal creatures with extremely long arms and an appetite for raw flesh. The rancors on Dathomir have proven stronger and more intelligent then their cousins. The Dathomir Rancor can, in fact, be tamed and used as a mount, although only the Witches of Dathomir have proven successful in this endeavor.
Jabba the Hutt housed an untamed rancor beneath his throne room, where many of Jabba's enemies met their deaths. The towering monster was killed by Luke Skywalker in Return of the Jedi when the Jedi was forced into the beast's lair.
In Knights of the Old Republic, several rancors ended up on Rakata Prime as a result of them being on a transport brought down by a dampening field. The Rakata led by "the One" tamed young rancors and used them as "war beasts" against the Rakatan priest cast. Young rancors are much easier to kill than their adult counterparts.
Rakata
The Rakata are an amphibian-huma
noid species, who ruled an Infinite Empire of 500 worlds, several thousand years before the formation of the Republic. This race went into decline due to the combination of a civil war and genetic plague.
Ranat
Ranat are a species of humanoids with a rat-like appearance. A song from the Max Reebo Band is dedicated to them known as "Kick That Ranat".
Rashap
Referenced only briefly, the Rashap seem to be a common scapegoat for the galaxy's most basic worries. They are blamed for any unsolved theft, murder, rape, or other brutal crime. They are depicted as greasy hunched-over humanoids with constant fidgets and a petty, thrifty nature. Their home world is not metioned, but it is implied that they travel from planet to planet, "polluting different races with their black seed."
Rishii
The Rishii are an avian species from the planet Rishii. They had human-like hands at the ends of their wings. They flew at great speeds from cliffs to catch rodents in their talons. Like most avians, the Rishii lived in nests built on cliffs. The Rishii were a kind species, but had an ablility to mimic other languages, which, at times, was a little annoying to the people they were mimicking.
Rodian
Rodians are a race of green, antenna-sporti
ng, bug-eyed humanoids from the planet Rodia. The Rodians are born hunters; they killed most of the wildlife and grew restless with the lack of creatures and began to hunt each other in gladiatorial combat, until the Republic found them. Many continued to hunt as bounty hunters; the most notable specimen was Greedo, the bounty hunter shot by Han Solo in the Mos Eisley cantina in the original Star Wars movie (A New Hope). A young Rodian named Wald (played by Warwick Davis), a friend of Anakin Skywalker, appears in The Phantom Menace. In Attack of the Clones, Rodians are represented by Senator Onaconda Farr, and Palpatine's aide Dar Warc. Rodians are one of the species playable in Star Wars: Galaxies.
The Hutt colonization of Rodia brought changes to the Rodian race. Old Rodian slowly ceased to be a written and spoken language. Huttese was adopted as the official language and soon came to be spoken by the Rodians.
Some Rodians are enlisted in the public service of the Hutts and tend to fare better than others of their race. Any association with the Hutts often brings great rewards but sometimes can bring heavy consequences.
The systems of Varl and Rodia were represented in the Senate by Rodians.
Jaden Korr in Star Wars Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy could have been created as a Rodian.
Ryn
Ryn are a humanoid race. Their bodies are covered in fur that primarily grows in a short fuzz all around, with the exception of their human-like hair and the human-like mustaches on the men. They also have prehensile tails, excellent for grasping things. The Ryn are something of the Gypsies of Star Wars, and are clearly based on them. They are nomadic, with no knowledge of their original homeworld, and are either hated, ignored, or quietly despised in every corner of the Galaxy, notably such areas as the Corporate Sector, are fond of dance, song, and the enjoyment of life. A peculiar habit of theirs is that a Ryn cannot sleep in the same location twice.
They apparently once had an impressive warrior tradition on their homeworld, but that was, save for their tendency to fight tenaciously, apparently lost, although Sabacc, the popular card game that took the place of Pazaak in terms of card game prominence, is derived from their use of it as a fortune telling tool in their auguries. These auguries are today favored by Hutts, who have a superstitious belief in the card tellings (that may not be entirely unjustified when the Force comes into play.)
A Ryn named Droma aided Han Solo during the Yuuzhan Vong crisis and was aided in turn.
Saffa
The Saffa's main contribution is an important art form, the Saffa paintings, which were created after the Saffa made contact with the Thennqora. One of the few mentions of these paintings is in the book Heir to the Empire, where it is seen being projected around Grand Admiral Thrawn's chair and is mentioned when Thrawn asks Admiral Pellaeon what he knows about art and then precedes to give him a quick lesson about the importance of art in understanding a species. The Saffa form painting reached its height approximately 1550-2200 years ago.
Sanyassan
The Sanyassan Marauders were a savage group of reptilian humanoids with gray-green skin originally from the planet Sanyassa that crash landed sometime in the past on the forest moon of Endor. They featured in the movie Ewoks: The Battle for Endor. Led by their brutal leader King Terak, they were always searching for a way to get off Endor. However, their ship was beyond repair since they had destroyed it long ago. Terak thought that a mystical Power would make them rulers of the Galaxy. During a raid on Bright Tree Village, Wicket W. Warrick's hometown, they captured many Ewoks including Wicket. They also captured Cindel Towani and killed the rest of her family.
Wicket and Cindel escaped from the marauders' fearsome prison cart and found their way to the home of Noa Briqualon. Eventually the Marauders were defeated and their king killed.
They're also featured in the MMOG Star Wars Galaxies.
Saurin
Saurin are a priestal species, one of the two inhabitant races of the planet Bimmiel.
Selkath
Selkath are the native species of the planet Manaan. An aquatic species, they are very good swimmers and have the ability to breathe out of water. They resemble anthropomorphi
c catfish and have aqua-colored skin. In ancient times, their ancestors were slaves to the Rakata. Their planet has only one city above land, the capital, Ahto City, and it is the position of the Selkath to remain neutral in times intergalactic conflict. Their laws are very harsh, and it is common for violence or attempts to compromise Manaan's neutrality to be punished by death. But some believed if the Sith won the Jedi Civil War, they would conquer Manaan. So, they made a secret agreement with the Republic to build a facility right at the kolto source.
All members of the Selkath race have venom-tipped, retractable claws. Similar to the Wookiees, the use of these claws in any form of combat is considered dishonorable and a sign of madness. A large, female Firaxan Shark, known as the Progenitor, is seen as either a deity, or even an early evolutionary step in the Selkath chain. This belief is similar to that of a mother Earth goddess, or mother "ocean" goddess in this case. After the events in Knights of the Old Republic, a Force tradition known as the Order of Shasa arose among the Selkath.
The population of the Selkath has always been low, even in times of prosperity, but there was a greater proportion of Force-sensitiv
es compared to other species. The members of the Order act as seers, advisors, and elite military leaders in times of war. Their main weapon is a fira, a curved sword, similar to a scimitar, constructed of Cortosis and as part of initiation in the Order of Shasa. Some time after the Battle of the Star Forge, the source of Kolto dried up for reasons unknown and foreign groups abandoned Ahto City and the Selkath. As such, the Selkath gradually reverted to primitive ways, and abandoned Ahto City. When the Empire returned centuries later, Ahto City was revived, but the Selkath were enslaved. As in many other examples of racism, the Empire polluted the oceans of Manaan and wrecked the environment. Darth Vader himself came to the planet, and soon started a quiet, but bloody, revolt of the Selkath against the Empire. However, he told several Force-sensitiv
e Selkath warriors and Shasan Adepts of when and where to strike the Imperial Stormtrooper patrols. It is currently unknown whether the Empire put down this revolt, left the planet, or even didn't care.
Selonian
A furred, burrowing species from the Corellian System, Selonians resemble giant weasels or otters in appearance. Most Selonians are infertile females; one in every 100 is a male, and 5 in 100 are fertile females. Selonians live in clans, always headed by a female. Although they do possess advanced technology, they usually stay on-planet.
Sharu
A believed-extin
ct species, the Sharu were once considered quite advanced. Several years before the destruction of the Death Star, it was revealed they weren't extinct at all, but hiding as the Toka.
Shawda Ubb
Shawda Ubb is a fictional race of aliens in the science fiction saga Star Wars. They are native to the swamp planet Manpha. Shawda Ubb are short and amphibian-like
. The character Rappertunie from Return of the Jedi is a member of this race.
Shi'ido
A very human-like species of aliens sometimes confused with Clawdites because of their ability to change form. The only known Shi'ido in the Expanded Universe series though is Hoole Mammon in the Galaxy of Fear series, who is the mysterious uncle of Tash and Zak Arranda (both of which are Humans) after the destruction of Alderaan as well as the Imperial Scientist Borborygmus Gog whom they spend a great deal of time running into during the series.
Shistavanen
Colloquially nicknamed "wolfmen," the Shistavanen appear just that way. Their homeworld is Uvena Prime, one of many habitable planets in the Uvena system. Their bodies are covered in dark hair and they have intimidating, glowing red eyes and sharp fangs. They have very well developed senses, making them extremely good hunters. Like the Wookiees, the Shistavanen are naturally well-suited to work as scouts, but unlike the Wookiees, are more commonly employed by the Empire. Shistavenens are a very xenophobic race who do not like outsiders interfering with their business. Most Shistavanens are aggressive to other races but some are less xenophobic and more sociable, although they are a minority. The race has not been much developed even in the Expanded Universe, an exception being Rogue Squadron's Riv Shiel, but one is visible in the Mos Eisley cantina in A New Hope. This one, Lak Sivrak, was also at one stage a member of the Rebel Alliance, eventually dying when his X-Wing crashlanded on the Forest Moon of Endor. His story is told in "Tales From the Mos Eisley Cantina" as "One Last Night in the Mos Eisley Cantina", co-authored by Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens
. Jedi Master Voolvif Monn is an example of this species.
Sith
Long extinct, the Sith was the native species of the planet Ziost. They had red skin and some had tentacle 'beards', and had a natural talent for mastering the Force. Naturally cruel and manipulative, the Sith spread throughout the outer rim in the early days of the Old Republic, eventually centering their empire on Korriban. Some time after the Great Schism several refugee Dark Jedi settled on the planet. Amazing the Sith with their mastery of the Force, the fallen Jedi soon elevated themselves to god-like status, becoming the rulers of the Sith. As the centuries passed, interbreeding occurred between the human Dark Jedi and the Sith, creating a half-species with an enormous talent for manipulating the Force. This species, which were also called Sith, had red skin like the original Sith. A prominent member of this half-species was the Sith Lord Marka Ragnos. The half-Sith species is also considered extinct.
The name 'Sith' was adopted by their Dark Jedi rulers, and has later been used by numerous fallen Jedi organizations.
A good example of a Sith race would be Darth Maul from Episode 1.
Skakoan
The atmosphere in Skako is extremely dense, so Skakoans evolved to survive under great pressures. When a Skakoan leaves Skako, he/she decompresses and dies in any low-pressure environment. Thus, they wear special protective suits. Very few non-Skakoans have seen a Skakoan without the suit. The Skakoans were relatively unknown in the galaxy, except for their control of the Techno Union, an important union of engineers and scientists.
Snivvian
Coming from Cadomai, Snivvians are short humanoids with protruding jaws and short fangs, sometimes called Snaggletooths. Because they come from a cold world, they have thick skin instead of fur. They are excellent scouts and trackers, and also obsessive artists. Frequently, a Snivvian author will research his or her characters to an extreme level, sometimes with great risk. When two twin males are born, one of them is always a psychotic genius, so they try to control their genetics.
They are a race similar in feature to Trandoshans and considered a sociopathic species.
Squib
A species from Skor II, Squibs are known for collecting knickknacks and for their love of trading/haggli
ng. These fox-like creatures stand about a meter tall, with large, doe-like eyes and short fur ranging from red to blue in color. The Squibs evolved on Skor II, a world blessed with nearly limitless resources. These resources, however, were widely distributed across the planet. Consequently, the Squibs developed a sophisticated system of barter and trade as different Squib tribes exchanged goods with one another. Another interesting evolutionary trait is the Squib fur, which acts as a taste and smell receptor, enabling a Squib to examine an object by touching it and rubbing it against his or her fur. Squibs are generally confident, gregarious, and annoyingly curious. They tend to run into a situation to examine virtually anything without any regard to possible danger to themselves. Their fast-paced metabolisms make them a bundle of energy, and they are often regarded as flighty by other beings.
Sullustan
A Sullustan pilot, Ten Nunb.A Sullustan is a native of the Sullust system. They are short, mouse-eared humanoids with large eyes and mouth-folds, known primarily as merchants and engineers.
The Sullustans live in vast caves on the planet Sullust. Most Sullustans work for the Sorusuub Corporation. The majority of those that have found their way offworld work as starship crew. They have a reputation for excellence and intuition for piloting, which has mostly been earned through simple hard work, although as a race they possess perfect direction sense and memory thanks to spending their lives inside the pitch black caves and tunnels that run through Sullust. This allows them to remember any paths they have travelled, or maps they have seen, making them excellent navigators.
Tarentians
Tarento is the home planet of the Tarentians, a humanoid race. The only physiological difference between the Tarentains and other humanoids is their ability to hold their breath for extended periods of time while still performing almost any activity. The Tarentians rule their planet by a Democratic monarchy. The planet of Tarento's surface is mainly covered in water, with the exceptions of three islands, the largest of which houses a government-con
trolled military research facility. The Tarentians are known for their extrodinary talents in the area of technological design which is immense compared to most other races'. The research facility experimented with cloning; however, they never reached the level of the proficiency that the Kaminoans possessed. Most Tarentians live in large underwater domed cities. The most well known Tarentian was the great Jedi Master Uh-Ku Ozier, a professor of knowledge at the Jedi Academy on Ossus before its destruction.
Talz
The Talz are a furry race with two distinct sets of eyes: one for day vision, and one for night vision. They are generally peaceful and pacifistic creatures, but were forced into slave labor by the Empire.Foul Moudama was a Talz Jedi Master who died protecting Chancellor Palpatine from General Grievous.
Tchuukthai
The Tchuukthai, also called Wharls, are quadrupedal predators from an undiscovered planet. They are sentient, but most people in the galaxy consider them to be mere legendary beasts.The secretive Tchuukthai do nothing to discourage this belief; if anything, they enhance it with their displays of ferocity. The Tchuukthai are unable to speak Basic, and very few are ever seen off their home planet. Jedi Master Thon was a Tchuukthai.
Teek
Teeks are rodentlike, simian creatures that live in the forest moon of Endor. They were first mentioned in The Illustrated Star Wars Universe book and one appeared in the movie Ewoks: The Battle for Endor. They have a reputation of scavenging and stealing from animal nests and Ewok dwellings.
Teeks have long, pointed ears, scruffy white fur, and beady black eyes. They communicate by constant chattering. They wear clothes with many belts, pouches and pockets for the things they have managed to steal.
Teevan
Teevans are a flexible species. One famous Teevan was Tru Veld.
Thakwaash
An equine-humanoi
d species, the Thakwaash reside on the world of Thakwaa.
The entire Thakwaash race is afflicted with a form of dissociative identity disorder Each member possesses multiple 'minds'; each of these minds (and associated personalities) controlling a different skill or talent.
The most notable member of the Thakwaash race is Wraith Squadron pilot Hohass "Runt" Ekwesh.
Theelin
Theelin are a fictional race from the Star Wars saga. They are a near-human race and individual members have different skin and hair colors. Rystáll is a Theelin.
Thennqora
This species influenced Saffa paintings after their initial contact several millennia ago.
Thisspiasian
Thisspiasians are a sentient serpentine species from the planet Thisspias. Master Oppo Rancisis, who sat on the Jedi Council during the Clone Wars, is the only example of a character of this species in the films.
Thrella
An extinct species from Mimban, mentioned in the novel Splinter of the Mind's Eye. They were the builders of the Temple of Pomojema.
t'landa Til
A race of quadrapedal aliens capable of manipulating human senses to create feelings of joy and contentment that are often addictive, related to the Hutt species.
Tof
Green-skinned humanoids from planet Tof, beyond the Galactic Rim, they are considered to be devoid of morals, compassion, or patience. They were ruled by monarchs, who usually possessed military experience. They are natural enemies of the Nagai and both species are usually at war.
Togorian
Togorians are the felinoid inhabitants of Togoria. Most of them over two metres tall, the beings are covered with fur and have long slender muscles. They are described in A. C. Crispin's The Paradise Snare as very tall panther-like creatures. A Togorian male spends most of his time hunting, in pursuit of prey, they are known to use reptilian mosgoths as mounts. Once a year, male Togorians return to their city homes to mate. Female Togorians are famed for their technological proficiency. Male Togorians are often employed as pirates or bounty hunters due to their great size and power. Male Togorians will occasionally scatter crystal fragments in their thick fur, to dazzle their opponents.
Notable Togorians include Frrash, Muuurgh and Mrrov. Muurgh met Han Solo while searching for his lost love among spice traders of Ylesia. At least one of the Vigos of the Black Sun criminal organization, killed by Darth Maul, was Togorian.
Togruta
The Togruta are species from the planet Shili. They are a humanoid race distinguished by their three lekku (similar to those of Twi'leks, and more commonly called 'head tails'), which are striped to help them blend in with their natural surroundings. Togruta possess a form of passive echolocation by means of their hollow montrals, which allows them to sense space and the proximity and movement of physical objects around them. Togruta work well in large groups, and individualism is seen as abnormal within their culture. Shaak Ti is a togrutan. The "toqurta" are known to be the barbaric pirates of the galaxy.
Toydarian
Toydaria is a swampy world in Hutt Space. Toydarians are short, blue-skinned mammals, with fat bodies and snouts. Their stomachs are full of helium so that they can fly when flapping their smallish wings. They have stubbly trunks on their faces that rest above their short tusks. A Toydarian's thin legs end in webbed feet and the males of the species usually show sparse whiskers. They are immune to most mind tricks caused by The Force. Watto, a slaver who owned Anakin Skywalker, is a Toydarian, as is Reti, a starfighter pilot in the Starfighter series of games. Air traffic is strictly regulated on Toydaria as the Toydarians all fly around the planet and rarely use vehicles. There are trains on the planet for other travellers
Trandoshan
A Trandoshan from Star Wars Galaxies.Trand
oshan are large, reptilian humanoids from the planet Trandosha (or Dosha), they have supersensitive eyes that can see into the infrared range and the ability to regenerate lost limbs. They also shed their skin. The Trandoshans are a warlike species who allied early with the Empire and the Confederacy during the Clone Wars, taking Wookiees as slaves. They are the natural enemies of Wookies, and both Wookies and Trandoshans keep each other's skin pelts as prizes
Trandoshan religion consists mainly of trying to score enough Jagannath points (The name appears to derive from Jagannath, a deity from Vaishnavism) earned through bounty-hunting or slavery-based kills, to appease the main goddess, or Scorekeeper. Thus, many Trandoshans are bounty hunters or slavers, operating both inside and outside the boundaries of the law. They take particular pleasure in skinning Wookiees for their pelts.
A notable Trandoshan is Bossk, who had a cameo role in the movies and is a longtime enemy of both Han Solo and Chewbacca the Wookiee, but the most famous Trandoshan in the Star Wars saga has to be Cantock, a great bounty hunter. A member of the Trandoshan species has appeared in all of the original Star Wars trilogy.
Trianii
An advanced, adventurous feline species, the Trianii inhabit the outermost portion of the Corporate Sector Authority.In many ways they are similar to the Togorians, Cathar, and Catuman Warriors. Unlike these other feline species, however, Trianii have prehensile tails and their more agile figures are perfect for leaping, jumping, and acrobatics. Like most feline species Trianii have excellent balance and eye sight. Their sleek fur comes in a wide range of colors and patterns. Trian, the Trianii homeplanet, and its six colony worlds were the target of an attempted annexation by the Corporate Sector Authority. This annexation was repelled by the Trianii and their renowned Rangers and the Trianii remained independent and unhindered throughout the rise and fall of the Empire.
Tusken Raider
Normally referred to as Sandpeople, these nomadic desert inhabitants on Tatooine roam the Jundland Wastes, where they are often called Tusken Raiders because of their notable attack against the human settlement at Fort Tusken. The Sand People have had a deep hatred for other species. They dress in heavy cloth robes, and have covered their heads with strips of cloth to hold a breath mask and eye protection on.
They have learned how to train the banthas (whom they consider to be holy) native to Tatooine as mounts, and a marauding group of Tuskens will ride them single file, to hide their numbers. Each raider works with the same bantha for life. When a raider's mount is killed or dies, the raider is left to wander the desert alone. If the bantha's spirit deems it so, the raider will be befriended by another bantha. Otherwise, the raider will die in the sands. On the other hand, if a Tusken is killed or dies, its bantha is turned out into the desert.
Although the Sand People are aggressive and violent by nature, they have deep-seated traditions that they cling to tightly. Young raiders are required to prove their adulthood in various physical activities, the hardest of which is the manhood ritual of hunting down a krayt dragon. While the Sand People have no written language, the most revered member of a Tusken clan is the storyteller. He knows the life-story of every member of his clan, and also knows of the clan's history. The storyteller is required to memorize the histories word-for-word, eliminating any chance for misinterpretat
ion or distortion. Apprentice storytellers often are more hard-pressed to prove themselves than warriors, for a single mistake in reciting the histories means instant death. As violent as their nature is, Sand People stay as far from the moisture farmers as the farmers do them. There are occasional attacks on the more outlying settlements. Sand people Talk in a language that seems like unintelligable shreiks and coughs, there are few robots that do speak their language, but that is exceedingly rare.
A few scientists have claimed the Tuskens have human origins, but the autopsies done on what little dead they leave behind have revealed distinctly engineered eyes and other non-human characteristic
s.
Twi'lek
Main article: Twi'lek
Twi'leks are humanoids easily distinguished by the twin tentacles that grow from their skulls. These prehensile appendages, known as "head-tails", "lekku" or "tchun-tchin," are advanced organs used for communication and cognitive functions. Like humans, Twi'leks vary greatly in appearance and have a wide variety of skin colors ranging from pale white to bright green, blue or red. Twi'leks speak Twi'leki, a language that combines verbal components with subtle head-tail movements. When they wish, they can even communicate in complete secrecy using their versatile head-tails.
Twi'leks are native to mountainous Ryloth in the Outer Rim. Because of Ryloth's strange orbit, half of the world is trapped in perpetual darkness, while the other half remains scorched by the sun. The Twi'leks inhabit a thin band of twilight between these two extremes, living in sprawling catacomb cities just below the planet's surface. They have a relatively primitive industrial civilization, and survive on a diet of raw fungi and cow-like rycrits. Because Ryloth is relatively defenseless, the planet has long been the target of off-world slavers.
Twi'leks adhere to a familial clan government organized around a series of head clans, each consisting of five members who are born into the position. Head clans are responsible for all community decisions, but the position also has a heavy price: When one member of a clan government dies, the remaining four leaders are exiled into Ryloth's uninhabitable Bright Lands, allowing the next generation of clan leaders to assume their rightful place. Religiously, the species worships a single female deity.
Ryloth's harsh environment and turbulent history have forged Twi'leks into tough survivors. Generally nonviolent, they typically use their intelligence and cunning to achieve their goals or resolve conflicts. Noble Twi'leks may seem stoic or even aloof, while less scrupulous members of the species can be considered ruthless and manipulative.
Jedi Knight Aayla Secura and Master Zhar Lestin (Knights of the Old Republic) are Twi'leks. Twi'lek are one of the species playable in Star Wars: Galaxies.
Tyberian
Tyberian is a race of reptilian creatures. They live on the jungle world of Tyberia. They use spacecraft to battle their foes. They are carnivores and hunt other native creatures on their planet. Shortly after the sith war, the Tyberian's planet was discovered by the Republic. Afterwards, they became a pro- republican planet and never thought to betray the Republic. After the Republic was dissolved by the Emperor, pro-Imperial settlers colonized the moon. Imperial industrialists bought their planet out from under them. After the Empire's downfall, the Tyberians did not join any other factions.
U-Z
Ubese
Ubese are humanoid creatures that are primarily called on as mercenaries or bounty hunters. Normally, they are a very aggressive people. The Ubese's home world is unknown, as they tend to be very secretive, associating only within their own circles.
They have a very distinct hatred for Jedi, believing they destroyed their homeworld, thus they train with Cortosis weapons, items that can resist lightsabers, and during the events of Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords, they were employed by an Exchange thug to kill the Jedi Exile. The typical Ubese wears a protective, airtight environment suit, and is armed with usually a double bladed vibro-sword. The armor they wear In Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic is black with a little shine, their faces are not visible due to the helmets they prefer to wear.
Ugnaught
Ugnaughts are a race from the planet Gentes, in the Anoat system. They are humanoid-porci
ne in appearance, standing on average one metre tall, and possessing a lifespan of two hundred years.
Ugnaughts are on the whole a peaceful people, with a rich culture. They have a strong oral tradition, and are ruled by elected councils. Professions are handed down by bloodline; parents are responsible for teaching their children their trade.
Three tribes were recruited to live and work on Bespin's Cloud City by the Corellian Lord Ecclessis Figg, and were kept on by the succeeding administrator Lando Calrissian. When the Empire took over shortly after the Battle of Hoth, many of the Ugnaughts fled, returning after the Empire was ousted.
They are seen in The Empire Strikes Back, as well as in the games Jedi Knight, Jedi Knight II, and Star Wars: Bounty Hunter.
Umbaran
Umbarans reside on the dark world of Umbara deep within the Ghost Nebula. Umbarans have the ability to subtly influence, or control people easily.Sly Moore, Chancellor Palpatine's Staff Aide, is an Umbaran.
Unu
Unu is the name given to the main nest or hive of Killiks, a race of hive mind insectoid creatures. Unu was the hive that took in injured Jedi Raynar Thul after he crash landed on their world. Raynar eventually became UnuThul, leader of the Killiks (name from the hive's name, 'Unu' and Raynar's last name, 'Thul'). Any part of the old Raynar Thul's mind was either destroyed or buried in his own mind. The Unu and Killiks are introduced in The Dark Nest Trilogy by Troy Denning, part of the Star Wars expanded universe.
Utai
The Utai are one of the two races native to the planet Utapau. They have long eyestalks, a short body structure, two toes per foot, three fingers per hand, and brown eyes that are well adapted to dark conditions. The Utai are also known as Shorts, due to both their short stature and brief lives. They are native to the sinkholes of their home planet, being the first to colonize the walls and crevices. They are primarily working class people, responsible for large aquaculture plots and domesticating several creatures for use as transports and beasts of burden.
Utai society exists side-by-side with that of the gaunt Pau'an. They have only been seen in Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith. Where the Pau'ans are tall and thin, their Utai cousins are generally short and chubby. Utai have pale, hairless skin and large, oblong heads. Two glassy black eyes protrude on thick stalks from the Utai's face, which is otherwise unremarkable, aside from a small, puckered mouth. Utai have stubby, four-fingered hands and are capable workers and mechanics. An age ago, the Utai were the sole inhabitants of Utapau's plummeting sinkholes, living in dwellings nestled among the crevices of the rocky walls. A planetary climate change forced Utapau's other primary species, the Pau'ans, to migrate underground. The two species formed a mutually beneficial society, merging their disparate civilizations and generally living in peace. A natural hierarchy formed, with the Pau'ans well placed as the rulers and politicians of the Utapaun cities, while the more hands-on Utai served as labourers and workers. Utai also serve as the keepers of the varactyl - super-fast lizard beasts used as mounts on Utapau - and over the years have learned how to tame the creatures. The Utai were competely CG in the movie.
Utapaun
The native inhabitants of Utapau can be divided into two distinct species.
The taller, more highly evolved Pau'ans have deeply lined, ash-colored faces, gaunt builds, and wear thick, tightly fitting clothes. The smaller Utai make up the working class. They have rounded faces with distended eyes, and have a short, stocky build.
See each race's entry for more information.
Vaathkree
This species evolved on the planet of Vaathkree. They seem to be made of stone and metal, but it is only an armor-like covering. They are known for their religion, centered on bartering.
Veknoid
Veknoids, also known as Velkoids, were a species native to the planet Moonus Mandel. The famous podracer Teemto Pagalies was a Veknoid, as was the Jedi Master Zao.
Verpine
The Verpine inhabit the Roche asteroid field and run the aerospace engineering company Slayn & Korpil. Verpine are characterized by their bipedal, wingless bodies and their unusual ability to communicate with each other via organic short wave radio transmissions originating from their antenna. With Admiral Ackbar, they designed the B-wing. They have an egalitarian, completely democratized society. The Verpine do not play a significant part in any of the Star Wars movies or novels, but several of their devices do appear in the video game series Knights of the Old Republic.
Vodran
The Vodrans are a species of 1.8 meter tall humanoid reptiles, with tough skin ranging in coloration from olive to brown, and a small frame of spiny horns around their faces. Though warm blooded, they laid reptilian eggs, with an egg clutch typically producing two or three Vodran young. They were native to the planet Vodran on the fringes of the Si'klaata Cluster.
Before the founding of the Galactic Republic, the Vodrans were approached by Dojundo the Hutt, an emissary from the Hutt Empire, to recruit the Vodrans for the Hutt's war with the legendary Xim the Despot. The Vodrans, believing the Hutts to be evil deities, agreed to serve the Hutts. Their presence, along with those of the Weequay, Klatooinians and Nikto, was instrumental the defeat of Xim's army of war droids at the Third Battle of Vontor. After the victory at Vontor, the Hutts had the Vodran representative
, Kl'ieutu Mutela, along with the representative
s of the Klatooinans, Weequay and Nikto, sign themselves into "eternal" servitude, which the Vodran fulfilled faithfully.
In time, Vodrans adopted Hutt culture as their own. Their society was organized into miniature kajidics, and their family clans answered directly to the Hutt Clan of Ancients. Their dealings with the rest of the galaxy always went through their Hutt masters.
Vor
The Vor are a pterosaur-like species that live on the planet Vortex.
Vratix
The Vratix are native to the planet of Thyferra. They are essential in the creation of the healing fluid bacta. They perfected the creation of bacta by combining alazhi and kavam. They vastly outnumber the human natives of the planet, but are considered inferior to their corporate counterparts.
The Vratix are humanoid insects. They have large, compound eyes, a stalk-like neck, and three pairs of limbs sprouting from a cylindrical thorax and abdomen. The upper set of limbs acts as triple-jointed arms, while the lower two serve as legs. The last set of limbs is well-muscled, and is used in jumping. Most Vratix are grey in colour, with the shades darkening with age. They have a basic form of hive mentality, but are able to function as individuals. They believe that sight and sound are not permanent things, and prefer to touch another being in order to recognize their presence. The Vratix on Thyferra govern themselves through the Ashern Circle. However, the strong pro-human sentiments found in the Zaltin and Xucphra factions have labelled the Ashern as terrorists. Although the Ashern are widely considered responsible for the contamination of certain lots of bacta, this may only be a ruse to cover up an internal struggle.
Vratix was also the name given to the native language of the Vratix. It consisted of a series of clicks and high-pitched sounds, which were augmented by changes in skin colour. Because of this combination, no written form of the Vratix language was created, and non-Vratix could only learn to understand - but not speak - the language.
Vurk
Vurks are a reptilian humanoid species, with elongated faces, dark eyes, and a sweeping crest extending from their skulls, giving them the appearance of a parasaurolophu
s. They are native to the planet Sembla, a watery world with warms seas separated by volcanic ridges and proto-continen
ts.
Vurks are nomadic, amphibious, and generally considered primitive by the rest of the galaxy
Jedi Master Coleman Trebor, who was killed by Jango Fett in the Battle of Geonosis, was a Vurk.
Wampa
Wampas are fictional predators in the Star Wars universe, resembling Yetis or the extinct giant ground sloth. A wampa attacked Luke skywalker on Hoth in Ep. V. Wampa breathe icy breath on the feet of their prey and freeze them to walls and ceilings. Wampa are extremely unintelligent, but very feared.
Weequay
The Weequay are a low-intelligen
ce species that can be found throughout the galaxy. They are a race of humanoid creatures that hail from the planet Sriluur, a harsh desert planet lending to the species' tanned skin tone and rough, sandy, wrinkled skin. Their eyes are dark and slightly recessed into their skull; their hair tied into at least one long braid — a staple characteristic and religious tradition.
They are a laconic people, with traditions rooted deeply in their religious beliefs. Much of their culture is structured around the worship of a pantheon of gods, primarily the God of the Moon, Quay. Their cities are built around a temple, known as a thal.
Due to Sriluur's proximity to Hutt Space, Weequay expatriates are often found as bodyguards in Hutt syndicates, through both employment and enslavement. Jedi Master Sora Bulq and Kossex are examples of this species.
Wharl
Wharls are another name for the Tchuukthai.
Whiphid
Whiphids are tall, muscled, furred creatures with great tusks from the planet Toola. They are great hunters and they export ice to other planets. They can also go into a coma-like state to heal major wounds.
One particular Whiphid was J'Quille, who, while working under Jabba the Hutt, had tried to assassinate him with a slow-acting poison in his food. Another Whiphid was Jedi Master K'Kruhk. He supposedly died at the Battle of Hypori, but survived due to the Whiphid ability to go into a coma-like state to heal severe injuries.
Many Whiphids can be found as thugs and enforcers in the underworld - a sizeable chunk of the thuggish workers in the aggressive, regulation-sma
shing Offworld Mining Corporation were Whiphids, and the crime boss Lady Valarian operating off of Tatooine, a one-time competitor with Jabba the Hutt, was also a Whiphid - as they are disliked by most other races in general for some of their crude and brutish tendencies.
The home planet of the Whiphids is the icy world of Toola in the Outer Rim. Clone Commander Keller led an Imperial task force to root out Jedi hiding on Toola in the early days of the New Order. Luke Skywalker, Jedi Knight, found Jedi artifacts left behind by a Master of the Old Jedi Order in a cave there - possibly the work of Keller's division, although Skywalker observed lightsaber slashes in the Jedi's empty robes that he believed must have been the handiwork of his father, Darth Vader.
Wirutid
A Wirutid is a hyper-intellig
ent fungus that evolves into a human form to secure shelter and trap prey.
Wookiee
Shaggy giants from the arboreal planet of Kashyyyk, the tall and commanding Wookiee species is an impressive sight to even the most jaded spacer. Despite their fearsome and savage countenance, Wookiees are intelligent, sophisticated, loyal and trusting. Loyalty and bravery are near-sacred tenets in Wookiee society. When peaceful, Wookiees are tender and gentle. Their tempers, however, are short; when angered, Wookiees can fly into a berserker rage and will not stop until the object of their distemper is sufficiently destroyed.
During the time of the Galactic Republic, the Wookiee homeworld of Kashyyyk was represented in the Galactic Senate by a number of Wookiee potentates. Loyal to the Republic, Kashyyyk was of prime strategic importance, serving as a major navigational point for the entire southwestern quadrant of the galaxy. This made it a target of the Confederacy, who invaded Kashyyyk during the Clone Wars. Republic forces, under the command of Yoda, were dispatched to protect the Wookiee homeworld. Yoda had fostered a good relationship with the Wookiees over his many years, and they trusted his leadership. Jedi, clones and Wookiee forces fought fiercely to protect the tree cities of Kashyyyk.
Kashyyyk's loyalty meant little to the unscrupulous Empire that arose to replace the Republic. Despite their proven intelligence, Wookiees were enslaved by the Empire and exploited for their brute strength. Their homeworld was blockaded, and a free Wookiee was a rare sight in the galaxy.
Perhaps the best-known free Wookiee was Chewbacca, loyal co-pilot and friend of famed Corellian smuggler Han Solo. Chewbacca was instrumental in the defeat of the Empire, and the eventual liberation of his people. Wookiees are one of the species playable in Star Wars: Galaxies.
Wookiees are truly a magnificient race, they are religious, physically strong, and have to possibility to read and write and hold civilized conversations. Wookiees are almost never stupid mindless barbarians.
Wookiee is commonly spelt wookie, but this is incorrect.
Wraith
Wraith is a nickname for the species known as the Defel.
Wroonian
Wroonians are a blue-skinned humanoid race from the planet Wroona in the Inner Rim.
X'ting
The X'ting are an insectoid species, native to the planet Cestus, that change gender every few months. This species proved to be dying out in the novel Cestus Deception.
Xexto
The Xexto are short, (1.30m [4'3"] max), have four arms, two legs and long necks. They hail from the planet Troiken. An example of prominent Xextos include Gasgano, the Podracer pilot, and Yarael Poof, member of the Jedi Council.
Yaka
The Yaka are a race of near-human cyborgs. They were transformed after their home planet was invaded centuries ago by superintellige
nt inhabitants of Arkania, a neighboring star system. The Arkanians forced the Yakas to undergo surgery in which they implanted cyborg brain enhancers, increasing the species' intelligence to genius level. Thus, the brutish-lookin
g Yakas are much smarter than they appear. A side effect of the implants is a twisted sense of humor that all Yakas possess
Yevetha
Yevetha are a now extinct or severely endangered skeletal-looki
ng race of humanoids from the planet N'zoth, near the Galactic Core.
They were extremely xenophobic, considering all other races to be vermin. The Empire utilized them as shipyard workers during the Galactic Civil War because of their extreme intelligence, but this backfired when the Yevetha took over all the Black 15 shipyards and killed or enslaved all the Imperials during a full retreat. During the events of the New Jedi Order, the Yuuzhan Vong attacked and destroyed the Yevetha at the behest of the Fia, a race from the Koornacht Cluster world of Galantos. Apparently, the last Yevethan warrior attacked and destroyed a Chiss clawcraft, part of Twin Suns Squadron, as the squadron was on patrol near N'zoth.
Their spaceships include the Super Star Destroyer Pride of Yevetha, Imperial Star Destroyers, Interdictor Cruisers, and their custom-made thrustships.
Yuuzhan Vong
The Yuuzhan Vong are an extragalactic, technophobic, religious species who were intent upon conquering the galaxy.
They are both invisible to Force sight and unaffected by direct Force powers.
Yuzzem
The Yuzzem are a large powerful species similar to Wookiees. Most were enslaved during the reign of the Empire and taken from their home planet of Ragna III to do hard labor. They appear similar to Wookiees, but appearing more like werewolves. Their similarities to Wookiees have led people to believe the two share a common ancestor, but this has not been confirmed.
Yuzzumi
The Yuzzums are fur-covered mammals with a wide mouth with protruding teeth on top of their heads and long legs. They are less intelligent than the Ewoks and dwell on the plains of the forest moon Endor. Groups of Yuzzums often hunt in packs through the tall grass of the plains hunting for rodents to eat.
They have been exported as pets, but they are not very good at that. They have a musical language and some Yuzzumi have found a job as singers. One of the singers in Jabba the Hutt's court was a Yuzzum.
Zabrak
The Zabrak are humanoids whose most distinctive feature is the array of small horns on top of their heads. Their home planet is Iridonia, though they have established many colonies on planets throughout the galaxy. It is believed that they are among the galaxy's first space-faring people. They have strong will-power and are a stubborn, proud people. By nature, they tend to be independent and fearless, hence have never been a successful venture in the slave trade.
Their crown of horns typically grow in at puberty, and are considered secondary sexual characteristic
s. The pattern in which these horns grow differs between Zabrak races (i.e. subspecies) analogous to skin color in humans.
Zabrak skin coloration can range from the rare pure white or pure black, to the more common shades of cream, peach, tan, and brown in between. Unlike humans, Zabrak skin color is not analogous to race. Rather it is a matter of genetic dominance and recessiveness, such as with the Ewok species, whose fur comes in various colors or patterns.
Zabrak can be completely bald or fully-haired. Again, it is analogous to race/subspecie
s. Certain horn patterns are linked with certain hair patterns (or baldness). Hair can be any of the same colors seen in the human species. However, unlike humans, Zabrak do not have eyebrows and do not grow facial hair.
Zabrak eye colors are often similar to the eye colors of humans, with blues and browns being the most common. Yellow, purple, red, green, and orange eyes are seen regularly.
The word Zabrak refers to both the species and the language. The plural of Zabrak is Zabrak, not Zabraks, and the name of their language is Zabrak, not Zabraki. Therefore, the word Zabrak is invariable.
A side note is that Darth Maul may have been half-Zabrak, or even a Zabrack...i personally think he was either a full "sith" or half zabrak and half "sith"
Iridonian Zabrak
This species is the same as the Zabrak; however, the term Iridonian merely indicates those individual Zabrak who are from the planet or are a direct descendant of Zabrak born on the harsh desert planet--which is their homeworld and where the species is known to have evolved. Agen Kolar (whom Eeth Koth tapped to become his successor on the Jedi Council) is the same subspecies as his predecessor, based on horn pattern, hence it would be likely that Agen Kolar is also an Iridonian Zabrak, though this is merely speculation. More a cultural and geographical distinction than a biological one, Iridonian Zabrak are suspected to have a somewhat different and intact culture than those Zabrak who have spread throughout the galaxy and have largely become assimilated into the human-dominate
d culture. Scant evidence exists supporting a biological or anatomical difference between Iridonian Zabrak and others of the species, though some indicators include the tendency towards olive skin and dark hair - however, Darth Maul's skin color and hairless scalp challenge any generalities that could be made.
Zeltron
The extremely attractive Zeltrons are a near-human species native to the planet Zeltros. Their skin is bright pink to a full red, a special pigmentation that develops from a reaction to their sun’s radiation. The Zeltron people have the ability to project powerful pheromones, much like those emitted by Falleen. These can be activated at will and can affect a specific individual or entire groups at the same time.
Zeltrons are also empathic, able to sense the feelings of others as well as project their own. For this reason they love and comfort is extremely important to them. Sharing positive emotions is deemed to everyone’s benefit, while sharing negative emotions is not. In accordance with this, Zeltros’ democratic government will go to great lengths to make sure no one on Zeltros is unhappy. Zeltros has had few tyrants or despotic rulers, because they cannot commit atrocities without experiencing another's pain. Zeltros has, however, been invaded twelve times in the past six centuries. But most invaders, because of the Zeltrons’ pheromones, have given up their hostile intentions and joined in the non-stop festivities. Hence, Zeltrons don’t worry about such trivial matters as planetary defenses or military forces. They are able fighters, though, and they stay in peak physical condition at all times.
Zeltrons will go to any length to please guests, and they get pleasure from being hospitable. They hold massive celebrations for practically any event. They are also extremely promiscuous, and are extremely proud of their sexual prowess. They consider concept of monogamy quaint, but unrealistic.
Zeltron technology is on par with most space-faring worlds. They possess space travel, advanced agricultural and industrial methods, and excellent knowledge of medicine, particularly antibiotics. Zeltron scientists have provided notable refinements in the fields of science, and created much of the technology for the Pleasure Domes at Hologram Fun World.
Zeltron craftsmen are renowned the galaxy over for their erotic sculptures, paintings, and other works of art. Also in high demand on other worlds are Zeltron courtesans, known as criblez, who fulfill any physical desire one may have, without limits. Many crimelords, particularly Hutts, have taken special interest in these Zeltron servants. Because of their popularity, and because they spend their lives pursuing gratification, Zeltrons are quite common in the galaxy, particularly at spaceports, where they can find many prospective mates. (source: Essential Guide to Alien Species, Del Rey, 2001)
This race has now appeared in the Star Wars videogame Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords. One Zeltron seen in the Star Wars series was Luxa, an employee for the Exchange on Telos.
Zhell
The Zhell are the supposed pre-evolved state of humans in the Star Wars galaxy.They are most likely of simian descent alike real life Humans.
The Zhell were dominant on Coruscant at some point before 25,000 BBY until the Taung conquered them. In the middle of their epic battle against the Zhell, their efforts were helped by an erupting volcano that wiped out the major Zhell city. The Taung then systematically destroyed all remaining Zhell camps.
As you can see i spent alot of time on this...so you best enjoy it...i dont want to see everyone playing as Humans here.
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In the Star Wars series of films which character, designed to serve humans, boasts that he is ‘Fluent in over six million forms of communication’? | C-3PO at Control Board | Star Tours C-3PO (pronounced /siːˈθ… | Flickr
C-3PO at Control Board
Star Tours
C-3PO (pronounced /siːˈθriːpi.oʊ/, phonetically spelled See-Threepio, and called Threepio for short) is a character from the Star Wars universe, who appears in both the original Star Wars films and the prequel trilogy. He is also a major character in the television show Droids, and appears frequently in the series' "Expanded Universe" of novels, comic books, and video games. C-3PO is one of the four characters to appear in all six of the Star Wars feature films, and one of only two characters portrayed by the same actor in all six installments of the series (the other being Kenny Baker as R2-D2). In all his various appearances, he is portrayed by Anthony Daniels.
C-3PO is a protocol droid designed to serve humans, and boasts that he is fluent "in over six million forms of communication." C-3PO is generally seen with his long-time counterpart, R2-D2, a small, quirky droid. Threepio's main function as a protocol droid is to assist with etiquette, customs, and translation so that meetings of different cultures run smoothly. Alongside the astromech droid R2-D2, Threepio played a vital and pivotal role in the Galaxy's history.
Walt Disney World-Hollywood Studios-Orlando Fl.
Done
| C-3PO |
In the Star Wars series of films who is revealed to be the father of Luke Skywalker? | ACTION FIGURES - C-3PO 2 (STAR WARS) - YouTube
ACTION FIGURES - C-3PO 2 (STAR WARS)
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Published on Mar 7, 2015
C-3PO (/siːˈθriːpi.oʊ/, phonetically spelled See-Threepio; 3PO or Threepio for short) is a humanoid robot character from the Star Wars universe who appears in the original Star Wars films, the prequel trilogy and the upcoming sequel trilogy. He was also a major character in the ABC television show Droids, and appears frequently in the series' "Expanded Universe" of novels, comic books, and video games. Along with R2-D2, he is one of only two characters to appear in all seven Star Wars films. C-3PO is played by Anthony Daniels in all seven films; he and R2-D2 (played by Kenny Baker) are also the only characters portrayed by the same actor in all seven films.[citation needed]
C-3PO is a protocol droid designed to serve human beings, and boasts that he is fluent in "over six million forms of communication". He is generally seen with his long-time counterpart, R2-D2. Threepio's main function is to assist etiquette, customs, and translation, so that meetings of different cultures run smoothly. Threepio and R2-D2 played vital and pivotal roles in the Galaxy's history. While protocol/interpreter droids range in color, C-3PO appears primarily in gold finish with silver from the right knee down.
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In the Star Wars series of films what is the name of the fictional moon-sized spacestation and superweapon, which is capable of destroying a planet with a single destructive energy beam? | Death Star
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Death Star
The Death Star is a fictional moon-sized spacestation and superweapon appearing in the Star Wars movies and expanded universe. It is capable of destroying a planet with a single destructive energy beam.
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List Of Star Wars Superweapons - Death Star
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In the Star Wars series of films what is the name of Han Solo’s Wookie co-pilot? | • Estrella Used Parts No 3 • Houston • Texas •
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In the Star Wars series of films what is the name of the fictional weapon, consisting of a polished hilt which projects a blade of plasma, used by the Jedi and the Sith? | Lightsaber - The Full Wiki
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lightsaber
Prop of Luke Skywalker 's second lightsaber hilt
A plot element from the Star Wars franchise
First appearance
Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977)
Genre
Jedi , Sith
A lightsaber is a science fiction weapon in the Star Wars movies and Expanded Universe . The lightsaber consists of a polished metal hilt which projects a blade of energy ( plasma ) about one meter long. The lightsaber is the signature weapon of the Jedi order and their Sith counterparts, both of whom can use them for offence, or to deflect blaster bolts. Its distinct appearance was created using rotoscoping for the original trilogy , and digitally for the prequel trilogy. The lightsaber first appeared in the original Star Wars film ( 1977 ) and every Star Wars movie to date features at least one lightsaber duel . In 2008 , a survey of approximately two thousand film fans found it to be the most popular film weapon. [1]
The lightsaber's blade cuts through most substances without resistance. It leaves cauterized wounds in flesh, but can be deflected by another lightsaber's blade, or an energy shield or wall. Some vibroswords and shields made with cortosis are also able to deflect them, as seen first in Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic and, later on, in Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords, and The Force Unleashed . An active lightsaber gives off a distinctive hum, which rises in pitch and volume as the blade is moved rapidly through the air. Bringing the blade into contact with an object or another lightsaber's blade produces a loud crackle.
The term "lightsaber" has been applied to other similar weapons in science fiction .
Contents
Production
Visual effects
Animator Nelson Shin was tasked with drawing the lightsaber to match the film scenes that the film producers brought. Shin explained to the people from Lucasfilm that since the lightsaber is made of light , the sword should look "a little shaky" like a fluorescent tube. He suggested inserting one frame that was much lighter than the others while printing the film on an optical printer , making the light seem to vibrate. Shin also recommended adding a degausser sound on top of the other sounds for the weapon since the sound would be reminiscent of a magnetic field. The whole process took one week, surprising his company, and Lucasfilm demonstrated the film to him, having followed his suggestions, including using an X-Acto knife to give the lightsaber a very sharp look. [2]
Sound
The lightsaber sound effect was developed by sound designer Ben Burtt as a combination of the hum of idling interlock motors in aged movie projectors and interference caused by a television set on an unshielded microphone . Burtt discovered the latter accidentally as he was looking for a buzzing, sparkling sound to add to the projector motor hum. [3]
The pitch changes of lightsaber movement were produced by playing the basic lightsaber tone on a speaker and recording it on a moving microphone, generating Doppler shift to mimic a moving sound source. [3]
Off film, advanced micro controller boards are now used to produce lightsaber sounds. These are commonly referred to as " sound boards ".
Prop construction
For Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope, the original film prop hilts were constructed from old camera-flash battery packs and other pieces of hardware. The "switched-on" sword props were designed with the intention of creating an "in-camera" glowing effect. The "blade" was three-sided and coated with a retroreflector array—the same sort used for highway signs . A lamp was positioned to the side of the taking camera and reflected towards the subject through 45-degree angled glass so that the sword would appear to glow from the camera's point-of-view.
Depiction
Obi-Wan Kenobi and Qui-Gon Jinn wielding their activated lightsabers in Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace
Lightsabers were present in the earliest drafts as mundane laser weapons that were used alongside laser guns. [4] [5] The introduction of the Force in a later revision made the Jedi and the Sith supernaturally skilled, eventually the only swordsmen. The lightsaber became the Force-user's tool, "...not as clumsy or random as a blaster. An elegant weapon, for a more civilized age." [6]
Types
Lightsabers are described as hand-built as part of a Jedi's or Sith's training regimen. Each lightsaber is as unique as the one who built it, though some may bear resemblance to others (such as those sported by Obi-Wan Kenobi and Luke Skywalker ). Lightsabers can be wielded as either one-handed or two-handed weapons. Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace introduced a double-bladed lightsaber—essentially two lightsabers bound together at the pommels—for Darth Maul , and Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones introduced a lightsaber with a curved hilt, wielded by the sith lord Count Dooku . The Lightsabers of the sith Assajj Ventress can be connected together to form a double-bladed lightsaber.
The series' " Expanded Universe " of novels, comic books and video games adds several lightsaber types, including short, [7] dual-phase (changeable length), [8] [9] those attached to the end of a staff, those connected by a tether to emulate nunchuku , and those bearing a resemblance to a tonfa .
Colors
Lightsabers depicted in the first two released films, "A New Hope" and "Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back," had blades that were colored either blue (for the Jedi) or red (for the Sith). In Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi, Luke Skywalker 's newly-constructed lightsaber was colored blue during the initial editing of the film, and appears so in both an early movie trailer and the official theatrical posters, but it was ultimately colored green in order to better stand out against the blue sky of Tatooine in outdoor scenes. Green would later become another standard blade color for Jedi lightsabers in the Star Wars prequel trilogy. Mace Windu 's purple -bladed lightsaber, as first seen in Attack of the Clones, was a personal request from actor Samuel L. Jackson as a way to make his character stand out among other Jedi. Purple is also Jackson's favorite color. [10]
A multitude of blade colors appear in the Expanded Universe and in other Star Wars products. The original Kenner figure of Luke Skywalker in his Tatooine costume from Star Wars was released with a yellow -bladed lightsaber. While no yellow-bladed lightsabers appear in the films (with the exception of an extremely brief glimpse of one at the top-left of the screen during the beginning of the arena battle in episode II), they have appeared in several computer games, such as Jedi Knight, Jedi Outcast, and Jedi Academy. The Knights of the Old Republic video games further expand the number of colors, adding cyan , viridian , violet , silver , and orange , [7] and The Force Unleashed video game adds black , gold , and pink in the Nintendo DS version. With the release of The Clone Wars film and series, a build-your-own lightsaber kit was released in toy stores, and included red , blue and green shards that when put into a lightsaber you built, can light up. More than one shard can be inserted, resulting in mixed colors.
Multiple sources refer to a focusing crystal in the hilt as the source of the blade's color, mainly from the video game Star Wars Galaxies . [7] In the Star Wars universe, the color of a lightsaber's blade is determined by a crystal that is built in the center of the lightsaber and is reflected out as a light beam by the lightsaber's emitting energy core.
Choreography
The technical lightsaber choreography for the original Star Wars trilogy was developed by Hollywood sword-master Bob Anderson . Anderson trained actor Mark Hamill ( Luke Skywalker ) and, in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, performed all the stunts as Darth Vader during the lightsaber duels wearing Vader's costume. Anderson's role in the trilogy was highlighted in the film Reclaiming The Blade where he shared his experiences as a fencer developing the lightsaber techniques for the three original movies.
The lightsaber duels in the Star Wars prequel trilogy were specifically choreographed by stunt-coordinator Nick Gillard to be miniature "stories". For these films, Gillard was the primary sword instructor for actors Liam Neeson ( Qui-Gon Jinn ), Ewan McGregor ( Obi-Wan Kenobi ), and Hayden Christensen ( Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader ) among others. His goal in choreographing the action for The Phantom Menace was to create stunts that flow from the story; "You can't just think, 'I'm a stunt coordinator , I'm going to make a big stunt happen'," Gillard said. "It's all about making it tie in nicely with the film so that you don't notice the stunts."[citation needed]
In writing the prequel trilogy, Star Wars creator George Lucas said he wanted the lightsaber combat to be "reminiscent of what had been done in the previous films but also something that was more energized. We'd seen old men, young boys, and characters who were half-droid, but we'd never seen a Jedi in his prime. I wanted to do that with a fight that was faster and more dynamic — and we were able to pull that off." [11]
According to Gillard (who would later go on to perform a cameo role in Revenge of the Sith), various lightsaber combat styles were devised for the prequels and intended to further characterize their practitioners.
I developed different styles for the characters, and gave each of them a flaw or a bonus. So with Obi , for instance, he's got a very business-like style — when he was younger he could border on the flashy and might twirl his lightsaber a bit, because he was taught by Qui-Gon. Qui-Gon was brash, that rubbed off on Obi and Obi then taught Anakin, who was way too old to learn anyway.[...]I think the style really worked well. The Jedi style of fighting is an amalgamation of all the great swordfighting styles. Melding them together is the difficult part — to move from a Kendo style to, say, Rapier requires a complete change in body and feet movement, and this must look effortless. The style moves seamlessly between the different disciplines, but remains technically correct throughout. It's unlike any other style of fighting and I think it's beautiful to watch. [12]
For The Phantom Menace, Gillard set out certain styles and faults for the saber-wielding characters. [13] He added that the Jedi's use of such "a short-range weapon" meant "they would have to be very good at it"; combining a variety of disciplines from various swordfighting styles to martial arts "with a touch of tennis and tree chopping", he created the style seen in the Episode I lightsaber battles. [14]
References
| Lightsaber |
What is the modern-day name of the Kingdom of Mauretania? | Fanclub - Obi-Wan Kenobi: v4 Fan Club a/k/a Appreciation Society | Jedi Council Forums
The silliness of many authors working for and against each other:
Temp Board Follies
"Let us be fair," Obi Wan grumbled. "You got us into this mess. So you can get us back out again."
"What do you mean?" Anakin snapped. "It's not my fault!"
"Well, I'm out of ideas at the moment," Obi-Wan said, the sound of his voice tight - a sure sign his patience was running short. "I've never seen such a - a -"
"Such a kriffing horde of holonet reporters," Anakin filled in. "Quick, master, in here."
"Oh, now I /know/ you're not the brains of this team," the Jedi master muttered, allowing his friend to drag him into the disreputable establishment just ahead.
"Here, hide your famous mug behind this drink." Anakin snatched up a mug and thrust it into Obi-Wan's hands. "Oh oh, bottoms up, Master."
"Isn't that your speciality, Poster Boy?" Obi-Wan snarked, smacking said bottom with one hand and smacking his lips with the other (it was a good drink).
Anakin's tart reply was cut off by a searing flash of blue light as Obi-Wan whirled, saber cleaving an intrusive holonet cam-droid in two.
"Hey!" Anakin yelped, the seat of his pants smoldering.
"Those kriffin' droids are way too nosy," Obi-Wan explained. He craned his neck behind Anakin and "oh oh'd."
"What - and get your nose away from there."
"My nose has no intention of making close acquaintance with that part of your anatomy, Padawan! But your - ah - glowing lightsabers are now exposed to the holonet."
Anakin's hand clapped to his rear. He only wore those because Padme liked to see her husband adorned in all sorts of lightsabers - the better to whit them down to one - the most functional one at that. He couldn't help the grin that spread over his face. Of course, Obi-Wan misunderstood.
And for a moment, finally, it seemed as if they were alone. "If you'd like to admit what you did to garner such attention, please don't hesitate," Obi-Wan leveled a stern look at Anakin as he turned toward him.
"Me!" Anakin exclaimed. "You were the one sneaking around with that blonde last night. Who was she?"
Obi-Wan leveled a mastery glare at Anakin. "I did not sneak around; I do not sneak around. I, uh, was exercising caution - caution, a word you are not familiar with. Nor, it appears, is Senator Amidala."
“hey, yousa troublemakers," the barkeep snapped crossly at the Jedi. "Get the hells outta here wit' those things!"
"What things!" both Jedi snapped in unison. "The droid - scraps - are not ours," Obi-Wan added with a bit of a sniff.
The aggravated proprietor slammed all four hands onto the polished countertop. "Take yer vaping brawl outside. Back alley. I already gotta citation this month."
"We are NOT brawling," Obi-Wan growled, as Anakin grabbed him by the collar.
"He's a mean drunk," Anakin apologized as Obi-Wan squirmed in his grasp.
"I am not - I never - " Obi-Wan spluttered, outraged. He'd never been drunk in his life. Not once. "Anakin, I had one sip. ONE."
"Yeah, well, you're a lightweight, aren't you, master?"
“And that was a virgin Bombshell, I'll have you know"
Anakin nearly choked as he steered his protesting friend through the back entrance. "That blonde?"
"No!" Obi-Wan spluttered. "The drink, Anakin! And - oh, dear."
They came up short, gawking at the spectacle in the "back alley."
"Is that -?" Words failed the young Jedi.
"Mace Windu wearing a blond wig - yes, it appears so." Obi-Wan rubbed his chin. "Oh dear, is it that time of month again. I told him never to bet against Yoda; I told him he would regret it."
"Is he - wearing - high heels?"
"And a purple boa around his neck, yes."
"If that's Master Windu's idea of going undercover - he sure stands out," Anakin snickered.
Obi-Wan stepped back, pursed his lips then moved next to Anakin. "So does your lighted - twinkling - undershorts. Really, what IS the Order coming to nowadays."
"It's a drinking song and there over at the 4 words they need 150 lines to reach their goal of 6000 words," Obi-Wan started.
"Like I lost my,"
"Your lightsaber is your,"
"Life. I know that you
"It's the war," Anakin frowned, attempting to adjust his tabbards and tunic so Padme's secret gift to him wasn't flashing everyone. "It's making everyone crazy. We should be allowed to have some fun! We should all get a day, or night, off every now and then."
Obi-Wan's expression didn't change, his mouth pulled into a tight line, a clear expression of consternation. Though in reality he was only trying not laugh at Anakin's ridiculous choice in underwear.
"And stop looking at me like that," Anakin nearly shouted, glaring at his former Master. "You're the one who was traipsing around CoCo town with - " Anakin's eyes grew wide, as his head whipped around to look down the alley at Mace, then back to Obi-Wan. "You weren't -- were you with Mace?!" he asked, incredulous.
"No!" Obi-wan glared right back. "There are many blondes in this city. And what were you doing in CoCo Town?"
"Well, ah..." Anakin looked at the toe of his boot. "Um - wait a minute! I asked you first."
"And it's a masters prerogative to turn a question back upon a learner - look at Yoda for his teaching methods."
"HIs methods suck worse than yours."
"Oh, Anakin, how eloquent. Maybe you should take lead role in the ever-so-delicate negotiations upcoming with the grammar Nazi."
"Maybe it's time you allowed me to take the lead, oh wise-one. I - wait a minute." Anakin's eyes narrowed. "You are the master of deflection, master, but I'm wise to you. YOu know I can get the truth from Dex about your little soiree in CoCo town - or was it an assignation?"
"Dex is far too discreet to spread vile rumor," Obi-Wan brushed this threat aside like a pesky fly. "And it was a diplomatic liason."
Anakin smirked. "The Negotiator strikes again."
"Perhaps if you applied yourself to the study of diplomacy, you would be able to dispense with juvenile props, such as your garish under-attire."
Affrontonted, Anakin placed hands on hips. "And what kind do you have?" he threw back.
The enigmatic smile he recieved in reply was strangely disturbing.
Well, Anakin was nothing but a man of action anyway, so he ever so casually slipped his lightsaber free and made a slight motion towards the smaller man. However, The Negotiator was no slouch in the anticipate-Anakin department. With a careful flick of his fingers, Anakin's blade turned off before even heating its destination.
"My undergarments remain undercover," Obi-Wan chided. A mischievous smile lighted up his eyes. "Assuming, of course..."
Not to be outdone, Anakin threw back his chest and threw out a shocking suggestion. "How do I know you're not wearing feminine undergarments under your cloak - you may imply you're wearing nothing but skin, but you and Mace may have been quite a team earlier tonight."
Obi-Wan merely grinned. "You will never know." With a definite swish of his hips, he slinked away. Anakin had to hand it to him: Obi-Wan definitely knew how to swish, swash and swagger.
"That's it," Anakin grumbled under his breath. "I'm going to go have a talk with Dex. 'Diplomatic liason' my glow-in-the-dark a--" Anakin turned on his heel then, but distracted and disgruntled as he was, he hadn't noticed there was a man - woman - man standing right behind him, and he ran straight into a very broad chest.
"Master! Uh, I mean - "
"Anakin." Mace was completely unperturbed, not embarrassed in the slightest. "What are you doing in this district at this time of night?"
The deep timber of Mace's voice, and his serious expression combined with the illustriousness of his long blond hair, was so odd Anakin found himself completely speechless. But only for a moment.
"I think blond hair is so not your color," he snerked. "And Obi-Wan brought me, Master Windu. What brought you?"
"Drinking again," Mace crossed his arms. "I told Obi-Wan you couldn't handle a drink."
"Are you - with respect - insinuating that you are not standing before me with a blond wig and a purple boa? That I'm seeing things?"
Mace took Anakin by the shoulders and spun him around. "Hmm, I think I am seeing things. Twinkling lightsabers - calling attention to your profession or advertising your - ahem - availability on the party circuit?"
"Neither, in fact. And if Obi-Wan hadn't been drinking, I wouldn't be in this situation. Now, please, for the love of the Force, tell me you're undercover." Anakin folded his arms across his chest, not quite able to keep from smirking at the Jedi Master.
"*That* is none of your concern," Mace told him in his stern manner. "And if you'll excuse me," he said looking over Anakin's shoulder, "I see my 'contact' now."
"Fine," Anakin answered but Mace had already left. Anakin didn't bother turning around to look, he really didn't want to know. Shaking his head, he strode away in the direction of Dex's establishment.
"Neither, in fact. And if Obi-Wan hadn't been drinking, I wouldn't be in this situation. Now, please, for the love of the Force, tell me you're undercover." Anakin folded his arms across his chest, not quite able to keep from smirking at the Jedi Master.
"*That* is none of your concern," Mace told him in his stern manner.
"Master..." Anakin hissed at Obi-Wan, who (had swished and swaggered his way back and) appeared to be enjoying this interchange far too much. "Get me outta this, would you?"
The Jedi master's brows rose. "That would constitute indecent exposure, my friend."
Mace snorted softly, setting the feathers of his purple boa fluttering. "We're already there, in my opinion. Skywalker - get back to the Temple and put on some regulation chonies. Before Yoda arrives, with his gimer stick."
Anakin clutched at his neon-spangled assets, looking a bit pale.
"And if you'll excuse me," Mace said looking over Anakin's shoulder, "I see my 'contact' now."
"Fine," Anakin answered but Mace had already left. Anakin didn't bother turning around to look, he really didn't want to know. And now Obi-Wan had disappeared, too. Shaking his head, Anakin strode away in the direction of Dex's establishment.
Much to Anakin's surprise, he saw Padme ahead of him, walking alone and unguarded. At night! Anakin called, but Padme never slowed down. He sped up and grabbed her by an arm.
"Padme, it's not safe out. Mace is in drag and Obi-Wan is drunk and - hey - you're not Padme."
"And you're a pervert - flashing your underwear at me!"
"And I told you I am *not* drunk."
Anakin whipped around to find Obi-Wan standing behind him, blue eyes gleaming and commanding all at once. "Master! Where were you! And what the kriff are you talking about?"
"It was a *virgin* and I only had a taste."
"Ohh!" the diminutive brunette, whom both Jedi had forgotten, gasped, her expression disgusted. "Perverts! How dare you speak of a lady that way!" And her small hand lifted, to slap Obi-Wan across the face.
Out of respect, he let her.
"It wasn't a lady," he explained, rubbing his reddened cheek. "It was -"
"Ohhh!" She gasped again, cutting him off as she misunderstood once more. But this time Obi-Wan ducked.
The brown haired woman stamped her foot in anger. "I'm getting a security droid!" she shouted and she ran off.
At least Anakin was no longer 'exposed' as he was sitting on the ground, incapacitated with laughter.
"But it wasn't a lady," Obi-Wan reiterated glumly. He lifted a finger and held it before Anakin's nose, a tactic learned from Qui-Gon which had always served to shut him up. Of course, it rarely worked on Anakin. "Not a word; not one."
"C'mon, Obi-Wan - you let her deck you!"
The glance Obi-Wan skewered his apprentice with was as glacial as the ice on Hoth - and simmering beneath, the magma of Mustaphar. "I thought it impolite not to allow the young lady to vent under the circumstances. Besides," he straightened his tunic.
"Impolite to defend your honor?"
"Well, you weren't defending me. And I was hardly decked - in fact, it is you sitting on the ground; you'll get your 'lightsabers' dirty, young one. And weren't you to not say one word!"
"I didn't," Anakin protested, grinning. "I said more than one - if you, Master-of-words, had said what you really meant - "
"After all these years, Anakin, I know you chose to deliberately misunderstand me."
"Well..." Anakin spread his hands. "It's a talent, you must admit."
"Not one I encouraged," Obi-Wan growled.
"Obi-Wan?"
"What?"
"Ah, what do you want to do about the security droid homing in on you?"
"Let you destroy the thing - it's what you do best, isn't it? Unless you wish to scare it off with a display of your multiple lightsabers?"
"Droids are for scrapping and..."
"Droid parts Anakin? No way. Last time I had to wake you I stumbled over your droidparts littering "
"Littering? I made a new droid for Master..."
"Wundu yes and he complained about it from here to Force knows where. Painting it purple and adding that bald touch was too much. Oh dear..."
"That's droidparts and more coming master. I saved your..."
"Language, young one, language." But there was no real heat in Obi-Wan's retort. He casually wiggled his fingers and the security droid swerved into a wall, sparking and falling to pieces.
"Hey," Anakin protested, "that was supposed to be my kill."
"Supposed to, yes, but as usual, you were delaying too much for my tastes."
"Yeah, yeah, yeah. Hey - did you just mind trick a droid - cool trick, teach me."
"Well," Obi-Wan began, hand lifting to his beard as he looked down to consider it. "It's a simple matter of redirecting the electrical impulses in the circuitry -- Anakin, you already know this," Obi-Wan stopped himself, glancing up again. "Hey!" he shouted, for Anakin had taken off down the neon-lighted street, twin miniature lightsabers twinkling merrily on his rear.
Obi-Wan pelted after his padawan and Anakin turned returning to pick up his droid-parts.
Obi-Wan continued his lecture "I did padawan and now you cannot rile me with your 'I saved you ten times since Cato Neimoida' statement. And cool trick? It was just a bit of Force-manipulation and do what Master Yoda always taught me."
"I see, like this." Anakin lifted the messy droidparts and zoomed them around Obi-Wan.
"Frivolous use of the Force." Obi-Wan was able to sway the parts away when one or two came too near to his linking "You know I don't approve of..."
"Master you are so predictable," Anakin roared with laughter.
"ANAKIN! How many times have I told you not to run with your lightsaber lit!" Obi-Wan bellowed, then hid a smile.
"Nine times not counting Cato Neimoida."
"That was when you saved me with your lightsaber and... " Obi-Wan folded his arms in a very Obi-Wan Kenobi posture.
"Lost it," Anakin smirked. "Don't lecture me."
Obi-Wan's eyebrow rose challengingly. "When you need one, you'll get one, but this display of yours is quite unseemly. Do you wish your lightsabers splashed all over the Holonet? Master Windu will surely 'lecture' you more than I could ever hope to."
"With his purple lightsaber?"
"Perhaps - and perhaps a month's fresher cleaning in the creche."
Anakin gulped and trudged back to Obi-Wan. "Fine, then," he groused. "So, how do I fix my pants?"
Obi-Wan affixed his padawan with a stern eye, then unexpectedly laughed. "How about this?" He reached forward and tugged at Anakin's tunic which was riding high. Now properly in place, it hid the unseemly open seam. "There. The benefit of being always properly groomed and neatly dressed."
"Why didn't I think of that?" Anakin groused.
"Your mind is never on your grooming, that's why."
"Is that such a bad thing, Master?" Anakin retorted with a smirk. "My thoughts are always centered around the Force. Isn't that more important than anything else?"
"Not when your behind is flashing all of Coruscant. Balance my young friend."
Anakin very nearly stuck his tongue out at the Master. "Better than you. I'm beginning to wonder if all you think about is diplomacy."
"Diplomacy is the grease of life, my young mechanical friend. And the Force itself guides me, always, you know that."
"And what guided Master Windu to a blond wig and purple boa?"
Obi-Wan's mouth opened, then closed with a snap. He crossed his arms.
"Don't tell me the Force, Master. No way, no how."
"Don't be ridiculous, Anakin," Obi-Wan snapped back. "The Force is not frivolous."
"I'd say Master Windu's choice is an abomination, not frivolous, myself."
"Thanks," a dry voice said from behind Anakin, who jumped ten feet. "Haven't you learned to pay attention to your surroundings YET, Skywalker?"
"Uh no master Windu," Anakin grinned sheepish when he saw the purple boa swishing this and that way and hiding a certain part of Master Windu's anatomy.
"Your lightsaber seems to have lost its - ah - rigidity," he blurted out, unable to censor his tongue. Well, in this dim light, a swishing long "thing" in "that area" was worthy of a tease, and besides, it might serve as a distraction to being caught unawares. Then again, this was Master Windu.
"Jedi recharge fast," Master Windu returned, unperturbed.
Anakin gawked. Obi-Wan hid his mouth behind a hand. Then Mace Windu - grinned - and slapped Anakin on the back. "Gotcha!"
"That stings," Anakin pouted when he felt the miniature lightsabers against his posterior.
"Is that what the ladies say when they get a taste of your lightsabers?"
Anakin's jaw dropped. Literally. "You're not Mace Windu," he accused the blond wig-wearing Jedi with a purple feather boa. "You can't be. Master Windu has no sense of humor."
By now Obi-Wan was doubled over, leaning against a wall and almost choking while trying to restrain a laugh. Anakin had much the same look on his face as he was sure his wore while flying with Anakin - green alternating with white, though to be different, Anakin's included red, too.
"That's it," Anakin murmured, his voice low. In the blink of an eye, his lightsaber was activated and swinging through the air. Feathers went flying, floating through the air around the three Jedi and Mace's boa lay, sliced clean in half on the duracrete between them.
"Stars and galaxies," a soft feminine voice came from the darkness behind them. "What in the name of the Force is going on?"
"Siri, can't you see that this is my padawan and his agressive negotiations with a purple boa," Obi-Wan grinned
SIri raised an eyebrow. "I believe the boa was around Master Windu's neck - love the wig, Mace. When did Yoda give it to you?"
"Uh -" Mace faltered uncharacteristicaly. "I borrowed it for the night."
Siri nodded, but her attention had been drawn to Anakin and his once more skewed tunics. More importantly, what was below them.
"Nice shorts, Anakin! Hey, Obi-Wan, don't you have a pair -"
"Siri!"
"Master," Anakin began, an amused smile beginning to curve his mouth. "Just how many blondes in this city have 'insider' information on just what you have... 'under cover'?"
Siri frowned, and much to Anakin's delight, a flush crept up on Obi-Wan's cheeks complimenting the already red handprint. But he didn't get a chance to answer.
"None of your business, that is."
"Master," Anakin began, an amused smile beginning to curve his mouth. "Just how many blondes in this city have 'insider' information on just what you have... 'under cover'?"
Siri frowned, and much to Anakin's delight, a flush crept up on Obi-Wan's cheeks complimenting the already red handprint. But he didn't get a chance to answer.
"None of your business, that is."
"Master YODA?" Several voices chorused in stunned unison.
"Unless blatantly display they do, the business of others underclothing is not!" The old Jedi suddenly chortled, "Unless wish others to know. Master Obi-Wan - Siri's 'knowledge' - how came she by this?"
Obi-Wan gulped. "A shared long mission; dirty clothes, needed to wash off the - "
"Blood," Siri interjected. "Obi-Wan had a horrible cut along his thigh and there were no healers nearby. Surely you've seen the scar, Anakin?"
"Master doesn't drop his trousers for me, Master Siri," Anakin informed the blonde Jedi. "I guess that's unique to you."
"Padawan!" Three Jedi admonished as one.
"I'm only calling like it like I see it!" Anakin retorted. It didn't work, as all three Masters continued to level stern, reproaching looks in his direction.
Anakin shook his head. "I'm going home," he said. "To change." With one more 'are you happy now?' look shot in Obi-Wan's direction, he was gone.
"Finally," three Jedi masters breathed in relief.
"I swear he's been living in those clothes to keep Padme happy," Obi-Wan muttered under his breath, only to receive one of Siri's elbows in his ribs.
"Shut up, Kenobi - you know as well as I that if she had her way, she'd have him out of those clothes, not displaying his lightsabers but his lightsaber."
"Huh?" Obi-Wan stared at Siri, blinked, then turned red. Oh. Here he thought he was making a joke about Padme's fondness for his padawan but - oh dear. But -but - he mentally sputtered.
"He wouldn't wear THOSE for a romantic assignation," he hissed, glad that street noise more than likely meant neither Mace nor Yoda heard any of this.
"And what does a Jedi wear for a romantic assignation?" Siri cooed in his ear. She plucked at his obi and leaned closer to his ear. "And when I treated that thigh wound -you notice I didn't say just what your underclothing looked like."
"That's because I wasn't wearing - oh,shut up, Siri!"
At that moment, a security droid appeared at the end of the alleyway, waving a citation form. "Halt, malefactors! Where is the pervert that has been accosting innocent citizens.?"
The Jedi masters shrugged and pointed out the direction in which Anakin had recently disappeared. The droid scooted on its way, eager to apprehend the vile disturber of the peace.
"Blown your cover is," Yoda grunted, nudging at Mace's fallen wig with his stick. "Leave here we should."
Mace and Yoda nipped back into the bar, the diminutive Grand master perched atop the Korun Jedi's broad shoulders.
"Shall we join them?" Siri inquired. "Or have you had enough virgin Bombshells for one night, Kenobi?"
He cocked one eyebrow. "I might be willing to move on to something...headier," he replied.
She gave him a slow once-over. "You don't look like you're up to it at the moment."
"I will do what I must," he assured her, smirking.
"You will try," Master Tachi countered.
Siri linked her arm with Obi-Wan's and the two strolled into the bar.
"Another bombshell?" the bartender asked, reaching for a glass. "Virgin?"
"No," Obi-Wan replied. "And make that two; the lady is with me."
Mace looked the two Jedi over, sighed, and buried his face in his drink. "Both of them," he moaned. "I didn't hear that - I did NOT hear that."
Whack! Mace jumped as Yoda's gimer stick found its target. "Drinks they were speaking of, Mace blond-wig Windu," Yoda admonished.
"So sure are you?" Mace asked, now from the other side of the room.
Yoda smirked. "Of drinks they spoke, I am sure. Of the rest..." he shrugged. "Who cares?"
Mace gave a 'humph' in reluctant agreement.
"One to speak," Yoda gave Mace an owlish look, "you are not."
Mace sat down next to Yoda again without a glance in his direction. "We swore not to talk of that," he reminded the green-skinned Jedi.
"And yet, the blonde wig you wore again."
Mace had no reply.
Happily ignoring the old folks, Obi-Wan and Siri sat a space away sipping their tasty drinks. Despite how the evening had begun, Obi-Wan had the thought that it was ending quite pleasantly as Siri leaned in close enough that he could feel the warmth that radiated from her.
Leaning back in his chair, he took another drink of the frothy, pale amber beverage just beginning to feel the hint of a buzz from the potent alcohol. Not bad, he thought to himself, and t "Siri," Obi-Wan grinned "what are you doing? There was that wound."
hen he felt the lightest touch brushing across his thigh.
Shall we join them?" Siri inquired. "Or have you had enough virgin Bombshells for one night, Kenobi?"
He cocked one eyebrow. "I might be willing to move on to something...headier," he replied.
She gave him a slow once-over. "You don't look like you're up to it at the moment."
"I will do what I must," he assured her, smirking.
"You will try," Master Tachi countered.
Siri linked her arm with Obi-Wan's and the two strolled into the bar.
"Another bombshell?" the bartender asked, reaching for a glass. "Virgin?"
"No," Obi-Wan replied. "And make that two; the lady is with me."
Mace looked the two Jedi over, sighed, and buried his face in his drink. "Both of them," he moaned. "I didn't hear that - I did NOT hear that."
Whack! Mace jumped as Yoda's gimer stick found its target. "Drinks they were speaking of, Mace blond-wig Windu," Yoda admonished.
"So sure are you?" Mace asked, now from the other side of the room.
Yoda smirked. "Of drinks they spoke, I am sure. Of the rest..." he shrugged. "Who cares?"Mace gave a 'humph' in reluctant agreement.
"One to speak," Yoda gave Mace an owlish look, "you are not."
Mace sat down next to Yoda again without a glance in his direction. "We swore not to talk of that," he reminded the green-skinned Jedi.
"And yet, the blonde wig you wore again."
Mace had no reply.
Happily ignoring the old folks, Obi-Wan and Siri sat a space away sipping their tasty drinks. Despite how the evening had begun, Obi-Wan had the thought that it was ending quite pleasantly as Siri leaned in close enough that he could feel the warmth that radiated from her.
Leaning back in his chair, he took another drink of the frothy, pale amber beverage just beginning to feel the hint of a buzz from the potent alcohol. Not bad, he thought to himself, and then he felt the lightest touch brushing across his thigh.
"Siri," Obi-Wan grinned "what are you doing? There was that wound."
"Making it better."
"It's long healed, you know," he said a slight smile on his face.
"Maybe you need a second opinion. We could go back to the Temple and check - together."
Obi-Wan was a grown man. But he was a bit naive as well, even at his age. "But why? That was over a year ago."
Siri's hand tightened on his thigh, squeezing. "It hurts, doesn't it, Obi-Wan?"
"Well, with you squeezing like that - oh, ah, um..." He squirmed. Either Siri's touch was magic, or the drink was warming his insides. Things were getting a bit heated. His nerves were prickling, stretched taut if he had to put a word to it.
"Yes," he managed, in a tight voice before taking a gulp of his drink. "It is beginning to feel a bit - sore. Best to be cautious. You're right, Siri. We better go check it out."
"And be sure, I'll kiss it and make it much, much better," Siri whispered into his ear.
His hand slipped at the words murmured so intimately and the drink toppled off the bar spilling alcohol and whatever else made up a good bombshell (something a little sweet, something a little spicy) all down the front of his trousers.
"Oh dear," Obi-Wan sighed.
"Learn to hold your liquor, you should," Yoda chortled merrily.
Obi-Wan resisted the urge to glare at his elder, even as Siri sidled closer.
"Don't worry," she gave a quiet laugh. "You won't need those for much longer anyway."
"Ah, it'll take a few minutes for Anakin to get to the Temple and return with a change even if you happen to catch him on the comlink just now," Obi-Wan grumbled, trying to wipe off the excess of liquid. Siri's hand reached out as if to help and paused.
"May I?" she asked, a bit breathlessly.
"Oh, for Force's sake." Mace leaned over. "Use the Force, Kenobi - create a wind vortex to evaporate the moisture. Or should I send Siri out to get some," he smirked, "adult pads?"
"Obi-Wan deserves a break," Siri spoke up. "After all, he had to entertain that liaison *all* night, and then deal with Anakin and the holo-reporters this evening, and now you two! Here Obi," she said a bit softer, turning him toward her. "Let me take care of you."
Obi-Wan swallowed, thinking *yes* but he had no time to voice his agreement before she was reaching for him.
Carefully, she held her hand just above his lap, using the Force to rapidly evaporate the water.
"Thank you, Siri," he said when she was done. It was better, but the rapid soaking then drying of the material seemed to have made it - tight.
"You still look uncomfortable," Siri commented, smiling at him. "Let me take you. Home, that is. I need to check that wound, I think it's swelling."
Looping her arm through his, Siri gave a gentle tug pulling him from his chair. As they passed the Grand Masters she leveled them with a threatening stare, just daring them to say a word.
Mace shrugged. He was undercover anyway and really, who cared? Obi-Wan deserved a night off "Don't worry, Mace, I'll see to it that Obi-Wan is feeling 'up' to things shortly," Siri assured the bald Councilman. "Believe me, I'll have things well in hand once we get to his quarters."
"I hope you do a better job than Anakin," Obi-Wan murmured.
Mace took one horrified look at Yoda, then covered his ears with his hands, rocking back and forth. "I am hearing things; I am NOT hearing this, barkeep - another drink or two or three."
"What? Listen, Anakin does not have the healers touch. I swear he treats every little scratch I get like I'm a droid, tightening nuts -"
"Forget Anakin, Kenobi," Siri ordered. "Don't let that swell too much, too soon, either. We're going back to the Temple and you are going to prove you're a better man with one functioning lightsaber than Anakin with - what - ten flashing ones, which are all for show anyway - probably short out easy, too. I'll have to ask the Senator about the battery life."
. The second they re-entered the alleyway, under the cover of night and blissfully alone, Obi-Wan spun Siri around pressing her between the solid outside wall and himself.
"I am the better man." The tone of his voice, softly accented, was low but sure. "At least for you. And I am up to the challenge of proving it," he told her with a shift of his hips as he pressed closer.
Siri couldn't help a little gasp at the contact, and his blue eyes flicked to her lips as she did.
"Not that you will *ever*," he leaned close his lips just barely brushing over her cheek, "have *any* basis for comparison."
Siri nodded, not quite sure she was capable of speech and Obi-Wan kissed the lobe of her ear once, in reply.
"Now," Obi-Wan pulled back to look at her, a teasing glint to his eyes. "What were you saying about 'taking'... ?"
Siri shook the momentary stupor from her head, and wrapped her arms around him, not willing to let him get the upper hand, not for long. "I am taking you home," she started, her hands slipping lower, "and you are taking off your dirty trousers. And then we'll see what else needs to be taken into hand."
And with that she gave a firm squeeze.
"I'm sure I'll be jumping for joy at your touch," Obi-Wan groaned. "You're already taking things well in hand, but this is hardly the time or place to, ah, get up to anything."
Siri wiggled against Obi-Wan. "I think you're already up to things, but you're right, this isn't very romantic is it?"
"My mind says no no matter what the rest is up to," Obi-Wan agreed. He took a deep breath and carefully stepped backwards. Thank the Force for Jedi discipline of the muscles, he was going to be able to walk straight. He took Siri's arm and they walked to a corner where they could flag a speeder.
"You prefer Virgin Bombshells?" Siri asked casually.
Obi-Wan touched her cheek and leaned forward, grinning madly. "A Bombshell is a Bombshell, especially if blonde and sassy, Siri."
"And who is that?" Siri turned to see two men - one using a purple mushroom sized umbrella and the other carrying a large briefcase - approaching.
"Oh boy," Obi-Wan paled "It's Inigo Montoya and his shrink Sunblocker."
"Sunblocker and Inigo Montoya," Siri grinned "They allow us to make love. They are nice giving ideas."
"I'm sure I'll be jumping for joy at your touch," Obi-Wan groaned. "You're already taking things well in hand, but this is hardly the time or place to, ah, get up to anything."
Siri wiggled against Obi-Wan. "I think you're already up to things, but you're right, this isn't very romantic is it?"
"My mind says no no matter what the rest is up to," Obi-Wan agreed. He took a deep breath and carefully stepped backwards. Thank the Force for Jedi discipline of the muscles, he was going to be able to walk straight. He took Siri's arm and they walked to a corner where they could flag a speeder.
"You prefer Virgin Bombshells?" Siri asked casually.
Obi-Wan touched her cheek and leaned forward, grinning madly. "A Bombshell is a Bombshell, especially if blonde and sassy, Siri."
"And who is that?" Siri turned to see two men - one using a purple mushroom sized umbrella and the other carrying a large briefcase - approaching.
"Oh boy," Obi-Wan paled "It's Inigo Montoya and his shrink Sunblocker."
"Sunblocker and Inigo Montoya," Siri grinned "They allow us to make love. They are nice giving ideas."
Obi-Wan was a bit affronted. "I don't need any outside ideas; the Force guides us, not - not shrinks."
"Oh yes, so speaks the padawan of Qui-Gon Jinn. Listen to the Loving - er, Living - Force." Siri patted his hand. "Shall we send them away?"
At that moment, the airtaxi arrived and Obi-Wan ushered her in quickly, wary of any interruptions that might delay them.
Ever the gentleman, Obi-Wan opened the door and held her hand as she sat on the comfy airtaxi seat and as he joined her she tugged him closer, not wanting to let go.
"Ahem that doesn't work," Obi-Wan mused. "Master Windu tried, Anakin tried, Master Yoda tried instead of do or don't and didn't use his gimer stick."
At that moment, the airtaxi arrived and Obi-Wan ushered her in quickly, wary of any interruptions that might delay them.
Ever the gentleman, Obi-Wan opened the door and held her hand as she sat on the comfy airtaxi seat and as he joined her she tugged him closer, not wanting to let go.
"Ahem that doesn't work," Obi-Wan mused. "Master Windu tried, Anakin tried, Master Yoda tried instead of do or don't and didn't use his gimer stick."
"Who told you that?" Siri was amused. "None of those three tried anything with me."
"Oh - oh, no." Obi-Wan flushed. "Just a flashback to something - with Qui-Gon." His eyes saddened. Siri pressed a kiss to the closed lids.
"Live in the moment, Kenobi, okay?" So saying, her lips moved lower and brushed his. As expected, his expression loosened and his arm went around Siri's shoulders.
"Well, this isn't the technique I was taught to let go and live in the moment - but I far prefer it to Qui-Gon's exhortations or Master Yoda's gimer stick."
"Speaking of sticks..." Siri grinned and moved a few centimeters back. "This is hardly the time or place - just hold me for now." So saying, Siri settled against Obi-Wan's chest as his arms came around her. They sat in a companionable silence in the back seat of the airtaxi.
But the airtaxi made a sudden move when a bright yellow open airspeeder with Anakin behind the controls zoomed past.
Obi-Wan moved against Siri.
Siri tumbled in the backseat against the window.
The airtaxi made another move.
And Siri had one look at her companion and started to giggle. "You're green Kenobi."
"Uh you know Siri. I don't like flying."
Suddenly giggles turned to a sigh. "Oh, dear, you're going to need to lie down in a quiet room and refrain from any exertion for a while, aren't you? That padawan of yours spoils everything."
Siri fumbled for a bag, just in case. She had hoped to fumble for something else, but no way was Obi-Wan going to be up for anything soon.
But she was not totally dissuaded from her goal. Instead, she relaxed into the Force and meditated for a moment as the taxi moved through the air, hoping that Obi-Wan would join her in the calming activity that would also serve to regenerate him for what was to come.
It was only a moment, and she could feel that Obi-Wan had joined her in meditation. In the Force their signatures, swirls of color, danced around each other, twisting and flowing together and an overwhelming sense of rightness filled her as it only had a few times before.
As the airtaxi came to a stop, both Siri and Obi-Wan opened their eyes and turned to each other. Siri was delighted by the glimmer of happiness she saw in the depth of Obi-Wan's blue-greys.
"Well?" She raised her eyebrows.
"My recovery time is remarkable, I assure you," he said with a promising grin.
"Just what I was hoping to hear," she replied, watching with delight as his grin widened and a familiar gleam appeared in his eyes.
It was only a moment, and she could feel that Obi-Wan had joined her in meditation. In the Force their signatures, swirls of color, danced around each other, twisting and flowing together and an overwhelming sense of rightness filled her as it only had a few times before.
As the airtaxi came to a stop, both Siri and Obi-Wan opened their eyes and turned to each other. Siri was delighted by the glimmer of happiness she saw in the depth of Obi-Wan's blue-greys.
"Well?" She raised her eyebrows.
"My recovery time is remarkable, I assure you," he said with a promising grin, taking Siri by the hand and guiding her out of the air taxi. "I'm feeling quite up to whatever you have in mind."
"Just what I was hoping to hear," she replied, watching with delight as his grin widened and a familiar gleam appeared in his eyes. The two entered the Temple, nodding to fellow Jedi as they headed for the residential quarters. "You know, I really am looking forward to removing my pants - dry or not by now - they itch something fierce," Obi-Wan murmured.
"Are you sure it's the pants that is the cause of that?" Siri's eyes danced merrily. "Oh, and by the way, I was hoping I would have the honors of - making you more comfortable - in your skin."
Oh, you'll get the honor," he assured her. "If you can hold on just another moment, I'd prefer it was away from prying eyes, however."
"Mmm," Siri smiled up at him, unable to resist the desire to slip her hands around his waist. " Of course, Obi-Wan. What should I hold on to?" she teased him, nimble fingers sliding along his belt toward the buckle at the front.
Just as she reached the buckle, Obi-Wan gave a very deliberate cough. Looking up, Siri realized that they were passing a throng of younglings and their instructor, and she had to bite back a giggle at the very unimpressed look that Jocasta Nu shot her as she and Obi-Wan passed.
The moment they were out of earshot, Obi-Wan slanted a look of mock-sternness her way. "Such a bad example to set for the children," he chided.
Siri rolled her eyes at him. "Only because I got caught."
"Scandalous," he said with a chuckle as he motioned towards the nearest turbolift. "You're incorrigible."
"Yup; you know, don't you, that Nu was only pretending disapproval? She envies me, Kenobi, envies me; that was a devouring look she shot at you; the disapproval was for the one apparently about to get you." Siri giggled.
"C'mon, Siri, Nu approves of very little."
"And some," she battered her eyes, "not so very little, either - her gimlet eyes see all - heck, now I'm jealous of her."
As the turbolift doors closed behind them Siri pressed Obi-Wan up against the far wall, much as he had done in the alley. She was relentless even though she knew the bar was likely pushing uncomfortably into his back. He didn't seem to notice.
"I'm curious," she murmured, her hands slipping with purpose, down his front again. "Just how 'not so very little' the situation can get." She was looking up at him through her eyelashes now, and his head tilted toward her.
"It's no mystery," he replied, his own hands rising to grip her waist. "Not to you..."
"It seems we always get inturrupted," she pouted, leaning closer until her mouth was hovering so near to his.
"Yes," he agreed in a low voice, then the corner of his eyes crinkled in undisguised mirth, "but there was that one time..."
"Hey!" Siri pretended to pout. "I tried to give you some TLC but you insisted on falling down on the job."
"Falling down?" Obi-Wan chuckled. "I was on meds and recovering from a fairly serious injury. Not even the Force was, ah, up to things on my behalf."
"Hm," Siri pursed her lips, not entirely placated.
"At least you had the opportunity to, ah, survey the goods," Obi-Wan added, mischief lighting his blue eyes as he grinned at her.
Siri couldn't help but smile back; her fingers lifted to trace the sides of his face, her hands smoothed over his shoulders, then down his back and around his waist again. "No injuries to speak of this time, Kenobi. No excuses."
"No excuses, no interruptions," he agreed.
The turbolift dinged then, signaling the arrival at their floor and much, much more. They smiled at each other, both knowing Obi-Wan's quarters were now only steps away.
Two steps later both stopped in dismay as Obi-Wan's door swooshed open. "Beat you here," Anakin cheered, leaning lazily against the door jamb, clad in pyjamas. "I just made the popcorn and started the vid - come join me. Oh, and Siri, you can have my bed - your quarters got flooded by a faulty sprinker. Aayla was kind enough to bring your nightclothes and a change of clothing over; she was going to host you, but I said I was going to pull an all nighter so my bed would be free."
In a flash of motion, Obi-Wan activated his lightsaber, aiming to slice Anakin clean in half.
"Whoa, Master, stop flashing your lightsaber," Anakin burped. "I swear I stopped flashing mine, see - look." A finger hooked in his waistband, started to move - down - but a gesture of Siri's had his finger frozen in place.
"Obi-Wan, dear, the padawan is going to sack out in the common room all night long," Siri hoped Obi-Wan got the message. Apparently he remembered that Anakin ended up dead to the world after stuffing his insides and downing a few drinks. It would be no problem to throw a sleeping suggestion on him - heck, they could float him out into the hall, out the window, into Mace's spare room - anything.
"I was - just - er, practicing," Obi-Wan said quickly. "I was thinking of, er, sparring with Master Tachi."
"In the hall?"
"Um, no."
"Well - just be sure it doesn't sputter out, 'kay? The battery felt like it needed recharging when last I had it."
"You - ah - what?"
"Siri, I'm a good padawan, truly. I do my best to keep my master in tip top shape, even his equipment."
Obi-Wan spluttered. "You - when - what -"
"There's no way you were oblivious Master - didn't you feel how careful I was handling it - you know I just give mine a quick polish but yours gets the full wash and dry treatment."
"That's enough talk about my equipment Anakin," Obi-Wan muttered, brushing past the tipsy young man to enter their quarters. Anakin made a face at his Master but stepped aside for Siri, sweeping his arm out to welcome her into their quarters.
"What's wrong with you Master?" Anakin frowned.
"Nothing. I'm just anxious - to go to bed. It's been a long, hard - day."
"Oh." Anakin's frown deepened, as if he was trying to figure out what he was missing. Siri hid a laugh behind her hand.
"Start the holo-vid. I'll get you another drink," Obi-Wan offered, winking at Siri. He turned to go into the kitchen and Siri followed close behind.
When they were alone, Obi-Wan turned to her with a warm smile. "Tea?" he asked. "I don't know about you, but I'd like to have a clear mind for tonight."
"Mmmm," Siri murmured. "Sounds good. I don't know how much longer I can wait to test out your equipment though," she teased him.
"Ten minutes."
"Ten minutes?"
Obi nodded. "And he'll be out like a light. You'll see. And then I can flick your switch."
Siri answered with a saucy grin and a playful swat to his behind. "I'm going to hold you to that, Kenobi."
"I hope you do a bit more than hold it," Obi-Wan answered with a grin. "My equipment wants to get out and about - and into things, if you know what I mean. A Jedi and his lightsaber - upright guardians and always ready to serve as milady commands."
"Hey, Master, about bringing me a refill?" Anakin's voice came from the other room.
"It's coming, it's coming," Obi-Wan called back. In a whisper to Siri, he added, "Soon, very so Siri grinned to herself as Obi-Wan left to ply Anakin with more alcohol and finished with the tea. Heading back to the common room, two steaming cups in her hand, she stopped at the sight. The lights were low, holo-vid playing, comfy couch - the perfect romantic setting except Anakin had settled himself right in the middle.
Frowning, she looked to Obi-Wan who shrugged apologetically. "Ten minutes," he mouthed to her. With not much choice, she took a breath and passed Obi-Wan his tea.
"I saved a spot for you, Master Tachi!" Anakin exclaimed.
Siri sat down, resigning herself to being patient just a little longer.
In fact, ten minutes later Anakin gave a loud snore.
Siri turned, happily and met Obi-Wan's eyes over the passed out Padawan.
Obi-Wan quickly rose to his feet and extended a hand to Siri. Halfway to her feet, she paused, stuck. Anakin had a tight hold on her. Siri tugged, gently. Siri tugged, hard. Siri wrenched herself free only to be again caught in a strong grip as a groggy Anakin murmured, "Don't go, Mom. Love you."
Not fair! Obi-Wan and Siri cried in silent unison.
"Mom..." Next thing she knew, Siri was sitting on the couch with Anakin's head on her lap, both his hands tightly gripping her arms. "Stay with me, Mom - sing me - a lullaby."
"I don't sing," Siri hissed under her breath. "What I want is to sing a round of Hallajuah's when I run my equipment check on your master."
Ah whatever I will sing," Siri grinned and began in her most melodious voice "Over there in your bed and nice things"
"Hummmhymmm," Anakin hummed and started to snore.
"He is ready," Siri grinned
"And now we drop him there," Obi-Wan floated his padawan with the Force towards the bedroom of said padawan.
"WOW he can live in that mess," Siri opened the door and tripped inadvertently on one of the droidparts - wheeled and more - and slittered towards the bed.
"Whoa Siri," Obi-Wan whispered "That's his bed" and he dropped - after taking a jump to avoid yet another droidpart - the padawan on the free part of the bed.
Anakin turned on his side - sleeping undisturbed by master Tachi who had managed to land just at the footend of the bed - and had his long legs over her waist.
Siri extricated herself from the embracing legs, just as Obi-Wan was fluffing the pillow. And she saw something. "Does he sleep in that?"
"That's his sleepwear," Obi-Wan grinned. "It was my birthday gift for him after he presented me with ... oops."
Siri got a mischievous grin, bolted from the bed and ran towards the common room followed by an Obi-Wan who was softly muttering "shouldn't have told her that about my sleepwear."
"I heard that - and you don't need any sleepwear, Kenobi," Siri quietly shouted back. "Now get in here so we can get you out of those stained leggings and - oh, hi, Master Windu and Mace - what are you doing here? Now?"
"Movie night it is; brought the pizza I did." Yoda slipped past her and settled on the couch. "Where's young Skywalker - opening another bottle?"
"Oh, he's passed out," Siri replied easily. "I guess your movie night is cancelled, since your host has been put to bed. So, g'night, nice to see you again tonight, see you tomorrow."
Yoda was having none of it. "Obi-Wan, out of those pants you get and into your gundark pj's."
"Okay," Obi-Wan agreed with alacrity, grabbing Siri by the hand and diving for his bedroom, mouthing to Siri, "We can escape out the window."
"That's even better," Siri looked towards one of the walls where a piece of grating was showing an even better escape.
"Duct-crawling?" Obi-Wan suggested "Why has it to be that?"
"Because that way I can follow you - and get a nice view from behind." Siri patted the behind in question. "Front, back, it's all magnificent."
"Well, if it gets us out of here..."
Siri turned back to Obi-Wan, who looked none to pleased. "What's wrong?" she asked in a concerned voice, touching his arm.
"I'm fine Siri. Just feeling a little - blue. And uncomfortable. Before we do anything I have to get out of these pants."
"Well, you certainly are not going to crawl through the ducts butt-naked, Kenobi - you might scratch something and put it out of commission." Siri put her hands on her hips and thought, tapping a toe on the floor. "LIsten, can we get Mace and Yoda drunk?"
Obi-Wan snorted. "Yoda can hold more liquor than the rest of the Temple all put together."
"Switch the vid to something that'll drive them out screaming?"
"Nope, tried that once. Yoda just whacked the machine with his gimer stick and scowled at it - machine hasn't worked right since."
"Mind trick Mace into putting a move on Yoda?"
The two Jedi stared at each other; grins of equal size spreading over their faces. "Go ahead, Kenobi - you're the expert at mind tricks." Siri pushed Obi-Wan to the door. Luckily, both Jedi were engrossed in the vid, backs to the two conspirators.
A corner of Mace's purple boa rose in the air and gently wafted up and around to caress the green troll's ears. Yoda sighed happily. "My sweet Yaddle, erogoneous zone you know that is - wait - Mace, Yaddle you are not. Stimulate me you should not!"
"Stimulate YOU?!" Mace jumped to the far end of the couch. "I'd rather kiss Skywalker."
Siri covered her mouth, chortling. If nothing else, they might get blackmail material on the two senior Jedi.
A bottle upended itself above Mace's head.
"Yoda! You little troll!" Mace sputtered and gasped under the sticky liquid.
"Size matters not," Yoda replied unperturbed.
"You're small enough to stuff in something if you don't behave."
"More power in my little toe than in your head, baldy!"
"Baldy, it's my pride and your hair, huh that's just a few wisps of white and uh master ... don't ... tiiclllleee grrrrr"
"Tickle I do not,"
"Not I do."
"You little green mayhem."
"Mayhem I am not," Yoda closed his eyes with a mischievous smile. He sensed the intentions of the two young masters. And he waved his hands.
"I don't like flying this way,"
"Yes you do," Master Yoda grinned. "To your apartment you go" and he waved again to open the door.
Mace floated into the corridor.
Yoda turned his head. "Pure love, allowed by the Force it is. Mischievous behaviour it is not." And with that the door closed behind Yoda. But not before he had Siri and Obi-Wan giggling on the floor after a bout of tickling both.
"Pure?" Obi-Wan snorted. "Not so 'pure' after we've finally had some time alone, right?" He offered Siri his arm to escort her when -
"Um, hey, what's the commotion?" A groggy Anakin stumbled out his room. "Don't know know why I thought the popcorn would be under my pillow - aahh!"
A groan of pain sounded under the prone padawan. "My ribs," Obi-Wan gasped.
"S-sorry, Master, didn't see you down there - why, I'm down here, too." Anakin sounded pleased to be on the same floor as his master. "Nice cushion, Master." He patted Obi-Wan's face and tried to stumble to his feet, planting a foot in Obi-Wan's stomach and tumbling once more to his "cushion."
"Ohhh - he's totally flattened and decommissioned me," Obi-Wan groaned, trying to writhe free.
"Anything I broke, I can fix," Anakin boasted.
"You're not getting your hands on me," Obi-Wan grumbled, accepting Siri's hand and getting painfully to his feet. He clutched his ribs, face white with pain. He glanced at Siri and sorrowfully added, "Neither are you, I'm afraid."
But Siri had gone through far too much today to be so easily dissuaded, so she took a deep breath. "Have I told you that I've spent some time studying with some of the best Healers in the Order?"
Obi-Wan and Anakin looked at her in surprise, and she elaborated, making to unfasten Obi-Wan's belt, tabards and tunic as she spoke. "Oh, yes. I thought that my skills needed to be rounded out a bit more-" Here, she shot Obi-Wan a wink that Anakin did not see. "-so I signed up for extra healing lessons."
Obi-Wan's chest was now bare, and she fought back the urge to ogle him, instead putting on her most professional, Jedi-Masterly expression and concentrating on healing his injuries with the Force.
After a moment, she glanced at Anakin. "Your master needs quiet. I'll help him to his bed and keep an eye" and other things "on him."
"I can sit with him," Anakin offered.
"No, I, ah, thinks he needs the feminine - that is, healing - touch," Siri countered. "Why don't you find somewhere else to spend the night so that Obi-Wan doesn't have to worry about you - in case he moans or something. In his sleep."
"I'd hate to wake you up, Padawan," Obi-Wan agreed quickly. "You need to rest, not worry about me."
"Well, okay, Master. I'll just haul myself to some empy quarters somewhere and start that vid again - but be sure to call me if you need me."
While Anakin gathered a few things, Siri helped Obi-Wan to his room and gave him an extra strong dose of healing, being careful not to dampen his nerves too much. By the time the lines of pain on Obi-Wan's face had smoothed out, Anakin was slipping out of the door,
"Finally," Siri cheered. "Now, Kenobi, I believe I have a pair of pants to slid off you - Kenobi! Damn, I overdid it after all. Kenobi, wake up - wake up. You don't want me to do this all by myself do you?"
"What are you doing?" Kaagi Adin, followed by Aaqu Maerhin entered the bedroom. Kaagi was carrying his doctor's bag and Aaqu was guiding a hoverchair inside.
"Oh no," Obi-Wan giggled, quite relaxed because of Siri's ministrations. "Healers, they sense my distress and come a running towards poor me."
"I have healed him with the Force healer Adin and healer Maerhin," Siri stated.
"And that includes that," Kaagi grinned with mischief apparent in his silver grey eyes. He had seen the pure love between the two when they were just little initiates. "Years ago it was three year old Kenobi helping a crèche master to change the diapers of baby Tachi."
"Not that," Siri muttered. "He is healed."
"Come Aaqu," Kaagi winked with his left eye. "Let's examine the healing and leave those two to what they are planning."
"Healed perfectly," Aaqu used his sensitive hands and gave a stern nod to Obi-Wan "And you keep it easy and let her do the removal of your pants. There is - this time - no glueing of Kenobi for me to do."
"Please Master Maerhin," Obi-Wan grinned.
"You heard the healer; lift your hips," Siri commanded. "Mmmm, Kenobi - the Force dry must have shrink-wrapped you - they're stuck. Let me yank 'em -"
A strangled yell stopped her. "You're yanking too much - if you want anything left to play with, for the love of the Force, be careful!"
"You don't like it a little rough, Obi-Wan?" Siri looked up at him with a coy grin as she pulled at his trousers more carefully, inching them over his hips.
"You know exactly how I like it, Siri," he grinned. "Yanking is a bit unnecessary, don't you think."
"Hmmm," she murmured appreciatively as she finally pulled them all the way off. With a broad smile, she lifted her head to meet his perfect blue-grey eyes.
"Well, it's too bad your padawan will never know your one lightsaber is far more - inviting - than any number of his sparkling, twinkling ones - I guess he figures he needs the enhancements, but clearly, we know who is the master of the form." Siri dropped a gentle kiss upon Obi-Wan's forehead. "Now, before we fully activate it..."she wiggled, coyly, a clear invitation for his skillful fingers to seek further, considering she was still fully clad. She let her fingers do the walking, only to have Obi-Wan hiss almost inaudibly.
Attuned to his every means of expression, Siri's eyes narrowed and followed to what was twitching in her hand. "Oh, Force now what! You overdid the Force blow-drying down there, didn't you? That is a burn, isn't it - or abrasion from your pants?" Siri flopped on her back.
Member Since:
Sep 16, 2005
"Wow, Obi-Wan, you're really rocking my boat tonight," Siri gasped as everything began to rock - and they were hardly beyond the caresses and kisses stage as yet.
"I hate to break it to you, but I can't take the credit for it; the whole Temple is shaking." Obi-Wan sat up, all his senses now alert as he diverted more attention to his formal brain rather than the one too many men were accused of.
"I knew you were good, but that good -" Siri's sentence was cut off by Obi-Wan's finger on her lips.
"Earthquake."
"I thought it was an Obi-quake," Siri muttered, but more than willing to ride out the quake where she was. One quake or another, she planned a rollicking good time this night.
Member Since:
Sep 16, 2005
And Siri is (hoping) to get it! Ahem. @ Valiowk : Yeah, the quick cut and paste job with posters overriding each other...it's a mess.
Guys, I copied SOME of the more interesting, ah, discussions from the temp thread (except the last one on how maybe Obi-Wan could have kept Anakin to the light - someone else can tackle that if they wish). I'll break this into at least 2 posts and I did not bother to attribute posts so it may be a bit disjointed, but this will capture some of the highlights.
Obi-Wan in TCW:
I don't mind that Obi-Wan gets beaten up as long as it does not make him look incompetent, which was sadly the case in season 4: first his not so well thought of attempt to free the Governor of Kiros and then he walks blindly into an obvious trap and is disarmed by cry the wannabe sith, Savage Opress, who should be no more than a midday snack for a jedi of Obi-Wan's caliber.
Hopefully they'll treat him better in season 5, though after listening to Filoni's reasoning I doubt it.
1. Perhaps some of the writers thinking comes from ROTS when Anakin is joking about the number of times he had to rescue Obi-Wan, but in my opinion (which I took from the book ROTS) that was because Palps kept setting up situations to send the team to trying to get Obi-Wan killed, but as Val said one time, Obi-Wan is like the proverbial cat with nine lives...he just keeps coming back. That just had to be the most annoying thing to Palps... Plot bunny, anyone? I could see a humorous story about Palps/ Sidious setting up all these traps to get Obi-Wan killed, and then his reactions when Obi keeps coming up not dead...
Ok, seriously, someone has to write that. It's too good an idea to pass up!
I would attempt it but having only just got back into SW fiction, I'm not the best person and I don't really write humour...
That would be really funny in the right hands. I'd love to read a fic like that. Because that's what it really seems like, I do think Palps kept trying to make Obi-Wan dead and bloody hell, he just kept turning up alive!
~~
Filoni: You want Obi-Wan? There’s your Obi-Wan (as he's being beaten to a pulp). <evil chuckle>
Re: Obi-Wan:
He has to shoulder the burden, all the time, in SW (cites slavery & undercover arc)…knowing he didn’t finish the job; he left Anakin alive and because he does, how many terrible things happened...
Then Filoni sets up this hypothetical exchange when Obi-Wan returns from "killing" Anakin:
Yoda: Did you finish him?
Obi-Wan: Absolutely.
Sep 16, 2005
Obi-Wan and Siri/"the girls"
Siri, a MarySue? I don't think so, but certainly an author "plant" for a potential romantic interest (as I initially felt Satine was).
Usual definition of a MarySue: In the center of all action, never does wrong, always does right, is the perfect and wonderful person..." or as Wiki defines it: is a fictional character with overly idealized and hackneyed mannerisms, lacking noteworthy flaws, and primarily functioning as a wish-fulfilment fantasy for the author or reader. It is generally accepted as a character whose positive aspects overwhelm their other traits until they become one-dimensional
Siri might (might!) have been created to counter Obi-Wan, but she was not presented in JA as a MarySue (don't remember so much in JQ). Deb's right - she was presumptuous, arrogant, mouthy AND capable - hardly a paragon of virtue, and she and Obi-Wan learned over time to balance each other in caution and impetuosity.
I can most definitely see them as reluctant allies and slow to friendship, then eventually into a deep and close friendship. I can see them remaining that way, or kind of as how Taria Damsin is presented in Wild Space (a very close friend who shares a physical relationship without a deep remantic tie) although I see that as a bit of stretch - but possible if not probable. I can also see the friendship evolving into an unspoken (more canon) or spoken (EU) romance if the set up works.
Taria, though - I can't quite wrap my mind around her and Obi-Wan, and I wonder how much of that is due to the presentation of the Jedi/Obi-Wan as more warrior-monk than human male.
@ ruth baulding : A little short she whipped up:
1. The Muse Strikes Back.
“Are you sure this is the right place, master?”
Obi Wan’s eyes narrowed. “The Force is very disturbed here… yes, this is it.”
They smashed through the ventilation grating in one fell swoop, brown and black cloaks sweeping about their boots as they landed, back to back in guard position, ‘saber hilts in their hands.
Nobody paid any attention. The various sentients milled about idly, carrying steaming cups of argees, stacks of flimsi, small datapads. They shuffled in and out of work cubicles like industrious X’Ching artisans, not registering the sudden intrusion of two Jedi Knights into the midst of their quotidian routine.
“I think we’re losing our touch, master.”
Obi Wan shrugged. “It’s not our typical warm welcome, I’ll admit,” he replied dryly. “But I’m sure the blaster bolts will start flying soon.”
They strode along the central aisle, Obi Wan in the lead. Anakin stared at the people glimpsed through opening s in the dura-plast partitions. “Master… everyone here is a Mando-commando or a Darksister,” he hissed.
“Costumes,” the Jedi master snapped. “Use your feelings, Anakin. If these were really our foes, would they be so indifferent to our presence?”
The young Knight had to admit his friend and mentor had a point there. Plus, a lot of these folks frankly didn’t look fit enough to be a threat in hand to hand combat. It looked like Dex’s was the catering joint of choice around here.
“Our true enemy lies ahead,” Obi Wan decided, his features hardening into stern lines. “There.” He pointed to the frosted glass panels of a large office, behind which obscure veils lurked the mastermind responsible for so much of the galaxy’s suffering.
“He’s gonna pay for what he did in Season Four,” Anakin growled, prosthetic hand clenching hard about his weapon’s hilt.
“We will take him together,” the Jedi master instructed, sotto voce, using the Force to rip the door off its hinges.
They stormed through the entry, plasma blades snapping into vibrant blue and green life, the Force gathering about them like twin thunderclouds.
“Whoa!” the occupant of this inner sanctum exclaimed when the Jedi barged through his door. His wide features split into an impish grin. “Anakin! Obi Wan!” He scrabbled about , shoving chairs in their general direction. “Come in! Sit down!”
Obi Wan’s blade came up in a fierce Soresu opening stance. Anakin closed one fist in the air. “We don’t need your hospitality, Filoni,” he gritted out, savagely, beginning to close off the dark haired man’s airway.
The unfortunate director struggled, his cheeks turning red as his feet left the floor.
“Put him down, Anakin,” Obi Wan hissed. “We have a job to do. And we need answers.”
The villain was dropped unceremoniously to the ground. He massaged his throat and hurriedly retreated behind his desk. “You’ve got it all wrong!” he gasped. “You guys are the heroes. I’m your biggest fan.”
“Really?” Anakin had had his fill of this barve’s stinking poodoo. “What’s with the slavery ….and the deception?? And for Force’s sake, Darth Maul??”
Filoni put his feet upon the desk and leaned back, feigning calm. He spread his hands before him engagingly and offered a boyish smile. “The viewers love that stuff. It’s awesome.”
“Perhaps,” Obi Wan interrupted him, “You would care to explain the public threats you issued regarding the near future?” He fixed the director with a fulminating look.
Filoni quailed only a little, to his credit. “Look,” he wheedled. “I only kick your ass because you’re awesome enough to take it.”
“Really?” One of Obi Wan’s brows rose, ironically.
Chuckling, their interlocutor ran a hand over his stubbled cheeks and tilted his broad-rimmed hat backward on his head. ‘You can be polite to me…. Or I can whack the Duchess in Episode one, act one scene one. Your choice, Kenobi.”
“In the name of the Galactic Republic, you are under arrest,” Anakin told him, stepping between his master and this raving lunatic. “Your ratings are about to take a plunge.”
“I am the ratings!” the maniacal director shrieked, leaping to his feet and pressing a hidden security alarm beneath the desk’s polished edge. “You underestimate my power.”
Into the cramped confines of the office tottered a monster spat from the lowest Sith hells: a protocol model security droid torso fixed atop Darth Maul’s discarded legs, still clad in their black trousers.
Even Obi Wan was speechless.
The horrible melding of nightmare and machine wobbled toward them, threatening to dissolve the galaxy into a pool of implausible absurdity. The Jedi fell to their knees, sabers clattering to the floor as they writhed in agony, in sheer disbelief, in acute horrified mortification….
The vision shattered and was gone. Only the serene, incensed air of the Archives remained. Master Yoda leaned upon his gimer stick, regarding the pair of them critically as they gasped to regain their breath in the aftermath of the terrible illusion.
“Told you, I did, that dangerous this holocron is. Full of spoilers, it is; a product of dark arts and forbidden practices. Into the vault, will I replace it now. Pry not further into the future. Always in motion it is.”
“Yes, master…” the miscreants muttered, helping each other back to their feet.
“Deal with Filoni myself, I shall,” the Grand master muttered darkly, hobbling away on his gimer stick, his wispy hair catching the last rays of the dying sun.
Obi Wan and Anakin bowed to him as he departed, and exchanged a worried look. Because no matter what Yoda said, season five was still coming soon. And they both had a very bad feeling about it.
On Obi-Wan and leaving Anakin for dead:
1. Charlie said: ↑
Authors like to designate things and take them for granted.. And because of this if the author isn't careful they can unwittingly have their character do things that are morally questionable but since they are supposed to be the "good guy" they are never called out on it, because in the author's mind they never did anything wrong.
Ben was the designated "good guy" of the story and was thus presented as a person with good motivations and good character, but if we take the implications of everything involved, I think the motivation of vengeance pops up. Making him not the best guy.
More or less, you are saying what I have said numerous times about GL's decisions and his rewrites/retcons. You have a most valid point, especially the bolded parts.
I happen to disagree with you about the vengeance, my interpretation of the character's motivations.
But the implications of a clone army, Ben's "POV" (which, by the way, I think is valid if not exactly a bit of a stretch), lack of mention of any attempt to free Shmi.... I doubt these ever occurred to GL. Or if so, he dismissed them as unimportant, taking time away from the plot, something the viewers wouldn't notice...
Because we are supposed to know the Jedi/Obi-Wan/etc. are the good guys, we are supposed to accept they are doing the right thing despite how some may interpret the presentation of the actions - because the "correct interpretation" is GL's in the end (I fear I said that badly, but I hope you get my point).
You are of course free to interpret a story apart from any known authorial intent. In which case, we have the sole (almost) surviving member of an ancient sect still planning to destroy the current destructive tyrant ruling the galaxy, and encouraging a boy who happens to be born with special powers to take this burden on himself. Luke's hate for the Empire seems to flow from hsi natural goodness, though; and even at face value only, isn't it poosible to ascribe a perfectly reasonable (neither right nor wrong) motive for killing Vader, besides vengeance? Taking out the top leadership of an extremely oppressive tyranny is generally motivated by principle, rather than personal grudge. I'm sure when the Rebel allaince thought Vader was on baord the first Death Star, they weren't squeamish about taking him out, either. In other words, to have a piqued concern for eliminating Vader does not seem to require vengeance as a motive at all. Would the Rebel Alliance's motives in general be described as vengeful on the face-value level?
1. Charlie said: ↑
I have a question: Is it possible that Ben had lost his way after Revenge and simply became obsessed with ending Vader's life because of regret for not doing it when he had the chance?
The way I see it, the reason Obi-Wan is adamant that Luke kill Vader in the OT stems not from a desire for revenge but as a necessity: the oppression of the Sith had to be destroyed, and Vader was one of them. In Obi-Wan’s mind, Vader was irrevocable lost to the dark side: not only had he witnessed Vader cut down fellow Jedi and small children, but more importantly he saw him choke his heavily pregnant wife. The Anakin Obi-Wan knew and called brother would never do such a thing, and so to him Anakin had died and could never be brought back (remember not even his “Angel” could make Anakin turn from the dark path). Only Vader remained, and Obi-Wan had no reason to believe Vader would spare Luke (unless Luke join him).
Charlie said: ↑
He instills a vengeful attitude in Luke by telling him that Vader betrayed and killed Luke's father.
I don’t quite agree that he instils a vengeful attitude, because Luke never knew his father - he never had the kind of bond with him that children have with their parents as they grow up, therefore the pain of his father’s loss is not that of a child that looses a beloved parent, but of a child that never had the experience of a father-son relationship. And though I certainly believe Luke was angry with Vader for ruining the opportunity for Luke to know and experience having a father, I don’t think the hurt is deep enough to instil a desire for revenge – nor does Luke’s reaction to Obi-Wan’s revelation indicate this in my opinion – actually Luke’s seems more upset about Vader killing Obi-Wan than learning that Vader killed his father.
If Obi-Wan truly wanted to instil vengeance in Luke, I don’t think he would have merely have told Luke that Vader betrayed and murdered his father, but also how he strangled his mother while she was heavily pregnant with him, and how he contributed to her death.
I think the reason Obi-Wan told Luke what he did was because he wanted to protect Luke until he had completed his training: if Luke learned about Vader’s true identity he would feel compelled to seek him out, which, could lead to only two outcomes in Obi-Wan’s mind: 1) Luke’s death, or 2) a third Sith.
I always got the impression that Obi-Wan and Yoda intended to tell Luke the truth about Vader once he finished his training, and that they did not plan on Luke facing Vader until such time.
Charlie said: ↑
He never warns Luke about the Emperor or is ever concerned about whether he lived or died. Despite the fact that it was the Emperor who had destroyed the Jedi, enslaved the galaxy and caused Vader to fall. Yet Ben seems so unconcerned with him. His focus was mostly on ending Vader's life and he trained Luke for this purpose.
Maybe because if Luke ever hoped to challenge the Emperor, he first had to get past Vader; so to Luke, the most immediate threat/problem is Vader and hence the one he needs to focus on.
That's how I see it, but as with most things, it is a matter of perception.
When Vader goes to find Ben on board the death star, he seems to be intent on killing the man. Does that qualify as vengefulness, or merely a realistic response to a threat? And if the latter, why is the inverse not true? Surely a man who just obliterated millions of people in one blow and has left a decades-long bloody swath behind him, and has the entire machinery of the Empire to back him up is just as great a threat as a single old hermit with a laser sword?
The insults and taunts exchanged during that battle seem to indicate that both of them have some unfinished business on the mind, which leads me to wonder why "vengeful obsession" isn't predicated of both, under this paradigm.
In other words, why is Ben to be critiqued for wanting to finish business, but Vader is not?
But no one really knows how they will respond in a real circumstance until they are in it.
I don't see Ben as vengeful at all, though. Now, the rather "unfortunate" thing is we have "A New Hope" before we have "The Return of the Sith", but to me, Ben, although you could see regret and sadness in it, saw the duty that needed to be done. His former apprentice was a monster, coldly murdering anyone who stood in his way, putting fear in the hearts of millions, etc. Maybe Obi-Wan had nearly 20 years to "beat himself up" for his weakness and attachment that prevented him from finishing the job on Mustafar, maybe every time he heard news about a new atrocity performed by Vader it was a slap in his face and a reminder to him about the fact he couldn't outright kill his best friend and brother.
But I don't see his motivations to Luke as vengeance, but more like "It needs to be done." In a way, "Finish what I couldn't do." I can see Obi-Wan heartbroken words at the end of Mustafar perhaps being a plea for Anakin to turn back to the light...(and the heartbreak in that scene was so palpable), but perhaps over the years he saw Anakin/Vader not only NOT turn back to the light, but instead grow more powerful and evil in the dark so by the time Luke came into the picture, Obi-Wan had pretty much become convinced the only hope for the galaxy was the death of Vader and the Emperor. He likely ceased to even think of Vader as Anakin after a while, that's why he could say that "Darth killed your father," ..because to him, he did.
1. Yes, twenty (all right, nineteen, whatever the Official Chronology dictates) years later, Darth Vader is not merely a person; he is the embodiment of both an oppressive political regime, and the nexus of a vast spiritual imbalance felt acutely by any Force-user. He remains the "Chosen One" in the sense that he is the key and fulcrum to the galaxy's balance, both outward and inward. Honestly, for Ben Kenobi to want anything /other/ than his (this dark avatar's) defeat, or destruction, would be a dereliction of fundamental duty and personal vows of service to the Light.
Vengeance has to do with perceived personal wrong. That I would hope had long ago been forgiven. But the real and universal harm to the common good... heavens. That just begs to be addressed. Vengeance has nothing to do with it.
I think focusing on Vader vs Ben as a merely personal battle between two men does great injustice to the entire context, and skews the issue badly. Vader's role and function as SIth Lord par excellence so far outstrip any personal identity he may or may not retain that it is indeed true to say "Vader killed Anakin."
Ah well, maybe we are beating a dead Sith here.
1. Well, yes, but in some ways it's not debatable, at least not if we must limit ourselves to a face-value interpretive paradigm. Without author's intent, symbolic meaning, or role/function within a story, it's pretty much just an existentialist heyday - you can impose whatever motives you like upon the bare bones of a story, really. Interpretation and criticsim are possible when you accpet the structural, mythical, psychological, and narrative rules and principles. So ... sure, from a /certain point of view/ I guess you could look at it that way.
Not that I do. !!!
I think one of the challenges Ben Kenobi presents , for a modern audience, is that he doesn't display a lot of human emotion or passion. He's kind, certainly, he's determined, he's a little wry, a little cynical. but you don't get the impression of a man driven by human emotion. Luke of course is VERY sympathetic this way, but his mentor-figure is just a tad !! removed from passionate reckless youth. His removal from the immediately understandable probably makes him a bit of a "blank" spot for some viewers... the sagely mentality is just too odd. Zen masters are frequently portrayed as "mad" in the Buddhist tradition, too - their motives are not easy to intuit for a normal, especially young, person. So in the absence of any "handle" by which to grasp character - one which is definitely there for Luke, Leia, Han, the bad guys, etc, - Old Ben invites a palimpsetic over-write... "Old Guy Loking For Revenge" just being one variation.
/My/ revenge is apparently to talk too much. Can you tell I'm irked, beneath the calm surface????
Similar to what you espoused, a reserved personality is all too often accused of cold dispassion and can be considered an unsympathetic figure by many. Neither Obi-Wan or Ben reacts with any hint of chest-thumping anguish (with the one exception the ROTS "You were my brother" anguish which shows the depths of his pain since it's never been so outwardly displayed) - pain is inward, joy is inward, satisfaction is inward. I've often noticed extroverted, emotional folks are the most likely to dislike Obi-Wan/Ben and gravitate to Anakin although this is far from a given. (Myself, I'm an introvert with extrovert tendencies in certain situations).
Combine a naturally reserved personality with a Jedi upbringing and you get - Obi-Wan. I like Bail's description in Wild Space: "...and that startling streak of ruthlessness." I wanted to object then found myself agreeing - Obi-Wan can focus on need/purpose (heck,he's a general, in war I should hope so) if the situation demands it, although that doesn't mean he's not sympathetic (this is a scene post the space station where he's trying to get information from Bail's dying contact about the Sith). He can just deliver the goods (and if necessary, beat himself up on the inside).
So unless a viewer/reader is able to see the SUBTLE signs of emotion, one assumes there is no emotion there - whatever the emotion.
Well put, Val, and your mention of Wild Space reminds me how close to /disliking/ Obi Wan Bail is inthe beginning of that story. He references "Jedi hauteur" more than once and he. too, mistakes outward dispassion for lack of com-passion. I thought it was on the whole an insightful character study, and there /is/ a startling streak of ruthlessness - ruthless quashing of personal feelings for duty. I've always found the scene in which Obi Wan stows away on board Padme's ship in order to find Anakin/Vader to be another fine example of "ruthless" behavior. That's taking no prisoners at an emotional level, to be sure.
I find it... admirable. Frightening, but in a good way. And that makes the tears on Mustafar all the more gut-wrenching.
Wish we could take some kind of survey (extrovert, introvert, linear vs associative thinker, age, occupation, upbringing, all of it, and get the STATS on Obi Wan fandom and hater-dom. Somebody needs to take that on in the name of Science, you know?
As for frightening - in a way it is. In someone less noble, less gentle-hearted, more arrogant, such ruthlessness could lead to abuse of a situation - the "someone who will make others obey to make things right" type of absolutist thinking Anakin somewhat references in the picnic scene in AOTC. In this, the Jedi Order's saving grace is that duty is based on the will of the Force, not will of a man, although when the Force is clouded...
I just finished 4 days of reading a 3 part story over on ff.n where the AU premise is how the Order has gone astray - and how it and the gov't will be reformed. It's taking a more extreme view of the Order as actually presented in the movies & canon - in other words, just a tiny step aside from canon and it IS plausible (I'll PM you unless others are interested in the possible discussion).
So Ben COULD have set Luke up as an instrument for the Sith's destruction - but I don't believe that it could be reduced to that. An instrument of the Force - well, possibly, but even that's a stretch. Yes, he sees Luke as the next generation of Jedi and a Jedi's duty is to destroy the Sith per the will of the Force; I would not dispute that. But he does see Luke as more, as a human being, with his own conscience and sense of duty as well, although he probably has little compunction in helping to shape that - all humans help shape others just via contact.
~~Referencing a removed story “elsewhere” on how a small twist in POV can change things:
In short, the Code has been far too stifling and in Anakin's (author, too, supposedly) POV, forced Obi-Wan to devalue himself. I phrase it like that because Obi-Wan is the same, humble, deprecating Jedi we're used to in canon, only the author is explaining his humble nature as lack of self-worth foisted on him by an uncaring Order. The Order has been growing afraid of Obi-Wan and Anakin's closeness, even from the very beginning of their master/padawan relationship (which begs the question why they elevated Obi-Wan to the Council if they mistrusted him) - that's all background stuff, though.
Because Padme dies things go different than in canon and "good triumphs." Obi-Wan and Anakin, along with two unexpected ex-Jedi D) plan to reform the Order into a Force-based Order, rather than hierarchal organzation. It's an interesting read if one likes a twist on the known.
Only if wanted will I go further (probably via PM not to dethread this), but I found this small twist in POV to be compelling, chilly and possible - but not one I subscribe to. We've all read of the posters who believe the Order ignores crying babies to prevent attachment and all that, haven't we? I can't believe that - it is too far of a stretch and in this world we know infants deprived of nurturing grow up terribly affected.
We also know that many believe the Order forces its members to eschew emotions entirely, not just control and release them, but demands that there be no emotions. Even in the 1st part of Wild Space, we can see this in profic - how Obi-Wan feels less than a Jedi for his emotions that he struggles not to have, and Yoda is, I fear in that 1st section, not a very comforting or sympathetic Yoda. Had this characterization continued, I would not be a fan of KM's books but luckily she backs off.
So we can talk about if/how/does the Order force conformity on its members and at what personal cost, and to keep with the thread, keep the emphasis on Obi-Wan (what would he be like if not raised a Jedi).
As for personalities gravitating to which fictional characters, I admire Obi-Wan and "noble" folks like him. I'm a lot like Anakin (impetuous, quick to anger, quick to take offense, defensive, volatile, moody, broody, and not afraid to express grumpiness - exasperation - etc [or just unable to control the expression of]). But, like Obi-Wan, I'm also pretty reserved (most of the time) and don't easily display the softer emotions; I'm wry, dry-humored, sarcastic, etc. I'm very expressive in my fics because I'm writing them in isolation, not in public where I'd have to "own the emotion."
So, I understand where both characters are coming from, but I'm more emotionally sympathetic to Obi-Wan. He's far more prone to being misunderstood, with those misunderstanding not really interested in understanding. They see him hurting Anakin and/or others by a lack of warmth, a sense of duty that stifles his humanity, and a man willing to stifle other's (Anakin's) humanity in the name of some nebulous duty/responsibility. I can SEE their viewpoint without agreeing. I can see why they think his personality doesn't emotionally support Anakin - but what about the reverse? Just because he doesn't complain or show his own inner hurts, doesn't mean he has no internalized emotions.
And tragically, the only two times in the prequel trilogy when you see Obi Wan display open emotion, there is nobody (alive) around to see or respond. The short scene after the Mustafar battle where he drags hsi hand over his face in the cockpit is heartbreaking, but there's nobody present but C3PO
.
Still, I think either demonizing the character or even indulging in excessive pathos (making /him/ into a victim) is a bit of an overreaction.
And - randowm thought - why is there no Force Choke smilie face? I think it would come in very useful in posts. Somebody needs to speak to The Management.
And yes, that hand-drag is so very telling because of all the times we don't see Obi-Wan emotionally reacting other than with his eyes and/or body posture (fantastic acting, Ewan!). When he does, we KNOW he's feeling more than he restrain. I'd also add that slap/clasp to Threepio's shoulder when reboarding the ship - almost as if he's feeling a kinship with a droid, or wanting the touch of something, anything, even if programmed artificiality.
I'm afraid a lot of Obi-Wan fans do tend to make him into a victim, something I'm careful to try to avoid (overdoing). Fate does work on him (Qui-Gon's distance due to Xanatos, etc.) but he forges ahead regardless. He lives, not suffers - but we see the scars. Healed wounds, but scars and I hope I get that across in my stories. Just like others have their own wounds and their own scars, but don't wallow.
On potential discussion topics + Obi-Wan and romance/plot bunnies/and rampart wild imagination:
Potential discussion topics:
So - discussion? Obi-Wan: victim or conqueror of problems? Tested by trials to make him stronger or bring out his strength?
Or - how much weight (from a lot to none) do you give canon relative to the JA books (not necessarily every little detail, but to Bandomeer, Agri-Corps, rocky relationship with Qui-Gon due to Xanatos, Tahl, Siri...)?
Or - his actual relationship with Taria - started when and why (what "mutual need")?
Or - Satine?
Victim or conqueror? A man who dies smiling and disappears into the Force is a conqueror. As for the rest, he prefers to think of it as /not winning at the moment./ The character is plagued by hardships, or should we say forged in the fire? Makes a darn good story.
JA... well. Very fun concept and I think Watson is to be forgiven because the books were commissioned for a really young audience and that would cramp anyone's style. Not particularly attached to them as "canon" - because they aren't DARK and gritty enough for my perverse tastes. That's just an individual quirk, though.
The "ladies"? Hmmm. Having written fanfic with all /three/ of them featured, that's a hard choice.
I tend to think Taria was a superfluous addition to a well-established backstory. But of course one has to speculate. Mutual need - well, my thought there was either post Naboo (duh) or else around the time of Tahl's death, when Qui Gon (in non-canonical JA timeline) has his brief fling with darkness - both being occasions of emotional "need" for Obi Wan. Maybe.. When I wrote a short piece about Taria I pushed it back to the earlier time becasue Obi Wan says to Anakin during the clone wars, "it was over along time ago" and I interpreted that to mean more like fifteen to twenty years than ten. Purely whimsical rubrics, I know!
As for the blondes, I'm putting my vote in for Satine becasue I know Siri has at least two staunch and eloquent supporters right here in the Hang Out, and every pacifist needs her champion.
liked Taria...I liked the way she was written in the Wild space books.., and I don't dislike Satine...the stories Ruth wrote about that mission was very well written and could easily have been "canon" to what the CW were...and I could see it happening in the context of her stories...
But you know me... Siriwan.. Anyway, I liked what Ruth said about Obi-Wan. I've been thinking about it..and although he was "victimized" at times, he was never a "victim" ...he always rose above whatever hit him, he always learned from it, gained wisdom, strength, always took the higher ground. Even with the devastation of Mustafar, although it certainly shook him to his core, he never wavered his commitment as a Jedi. Always and above all, he was a winner, even though at times he looked like he was losing...case in point: the final duel with Vader in A New Hope.
I give lots of credence to JA and JQ even though they were written for juviniles...she was commissioned to write Obi-Wan's back story and the early years of his and Anakin's teamup, and although we might wish there were more to it (Ruth is doing such a wonderful job of making up for the lack ), I consider them to be part of the Canon of Obi-Wan's life (Siri and all
~~Plot bunnies multiplying
don't really think this (but again, speculative AU fiction can be fun), I could see one of the older (legal age) handmaidens "comforting" Obi-Wan on Naboo - it starts out as (trying to restrain tears) into a hug then - . Lucky handmaiden. In fact, I've sort of played with that scene along with another "cultural invention" that blesses Sabe/Sache/whichever it was and her new husband...<raised eyebrows and grin>.
If folks think other folks wouldn't find it offensive, I could try to find it & play around with it more.
Also, a Whacked Universe story where Obi-Wan is plenty "entertained" while stuck on that ship waiting for Qui-Gon.
All AU because Obi-Wan "having his fun" COULD be canonically possible, I'd say improbable.
There's a good topic for drooling over talking about.
Oh, and if Ruth hadn't both beat me to it and done a far better job than I ever would have, I might have considered the fire beetle incident or Collifini plantation stuff from Wild Space. I'm just not imaginative enough (or quick enough).
Ah, well, I'm afraid the prevalent view that informed my initial view of Obi-Wan was that of a chaste and duty-absorbed padawan/knight/master who cruelly deprived his universe of a long and illustrious line of Kenobis. I have no problem with an Obi-Wan who enjoys life (and women ) but it always seems more speculative than anything - sure, it works, and yet -
Although I've seen some posters scoff at the idea of a chaste Obi-Wan (he's young, healthy, male...) some folks are either just somewhat uninterested (by choice or biology) or not enough interested. I just finished a trio of stories where incidental to what occurs in the story, Obi-Wan essentially made himself uninterested through the Force, suppressing any future "urgings" in order to more faithfully devote himself to the Force (and oh, boy, what a totally whacked bunny that created - @ ruth baulding , didn't I once mention something like that to you, inspired by something YOU wrote?).
Now to think of a pun title along the lines of Obi-Wan's, ahem, handiwork(maidens) - Maidens No More? Some stories are big on Obi-Wan's "talented hands" as well as lips for satisfying the womenfolk.
Fair point. fair point. All the swaggering around with the lightsaber would be... just.... too much. I think they tried, though. When Obi-Wan is speaking to Qui-Gon via comlink and he says, "I hope this works, master..... " and then adds, with a /very/ wry expression, isn't it? "...Or we might be here a very long time." - doesn't that just scream "help these women are driving me to distraction" ??
Now to think of a pun title along the lines of Obi-Wan's, ahem, handiwork(maidens) - Maidens No More?
"Maiden Voyage" of course. Har har har.
Obi-Wan was either very frustrated (couldn't or wouldn't indulge and/or driven nuts) or very satisfied. Or maybe just not up to any more hijinks (ha ha). Or maybe the "wry" was hiding the hope?
Okay, let's really get the hornets buzzing? A lot of the M stories (excluding the Ani/Obi slash) go on the supposition that Obi-Wan is a playa for the males. Why? Based on the character or on some strange twist based on the actor (just like a lot of us see Obi-Wan the character as very much in opposition to the youthful public persona of the actor).
So playin' around on the ship, does he limit himself to the handmaidens? There are pilots and guards, too, probably just as drooly-eyed over our Obi. Are they bound to be disappointed?
Note: I'm really playing this tongue in cheek, so hopefully no one's feathers get ruffled
Oh, sure, Val. I mean, the REASON Qui Gon took Jar Jar Binks with him into town - was simply to keep the Gungan from ogling his Padawan any further. Clearly. You will note that ObI Wan displays a certain lack of civilty to Jar Jar. Obviously the result of unwelcome advances.
And the whole gambit with "you put this hyperdrive back together" is another ploy to keep said Padawan safely occupied below decks.
Do you think Obi-Wan begged Qui-Gon to protect his beloved padawan's bodily integrity?
Obi-Wan is so obviously capable of such great compassion, and to me that also includes *love* - real, good, pure light *love* - but as a Jedi he's compelled to keep it completely reigned in 'on screen'. Still, though, I know it's there. And as a diehard hopeless romantic... I don't see him as a 'playa' (Though he kind of looks that way because everyone naturally ends up writing someone different for him) But I guess I do write him as ... ahem, 'good' at what he does, so yes, if you mean it that way. But it's because of that subtle deep emotion that we get glimpses of - and as shown evident by his 'You were my brother!' that he's capable of a great deal of love.
There's a lot to be said for writing Obi-Wan as the consummate Jedi - there's so much to explore there with all the obstacles one would have to face while trying to remain 'perfect'. I'm just a sucker for the happy ending, or at least some happy moments.
Re: Playing on the ship - There are probably pilots, workers maybe? etc... He can't possibly please everyone can he? (You know the old saying...) I kind of like the idea of one poor girl missing out on the fun... because she's working? Or shy... Maybe she could get a sequel
Maid(en) No More?
Maid(en) Naboo (so ok, it's Tatooine, and they're not in the ones, ah, "in" but - you get it)
Hmm, I don't remember ardavenport writing such a story and I could swear I've read and enjoyed all hers. Calling @ ardavenport .
First Knight - um, Obi-Wan accidentally agrees to do the honors of, ah, consecrating an arranged marriage. He's mortified when he finds out the duty, Anakin is - comfortable with it (he's at that age where you almost expect him to egg Obi-Wan to, ah, higher fits of glory) and Yoda says in this case, ok, go with the flow, man. Consequences arise and ultimately Obi-Wan is evicted from the Order for conduct unbecoming of a knight. 3rd in the trilogy is unfinished. Blah. http://www.fanfiction.net/s/880806/1/ by Aerwyn Whitesun.
@ serendipityaey : oh, yeah, you've got your crazy side (@ruth baulding, your Taria story is far tamer than some of serendipityaey's). Excellent, but Obi-Wan is rather, ah, vigorous, wouldn't you say, serendipityaey? Knows what he likes and what others likes, and happy are all parties.
Oh, I quite agree - I was entirely devastated at the thought of the noble Kenobi genes expiring in the GFFA. Whose DNA is most necessary, needed and all that. Imagine the descendents of that fine line, not constrained by duty to a lonely, loveless existence, but spreading good and cheer to all throughout (and here I really do NOT mean spread that kind of cheer that way).
More rabid plot bunnies!!!!!!
Obi-Wan's draped, exhausted, over the busted hyperdrive, and a sad handmaiden wistfully asks, "When is it MY turn?" Obi-Wan either pushed himself to total collapse - or runs screaming to Qui-Gon.
But still - non-chaste Obi goes over both the gals and guys? Does a blindfold random pick an hour?
~`Obi-Wan and the “Love Manual”
So, to be less serious here - Obi-Wan reading a sex manual with one eye, muttering to himself, "Stroke her cheek with the back of your hand," looks up, "check." "Kiss her cheek, trail kisses along her jawline." "Check; she REALLY likes that - whoa, is she supposed to moan like that" flicks to index, finds moaning, reads, brightens. "That's good!"
So Qui-Gon wanders in and sputters, "Obi-Wan! Put that manual down. Live in the moment. Listen to the Loving - er, Living Force and go with the flow, live in the moment you moron."
Darn it - I HAVE to do a Whacked U sex manual story now. It's too late at night, though, but I am inspired to get started on it. You fellow fans MUST <subtle hand wave> be sure to keep this mood going long enough for stories like the above bunny, The Sith Stops Here, etc. to get moving.
@ ruth baulding - you - you - must stop pussyfooting around and sneaking in posts while I'm typing! Besides, Qui interrupts and Sam would only share hair and like Anakin with sand, Obi-Wan & friend with cat hair - well, it does get EVERYWHERE.
Maybe that (sex manual) story should be Anakin & Padme, though
I don't think Anakin would stop to read the manual
Maybe a comparative study? Obi-Wan studiously carries out every direction in the manual, step by meticulous step, "Now, darling, wait a moment... I want to get this just - right -" while the lucky lady starts to get a little anxious to get on with it...
And Anakin is full speed ahead, "I know what I'm doing, Padme! Don't you love me?" "Yes, Anakin, I love you, but you skipped steps 3-15..."
How're the boys making out with that sex manual? It also reminds of Moulin Rouge... "I'd prefer to do it standing - No, you don't have to stand! See, it's quite long, what I do, and I'd like you to be comfortable."
They move on to chapter two:
Obi-Wan looks at the manual - His blue eyes narrow, he turns it upside down, and then right side up again - "Well, that can't be right," he mutters, his hand lifting to rub at his bearded jaw... But throwing caution to the wind, he does as the manual instructs, careful to move with perfect precision, just the right motion. To his surprise the lovely lady's expression blossons to joy - "Ohhhhh," she sighs.
Anakin eagerly flips to the page with the diagrams, ready for action. 'First step: tell her you love her, tell her how beautiful she is' Inwardly, he gives an impatient huff, but she had insisted he use the manual, so - "I love you, Padme. You are so beautiful." Padme beams, her eyes light up, and then she's pulling him to her for a long kiss. Hey, he thinks. It's working! Definitely using that one again.
Member Since:
Sep 3, 2012
I think it may be prudent for me to introduce myself here properly, something I don't think I really did on the Temp boards. You guys don't really know me and I just really just jumped straight in. So yes, I'm hlc1988, or you can call me 'Heather' if you like.
What can I say? Erm, lets see, I am studying Diagnostic Radiography at university. I'm nearly halfway through my second year (and really I should be writing my assignment now instead of writing this post out
) and I am quite enjoying it.
I originally was a member of this board many many many years ago... well I think the last time I must have visited was back in 2005 possibly... and then I moved onto other things to like and stopped visiting (shameful of me
) and for the last 7 years I'm been embroiled in Doctor Who fandom and Harry Potter fandom though I am much more active in DW then with HP. Star Wars was my first love... I was 10 when my older brother forced me to watch Star Wars. I have a distinct memory of him saying to me that I'd like it and I was adamant that I wouldn't (I was only 10 and I was into disney stuff and couldn't even imagine liking something like this) nevertheless I sat down and watched it and 2 hours later I said 'that was really good!' and we promptly watched ESB and ROTJ. Back then my favourite character was Han Solo, I didn't like the character of Obi-Wan... not until the prequels started to come out and that was a year after I got into Star Wars. I vividly remember going to see TPM at the cinema and I liked it.... and then with Episode 2 AOTC in 2002, for some reason Obi-Wan stood out to me and I started to take more interest in his character. Also Ewan helped it too.
I became quite interested in the Obi-Wan and Anakin dynamic. That always intrigued me how two 'brothers' could turn on one another and become bitter enemies... To this day ROTS still makes me cry because it is just so sad. I can't really explain it. I was always disappointed that the films didn't really explore much of Anakin and Obi-Wan's relationship and how close they were. We saw a bit of it in ROTS but not much of it which is a shame.
Unfortunately in 2005 that was when Doctor Who hit me and I forgot Star Wars and I left fandom. 7 years I've been not interested in it and then we ended up buying the blu-ray versions of the films in 2011 and we watched them again, I enjoyed them, and then I started to read my Star Wars books again - the NJO, LOTF and FOTJ series - and as I got near to the end of reading NJO earlier this year I started to gain more of an interest and I started to think back on what I used to like about Star Wars. Then in March, during my time off from Uni I was bored one day, turned on the tv about midday and saw Cartoon Network showing The Clone Wars and since there was nothing else on I thought 'well I may as well see what its about' and it turned out to be the Series 2 episode 'Landing At Point Rain'. I caught the end half of it and I LOVED it. Then they showed the next episode straight after and I loved that too. After that I started to research more about the series, found out there was quite a few seasons and based on what I'd seen of on only one and a half episodes promptly bought the blu-rays for all three seasons and when they arrived devoured them within a few days.
I'd always wanted to see The Clone Wars on screen and for me it delivered - though I am aware there are those not happy with how its gone but I enjoy it, its fun to watch. I like seeing Obi-Wan in it and I like that they do explore the Anakin/Obi-Wan dynamic which was sorely missed in the prequels. And that show brought me back to fandom and here I am.
As some of you are aware I do write fanfiction - my main project is 'A Mother's Love' which I will be posting in the fanfic section just as soon as everything is fixed (i.e posts being cut up... I don't know if its cutting up newer posts which are quite lengthy and my chapters are long and its not something I wish to risk) and I am also looking forward to hopefully finding some good stories here that go in depth into the Obi-Wan and Anakin dynamic really well, as that is my interest (though not slash). There is a particular story I am looking for that I remember reading years and years ago and I know it was posted here and on FF.Net but I can't find it on FF.Net and I am hoping it may still exist here though it would be one of the older fics and might be difficult to find if it is still around. I know it was probably never completed but I'd still be interested in finding it again if its still on these boards somewhere.
I hope to be quite active on here and join in on some of the discussions and maybe get to know everyone a little better!
Jan 24, 2004
Valairy_Scot said: ↑
Inside and outside match - both gorgeous. Let's face it, Obi-Wan would be great even if housed in a less attractive body, but I'm not totally sure that even Ewan could make us fans of an unlikeable, cold-hearted Obi-Wan that was only attractive on the outside.
So very true! It's definitely more his insides that I like!
*Obi-Wan* is what made me fall in love with Ewan. I saw Trainspotting soon after it came out, when I was 16, and he's not very attractive physically for most of that movie, but I actually loved the movie and I loved his performance in it, but it didn't make me fall in love with him. Without Obi-Wan I don't think I would've started down the path of loving Ewan.
There's something about Obi-Wan, he's sooo self-less, with so much capacity for love with the perfect touch of wry, dry humor - it's just brilliance.
And he's really smexy.
serendipityaey said: ↑
Valairy_Scot said: ↑
Inside and outside match - both gorgeous. Let's face it, Obi-Wan would be great even if housed in a less attractive body, but I'm not totally sure that even Ewan could make us fans of an unlikeable, cold-hearted Obi-Wan that was only attractive on the outside.
So very true! It's definitely more his insides that I like!
*Obi-Wan* is what made me fall in love with Ewan. I saw Trainspotting soon after it came out, when I was 16, and he's not very attractive physically for most of that movie, but I actually loved the movie and I loved his performance in it, but it didn't make me fall in love with him. Without Obi-Wan I don't think I would've started down the path of loving Ewan.
There's something about Obi-Wan, he's sooo self-less, with so much capacity for love with the perfect touch of wry, dry humor - it's just brilliance.
And he's really smexy.
TPM was my first taste of Ewan, then Down With Love, but ROTS sealed the Ewan love (mainly because a lot of his movies prior to that were not my cup of tea).
I've always gone for the noble, striving to be perfect man. Lancelot, not King Arthur. Obi-Wan, not Anakin. Would-be perfect, except for being human and therefore never perfect.
Apr 23, 2000
Valairy_Scot said: ↑
I've always gone for the noble, striving to be perfect man. Lancelot, not King Arthur. Obi-Wan, not Anakin. Would-be perfect, except for being human and therefore never perfect.
Valairy, I'm with you on this. I love Arthur too, just as I try to like Anakin, but it's always those who
"[...] are the music makers,
And [...] the dreamers of dreams,
Wandering by lone sea-breakers,
And sitting by desolate streams;—
World-losers and world-forsakers,
On whom the pale moon gleams:
Yet we are the movers and shakers
Of the world for ever, it seems."
(in the immortal words of Arthur O'Shaughnessy)
who strive so hard to do what's best for the world and for people in general, even if they fail, who really capture my heart.
Valairy_Scot said: ↑
@ hlc88 : describe the fic; someone here might know it.
As to the new posts - I can assure you they are not being cut off. I posted a new chapter of my story without any issues.
Phew, that's good! I'll probably start posting within a few days then.
The fic I'm looking for, it was an AU of AOTC. Obi-Wan remained Dooku's prisoner at the end of AOTC and Dooku tried to turn him to the dark side and if I'm remembering correctly he does succeed. I don't tend to read those type of fics but that one just stood out for me. Very bare details I know but it was 7, perhaps 10 years ago, that I read this so it wasn't anything posted recently, though if there is a similar story out there now that follows the same premise then I'm happy to try them. I know there is one called The Shadow of Vader but that's set during ROTS and was written recently though.
serendipityaey said: ↑
Official welcome Heather! Good to see you here!
Hello!!
Valairy_Scot said: ↑
Inside and outside match - both gorgeous. Let's face it, Obi-Wan would be great even if housed in a less attractive body, but I'm not totally sure that even Ewan could make us fans of an unlikeable, cold-hearted Obi-Wan that was only attractive on the outside.
It's strange really because I did used to fancy Ewan and that was probably why I liked Obi-Wan, but now I don't find Ewan attractive but I still like the character. So perhaps originally it was Ewan that dragged me to the character and now the character itself is more appealing then the actor if that makes any sense.
| i don't know |
What does the Latin phrase ‘Primus inter pares’ translate to in English? | Translation of Primus inter pares in English
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Primus inter pares in English
Primus inter pares (, prōtos metaxỳ ísōn) is a Latin phrase meaning first among equals. It is typically used as an honorary title for those who are formally equal to other members of their group but are accorded unofficial respect, traditionally owing to their seniority in office. The princeps senatus of the Roman Senate was such a figure and initially only bore the distinction that he was allowed to speak first during debate. However, the term is also often used ironically or self-deprecatingly by leaders with much higher status as a form of respect, camaraderie, or propaganda. After the fall of the Republic, Roman emperors initially referred to themselves only as princeps despite having power of life and death over their "fellow citizens". Various modern figures such as the Chair of the Federal Reserve, the Prime Minister of parliamentary regimes, the Federal President of Switzerland, the Chief Justice of the United States, and the Ecumenical Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church fall under both senses: bearing higher status and various additional powers while remaining still merely equal to their peers in important senses.
See more at Wikipedia.org...
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What is the name of the 1780 London riots which were an anti-Catholic protest against the 1778 Papists Act? | Primus inter pares Translated to English
Primus Inter Pares Translated To English
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In 1960, Makarios III became the first President of which Mediterranean island? | Makarios III - Phantis
Makarios III
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Archbishop Makarios
Makarios was the adopted clerical name of Michail Christodoulou Mouskos ( August 13 , 1913 – August 3 , 1977 ). Makarios was Archbishop and Primate of the autocephalous Cypriot Orthodox Church ( 1950 - 77 ) and first President of the Republic of Cyprus ( 1960 - 77 ).
Contents
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Early life, studies and church career (1913-50)
Mouskos was born in the village of Panayia in the Paphos province on August 13 , 1913 . In 1926 , at the age of 13, he was admitted to Kykko Monastery as a novice, and was educated there and at Lefkosia and Athens , graduating in 1942 with a degree in Theology. He took up the duties of a priest in the Orthodox Church while sustaining an interest in academic theology and, in 1938 , received a World Council of Churches scholarship to undertake further study at Boston University, Massachusetts, USA.
In 1948 , while still studying at Boston, he was elected Bishop of Kition. Mouskos adopted the clerical name Makarios and returned to Cyprus.
Makarios was a charismatic and popular figure in Cyprus, but his relationship with the British authorities was fraught. Like many public figures in the Greek Cypriot community on Cyprus, in the 1940s and 1950s he was an active supporter of Enosis - the union of Cyprus with Greece .
Enosism and EOKA (1950-55)
On October 20 , 1950 , Makarios was elected Archbishop of Cyprus . In this role he was not only the official head of the Orthodox Church in Cyprus, but became the Ethnarch, de facto leader of the Greek Cypriot community. This highly influential position put Makarios at the centre of Cypriot politics.
During the 1950s , Makarios embraced his dual role as Archbishop and Ethnarch with enthusiasm and became a very popular figure among Greek Cypriots. He soon became a leading advocate for Enosis , and during the early part of the decade he maintained close links with the Greek government. In August 1954 , partly at Makarios’ instigation, Greece began to raise the ‘Cyprus Question’ at the United Nations, arguing for the principle of self-determination to be applied to Cyprus. This was viewed by advocates of Enosis as likely to result in the voluntary union of Cyprus with Greece following a public plebiscite.
However, the British government were reluctant to decolonise the island. The 1950s were a troubled decade for the British Empire and the cause of Enosis was quickly and amorphously allied to the idea of independence. In 1955 , a new organisation was formed under the banner of ‘Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston’ (in English ‘National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters’), under the leadership of Georgios Grivas , which conducted an armed struggle against the British occupation of Cyprus.
Escalation, ‘ Taksim ’ and independence (1955-60)
In October 1955 , with the security situation deteriorating, the British Governor, Sir John Harding , opened talks on the island’s future. By this stage, Makarios had become closely identified with the struggle, and talks broke up without any agreement in early 1956 . Makarios, characterised in the British press as a crooked Greek priest and viewed with suspicion by the British authorities, was seized at Lefkosia Airport and exiled to the Seychelles on March 9 . EOKA continued its campaign of protests and armed resistance during this period.
In the latter years of the 1950s , the Turkish Cypriot community first began to float the idea of ‘ Taksim ’ or ‘Partition’, as a counterweight to the Greek ideal of ‘ Enosis ’ or ‘Union’. Advocates of Taksim felt that the Turkish Cypriot community would be persecuted in a Greek Cyprus, and that only by keeping part of the island under either British or Turkish sovereignty could the safety of the Turkish Cypriots be guaranteed. In this way the ‘Cyprus Question’ became increasingly polarised between two communities with opposing visions of the future of the island.
Makarios was released from exile after a year, although he was still forbidden to return to Cyprus. He went instead to Athens , where he was rapturously received. Basing himself in the Greek capital, he continued to work for Cypriot freedom. Negotiations in 1958 generated the Zurich Agreement as a basis for a deal on the independence of Cyprus - as the British would not hear of Enosis - and Makarios was invited to London in 1959 to fine-tune the plan. On March 1 , 1959 the archbishop returned to Cyprus to an unprecedented reception in Lefkosia , where almost two-thirds of the adult Greek Cypriot population turned out to welcome him. Presidential elections were held on 13 December 1959 and Makarios roundly defeated his rival, lawyer John Clerides – father of future president and Makarios ally Glafkos Clerides – receiving two-thirds of the vote. Makarios was to become the political leader of all Cyprus as well as the communal leader of the Greek Cypriots.
Primacy and Presidency (1960-63)
After his election Makarios, together with the Vice-President-elect, Dr Fazil Kucuk, continued to draw up plans for Cyprus’ future. By now, Makarios – always a canny politician – had accepted that Enosis was not to be in the foreseeable future and that the only outcome which could secure harmony in Cyprus was robust independence. Taking office on 16 August 1960 , the day the British flag was finally lowered in Lefkosia, Makarios now pursued a policy of non-alignment, cultivating good relations with Turkey as well as Greece and becoming a high-profile member of the Non-Aligned Movement. He attended the Belgrade NAM conference in 1961 , and unnerved the governments in London and Washington with his lukewarm policy towards the West. This was seen in the US as unpredictability and a tendency towards Communism and Makarios was vilifed as a ‘Castro of the Mediterranean’, although he had by now been rehabilitated in the British press and was affectionately nicknamed ‘Black Mak’ on account of his clerical garb.
Makarios and the Cyprus Problem (1963-74)
The idea of an independent path for Cyprus had not taken root among the general public and the political scene was still highly polarised. There was increasing acrimony between Turkish and Greek Cypriots about the workings of the constitution and Makarios was forced to act to salvage the machinery of state from imminent collapse. In November 1963 , Makarios proposed Thirteen Amendments to the Constitution, which would free up many public offices from the ethnic restrictions agreed in London and Zurich. This, he argued, would allow the government to operate more efficiently and bring together the communities by dissolving rigid inter-ethnic legal boundaries. However, the Amendments were seen by many Turkish Cypriots as threatening constitutional protections for them against domination by the majority Greek Cypriots. In response to Makarios’ proposals, most Turkish Cypriots in public office, including Vice-President Kucuk, resigned, and large numbers of Turkish Cypriots moved out of ethnically-mixed areas into villages and towns where the population was already largely Turkish Cypriot. There is still dispute over the motives for this, some arguing that it was made necessary by the intimidation of the Turkish Cypriots by the Greek Cypriots, and others suggesting that the Turkish community was sabotaging the Cypriot settlement and already preparing for partition by Turkey. An armed struggle by the Turkish community was quickly answered by the Greek side and war was threatened between Greece and Turkey.
The political landscape in Cyprus remained interminable. UN peacekeeping operations ( UNFICYP ) commenced in 1964 and helped to soothe, but not to solve, the situation. Makarios continued his high-profile neutrality, but ultimately failed either to reassure the Turkish Cypriots that they were safe in an independent Cyprus, or to convince the Greek Cypriots that independence was a satisfactory alternative to assimilation within a Greater Greece. By 1967 , when the military junta seized power in Athens , Makarios was viewed in Greece as a left-wing renegade who had failed to deliver on the promise of Enosis. Accordingly, the Greek colonels sponsored a right-wing coup in Lefkosia on 15 July 1974 . Makarios fled and was replaced by Nikos Sampson , a newspaper editor and former freedom fighter during the EOKA era. Sampson’s presidential career was short-lived, however, as the regime in Athens collapsed only a few days later after Turkey invaded the island on 20 July 1974 . Unsupported, Sampson resigned, and the former constitution was restored. In the continuing absence of a Vice-President, the presidency passed to the Speaker of the House of Representatives , Glafkos Clerides . The restoration of the old order did not prevent Turkey from staging a second operation, one month later, and seizing nearly 40% of Cyprus creating 200,000 refugees in the process.
Makarios remained in London for five months. Having succeeded in securing international recognition that his administration was the rightful government of the whole island, he returned to Cyprus and focussed solely on restoring Cypriot territorial integrity. He was not successful. Turkey has remained in occupation ever since and the situation is still unresolved.
Death and Legacy
Makarios III died unexpectedly on August 3 , 1977 of a heart attack. He is buried in a tomb in the mountains near Kykko Monastery, where he served as a novice in the 1920s and 30s. An imposing bronze statue of Makarios was erected outside the Presidential Palace in Nicosia .
He remains a controversial figure, reviled by some as a traitor to the Enosist cause but admired by many as a national hero. In any case he is possibly the most significant figure in recent Cypriot politics, and his efforts to secure international consensus on the legitimacy of the Greek Cypriot government after 1974 have provided the backdrop against which the whole recent political history of the Cyprus Question has been played out.
Preceded by:
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William of Orange was the husband of which English sovereign? | Learn and talk about Makarios III, Archbishops of Cyprus, Bandung Conference attendees, Cypriot people of the EOKA, Eastern Orthodox Christians from Cyprus
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Early life, studies and Church career (1913-1950)[ edit ]
Michail Christodolou Mouskos was born in Panayia village in the Paphos District . In 1926, aged 13, he was admitted to Kykkos Monastery as a novice . At age 20 he was sent to the Pancyprian Gymnasium in Nicosia , where he completed his secondary education in 1936. He spent the difficult years of World War II studying theology and law at the University of Athens , graduating in 1942. He took up the duties of a priest in the Cypriot Orthodox Church while sustaining an interest in academic theology; he received a World Council of Churches scholarship to undertake further study at Boston University in Massachusetts .
In 1948, while still studying at Boston , he was elected Bishop of Kition against his will. Mouskos adopted the clerical name Makarios and returned to Cyprus . Like many public figures in the Greek Cypriot community in Cyprus, in the 1940s and 1950s he was an active supporter of enosis , the union of Cyprus with Greece .
Enosis and EOKA (1950–1955)[ edit ]
On September 18, 1950, Makarios, only 37 years old, was elected Archbishop of Cyprus . In this role he was not only the official head of the Orthodox Church in Cyprus, but became the Ethnarch , de facto national leader of the Greek Cypriot community. This highly influential position put Makarios at the centre of Cypriot politics.
During the 1950s, Makarios embraced his dual role as Archbishop and Ethnarch with enthusiasm and became a very popular figure among Greek Cypriots. He soon became a leading advocate for enosis, and during the early part of the decade he maintained close links with the Greek government. In August 1954, partly at Makarios' instigation, Greece began to raise the question of Cyprus at the United Nations , arguing for the principle of self-determination to be applied to Cyprus. This was viewed by advocates of enosis as likely to result in the voluntary union of Cyprus with Greece following a public referendum .
However, the British government was reluctant to decolonize the island which had become their new headquarters for the Middle East. In 1955, a pro-enosis organization was formed under the banner of Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston (National Organization of Cypriot Fighters), or EOKA. This was a typical independence movement of the period. Makarios undoubtedly had common political ground with EOKA and was acquainted with its leader, the Greek soldier and politician George Grivas , but the extent of his involvement is unclear and disputed. In later life he categorically denied any involvement in the violent resistance undertaken by EOKA.
Exile, escalation and Taksim (1955–1960)[ edit ]
Further information: Cypriot intercommunal violence
On August 20, 1955, Greece submitted a petition to the United Nations requesting the application of the principle of self-determination to the people of Cyprus. After that, the colonial government of Cyprus enforced the anti-sedition laws for the purpose of preventing or suppressing demonstrations in favor of union with Greece; but the archbishop defied them and continued demanding self-determination for Cyprus.
In October 1955, with the security situation deteriorating, the British governor , Sir John Harding , opened talks on the island’s future. By this stage, Makarios had become closely identified with the insurgency, and talks broke up without any agreement in early 1956. Makarios, characterized in the British press as a crooked Cypriot priest and viewed with suspicion by the British authorities, was intercepted by Special Branch officers while attempting to board a flight at Nicosia airport. The joint police/military plan, codenamed Operation Apollo, saw Makarios exiled to Mahe Island in the Seychelles on 9 March 1956, as a ‘guest’ of Sir William Addis, Governor & Commander-in-Chief of the Seychelles. The Archbishop and his staff were flown to Aden and then on to Mombassa . At the Kenyan port the party were embarked in the East African Naval Vessel “Rosalind”, escorted by the frigate HMS Loch Fada . The flotilla arrived in Port Victoria on 14 March.
In the latter years of the 1950s, the Turkish Cypriot community first began to float the idea of Taksim or partition, as a counterweight to the Greek ideal of enosis or union. Advocates of Taksim felt that the Turkish Cypriot community would be persecuted in a Greek Cyprus, and that only by keeping part of the island under either British or Turkish sovereignty could the safety of the Turkish Cypriots be guaranteed. In this way the Cyprus dispute became increasingly polarized between two communities with opposing visions of the future of the island.
Makarios was released from exile after a year, although he was still forbidden to return to Cyprus. He went instead to Athens , where he was rapturously received. Basing himself in the Greek capital, he continued to work for enosis. During the following two years he attended the General Assembly of the United Nations where the Cyprus question was discussed and worked hard to achieve union with Greece.
Under the premiership of Constantine Karamanlis in Greece, the goal of enosis was gradually abandoned in favour of Cypriot independence. Negotiations in 1958 generated the Zurich Agreement as a basis for a deal on independence, and Makarios was invited to London in 1959 to fine-tune the plan. Makarios at first refused to accept the plan. The reversal of his pro-enosis stance, and his eventual agreement to sign the conditions for the independence of Cyprus, have been attributed to moral persuasion on behalf of the Greek and British governments.
On March 1, 1959 the archbishop returned to Cyprus to an unprecedented reception in Nicosia , where almost two-thirds of the adult Greek Cypriot population turned out to welcome him. Presidential elections were held on 13 December 1959, in which Makarios defeated [1] his rival, lawyer John Clerides, father of future president and Makarios ally Glafkos Clerides , receiving two-thirds of the vote. Makarios was to become the political leader of all Cyprus as well as the communal leader of the Greek Cypriots.
Primacy and presidency (1960–1963)[ edit ]
President Makarios during a state visit to Berlin in 1962
After his election Makarios, together with the Vice-President-elect, Dr. Fazıl Küçük , continued to draw up plans for Cyprus’s future. By now, Makarios had accepted that enosis was not to be, and that the only outcome which could secure harmony in Cyprus was robust independence. Taking office on August 16, 1960, the day the Union Flag was lowered in Nicosia, Makarios moved towards the moderate centre of Cypriot politics and now pursued a policy of non-alignment , cultivating good relations with Turkey as well as Greece and becoming a high-profile member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).
President Makarios in Bonn during a state visit to Germany in 1962
In March 1961, Cyprus was admitted as member of the Commonwealth of Nations and Makarios represented the island at the Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference. He attended the Belgrade NAM conference in September 1961, and unnerved the governments in London and Washington, D.C. with his lukewarm policy towards the West. This was seen in the U.S. as demonstrating a tendency towards communism ; [2] Makarios was vilified as the " Castro of the Mediterranean " [3] although he had by now been rehabilitated in the British press and was affectionately nicknamed "Black Mak" on account of his clerical garb.
But the idea of an independent path for Cyprus had not taken root among the general public at home. There was increasing acrimony between Turkish and Greek Cypriots about the workings of the constitution, and Makarios was forced to act to salvage the machinery of state from imminent collapse. In November 1963, Makarios proposed thirteen amendments to the Constitution, which would free many public offices from the ethnic restrictions agreed in London and Zurich. This, he argued, would allow the government to operate more efficiently, and bring together the communities by dissolving rigid inter-ethnic legal boundaries. However, the amendments were seen by many Turkish Cypriots as threatening constitutional protections against domination by the majority Greek Cypriots. [4]
In response to Makarios' proposals, most Turkish Cypriots in public office, including Vice-President Küçük, resigned; large numbers of Turkish Cypriots moved out of ethnically mixed areas into villages and towns where the population was already largely Turkish Cypriot. There is still dispute over the motives for this, some[ who? ] arguing that it was made necessary by the intimidation of the Turkish Cypriots by the Greek Cypriots; others[ who? ] suggest that the Turkish community was sabotaging the Cypriot settlement and already preparing for partition by Turkey[ citation needed ]. By the end of 1963, intercommunal violence had broken out once again.
Makarios and the Cyprus problem (1964–1977)[ edit ]
The political landscape in Cyprus remained intractable. UN peacekeeping operations ( UNFICYP ) commenced in 1964 and helped to soothe, but not solve, the situation. Makarios continued his high-profile neutrality, but ultimately failed either to reassure the Turkish Cypriots that they were safe in an independent Cyprus, or to convince the Greek Cypriots that independence was a satisfactory alternative to assimilation within a Greater Greece.
President Makarios, seeking a fresh mandate from his constituency, announced in January 1968 that elections would be held during February. Makarios received 220,911 votes (about 96 percent), and his opponent, Takis Evdokas, who ran on a platform for unification with Greece, received 8,577 votes. Even though there were 16,215 abstentions, Makarios' overwhelming victory was seen as a massive endorsement of his personal leadership and of an independent Cyprus. At his investiture, the president stated that the Cyprus problem could not be solved by force, but had to be worked out within the framework of the UN. He also said that he and his followers wanted to live peacefully in a unitary state where all citizens enjoyed equal rights. Some Cypriots opposed Makarios' conciliatory stance (and there was an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate him in 1970). [5]
In 1967, a military junta seized power in Athens, and the relationship between the regime and Makarios was tense. Makarios held that the regime undermined his authority by supporting paramilitary organizations committed to enosis.
In the summer of 1971, tension built up between the two Cypriot communities, and incidents became more numerous. Sometime in the late summer or early autumn, Grivas (who had attacked Makarios as a traitor in an Athens newspaper) returned secretly to the island and began to rebuild his guerrilla organization, which became known as the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B, aka EOKA B ). Three new newspapers advocating enosis were also established; all of these activities were funded by the military junta in Greece.
The junta probably would have agreed to some form of partition similar to the Acheson Plan to settle the Cyprus question, but it faced rejection by Makarios.[ citation needed ] The overthrow of Makarios became the primary objective, and the junta backed Grivas toward that end. From hiding, Grivas directed terrorist attacks and propaganda assaults that shook the Makarios government[ citation needed ], but the president remained both a powerful and popular leader.
Relations between Nicosia and Athens were so bad that the colonels of the Greek junta, recognizing that they had Makarios in a perilous position, issued an ultimatum for him to reform his government and rid it of ministers who had been critical of the junta. Mass demonstrations proved that Makarios had the people behind him.[ citation needed ] In the end, however, Makarios bowed to Greek pressure and reshuffled the cabinet.[ citation needed ]
Another element working against Makarios was the fact that most officers of the Cypriot National Guard were Greek regulars who supported the junta, and they embraced its desire to remove him from office and achieve some degree of enosis. Grivas also continued to be a threat to the archbishop. He remained powerful and to some extent was independent of the junta that had permitted his return to Cyprus. While the Greek colonels were at times prepared to make a deal with Turkey about Cyprus, Grivas was ferociously opposed to any arrangement that did not lead to complete enosis.
In the spring of 1972, Makarios faced an attack from another quarter . The three bishops of the Church of Cyprus demanded that he resign as president, stating that his temporal duties violated canon law. Makarios foiled the three bishops and had them defrocked in the summer of 1973. Before choosing their replacements, he increased the number of bishops to five, thereby reducing the power of individual bishops (see ecclesiastical coup ).
As time progressed Grivas' pursuit of enosis through guerrilla tactics with the use of the EOKA-B's paramilitary organisation failed to force Makarios to follow the policy of self-determination-union with Greece and led to a period of armed civil war in Cyprus among the Greek-Cypriot community. By the end of 1973 Makarios forces had won the civil struggle and Grivas was in a desperate position. In November 1973 Ioannides, the hardliner nationalist brigadier, overthrew Papadopoulos and established the Second Junta with him as the "invisible dictator". General Grivas tried to contact the new regime in Greece in the end of 1973 but, until his death of a heart attack on January 27, 1974 Ioannides did not give any indication as to his intentions in Cyprus (The Tragic Duel and the Betrayal of Cyprus-2011). Makarios granted his followers an amnesty, hoping that EOKA-B would disappear after the death of its leader. A lot of members of EOKA-B or sympathisers were of the opinion to politicize the struggle for enosis but the hardliners prevailed and took control of the post-Grivas EOKA-B. Ioannides took direct control of the organization with the signing of a secret Memorandum and his aim was to use it to overthrow Makarios.
On May 3, 1974, Makarios sent the Greek government a letter that identified certain Greek military officers stationed in Cyprus as undermining the Cypriot government. The Greek regime responded that it would replace the officers in question. In the second half of June 1974 Makarios decided to take the initiative and challenge directly the Ioannides regime believing that he would humiliate it and eliminate its control of Cyprus through the Greek military officers in the Cypriot National Guard, thus making it impossible for them to stage a coup against him. In a second letter on July 2, 1974 he demanded the withdrawal of all Greek officers in the island by July 20, 1974. Greek Foreign Minister Tetenes suggested, as a compromise, that Makarios personally select the replacement officers from a roster of Greek officers. On July 11, Glafkos Klerides visited Makarios in an unsuccessful attempt to promote a solution. On July 15, 1974 Ioannides took Makarios by surprise by organizing a coup d'état in Nicosia at 8.15 in the morning when Makarios' forces were off guard. Makarios fled Cyprus when the coupist forces took control of the whole of Cyprus and was replaced by Nikos Sampson , a Cypriot newspaper editor and politician.
Speaking to the UN Security Council on July 19, 1974, Makarios denounced the coup as an "invasion", engineered by the Greek military junta, which "violated the internal peace of Cyprus". [6] Five hours after Makarios' address to the Security Council, the Turkish invasion of Cyprus began, taking Ioannides by surprise. Under the terms of the Treaty of Guarantee , Britain, Greece and Turkey were entitled to co-operate in order to intervene with the purpose of restoring the constitution of the island.
A statue of Makarios.
At this time the Greek junta was imploding, and the British government was facing the constitutional uncertainty of a hung parliament ; moreover, according to the Greek diplomat Ange Vlachos, while in London Makarios lobbied for the British military not to intervene as a guarantor power. [7] The testimony of Vlachos is not supported by the confidential minutes of the meeting of Makarios and Prime Minister Wilson on 17 July 1974. According to the minutes Makarios tells the Prime Minister to convey to the Turkish Prime Minister Ecevit: "What practical measures can be taken. It is against the Turkish interests for Cyprus to become part of Greece." [8] The invasion of Cyprus by Turkey occurred on July 20, 1974, five days after the coup. Northern Cyprus remains occupied by the Turkish Army , despite the constitution and presidency having been restored. To Turks and Turkish Cypriots it is known as a "peace operation", designed to protect the Turkish Cypriot community.
Nikos Sampson ’s presidency was short-lived, as the regime of the "invisible dictator" Ioannides in Athens collapsed only a few days after the Turkish invasion as a result of its failure to predict the Turkish invasion and intervene militarily in the war of Cyprus. Unsupported, Sampson resigned on July 23, and the presidency passed to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, Glafkos Klerides . Makarios remained in London for five months; then, having succeeded in securing international recognition that his administration was the rightful government of the whole island, he returned to Cyprus and focused solely on restoring Cypriot territorial integrity. He was not successful, and Turkey has remained as an occupying power ever since, with the political, military and diplomatic status of the island unresolved.
Makarios' tomb.
Dmitry Medvedev laid a wreath at a monument of Makarios III, 2010.
Makarios III died unexpectedly of a heart attack on August 3, 1977. In order to confirm the cause of death, Makarios' heart was removed during an autopsy. The heart has since been preserved in his former bedroom in the Archbishopric. [9] He is buried in a tomb on the mountain of Throni, a site he personally chose. The tomb is near Kykkos Monastery , where he served as a novice in the 1920s and 1930s. To commemorate his life, an imposing bronze statue of Makarios was erected outside the Archbishop's palace in Nicosia; in 2008 the statue was moved to Kykkos monastery and replaced by a life-size marble statue of Makarios.
At his funeral, held at St. John's Cathedral outside the Archbishopric in Nicosia, 182 dignitaries from 52 countries attended while an estimated 250,000 mourners—about half the Greek Cypriot population of the island—filed past the coffin.
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Which US state is known as the ‘Beaver State? | The State of Oregon - An Introduction to the Beaver State from NETSTATE.COM
The State of Oregon
Rugged Southern Oregon Coastline
The spectacular beauty of Oregon leaves no visitor untouched. The state is home to deep vast forests, volcanic peaks, fertile valleys, plateaus, and an incredibly rugged coastline. To stand on one of the cliffs overlooking the Pacific is awe-inspiring, and the irony of the name Pacific is obvious when the ocean thrashes the beaches and rocks below.
Oregon also is home to the deepest lake in America. With a depth of 1,932 feet, Crater Lake is a sight not to be missed. Deep, deep blue on a brilliant day, surrounded by the evergreen forest, Crater Lake is a uniquely wondrous and beautiful piece of Oregon's gorgeous terrain.
The largest reserves of standing timber in the country contribute to Oregon's status as the leading producer of timber and plywood. The state has consistently attempted to balance the needs of the timber industry with environmental concerns.
Oregon State Capitol, Salem
The origin of the name Oregon is not certain. One theory has it that the name comes from the French Canadian word "ouragan" meaning "storm" or "hurricane." It's thought that the Columbia River was at one time called "the river of storms" by Canadian fur traders plying their trade in the area.
Another suggestion is that the name of the state came from the Spanish word "orejon" meaning "big-ear." This was a term that was applied to many Indian tribes in the area.
A third idea suggests that the name of this state comes from the Spanish word "orégano" for the wild sage which grows so vigorously in eastern Oregon.
THE STATE NICKNAMES:
The Beaver State
Oregon is called "The Beaver State" because of the association of beavers with the early history of the state and because of the admirable qualities of intelligence, industry, and ingenuity that are associated with this animal. The beaver is the official state animal and is displayed on the Oregon state flag .
The Web-foot State
Anyone who's been to Oregon will surely understand that this nickname comes from the amount or rain that falls in the state, most of it in the western 1/3 of the state. Precipitation
can average from 40 to more than 180 inches a year in some areas.
The Hard-case State
or "The Land of Hard Cases" was a nickname that was given to Oregon because of the hardships encountered by early settlers in the area.
The Sunset State
Oregon was called "The Sunset State" because of its far west location. At the time Oregon joined the Union, in 1859, it was the most westerly of all the states. This position was lost when Washington joined the Union in 1889 and again when Alaska joined in 1959.
| Oregon |
What is the final event of a men’s decathlon? | Oregon State Facts | Oregon.com
Oregon State Facts
"She Flies With Her Own Wings" - State Motto
Admission to Statehood: February 14, 1859
Electoral Votes for President: 7
State Nickname: The Beaver State
•State Flag
The Oregon State Flag is the only state flag displaying different images on each side.
•State Song: Oregon, My Oregon
Lyrics by J.A. Buchanan
Music by Henry B. Murtagh
•The Chinook salmon, (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) the largest of the Pacific salmons, was declared the state fish in 1961.
•Pseudotsuga menziesii, the Douglas Fir, was declared the state tree in 1939, and is the source of most of Oregon's softwood lumber production.
•Castor canadensis, the American Beaver, was named the Oregon state animal in 1969. Oregon is also known as "The Beaver State".
•The Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) was chosen as Oregon's state bird by Oregon's school children in a poll sponsored by the Audubon Society in 1927. The Western Meadowlark is known for its beautiful song.
•The native Oregon Swallowtail (Papilio oregonius) was designated the state insect in 1979. The Oregon Swallowtail lives mainly in the lower sagebrush canyons of the Columbia River and its tributaries.
•In 1899, Oregon Grape (Berberis aquifolium) was declared the Oregon state flower by the Legislature. The plant, with its holly like foliage and yellow flowers can be found mainly on the Pacific Coast.
•The Oregon sunstone is the official state gemstone. The large, brightly colored stone in the feldspar family is found in southeastern Oregon counties.
•The Thunderegg is the official state rock. These geodes contain minerals of many different colors and/or crystals, and are popular items to cut and polish to reveal the beautiful designs inside.
•Milk was selected in 1997 as the state beverage. The legislature recognized that milk production and the manufacture of dairy products are major contributors to the economic well-being of Oregon agriculture.
•Oregon's deepest gorge is the Hell's Canyon - 7,900 feet. It's located between Oregon and Idaho on the Snake River.
•Official State Dance: Square Dance
The pioneer origins of the dance and the characteristic dress are deemed to reflect Oregon’s heritage; the lively spirit of the dance exemplifies the friendly, free nature and enthusiasm that are a part of the Oregon Character.
•The hazelnut (Corylus avellana) was named state nut by the 1989 Legislature. Oregon grows 99 percent of the entire U.S. commercial crop. The Oregon hazelnut, unlike wild varieties, grows on single-trunked trees up to 30 or 40 feet tall.
•In 1848, a conchologist (shell expert) named Redfield named the Fusitriton oregonensis after the Oregon Territory. Commonly called the Oregon hairy triton, the shell is one of the largest found in the state, reaching lengths up to five inches.
•The official state mushroom of Oregon is the Pacific golden chanterelle
•The 1957 Legislature bestowed upon Dr. John McLoughlin the honorary title of “Father of Oregon” in recognition of his great contributions to the early development of the Oregon Country. Dr. McLoughlin originally came to the Northwest region in 1824.
•Honored by the 1987 Legislature as Mother of Oregon, Tabitha Moffatt Brown “represents the distinctive pioneer heritage and the charitable and compassionate nature of Oregon’s people.” At 66 years of age, she financed her own wagon for the trip from Missouri to Oregon.
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In Greek mythology, whose face was said to have launched a thousand ships? | The Face That Launched a Thousand Ships
The Face That Launched a Thousand Ships
The Face That Launched a Thousand Ships
Where did that expression come from?
The Rape of Helen, Mid of 17th c, Museo del Prado, Madrid. Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images
By N.S. Gill
Updated August 30, 2016.
"The face that launched a thousand ships" is a well-known figure of speech and a snippet of 17th-century poetry that refers to Helen of Troy.
The poetry of Shakespeare 's contemporary English playwright Christopher Marlowe is responsible for what is among the most lovely and famous lines in English literature.
Was this the face that launched a thousand ships
And burnt the topless towers of Illium?
Sweet Helen, make me immortal with a kiss...
The line comes from Marlowe's play The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus , published in 1604. In the play, Faustus is an ambitious man, who has decided that necromancy--speaking to the dead--is the only path to the power he seeks. The risk of communing with dead spirits, however, is that raising them can make you their master, or their slave. Faustus, conjuring on his own, makes a deal with the demon Mephistopheles , and one of the spirits Faustus raises is Helen of Troy. Because he cannot resist her, he makes her his paramour and is damned forever.
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Helen in the Iliad
According to Homer's The Iliad, Helen was the wife of the king of Sparta, Menelaus. She was so beautiful that Greek men went to Troy and fought the Trojan War to win her back from her lover Paris . The "thousand ships" in Marlowe's play refer to the Greek army who set sail from Aulis to war with the Trojans and burn down Troy (Greek name=Illium). But the immortality requested results in the curse of Mephistopheles and the damnation of Faustus.
Helen had been abducted before she married Menelaus , so Menelaus knew it could happen again. Before Helen of Sparta married Menelaus, all the Greek suitors, and she had had quite a few, swore an oath to aid Menelaus should he ever need their help retrieving his wife. Those suitors or their sons brought their own troops and ships to Troy.
The Trojan War may have actually happened. The stories about it, best known from the author known as Homer, say it lasted 10 years. At the end of the Trojan War, the belly of the Trojan Horse (from which we get the expression " beware of Greeks bearing gifts ") sneakily transported Greeks into Troy where they set fire to the city, killed the Trojan men, and took many of the Trojan women as concubines. Helen of Troy returned to her original husband, Menelaus.
Helen as an Icon; Marlowe's Play on Words
Marlowe's phrase is not to be taken literally, of course, it's an example of what English scholars call metalepsis , a stylistic flourish that skips from X to Z, bypassing Y: of course, Helen's face didn't launch any ships, Marlowe is saying she caused the Trojan War. Today the phrase is most commonly used as a metaphor for beauty and its seductive and destructive force. There have been several books exploring the feminist considerations of Helen and her treacherous beauty, including the well-received one from historian Bettany Hughes ( Helen of Troy: The Story Behind the Most Beautiful Woman in the World , 2009, Knopf Doubleday).
The phrase has also been used to describe women from the first lady of the Phillippines Imelda Marcos ("the face that launched a thousand votes") to consumer spokesperson Betty Furness ("the face that launched a thousand refrigerators"). You're starting to think Marlowe's quote is not entirely friendly, aren't you? And you'd be right.
Fun with Helen
Communications scholars such as J.A. DeVito have long used Marlowe's phrase to illustrate how the use of stress on a single word of a sentence can change the meaning. Practice the following, stressing the italicized word and you'll see what we mean.
Is this the face that launched a thousand ships?
Is this the face that launched a thousand ships?
Is this the face that launched a thousand ships?
Is this the face that launched a thousand ships?
Is this the face that launched a thousand ships?
Finally, says mathematician Ed Barbeau: If a face could launch a thousand ships, what would it take to launch five? Of course, the answer is 0.0005 face.
Sources
| Helen of Troy |
Who played painter Paul Gaugin in the 1956 film ‘Lust for Life’? | HELEN OF TROY PARIS SPARTA THE TROJAN HORSE ACHILLES HEEL THE FACE THAT LAUNCHED A THOUSAND SHIPS
Helen of Sparta was perhaps the most inspiring woman in all literature, ancient and modern. A whole war was fought over her, a war that lasted for ten years and saw one thousand ships launched. Not only that, nearly all the myths of the heroic age were threaded together in such a way that this most epic of all wars was the culmination of various exploits to include: the Argonaut, the Theban wars, and the Calydonian boar hunt. It is as though this event was in the destiny of every dynasty formed from the beginning of recorded history.
Helen (Greek Ελένη) was a figure from Greek mythology. The name is maybe related to the Moon (Selene) and the Sun (Helios). Helene in Greek meant 'torch' and 'corposant'. She was the wife of Menelaus and reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the world, and her abduction by Paris brought about the Trojan War .
Helen was believed to be initially the chief mother-goddess worshipped through the area, until the arrival of the Dodecatheon. Then, she was replaced by Zeus, and her role was demoted and 'survived' through mythology only to the most beautiful woman of the world.
According then to later Greek mythology, Leda bore Helen and Polydeuces, children of Zeus while at the same time bearing Castor and Clytemnestra, children of her father and husband Tyndareus, the King of Sparta. In some versions, Helen is a daughter of Nemesis, the goddess of vengeance.
As the story goes, Zeus cohabited with Leda in the form of a swan on the same night as her husband, King Tyndareus. To the former she gave birth to Helen and Polydeuces, and to the latter, Clytemnestra and Castor. In some versions she laid two eggs from which the children hatched.
Two Athenians, Theseus and Pirithous, pledged to marry daughters of Zeus. Theseus chose Helen. He and Pirithous kidnapped her and decided to hold onto her until she was old enough to marry. Pirithous chose Persephone. They left Helen with Theseus' mother, Aethra and travelled to the underworld, domain of Persephone and her husband, Hades. Hades pretended to offer them hospitality and set a feast; as soon as the pair sat down, snakes coiled around their feet and held them there.
When it was time for Helen to marry, many Greek kings and princes came to seek her hand or sent emissaries to do so on their behalf. Among the contenders were Odysseus, Menestheus, Ajax the Great, Patroclus and Idomeneus, but the favourite was Menelaus who did not come in person but was represented by his brother Agamemnon, both of whom were in exile, having fled Thyestes. All but Odysseus brought many and rich gifts with them.
Tyndareus would accept none of the gifts, nor would he send any of the suitors away for fear of offending them and giving grounds for a quarrel. Odysseus promised to solve the problem in a satisfactory manner if Tyndareus would support him in his courting of Penelope, the daughter of Icarius. Tyndareus readily agreed and Odysseus proposed that, before the decision was made, all the suitors should swear a most solemn oath to defend the chosen husband against whoever should quarrel with him. This stratagem succeeded and Helen and Menelaus were married. Following Tyndareus' death, Menelaus became king of Sparta because the only male heirs, Castor and Polydeuces, had died and ascended to Mt. Olympus.
Some years later, Paris , a Trojan prince came to Sparta to marry Helen, whom he had been promised by Aphrodite after he had chosen her as the most beautiful of the goddesses, earning the wrath of Athena and Hera. Helen fell in love with him, as the goddess had promised, willingly leaving behind Menelaus and Hermione, their nine-year-old daughter, to be with her new love.
When he discovered that his wife was missing, Menelaus called upon all the other suitors to fulfill their oaths, thus beginning the Trojan War . Virtually all of Greece took part, either attacking Troy with Menelaus or defending it from them.
This is why Helen was often known as "the face that launched a thousand ships". Note that the idea of Helen's face launching a thousand ships is postclassical - it comes from Christopher Marlowe's The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, in which Helen makes a cameo, but well-remembered, appearance.
"Is this the face that launched a thousand ships and burned the topless towers of Ilium?"
Helen's relationship with Paris varies depending on the source of the story. In some, she loved him dearly (perhaps caused by Aphrodite, who had promised her to Paris). In others, she was a cruel, selfish woman who brought disaster to everyone around her, and she hated him. One version, used by Euripides in his play Helen claims Hermes fashioned a likeness of her out of clouds at Zeus's request, and Helen never even went to Troy , having spent the entire war in Egypt .
When Paris died in the war, his brother, Deiphobus, married Helen. Deiphobus was killed by Menelaus in the sack of Troy. Menelaus had demanded that only he should slay his faithless wife; but, when he raised his sword to do so, the sight of her beauty caused him to let the sword drop from his hand. Instead, he led her in safety to the Greek ships. Helen returned to Sparta with Menelaus. After Menelaus' death, Helen was exiled by their son, Megapenthes. According to another version, use by Euripides in his Orestes, Helen had long ago left the mortal world by then, having been taken up to Olympus almost immediately after Menelaus's return.
Brad Pitt as Achilles in the epic film TROY
Helen, the face that launched a thousand ships, was a tantalizing enigma from the very first. She was flesh and blood certainly, but she was also immortal, since her father was none other than Zeus. Her mother was the beautiful Leda, queen of Sparta, who was ravished by the father of the gods in the form of a swan. Leda's husband was Tyndarecus, who later the same night, unaware of his feathered predecessor, also impregnated his wife. She produced two eggs, one of which yielded Helen and Polydeuces and the other of which contained Castor and Clytemnestra.
While a swan's egg can be accepted for the sake of myth, it has never made much sense that the part of her pregnancy initiated by Tyndareus should produce an egg as well. This most curious of births has been subjected to all manner of combinations over the years. As delicious as the story of Leda was, some commentators even went so far as to suggest that Helen and the Dioscuri were conceived at Rhamnus in Attica by Zeus and Nemesis, the usually rather stern and sexless goddess whose job it was to curb excesses. Nemesis, not happy with being raped by a swan, laid an egg and left it. Leda found it, and when the egg hatched it produced Helen and the Dioscuri. In that case, Clytemnestra was not even a sister of Helen.
It is difficult to imagine the childhood of the famous egg-born quartet. Two of them could be injured, perhaps, but not fatally; two had special gifts that made them physically and mentally superior. Apparently there was no jealousy among them. Castor and Polydeuces were so closely attached they swore to die together, even if Polydeuces could not hope to fulfill this resolve. The relationship between Helen and Clytemnestra was not so simple. Helen was stunningly beautiful, and this must have caused Clytemnestra some wistful moments when inevitable comparisons were made.
When the sisters reached puberty, Helen was kidnapped. Both the aging Theseus, king of Athens, and his friend Peirithous, king of Larissa, wanted to have sex with one of Zeus' daughters before they died. Theseus chose Helen, whose remarkable beauty was already talked of far and wide. The abductors took her to Aphidna, a small city north of Athens, and left her in the safekeeping of one of Theseus' vassals. He put his mother, Aethra, with her as a guardian and companion. Inevitably, stories arose that Theseus took her into safekeeping to do Tyndarcus a favor. One of Tyndarcus' nephews was persistently pursuing her as a suitor, even at her very young age. Another story said the sons of Apharcus, Idas and Lynceus, stole her, which caused the famous fatal battle between them and the Dioscuri. There can be little question that Theseus took Helen�s virginity. After all, that was the object of the kidnapping. Some suppose that he planned to keep her intact until she reached marriageable age. But the more realistic writers even gave the couple a child. Interestingly, but improbably, the child was Iphigeneia.
Helen of Troy movie poster
We cannot know how long Helen was at Aphidna. Theseus had accomplished his goal, so he left her and went with Peirithous to Hades to steal Persephone. This was foolhardy as it turned out, for both were imprisoned, Peirithous forever. The Dioscuri meanwhile raised an army and marched on Athens. The Athenians knew nothing of the outrage to their sister, but one Academus had knowledge of the facts and revealed the hiding place. The brothers razed Aphidna and delivered Helen, whom they carried home to Sparta, along with Aethra and Peirithous' sister as personal slaves to their sister.
Clytemnestra married during this time, first to Tantalus, son of Thyestes, and later to Agamemnon, who killed Tantalus. If Helen did bring a baby back from Aphidna, it made good sense for Clytemnestra to adopt it, since Helen was still considered a virgin. If the child was Iphigeneia, some of the drama of sacrifice at Aulis would be diminished, and Clytemnestra's revenge motive would not be as strong. It is probably best to go with the common story that Helen had no child by Theseus and that Iphigeneia was the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra.
Upon Helen's return to Sparta, an avalanche of suitors started to arrive. It would be interesting to explore the dynamics of this mass courting. Every red-blooded male in Greece who had heard of the gorgeous Helen dreamed of possessing her. But acting on such ambition had a price tag. One had to be able to afford an impressive appearance, complete with attendants, gifts, and other evidence of affluency. It must be pointed out that the suitors were really wooing Tyndarcus, not Helen. Their expense was nothing to what the process cost the father. The suitors and their attendants had to be lodged and entertained, and the laws of hospitality probably did not allow for limits on the duration of one's stay.
The roll call of suitors shows that they came from all parts of Greece and represented the finest stock of heroes and heirs to property and wealth . They were Odysseus, son of Laertes; Diomedes, son of Tydeus; Antilochus, son of Nestor; Agapenor, son of Ancaeus; Sthenelus, son of Capaneus; Amphimachus, son of Cteatus; Thalpius, son of Eurytus; Meges, son of Phyleus; Amphilochus, son of Amphiaraus; Menestheus, son of Peteos; Schedius and Epistrophus, sons of Iphitus; Polyxenus, son of Agasthenes; Peneleus, son of Hippalcimus; Leitus, son of Alector; Ajax, son of Oileus; Ascalaphus and Ialmenus, sons of Ares; Elephenor, son of Chalcodon; Eumelus, son of Admetus; Polypoetes, son of Peirithous; Leonteus, son of Coronus; Podaleirius and Machaon, sons of Asclepius; Philoctetes, son of Poeas; Eurypylus, son of Euaemon; Protesilaus and Podarces, sons of Iphiclus; Menelaus, son of Pleisthenes (or Atreus); Ajax and Teucer, sons of Telamon; Patroclus, son of Menoetius; and Idomeneus, son of Deucalion. There were other lists, of course, with considerable variation in the names. In later years it was probably socially advantageous for one to be able to claim an ancestor who had been one of Helen�s suitors, in much the way descendants of the Argonauts could probably have filled three ships with their ancestors.
It is interesting to learn that some of the suitors did not appear in person but sent representatives with offers of handsome dowries. Ajax the Greater promised considerable property, some of it not his own but to be acquired if he was chosen. Odysseus took no gifts, not expecting to win. Idomeneus of Crete appeared in person, depending on his extraordinary good looks to overcome the competition. Tyndareus was at a loss as to how to proceed, because he feared reprisal from the unsuccessful. Happy to settle for Tyndareus' niece, the wily Odysseus offered a solution in exchange for Penelope, a match Tyndareus was able to arrange with his brother Icarius. Odysseus suggested that each suitor swear an oath to stand behind whomever Tyndarcus selected and be ready at any time in the future to defend the favored bridegroom against any wrong done to him in respect to the marriage . Everyone agreed to these terms, and Tyndareus promptly chose Menelaus, whom he had probably had in mind all along.
Helen of Troy - painting by Dante Rossetti
It may be important to realize that Helen really had little say-so in this arrangement. Menelaus was a political choice on her father's part. He had wealth and power, mainly through his brother Agamemnon, but for Helen he did not offer the good looks and glamor of some of her other suitors. It was her lot to grace the palace and the kingdom Menelaus soon inherited.
She gave birth to Hermione, Aethiolas, Maraphius, and Pleisthenes, and, according to some, Nicostratus, although many claimed he and Megapenthes were the sons of Menelaus by Pieris, a slave. In that case, we can took at an additional reason for her own infidelity: (She had no way of knowing about another amorous adventure Menelaus was having in Crete during the time he was attending his grandfather's funeral.)
According to some writers, Sparta experienced a plague during the early years of their marriage, and Menelaus was advised by an oracle to go to Troy to observe propitiatory rites at the graves of Lycus and Chimaereus, sons of Prometheus, who were buried there. Menelaus did so and was accompanied on his return by Paris, who had accidentally killed his best friend in an athletic contest and needed purification. The two arrived in Sparta, and during the several days necessary for the purification ceremony, Paris had many opportunities to see the gorgeous woman who had been promised to him. About the time the absolution was completed, Menelaus had to leave unexpectedly for Crete to attend funeral ceremonies for his grandfather Catreus. Ingenuously he left the handsome visitor to be entertained by his wife. Helen had been utterly charmed by the stranger. He was by nature already handsome, but Aphrodite, as if to guarantee the success of her project, had made him even more irresistibly beautiful. In addition, he possessed manners and charm, and it was impossible for Helen not to fall in love with this superb young man. He, of course, had fallen under her spell the instant he laid eyes on her.
Menelaus had not been gone long before the lovers departed. Some say they left the very next night, but some preparation must have been necessary. Paris had his own ship, and certainly he had retainers with him befitting his royal status. Helen required her own attendants, who included Aethra, the mother of Theseus; Thisadie, sister of Peirithous; and Astyanassa, Clymene, and Electra, servants. According to some reports, Paris helped himself to the royal treasury. It does not speak too well for Menelaus' authority that his security forces would have allowed this flagrant plundering. He must have left a considerable army behind when he went to Crete. It is likely Helen had a sufficiently large number of loyal subjects that she could come and go without question. Undoubtedly many of the palace guards were secretly in love with her.
Helen of Troy - played by Diane Kruger in TROY the movie
Inevitably there were the stories that sought to make Helen look sinned against rather than sinning. According to these, she was taken by force. One silly version even suggested that Aphrodite deceived her by giving Paris the appearance of Menelaus. It was Aphrodite herself, though, who had pronounced a curse on Tyndarcus that his daughters Clytemnestra, Timandra, and Helen would be adulteresses, and she probably did not allow for such an excuse as involuntary adultery.
At Gythium, the port of Sparta, they embarked after Paris dedicated a sanctuary to Aphrodite Migonitis in appreciation for her assistance. They were barely under way before they stopped at the island of Cranae, still within view of Gythium. So far the couple had not been to bed together, even though there was ample opportunity after Menelaus left. Perhaps Paris felt comfortable in robbing the treasury of his host but not further violating the code of hospitality by sleeping with his wife in his own house . For some similar moral reason, Helen may have held him off until they had left the mainland. Or maybe it made good sense to erect the sanctuary at Gythium to Aphrodite, who might otherwise give them trouble at a later time. Paris could have had in mind to make for Onugnathus, farther down the Laconian Gulf and more or less out of immediate range of any pursuers, but biological urgencies probably forced him to cast anchor immediately. The consummation stuns the imagination. What a sublime moment for Paris, who now lay with the most desired woman in the entire world. Undoubtedly his passion was heightened by Aphrodite, who must have considered this her most inspired achievement.
As for Helen, there could have been a bittersweet response to the great moment. Until then she had experienced sex with only the aging Theseus and the prosaic Menelaus. This virile young man must have given her bliss she had not imagined, but certainly the shadow of her infidelity and the abandonment of her children must have cast itself across the love couch.
The trip thereafter has been variously described. The temptation to embroider on the already rich tapestry was too strong to resist. The ship went to Egypt and Phoenicia. According to one account, Proteus, king in Egypt, took Helen from Paris and gave him a phantom image of her, restoring the real Helen to Menelaus on his return from Troy. This inane account would then make the Trojan War a total mockery. Another similarly tiresome account had Paris robbing the king of Sidon, who had offered the party hospitality on their way up the coast. Already disgraced in most eyes, Paris would then have been little more than a pirate.
Whatever minor adventures befell them, the company came at last to Troy. The Trojans, even those who had criticized the rashness of Priam�s son, could only marvel at the divine beauty who stepped off the ship. A wedding ceremony took place, and it was as though Helen was marrying Troy, since her destiny became at that moment interlocked with the destiny of the city. Even Priam was fully won over and vowed to protect her as long as she wanted to remain.
Helen of Troy - movie by Max Steiner
The lovers had barely left Sparta before couriers were running swiftly to all parts of Greece. The unthinkable had happened. Menelaus came swiftly back from Crete, where his loitering with a nymph had allowed the elopers ample time to outdistance any possible pursuit. Agamemnon was furious. Not only was his family dishonored, but he took the insult almost personally. One suspects he himself was in love with his sister-in-law. Swift action was taken. Menelaus, Odysseus, and, according to some, Acamas, the son of Theseus, went to Troy to demand that Helen be returned. Incidentally, this above all would seem to silence the versions that had Paris and Helen taking months to reach Troy. Though counseled by such advisers as Antenor and Aeneas to surrender Helen, Priam stubbornly held to his promise to her. Moreover, he recalled the reverse situation when his sister Hesione had been kidnapped by Heracles and Telamon, and the Greeks had turned deaf ears to entreaties for her return.
The envoys returned to Greece, and preparations for war began. The former suitors of Helen were reminded of the oath they had sworn. Armies were recruited and ships were built. Men who had been boys when Helen married came forward to enlist in a cause that the gods transported her to Elysium. This was the most fitting end of the story since Helen was, after all, immortal. Consequently, Menelaus could scarcely have carried out his intention of killing her when he was reunited with her at Troy. Immortal or not, her physical remains and those of Menelaus were supposed to be buried at Therapne in a temple dedicated to them. Writers even followed her into the afterworld, where they had her marry Achilles, making him her fifth husband, following Theseus, Menelaus, Paris, and Deiphobus. From there she was even said to have blinded the poet Stesichorus for writing unflattering things about her; she restored his vision when he recanted and composed a poem in her praise.
The most fascinating thing about Helen was her story. It was far better than she was. We do not see any real character development in her and have to regard her as a pawn of the gods. The larger story is involved with the people around her, their rise and fall. She herself seemed almost oblivious to the horrors that surrounded her. She displayed very little emotion and no remorse. She seemed removed and largely unaffected by the outcome of the war. In most accounts of her final years she was not even made to pay for her part in the calamity that touched virtually every family in Greece. It is small wonder some writers contrived alternative versions in which she was made to pay a debt to society.
Homer. Iliad; Homer. Odyssey; Euripides. Electra; Apollodorus. Bibliotheke III, x,7-xi, 1; Apollodorus. Epitome II, 15-III, 6; V, 22; VI, 29; Plutarch. Theseus.
An estimation of her life based on the traditional dates of the Trojan War:
1225 BC - Birth of Helen to King Tyndareus of Sparta and his wife Leda. Thanks to her beauty she will later be considered daughter of Zeus.
1213 BC - At the age of twelve Helen is abducted by King Theseus of Athens who marries her against her father's and brothers' consent. During the absence of Theseus, her brothers Castor and Polydeuces help a revolt by his cousin Menestheus. Menestheus gains the throne and returns Helen to her brothers. According to some versions Helen was pregnant and a few months later gives birth to Iphigeneia. She trusts her daughter to her married sister Clytemnestra who will raise her as her own. Soon Menestheus of Athens and other Kings and princes gather at Sparta as Helen's suitors.
1212 BC - Tyndareus marries Helen to Menelaus of Mycenae. Menelaus' brother is King Agamemnon who is married to Helen's sister Clytemnestra. Helen soon gives birth to Hermione. The early deaths of her brothers Castor and Polydeuces, soon make Menelaus Tyndareus successor at the throne of Sparta.
1203 BC - After nine years of marriage, Paris of Troy visits Sparta and in Menelaus' absence convinces Helen to flee with him. Menelaus discovers that his wife and guest betrayed him and starts contemplating war. King Priam of Troy marries Helen to Paris. Menelaus' preparations of war and gathering of allies and armies took him ten years according to some versions.
1194 BC - Beginning of the Trojan War.
1184 BC - Paris mortally wounded in battle by Philoctetes. Priam marries Helen to Deiphobus, a younger brother of Paris.
April 24, 1184 BC - Fall of Troy. Deiphobus is slain by Menelaus who reclaims Helen as his wife. They sail on their return journey but are stranded on the shores of Egypt .
1176 BC - After spending eight years in Egypt , they manage to set sail again and reach the shores of Peloponnesus. According to Euripides they visit Mycenae, arriving shortly after the murders of King Aegisthus, who was Menelaus' first cousin, and Queen Clytemnestra, who was Helen's sister, by their common nephew Orestes, the new King of Mycenae. Orestes attempts to kill his aunt but fails. The royal couple return to Sparta (or else Helen is taken off by Apollo)
1174 BC - According to the Odyssey, Telemachus of Ithaca visits Sparta seeking information about his father Odysseus. Menelaus and Helen reply that they haven't heard of him since they left Troy ten years ago. They mourn their many lost relatives and friends.
1154 BC - According to Pausanias, Menelaus dies of old age and natural causes. Megapenthes, his illegitimate son, seizes the throne and exiles Helen. He soon loses the throne to his first cousin King Orestes of Mycenae who is married to Hermione, the only legitimate daughter of Menelaus and Helen and half-sister of Megapenthes. By this point Orestes had also seized the vacant thrones of Argos and Arcadia and becomes the sole ruler of Peloponnesus. Helen seeks refuge in Rhodes near Polyxo, widow of Tlepolemus, an old friend of hers. Tlepolemus was famously the first man to be killed during the Trojan War. In revenge for her husband's death, Polyxo ordered her maidens to pretend to be the ghosts of the many dead seeking revenge from Helen. Helen committed suicide by hanging herself from a tree. After her death she is deified.
http://www.anzachouse.com/Troy.shtml Our daily tour is as follows :- The tour proceeds to the ancient city of Troy in our air-conditioned 'NO-SMOKING' tour bus. The guide will explain the mythology surrounding Troy, the Trojan Horse and Helen of Troy, as well as explaining the history and discoveries of the...
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~geneh/umichamigos/helen.html Helen of Troy Helen graduates!Who is Helen of Troy? She's quite a special person indeed. Most references and people I know can identify her as being responsible for: The war between the Trojans and the Greeks The downfall of the Greeks The downfall of Troy The birth of the Roman Empire The mass...
http://www.messagenet.com/myths/funfact1/fact03.html She was never called Helen of Troy! Helen is often referred to as Helen of Argos but she was never called Helen of Troy! If you guessed Helen on Wheels... you are my kind of punster. Of course, the answer is wrong in the technical sense but you have a good attitude and that counts for something...
http://www.messagenet.com/myths/funfact1/index.html Fun Fact Quiz 1) Athene is known as: child of the Dawn maiden of Spring the spoiler 2) Achilleus was: a humble and kind man a brutal murderous maniac inside the Trojan Horse 3) Helen was called: Helen of Argos Helen of Troy Helen on Wheels 4) The ancient Greeks called...
http://parowanprophet.com/A_Trojan_Horse/helen_of_troy.htm Helen of Troy, the face that launched a thousand ships Home to Main Page Helen of Troy July 2001 Tribes # 9 There is so much to tell, and if you are new to my site it may seem confusing until you get a little background. But...
http://www.wic.org/artwork/helent.htm WIC - History of Women through Art HELEN OF TROY (Greek - Legendary) Helen - The Puppet of the Gods Although she had few spoken lines, Helen, the most beautiful mortal on earth was frequently manipulated on the comedic and tragic stage of Greek mythology. Daughter of the mortal Leda and fathered by...
http://www.arthistory.sbc.edu/imageswomen/papers/hamiltonhelen/helenoftroy.html Helen of TroybyPatricia Hamilton(Paper submitted to Images of Women in the Ancient World: Issues of Interpretation and Identity, Spring 1998)Helen of Troy is quite possibly one of the most inspired characters of all time, including modern and ancient literature. She has...
http://www.iserv.net/~merriman/helndest.htm Helen of Troy HELLon des'TROY Copyright WILLIAM G. MERRIMAN Helen of Troy was the woman fought over by a prince and a king in an ancient Greek parable. Paris, the son of the king of Troy, abducted Helen, the wife of the king of Sparta, thus...
http://arttoscience.org/sculp3275750.html Sphinx, Helen of Troy, Oedipus, Menelaous, Sculptural Trail The Sculptural Trail The Sphinx (by Barbara Kaufman) is a dangerous woman. She is seductive, powerful and vulnerable. We note a fusion of roles: she is a voluptuous female, a seductress. She is a cat, a lioness, or a...
Helen of Troy - the rape
http://www.parowanprophet.com/A_Trojan_Horse/helen_of_troy.htm Helen of Troy, the face that launched a thousand ships Home to Main Page Helen of Troy July 2001 Tribes # 9 There is so much to tell, and if you are new to my site it may seem confusing until you get a little background. But...
http://www.whitedragon.org.uk/articles/troy.htm Dragon's Hoard - Helen of Troy Helen of Troy - Heroine or Goddess? By Karen Pierce Originally Published Imbolc 2000 INTRODUCTION In this article I would like to take a look at the Greek mythological heroine Helen of Troy, and try to discern whether there is any evidence to show that she was once...
http://www.helenoftroylp.com/ Helen of Troy ...
http://whitedragon.org.uk/articles/troy.htm Dragon's Hoard - Helen of Troy Helen of Troy - Heroine or Goddess? By Karen Pierce Originally Published Imbolc 2000 INTRODUCTION In this article I would like to take a look at the Greek mythological heroine Helen of Troy, and try to discern whether there is any evidence to show that she was once...
http://wynkyn.com/mycenae.htm The Search for Mycenae, King Agamemnon, Helen of Troy, Hercules Twelve (12) Labors, Cyclopean Walls The Search for Mycenae This is the legendary Mycenae in Greece, which dates from around 1,600 BC... The palace was made of stones so huge they were called Cyclopean Walls, in the...
http://www.cougar.net.au/~helward/history/war.html Helen of Troy For more detailed arguments refer to: Donald Kagan, Archidamian War pp.124-146 An excellent discussion on the causes of the revolt. Dennis Proctor,The...
http://www.cougar.net.au/~helward/history/ Helen of Troy Mystery of History HELEN OF TROY MYSTERY OF HISTORY Please click below for arguments on the following topics Roman History and Australian Society sites still under construction Peloponnesian War Roman History Australian...
http://www.hellenism.net/eng/helen.htm Greek Mythology - Ancient greek myths, Helen of Troy HELEN OF TROY There are a couple of different stories about Helen's parents. Her father is Zeus. In one story, he couple with Nemesis in the form of swans. The egg which resulted was...
http://www.andrews.edu/LH/yearly-mission.html Lamson Hall - Yerly Mission Theme Message for 2000-2001 . ........................Closer to the Heart of God Helen of Troy must have been something. Two kingdoms went to war over her...
http://www.jetlink.net/~massij/wssq/allswell.htm Study Questions for Shakespeare's All's Well Study Questions for Shakespeare's All's Well that Ends Well 1. As the play often notes, Helen shares a name with a notorious woman--Helen of Troy. This historical namesake has an ambiguous reputation in Shakespeare's day: on the one hand, she is a...
http://home.swipnet.se/~w-48250/mythology/h/helen.html Helen Helen Helen (often called Helen of Troy) was the daughter of Leda and Zeus, and was the sister of the Dioscuri and Clytemnestra. Since Zeus visited Leda in the form of a swan, Helen was often presented as being born from an egg. She was reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the world...
http://www.eonline.com/Facts/Movies/0,60,44182,00.html E! Online - Movie Facts - Helen of Troy (1955) Feb. 19, 2002...
http://www.messagenet.com/myths/funfact1/fact03.html Fun Fact Answer #3 She was never called Helen of Troy! Helen is often referred to as Helen of Argos but she was never called Helen of Troy! If you guessed Helen on Wheels... you are my kind of punster. Of course, the answer is wrong in the technical sense but you have a good attitude and that...
http://www.arttoscience.org/sculptures/275750.htm Sphinx, Helen of Troy, Oedipus, Menelaous, Sculptural Trail The Sculptural Trail The Sphinx (by Barbara Kaufman) is a dangerous woman. She is seductive, powerful and vulnerable. We note a fusion of roles: she is a voluptuous female, a seductress. She is a cat...
http://wyoskies.uwyo.edu/wysky/sOct01.html saug99 October 2001 Interest October Star myths The constellation Cygnus the Swan is the centerpiece for October's celestial story telling. In Roman mythology Zeus (Jupiter) used the disguise of a swan to lure the beautiful Leda, and he fathered Pollux and Helen of Troy, the most...
http://pc59te.dte.uma.es/cdb/series/image/helen.htm Helen HELEN OF TROY Name: Helen Group: Queen of Sparta. Origin: Sparta, the Aegean First appearance: A thousand ships #2 Known Relatives: Menelaus (husband) Tyndareus (father) Kastor and Polydeukes (brothers) Hermione (daughter) Nokostrato (son...
Bust of Helen by Antonio Canova 1807 (Paris)
http://www.nmaa.si.edu/t2go/1ya/1969.33.html Treasures to Go 53 of 54 Benjamin West Helen Brought to Paris 1776 oil 56 1/2 x 75 3/8 in. Smithsonian American Art Museum Venus floats in on a cloud and gently urges Helen of Troy#151the #147face that launched a thousand ships#148#151toward an expectant Paris, who sits...
http://www.messagenet.com/myths/funfact1/ Fun Fact Quiz Fun Fact Quiz 1) Athene is known as: child of the Dawn maiden of Spring the spoiler 2) Achilleus was: a humble and kind man a brutal murderous maniac inside the Trojan Horse 3) Helen was called: Helen of Argos Helen of Troy Helen on Wheels 4) The ancient...
http://www.mythweb.com/heroes/theseus/theseus21.html Theseus And so, in the fullness of time, when Theseus decided to carry off young Helen of Sparta, Peirithous agreed to lend a hand. This was the same Helen whose face would launch a thousand ships when, as Helen of Troy, the lover and captive of the Trojan Paris, she caused the allies of her...
http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~lsv/aboutstlucia.html Some information on my homeland, St. Lucia St. Lucia has been referred to as the 'Helen of the West Indies' after the Greek's 'Helen of Troy'. No doubt, my view is justifiably biased so I have included a few links of some St. Lucia - centric organizations that may make up for my partiality. If you...
http://calilasseia.www2.50megs.com/EDEMHelen.html Helen Of Troy (Date Unavailable)Evelyn de Morgan (1855-1919) Medium : Oil on Canvas Picture Size : Not Currently Available The location of the original canvas is : The de Morgan Foundation, London. Click upon this canvas to return to the Evelyn de Morgan Room Click upon this canvas to return to...
http://www.allensinc.com/plates/pickard/mosthele.htm Pickard - Most Beautiful Women of All Time Series Plates - Helen of Troy Most Beautiful Women of All Time Series Plate by Pickard Helen of Troy Click the Collector Plates button below to check our current inventory. Collector Plates M thru P Allen's Home Page...
Troy - the movie starring Brad Pitt, Eric Bana, Orlando Bloom and Diane Kruger
The Solar Navigator - SWASSH (Small Waterplane Area Stabilized Single Hull) test model 2012
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In humans, esotropia affects which part of the body? | Esotropia — AAPOS
Read in Chinese
What is esotropia?
Esotropia is in-turning of one or both eyes [See figure 1]. It may be intermittent or constant and may occur with near fixation, distance fixation, or both. The crossing may occur predominantly with one eye or may alternate between eyes. Esotropia may occur at any age and is the opposite of exotropia (outward eye turn).
Is esotropia ever ‘normal’?
Esotropia in infants less than 20 weeks old frequently resolves spontaneously, especially when the misalignment is intermittent and small in magnitude. However, constant eye crossing at ANY age should be evaluated promptly by a pediatric ophthalmologist. Eye crossing (constant or intermittent) beyond 4 months of age should be evaluated.
What are the different types of esotropia?
Esotropia can be classified by age of onset (congenital/infantile vs. acquired); by frequency (intermittent vs. constant); or by whether it can be treated with glasses (accommodative vs. non-accommodative). For specific information, see infantile esotropia and accommodative esotropia.
Esotropia can also be secondary to other conditions. Poor vision can cause in-turning of an eye. Various neurological conditions (hydrocephalus, stroke, etc.) can cause an eye to turn inward. A number of medical conditions can cause esotropia (thyroid eye disease, Duane syndrome, etc.).
What problems can esotropia cause?
The effect of esotropia on the visual system depends on the frequency/severity of eye crossing and age. Eye crossing affects the ability of the eyes to work together. Older children and adults with a new onset esotropia often experience diplopia (double vision) and or decreased binocular visual field. Children can lose stereopsis (3-D vision) and binocularity (simultaneous use of the eyes) in addition to loss of vision in the crossing eye (amblyopia).
Does esotropia run in families?
Strabismus, or misalignment of the eyes, does run in families. However, affected family members do not necessarily share the same type and/or severity of strabismus. A family history of strabismus is a very good reason for an evaluation by a pediatric ophthalmologist.
Are there conditions that increase the risk of esotropia?
Prematurity, a positive family history, and various neurological and genetic disorders increase the risk of eye misalignment. Also, some systemic disorders cause ocular misalignment (hyperthyroidism, diabetes, etc.).
Do children ever look crossed eyed but actually have straight eyes?
Pseudostrabismus is the appearance of, but not truly misaligned eyes and is usually secondary to the shape of the eyelids and/or nasal bridge [See figure 2]. Any child suspected of having ocular misalignment should have a thorough examination by a pediatric ophthalmologist. Some children can have both pseudostrabismus and actual eye misalignment. Therefore pseudostrabismus does not by itself eliminate the possibility of true eye crossing.
How does a Pediatric Ophthalmologist evaluate a child with suspected esotropia?
After taking a careful history, the physician assesses the visual acuity in a manner appropriate for age. A key component is to determine whether the acuity is equal in each eye or if one eye is stronger than the other. Ocular misalignment, if detected, is quantified. The general health of the eye, as well as the refractive state of the eye (ie. farsightedness, nearsightedness, astigmatism) is assessed.
What are the treatment options for esotropia?
Management of esotropia is based on a number of factors. The overriding principles are:
• Re-establishment of ocular alignment
| Eye |
In the 1940 Disney film ‘Pinocchio’, what is the name of Geppetto’s cat? | 20 amazing facts about the human body | Science | The Guardian
The Observer
20 amazing facts about the human body
Many of the most exciting discoveries in all fields of science are being played out in the human body
From DNA to the atoms inside us, the human body is a scientific marvel. Photograph: David Smith/Alamy
Brian Clegg
Saturday 26 January 2013 19.04 EST
First published on Saturday 26 January 2013 19.04 EST
1 APPENDIX TO LIFE
body appendix Photograph: Corbis
The appendix gets a bad press. It is usually treated as a body part that lost its function millions of years ago. All it seems to do is occasionally get infected and cause appendicitis. Yet recently it has been discovered that the appendix is very useful to the bacteria that help your digestive system function. They use it to get respite from the strain of the frenzied activity of the gut, somewhere to breed and help keep the gut's bacterial inhabitants topped up. So treat your appendix with respect.
2 SUPERSIZED MOLECULES
Practically everything we experience is made up of molecules. These vary in size from simple pairs of atoms, like an oxygen molecule, to complex organic structures. But the biggest molecule in nature resides in your body. It is chromosome 1. A normal human cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes in its nucleus, each a single, very long, molecule of DNA. Chromosome 1 is the biggest, containing around 10bn atoms, to pack in the amount of information that is encoded in the molecule.
3 ATOM COUNT
It is hard to grasp just how small the atoms that make up your body are until you take a look at the sheer number of them. An adult is made up of around 7,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (7 octillion) atoms.
4 FUR LOSS
body chimp Photograph: Alamy
It might seem hard to believe, but we have about the same number of hairs on our bodies as a chimpanzee, it's just that our hairs are useless, so fine they are almost invisible. We aren't sure quite why we lost our protective fur. It has been suggested that it may have been to help early humans sweat more easily, or to make life harder for parasites such as lice and ticks, or even because our ancestors were partly aquatic.
But perhaps the most attractive idea is that early humans needed to co-operate more when they moved out of the trees into the savanna. When animals are bred for co-operation, as we once did with wolves to produce dogs, they become more like their infants. In a fascinating 40-year experiment starting in the 1950s, Russian foxes were bred for docility. Over the period, adult foxes become more and more like large cubs, spending more time playing, and developing drooping ears, floppy tails and patterned coats. Humans similarly have some characteristics of infantile apes – large heads, small mouths and, significantly here, finer body hair.
5 GOOSEBUMP EVOLUTION
body goosebumps Photograph: Alamy
Goosepimples are a remnant of our evolutionary predecessors. They occur when tiny muscles around the base of each hair tense, pulling the hair more erect. With a decent covering of fur, this would fluff up the coat, getting more air into it, making it a better insulator. But with a human's thin body hair, it just makes our skin look strange.
Similarly we get the bristling feeling of our hair standing on end when we are scared or experience an emotive memory. Many mammals fluff up their fur when threatened, to look bigger and so more dangerous. Humans used to have a similar defensive fluffing up of their body hairs, but once again, the effect is now ruined. We still feel the sensation of hairs standing on end, but gain no visual bulk.
6 SPACE TRAUMA
body astronaut Photograph: Alamy
If sci-fi movies were to be believed, terrible things would happen if your body were pushed from a spaceship without a suit. But it's mostly fiction. There would be some discomfort as the air inside the body expanded, but nothing like the exploding body parts Hollywood loves. Although liquids do boil in a vacuum, your blood is kept under pressure by your circulatory system and would be just fine. And although space is very cold, you would not lose heat particularly quickly. As Thermos flasks demonstrate, a vacuum is a great insulator.
In practice, the thing that will kill you in space is simply the lack of air. In 1965 a test subject's suit sprang a leak in a Nasa vacuum chamber. The victim, who survived, remained conscious for around 14 seconds. The exact survival limit isn't known, but would probably be one to two minutes.
7 ATOMIC COLLAPSE
The atoms that make up your body are mostly empty space, so despite there being so many of them, without that space you would compress into a tiny volume. The nucleus that makes up the vast bulk of the matter in an atom is so much smaller than the whole structure that it is comparable to the size of a fly in a cathedral. If you lost all your empty atomic space, your body would fit into a cube less than 1/500th of a centimetre on each side. Neutron stars are made up of matter that has undergone exactly this kind of compression. In a single cubic centimetre of neutron star material there are around 100m tons of matter. An entire neutron star, heavier than our sun, occupies a sphere that is roughly the size across of the Isle of Wight.
8 ELECTROMAGNETIC REPULSION
The atoms that make up matter never touch each other. The closer they get, the more repulsion there is between the electrical charges on their component parts. It's like trying to bring two intensely powerful magnets together, north pole to north pole. This even applies when objects appear to be in contact. When you sit on a chair, you don't touch it. You float a tiny distance above, suspended by the repulsion between atoms. This electromagnetic force is vastly stronger than the force of gravity – around a billion billion billion billion times stronger. You can demonstrate the relative strength by holding a fridge magnet near a fridge and letting go. The electromagnetic force from the tiny magnet overwhelms the gravitational attraction of the whole Earth.
9 STARDUST TO STARDUST
body atoms Photograph: Alamy
Every atom in your body is billions of years old. Hydrogen, the most common element in the universe and a major feature of your body, was produced in the big bang 13.7bn years ago. Heavier atoms such as carbon and oxygen were forged in stars between 7bn and 12bn years ago, and blasted across space when the stars exploded. Some of these explosions were so powerful that they also produced the elements heavier than iron, which stars can't construct. This means that the components of your body are truly ancient: you are stardust.
10 THE QUANTUM BODY
One of the mysteries of science is how something as apparently solid and straightforward as your body can be made of strangely behaving quantum particles such as atoms and their constituents. If you ask most people to draw a picture of one of the atoms in their bodies, they will produce something like a miniature solar system, with a nucleus as the sun and electrons whizzing round like planets. This was, indeed, an early model of the atom, but it was realised that such atoms would collapse in an instant. This is because electrons have an electrical charge and accelerating a charged particle, which is necessary to keep it in orbit, would make it give off energy in the form of light, leaving the electron spiralling into the nucleus.
In reality, electrons are confined to specific orbits, as if they ran on rails. They can't exist anywhere between these orbits but have to make a "quantum leap" from one to another. What's more, as quantum particles, electrons exist as a collection of probabilities rather than at specific locations, so a better picture is to show the electrons as a set of fuzzy shells around the nucleus.
11 RED BLOODED
body blood cells Photograph: Alamy
When you see blood oozing from a cut in your finger, you might assume that it is red because of the iron in it, rather as rust has a reddish hue. But the presence of the iron is a coincidence. The red colour arises because the iron is bound in a ring of atoms in haemoglobin called porphyrin and it's the shape of this structure that produces the colour. Just how red your haemoglobin is depends on whether there is oxygen bound to it. When there is oxygen present, it changes the shape of the porphyrin, giving the red blood cells a more vivid shade.
12 GOING VIRAL
body dna Photograph: Getty
Surprisingly, not all the useful DNA in your chromosomes comes from your evolutionary ancestors – some of it was borrowed from elsewhere. Your DNA includes the genes from at least eight retroviruses. These are a kind of virus that makes use of the cell's mechanisms for coding DNA to take over a cell. At some point in human history, these genes became incorporated into human DNA. These viral genes in DNA now perform important functions in human reproduction, yet they are entirely alien to our genetic ancestry.
13 OTHER LIFE
On sheer count of cells, there is more bacterial life inside you than human. There are around 10tn of your own cells, but 10 times more bacteria. Many of the bacteria that call you home are friendly in the sense that they don't do any harm. Some are beneficial.
In the 1920s, an American engineer investigated whether animals could live without bacteria, hoping that a bacteria-free world would be a healthier one. James "Art" Reyniers made it his life's work to produce environments where animals could be raised bacteria-free. The result was clear. It was possible. But many of Reyniers's animals died and those that survived had to be fed on special food. This is because bacteria in the gut help with digestion. You could exist with no bacteria, but without the help of the enzymes in your gut that bacteria produce, you would need to eat food that is more loaded with nutrients than a typical diet.
14 EYELASH INVADERS
body mite
Depending on how old you are, it's pretty likely that you have eyelash mites. These tiny creatures live on old skin cells and the natural oil (sebum) produced by human hair follicles. They are usually harmless, though they can cause an allergic reaction in a minority of people. Eyelash mites typically grow to a third of a millimetre and are near-transparent, so you are unlikely to see them with the naked eye. Put an eyelash hair or eyebrow hair under the microscope, though, and you may find them, as they spend most of their time right at the base of the hair where it meets the skin. Around half the population have them, a proportion that rises as we get older.
15 PHOTON DETECTORS
body eye Photograph: Getty
Your eyes are very sensitive, able to detect just a few photons of light. If you take a look on a very clear night at the constellation of Andromeda, a little fuzzy patch of light is just visible with the naked eye. If you can make out that tiny blob, you are seeing as far as is humanly possible without technology. Andromeda is the nearest large galaxy to our own Milky Way. But "near" is a relative term in intergalactic space – the Andromeda galaxy is 2.5m light years away. When the photons of light that hit your eye began their journey, there were no human beings. We were yet to evolve. You are seeing an almost inconceivable distance and looking back in time through 2.5m years.
16 SENSORY TALLY
Despite what you've probably been told, you have more than five senses. Here's a simple example. Put your hand a few centimetres away from a hot iron. None of your five senses can tell you the iron will burn you. Yet you can feel that the iron is hot from a distance and won't touch it. This is thanks to an extra sense – the heat sensors in your skin. Similarly we can detect pain or tell if we are upside down.
Another quick test. Close your eyes and touch your nose. You aren't using the big five to find it, but instead proprioception. This is the sense that detects where the parts of your body are with respect to each other. It's a meta-sense, combining your brain's knowledge of what your muscles are doing with a feel for the size and shape of your body. Without using your basic five senses, you can still guide a hand unerringly to touch your nose.
17 REAL AGE
body ovum Photograph: Getty
Just like a chicken, your life started off with an egg. Not a chunky thing in a shell, but an egg nonetheless. However, there is a significant difference between a human egg and a chicken egg that has a surprising effect on your age. Human eggs are tiny. They are, after all, just a single cell and are typically around 0.2mm across – about the size of a printed full stop. Your egg was formed in your mother – but the surprising thing is that it was formed when she was an embryo. The formation of your egg, and the half of your DNA that came from your mother, could be considered as the very first moment of your existence. And it happened before your mother was born. Say your mother was 30 when she had you, then on your 18th birthday you were arguably over 48 years old.
18 EPIGENETIC INFLUENCE
We are used to thinking of genes as being the controlling factor that determines what each of us is like physically, but genes are only a tiny part of our DNA. The other 97% was thought to be junk until recently, but we now realise that epigenetics – the processes that go on outside the genes – also have a major influence on our development. Some parts act to control "switches" that turn genes on and off, or program the production of other key compounds. For a long time it was a puzzle how around 20,000 genes (far fewer than some breeds of rice) were enough to specify exactly what we were like. The realisation now is that the other 97% of our DNA is equally important.
19 CONSCIOUS ACTION
body mri Photograph: Alamy
If you are like most people, you will locate your conscious mind roughly behind your eyes, as if there were a little person sitting there, steering the much larger automaton that is your body. You know there isn't really a tiny figure in there, pulling the levers, but your consciousness seems to have an independent existence, telling the rest of your body what to do.
In reality, much of the control comes from your unconscious. Some tasks become automatic with practice, so that we no longer need to think about the basic actions. When this happens the process is handled by one of the most primitive parts of the brain, close to the brain stem. However even a clearly conscious action such as picking up an object seems to have some unconscious precursors, with the brain firing up before you make the decision to act. There is considerable argument over when the conscious mind plays its part, but there is no doubt that we owe a lot more to our unconscious than we often allow.
20 OPTICAL DELUSION
The picture of the world we "see" is artificial. Our brains don't produce an image the way a video camera works. Instead, the brain constructs a model of the world from the information provided by modules that measure light and shade, edges, curvature and so on. This makes it simple for the brain to paint out the blind spot, the area of your retina where the optic nerve joins, which has no sensors. It also compensates for the rapid jerky movements of our eyes called saccades, giving a false picture of steady vision.
But the downside of this process is that it makes our eyes easy to fool. TV, films and optical illusions work by misleading the brain about what the eye is seeing. This is also why the moon appears much larger than it is and seems to vary in size: the true optical size of the moon is similar to a hole created by a hole punch held at arm's length.
Puckered skin may have helped our ancestors grasp slippery food and keep their footing on treacherous ground
Published: 10 Jan 2013
Trip to Mars in pretend spaceship on Moscow industrial estate affects sleep, activity levels and motivation of six-man crew
Published: 7 Jan 2013
A stroke left Alan Burgess with hemispatial neglect – an inability to pay attention to sensory stimuli on his left side
Published: 23 Nov 2012
Humans reached a peak of intelligence more than 2,000 years ago and it's been downhill ever since, a scientist speculates
Published: 12 Nov 2012
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A barista makes and serves what? | Barista | Definition of Barista by Merriam-Webster
noun ba·ris·ta \bə-ˈrēs-tə, bä-ˈrēs-tä\
Definition of barista for English Language Learners
: someone who makes and serves coffee and coffee drinks (such as cappuccino) to customers
Learn More about barista
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What is the national flower of Pakistan? | Barista - Definition for English-Language Learners from Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary
: someone who makes and serves coffee and coffee drinks (such as cappuccino) to customers
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In 2006, who did Kirsty Young replace as the host of BBC’s Desert Island Discs? | Kirsty Young is the surprise choice to present Desert Island Discs - Telegraph
Kirsty Young is the surprise choice to present Desert Island Discs
Kirsty Young: 'I can't wait to get started'
By Hugh Davies
12:01AM BST 28 Jun 2006
In an entirely unexpected move, the BBC has picked Kirsty Young, the presenter of Channel 5's Five News, to replace Sue Lawley on Radio 4's Desert Island Discs.
Like her predecessor, Young comes from a solid news background, but was never publicly seen as a favourite for the plum job in British radio.
The shortlist was thought to have been all male, with Jonathan Dimbleby and Nick Clarke, the World At One host who is recovering from cancer, regarded as the favourites.
BBC officials said they wanted "someone who can build a rapport with a guest inside 40 minutes, who can pursue a revelatory comment while keeping the chat informal and who understands a cross-section of music".
Mark Damazer, the controller of Radio 4, said yesterday that Young's "warmth and curiosity" would be "the perfect combination" for taking over the show in the autumn. He added: "I have admired her work on radio and television for a number of years."
Young, 37, while not known for her comedic talent, acquitted herself with acclaim as a guest presenter on four occasions of the television quiz show Have I Got News For You. She also appeared as a guest in Room 101, dumping her cowboy boots.
She will continue to present Five News's 5.30pm and 7pm bulletins. Chris Shaw, the senior programme controller of news and current affairs at Five, said: "We are delighted that Kirsty will be the new presenter.
"Everyone here is very pleased and I believe this will only enhance her reputation as a brilliant broadcaster and the face of Five."
Young, who is currently on maternity leave, said: "I've loved Desert Island Discs for as long as I've been listening to radio.
"Its enduring success is testament both to the brilliant format and consistently fascinating guests. There isn't a show on radio I'd rather present. I'm completely thrilled to be doing it and can't wait to get started."
The presenter began her career on radio at BBC Scotland. She has also worked for BBC Television, ITV and ITN.
| Sue Lawley |
What is the everyday name for ethylene glycol? | Radionewsweb.com
RadioNewsWeb.com
June 2006 Personalities:
Jonathan S. Adelstein - Democrat US Federal Communications Commissioner; Mitch Bainwol - chairman and chief executive, Recording Industries Association of America (RIAA); Ralph Bernard - Chief executive, GCap Media; Pierre Bouvard -(2) - president, Sales and Marketing, Arbitron; Colleen B. Brown - President and CEO, Fisher Communications; Sen Sam Brownback --Kansas Republican Senator involved in drafting of broadcast indecency proposals; Graham Bryce - SVP, SBS Radio Group and former managing director, UK GCap-owned Xfm; Chris Campling -- UK Times radio columnist; Peter Cavanagh - Chief Executive, Radio New Zealand; Owen Charlebois -President Operations, Technology, Research and Development Arbitron Inc.; Simon Cole - chief executive, UBC Media, UK; Michael J. Copps - Democrat US Federal Communications Commissioner; Anthony Cumia - Anthony of US Opie and Anthony show' Rick Cummings - (2) - president, Emmis radio; Mark Damazer - (2) - Controller BBC Radio 4 and BBC7; Paul Davies - former Group Operations Director, Capital Radio, UK; Paul Donovan - (2) - U.K. Sunday Times radio columnist; Randy Dotinga - radio columnist, North County Times (California); Lesley Douglas -Controller BBC Radio 2 & 6-Music; Andy Duncan - UK Channel 4 chief executive; Jeffrey Dvorkin - US National Public Radio ombudsman; Robert Feder - (3) - Chicago Sun-Times media columnist; David J. Field - President and CEO Entercom, US; Marc Fisher - Washington Post reporter; Mike Carlton - Sydney 2UE breakfast co-host; John Gehron - general manager Harpo Radio (takes up this fall) and former Infinity Broadcasting SVP and former Clear Channel Chicago Regional VP/Market Manager; Scott Greenstein - President, Entertainment and Sports, Sirius Satellite Radio; Dan Halyburton -Senior Vice President/Market Manager for Emmis New York; Maurice Hinchey - NY Democrat congressman, founder and chairman of the Future of American Media (FAM) Caucus; Mary Hockaday - Deputy-editor, BBC Radio News; John Hogan - President and CEO, Clear Channel Radio, US; Joel Hollander -chairman and CEO, CBS Radio; Gregg Hughes - Opie of US Opie and Anthony show; Rex Hunt - Melbourne radio host; Alan Jones - Sydney 2GB breakfast host; Mel Karmazin - (2) -CEO Sirius Satellite Radio; Tom Langmyer - VP/General Manager, WGN-AM, Chicago; Sue Lawley - British broadcaster and host of "Desert Island Discs" programme( to step down in autumn); John Laws - Sydney 2UE morning host; Andrew Levin - (2) - Clear Channel Executive Vice President for Law and Government Affairs and Chief Legal Officer; Rush Limbaugh - conservative US talk-show host; Lyn Maddock - Acting chair, Australian Communications and Media Authority; David Mansfield - former chief executive G-CAP Media; Kevin J. Martin - (5) -Chairman US Federal Communications Commission; Barry Mayo - former Emmis' senior vice-president and New York market manager- stepped down; Mark Mays - CEO, Clear Channel Communications; Sen. John McCain - Republican Senator for Arizona (proposer of various broadcast-related bills); Gerry McCarthy - UK Sunday Times writer on Irish Radio; Robert McDowell -(2) - (Republican) Federal Communications Commissioner; Jim Moir -former controller, BBC Radio 2 - hired by UK Channel 4 Radio; Denis O'Brien -(2) - Irish businessman -founder of Communicorps; Steve Orchard - Operations Director GCap Media; Wendy Pallot - finance director, GCap Media; Andy Parfitt - BBC Radio 1 Controller; A. Jerrold Perenchio - Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Univision (US); Peter Poulton - former London Kiss FM breakfast host Bam Bam; David K. Rehr - (2) - President and CEO of US National Association of Broadcasters; Jonathan Ross - British broadcaster; Nathalie Schwarz - (3) - Director of Radio, UK Channel 4; Gary Slaight - President and CEO, Standard Broadcasting, Canada; Jeff Smulyan - Chairman, president, and CEO, Emmis Communications, US; Peter Smyth - President and CEO,Greater Media, US; William (Bill) Stakelin - President and CEO- formerly COO- Regent Communications; Howard Stern - US shock jock; Stephen Tapp - President and COO, XM-Canada; Deborah T. Tate -(2) - Republican FCC commissioner; Scott Taunton - (2) - UTV Radio Chief Executive; Mark Thompson - BBC Director General; Johnny Vaughan - Breakfast host for Capital Radio, London; Jeremy Vine - BBC Radio 2 lunchtime host; Joan Warner - CEO, industry body Commercial Radio Australia; Richard Wheatly - (2) -chief executive The Local Radio Company, UK; Roland White - UK Sunday Times columnist; Bennett Zier -CEO Red Zebra Broadcasting;
Numbers in brackets indicate the number of stories involving an individual mentioned more than once
June 2006 Archive
most cases: Some have Windows Media as well.
Radiofeeds UK -for comprehensive list of UK broadcast radio stations on the Internet
WORLD RADIO NETWORK (listeners area has on-demand audio reports from various broadcasters from round the world)
Music Streams
Note- In view of the numbers of viruses, worms etc now proliferating, we automatically delete messages with attachments unless these have been sent by prior agreement.
We never send out replies with attachments except by prior agreement.
We also tend to automatically delete e-mails from unknown sources without a title that specifically ties in to a subject we can recognize.
July 2006 -
Links- internally where there are follow-up stories we try, at the end of each story, to put a pertinent link to the top of the previous relevant story. Regarding external links see note at end of page.
RNW June comment - in "Advertisers, demographics and maybe damaging the future." says broadcasters must think digital and that neglecting young and older groups less attractive to advertisers may damage them.
RNW May comment - in "Real choice: Quality, the internet, and the need for public service broadcasters" argues that public broadcasters are if anything even more important as the internet allows wider listening horizons.
RNW April comment - in "Live or later: Implications of on-demand audio" looks at the implications for radio of the change from a mainly live-reception mode to a listen when you want one.
2006-06-30: Mercury Radio Research sister company hear2.0, which looks at strategy for audio entertainment, says a nationwide study of 1,000 people contacted by phone shows a marked preference amongst Americans to listening to streaming audio from specialist sites rather than their local radio station.
In all some 40% said they had tuned in to a specialist site such as Live 365, Launchcast, or Yahoo Music compared to only 26% listening to local radio stations online and 22% listening to distant stations.
The listening was more in favour of specialist sites amongst those 12-24, marginally higher for the 25-34 demographic and even for those above 34.
hear2.0 Executive Vice President Harve Alan commented, "These statistics indicate a usage for established online brands over brands that may not have fully committed to an online streaming presence."
"This was a national study, and many stations are still not taking seriously the opportunities for online radio," he added, commenting, "Broadcasters should be alarmed at the strong usage of non-terrestrial radio online options among persons under 35. This is both a threat and an opportunity for local radio, and now is the time to act."
hear2.0 web site :
2006-06-30: BBC online and download cum podcast figures jumped back up again in May after a fall in April following a record March. The April figures were affected by the Easter break.
In May the BBC Radio 4 soap The Archers attracted a record - for the BBC and the programme - of 756,730 listens, up 105,948 on the April figure of 650,782 (which had been down a little on March when it was 651,484).
The figures for the month were boosted by storylines that included one character admitting to his wife that he owed GBP 100,000 (USD 180,000) in gambling debts and an accident to baby George Grundy that led to the disappearance of Ed Grundy, the brother of his father and who was living with his mother.
Overall listening online was up 13.1% on the month before to 19,970,822 hours, with live listening up 17.4% to 13,294,451 hours and on-demand listening up 5.44% to 6,676,371 hours.
Listening was also up to MP3s cum podcasts where there were a total of 52 in May compared to 48 in April.
In terms of network listening in May this year, the rankings were - Total listening hours - live plus on-demand and percentage change compared to April 2006 then to May 2005:
Radio 1 - 6,184,126; +13.1%; + 68.9%
Radio 2 - 3,940,651; +12.8%; +55.6%
Radio 4 - 2,929,958; +7.6%; +31.9%
BBC 7 - 1,494,415; +3.1%; ++35.3%
Radio 5 Live - 1,435,152; +7.5%; +71.0%
Radio 3 - 870,501; -0.5%; +42.6%
6 Music - 705,144; +7.7%; +16.9%
1Xtra - 535,429; -1.8%; -2.5%
Asian Network - 213,428; -23.4%; +8.6%
5 Live Sports Xtra - 888,819; +551%; +1251%
The top five on-demand programmes were unchanged:
1 - "The Archers" on Radio 4 with 756,730 listens - up 105,948 on April;
2 - "Chris Moyles" on Radio 1 with 536,745 listens - up 84,926;
3 - "The Essential Selection" on Radio 1 with 229,304 listens - down 11,616;
4 - "The Afternoon Play" on Radio 4 with 216,162 listens - down 13,819;
5 - "Essential Mix" on Radio 1 with 177,866listens, down 31,573.
Amongst daily podcasts cum MP3s the top five were also unchanged:
1- BBC News "Radio Newspod" with 559,786 listens, up 91,818;
2 -Radio 4 "Today 8.10 Interview" with 367,231 listens, down 25,626;
3 - Radio 1 "Scott Mills Daily" with 236,908 listens, down -124,366;
4 - World Service "World News Bulletin" with 184,067 listens, up 55920;
5 - Radio 4 "Today lead interviews" with 106,473 listens, up 23,423;
Previous BBC Online figures :
2006-06-30: European broadcaster SBS Broadcasting Sarl, now controlled by funds advised by two leading private equity firms, Permira and KKR (See RNW Oct 19, 2005 ) has appointed former Capital Radio executive Graham Bryce as Senior Vice President of SBS Radio Group.
In the role he will be based in Amsterdam and will have overall responsibility for the SBS Radio Group, focusing on the development and execution of the business strategy, driving growth and increasing profitability.
Announcing the appointment SBS Broadcasting Group COO and acting CEO Patrick Tillieux described Bryce as "a highly successful and experienced radio operator with a proven track record of building radio stations across different music formats and markets" and said he would "play a major role in expanding SBS's existing stations and in enhancing SBS Radio's leading position in the high-growth markets in the Nordic region and Central and Eastern Europe."
Bryce was managing director of the Xfm, Choice FM and Classic Gold stations until October last year when he left in a restructure of GCap Media following the departure of former Capital Radio and GCap chief executive David Mansfield (See RNW Oct 4, 2005 ).
Tillieux added that Eric Hansen will continue to steer the radio operations in the Nordic countries and Nora Marcovici, head of the Kiss FM in Romania, will steer SBS's radio operations in Bulgaria and Romania.
SBS Radio has 14 radio networks and 10 stand-alone radio stations in eight countries and is the leading radio broadcaster in the Nordic region with more than 6.9 million weekly listeners in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland.
Last month it completed its acquisition of its first Bulgarian operator - Vitosha FM, which controls the Radio Vitosha national network in Bulgaria, as well as Radio Atlantik in Sofia and Radio Ritmo in Plovdiv. Vitosha FM covers all major cities in Bulgaria, plays international hit music and is a leading station in the 15-30 year-old target group.
Previous SBS Broadcasting Sarl :
2006-06-30: Sirius and Variety have announced a tie-up to launch Variety Radio News in the fall from a radio news bureau based in the magazine's Los Angeles offices.
The new service will provide regular reports of entertainment news on Sirius and will include contributions from Variety reporters and editors covering film, TV, publishing and online media as well as industry gossip.
Sirius President, Entertainment and Sports Scott Greenstein said of the deal, "Variety delivers an insider's view on film, TV, music, the internet, and publishing with concise and provocative insight. Variety Radio News will become as indispensable to the industry as the magazine itself, and also make it possible for anyone in the country to be as up-to-date as any movie insider.
Previous Sirius :
2006-06-29: Although Rush Limbaugh has been making light of the matter, it is still not clear if the host or his doctors will face further action over the discovery of Viagra with someone else's name on a vial in his luggage when he returned to Florida after a brief trip to the Dominican Republic: The syndicated right-wing host was detained for more than three hours Monday at Palm Beach International Airport.
According to the South Florida Sun-Sentinel's health writer writing third-party prescriptions - in this case Limbaugh's lawyer said in a statement the Viagra was "prescribed by Mr. Limbaugh's treating physician but labelled as being issued to the physician rather than Mr. Limbaugh for privacy purposes" - leaves doctors open to disciplinary action. Black said two layers had prescribed the Viagra for Limbaugh under their own names.
Bob LaMendola cited two attorneys and a Florida Medical Association spokeswoman as saying Florida rules governing doctors and pharmacists require that the true patient's name and address are on the label and Tallahassee attorney Allen R. Grossman, who defends physicians in disciplinary cases and is a former general counsel to the Florida Board of Medicine said doing otherwise "is technically a violation of dispensing and prescribing by the doctor."
So far authorities have refused other than the most general comments and federal agents referred the case to Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office for further investigation: Prosecutors, say reports, will among other things consider whether Limbaugh violated an agreement he struck in April with prosecutors that avoided charges against him over previous allegations of doctor-shopping in obtaining the painkiller oxycontin (See RNW Apr 29 ).
On his show Limbaugh joked about the matter saying commenting - and subsequently posting the comments on his web site, "'I've been racking my brain... I'm trying to figure out how Bob Dole's luggage got on my airplane. I told the doctor, 'Look, I'm worried about the next election'"; "The people at Customs were as nice as they could be; they just didn't believe me when I told them that I got those pills from the Clinton Library gift shop. They told me at the Clinton Library gift shop that they were just little blue M&Ms"; and "I know a lot of people in Washington don't even need Viagra; they just look at themselves in the mirror and the problem is solved."
RNW comment: Irrespective of anything else the spin is coming out all over this story with those for Limbaugh predictably claiming - yet again - political persecution. Fox host Bill O'Reilly said on his show "I believe powerful people in his home county are trying unjustly to harm him" and in response to a suggestion that the drug had turned up in a standard search responded, "Bull! That's bull! They wouldn't do it with anyone. ... It was a malicious, cheap, cheap, cheap tactic by the Palm Beach authorities, and they ought to be ashamed of themselves."
The facts unless reports are wrong clearly indicate behaviour that would not be the norm and there is no evidence that the check was other than routine. Without it 0'Reilly's argument taken to a logical conclusion would allow celebrities to avoid checks that are made on other people routinely and this is clearly no treating people as equal before the law..
The brouhaha if nothing is done is likely to intimidate checks on other celebrities and that would clearly be unjust and in our view it is now incumbent on the authorities as a matter of sound public policy to scotch such suggestions of celebrity privilege.
This could yet make Limbaugh to a degree a victim of his blowhard supporters as well as of his own actions but this would be less damaging than ignoring the matter. If nothing else it's a matter of arrogance and/or stupidity by Limbaugh.
South Florida Sun-Sentinel report :
2006-06-29: US recording and radio industry representatives have clashed over the idea of a broadcast flag for digital audio during a meeting of the House Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Telecommunications and in the Senate a sub-committee has endorsed the idea.
The measure, part of a wider-ranging communications bill, will still require approval by the Senate Commerce Committee and full Senate and has also to be aligned with the House of Representatives bill that does not so far include the flag.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has already endorsed the broadcast flag but the courts later ruled it did not have the authority to enact such a measure and overturned it.
In the Senate debate, according to ZDNet opposition was voiced to the measure is "is a technology mandate and because the technology mandate may actually discourage innovation and discourage different products from coming into the market,"
In the house Recording Industry of America (RIAA) chairman and chief executive Mitch Bainwol testified concerning negotiations with broadcasters and argued that HD and satellite digital broadcasters were becoming download services by delivering the signal to devices with storage and replay capabilities and said that people should not be allowed to use technology to easily "cherry pick" which songs they save although recording companies did not object to recording a block pf programming or manually recording songs.
The broadcasters argue that they should not have to make additional payments because a signal is digital and say recording and storing offered is covered by fair use to allow home recording and later listening.
Clear Channel chief legal officer Andrew Levin argued that the flag could hold up development of digital radio and commented according to Billboard Radio Monitor, "We need to take a hard look at what consumers are entitled to and what their expectations are before we agree on usage rules -- before they get memorialized in statute or regulations", adding that negotiations with the RIAA remained incomplete because of the long "laundry list" of rules proposed.
ZDNet report :
2006-06-29: The UK Guardian reports that Guardian Media Group Radio, which is owned by the same parent, has bought Paisley station Q96 from UTV, which acquired the station with its purchase of the Wireless Group last year.
It adds that GMG is seeking permission from UK media regulator Ofcom to house the station within its Real Radio Scotland building in Glasgow and move it from its current base in the Kinning Park district of Glasgow, and also plans to change the station name but not its hits cum classic hits format.
Paisley Local Radio launched the station in September 1992 broadcasting from Paisley to Paisley and Renfrewshire.
It has struggled in the ratings and UTV Radio Chief executive Scott Taunton said of the sale that it would allow UTV to concentrate on its other stations, adding, "in a highly challenging time for the radio industry, the key to success comes from portfolio management."
Real Radio Scotland managing director Billy Anderson said, "Q96 is a great opportunity for us to deliver a different radio station for the area and it will benefit from a huge array of expertise including marketing, programming and news coverage which in turn will create new job opportunities that can only be good for the local community."
Also in Scotland, Ofcom has accepted that Emap Radio has transferred control of the Ayr digital multiplex to Arqiva Ltd: The licence was originally awarded to Score Digital in 2001 (See RNW Licence News Jul 8, 2001 ) and passed to Emap when it took over Score's parent Scottish Radio Holdings in a deal announced a year ago (See RNW Jun 22, 2005 ).
Ofcom subsequently ruled that its regulations prohibited Emap from controlling both the Glasgow and Ayr digital multiplexes (See RNW Aug 9, 2005 ) and that following completion of the takeover Emap had to take suitable measures to bring itself into compliance.
UK Guardian report :
2006-06-29: Arbitron has added a further deal to use its portable people meter (PPM) in Texas, signing a multi-year commitment to use the PPM when deployed with Service Broadcasting Corporation, which owns KKDA-FM, (K104), KKDA-AM and KRNB-FM, in Dallas.
It has also claimed success for the PPM in Houston where it is currently carrying out trials and says that the system has shown up a ratings boost for Spanish language stations KEYH-AM and KXGJ-FM during world cup soccer games when it says the stations topped the ratings. According to PPM figures the audience for the stations during the games soared more up to six-fold - from a typical combined figure for their regular Spanish Oldies programming of around 24.500 to a total ranging from more than 80,000 to 153,200 on June 12 when games included the Czech Republic match against the United States (which the US lost 3-0) and 126,100 on the June 9 opening of the tournament.
Commenting on the ability to produce results for the games, John Snyder, vice president, Portable People Meter Sales, Arbitron Inc., said the PPM could "document extraordinary sales opportunities for radio that simply can't be tracked by the paper and pencil diary system
By embracing the PPM, radio will be better able to win the advertising dollars that it had been leaving on the table for other, electronically measured media to grab."
Previous Arbitron :
2006-06-29: Irish state broadcaster RTÉ, which has recently concluded a successful six-month DAB (Digital audio broadcasting trial) along the eats coast near Dublin had said it is to seek a licence for a regular DAB service.
It says that once the service if fully operational it will work with the Irish radio industry towards a national rollout of DAB in the country working with "policy makers, regulators, commercial broadcasters and retailers."
Previous RTÉ :
2006-06-28: Univision has announced that it has signed an agreement for a consortium of equity capital groups led by media entrepreneur Haim Saban to purchase it for USD 12.3 billion in cash - at a price of USD 36.25 per share - in a deal valued at around USD 13.7 billion in all including approximately USD 1.4 billion of debt.
Announcing the deal, Univision President and CEO A. Jerrold Perenchio said in a statement, "I am delighted to announce this blockbuster transaction, which provides a unique opportunity to deliver substantial current value to our shareholders, while establishing a partnership for Univision and its employees with five of the world's pre-eminent investment firms."
"This blue-chip group," he added, "brings to Univision in-depth knowledge of the rapidly changing media landscape and an exceptional track record of supporting growth and enhancing value. The outstanding cash flow multiple our shareholders will receive reflects the extraordinary growth of the Hispanic population, Univision's unique bond with its community and our ability to deliver tremendous audiences to our mainstream advertising partners. I am proud of all the Univision employees who have, along with our partners Televisa and Venevision, contributed to the success and growth of this great company. Univision has a very bright future."
When 75-years old Perenchio, who acquired Univision for USD 500 million in 1992, put the group up for sale in February he was reported to be hoping for offers of up to USD 40 per share
The Saban consortium includes Madison Dearborn Partners, Providence Equity Partners, Texas Pacific Group, Thomas H. Lee Partners and Saban Capital Group and a statement from them said, "Univision is truly a one-of-a-kind property. It is an outstanding media brand with exceptional positions in the fastest-growing markets in the country, world-class assets, strong management, popular programming and unmatched ratings."
They added, "This transaction presents a unique opportunity to contribute to and participate in the continuing growth of the clear leader in Spanish-language media and to further the company's commitment to serving the Hispanic community. Univision has tremendous long-term growth opportunities in each of its businesses and we look forward to working together to build on its success and enhance its value in the years ahead."
The deal needs both regulatory approvals and that of Univision shareholders leaving a possible opportunity for a rival bid from a group headed by Mexican TV Group Televisa to increase its offer: Televisa had missed the initial deadline after the last-minute withdrawal of the Carlyle Group and subsequently a number of other backers of its bid also pulled out (See RNW Jun 27 ).It was reported to have then offered USD 35.75 a share, topping the opening bid from the Saban consortium of USD 35.50 that had been rejected.
In a statement following the Univision sale agreement it said it was "disappointed about the outcome of the Univision auction" and continued, "Notwithstanding our repeated offers to discuss all aspects of our proposal including price, Univision and its advisers refused to enter into any discussions with us after we submitted our initial bid. Given this action by Univision's board, Televisa has a number of alternatives it is considering."
Televisa has some leverage through Univision bylaws that give it and Venezuelan TV group Venevision a veto on the company's sale that can only be overridden by a 60% vote of the shareholders but it is likely to have more problems with regulatory approval because of US laws limiting foreign ownership of domestic broadcasters and thus would have to pay a premium if it were to counter-bid, something many analysts think it will baulk at, preferring to use its clout to get a deal that suits it from the Saban consortium.
According to Reuters many analysts still consider the Televisa group the most likely long-term buyer of Univision and it cites a Merrill Lynch report that commented, "The winning consortium will ultimately want to sell Univision and Televisa remains the logical buyer."
Televisa already owns 11.4% of Univision and has a long-term programming deal with it that runs until 2017 and Reuters quoted David Bank, an analyst at RBC Capital Markets as saying Televisa's best option is buying Univision's TV network from Saban but not going for its TV and radio stations where regulations limit foreign ownership.
Univision shares, which had fallen back by just under 2.8% on Monday to end at USD 32.30 picked up on the news and rose to touch USD 34.48 before falling back a little to end Tuesday at USD 34.00.
Reuters Report :
2006-06-28: BBC Radio 4 has announced that TV news anchor Kirsty Young is to take over from Sue Lawley as the host of its "Desert Island Discs" programme that the corporation has been airing since 1942.
Lawley, who was only the third host of the programme, announced in April that she would step down after 18 years as presenter (See RNW Apr 13).
The programme was first presented by its creator Roy Plomley, whose sting ran from 1942 until his death in 1985. He was followed for two years by Michael Parkinson and Lawley took over in 1987.
Young, who began her broadcasting career in 1989 as a newsreader for BBC Radio Scotland, said in a statement, "I've loved Desert Island Discs for as long as I've been listening to radio" adding, "Its enduring success is testament both to the brilliant format and consistently fascinating guests."
BBC Radio 4 controller Mark Damazer said Young's "warmth and curiosity" would be "the perfect combination" for Desert Island Discs from this autumn.
Previous Lawley :
2006-06-28: The US Radio Advertising Bureau (RAB) in its 2005 Non-Traditional Revenue (NTR) Survey says that survey results show "a sustained effort in the Radio industry to grow revenue from non-traditional sources and activities" and adds that the numbers of stations involved in NTR activities continues to grow. In all 51% of stations responding said NTR had been part of their strategy for more than five years, 14% said they pursued NTR for the first time in 2005, and 90% said NTR efforts would increase this year.
The clear leader in NTR activity continued to be event marketing, participated in by 94% of stations that pursue NTR, and the greatest growth was in Internet-related activities, with a 12% increase in such activity compared to 2004.
For the first time RAB included sports marketing in the survey and reported that more than half the participating stations said they were involved in some form of sports marketing with nearly 40% of them planning to increase such activity this year.
NTR activity was highest in large and mid-market stations with 32% of stations with a million plus reporting NTR activity and 29% of those in markets with 50-200,000 but only 15% for those with 200-500,000 and 11% for those below 50,000.
In terms of sectors, event marketing led with 78% - up from 74% in 2004, followed by Internet with 58% - up from 49%; cause related marketing - down from 55% to 47%;In store (Vendor) Programs - up from 39% to 40%; Sports Marketing with 39% in the first year it has been reported; Recruitment - up from 32% to 36%; and Dealer Group - down from 36% to 32%.
In terms of challenges with NTR selling, Time management was listed at the top - 56%, down from 65% in 2004. It was followed by lack of resources - up from 40% to 49% and lack of leads - up from 26% to 44%.
In revenue terms, 3% of stations reported more than 30% of total revenues from NTR, an increase from 1%; 5% reported 21% to 30% - down from8%; 26% from 11% to 20% -up from 23%; and 66% from nil to 10%, down from 68%.
Previous RAB :
2006-06-28: The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) has approved the CAD 12.5 million ( USD 10.9 million) take over by Jim Pattison Broadcast Group Ltd. of six FMs from Island Radio Ltd that was applied for in January (See Licence News Jan 22 ).
Pattison is proposing a tangible benefits package totalling CAD 750,000 (USD 670,000), 6% of the value of the transaction, in the takeover of CHWF-FM and CKWV-FM Nanaimo, CIBH-FM and CHPQ-FM Parksville, CKLR-FM Courtenay and CJAV-FM Port Alberni.
Previous Pattison :
2006-06-28: Clear Channel has fired two staffers from its adult top 40 WMTX-FM, Tampa, Florida, after a recorded weather update including an "f-bomb" was aired in error according to Billboard Radio Monitor, which cites Tampa Bay Online as the source for its report.
It quotes news and weather reporter Dennis Roper, who was working for Clear Channel's WFLA-AM supplying news and weather updates during Hurricane Alberto as saying , "It was an accident, and I'm sorry that it happened. There's really no excuse for this because I know better, but I was frustrated with the equipment that night . Things were rushed, and I let the 'f word' go on one of the taped updates. It was never intended for air. I didn't even know it would be aired."
Roper said he thought the tape had been erased but it had been put into the station's automation system and was played out accidentally by host Amy Newman.
"I don't think she had any control over it," Roper said. "It was programmed in the system and it's unfortunate for her
I think the station only got two calls, and those listeners were laughing about it. But everyone in broadcasting is paranoid now, not just Clear Channel."
Tampa Bay Online said no complaints have been filed with the Federal Communications Commission, and Roper said he did not think the FCC would issue a fine.
RNW comment: In this case, it would seem that a host was fired for something that she could not realistically have been expected to check. Unless there are more facts to come the error was made by Roper, who seems to have behaved responsibly after the airing and who could have expected a penalty. However Newman would seem to be as innocent a party as Clear Channel unless company policy is that hosts have to play all reports in advance for a check.
We think any fine in such cases of a clear error would be an over reaction but have to admit that where a company has over-reacted as appears in this case the imposition of a penalty, even the maximum, would have a tinge of natural justice.
Billboard Radio Monitor report :
2006-06-27: UBC Media is to begin testing a music downloading service using Digital Audio Broadcasting spectrum on Chrysalis's Heart FM in Birmingham next month and says it plans a full-scale rollout by December of the technology that allows instant purchase of songs as people listen to them.
UBC also says that it expects DAB-enabled mobile phones to be available later this year.
The technology, which will work by broadcasting encrypted music files along with the broadcast stream thus allowing them to be cached for a short period by the mobile device, is intended to make purchases a single-stop process as opposed to the music-buying services offered in the US by the satellite radio companies that enables recording of songs but requires synchronization with a computer to then make the purchase.
After purchase the material can be decrypted and the song can then be transferred to a user's web-accessed music library, allowing them to download the song to a PC and subsequently transfer to a portable player that supports Digital Rights Management.
Managing Director Simon Cole told Reuters that "very, very, conservative " estimates - based on 1.2 million users and only five digital radio stations, out of approximately 40 available now - were that digital music downloads (DMDs) would generate GBP 173 million (USD 316 million) in annual revenues by 2012 , producing a profit of around GBP 10 million ( USD 18 million), adding "Because we own most of the interactive digital spectrum in the UK, we're in position to create a barrier to entry," and saying that UBC was working with the other spectrum owners, BT Group and Carphone Warehouse founder and CEO Charles Dunstone.
The plan for the mobile downloads is to use pre-payment systems commonly used on mobile phones with each song costing GBP 1.25 (USD 2.27) compared to the GBP 0.79 ( USD 1.44 at current exchange rates compared to the 99 cents charged in the US) charged by Apple's iTunes but rather less than many ringtones cost.
Cole commented that UBC believed there "is a premium of some kind in the mobile environment" and said the forecasts assumed that in six years a quarter of mobile devices will be able to use digital radio services and that a tenth of those who own them will buy downloads with each purchasing six songs a month on average.
[RNW comment: The sceptic in us would reduce this in making an investment decision to around a third based on other material such as videos that is likely by then to be available on DMB - Digital Multimedia Broadcasts - systems and that are likely to compete albeit UBC may well take much of this market in the UK. In addition were the world economy to weaken, we suspect song purchases using this method might well be curbed in favour of later downloads over the Internet of more songs for the same and subsequent transfer to mobile devices including DMB-enabled mobile devices. Of course, when it comes to spending, we may be completely wrong and it may well be there's no spendthrift like a young spendthrift].
Cole did get support from Jupiter analyst Mark Mulligan who told Reuters," "It's the right sort of model, and one of the key factors is that the mobile content-buying demographic has a much younger skew than on the PC" and added, "I don't think it's destined to be the mobile iTunes, though, because that dominance on the PC is unique
The mobile space has so many dynamics in the strategy chain and is balkanized by all the different operators, that the net result is there won't be a dominant model on the mobile."
UBC also released its annual report showing its pre-tax loss in the year to the end of March down to GBP 234,000 (USD 427,000) from GBP 1.16 million (USD 2.12million) a year ago on revenues up 21.8% to GBP 19.44 million (USD 35.5 million) and also revealing that its recent share placement raised GBP 3 million (USD 5.5 million) gross that is indeed for development of the downloading service.
UBC turned an operating loss before goodwill amortisation of GBP 427,000 (USD 780,000) into operating profit of GBP 349,000 (USD 637,000), the first time it had had profits at this kind of level and Cole said the results showed that investments made by the company were now delivering profits in a changing industry.
UBC described the year ahead as exciting and challenging and said it had shown nobody else was better placed to exploit digital radio with Cole saying the results show investments made by the company over the last four years as delivering profit in a changing radio industry.
"This is a company that understands the digital radio business. Our results show that the investments we have made in the last four years are now delivering profit as the face of the radio industry changes," he said.
'We believe that the pace of change will accelerate and particularly that the opportunities provided by our successful trials of music purchase from digital radio stations have the potential to create transforming business models."
Reuters report :
2006-06-27: GCap Media in its annual report published on Monday reveals that former chief executive David Mansfield was paid GBP 1.13 million (USD 2.06 million) in compensation for loss of office after he was ousted from the company in September last year (See RNW Sep 20, 2005 ).
The payment took his total remuneration for the year up to GBP 1.64 million (USD 3 million) including salary of GBP 212, 000 (USD 387,000 ) and a bonus of GBP 285,000 (USD 520,00 )
When Mansfield left he also had 146,374 shares and 307,170 conditional share awards, worth more than a million pounds (USD 1.8 million) and options on another 290,917 shares. He was also credited with an extra year's service on his pension.
Other pay-offs listed GBP 596,000 (USD 1.1 million) to former commercial director Linda Smith, whose total remuneration was GBP 774,000 (USD 1.41 million) and GBP 511,000 (USD 933,000) to former operations director Paul Davies, whose total remuneration was GBP 691,000 (USD 1.26 million).
These payoffs follow a GBP 285,000 (USD 505,000) pay-off to Nathalie Schwarz, who left her job as Capital's strategy and development director in January last year and is now Director of Radio for Channel 4, an amount that led a number of investors to vote against the company's remuneration report at its Annual General Meeting (See RNW Oct 21. 2005 ).
The report notes that current Executive Directors - Chief Executive Ralph Bernard, Operations Director Steve Orchard, and Finance Director Wendy Pallot have service contracts with unexpired rolling terms of one year and a notice period by either party of one year.
In the 2005-06 financial year Bernard's remuneration was GBP 718,000 (USD 1.35 million) including salary of GBP 403,000 (USD 778,000), bonuses of GBP 292,000 (USD 550,000), that for Orchard, who was appointed on November 24, 2005, was GBP 269,000 (USD 507,000) of which salary was GBP 93,000 (USD 175,000) and for Pallot, who was appointed on May 9, 2005, was GBP 416,000 (USD 784,000) of which salary was GBP 215,000 (USD 405,000).
Gap's total bill for directors, executive and non-executive was GBP 5.38 million (USD 11 million) for the year, a year in which its pro-forma results - taking out one-off costs and assuming that the merger had taken place a year earlier, recorded pre-tax profits down 40% to GBP 22.2 million (USD 41.8 million) and revenues down GBP 220.2 million (USD 414.7 million - See RNW May 25 ).
Part of the revenue shortfall has been put down to the company's policy of innovative 'no more than two ads in a row' policy that it introduced first at flagship station Capital Radio. It has claimed that this has increased the "efficiency" of advertising on the station by 38% and this week extended the policy to its classic rock format Planet Rock digital station, saying it is confident the policy's success "success will be replicated on Planet Rock."
National Sales Director Simon Dogfish said of the move, "We want to continue to drive the radio market with innovative programming and this gives us the platform to deliver this. We believe it provides a cleaner clutter free environment for both advertisers and listeners and further encapsulates GCap Media's pledge to drive radio's digital future."
Planet Rock has also announced that it has signed rocker Alice Cooper as its new breakfast DJ from the start of next month.
GCap annual report (5.2 Mb 118 page PDF):
2006-06-27: The US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has reduced from USD 10,000 to USD 3,000 penalties it imposed in 2004 on American Family Association (AFA), licensee of non-commercial educational KBMP-FM, Enterprise, Kansas (See RNW Nov 7, 2004 ).
AFA had argued that the statute of limitations barred the FCC from assessing a forfeiture for its (admitted) violation of the commission's main studio rule, saying that the violation ended on October 21, 2002, but the Notice of Apparent Liability was not issued until July 28, 2004, more than the maximum period of a year allowed to issue a penalty.
The commission agreed on the basis that at the time of the violation AFA did not hold a licence for the station and was thus a permittee rather than a licensee: It substituted an admonishment for the USD 7,000 penalty it had proposed but upheld the USD 3.000 penalty that it had additionally imposed for failing to comply with a bureau order.
Previous FCC :
2006-06-27: ABC's Daytime - ABC is currently in the process of being taken over by Citadel - retained top rank and its Prime Access moved back into second place pushing Jones MediaAmerica TWC Radio Network back to third spot in Arbitron's RADAR 89 (Radio's All Dimension Audience Research) Radio Network Audience Report just released covering the period from March 31, 2005- March 29, 2006 and covering 56 networks.
In the top three, ABC Daytime Direction Network lost 174,000 on the RADAR 88 numbers to end up with a weekly audience of 7.106 million and an unchanged AQH of 2.9; ABC's Prime Access network lost 198,000 to end up with 5.518 million and an AQH down from 2.3 to 2.2 whilst Jones MediaAmerica TWC Radio Network lost more - down 260,000 - to end up with 5.492 million and AQH also down from 2.3 to 2.2
Following them Dial-Global Complete FM Network gained 59,000 listeners to move up from fifth to fourth rank with 5.323 million listeners and AQH an unchanged 2.1 whilst Westwood CBS News Primetime Network dropped a rank to end up fifth with 4.995 million and an AQH down from 2.1 to 2.0.
ABC Morning News Radio Network was in sixth rank and Premiere Networks then took the next three slots, as in RADAR 88, with Premiere Morn Drive Network followed by Premiere Emerald Plus Network and Premiere Mediabase Network.
For RADAR 89 Arbitron increased the sample from 100,000 to 106,299 diaries as part of a planned increase to 125,000 diary keepers by the release of RADAR 92 in March next year.
Previous Westwood One :
2006-06-27: In more US radio deals, Regent Communications has announced agreement on a USD 4.9 million cash purchase from Vox Radio Group of WNYQ-FM serving the Capital Region in Albany, New York
WNYQ moved its facilities from Queensbury, New York, last month so as to better serve the Albany market and is currently dark: With its acquisition Regent will own and operate five FM radio stations and one AM radio station in the Capital Region.
President and CEO Bill Stakelin said of the deal, "This transaction once again reflects our commitment to prudently pursue opportunities to expand our station footprint in our middle-and small-sized markets. Adding a fifth FM station in Albany will allow us to better serve both our listeners and advertisers, while expanding our audience and revenue shares."
In another deal, Journal Communications Inc., which recently purchased several TV stations including KMTV-TV, Omaha, has announced the sale - required to comply with FCC ownership regulations - of KBBX-FM ("Radio Lobo 97.7FM") to Connoisseur Media but has not announced financial or other details.
On closure of the deal, Journal will own and operate six stations in the Omaha market.
A rather larger US deal, the sale of Univision has now stalled following the withdrawal of a number of partners in a bid for the company from a consortium led by Mexican broadcaster Televisa: As already reported Televisa missed the deadline for a bid after the Carlyle Group pulled out from the consortium (See RNW Jun 22 )
The Blackstone Group, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and Venezuelan media investor Gustavos Cisneros, also dropped out of the consortium, although Cascade Investment, the investment firm controlled by Bill Gates, and equity firm Bain Capital are still backing the Televisa bid and have increased their share, making them the lead partners.
Another group - consisting of Madison Dearborn Partners, Providence Equity Partners, Texas Pacific Group, Thomas H. Lee Partners and Haim Saban - submitted an offer by the deadline but was subsequently reported to have offered USD 35.50 a share and have seen its bid rejected.
Televisa is now reported to have countered with a bid of USD 35.75 a share, significantly less than the USD 40 Univision had indicated when it put itself up for sale in February, leading to speculation that Univision may cancel the sale.
Previous Univision :
2006-06-27: British media Regulator Ofcom in its latest Broadcast Bulletin highlights its imposition earlier this month of a record fine of GBP 175,000 (USD 323,000) on Emap for a number of breaches of regulations at its KISS FM in London (See RNW Jun 21 ) and also the issue of broadcasts failing to keep recordings of programmes as required by their licences.
Relating to the latter it found breaches in three TV and one radio standards cases, the radio one involving Asian Gold and a complaint that its Christian-focussed programme "Evening Blessing" in April criticised members of the Christian community, who were phoning in to criticise the conduct of the presenters and also criticised a former presenter of the programme.
In addition Ofcom considered a further TV complaint and two radio complaints resolved by action taken by the broadcaster: One radio case involved a phone-in on BBC Radio Sheffield when a caller, said to have been reasonable when spoken to in advance, had called the hone side's goalkeeper a "fucking cunt" when on air.
The BBC said the presenter had made it clear the language was unacceptable and immediately closed the call and made an unreserved apology to the audience.
In the second case, a fairness and privacy complaint against Isle of Wight Radio's "The mid morning boogie with Alex Dyke" was considered resolved in view of a broadcast by the station of an apology combined with a written apology and undertaking not to rebroadcast the material.
The totals compare with two radio and three TV standards complaints upheld in the previous bulletin in which a further six TV complaints and one radio complaint were considered resolved and gave details of a fairness and privacy complaint that was not upheld
In addition Ofcom listed with no details a further 78 TV complaints involving 69 items and 16 radio complaints involving 16 items that it were out of its remit or not upheld. The totals compare with 99 TV complaints involving 83 items and 20 radio complaints involving 17 items that were out of its remit or not upheld in its previous bulletin.
Previous Ofcom broadcast bulletin :
2006-06-26: We couldn't resist temptation this week and so start our look at print comment on radio with a more general comment on "Dropping the F-Bomb" as Joel Achenbach refers to it in the Washington Post.
Achenbach starts "The most versatile word in our language can do almost anything, other than be printed in a family newspaper. It can be a noun, a verb, a gerund, an adjective or just an expletive. It can be literal or figurative. Although it has an explicit sexual meaning, it's usually used figuratively these days, as an all-purpose intensifier."
He then notes that it remains "taboo. But just barely
We may be entering an era in which this fabled vulgarity is on its way to becoming just another word -- its transgressive energy steadily sapped by overuse."
Achenbach then goes on to note widespread use of the term..."From hip-hop artists to bloggers to the vice president of the United States, everyone's dropping the F-bomb", says many young people may not "grasp how special this word has been in the past" and continues, "For the good of human communication we must come together, as a people, to protect this word, and ensure that, years from now, it remains obscene."
Unfortunately in his view too may people aren't helping, from the President, who before he was elected used the word repeatedly in an interview, the vice-President, who used it on the Senate Floor, John Kerry who used it of President Bush's competence in conducting the war, and many more.
Achenbach says he doesn't "want to make a federal case out of all of this -- but that's what the government is doing", comments on the Bono "fucking brilliant "comment that was at first ruled out as not indecent followed by a reversal of the decision, and later details routine use by real people but a taboo on use in print and on air.
"We must not overharvest the swear words that are part of the commons of our language," argues Achenbach. "It is an adults-only commons, of course. Kids need to be told that they still can't use it. How can a 13-year-old be transgressively vulgar with the word if his 5-year-old sister already uses it? This word is supposed to be a reward of adulthood. We have to conserve it, so that our children and our children's children can use it when we're gone."
After the (potentially expensive) word that must not be said, on to the other issue topping the US regulatory list at the moment, that of media ownership, and a report in Media Life by Diego Vasquez.
Its heading "On the evils of consolidation in media" indicates the point of view from which it is written and the article is primarily comments by Bob McChesney, president of Free Press, "a watchdog group that encourages competition in media and has crusaded against radio payola and for net neutrality."
As might be expected it concentrates on TV but many of the points made apply generally and in terms of net neutrality McChesney makes a telling point about the finances at issue commenting that those who want to be able to charge extra to prioritize certain data on the Internet are "probably spending a million dollars for every USD10 we spend to privatize the internet."
McChesney says his organization is "driven by a conviction that we need to have multiple voices in every community. There's been a pattern toward fewer and fewer owners, fewer and fewer newsrooms, less coverage, etc. It's only good for a handful of owners. I think we'd like to see there be a serious debate about local media, I think it's a debate the FCC needs to encourage."
"Our biggest concern," he continues, "is there's so much political pressure to ram through a change in the media rules without public participation. We want the public to be allowed to participate in the process that the FCC takes part in, meaning numerous public hearings around the country that are taken seriously, unlike 2003 when the FCC boycotted public hearings and ignored what was said."
McChesney promotes the Stop Big Media group that has been launched to lead opposition to further US media consolidation and comments, somewhat acidly it might be thought, "We've got to make clear in our comments that the FCC is no longer a wholly owned subsidiary of Wall Street. It needs to represent the public."
The main issue he says is cross ownership and monopoly of information in an area and of radio he comments, "Radio became much more profitable when it became more consolidated. It became a cash register for Clear Channel. The situation that is heaven for these companies is our hell. If you understand it that way, you understand it's not really a left versus right issue. We've got all the numbers on our side; they've got all the money on their side. It's organized money versus organized people. But we've got to organize enough people to match the millions of dollars these companies are willing to spend for monopoly ownership."
McChesney says this time round, as opposed to 2003 when what stopped the introduction of eased regulation was a court decision, he thinks the chances of stopping major consolidation "are vastly superior" but warns, "But I also don't want to act like we can take it easy and coast. The profit potential for media companies is off the charts, and they'll stop at nothing. They're battling like their lives are on the line. "
He then comments, "In fairness, they aren't the bad guys here. Clear Channel, Rupert Murdoch, Tribune Company, they're not the bad guys. They're doing what they should be doing, making as much money as they can for their shareholders. So they're not the bad guys per se
The bad guys are the politicians who let them own all the media. They're supposed to be representing our interests, not the interests of these companies."
RNW comment: McChesney makes a very sound point up above - corporate law puts duties on company boards relating to financial conduct and general law limits the activities of companies, as for instance regulating medicines where it is impossible for the individual to check on their safety and efficacy.
In that context our view is that there is not enough debate about the overall balance of costs and benefits of measures but within that debate our view is fairly simple in that it should allow companies to argue their points - but force them where they deliberately pervert factual evidence to correct this immediately with very severe consequences when they do not do so - so as to ensure that debate is informed.
That balance can never be a fair one when politicians are bought for whatever reason, even if it is simply when the nature of a political system makes massive financial demands in terms of getting elected. But to expect the turkeys to vote for Christmas? Not on unless the public in general is concerned enough to vote a lot of them out regularly, irrespective of party affiliation, whenever there is evidence of corruption.
Enough however of the problem areas an on to some praise for radio in the context of sports coverage: It came from Chris Campling in Saturday's UK Times where in his Radiohead column he notes that Wimbledon tennis starts this week whilst World Cup soccer continues and then continues, "Luckily, tennis is a game well suited to radio. I'm not sure of the exact statistics, but apparently the average best-of-five-set match consists of about 70 seconds of blurred action and about four hours of sitting around. Into this vacuum BBC radio has traditionally poured its greatest wits. Any sport can be interesting if the people describing it have entertaining things to say, and tennis is stuffed with them."
Campling says of the commentators involved - "They tend to be a pretty amiable bunch
" and concludes," All this, and not having to watch the mob on Henman Hill (aka Murray Mount) clapping themselves for appearing on the big screen. Radio really is miles better, isn't it?"
Finally before moving on to suggested listening, a column that puts our first suggestion into context: It was Paul Donovan's Radio Waves column in the UK Sunday Times - devoted to Nick Clarke, the BBC broadcaster who "announced last December, that he had cancer and his left leg was about to be amputated" but is now back on the airwaves and over the next few months will have spells on BBC Radio 4's "World at One" - a programme he has hosted since 1994 and for which he will initially work two days a week; "Any Questions" - he stands in for Jonathan Dimbleby this Friday; this week introducing excepts from an unpublished book by the late Alistair Cooke, whose biography he wrote; and "Round Britain Quiz."
Clarke told Donovan of his voice - "firm, calm, measured" - that "It did lose its oomph while I was ill, but that came back after the operation. We aren't sure why. Maybe it was a release of tension, who knows?"
Clarke ended chemotherapy on his 58th birthday on June 9 and his return to the airwaves came with "Fighting to Be Normal", a programme aired on BBC Radio 4 last Friday and made from a taped diary kept by Clarke and his wife Barbara.
It includes comments from them and their three-years-old twin sons, about their lives from shortly after he was told that to save his life his left leg would have to be amputated.
Next we suggest "On the Media" from WNYC and two items on the programme last week - available either from an MP3 of the whole programme or as individual item streams: One was "Watching You Watching Me ", which featured outgoing US National Public Radio ombudsman Jeffrey Dvorkin talking to Mike Pesca, and the second "All About Dan" - comment on and a sound portrait of Dan Rather who last week left CBS.
After items centred on individuals, a programme by an individual but centred on an event: It is "Live at Leeds Again", aired by Radio 4 last Saturday and a programme in which Andy Kershaw in the third and final part of his "School of Rock" series, goes behind the scenes for a return concert at Leeds University by The Who and tells the tale of how the return concert came about
Then drama and three very different offerings from different eras, first in BBC Radio 4's "Friday Play" last week: That was "Consideration" by Robert Messik in which Peter Balam's wife Eleanor donates a kidney to him but when he walks out on her and their children for another woman she wants it back. An interesting divorce settlement negotiation!
And then in Sunday's "World Drama" from BBC World Service - a radio version of Thea von Harbou's novel "Metropolis" that her husband Fritz Lang turned into the 1927 silent movie classic: This was preceded in "Close-up" with a picture of science fantasy writer Philip K. Dick.
Finally, also from Sunday, BBC Radio 3's "Drama on 3" slot featured "The Orchid Grower" by Sebastian Baczkiewicz, the story of the 1964 defection to the USA of KGB officer Yuri Nosenko and his subsequent sufferings as a victim of internal conflict within the CIA .
Following drama issues and current affairs and first a suggestion of items from three days of "Late Night Live" on ABC Radio National last week: Tuesday included a report, timely in a sense in view of the current crisis of North Korea's missile programme, about the kidnapping in November 1977 by North Korean agents of 13 year old Japanese girl, Megumi Yokata who was seized on her way home from school and is one of at least 13 Japanese nationals kidnapped by the North Koreans between that year and 1983. Maybe the regime has changed somewhat or maybe it hasn't!
On Wednesday it featured a report on the new US embassy in Baghdad - some 104 acres in size and costing around YSD 600 million: It's one of the few building projects in the country that has proceeded ahead without much disruption.
And on Thursday the programme included a report "Brisbane Ideas Festival 2006 - Nanny State" - a discussion about state regulation and whether too much regulation is being accepted too easily.
This made an interesting companion to Sunday's "Background Briefing" on "Water in India", a look at the surge in demand for water as India booms and the best way to handle the competing demands.
And to end with tales of two small recording labels, one from next Saturday's "Jazz File" on BBC Radio 3 (17:00GMT): In "Let Freedom Ring", a title taken from the landmark LP title, Jez Nelson starts a series about the albums recorded by the late jazz saxophonist Jackie McLean for the Blue Note label in the 1960s.
And BBC Radio 2, last Saturday saw the first of a two-part series "Tighten Up: Story of Trojan Records" telling the story of the small label, known as reggae's Motown, that was hugely influential in introducing Jamaican music to Britain. In 1970 it released 500 singles and sold 1.5 million records. The first half is on the Radio 2 web site and the second programme airs on July 1 at 19:00 GMT.
Washington Post - Achenbach:
2006-06-26: This year's Australian Commercial Radio Awards (ACRAs) are to be presented by actor and comedian John Cleese, who will also be the keynote speaker at this year's Australian Radio Conference.
Both events are to be held in Sydney in October - the Radio Conference at the Crystal Palace Conference Centre at Luna Park on October 13 and the Awards the following day in the Big Top at Luna Park.
2006-06-25: The main regulatory news last week was the imposition by UK media regulator Ofcom of a record GBP 175,000 (USD 323,000) fine on Emap, which in November last year had been fined the previous record amount for a UK radio operator of GBP 125,000 (USD 175,000) and the start by the US Federal Communications Commission of its review of media ownership regulations: Elsewhere there was a steady flow of radio-related decisions except for Australia where no radio-related decisions were announced.
In Canada, the Canadian Radio-Television Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) has again been involved in a steady flow of radio-related work including the following (in order of province):
British Columbia:
*Administrative renewal from 1 September 2006 to 31 March 2007 of the licence of CKGF-FM-2, Greenwood and its transmitters CKGF-1-FM, Christina Lake and CKGF-3-FM, Rock Creek.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language commercial station CFWB-AM, Campbell River and its transmitter CJGR-FM, Gold River.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language commercial station CHQB-AM, Powell River.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language commercial station CKKS-FM, Sechelt (formerly CISE-FM) and its transmitters CIPN-FM, Pender Harbour, CISC-FM, Gibsons, and CIEG-FM, Egmont.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language commercial station CISQ-FM, Squamish.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language commercial station CISW-FM, Whistler, and its transmitter CISP-FM, Pemberton.
*Approval of application by Aboriginal Voices Radio Inc. to use frequency 106.3 MHz for its Vancouver FM, which was approved in 2001. There seven interventions supporting the application and 7,000 opposing it, primarily on the basis that it will result in interference to reception in the Vancouver area with the signal of U.S.-based single-faith Christian station KLYN-FM Lynden, Washington.
The CRTC in granting the application noted that the interference would be within Canada to a signal originating from outside the country, the variety of services available to most Canadians in the area but absence of programming for its urban Aboriginal population, and the existence of other options for those who wanted religious programming including cable, and Internet audio.
Ontario:
*Denial of application to increase the power of CJDV-FM, Cambridge, 2,500 watts to 6,800 watts, an increase that would increase the status from a Class A to Class B1 and significantly increase its contours. Licensee Corus had already been allowed in December 2003 to change the frequency of the station - then CIZN-FM- and increase its power from 560 watts to 2,500 watts to correct severe technical limitations but said the changes, although making an improvement, still had deficiencies and experiences recurring co-channel interference from CKMB-FM Barrie, Ontario: It said that it thought the problem was due to "thermal ducting", an interference-causing phenomenon due to atmospheric conditions causing variations in the propagation of signals through layers of warm and cold air that can conduct the signals over long distances causing high signal levels at distances well beyond the normal range of reception.
The additional power increase was opposed by CanWest MediaWorks Inc., which operates CKBT-FM, Kitchener-Waterloo, on the same frequency as CJDV-FM and said while Corus uses a new competitive environment - because of the entry of two new commercial stations in the region - as a rationale for these amendments, the licensee is projecting an increase in financial health in the same environment, as well as an increase in the potential listener base in nearby regions that are already well-served by radio stations licensed to serve those areas.
The CRTC said no evidence had been given to support a claim of thermal ducting and its existing realistic contour was well beyond its theoretical one and denied the power increase.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language commercial station CING-FM, Hamilton.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language commercial station CHML-AM, Hamilton.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language commercial station CFMJ-AM, Toronto.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language commercial station CKRU-AM Peterborough.
The CRTC also renewed until 31 August 2007 the licences for the transitional digital radio programming undertakings below:
British Columbia:
CJAD-DR-2, Montréal
CJFM-DR-1,, Montréal
The CRTC also posted a public notice concerning various applications. On with a deadline for comments or interventions of July 25 included a request from CJVR-FM, Melfort, Saskatchewan, to add a 45 watts FM transmitter at Carrot River and the other with a July 27 deadline an application to increase the power of CKPC-FM, Brantford, Ontario, from 50,000 watts to 80,000 watts.
In Ireland, The Broadcasting Commission of Ireland (BCI), has sent forward for further consideration two of the three applications for a new youth-based South West Regional Licence (See RNW Jun 21 ).
In the UK, Ofcom as already noted has imposed a record fine of GBP 175,000 ( USD 323,000) on Emap (See RNW Jun 21 ). It has also agreed format changes for Emap's Vibe stations and posted for comment an application by Sunrise Radio to move part of the programming on its London AM station Sunrise Radio to its other London AM, Kismat Asian Talk Radio ( See below ).
In the US, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) as noted has now started to move ahead with its review of media ownership regulations, amid early signs of a partisan split (See RNW Jun 22 ).
It has also proposed a USD 6,000 penalty on Clear Channel for what the company termed a "prank" in which hosts on its Orlando station WRUM-FM repeatedly mentioned a prize competition they said was running on a rival station, causing many calls to the station about the non-existent competition (See RNW Jun 23 ).
On other matters the FCC is being lobbied by the US National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) to clamp down on devices used to transfer a signal from a portable player or satellite receiver to a standard car radio (See RNW Jun 24 ).
The FCC also issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) concerning satellite spectrum that could be used to provide a "new generation of broadband services to the public, providing a mix of local and domestic video, audio, data, video-on-demand and multimedia services to residential and business subscribers in the United States."
Allocation of the spectrum involved, for the 17/24 GHz Broadcasting Satellite Service, will become effective on April 1 next year and the FCC says its goal is to "promote prompt commencement of services in this newly allocated band."
As well as domestic uses the NPRM also considers proposals for use of the 17.7-17.8 GHz BSS spectrum for provision of international services outside the United States.
Ofcom web site :
2006-06-25: UK Media Regulator Ofcom has given the go-ahead to Emap for a format change for its East of England station Vibe FM and Severn Estuary station Vibe 101 that was requested last month.
In its request Emap said that since acquiring the Vibe stations it had been reviewing its dance format and wanted to make the format changes that would allow it to "make some small, but significant, cost savings whilst enhancing the current programming on both Vibe stations."
Emap asked to be allowed to network programming during non-peak daytime hours and said that in return it would guarantee localised informational windows to ensure local content is provided at least 3 times each daytime hour and an increase in the minimum number of hours of specialist programming on both Vibes from 16 to 36 hours per week.
Emap said that in comparison to its Kiss 100 dance format, "has always had a very clear sense of purpose", the Vibe stations "have failed to establish such a strong identity and lack real credibility with, or attachment to, their audiences."
Ofcom agreed to the change, commenting that it "welcomed the increase in specialist music and felt the character of service would not be substantially altered."
Ofcom has also published a format change request from Sunrise Radio, whose Greater London AM station - the only full-time Asian service in London when it was launched 15 years ago - broadcasts mainly in English and Hindustani to a target audience of the Asian community and also has obligations to broadcast 18-hours a week in Gujarati, Punjabi, Bengali, Tamil and Sinhalese.
Sunrise wants to move this latter element of its service onto its Kismat Asian Talk Radio, which also serves Greater London on AM and it targeted at an "older, speech-oriented Asian listener."
Sunrise says this demographic is now more likely to appreciate these languages.
Previous Sunrise :
2006-06-25: Cumulus Media says its modified "Dutch auction" tender offer earlier this month ended with it agreeing to buy 11,500,000 shares of its Class A Common Stock at USD 11.15 per share, making a total of USD 132.3 million: The offer had been to purchase up to that number of shares at a price between USD 11:00 and USD 12.50 and in the event it was offered 15,345,112 shares at or below the purchase price. Which means it will purchase just less than three quarters of the shares tendered.
The shares purchases represent just above 24% of the company's 47,697,508 shares of Class A Common Stock issued and outstanding as of May 9
Cumulus also notes that on June 29 it expects to repurchase 5,000,000 shares of its Class B Common Stock from BA Capital Company, L.P. ("BA Capital") and Banc of America Capital Investors SBIC, L.P. at the per share purchase price established in the tender offer of USD 11.50 per share.
Previous Cumulus :
2006-06-24: Former Michigan Public Media deputy director Michael Coleman, now general manager at Detroit public radio station WDET-FM, has been sentenced to two years probation and ordered to pay USD 3,500 in restitution by Washtenaw County Circuit Court after pleading guilty to embezzling under USD 200. He will also have to do 50 hours of community service.
Coleman was one of three former Michigan Public Media employees charged with embezzlement for illegally accepting gifts for on-air considerations whilst working for WUOM-FM, the University of Michigan public radio station (See RNW Mar 19 ).
A felony embezzlement charge of under USD 10,000 was dismissed in the no-contest plea sentencing agreement according to his attorney, Tom O'Brien, who told the Detroit Free Press, "I think he's relieved. He wanted to accept responsibility."
The paper reports that Washtenaw County Assistant Prosecutor Blake Hatlem charged in March that Coleman took food and alcohol in exchange for on-air announcements while he worked at WUOM - including an allegation that he took about USD 3,500 in meals from the Aut Bar in Ann Arbor in 2000-03 as part of a trade agreement that he did not disclose -and adds that earlier reports indicate Donovan Reynolds, the former director of Michigan Public Media, discovered a trade agreement between Coleman and a company for a lawn irrigation system that didn't appear valid last fall. Coleman initially denied the charges.
Detroit Free Press report :
2006-06-24: Air America Radio president Gary Krantz is to leave his post at the end of this month to pursue "other opportunities" after just over a year in the post: He joined the network after a variety of network radio posts including that of Premiere Radio Networks' EVP/Music Operations (See RNW Mar 27, 2005 ).
Krantz told Billboard Radio Monitor he is considering several opportunities and added, "I am very proud of my accomplishments over the last year in terms of increased revenue, affiliation, audience, and our Web presence. Air America is -- and will continue to be -- a great force in talk radio."
Billboard Radio Monitor report :
2006-06-24: The US National Association of Broadcasters is lobbying the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and politicians concerning interference from devices used to transmit signals from portable audio devices or satellite radio receivers by creating an FM signal for reception by a standard car radio: It says tests it carried out on 17 such wireless devices and four wires ones currently on sale in the US showed that 13 exceeded field strength limits set by the commission.
Six devices, it says, exceeded the limits twenty-fold and one was two-thousand times the permitted limit and adds that many of the devices also exceeded their permitted bandwidth, resulting in potential interference to 1st and 2nd adjacent channels as well.
The NAB tests follow recent comments about interference to terrestrial transmissions from satellite radio signals, including break-through of the Howard Stern show into public and Christian radio signals (See RNW Apr 30 ), and it has written to FCC chairman Kevin J. Martin and Senate Commerce Committee Chairman Ted Stevens and Co-Chairman Daniel Inouye about the matter calling on Martin to ensure that the commission "vigorously enforce" its rules for such devices.
NAB has also posted the report - a 688kb 31-page PDF - that shows the devices tested and notes some details of the tests: The figure of 13 devices in non-compliance came from the list published when tests were done in the open and went down to three wireless devices and two wired ones on tests of some devices installed in a vehicle and checked at a distance of three metres from the vehicle antenna. Of these the wireless devices - the Hobbytron FM25B, Lenmar AI-MODAM, and Sirius S50 - failed tests at three sample frequencies.
The report notes that under a quarter of devices tested met FCC field strength requirements and a number of others did meet the Commission to vigorously enforce its Part 15 rules with regard to these devices and says, "Based on these tests it is reasonable to conclude that significant interference to licensed FM broadcast stations exists from these devices."
RNW comment: It does seem that NAB has a point with these figures but as normal with NAB we are sceptical about the scale of the problem. No mention is made of how many such devices are on the market in the US so it could be that NAB chose to test 17 devices out of many more available that it felt were likely to have problems: This would make the figures then published accurate but misleading.
The report then refers to tests in a vehicle of a sub-sat carried out at NAB's request and only lists five models. Are we therefore to conclude that when used in a vehicle only five had any problems?
Or that NAB is a cheapskate in only carrying out additional tests on some models but did so at random. NAB in our view, makes a case that there have been and are problems with some of the devices on sale in the US and that some are not labelled as compliant as required but does not necessarily make any sound case as to the scale of the problem and is almost certainly exaggerating it.
NAB tests report (688 KB PDF):
2006-06-23: A Canadian senate report has recommended that the federal government should automatically review significant media mergers that could give one company too much market share and also that the state-owned broadcaster, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), should end commercials on its TV networks and also stop broadcasting sports programming.
The Senate standing committee on transport and communications in its report says that the country's major media companies should also regularly state who their major shareholders are, either during broadcasts or in print, as a public service.
Regarding the CBC it said the corporation should be given sufficient public funding to operate without commercials - currently of its annual budget of around CAD 1.4 billion (USD 1.25 billion ), CAD 1 billion ( USD 895 million) is from federal funds with the balance from advertising .The report said that in general Canadians remain well served by news organizations but there are
"areas where the concentration of ownership has reached levels that few other countries would consider acceptable."
Senator Joan Fraser, the committee's chairwoman, said the committee didn't call for a particular threshold for how much media one company can own in a given market, but that 35 per cent is a number that is "not far off" and seems to work well in other countries.
Responses to the report included scepticism from industry sources with Gary Slaight, chief executive officer of Toronto-based Standard Radio Inc., telling the Toronto Globe and Mail that evaluating a media company is difficult and saying, "There's a whole bunch of pieces in the pie, so I'm no really sure what they're getting at. And with audiences being so fragmented now, I think we're headed toward less media consolidation anyway."
Arnold Amber, president of the CBC branch of the Canadian Media Guild, said the report should have been more forceful in setting the threshold to review media deals, rather than suggesting a rough 35-per-cent figure.
Toronto Globe and Mail report :
2006-06-23: The US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has proposed a USD 6,000 penalty on Clear Channel after a complaint about a broadcast on WRUM-FM, Orlando, Florida, concerning a competition that was said to be being conducted by Mega Communications' WNUE-FM, Orlando.
Mega said the WRUM hosts announced over several hours from around 7:40 a.m. on February 24 last year that the 100th listeners to call and state the name of the show "John Musa Y Los Anormales De La Mañana" (translated as "John Musa And The Abnormals Of The Morning"), would win a cash prize of USD 1,000. They gave two numbers that belonged to WNUE, which was inundated with calls and Mega says many callers became angry when informed by WNUE-FM personnel that no such contest was being conducted and that no money would be awarded.
When Mega found the cause of the calls it contacted WRUM, which by then had stopped making announcements about the contest.
Clear Channel confirmed that the hosts had aired information about a false contest and urged listeners to call Station WNUE-FM's toll-free and local telephone numbers but had said near the end of their show that there was no such contest.
It said the hosts had been told by station management that the broadcast was unacceptable but contended that because there was no real contest this was a matter of a "prank" and this did not breach FCC rules.
The FCC ruled that Clear Channel had breached its regulations "not fully and accurately disclosing the material terms of its contest and by not conducting the contest substantially as announced and said that in this case a penalty of USD 6,000 rather than the normal base penalty of USD 4,000.
It commented that "the licensee's actions were intentional and maliciously harmed the listener goodwill of its competitor, WNUE-FM" and added, "WRUM-FM made no on-air apology and took no disciplinary action against its employees, instead sending an email apology to WNUE-FM and informing the Program Director and station hosts that such behaviour was 'unacceptable.'
we note that Clear Channel has a history of violations of the Commission's rules, including this rule."
RNW comment: In this case it seems to us that penalty is derisible for the offence. The ideal penalty would be for the FCC to have the powers, set against licence revocation if not promptly complied with, to in any such future cases say that any names and all names noted by a station receiving calls in such a case had to be contacted promptly by the offending station and each and every paid the prize and we would be delighted to see a rule instituted for all malicious pranks that harm a competitor that would allow the FCC to immediately instruct the offender to agree suitable remedial actions with the injured party with licence revocation as a remedy if reasonable remedial action were refused.
As no such rule exists it would seem reasonable to use that were Mega to object to licence renewal for WRUM the latter should have its licence revoked
that would give Clear Channel some time from now to broadcast suitably grovelling apologies to WNUE - we'd suggest every 15 minutes every show for three months would be about right - so as to mitigate against or avoid any such objection. It would also ensure that Clear Channel would not treat such matters lightly in future.
Previous Mega Communications :
2006-06-23: The Prometheus Radio Project in response to opposition from the US National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) to plans put forward by Arizona Republican Senator John McCain Washington Democrat Senator Maria Cantwell that would remove third-adjacent channel protection requirements that prohibit many low-power FMs from being launched has accused the NAB of deliberately misleading the Senate Commerce Committee.
NAB in opposing the McCain amendment to the big telecommunications bill Senate Bill 2686 that would add his Low Power FM Bill (S205) refers to a demonstration of third adjacent channel interference that it has posted on its site and that demonstrates interference in 2004 from Bonneville's full-power station WWZZ-FM (104.1 -the former Z104 pop station) to the 103.5 FM frequency the used by its classical station WGMS-FM (a frequency now being used by WTOP).
NAB in its news release comment of its demonstration, which starts with WGMS effectively taken out by interference, comments "These recordings give you a sense of how aggravating 3rd adjacent channel interference can be for listeners. Imagine if hundreds of these stations were licensed all over major urban areas and you have an idea how harmful S. 2505 (the McCain proposal's number) could be."
As Prometheus points out the demonstration is of full-power station interference and it comments that the NAB CD delivered to the committee "claims to demonstrate something that isn't true."
It adds, "With their CD the NAB says that allowing small community organizations, schools and churches to operate 100-watt radio stations will cause devastating interference to other stations on the FM band
The tone of the recording was authoritative, but the implied conclusions were pseudoscientific. These recordings demonstrate nothing but the desperation of the NAB in its quest to protect its members and their 1,934 business models from new competition."
Prometheus also points out - accurately - that the NAB says there is interference "inside the protected contour" but does not give details and notes that the signals concerned were 41 kilometres apart when the normal minimum required is 74 kilometres. - and adds that in 1966 the NAB lobbied the FCC to allow greater flexibility to stations that they knew could result in such interference.
RNW comment: NAB, of course, denies being misleading, but in our view the value of its assertions when it comes to its perceived self-interest are those of a three-dollar bill. As we recall, LPFM stations would have a maximum power of 100 watts whereas the stations involved here had powers of some 20KW and 44 KW.
We have argued in the past that were NAB being consistent it would be arguing for the revocation of short-spaced full-power licences and in this case we regret that the FCC cannot act by taking the NAB recordings seriously and ordering one of the frequencies closed down. It might incommode Bonneville but they chose to conduct demonstration tests for NAB's propaganda so would simply be hoist by their own petard.
We can but hope against hope that there will be enough senators with integrity to bridle at NAB's attempts to foist this demonstration on them as having some real relationship with the actual facts of interference and pass the McCain amendment. Betting odds? Around 1000-1 against?
Prometheus Radio Project site
2006-06-23: ABC and CBS radio share network honours in the 2006 Edward R. Murrow awards, organized by the Radio-Television News Directors Association (RTNDA), with their Hurricane Katrina cover that tied for the "Continuing Coverage" National award and also overall with each getting three more national awards.
ABC took awards for Overall Excellence; the Use of Sound; and Writing -to Gil Gross for Hurricane Katrina - and CBS for Newscast for the CBS World News Roundup; Sports Reporting for Washington Nationals; Spot News for the London bombings;
Other national awards were Feature - Hard News to CBC National News for "This is How they Teach AIDS Awareness in Thailand"; Feature Reporting to US National Public Radio (NPR) for "Returning to the Ruins"; Investigative Reporting to American Public Media for "Power Trips (2005 Series)"; News Documentary to Homelands Productions for "Saints and Indians"; News Series to NPR for " Katrina Odyssey"; and Website to Public Radio International (PRI) for "The World, The World Online."
There were also a number of Katrina-related awards in the large market radio section where the winners were:
Continuing Coverage to -WWL-AM, New Orleans for "Hurricane Katrina":
Feature - Hard News to KIRO-AM, Seattle for "Katrina for The Return Home":
Feature Reporting to WTOP Radio, Washington for "Scary Clown":
Investigative Reporting to WWL-AM, New Orleans, for "Hell Inside Hospitals":
News Documentary to WNYC Radio, New York for "Communication Breakdown":
News Series to KIRO-AM, Seattle, for "Long Road Home":
Newscast to WWL-AM, New Orleans:
Overall Excellence to KCBS-AM, San Francisco:
Sports Reporting to KIRO-AM, Seattle, for "Stitch-and-Pitch":
Spot News Coverage to WTOP Radio, Washington, for "Capital Chaos":
Use of Sound to KCBS-AM, San Francisco, for "County Fair":
Website to KCBS-AM, San Francisco, for KCBS.com:
Writing to KCBS-AM, San Francisco, for "About the Bay."
The Small market radio awards were:
Continuing Coverage to KFDI-FM/KFTI-AM, Wichita, Kansas, for "Dennis Rader is BTK":
Feature - Hard News to WMSI/WQJQ-FM, Jackson, Mississippi, for "Saved by the Bush":
Feature Reporting to KGOU Public Radio, Norman, Oklahoma, for "Okie Noodling ":
Investigative Reporting to Vermont Public Radio, Colchester, Vermont, for O'Neil Walker:
News Documentary to KBIA-FM, Columbia, Missouri, for "What's on the Line":
News Series to WILM-AM, Wilmington, Delaware for "Chasing Dreams in the First State":
Newscast to KRMG-AM, Tulsa, Oklahoma, for "KRMG Morning News":
Overall Excellence to WATD-FM, Marshfield, Massachusetts:
Sports Reporting to WABB-AM, Mobile, Alabama, for "A Team Evacuated ":
Spot News Coverage to VOCM Radio, St. Johns, Newfoundland, for "VOCM News":
Use of Sound to WMSI/WQJQ-FM, Jackson, Mississippi, for "Building Dreams":
Website to New Hampshire Public Radio, Concord, New Hampshire, for NHPR.org:
Writing to WGLT-FM, Normal, Illinois, for Charlie Schlenker Compilation:
RNDA web site (Lists awards):
2006-06-22: The US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has now started on the process of trying to ease US media ownership restrictions with a unanimous vote by all the commissioners to move ahead but also with early signs of yet another party-line split as the two Democrats on the Commission released statements dissenting in part.
At its Open Meeting on Wednesday the FCC adopted a "Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking that seeks comment on how to address the issues raised by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Prometheus v. FCC, which two years ago stayed and remanded several media ownership rules that the Commission had adopted in its 2002 Biennial Review Order" and also opens a statutory quadrennial review of all of the media ownership rules.
Amongst the matters on which the Commission is seeking comment are the local radio and television ownership limits, newspaper-broadcast cross-ownership bans, radio-television cross-ownership limits and the Dual Network ban and the FCC says it will hold six public hearings in locations around the US.
FCC chairman Kevin J. Martin said of the move that the dialogue was starting "in a neutral and even-handed fashion" and added that the Commission should "take into account the competitive realities of the media marketplace while also ensuring the promotion of the important goals of localism and diversity."
His fellow Republican Commissioners broadly endorse his stance with Deborah Taylor Tate saying in her statement that "The future is under construction right now, and we need to be addressing issues like this one in order to create an environment that allows markets to work while still protecting the interests of consumers" whilst Robert M. Mcdowell said, "Our rules must take into account the dramatic changes that have occurred in the media landscape since the Commission adopted them. At the same time, we must ensure that the rules continue to promote the long-standing values of competition, diversity and localism that lie at the foundation of our nation's broadcasting system."
In their statements both Democrat commissioners accepted that the FCC had to move forward on the issue but both expressed some dissent. Jonathan S. Adelstein said, "Unfortunately, the manner in which the Commission is launching this critical proceeding is totally inadequate. It is like submitting a high-school term paper for a Ph.D. thesis. This Commission failed in 2003, and if we don't change course, we will fail again. ..The large media companies wanted, and today they get, a blank check to permit further media consolidation."
"The Notice," said Adelstein "is so open-ended that it will permit the majority of the Commission to allow giant media companies to get even bigger at the time, place and manner of their choosing. That is the reason I have refused to support launching this proceeding until now, and it is why I am dissenting from the bulk of this Notice" and he highlighted what he termed the lack of commitment to "three basic building blocks of a successful rulemaking on media ownership - an issue that affects the daily lives of every single American
First, the process does not commit to giving the public an opportunity to comment on specific proposals before any changes to the rules are finalized. Second, it does not commit to completing the localism proceeding and rulemaking before changing the ownership rules. Finally, it does not commit to making any final decision in a comprehensive manner. Given the history of this proceeding, these failings are astonishing. "
Michael J. Copps in his statement said," Since we last voted on this issue three years ago, there have been more than 3300 TV and radio stations that have had their assignment and transfer grants approved. So even under the old rules, consolidation grows, localism suffers and diversity dwindles. For these reasons, I agree that we need to start this proceeding now."
He then referred to the previous attempt at rulemaking, accusing the then Commission majority of going ahead "without seeking adequate input from the American people, without conducting adequate studies and without even revealing to the country what the new rules would be before forcing a vote."
"Americans," said Copps "know the difference between a fig leaf and a real commitment" and eh continued, " If you see hearings in your hometown, instead of a just a few pre-selected cities, you'll know. If you see FCC Commissioners come to listen to your point of view personally, instead of expecting you to hire a $500 an hour lobbyist to get heard, you'll know. If the FCC contracts for independent, well-funded studies and seeks public comment on those studies, instead of buying a few-half hearted, time-crunched papers that slide into the record without comment, you'll know. And, critically, if the FCC shows you the specific rules that will reshape the American media before forcing a vote, instead of rushing from this short document to a final vote, you'll know."
He then expressed disappointment at the lack of emphasis on localism saying the "Commission will apparently choose to leave localism stuck at the starting gate" and said he was also disappointed about failure "to commit to specific efforts to advance ownership by minorities. "
Concern at the FCC move was also expressed by New York Democrat Congressman Maurice Hinchey, the founder and chairman of the Future of American Media (FAM) Caucus.
Hinchey, who led the fight in the House to overturn the previous FCC changes to media ownership regulations, said in a statement, "The FCC's decision today to review regulations limiting media consolidation comes as no surprise; Chairman Kevin Martin has made it quite clear that he intends to overturn the existing rules, which are our last backstop against the concentration of print and broadcast media into the hands of a few major corporations."
"Media consolidation," he continued, "is one of the most dangerous issues confronting our democracy. As control of the media is concentrated in the hands of fewer and fewer conglomerates, local reporting disappears, the diversity both of viewpoints and ownership disintegrates, the marketplace of ideas shrinks and, as a result, the media will cease to be the crucial check on the power of the federal government that the founding fathers intended."
Previous Tate :
2006-06-22: BBC Radio 4 controller Mark Damazer, speaking at the launch of "The Memory Experience", which the corporation terms its "first cross-media science season exploring the world of memory across radio, television and the web" has said that the stations replacement for "Home Truths", the programme hosted until his death by the late John Peel, is likely to go on air in mid-September.
He gave few details although he did say the yet-to-be-named show would be produced by the BBC in-house and include live feedback from listeners: Damazer also said there would be an announcement soon on who would take over from Sue Lawley as the presenter of "Desert Island Discs", saying the replacement would be an "experienced broadcaster" and also ruling out former BBC Political Correspondent and "Start the Week" host Andrew Marr.
The Memory Experience launches on BBC Radio 4 on Saturday 22 July with a special two-hour programme, presented by Mariella Frostrup and Dr Mark Porter, and will include a Radio 4 search for personal memories through a dedicated web site and also a series of six programmes "Sharpen Your Memory" presented by Frostrup and Porter.
Information collected will be given to the Economic and Social Data Service which is the data repository for the ESRC (Economic and Social Research Council).
The survey has been devised by leading memory expert and Professor of Cognitive Psychology at Leeds University, Martin Conway, and aims to collect memories that define individuals including peoples' very earliest memories, memories of self-defining experiences and memories of important national events.
Conway commented that the scientific answer to the question "Who are we?" is that we are a product of genetic inheritance and individual experience and added, "By taking part in this fascinating experiment, the public can contribute important new insights into the rapidly developing field of memory research and produce a collection of memories that define and record the individual and collective lives of our times."
Damazer commented, "It's exciting for Radio 4 to be involved in a project that aims to extend our scientific understanding of a key human attribute - memory - while at the same time providing a huge range of programmes designed to inform, amuse and touch the audience. I'd like to think that the scale of The Memory Experience is something that no other broadcaster would attempt."
Previous Damazer :
2006-06-22: A consortium of investors led by Mexican television giant Grupo Televisa that was tipped as most likely to end up buying Univision missed the Tuesday deadline for placing an offer although according to executives it is likely to put in a late offer.
According to the New York Times the deadline was missed after last-minute decision by one member of the consortium including Televisa - the Carlyle Group - to drop out at the last minute following an internal dispute over the bid price.
The Times notes that the fierce bidding once expected has not so far materialised and says some executives thought that the missed deadline was not due solely to market factors but was also a part of a strategy to disrupt the auction process in an effort to drive down the price.
A consortium consisting of Madison Dearborn Partners, Providence Equity Partners, Texas Pacific Group, Thomas H. Lee Partners and Haim Saban was reported to have submitted an offer by the deadline but no details have been given of the amount offered. Univision may now accept late offers or even withdraw the company from sale.
New York Times report :
2006-06-22: Latest Australian radio ratings from Nielsen Media Research saw Sydney and Melbourne talk stations Macquarie Radio Network's 2GB and Southern Cross Broadcasting's 3AW increase their dominance with 2GB taking its overall share up from 12.9 to 13.7 and 3AW increasing its share from 16.7 to 17.0.
On 2GB breakfast host Alan Jones increased his share from 16.4 to 17.1, helped in part by his popular campaign against the sale of Snowy Hydro whilst on 3AW fears for the ratings following a frequency change (See RNW Mar 23 ), various staff changes, a slogan "3AW football, the best" that some saw as tempting fate, and the revelations that "family-friendly, fish-kissing footy caller" Rex Hunt had paid for sex for many years (See RNW Columnists May 22 ) failed to affect the ratings. The station in the event performed particularly well in the important Saturday afternoon pre-match and match call period where its share rose slightly - from 15.9 to 16.0 whilst Austereo's Triple M dropped from 16.5 to 13.3 and ABC 774's share was down from 12.0 to 10.5.
Austereo had some better news in Sydney where 2-Day was again the highest rating FM station and Triple M displaced DMG's Nova in the coveted 25 to 39 demographic: For DMG it was a picture of gloom with Nova plunging from third to eighth and its new Vega station, which was re-launched last month lost share - down from 2.3 to 2.0: Vega did no better in Melbourne where its share went down from 1.4 to 1.2.
There was good news in Sydney, however for the Australian Radio Network's WSFM and Mix 106.5 as the former, in fourth place, increased share from 7.3 to 8.0 and MIX, in seventh place, increased share from 6.3 to 7.4 and also for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation as ABC 702 moved up a rank to third and new breakfast host, Adam Spencer again increased share - up this time from 8.2 to 8.4, probably at the expense of Southern Cross's 2UE whose breakfast show hosted by Mike Carlton and Peter FitzSimons slipped back from 8.5 to 7.9 although they went up a rank to fourth as Nova dropped a rank to fifth with 7.6, down from 9.2. In mornings John Laws at 2UE retained a 7.7 share although yet again there was a sting as 2GB increased share from 14.4 to 14.7
City by city, the top three stations were (previous % share in brackets):
*Adelaide: 5AA 16.3 (13.3) - up from third; Mix 14.6 (14.1) - Down from first; SAFM 14.6 (13.4) - Down from second..
Nova with 10.9 (12.4) fell back but remained fourth with ABC 891 with 10.6 (11.5) holding on to fifth.
*Brisbane - Nova with 16.0 (15.2) - Up from second; Triple M with 13.4 (15.0) - same rank;
97.3 FM with 10.9 (9.8) - same rank.
*Melbourne - 3AW with 17.0 (16.7) - same rank; Fox FM with 11.7 (11.3) - same rank; ABC 774 with 11.4 (11.2) - same rank.
*Perth - MIX 94.5FM with 15.3 (17.5) - same rank; Nova with 12.2 (12.0) - up from third; 96FM with 12.0 (12.6) - down from second.
*ABC 720 with 11.1 (10.6) pulled up a rank to end fourth:
*Sydney: 2GB 13.7 (12.9) - same rank; 2-DAY with 9.3 (9.8) same rank; ABC 702 with 8.5 (8.2) up from fourth.
* Nova with 7.1 (8.7 ) plunged from third to eighth whilst 2UE with 7.7 (7.9) was down a rank to sixth, behind WSFM up from seventh to fourth with 8.0 (7.3) and Triple-M up a rank at fifth with 7.9 (7.6)
Previous Southern Cross :
2006-06-22: UK national commercial sports station talkSPORT, now owned by UTV, has launched on the Northern Ireland Digital multiplex meaning that it is now available on DAB across the UK.
The station is already on the Freeview terrestrial digital TV platform, the Sky satellite platform and various cable offerings and on some WorldSpace services.
UTV Radio Chief Executive Scott Taunton said the launch timing couldn't be better as it coincides with World Cup soccer and added, "talkSPORT will continue to pioneer new digital platforms. Aside from broadcasting in Germany during the World Cup on DAB, the station has completed two test broadcasts on DRM platforms both in the UK and across Northern Europe."
Previous UTV :
2006-06-21: UK media regulator Ofcom, which last November slapped what was then a record fine of GBP 125,000 ( USD 215,000) on Emap's Manchester station Key 103 for racist comments and also for jokes about the death of hostage Ken Bigley made by a late night host James Stannage whom it subsequently fired (See RNW Nov 25, 2005 ) has now imposed another record radio station fine on Emap, this time of GBP 175,000 (USD 323,000) following complaints about comments on the breakfast show on its London Kiss FM by former host Bam Bam (Peter Poulton) who was dropped in a shake-up in April this year (See RNW Apr 29 ).
In all Ofcom fined Emap GBP 75,000 (USD 138,000) for an upheld fairness and privacy complaint (taking into account another similar complaint) and GBP 100,000 (USD 184,000) for a total of eight standards complaints that were upheld.
It also severely criticised Emap management saying that in its view "the number and seriousness of the breaches between April and November last year suggests that for a substantial period of time the compliance of the show was evidently not under proper control. There appeared to be a total inability of management to impose structures to ensure that there was adequate compliance with Ofcom's Codes
It appeared to Ofcom that Emap Radio had little control or sight of local management and was not seeing any warning signs until it was too late."
Ofcom noted that senior management at the company admitted to, what they referred to, as taking their "eye off [their] core duty" because of involvement in the takeover of Scottish Radio Holdings but also that since November 15 last year there had been no further code breaches by Kiss.
The fairness and privacy complaint related to a wind-up call made by Bam Bam's sidekick "Streetboy", who is still with the station, after the complainant, listed only as "R" and who wishes to remain anonymous, left his telephone number on Streetboy's voice mail, believing it to be his Human Resources officer's voice mail.
The complainant had hoped to discuss redeployment opportunities following his redundancy but Streetboy returned the call posing as the Human Resources officer: The call was recorded and broadcast on air without the complainant's permission
During the call Streetboy denigrated the complainant's capabilities with comments like "it doesn't seem like you have the qualifications
I mean you are really not what we are looking for
you thought you had a chance!
could you not bother calling me again, 'cos you're wasting my time to be quite frank" and then went on to tell an increasingly distressed caller "to go and flip burgers or something."
When the item ended, says Ofcom, the presenters were heard laughing and acknowledging that Streetboy was "dealing with this guy's whole future and career
oh my God". It said Emap Radio told the Committee that it agreed that this was a "horrible intrusion into someone's privacy and degrading someone in public
it was also extremely bad for the radio station" and said its view was that this was "the most serious case of unwarranted infringement of privacy it had heard" and added, "
the broadcast was devoid of any justification of public interest and could have had a serious effect on the individual concerned, whose deep distress was evident."
Ofcom said "to have conducted the hoax telephone call with Mr R was a serious offence in its own right, to then broadcast it was incomprehensible, but to broadcast it without consent was inexcusable, and to broadcast it without anyone with responsibility for the station's output listening was an abject failure of both compliance procedures and management."
The standards cases, said Ofcom, "breached rules primarily concerning the protection of children" and it went on to give details including "inappropriate" comments about anal sex; comments about group sex; inappropriate language during a Streetboy wind-up call in which he said someone was "were driving like a proper wanker"; comments about people who squirted water over actor Tom Cruise in which the words used included "crap", "shite", "shit", "arsed", "what cocks are writing that", "cacked" and "vagina"; a broadcast in which the presenters asked for suggestions which involved substituting the word 'muff' ('muff' refers to the female genital area) for love; another programme when a presenter spoke of shagging a woman in the shower; and yet another wind-up in which a man who was being asked to pay a parking ticket, told the presenter to "fuck off" several times."
Emap said it had fired the breakfast producer and moved the Programme Director as well as setting up new procedures and although they could not give a "cast-iron guarantee" that there would not be complaints in future because of the nature of live broadcasting they thought they could guarantee they would not again to have to try "to defend a cumulative number of complaints or any individual cases that were as serious as Mr R's case."
RNW comment: Admittedly this was not just for one offence but the penalty did top the current maximum for an indecent broadcast in the US. What does seem to us unjust about this case is the effect on the complainant Mr. R, who presumably in the US might well have been suing for massive damages.
Often we feel such cases are not to the overall public benefit but here we're not so certain and feel that it would be fair for Emap to offer Streetboy an involuntary option, assuming he is paid more than Mr. R, to exchange incomes for a year or face his own redundancy!
Ofcom ruling (23 page, 100KB PDF):
2006-06-21: The US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has put the issue of media ownership on the agenda for its Open Commission Meeting today, a move long expected as soon as the commission was at full strength.
The issue has already led a number of those critical of the previous proposals for easing ownership restrictions to call for more public input into the process this time round including the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA) which says that this time the commissioners should provide for a timeline that will allow for meaningful public discourse on any re-write of media ownership regulations.
AFTRA National Director of Legislative Affairs Thomas R. Carpenter said in a news release, "In 2003, the Federal Communications Commission attempted a sweeping re-write of regulations governing media ownership, which, had it prevailed, would have resulted in alarming consolidation of media ownership" but that the commission did not listen to the public outcry leading the courts and Congress to intervene.
"The 2003 consolidation juggernaut was stopped briefly, but now, the FCC is once again preparing to gut its ownership regulations," he added, saying AFTRA members were contacting the FCC to "let them know that the public needs to be heard before any new ownership rules are enacted."
Similar calls have been made by others including members of the Future of American Media Caucus- primarily made up of Democrats, which is calling for the FCC to "strengthen existing rules to create a more diverse media." The caucus in a letter sent to FCC chairman Kevin J Martin earlier this month said, "Put simply, we believe that any action on media ownership similar to what was proposed by the FCC in 2003 would be an unmitigated disaster" and added, "We hope that the FCC will move to strengthen existing ownership rules to guarantee an array of content and wide variety of viewpoints for everyone seeking news, information, and culture across our country."
The FCC has also issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking and called for comment on the report of the recommendations of the Independent Panel Reviewing the Impact of Hurricane Katrina on Communications Networks:
The report skirts around making any direct criticisms but reveals many shortcomings in communications after the hurricane. It notes that radio broadcasters reported few tower losses with the biggest cause of broadcast outages being "the wind displacing and causing misaligning antennas" allied with "lengthy power outages - which substantially exceeded back-up generator capabilities". It says that "Power outages at the viewer/listener end were also an issue as they prevented broadcast transmissions from being successfully received" and notes, "Additionally, the lack of security for broadcast facilities and repair personnel impeded recovery efforts."
"Nevertheless, " it says, "within three weeks after Katrina, more than 90 percent of broadcasters were up and running in the affected region.53 However, in the areas most impacted by the storm, the vast majority of stations remained down much longer."
All the commissioners issued statements, which are posted on the FCC web site, about the issues raised.
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking ( 600 kb 82 page PDF):,
2006-06-21: The BBC has launched an inquiry into a spoof news item - for which Radio 2 host Jeremy Vine has apologized - saying that Soham murderer Ian Huntley, found guilty of murdering two schoolgirls in 2002, had been killed in his cell: BBC Radio 2 controller Lesley Douglas said some items in the fictitional news should not have been broadcast.
The "news" was broadcast around 13:08 during a discussion about what the UK might be like if it were run by tabloid newspaper editors and Vine introduced a news bulletin from "Radio 2 and a quarter" before a female newsreader read a bulletin with a lead story that Huntley had been killed in prison and continuing," The Home Secretary, who is also the editor of the Sun [The top selling UK tabloid newspaper], said the people who did it would be caught and placed on the Queen's honours list."
It was followed by a second item saying health and safety laws were to be scrapped and quoting the trade secretary - who was also editor of the Daily Star - saying, "At last children will be able to play conkers and snowballs again but we aren't sure what we'll put in the paper."
The programme came amid criticism that the current government was making laws according to tabloid newspapers' agendas including comments from a senior police officer who said government plans to toughen the law on paedophiles were being driven by tabloid newspapers.
The spoof news bulletin was followed by Vine saying, "That was not the real news, by the way, just our idea of how it might sound if Britain were to be run by tabloid editors" before going on to discuss the issues involved with Kelvin MacKenzie, former editor of the Sun newspaper and chief executive of the former Wireless Group, and Guardian newspaper columnist Polly Toynbee.
Some listeners took the report seriously and at the end of the show, which runs from noon to 2 p.m., Vine apologised, saying, "Some of our listeners may have been misled. We would like to apologise for any offence this may have caused."
Of the programme he said," "We were discussing what Britain would be like if it was run by tabloid news editors. We ran, labelled completely clearly, a bulletin of spoof news items which might happen if the country were to be run by tabloid news editors."
BBC news reported that journalists made calls to the Home Office and the police after rumours spread that Huntley had died
A spokesman for Cambridgeshire Police, which investigated the Soham murders four years ago, criticised the BBC for being "irresponsible" and said they had been put in a position where they had to contact the families of the murdered girls to let them know the reports of Huntley's death were untrue.
The BBC normally makes audio of the programme available for a week on its web site but has removed all the audio of Tuesday's show.
Previous Vine :
2006-06-21: Satellite Radio web site Orbitcast has posted details of a patent application by XM for combining XM reception with an iBiquity HD transmitter rather than FM modulator to allow it to be received with better technical quality.
The 10 page Patent application goes into some detail not only of use of the idea to re-transmit XM but also to allow the transmission of signals from a CD or MP3 player.
RNW comment: This is an idea that we welcome but a patent application that in our view should go straight into the rubbish bin - and ideally ought to land XM - and others who try to patent such ideas with a significant penalty.
In essence it seems to us to outline a process rather than particular invention and were it to be granted could stifle development of a promising idea and one that would be much better left to a free market to advance in much the same way as equipment to convert various TV signals to a different standard, although rightfully patentable when it comes to detail of how the process is carried out, serves the market much better because a number of manufacturers could develop the technology rather than having to get a licence for the idea.
So full marks for thinking the obvious - stay in the digital domain - and a big black mark for trying to patent it as an idea.
Previous XM :
Orbitcast web site - links to 620 KB PDF of patent application:
2006-06-21: The Broadcasting Commission of Ireland (BCI) has sent two of the three applications for a new youth-based South West Regional Licence (See RNW Apr 20 ) forward to an oral hearing on July 17 and has also awarded the Galway City community of interest service in principle to student station Flirt FM for a further ten-year term.
In the case of the regional licence the applications from Carrarush Ltd. (Red FM South West) - backed by Cork station Red FM - and Spin South West Limited - in which Dennis O'Brien's Communicorp, would own 45%, Clare FM 15% percent and Setanta Radio Holdings 10% - go forward as each being of sufficient quality to qualify for the second phase of the licensing process: The third application from Fresh FM Ltd., backed by publican Louis Fitzgerald and Con Scanlon of Eircom has been rejected. A final decision on the licence award is expected in early September.
Previous BCI :
2006-06-21: UK Channel 4 Radio has announced a tie-up with Universal Music UK Limited in its bid for a new national digital multiplex that is expected to be advertised at the end of this year.
In a statement on the agreement it says Universal will not provide a branded station but will work closely with Channel 4 radio to help it achieve its ambition to "innovate and revitalise commercial music radio in the UK.."
Channel 4 says a "key role of the partnership will be to identify new opportunities for music exploitation on digital platforms, new radio and music formats, cross-promotion and content exploitation across the new multiplex" and its Director of Radio Nathalie Schwarz commented, "We have always said that music programming will form a key part of our plans and partnering with Universal Music is an enormous measure of support from the music industry."
"Digital technology," she continued, "offers the music industry some incredibly exciting opportunities but it needs to act now to embrace this change. We want to give control back to the people that matter, the artists and listeners - people with a passion for music - to create really groundbreaking music programming."
Previous Schwartz :
2006-06-20: Sirius Satellite Radio CEO Mel Karmazin in an interview with Broadcasting and Cable argues against government regulation of broadcasting and says in relation to calls from the National Association of Broadcasters' (NAB) for regulation of satellite radio that he is "a little embarrassed to see where the NAB is today."
Karmazin adds that in his view it has taken a "foolish position" and continues, "And now the NAB is spending more time talking about who should be regulated as compared to defending the industry against regulation. I feel sorry to see what their viewpoint is; I think it's misguided. I would've hoped the NAB would have been talking about why the content shouldn't be regulated and where the government should go the other way, rather than pointing fingers and saying, "But why aren't you regulating all of these others?" It just is a silly argument for an organization to make."
He strongly opposes suggestions that subscription services should be regulated, saying the only point of regulation should be to protect children from some speech and as far as subscription services are concerned, "It's a totally lame argument, but the facts are that satellite radio is a subscription service that you are paying for
With satellite radio, like cable television, if you don't want it to come into your car or you don't want it in your home, you can program your receiver. But if you don't want to program it, you can contact us, and we will make sure that that channel, whichever channel it is, won't get into your car and home. Unlike with free, over-the-air broadcasting-where there is no way you can block the radio signal from coming into your car AM/FM radio-there is an easy solution to have it blocked if a parent doesn't want it."
Karmazin adds that he thinks the US government "is causing more harm to America than a view of Janet Jackson's top for two-tenths of a second", not defending the breast baring but opposing the reaction saying "it's hard for me to find any harm that has been caused."
Karmazin says small broadcasters won't be able to risk the kind of penalty they now risk and will shy away from airing any risky content.
Karmazin also emphasises the primacy of content as a driver to gain subscribers saying, "The reason people are, in huge numbers, becoming Sirius subscribers is not the cool-looking satellites we have or the cool-looking radios we have. It's our content
great content doesn't come cheap, and I'd much rather focus on monetizing that content than not having that content."
He also comments that the settlement of the lawsuit with CBS that gives Sirius "20 years' worth of Howard Stern content, which amounts to over 20,000 hours of his show, for what amounts to about $400,000 a year" as "probably the best content deal I have done in my career. "
Broadcasting and Cable interview :
2006-06-20: Arbitron has announced that, continuing increases it began in 2002, it is to boost the sample size for its RADAR network radio ratings service a quarter to 125,000 diary keepers by the release of RADAR 92 in March 2007
The increase will be staged and for this month's release of RADAR 89 Arbitron has increased the sample from its current 100,000 to 106,299 diaries.
Previous RADAR (RADAR 88)
2006-06-20: UK Prime Minister Tony Blair yesterday "co-hosted" [RNW comment: The BBC description but it seemed more to us that he was more of a guest who was actively involved but mainly reactive to questions asked] soccer phone-in show "606" on BBC Radio Five Live with regular host Adrian Chiles, commenting on the eve of today's England v Sweden World Cup Group B game.
In his comments he said Owen Hargreaves, who is expected to take a midfield role in place of Stephen Gerrard, should be given the opportunity although he also said he would ideally like to play Gerrard and fellow midfielder Frank Lampard together.
The Prime Minister, reportedly an England and Newcastle United fan, made no comments that were especially contentious and went along with the current views on the England team's performance after it won its first two games but did not play particularly well, saying, "I don't think we've been really, really tested and I think the players know they can play a lot better than that."
In another comment he said the World Cup had dominated proceedings at last week's European Union summit in Brussels, saying there was no "huge, burning issue" to discuss so most people were talking about football.
RNW comment: On the basis of the latter, our vote would be a deduction of at least half the expenses of the meeting from the pay of those present but then we wouldn't allow politicians any free tickets for sporting events unless they were actually performing an opening ceremony or presenting an award something that might reveal just how keen they really are - and some are - on events as opposed to freeloading at major competitions and claiming genuine interest.
We also noted that the BBC has now posted audio of the programme as an MP3 (17MB) as well as streaming audio .
Previous BBC :
2006-06-20: US National Public Radio (NPR) ombudsman Geoffrey A. Dvorkin, who is leaving to become executive director of the Committee of Concerned Journalists, says in a farewell posting that his six-and-a-half years as ombudsman taught him much and he was grateful for listeners' insistence that "public radio must live up to its own high standards", saying that "When NPR listens to its audience, it becomes a better news service."
He also expresses gratitude to NPR for "allowing me to do what I consider to have been the best job in journalism" and offers a number of tips for his successor. Among those are to be "a good listener"; "stay in touch with the newsroom" and "never turn down " a chance to meet listeners; and to take comments "seriously, but never personally".
Previous NPR :
NPR - Dvorkin farewell column:
2006-06-20: ABC Radio Networks' Satellite Sisters are promoting a fundraising campaign to keep Baghdad radio station Radio Al-Mahaba on the air.
The station has received death threats to staff and also suffered the loss of a transmitter, which was blown up by a car bomb, and the failure of its rented transmitter and the organisers are hoping to raise around USD 100,000 to keep the non-religious, non-governmental and non-sectarian station operating.
Liz Dolan, one of five Satellite Sisters, who launched the campaign at the American Women in Radio & Television's Gracie Allen Awards event, commented, "It is critical that women's voices be heard in the new Iraq. The women of Iraq are at a critical time in their history. They need information, validation and community in order to succeed in a new and free society. That's why Satellite Sisters is reaching out to Radio Al-Mahaba's broadcast colleagues and friends here in the United States. They will not be able to continue their critical mission without our help."
National radio awards presented at the Annual Gracie Allen Awards Gala were:
*Outstanding Feature - Hard News Radio to ABC News Radio for "Perspective";
* Outstanding Feature - Soft News Radio Awards to the World Vision Report "Angel of Burundi" and the WNYC Radio - Studio 360 report "Born Into Brothels";
*Outstanding Program Host Radio to Lia Knight for "The Lia Show" syndicated by Jones Radio Networks;
Outstanding Talk Show Radio awards to "Life's Work with Lisa Belkin" on XM Satellite Radio and ABC Radio Networks' "Satellite Sisters";
* Outstanding Magazine Program Radio award to Prairie Home Productions' "Literary Friendships with Garrison Keillor";
* Outstanding Documentary - Short Length Format Radio to ABC Radio Networks' "Multitasking Mindfully"; and
* Outstanding Documentary - Long Length Format Radio to "No Place for a Woman" from American Radioworks and Minnesota Public Radio.
2006-06-19: In our look at print comment on radio over the past week, one oddball Associated Press item stood out both for the report itself and the initiative shown by the broadcaster, in this case Sirius Satellite Radio.
The intro - courtesy in this case of the Washington Post - sums it up: "John McHugh (39) and Maggie Lee (22) expect about 50 people at their wedding Friday. Their wedding reception could draw more than 4 million. The La Crosse (Wisconsin) couple decided to forgo hiring a band or DJ and let Sirius Satellite Radio Inc. provide the music."
Lee e-mailed Sirius in February asking if a DJ there could play a few special songs for them and, she recalls, "They e-mailed us back and asked us to send them a playlist, so we sent them our top 10 list. Tuesday they called and said, 'Hey, do you mind if we make this bigger?'"
Sirius spokeswoman Elise Brown said DJ Lee Arnold will play the couple's songs and add personalized dedications over the air on the Sirius's Standard Time channel, which plays standards and big band music: She added, "We just thought theirs was a neat little story" and said she was intrigued by the couple's request because Lee was a fan of that musical era.
McHugh said the music brings back memories for his fiancée, commenting, "She was raised on a lot of this music. For me, I just like it because you can understand the music and there's nothing questionable so it's good for a setting where there are multiple generations."
Lee added, "We have family and friends throughout Wisconsin who won't be able to join us so we just told them to listen in."
After the happy start, a less happy second item from Gerry McCarthy whose Radio Waves column in the UK Sunday Times concentrated on reactions and reports on the death of former Irish Prime Minister Charles Haughey and summed up quite neatly some of the dilemmas in reporting on the death of a politician with what at best could be considered a somewhat mixed reputation.
First noting an "elegiac edition of "Tonight with Vincent Browne" on Tuesday [The RTÉ Radio 1 programme is still available online] he said of this, "In a week when every careworn yarn was dusted down and banal interview clips from the most guarded politician since Eamon de Valera were recycled, Browne's reflections were among the few fresh insights into Haughey; but so sepia tinted were the recollections that Browne's programme was more a wake than a serious appraisal of Haughey."
Others got shorter shrift: "Elsewhere, John Waters mourned the great tribal chieftain. Positions already rehearsed to exhaustion were assumed one more time, from the mean-spirited ranting of Conor Cruise O'Brien ("The fart", as Haughey used to refer to him, according to Des Peelo on the News at One) to the posturing of Bruce Arnold ("A windbag" who fawned on Haughey when in power, as Browne indignantly asserted)."
And as for a brutal appraisal, "Only Fintan O'Toole, speaking from China to Shane Ross on NewsTalk 106's Breakfast Show, ignored the polite conventions and assessed Haughey in the starkest terms. Haughey, said O'Toole, was an organised criminal who undermined the state and prostituted his public office for his personal aggrandisement and enrichment."
And after one "decency" issue on to the question of "indecency" and the signing into law of the US Broadcast Indecency Act of 2005. Of the many reports on this that from Fortune we noted on CNN Money headed "Television's indecency problem" but considering radio as well, was the best summary we saw of the potential impact.
Considering the impact Marc Gunther wrote succinctly, "Cable's a winner. So is satellite TV and radio. Over-the-air TV and radio broadcasters are losers."
He noted that fines already levied were "meaningful" - "a record USD 7.9 million worth in 2004 alone - against the stations that aired TV programs such as the Super Bowl halftime show, Fox's Married by America and CBS's Without a Trace and noted that during that year "the FCC settled complaints against Viacom for USD 3 million, Clear Channel Communications for USD 952,500 and Emmis Communications for USD 258,000"
Terming the effects of the Act "A burden for broadcasters" Gunther said the broadcasters are hit in "two distinct ways. First, they must bear the costs of defending themselves against FCC enforcement actions and paying fines, which are likely to get bigger with the new legislation
Second, they must live with programming constraints that don't apply to cable
"
After further comment about cable taking better programming, Gunther says, "The same goes for satellite radio. Whatever you think of Howard Stern, Sirius Satellite Radio gave him a multimillion dollar deal to leave Viacom - and get away from the FCC's rules and fines."
The combination of the effects of this and technology - such as the V-Chip for TV that allows easy blocking of shows - writes Gunther "argues for less regulation, not more" and he quotes Utah federal judge Bruce S. Jenkins who wrote in a decision saying that cable could not be regulated by the state government: "That's one of the nice things about TV. There is no law that says you have to watch. There is no law that says you have to purchase a television set. There is no law that says you have to subscribe to a cable TV services...One of the greatest virtues of our system is the freedom to choose."
"The trouble is," concluded Gunther," the nation's broadcasters are gradually losing their freedom to choose what to put on the air."
Finally back to the UK Sunday Times and Paul Donovan's Radio Waves column - this time on UK as opposed to Irish radio that it McCarthy's patch - and commentary on current BBC Radio 4 controller Mark Damazer's attitudes to late schedule changes.
Donovan notes a number of changes made at the last moment - certainly too late to go into the printer Radio Times listings but then concludes, "I think all this will make Radio 4 more agile and, in the best sense, unpredictable. But there are dangers with last-minute changes. Few things are more irritating than wondering why what you are listening to is not what is in the listings. News of the imperialism phone-in, for example, was evidently not given to the BBC's website, even though it was being trailed on the airwaves. If Radio 4 wants to be fleet of foot and dump advertised programmes in favour of something more exciting, great; but it must come up with a foolproof way of letting us know."
And now on to suggest listening and first for those with an interest in New Zealand we'd suggest a dip into the Radio New Zealand site and evaluation of the MP3/podcasts now on offer as it extends its range of offerings from today ( See below ).
Next for those with an interest in Ireland - and also politics and corruption - RTÉ's web site and that of NewsTalk 106 for the programmes on Charles Haughey that we have just mentioned.
The relevant edition of "Tonight with Vincent Browne" aired on Tuesday, June 13 whilst for NewsTalk 106 the relevant breakfast show is from the Wednesday June 14 when Shane Ross began the programme with vox pops and continued with more comments from the great and good and less great - the Finlan O'Toole excoriation of Haughey is around 25 minutes into the podcast of the show for that day (Those who don't want to bother with subscribing can get the MP3 directly from the link below as long as it is on the site). It will come as no surprise that a number of reactions to O'Toole's comments were along the lines of not speaking ill of the dead but a surprising number of comments agreed with the criticism.
Then to two programmes that dealt with the evolution of language: The first was BBC Radio 4's "Feedback" programme last week that included a number of young people commenting, in the light of criticism of Radio 1 Breakfast DJ Chris Moyles for using the term "gay" about a ring tone with the meaning lame" or "rubbish". The BBC Board of Governors had opted not to censure Moyles for the use and most of those spoken to agreed as they commented on how they used the term - which of course, before being appropriated as a synonym for homosexual had various older meanings, most commonly disposed to joy but also including being a term for a prostitute and also at one time a conventional form of praise for a woman as in Chaucer or Shakespeare.
The second suggestion in this light is next Saturday's "The Verb" on BBC Radio 3 (19:00 GMT), which looks at the changing language of the Book of Common Prayer.
Earlier in the evening "Jazz File" (17:00GMT) has the sixth and final programme of "Miles Davis at 80", looking at Davis's life from the early 1980s until his death in 1991.
Then BBC Radio 4 beginning with this week's "Woman's Hour Drama" - at 09:45 GMT inside the "Woman's Hour " programme or repeated at 18:45 GMT - "The Paxton Letters", a look at medieval Britain based on letters written by members of the eponymous Norfolk family between 1430 and 1495.
Also from BBC Radio 4 in the 17:30 GMT comedy slot on Wednesday is "28 Acts in 28 Minutes" - a radio variety show giving each act just 60 seconds for its routine. Later that evening (19:45 GMT) the station features "How to Beat...Jeremy Paxman" in which Steve Hewlett picks apart the technique of a man regarded as Britain's toughest television interviewer.
This in turn is followed by "The Vaccine Hunter" (20:00 GMT) in which Jeryl Lynn Hilleman presents the incredible story of her father, Dr Maurice Hilleman who may be little known apart from by specialists but is credited with saving more lives than any other 20th century scientists and is the only scientist ever to make a flu vaccine in advance of a pandemic.
And finally a half-hour from Thursday and BBC Radio 4 with "Imagining Albion: The Great British Future" (10:30 GMT) in which Francis Spufford charts the history of Britain - through its Science Fiction
Washington Post/AP - Sirius wedding programme:
2006-06-19: Radio New Zealand has announced a "significant " extension of its podcasting/MP3 output following what it terms a "very successful three month trial of the new service" that began in February and has now reached around 10,000 downloads a day.
Announcing the extension, which begins today, of the service Radio New Zealand Chief Executive, Peter Cavanagh said, "Over the past three months we estimate that there have been 400,000 programme downloads from the Radio New Zealand website - and the popularity of the new podcasting service is growing at more than 10% per week
The rapid growth in sales of iPods and MP3 players means that more and more people are choosing to download their favourite radio programmes and listen to them when they want to hear them - rather than being restricted to listening live when we choose to broadcast them."
Radio New Zealand's website records more than half-a-million page impressions each month, with about 60% of the traffic coming from overseas audiences and Cavanaugh noted that the "audio-on-demand and podcasting services have proved particularly popular with New Zealanders living abroad who can now stay in touch with news and issues from home by listening to their favourite shows on the web. "
The programmes now available as podcasts or MP3s are:
Nine To Noon
Saturday Morning with Kim Hill
This Way Up
Radio New Zealand Podcasts/MP3s Web site :
2006-06-19: Arbitron's 2006 edition of Hispanic Radio Today, which related to a rapidly-growing section of the US population that is already the biggest minority in the country, illustrated it says that they are " heavy users of radio, spending significant time in particular with Spanish language-radio."
It notes that because of various countries of origin "Hispanics display sharp regional differences in their consumer and media preferences" and says radio is "uniquely situated to address these differences through highly-targeted programming that appeals to distinct groups."
"This, it adds, is one of many reasons why no other medium comes close to radio's extraordinary reach among Hispanics despite a proliferation of media options. Another is radio's mobility, which enables it to reach Hispanics whenever and wherever they prefer."
Arbitron notes that there are now more than 700 Spanish-language stations in the US out of a total of nearly 14,000 stations, a number up tenfold in the past two decades and up from 533 in 1998 to 715 in 2005.
The top five markets for Hispanic listeners are Los Angeles with a Hispanic population of around 4.4 million, New York with around 3.3 million; Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood with around 1.62 million, Chicago with around 1.34 million and Houston-Galveston with around 1.31 million.
Radio according to Arbitron reaches more than 90% of most age groups of Hispanic listeners each week, peaking amongst women 12-17 at 97.7% and reaching a higher percentage of women than men in all groups except for those above 65 when it reaches 90.5% of men and only 86.8% of women - the only group where it falls below 90%. The peak listening group amongst men is the 53-44 demographic with 96.7% listening each week. The figures compare with an average for all Americans 12 and over of 95.4%.
In terms of time spent listening, Hispanics spend more time than the general US population and males spend more time listening than females for most demographics with peak listening of 24 hours 30 minutes for those over 65 and 24 hours 15 minutes a week from 25-44 whilst for females the peak is 23 hours 30 minutes for those 35-44, figures that compare to 22 hours 15 minutes for all Americans above 12.
For most of the day, listening is greater away from home although at home listening overall is greater from around 18:00 to 06:00.
In terms of formats overall, Mexican Regional is the most popular Spanish-language format with a 19.4% listening share followed by Spanish Contemporary with 13.1%, Spanish Tropical with 7.6%, Spanish News/Talk with 3.3% and Spanish Variety with 3.2%.
In terms of regional listening, Mexican Regional dominates the map with the exceptions of the East Coast where Spanish Tropical has the edge to the north and Spanish Contemporary to the South.
Amongst general music formats surveyed, CHR attracts nearly 8.9 million Hispanic listeners a week, just over 53% of them women, out of an overall total of just over 30 million listeners weekly followed by Adult Contemporary with a little over 5 million Hispanic leaders, nearly two-thirds of them women, out of an overall total of a little over 31 million listeners weekly.
Amongst Spanish-language music formats Mexican Regional attracts around 7.43 million listeners weekly, 58% of them men, out of a total overall of some 7.92 million; Spanish contemporary attracts around 7.36 million listeners weekly, 58% of them women, out of a total overall of some 8.17 million; and Spanish Tropical attracts around 3.52 million listeners a week, 53% of them men, out of a total overall of around 3.85 million.
Spanish news/talk attracts around 1.61 million listeners a week, 52% of them men, out of a total for the format of around 1.69 million.
Arbitron Hispanic Radio Today 2006 report (2.61 Mb 53 Page PDF):
2006-06-18: Yet again the most important regulatory news last week related to what may be to come rather than what has - in this case the signing into law of the Broadcast Indecency Act of 2005 with its consequent ten-fold increase in penalties by US President George W. Bush (See RNW Jun 16 ) and also the confirmation that the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC), now at full strength, will soon have another go at re-writing media ownership regulations: Elsewhere activity was more routine.
In Australia, during a quiet week, the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) has praised the imposition of fines totalling AUD 5,000 (USD 3,700) on the former licensees of an open narrowcasting service that broadcast at hundreds of times its authorized power (See RNW Jun 16 ).
In Canada, the Canadian Radio-Television Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)has called for comments on a request by the Governor in Council to prepare a report examining the future environment facing the Canadian broadcasting system (See RNW Jun 13 ) as well as publishing a number of radio related decisions including the following (In order of province):
British Columbia:
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language instructional campus station CKMO-AM, Victoria.
Manitoba:
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English- and Native-language Type B native station CICY-FM, Selkirk, and its transmitters CIPM-FM, Peguis, and CIFR-FM, Fairford.
New Brunswick:
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language low-power specialty (Christian music) station CINB-FM, Saint John.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language community-based campus station CFMH-FM, Saint John.
Ontario:
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of - and Native-language Type B native station CKUN-FM, Christian Island.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language Special interest music station CJRT-FM, Toronto, which is owned and controlled by a not-for-profit corporation and is in the CRTC's "Other Special FM" category.
The licensee is also authorized to use Subsidiary Communications Multiplex Operations (SCMO) channels for the purpose of broadcasting a predominantly Tamil-language radio service and a predominantly Korean-language radio service.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language commercial station CHST-FM, London.
The CRTC also issued a public notice, with a deadline for interventions or comments of July 20th that included the following radio-related matters:
British Columbia:
*Application to renew the licence of English-language commercial station CFMI-FM, New Westminster, and its transmitter VF2341, Whistler.
Manitoba:
*Application to renew the licence of specialty (Christian music) station CHVN-FM, Winnipeg.
Ontario:
*Application to renew the licence of English-language commercial station CIQB-FM, Barrie.
*Application to renew the licence of English-language commercial station CJDV-FM, Cambridge.
*Application to renew the licence of English-language commercial station CKCB-FM, Collingwood.
*Application to renew the licence of English-language commercial station CJOY-AM, Guelph.
*Application to renew the licence of English-language commercial station CIMJ-FM, Guelph.
*Application to renew the licence of English-language commercial station CFFX-AM, Kingston.
*Application to renew the licence of English-language commercial station CFMK-FM, Kingston.
*Application to renew the licence of English-language commercial station CKGE-FM, Oshawa.
*Application to renew the licence of English-language commercial station CKWF-FM, Peterborough.
Quebec:
* Application to renew the licence of English-language commercial station CFQR-FM, Montréal.
Another public notice from the CRTC referred to a public hearing to be held at its headquarters on August 1 with an agenda including consideration of the following radio-related matters:
Another public notice from the CRTC referred to a public hearing to be held at its headquarters on August 1 with an agenda including consideration of the following radio-related matters:
British Columbia:
*Application by CIMM-FM Radio Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the current licensee, to acquire, as part of a corporate reorganization, the assets of the new English-language commercial FM radio programming undertaking approved to McBride Communications & Media Inc. in March this year.
Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec:
*Application by Standard Radio Inc. on behalf of a limited partnership to be established (SR Limited Partnership), to acquire the assets of Standard's broadcasting operations - 51 radio stations and related transmitters, seven transitional digital radio undertakings, two conventional television stations, and three radio networks - as a result of a corporate reorganization through which Standard will create SR Limited Partnership and cause it to acquire all of its broadcasting undertakings.
Ontario:
*Application by MZ Media Inc. to acquire the assets of the English-language commercial station CFMX-FM-1 Toronto, its transmitter CFMX-FM, Cobourg and of the transitional radio programming undertaking CFMX-DR-1, Toronto, Ontario from Trumar Communications Inc., a corporation owned and controlled by Mr. Martin Rosenthal. The value of the transaction is estimated at CAD 12 million (USD 10.7 million).
*Application by Jiska Westbroek to acquire the assets of the tourist radio programming undertaking CKFW-FM, Sorrell Lake, Ontario.
Quebec:
*Application by Groupe Radio Antenne 6 inc., to acquire the assets of the French-language commercial radio programming undertakings CFGT-AM and CKYK-FM, Alma, as a result of a corporate reorganization involving the wind-up of Radio CKYK FM inc., the current licensee of the above undertakings. The applicant is also requesting new licences to continue the operation of CFGT and CKYK-FM under the same terms and conditions as those in effect under the current licences, except for the transmitter CKYK-FM-1, which has been taken out of operation. Control of the stations continues to be exercised by Groupe Radio Nord inc.
There were no radio decisions announced in Ireland but in the UK Ofcom has now published the reasons for its award of the new commercial FM licence for Newry in Northern Ireland to Five FM (Newry and Mourne FM Ltd) (See RNW Jun 17 ):
Ofcom also announced the receipt of six applications for a new Bristol commercial FM licence and five applications for a new Oxford & South Oxfordshire commercial FM licence (See RNW Jun 13 ).
In addition Ofcom also published its sixth media literacy bulletin, an issue that ignored radio, and, in an echo of attitudes in the US, hinted at potential large fines on the BBC should Radio 1 not curb bad language, which it had ruled breached its regulations (See RNW Jun 13 ): The BBC has already said that it will consider fining hosts who offend twice within 12 months.
In the US, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), as already noted, now has the power to levy a USD 325,000 penalty - ten times that it could formerly levy - following the singing into law of the Broadcast Indecency Act (See RNW Jun 16 ).
The FCC also announced that it is ready to award 36 more construction permits relating to its Auction 62 (See RNW Jun 13 ).
Ofcom web site :
2006-06-18: Not content with interrupting programming with mere generalised advertising, Google envisages personalized advertising on automobile radios according to a post on ZD Net.
In it Donna Bogatin says Google CEO Eric Schmidt "believes that when he is listening to the radio in his car, radio ads should personally address him about his needs. For example, while driving past a clothing store, a radio ad should remind Eric that he needs a pair of pants and instruct him to turn left at the upcoming clothing store."
The blog says Schmidt gave some details of his vision for GPS location-based delivery of highly targeted and personalized advertising via in-car radios at a luncheon with a group of publishing executives in New York City and predicted that it would be realized within the next one or two years but did not elaborate how dMarc Broadcasting, that it bought in January (See RNW Jan 18 ) would enable such delivery.
RNW comment: As we find adverts generally a turn-off we can't exactly see this as a great advance. In addition the idea of the car radio telling Eric he needs a new pair of pants is guff unless he's prepared to enter this into a database - or allow Google to not only track his online searches for potential purchases but also tie them into advertising to be delivered by radio as well as when on the internet where it is easier to ignore it. Google may well solve some of the problems associated with technical delivery- we can just hope that the reaction to any introduction of the idea is such as to hit them hard in the pocket. Maybe time to change search engines.
ZDNet blog :
2006-06-17: Mexican radio group Grupo Radio Centro says it is to initiate proceedings in the Mexican courts to recover up to USD 15 million in amounts that it had prepaid for future services to be provided by Infored, producer of its former top-rated "Monitor" news programme and Gutierrez Vivo, host of the programme, under the contract between the parties.
The decision to take action follows a final Mexican court ruling that set aside the arbitration award issued against Grupo Radio Centro in a proceeding brought before the International Chamber of Commerce (the "ICC") by Infored, S.A. de C.V. and the host that led to the award of USD 21 million against Grupo Radio two years ago (See RNW Mar 4, 2004 ) .
The matter has been before the Mexican Courts since then and Grupo Radio says Friday's court decision is not subject to further judicial review in Mexico.
It notes that it had recorded a provision for liability related to the award that amounted to MXN 253.6 million (USD 22.4 million) at the end of March this year, a provision that will now be reversed and recorded as an extraordinary income item.
Grupo Radio says that in addition to plans to recover the money it had paid for future services it also plans to continue the two legal proceedings against Mr. Gutierrez Vivo and Ms. Maria Ivonne Gutierrez Vivo that had been suspended pending a final determination on the arbitration award.
It, a subsidiary four minority shareholders brought the suits to seek rescission of a stock purchase agreement relating to two radio stations that had been entered into in connection with the contract that was the subject of the arbitration proceeding.
Previous Grupo Radio :
2006-06-17: Denis O'Brien's Communicorp Group, whose plans to expand in Ireland we reported on earlier this month (See RNW Jun 12 ) is reported to be close to finalising its purchase of Bulgarian radio stations Retro Radio and Gong.
Dnevnik, Sofia, reports that all that is now needed is regulatory approval and values the deal for 70% of the stations at more than Euros 3 million ( USD 3.8 million) and quotes Communicorp's local representative Atanas Genov as saying it will retain the station's formats but make them more commercial.
Two years ago Communicorp bought Metromedia International Inc. (MII) which, in turn, owns 100% of Metroradio EOOD, the holder of the broadcasting licences of the Bulgaria's BG Radio and Nova radio stations, and 75% of Radio TNN OOD, the owner of Radio 1. Genov said the company will develop the six radio brands it owns in Bulgaria independently and will bid for new frequencies in the country.
There is now considerable foreign ownership of Bulgarian radio stations that began with Emmis International's purchase of a two-thirds stake in radio group FM+ which comprises the FM+, Fresh and Mila Gold stations and was followed by SBS SA's purchase of three stations - Vitosha, Sofia-based radio station Atlantic and Plovdiv-based radio station Ritmo - and News Corporation's Balkan News Corporation purchase of Radio Company CJ, which owns the Jazz FM, Classic FM and NJoy radio stations.
Dnevnik a.m. report :
2006-06-17: UK media regulator Ofcom has now published its reasons for the award earlier this month of the new commercial FM licence for Newry in Northern Ireland to Five FM (Newry and Mourne FM Ltd) against competition from Quay 100 Ltd (See RNW Jun 9 ).
It commented that "while Five FM's business plan was highly ambitious compared to the financial performance of existing UK stations of a similar size, the station's ownership by two well-established Northern Ireland media owners (the Alpha Newspaper Group and Irish News Ltd) has provided it with an impressive level of funding, enhancing the likely ability of Five FM to maintain its proposed service." It also said that Five FM would also be likely to benefit - particularly in terms of sourcing national advertising revenue - from being part of a commonly-owned 'cluster' of local stations alongside Six FM in Cookstown and Seven FM in Ballymena and noted the executive management team's track-record in operating small-scale commercial radio services in the Republic of Ireland.
In regard to programming it said that format commitments given "to a raft of local sports coverage and a range of half-hour special interest programmes, was consistent with the group's stated philosophy of providing distinctive local programming, and would extend choice in the market by significantly improving the availability of Newry-specific news and other kinds of information for listeners in the area" and added that "it was felt that Five FM's bias towards 90s and 00s music would be likely to differentiate the service from the clearly older music output of Downtown Radio, while the inclusion of some older tracks in its mix, plus specialist country music programming, would provide points of difference from the more contemporary Cool FM."
It did, however say that the evidence of demand or support for the service was lacking in quality in some areas but did include "a particularly comprehensive advertising survey (interviewing some 130 current local advertisers in the area) which helped to demonstrate the potential commercial viability of the proposed service."
Previous Ofcom :
2006-06-17: Australian Broadcasting Corporation host Geoff Bennett, who presents ABC Classic FM's "Weekend Life" on Saturday and Sunday afternoons is retiring from the ABC next month after 18 years with the network and 35 years as a broadcaster. His last programme will air on Sunday July 2.
Bennett worked for several commercial radio stations in Sydney before moving to London, where he broadcast for Thames TV, several BBC Radio networks, and freelanced with Blue Danube Radio, Vienna. He has also written and lectured on music and broadcasting and led specialist tours to Europe and the USA.
Paying tribute the Corporation's "Inside the ABC", ABC Classic FM Program Manager John Crawford comments, "Geoff's contribution to ABC Classic FM has been immense. He is an "all round" radio person such as we see only rarely today; he is as able to present news as convincingly as a concert, do an interview as easily as improvise around the unpredictable outcomes of live concert presentation. He will be sorely missed by both colleagues and listeners."
Inside the ABC's latest edition also has a sidebar story of "The indomitable spirit and laconic humour of Australians battered by the elements" with the tale of an Innisfail, North Queensland, couple whose home was badly damaged by Cyclone Larry.
They painted a sign' Just Larried' and displayed it above their battered residence: It became a symbol for the town and was the unanimous choice of the locals for the title of a free concert that the ABC mounted last month as a tribute to the people of Innisfail and surrounding communities.
Previous ABC, Australia :
2006-06-16: US President George W Bush has signed into law the Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005 that increases ten-fold to USD 325,000 the maximum penalty the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) can impose for a broadcast indecency offence, terming the measure "a good bipartisan bill" that is "going to help American parents by making broadcast television and radio more family-friendly."
He went on to thank "the members of Congress who worked hard to get this bill passed" making specific reference to a number of lawmakers - all Republican - including Senators Bill Frist, the majority leader and Ted Stevens, who were present at the White House for the signing, and also
Senators Sam Brownback and also House Majority Leader, John Boehner and bill sponsor Fred Upton.
Bush commented that "Every day our nation's parents strive to raise their children in a culture that too often produces coarse, vulgar and obscene entertainment" and after commenting that parents had the final responsibility for what their children watched, the website they visited, and the music they listened do, added, "Parents are the first line of defence, but broadcasters and the electronics industry must play a valuable role in protecting our children from obscene and indecent programming."
"Unfortunately, " added the President, "in recent years, broadcast programming has too often pushed the bounds of decency" and he went on to comment on the increased use of profanity on TV
" a bad trend, a bad sign"
and the increase since 2,000 of the number of indecency complaints from just hundreds a year to hundreds of thousands [RNW comment: A somewhat misleading spin in view of the fact that the evidence is that the vast majority of complaints have come from e-mail campaigns from just a few organizations with most involving just the click of a button to forward a pre-prepared e-mail: We wonder what the figures would have been if e-mail complaints were not allowed and those concerned had to go to the minimum extra effort of printing out, signing, and posting their complaint.]
Bush then went on to say, "The problem we have is that the maximum penalty that the FCC can impose under current law is just USD 32,500 per violation. And for some broadcasters, this amount is meaningless. It's relatively painless for them when they violate decency standards. And so the Congress decided to join the administration and do something about it... And so the bill I'm about to sign, the Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act, increases tenfold the penalty that the FCC can impose, to $325,000. The Congress got serious. And I appreciate their hard work on this measure."
Previous FCC :
2006-06-16: GCap Media in what it terms a "first for the industry" has announced a new radio quiz show to be funded entirely by premium rate phone calls.
"Cash Call", will be produced by Somethin' Else, the UK's leading cross-platform production company, and Optimistic Media, the participation and entertainment TV production arm of Optimistic Entertainment plc. and will air on Sundays from midnight to 02:00 on most of the stations in GCap's One Network of 38 stations including Capital FM and BRMB starting "in the next few weeks" although Capital's web sit so far does not list it in this week's schedule.
It will be hosted by Capital Radio's Chris Brooks and listeners will be able to win a minimum of £1500 in cash prizes in each show: The broadcasts will feature segments such as Mystery Voice and Guess the Noise and the quizzes will be virtually uninterrupted with no commercial breaks and only three music tracks played during the show.
GCap Media Group Programming Manager Dirk Anthony said of the show, "Radio is at its best when it's interactive and prize competitions have always been a popular format with our listeners. By creating a dedicated quiz show, we're giving listeners a great new way of interacting with the station while implementing our strategy to develop new revenue opportunities."
The programme will be the first to be produced by Somethin' Else & Optimistic as part of a global joint partnership to create participation quiz shows for radio and it will be produced by Samantha Bryant of Somethin' Else and Executive Produced by Steve Ackerman, Managing Director, Somethin' Else, and Simon Willis, Director of Content at Optimistic Media.
Ackerman commented, "We have confidence in the format and hope very much that it will become a real alternative to traditional advertiser-funded programming."
Previous GCap :
2006-06-16: EMI has joined Sony BMG, Warner and Universal in agreeing a settlement with New York attorney general Eliot Spitzer's office to end "pay-for-play" practices in the music industry.
The third largest music label in the world, EMI will pay USD 3.75 million payment, which will be distributed through the Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors, to New York State not-for-profit entities to fund music education and appreciation programs and has also agreed to make company-wide reforms including ending payments and inducements to radio stations or their employees to secure airtime and hiring a compliance office and setting up an internal system to detect any future abuses.
The amount paid compares to settlements of USD 12 million from Universal (See RNW May 12 ), USD 10 million from Sony-BMG (See RNW Jul 26, 2005 ) and USD 5 million from Warner Music (See RNW Nov 23, 2005 ). Spitzer has also launched a suit against Entercom (See RNW Mar 9 ).
In announcing the settlement, Spitzer's office said that its investigation "determined that EMI provided illegal financial benefits to obtain airplay and boost the chart position of its artists by bribing radio station employees with concert tickets, video games, and hotel and airfare expenses; providing a stream of financial inducements to radio stations to assist with overhead costs; using independent promoters as conduits for the illegal payments to radio stations; and engaging in fraudulent call-in campaigns to increase the airplay of particular songs."
"The EMI artists who have benefited from the payola scheme," it added, "include the Rolling Stones, Coldplay, Norah Jones, and the band Gorillaz."
Under the agreement, EMI is severely limited in what it can give to stations - up to 20 copies of CDs it is promoting, with any further copies requiring prior written approval from a compliance officer; up to 20 concert tickets annually with the same provision for "legitimate" extra tickets; a limit of USD 150 per recipient per year in "Modest personal gifts for life events and holidays" with prior approval from a compliance officer; and similar restrictions on meals, entertainment, travel and lodging for radio station employees and a maximum value of USD 25 for promotional items supplied to stations.
Spitzer's office has posted PDFs of exhibits and the agreement giving examples of past breaches of payola laws such as provision of Toronto Stones concert tickets to the program director at WOTT-FM, Watertown, New York; of gifts such as a video game to Mike Danger of CBS's WXPY-FM, Rochester, New York; and providing airfare and a hotel to him and another station employee ; and also payment of fictitious invoices sent to it by Dave Universal, the former PD for Entercom's WKSE-FM, Buffalo - "EMI employees" it says in one comment "singled out David Universal as always requiring something in exchange for adding a song."
The posting lists stations belonging amongst others to CBS, Clear Channel and Entercom and says that "At the time when Clear Channel, CBS, and Entercom had exclusive arrangements with independent promoters, EMI's indie budget could be as much as USD 200,000 per song."
EMI settlement details ( 30 page 258 kb PDF):
EMI Exhibits - 74 page 781 kb PDF:
2006-06-16: The Hong Kong Broadcasting Authority on Thursday announced that it was fining Hong Kong Commercial Broadcasting Company Limited, operators of Commercial Radio, HKD 140,000 (USD 18,000) for broadcasts in which it promoted a poll "the Hong Kong female artiste whom I most want to indecently assault" earlier this month (See RNW Jun 6 ). It is the second occasion which a financial penalty has been imposed on Commercial Radio by the Authority.
In addition to the fine, the Authority has for the first time invoked its powers to direct Commercial Radio to broadcast an apology - to be broadcast at prime time by a senior member of its management on all its three channels - and directed the company to submit within three months a report on remedial measures taken to prevent recurrence of similar incidents.
The Authority says it will scrutinise the report carefully to ensure that Commercial Radio will adopt a more proactive and tighter monitoring system for its programmes in future.
In all the Authority says it has so far received 189 complaints about the promotion on the "So Fab" programme and it said it took the view that "as indecent assault involved sexual violence and was a criminal offence by nature, the programme hosts' remarks to ask listeners to vote for the female artistes they most wanted to indecently assault was of bad taste."
It said the broadcasters involved were experienced hosts so the promotion was not inadvertent and added "the light-hearted manner in which the hosts dealt with the subject gave listeners the wrong impression that the act of indecent assault was trivial and could be made fun of. The frivolous and insensitive treatment of such improper conduct and of what could amount to a criminal act could well be considered as denigrating and insulting to women. The programme also gave listeners the incorrect impression that it was acceptable behaviour to contemplate the idea of indecently assaulting a woman."
Following the furore about the broadcast, the station had already apologised for the poll as had host Leung Chi-kin, also known as "Sammy," in a recorded message posted on the internet. In addition it suspended him, co-host Kitty Yuen Siu-yee and their programme So Fab for two months from Monday June 12. Both it added would not be paid or allowed to take any new freelance jobs during the period.
The duo, the most popular hosts on the station, are currently hosting a game show on TVB, Hong Kong, and they also appear in TV commercials.
Commercial Radio's general manager Rita Chan said the station accepted the authority's decision to fine it and added that they promised to "enhance our staff's professionalism and sense of responsibility to society."
2006-06-16: Although a final decision to go ahead with the move has to be confirmed the BBC has opted for the Salford Quays site for its proposed transfer of various departments to the North West of England and is to treat Salford MediaCity:UK as its leading bidder: It adds that discussions will now be conducted with MediaCity on an exclusive basis "with a view to them being confirmed as preferred bidder, provided certain outstanding issues can be resolved within a limited period of exclusivity."
The BBC governors in confirming the choice say it "marks a significant step forward in realising a vision for a less London-centric BBC" and adds that the final decision "will be based on two key factors: whether the move represents value for money for licence fee payers, on which work is continuing; and the affordability of the project, with a final decision not able to be taken until the licence fee settlement is known."
The MediaCity site, which had been competing with a bid from Manchester's Central Spine, is on the Manchester Ship Canal with the proposed BBC site on a corner across a spur from the Lowry Museum and art gallery that in turn is on the opposite bank of the Ship Canal to the Imperial War Museum North.
The MediaCity web site promotes itself as having space in its 200-acre site for 1,150 creative and related businesses potentially providing employment for around 15,500 people. It is around ten minutes from the centre of Manchester by tram and is owned by Peel Holdings, which also owns the nearby Trafford Centre shopping mall as well as the Ship Canal, Glasgow Harbour, the Mersey Docks and John Lennon Airport in Liverpool.
The BBC, if it moves, will transfer some 1,500 staff from five departments - BBC Sport, Radio Five Live, Children's BBC, New Media and Formal Learning- from London and also move some 800 staff from its current existing Oxford Road Headquarters in Manchester.
Next column :
2006-06-16: The Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) has praised the imposition of fines totalling AUD 5,000 (USD 3,700) on the former licensees of an open narrowcasting service that broadcast at hundreds of times its authorized power.
As a result of the excess power broadcasts of Cool Country Radio from transmitters at Glenbrook, Katoomba and Razorback in New South Wales by Transpax Pty Ltd and Australian Narrowcast Services Pty Ltd could be heard in large areas of Western Sydney.
In all magistrates at Downing Centre Local Court, Sydney , found the former licensees - who sold the business in 2005 - guilty of five offences and Michael Bedford, a director of the companies, was also convicted and fined on five charges of aiding and abetting the commission of the offences.
Commenting on the prosecution, ACMA Acting Chair Ms Lyn Maddock said the fines imposed by the court sent a strong message to the low power open narrowcasting industry: "If you have a licence for a low power service, you must stay within the limitations of your licence. Operating a high power service in breach of licence conditions undermines spectrum planning and the orderly operation of competing radio services."
The licences formerly held by the defendants were issued over the counter at nominal fee whereas High power broadcasting services are carefully planned and commercial licences command high prices when auctioned.
The matter had been referred to the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions when the former licensees continued high power operation despite being issued with warning and infringement notices and ACMA is currently in discussions with the new licensee regarding compliance arrangements.
Previous Maddock :
2006-06-15: BBC World Service has renewed and expanded its agreement with satellite operator Arabsat and will deliver 24/7 Arabic and English language digital radio services to much of Africa, Asia, Europe and the Middle East.
The services will include BBC Arabic service's flagship news programme "The World This Morning (Al-alam hatha al-sabah)" which sets the day's agenda every morning, seven days a week, and "Discussion Point (Nuqtat Hewar)", and, for English listeners, flagship programmes "Newshour" and "Outlook".
Arabsat President & CEO Khalid Balkhyour, commented, "BBC World Service radio enjoys a well established reputation throughout the Middle East for high quality news coverage, and we are proud to be their partner in delivering their services to our audience of 130 million listeners.
Arabsat has recently reconfigured its system meaning that listeners will have to re-tune their receivers to 11.861 MHz, FEC 3/4 Symbol rate 27 500. Channel IDs are 20 for BBC Arabic and 21 for BBC English.
Previous BBC :
2006-06-15: UK Chrysalis Group is merging its advertising and sponsorship plus promotions activities, traditionally split into two units, with the intention of being able to provide integrated advertising packages now wanted by advertisers and media agencies.
An early casualty of the change is the head of its national sales team Gerard Bridges, who is being made redundant after 11 years with the company.
The merged sales business will be organised in three groups, each aligned to particular media agencies and the company is also to appoint three new London sales directors.
Previous Chrysalis :
2006-06-15: Irish state broadcaster RTÉ, BT and RadioScape are testing a limited trial of using DAB-IP (Digital Audio Broadcasting - Internet Protocol) to supply two live TV channels and two live radio channels to cell phone users in the Greater Dublin and North-East areas of the Irish Republic.
The trial is using the BT Movio service, soon to be available in the UK, to deliver RTÉ One and RTÉ Two TV and RTÉ Radio 1 and RTÉ 2fm using the DAB-IP system as an efficient means of broadcasting the services to an unlimited number of users at any time.
RTÉ Radio Head of Operations J.P. Coakley said of the trial, "We're excited by the potential of DAB for Radio and RTÉ's trials to date have been extremely encouraging. Perhaps it's an indication of the multimedia future that a radio platform is now hosting trials of television in this new format. DAB-IP is an immediate proposition, it uses spectrum that is available now and it works very well. I'd suggest that all those involved in developing or considering mobile multimedia technologies should see DAB-IP for themselves."
Previous RTÉ :
2006-06-15: Arbitron says its latest survey of Chinese language listeners in Los Angeles shows that nearly 60% of their listening is to Chinese language radio, adding that the leading English formats for these listeners are adult contemporary with 7.4% and classical music with 5.1%.
It also said that over a week 89.2% of the 338,900 Chinese-speaking Asian Americans in Los Angeles aged 12 and above in the area listen to radio, up from 88.3 percent for Winter 2005 and that they listen for an average of 16:45 hours each week, up 30 minutes from 2005.
The top five stations in the survey were MultiCultural Radio Broadcasting 's Mandarin station KAZN-AM with 120,100 listeners who listened an average 10 hours 30 minutes to give it a 22.3% listening share; Sino Radio Broadcast Corporation's Cantonese station KMRB-AM with 102,800 listeners who spent rather longer listening - 13hours 45 minutes- and gave it a 25% share; Pop CHR KIIS-FM with 75,000 listeners spending 4 hours 30 minutes listening to give it a 6.5% share; AC KOST-FM with 59,600 listeners spending 7hours listening to give it a 7.4; and KAHZ-AM's simulcast of KAZN-AM which attracted 54,000 listeners spending 9 hours 45 minutes listening to give it a 9.4% share.
MultiCultural Chairman and CEO Arthur Liu, whose stations reach, 62.6 percent of the Chinese-speaking Asian American audience who have attended some college and 53.7 percent of those who live in households with incomes greater than USD 75,000, said of the survey, "The Chinese-language community continues to represent a significant up-and-coming market for mainstream advertisers
The Asian population in this country can boast of unparalleled levels of education and income. Through surveys conducted by Arbitron, broadcasters and advertisers can continue to quantify the size, composition and listening habits of the Chinese-language radio audience in Los Angeles."
Previous Multicultural :
2006-06-15: The US National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) says that local US radio and TV stations "generated a record USD 10.3 billion in public service in 2005, through a combination of airtime donated for public service announcements and money raised for charity and disaster relief."
The figure was up from up from the previous record of USD 9.9 billion in 2001 and included more than USD 1 billion of funds raised following the tsunami that hit many Asian countries on December 26, 2004 and Hurricane Katrina, which hit the US in late August 2005.
The figures come from an industry census sent earlier this year to more than 11,000 full-power commercial radio and television stations asking them to document the number of Public Service Announcements (PSAs) they aired, the amount of money raised for charity through direct station fundraising appeals, and funds raised for disaster relief during 2005.
NAB said the census did not include PSAs from groups like the Office of National Drug Control Policy that may have involved in-kind contributions or partial payment to stations, the value of advert revenue lost when stations carried breaking news stories related to natural disasters, or advertising lost from breaking weather emergencies, or "the value of public service at the broadcast network level, or the hourly value of broadcast station personnel participating in community charity events such as AIDS fundraising walks, breast cancer fundraising drives, and Toys for Tots campaigns."
NAB President and CEO David K. Rehr commented of the figures, "This is a census based solely on public service generated by local radio and television stations. Its results have been meticulously calculated and are extraordinarily conservative."
He added, "This year's survey affirms the longstanding fact that local over-the-air radio and television stations are collectively the number one provider of public service in America. Whether it's donating airtime for valuable public service announcements or raising money for charity and disaster relief, local broadcasters nationwide can be proud of the tremendous contributions they make in their communities everyday."
RNW comment: Although rather less heavy on PR guff than Clear Channel's figures released earlier this month (See RNW Jun 10 ), we would still take issue with the use of the term "extraordinarily conservative" about these figures.
The value of the PSA's says NAB was calculated "on a 'run of schedule' rate, which is one of the least expensive rates charged to commercial clients" but as we have already commented in relation to Clear Channel the adverts only have a real cost to a station if they displace commercial adverts for which funds would otherwise be raised.
If they do not, worthy though they may be, they are a form of public relations for the broadcaster concerned and the "extraordinarily conservative" valuation in our view would be nil.
NAB also comments that it did not include the value of revenue lost from breaking weather emergencies - it would take "extraordinary chutzpah" to include these - or ad revenue lost when stations carried breaking news related to natural disasters - in our view something that would take "chutzpah" to include. Maybe, of course, we suffer from a cultural misperception of the likelihood of most Americans interest in buying goods advertised while their homes are being blown or washed away in a storm?
On the other hand, if station personnel were on the payroll at the time they spent taking part in charity community events - as opposed to supporting these events in their own time - that could in our view be fairly included.
Overall, however, as with Clear Channel, the actual cost to the bottom line would be but a tiny fraction of the total - 10% we feel would probably be an "extraordinarily generous" estimate.
As with Clear Channel, however, we'll be happy to give NAB space to put its case - and to argue against it unless soundly made.
Previous Rehr :
2006-06-14: Arbitron, which had planned to use its Portable People Meter (PPM) for Houston radio ratings from July, has now opted to continue to use diaries for this summer's ratings for the market according to a letter to subscribers.
In the letter President, Sales and Marketing Pierre Bouvard and President Operations, Technology, Research and Development Owen Charlebois say the company is sticking with "its commitment to not replace diary-based radio ratings in Houston with Portable People Meter radio ratings until the Houston PPM service receives Media Rating Council (MRC) accreditation."
It does not give any specific details of the June 9 proceedings of the MRC PPM Audit Committee that reviewed information provided by Arbitron but does quote Media Rating Council Executive Director George Ivie as saying, "Progress toward accreditation of the Houston PPM Service is being made" and then continues, "Our Audit Committee has requested additional information, analyses and follow-up actions from Arbitron in some focused areas, which has narrowed during the audit process."
"This type of interchange," says Ivie, "is not unusual for a first-time accreditation proceeding.
As our process dictates the specific follow-up areas that remain between Arbitron and our Audit Committee are considered confidential audit information, and accordingly cannot be discussed. We appreciate Arbitron's excellent cooperation in the accreditation process to date."
Arbitron says it "is confident that the MRC will provide a clear roadmap that we can follow to achieve full accreditation for the PPM service in Houston" but in view of its agreement not to switch to the PPM until MRC accreditation is received will continue to use diaries in Houston for now. It says it cannot predict the time needed for the completion of the additional actions requested.
It adds that Arbitron will continue to release monthly radio and television demonstration data from the 2,000 person PPM ratings panel in Houston with July PPM demonstration data scheduled for release on August 17th and subsequent monthly releases to continue as scheduled.
Previous MRC:
2006-06-14: UK Local Radio Company programme director Gordon Davidson, a former News Editor at BRMB and subsequently Programme Controller of Century 100 when both were owned by Capital Radio, has left the company.
He had been with it since 2004 and the company's chief executive Richard Wheatly said Mr Davidson's departure was amicable and that the company was "sorry to see him go" although Davison will not be replaced the "foreseeable future" and his duties will be taken over by the company's regional programming directors.
Wheatly told the UK Guardian, which said Davison is to "explore new opportunities within the music and radio business" that Davison would remain a consultant and "a lot of great work for us but in a sense he has done that work now."
UK Guardian report :
2006-06-14: Clear Channel's WKSC-FM (Kiss FM), Chicago, has appointed Rick Gillette, who most recently has been vice president of music entertainment for Los Angeles-based DMX Music, as its program director to replace Rod Phillips.
Robert Feder in his Chicago Sun-Times column says Gillette will start in his new role next week and notes that since Phillips, who doubled as midday personality Rodney P., was forced out in March after around five years with the station consultant Steve Perun has overseen day-to-day programming.
Gillette, who previously programmed Detroit stations WHYT-FM (Top 40) and hot adult-contemporary WKQI-FM (Hot AC) said in a statement that he was '"thrilled" by the move.
Chicago Sun-Times Feder column :
2006-06-14: Isle of Man International Broadcasting (IMIB) has acquired a radio ship, the St Paul, for its planned long-wave station according to the Isle of Man Today web site.
It says the vessel, currently in Denmark, was used until last year as the base for Radio 603 and had broadcast and had broadcast for 18 months from off the coast of the Finnish Aland islands.
The site says IMIB is to use the vessel as a temporary broadcast platform to demonstrate the economic viability of its operations before investing several million pounds in a permanent transmission platform for which it has permission (See RNW Jun 18, 2004 )
It quoted IoMIB founder Paul Rusling as saying all the technical equipment needed to begin broadcasting has been secured and the antennae has been tested and is 'working well'. He admitted a "Minor setback" relating to finances but said that this shouldn't take long to resolve and a July launch was "certainly still do-able".
Isle of Man Today report :
2006-06-14: According to a Schedule 13G filing XM Satellite Radio's 5th largest shareholder has sold almost all its stock in the company.
Nevada Corporation TCW Group Inc., whose ultimate parent is French corporate and investment banking company Société Générale, S.A., held 5.2% of XM's stock at the end of March.
Previous XM :
2006-06-13: The BBC, in response to an Ofcom ruling that bad language used on Radio 1 breached its rules allied with a threat of "of further regulatory action" that could include a fine of up to GBP 250,000 (USD 460,000) has said that it will fine presenters who offend twice within 12 months.
The Ofcom ruling came in its latest broadcast bulletin, which upheld two radio standards complaints - against Radio 1's breakfast show hosted by Chris Moyles and drivetime show hosted by Scott Mills - along with three TV standards complaints; considered a further six TV complaints and one radio complaint resolved by the action taken by the broadcaster; listed another TV standards complaint and a radio fairness and privacy complaint that it did not uphold - relating to a Radio 5 Live investigation into the trade in fake documents to people wishing to enter and remain in the country illegally; and upheld in part a TV fairness and privacy complaint.
In addition Ofcom listed with no details a further 99 TV complaints involving 83 items and 20 radio complaints involving 17 items that it were out of its remit or not upheld. The totals compare with one radio complaint and four TV standards complaints resolved; details listed of one TV standards and two TV fairness and privacy complaints not upheld; and a further 133 complaints against 121 items that were rejected or out of its remit in its previous bulletin.
The complaints against Moyles related to a broadcast in January in which, discussing people who urinated in the shower, Moyles said of women who did this "Thank you very much ladies, I shouldn't really say ladies - you all pee in the shower, you dirty whores"; a broadcast in February when a guest used the words "piss" and "twat" during an interview; and a later broadcast in February when Moyles said to a caller, "You've got some kids from some fucking
" and then made a number of apologies for his language.
The BBC responded by saying that since these broadcasts new procedures have been introduced by Radio 1 under which presenters who accidentally swore or used other offensive language on air would be subject to disciplinary measures.
Should this happen twice within twelve months, the presenter would suffer a financial penalty and in addition programme teams had been reminded of the existing guidance on how to deal with offensive language from contributors, which included the possibility of persistent offenders being taken off air.
In respect to the complaints Ofcom ruled that in the case of the first broadcast the use of the term "whores" while intended to be humorous was inappropriate for a breakfast programme that attracts a child audience and in breach of Ofcom rules.
In the second case, where Moyles had asked the guest not to swear, it considered the matter resolved
In the third case it said, "While the use of the word "fucking" was clearly a slip of the tongue and was followed by a number of apologies, it was nevertheless unacceptable, given the context", noting that that audience figures suggested some 46,000 children would have been listening.
The complaint upheld against Mills related to a 'wind-up' call that was made by the co-presenter for the stated purpose of gaining 'revenge' on behalf of a listener who had nominated his partner for a 'revenge' call after she mistakenly threw away his football tickets.
The co-host "rang the woman at home and pretended to be from an after-school club that her son was due to attend. He then outlined what he said were the "rules of the club" which included: "Rule 1: I don't take any s***" and "Rule 2: Shut the f*** up" and referred to the woman's son as a little s***. As the exchange continued, the co-presenter called the woman an idiot and she became increasingly angry and upset. The co-presenter finally revealed his identity and explained that the woman had been 'set up'."
The BBC had responded to a complaint about this call by saying that a senior manager responsible for the show heard the item and immediately rang the studio to make clear to the team that it was unacceptable.
As a result it added it had re-evaluated what was acceptable at this time of day and "While on-air 'pranks' would continue to be a feature of the show, it had been made clear to all concerned that they will not in future include large amounts of strong language, even if bleeped, and that this particular call had crossed the line."
The BBC also said it accepted that it was not appropriate to treat a member of the public in this way and wished to apologise for any offence the item caused.
Ofcom said regarding this broadcast that it "resulted from a serious misjudgement" adding,"It is the latest in a number of findings against Radio 1."
"During the last year," commented Ofcom, "we have published five findings concerning swearing and/or inappropriately scheduled content. Two cases were in breach of the relevant Code. A further three cases were resolved due to action taken by the broadcaster. We appreciate the wide choice of content that is broadcast by the station, but we have concerns about the number and, in some cases, the seriousness of compliance issues that have arisen."
It concluded, "We recognise that Radio 1 aims to produce imaginative and innovative programming but the station also attracts a wide-ranging audience, including large numbers of children. It is, therefore, important that the station's compliance reflects this. Any future similarly serious compliance issues may result in the consideration of further regulatory action."
Previous Ofcom broadcast bulletin :
2006-06-13: The Canadian Radio-Television Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)has called for comments on a request by the Governor in Council to prepare a report examining the future environment facing the Canadian broadcasting system.
The call follows a speech to the Banff Television Festival by Heritage Minister Bev Oda who said as she opened the festival that whilst other countries began to look at their policies for the digital world decades ago Canada had not done so.
She added that it was becoming increasingly difficult to distinguish between television, radio and the internet, and said a better understanding of changing audience habits is vital.
"Canadians, especially young Canadians, are increasingly moving away from traditional media sources and exploring options like iPods and the Sling box," she commented.
In its public notice, with a deadline for comments to be submitted of September 1, the CRTC says" The Governor in Council is of the view that the Canadian broadcasting system, using various audio-visual technologies, must remain relevant in a global digital environment and that Canada should continue to play a leading role in the development and usage of world class communications technologies while fostering Canadian cultural choices and broadening public access to local, regional, national and international information and programming."
The order asks for the report to deal with a number of topics including changes in this usage of audio-visual technologies by Canadians since January 2000; changes in demand for various kinds of programming and programming services since then; how Canadians of different generations use "various technologies and the impact that these different uses will have on the broadcasting system"; comparison of the rate at which Canada and other countries have adopted the technology; how future generations will consume or access content, programming, and programming services, and the impact of the evolution of technologies in various areas including the broadcasting system.
Previous CRTC :
2006-06-13: Clear Channel is discussing the idea of "Blinks" - one-second radio shots - with marketers and media buyers according to Advertising Age.
The paper, which suggests that he real value of Blinks may be in the publicity they can generate, says Clear Channel denies this and quotes Clear Channel Radio SVP-creative Jim Cook as saying, "It really is to find new uses of radio for advertisers who are continually asking us to demonstrate that our medium can successfully extend brands, can successfully reach the consumer with touchpoints that are new and surprising"
Advertising Age reports that Clear Channel's Creative Services Group crafted a demonstration spot using the McDonald's jingle, minus the "I'm loving' it" language, and placed it between one hip-hop song and another. The group also created a Blink for BMW's Mini Cooper with a horn honking and man's voice saying "Mini," and placed it before miniaturized news reports.
It quotes Jim Gaither, director-broadcast at Richards Group, which has been in conversation with Clear Channel about three-second spots, as saying, "It's not building a brand; it's refreshing a brand. You can't use a one-second campaign for something that generally has not been advertised before."
Advertising Age report (requires registration):
2006-06-13: The US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has announced that it is ready to award 36 more construction permits relating to its Auction 62 in which it received 163 provisionally winning bids totalling a net USD 54.25 million for the 171 licences on offer (See RNW Feb 1 ) after last month announcing that it was ready to issue 54 permits. (See RNW May 9 ).
The permits involved are in Arizona (1), California (3), Hawaii (1), Iowa (1), Kansas (1), Michigan(1), Mississippi (1), Montana (3), Nebraska (2), New Mexico(1), Nevada (1), North Dakota (1), Texas (3), Utah (1), Vermont (1), and Wyoming (14).
2006-06-13: UK media regulator Ofcom says it has received six applications for a new Bristol commercial FM licence and five applications for a new Oxford & South Oxfordshire commercial FM licence.
The Bristol applications are from:
*B106.5 - Bristol FM Limited, which is offering a service targeted at 25 to 64 year old adults.
*Chill Bristol - GWR (West) Limited, which is offering a format of contemporary relaxing music with local information.
*Diamond 106.5 FM - the Macquarie Bank-backed bid offering classic rock during the day and modern/alternative rock in the evenings.
* Original 106 FM - Original Bristol FM Limited,- the Canwest bid with an offering of adult-orientated music with particular appeal to 40-59 year olds.
* Bristol's 106.5 Rock Radio - Bristol Sound Limited, which is offering rock from the past 40 years.
* Wicked FM - UK Media and Radio Bristol Limited, which is offering a full service modern rock station for people 20 to 44.
The Oxford & South Oxfordshire applications are from:
* Castle FM - Oxford Local Radio Limited, which is offering a service of music and speech for 35 to 64 year olds.
*Fox Gold - First Oxfordshire Radio Company Limited, which is offering a classic pop hit music led service.
* Inspire 106- Spirit of Oxfordshire Radio Ltd, which is offering an Adult Music Variety format.
* Jack FM Oxfordshire - Absolute Radio International Limited, which is offering a music-intensive station - the Jack FM format that began in Canada and spread to the US..
* More FM - South Central Media Limited, which is offering a service targeted at the 35 plus demographic.
Previous Ofcom :
2006-06-12: With the passage of the Broadcast Indecency Act last week and potentially much large penalties for broadcast indecency, where else to start this week but with Howard Stern?
There has been plenty of reporting on the Act itself but in our view most opinions are likely to have been formed on the issue although changes in attitudes may yet follow as action is taken and the free-to-air broadcasters tone down their shows and increase the shrillness of their lobbying for censorship on satellite and cable subscription channels: The best short comment we noted was in a "Primer" on indecency fines in the Washington Post that ended with the sentence, "A reflection of a nation that hasn't gotten over seeing Janet Jackson's breast for half a second at the 2004 Super Bowl."
On however to Howard, who was featured in a Reuters feature "Howard Stern finds 'rebirth' on satellite radio" run by a number of US papers: In it Steve Gorman says the host has "finally found contentment."
It quoted Stern as saying in an interview, "I tell you I'm at complete peace. I've never had more fun in my radio career than I'm having right now. It's like a rebirth."
That peace, however, Stern said had not taken the edge off his show and he added, "I'm not some happy, smiley guy who goes into the studio every day (and says) 'Oh wow! Today's a beautiful day, and there's nothing bad to be said. I'd have to go through a lot more psychiatry before I could change the persona of negativity that I live in."
And of his current show on Sirius, in an FCC-free environment he termed "absolutely liberating", Stern said, "I'm sitting back and having a blast because we're all talking, and no one is censoring themselves. I feel like I can be funny."
The article also quotes Michael Harrison, publisher of trade magazine Talkers who said Stern's popularity hinged on "his intelligence and his satire, not his profanity
So whether he's bleeped or not is ultimately irrelevant to his success, because being dirty on the radio does not get an audience. Being clever does."
And as for the future? Stern says it's "inconceivable" that he'll ever return to terrestrial radio, saying, "I'd have to go back to the old rules and regulations and censoring myself... I just don't even want it in my life."
The article also notes that, even though a third of Sirius subscribers in a recent Jacobs Media Poll listed Stern as a major reason for their subscription (See RNW Jun 2 ) Sirius has only around 4 million subscribers whilst Stern attracted 12 million listeners when he was on terrestrial stations.
That audience formed the topic of a Washington Post report from Marc Fisher under the title, "The Audience Howard Stern Left Behind: Mysteriously, Neither Here Nor There."
He begins by noting of Stern's successors on terrestrial, "David Lee Roth flopped. Adam Carolla is sputtering along. And Elliot Segal -- of DC-101's "Elliot in the Morning" show -- won a bonanza of new listeners, but only temporarily
The replacements and competitors who hoped to capitalize on Howard Stern's move in January from traditional terrestrial radio to the paying-customers-only world of Sirius satellite radio haven't exactly prospered."
Fisher gives a plug to Stern's replacements on WJFK-FM - "the Junkies, the quartet of local guys who yuk it up each morning with banter about sex, sports and other 'guy stuff'" who he says after an initial massive audience drip have steadily grown their audience and have now "nearly matched Stern's appeal to men 18 and older."
"But," adds |fisher, "radio executives are having a tough time figuring out where Stern's national audience of about 12 million daily listeners has gone" and he says that despite the "nightmares of radio executives" who feared they might switch to listening to music on portable plays or move their time to the internet "in Washington, as in much of the nation, the ratings numbers don't support that conclusion."
Fisher quotes Michael Hughes, the top manager of the five CBS-owned radio stations in Washington, including WJFK, as saying, "The question of losing audience to satellite could keep you up at night. But there's no empirical evidence that that's happening."
In D.C. says Fisher it would seem many Stern listeners initially sampled "DC-101 FM's resident bad boy, Elliot" whose audience initially jumped by more than half only to fall back to its previous level and he goes on to quote Lisa Wolfe, program director of all-news WTOP-FM as saying, "It seems to be a shotgun effect, where listeners landed in lots of different places."
Narrowing those places down Fisher says two winners do appear to be emerging as a result of Stern's move from terrestrial - National Public Radio whose "Morning Edition" audience is up -something Fisher terms "a reflection of Stern's appeal to a more liberal and urban audience that's demographically similar to public radio's listener base" - and Spanish-language stations in New York, Chicago and Los Angeles where the decline of former Stern stations has allowed them to "dominate morning ratings as never before."
And after Stern how about a tale or two of on-air embarrassment from Randy Dotinga in his North County Times column last week? Among them was the tale of some fooling around by Dave Mason, now morning newsman at KOGO-AM, San Diego, whilst working at a station in Binghampton, New York, in the late 1960's.
He and a fellow DJ signed the station off at 1.a.m. after which at some point Mason showed his colleague how to turn the transmitter on and off after which "they kept "laughing and scratching" through a late-night recording session."
A few hours later reports Dotinga, Mason's friend Bill went to the microphone and said, "Hey, dumb---, let's get out of here."
Mason reports that he then "heard something unusual for 4 a.m. in a station that had been off the air for three hours: The phones were ringing off the hook."
He recalls, "I picked up the line and heard a female voice say, 'Gee, it sounds like you're having fun, can I come over?' hat I didn't know was that I had to hold the off button for 10 seconds. To protect the transmitter from lightning hits, it had a reset to turn itself back on. So, the station had been on the air all night, but nothing went on the air until Bill fired up the control room mike."
Dotinga then picks up the point of why people would have remained tuned in to a station airing silence. "The answer: Lots of folks in upstate New York kept their radios on overnight and used the station as an alarm clock since it signed on each morning at 5 a.m. with the national anthem. Instead, their wake-up call came courtesy of a dumb--- and his friend."
And a brief mention of one final story relating to US radio before moving elsewhere, in this case Bill Virgin's Radio Beat in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer.
Virgin takes up the issue of whether programming is live or local and does the listener care? In some cases they clearly do as he begins by noting that the move by KIXI-AM to "drop local hosts for a nationally syndicated service called 'Music of Your Life' has generated more response than just about any topic, format change or sudden departure of a personality in the eight-year run of this radio column" and adds, "Of the dozens of calls and e-mails, all but two have expressed unhappiness about the move."
Virgin says there's no clear answer as to what radio should do to keep listeners - in some cases localness had a value but syndication could work well as could voice-tracking and indeed trying to ape the iPod where he notes that KJR-FM has had success with a format of no hosts but just music with brief local news, traffic and weather reports in morning drive but that the Jack format on KJAQ-FM after initial success saw its ratings drop significantly.
Virgin quotes KJR program director Jay Kelly as saying it may come down to what listeners expect or are accustomed for each individual station, as well as "what you're trying to accomplish with the station."
Which is a reasonable context in which to consider the success or otherwise of U.S.-funded Radio Farda that concentrates on pop music to attract a youthful audience in Iran.
Farda, which gets around USD 7 million a year in federal funding, was the subject of a Washington Post report by David Finkel who reported on its operations from inside an office building in Northern Virginia.
He quotes Sara Valinejad, who emigrated from Iran a decade ago, as saying of the station, "In Iran, they don't allow you to be happy "whereas "It puts you in a good mood when you listen to this radio station."
Bert Kleinman, a consultant to Radio Farda said of the format he helped design, "The core of the mission is news and information" -- in a typical hour, 16 1/2 minutes of programming is devoted to news -- but 'we were tasked to reach out to the younger generation there. And quite frankly, you just can't do it with news.'"
We're not sure how much time Kleinman has spent listening to US talk radio though in view of his comments about the station's "What Do You Think?" feature that airs twice an hour.
"We try in the American tradition to have respectful dialogue," Kleinman says of this feature, which airs twice an hour. An acceptable topic, he says, is, "What should be done to improve the relationship between Iran and the United States?" An unacceptable topic would be, "Should the mullahs be overthrown?"
So it appears would be much current US music - of what the station airs Kleinman comments, "Adult contemporary
Music with 'a happy beat to it.'"
"Madonna. Michael Jackson. The Gipsy Kings. Bob Marley," Valinejad says, looking over her playlist. "Abba. Enrique Iglesias. Phil Collins. Celine Dion."
Not everyone is happy with the approach and in a subsequent letter to the paper, James Critchlow, a founder of Radio Liberty, comments that the musical focus may give Farda large audiences "but it will never create the ability to affect political evolution that the Voice of America, the BBC and Radio Liberty had during the Cold War."
In contrast he says, "
U.S.-funded Radio Liberty, by appealing to mature, well-educated listeners in the Soviet Union, regularly reached people close to the power structure. Émigré broadcasters, many of them well-known to their listeners as writers or scientists, voiced commentaries or took part in unhurried roundtables that examined questions of Soviet political evolution. Radio Liberty also gave lengthy airplay for documents from dissidents inside the Soviet Union."
RNW comment: As often it would seem both sides have valid points to make in this debate - we can easily see how Farda's output could help engender dissatisfaction with Iran's current internal repression amongst the country's youth - and this could have a long-term effect - but equally Critchlow is correct to say that "short of a mass uprising -- it can do little to change Iran's direction" albeit many would say exactly the same could be said of the output of the stations he champions and it could be argued that it was uprisings that led to the end of the former Soviet Union.
And finally before moving on to listening suggestions, Ian Johns in the London Times "Radio Head" column on Saturday noted the success of talk on the BBC World Service, which recently cut back on music and ditched comedies and quizzes.
Phil Harding, the service's head of the English Network and News, said on a recent edition of BBC Radio 4's "Feedback" programme that this was a case of responding to "80 per cent of the audience, which comes in for news and information".
John also noted success for talk on commercial stations in the UK but put things into context by noting "the statistic that 70 per cent of all listening in Britain is to music." He also indicated that he would prefer the more mixed fare that is currently aired by Radio 4, concluding his column by writing, "But I hope Radio 4 keeps its varied output. Even The Today Programme puts on a music item to show that there's more to the world than politics."
So on to listening suggestions and first "Feedback", the BBC Radio 4 programme mentioned by Johns. Last week's programme dealt with BBC 2 listener - or former listener - reactions to the hiring of Chris Evans as drivetime host, the use by BBC Radio 1 Breakfast Host Chris Moyles of the word "gay" that resulted in a complaint to which the response was that young people use the word to mean "rubbish" or "lame" - a topic to be dealt with at greater length in this week's programme on Friday (13:30) and of particular interest to use the broadcasts by the BBC of short stories.
It is the largest commissioner of such stories in the world, and the BBC web site currently has audio of the five short listed stories in the National Short Story Prize that this year was won, together with a prize of GBP 15,000 (USD 27,500) by "An Anxious Man" by James Lasdun. The programme also carried response to criticism - on the basis of "adult material" included - of Radio 4's scheduling during the UK half-term of Mary Wesley's biography "Wild Mary" as Book of the Week and of "Ottoline and Bertie", a dramatisation of the affair between Bertrand Russell and Lady Ottoline Morrell.
Sticking with Radio 4, we'd suggest "School of Rock" from Saturday, the story told by DJ Andy Kershaw, of the glory days of university venues for bands: Kershaw was Entertainments Secretary for the students' union at Leeds University, known, even if he did not book the gig, as the venue for "the Who live at Leeds" and which attracted many big name groups.
And for a third offering from Radio 4 we'd suggest last week's "Any Questions" and the listeners' response programme "Any Answers" for the comment on the death of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi of which one panellist, former Liberal Party leader and until January this year the international community's High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina Paddy Ashdown commented that he would have preferred to "see the man brought to justice":
Also on the topic al al-Zarqawi's death we'd suggest last week's "On the Media"from WNYC in which Rand Corporation terrorism expert Bruce Hoffman suggests that the still of the dead man may ultimately have the opposite effect to that intended in releasing it: Rather regrettably the comment by Colleen Graffy, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy, to the BBC that the three Guantanamo suicides were a "good PR move to draw attention" were made after this interview as we'd have been interested to hear what he might have said to this.
As a factually statement it's certainly true but its effect in the Muslim world as opposed to Republican Americans may not be as intended and it could yet be that the very public firing of Graffy could potentially be seen as also a "good PR move".
Next we suggest the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and a combination of the oddball and spiritual cum politics available in its worthy list of MP3 downloads (or as a stream).
First the spiritual and "The Religion Report" that last week included an item on the persecution in Iraq of the little known pacifist sect, the Iraqi Mandaeans: The previous week's programme had included an item on the persecution in Iran of another small sect, the Baha'i whose activities Iranian leader Ayatollah Khameni has ordered monitored.
In slightly different vein the last two weeks of "Spirit of Things" looked at the importance of what it terms "bricks and mortar that are consecrated as sacred places" last week and the week before featured TV broadcaster Lord Robert Winston, who gained his peerage for fertility research and whose Orthodox Jewish tradition sees little conflict between science and religion
Finally from the ABC the oddball in the shape of "Night Air", the most recent edition of which was what it described as "that icon of Australian architecture: the shack."
Then a "green" programme from Radio Netherlands tomorrow in "EuroQuest" that among other things considers London's first comprehensive ethical fashion exhibition, the problems of disposing of mobile phones, and the way water is used as well as, in less green manner, the culinary options available for World Cup fans in Germany at the moment.
Also from Radio Netherlands we'd suggest last week's "A Good Life " from Friday, which looked at the history and achievements of the micro-credit movement that was begun by the "Grameen Bank" in Bangladesh 30 years ago as well as what "the information society" means for Africa and the lives of Indian widows.
Then to Ireland and RTÉ Radio 1's " Morning Ireland "from last Tuesday (Jun 6)- so only available for another few hours and the item "Radio re-scheduling plans raises eyebrows at the Arts Council".
We listened to this because of a review of the programme by Gerry McCarthy in his UK Sunday Times " Radio Waves " column about Irish Radio.
To quote McCarthy "One of the most extraordinary sounds on Irish radio, not heard often enough, is that of Cathal Mac Coille eating people alive
On Tuesday he gave his ultimate boss, Adrian Moynes, a going-over in relation to the axing of Rattlebag from the Radio 1 schedule. The surprise was how easily - and vituperatively - the managing director of RTE radio crumpled.". Make your own mind up with just over 8mins of listening.
Then back to the BBC and Radio 3 , first last Saturday's "Jazz File" that in the fourth of the "Miles Davis at 80" series that begins with the launch of the jazz-rock-fusion movement in 1969 and the album "In a Silent Way" and moves on to the Bitches Brew project.
Next Saturday (17:00GMT|) looks at the years from 1975 when illness forced the trumpeter to give up playing until his return in 1981.
Then yesterday and "Drama on 3 ", an adaptation of "The epic of Gilgamesh" that may have been the first story to have ever been written down , telling in the Mesopotamia of more than 4,000 years ago the tale of King Gilgamesh's adventures fighting monsters. It was followed by the Sunday feature, "You must remember this" in which oral historian Alan Dein looks at the story of oral history.
For the classical fans, we suggest "Performance on 3" on Thursday (18:30GMT) with Britten's War Requiem in Richard Hickox's final concert in Wales as Principal Conductor of the BBC National Orchestra of Wales.
Then to end with another oddball in "The Greatest Free Show On Earth" on Radio 4 on Friday, the story of the annual, century-old Whit Friday brass band competition with the objective of playing in as many Lancashire villages as possible in six hours.
Washington Post - Indecency Primer:
2006-06-12: Reporting on radio expansion plans by Denis O'Brien, who owns Dublin stations Newstalk 106,which is soon to go quasi-national (See RNW May 23 ) and 98FM and also has radio assets in central and eastern Europe, the UK Sunday Times lists amongst his actual or potential intentions a bid for Waterford station WLR and East Coast Radio in Bray plus bids for the new youth-based north west regional service advertised last month (See RNW May 20 ) and south west regional licences for which three applications were made (See RNW Apr 20 ) that are to be considered by the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland (BCI) at its meeting next week.
O'Brien is a major shareholder in East Coast Radio, which is also on the market, and the Sunday Times says he is believed to have pre-emption rights on the other shares at East Coast but it is not clear if he would exercise them.
WLR, whose sale is being handled by KPMG, is reported to have attracted several potential bidders including O'Brien's Communicorp group, Alpha Newspapers, Emap - which owns Today FM and Radio Kerry, and UTV, with a price of up to Euros 15 million (USD 19 million) although the Sunday Times gives a range of Euros 8-10 million (USD 10-12 million).
WLR began life as a pirate station in 1978, and went legal in 1989: Major shareholders include managing director Des Whelan, the largest single shareholder who has said he will hold his stake, radio technician Egidio Giani, who owns 28%, and businessmen Peter Queally of Dawn Meats, Gerry Sheridan of Sheridan Motors and Redmond O'Donoghue, a former chief executive of Waterford Wedgwood.
Apart from its licence assets include premises in Waterford valued at around Euros 4 million (USD 5 million), another site in Dungarvan, and 30% per cent stake in south east regional station Beat.
UK Sunday Times report :
2006-06-12: As World Cup soccer gets under way All India Radio (AIR) has tied up with the BBC for English-language commentary on 11 key matches from Allan Green and John Murray of BBC Radio 5 Live.
These will be broadcast on Air's network of 65 primary service stations and 17 rainbow FM channels with late night matches on the Vividh Bharati service.
For the semi finals and finals, AIR will use its own teams to provide commentary in Hindi and English.
Indians who subscribe to the WorldSpace satellite service will also be able to listen to World Cup soccer on its "Play" channel on the AsiaStar satellite with programming produced in association with the BBC and TWI (Trans World International)(See RNW Jun 9 ).
Previous BBC :
2006-06-11: The main regulatory news this week was of things to come - namely the signing into effect by President Bush of the Broadcast Indecency Act that was passed by the House last week (See RNW Jun 8 ) and will increase penalties ten-fold to a maximum of USD 325,000 per offence: Elsewhere Canada published a run of radio decisions but otherwise things were fairly quiet with no radio decisions announced in Australia or Ireland.
In Canada, radio decisions from the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) included the following (In order of province):
Alberta:
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language, non-commercial station CKBF-FM, Suffield, which provides a service for British Armed Forces personnel and their dependents stationed at Canadian Forces Base Suffield.
British Columbia:
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language, low-power station CHPA-FM, Port Alberni.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language commercial station CFGP-FM, Grande Prairie, and its transmitters CFGP-FM-1, Peace River, and CFGP-FM-2, Tumbler Ridge.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language Type B community station CJLY-FM, Nelson, and its transmitter CJLY-FM-1, Kootenay Bay.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language, commercial station CISL-AM, Richmond.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language commercial station CFUN-AM, Vancouver.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language commercial station CHQM-FM, Vancouver.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language commercial station CJJR-FM, Vancouver.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language commercial station CKKQ-FM, Victoria, and its transmitter CKKQ-FM-1, Sooke.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language commercial station CKZZ-FM, Vancouver.
Manitoba:
*Renewal until to 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language, commercial station CJEL-FM, Winkler.
Newfoundland and Labrador:
*Extension to 27 February 2007 of the deadline for to 27 February 2007 to commence operation of a new community FM approved in 2002. It is the fourth extension of the deadline.
Northwest Territories:
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of French-language, Type A community FM radio programming undertaking CIVR-FM, Yellowknife.
Ontario:
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English- and French-language low-power station CFJW-FM, Chapleau.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language, commercial station CJBB-FM, Englehart.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language, commercial station CKFM-FM, Toronto.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language, low-power station CKTR-FM, North Bay.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language, commercial station CJYE-AM, Oakville.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language, low-power station CKBB-FM, Sudbury.
Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language, commercial station CFRB-AM, Toronto and its short-wave transmitter CFRX-AM.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language, commercial station CHUM-AM, Toronto.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of English-language, commercial station CHUM-FM, Toronto.
Quebec:
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of French-language religious FM VF8007, Acton Vale.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of French-language religious FM, VF8002 Louiseville.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of French-language Type A community station CHEF-FM, Matagami.
*Approval of application by Aboriginal Voices Radio Inc. to operate its new native Type B FM in Montréal at 106.7 MHz with power of 320 watts in place of its originally proposed use of 100.1 with a power of 1,000 watts.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of French-language religious station CHPV-FM, Scotstown.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of French-language religious FM, VF8001 Shawinigan-Sud.
*Renewal until 31 August 2013 of licence of French-language Type B community station CIAX-FM Windsor.
Saskatchewan:
*Approval of new 46,800 watts FM transmitter in North Battleford to rebroadcast the programming of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's national English-language network service Radio Two originating from CBK-FM, Regina.
The CRTC also issued a public notice regarding various applications for which the deadline for submission of interventions or comments is July 11. It included the following radio applications:
Alberta:
*Application by O.K. Radio Group Ltd to increase the power of CKYX-FM, Fort McMurray, from 2,790 watts to 40,000 watts and also increase its antenna height.
*Application by O.K. Radio Group Ltd to increase the power of CJOK-FM, Fort McMurray, from 10,700 watts to 40,000 watts and also increase its antenna height.
Ontario:
Application by Rock 95 Broadcasting (Barrie-Orillia) Ltd. to renew the licence of commercial station CKMB-FM, Barrie, expiring 31 August 2006. The application includes proposals regarding Canadian Talent Development contributions and aboriginal radio initiatives including a note that Rock 95 has recognized arrears totalling CAD 102,403.73 (around USD 92,500) in contributions toward support for other native broadcasting related initiatives incurred over the course of the first licence term. Rock 95 has proposed to adhere to the condition of licence that these arrears be paid and divided into equal yearly amounts through the second term of the licence.
*Application to increase the power of CJOA-FM, Thunder Bay, from 50 watts to 250 watts and decrease the antenna height, which would change the station's status from a low power unprotected service to a regular Class A1 service. The applicant, Thunder Bay Christian Radio, indicated that from June 2004 it ceased operation of the transmitter CJOA-FM-1, Candy Mountain.
Yukon Territory:
Application by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) to extend the period of time from 1 June 2006 until 31 December 2006, to simulcast the programming of CFWH-AM, Whitehorse on the FM band following the commencement of operation of new transmitter CBDN-AM, Dawson.
A three-months simulcast period was approved at the time the CBDN-AM transmitter, which began operations on March 1 was improved but the CBC has said it has been approached by a local communication society who has expressed interest in taking over the FM undertaking and operates it as a community-owned transmitter. The CBS says it believes that extending the simulcast period would allow discussions to continue as well as listeners would benefit from an uninterrupted FM service for at least another six months.
In another public notice the CRTC listed transfers of ownership and changes in the effective control of broadcasting undertakings that it has authorized during the period 1 March 2006 to 30 April 2006.
Transfers included the following:
Manitoba:
*Transfer of the ownership and control of CKJS Limited, licensee of CKJS-AM, Winnipeg, from C.G. Stanczykowski & Associates Limited to Newcap Inc.
New Brunswick:
*Transfer of the ownership and control of TFG Communications Inc., licensee of CFHA-FM, Saint John, New Brunswick, from Mr. Thomas F. Gamblin to Mr. Geoffrey Rivett.
There were, as noted, no radio announcements from Ireland but in the UK, Ofcom advertised a new FM licence for Preston in Lancashire and also awarded the licence for Newry in Northern Ireland to Five FM (Newry and Mourne FM Ltd) (See RNW Jun 9 ).
In the US, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) as well as seeing various commissioners welcome its expected increase in indecency penalties as noted also proposed some current penalties for late filings and public notice breaches (See RNW Jun 10 ).
In addition it published a list of 116 radio stations and 28 TV stations randomly selected for spot-checks for compliance with its Equality of Employment Opportunity (EE0) regulations. The list covers markets of all sizes and commercial and non-commercial stations.
In addition the FCC is also coming under pressure already about expected renewed attempts, now it is at full strength, to change its media ownership regulations: The pressures include a letter from US Senators Byron Dorgan (North Dakota Democrat) and Trent Lott (Mississippi Republican) that says before ownership regulation in allowed the FCC needs to show evidence that broadcasters are "serving their local communities" and that its Localism Task Force should complete its study on the matter before pressing ahead on changes (See RNW Jun 8 ).
Ofcom web site :
2006-06-11: The Canadian Broadcast Standards Council (CBSC) has ruled that what it termed "Coarse Language" broadcast on Quebec City station CJMF-FM's weekday morning show "Bouchard en parle" breached the Canadian Association of Broadcasters' (CAB) Code of Ethics.
The programme discussions about current events, opinion segments and interviews and the CBSC said political comments and criticism of the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), about which there had also been a complaint, did not breach the code.
During the programme on November 3 last year, host Sylvain Bouchard used the French swear word "tabernac'" [An all purpose expletive in French Canada, derived from taking the word "tabernacle" in vain, and often used as "fuck" or "shit" would be in English] as an interjection and also the English word "fuck."
The CBSC panel found the use of "tabernac" had breached the code - commenting that the "use of the language was gratuitous. Not only was it unnecessary, it was irrelevant to the phrases it adorned" but in the case of the word "fuck" said it did not breach the code as the word itself was the subject of discussion rather than being used coarsely in other contexts- he had said," Sending a complaint to the CRTC because you heard the word "fuck" on the air. Geez! You hear it about thirty times a day on Radio-Canada..."
The station has responded to the complainant by saying the host, "he never did blaspheme according to the definition that this consists of adding the term "maudit" [damned] to a sacred word. He did in fact use the word "tabernac' in a fit of anger, in the style of Michel Chartrand, Pierre Falardeau, or that of one of Michel Tremblay's characters. He wishes to state, however, that it is always the exception and not his standard practice. Moreover, he never said he wanted to use the word fuck, but rather that he felt the complaint on that issue was ridiculous."
RNW comment: In view of the recent US vote to hike broadcast indecency penalties to USD 325,000 maximum per incident, Bouchard is rather lucky to be living north of the border in a country, normally regarded as more censorious than the US. From our perspective the response here seems to be rather a case of more thoughtful, less jerk, and more amenable to considering an issue than responding with a soundbite.
Previous CBSC :
2006-06-11: The BBC has renewed its radio and TV deal with Jonathan Ross at a reported GBP 18 million (USD 33 million), which would make him the highest paid broadcaster in the UK.
Ross was reported to have been offered this amount by Channel 4 TV, where he began his career, but opted to remain with the corporation where he hosts a TV chat show, weekly movie programme and a weekly three-hour Saturday morning programme on BBC Radio 2 for which was recently reported to be paid GBP 530,000 (USD 945,000) a year (See RNW Apr 19 ). He has been hosting the show since 1999.
Previous Ross :
2006-06-10: BIA Financial Network (BIAFn) in its "2006 Investing In Radio Market Report" just published is forecasting 2006 revenue increases below 2.3% for the country's top 25 radio groups, above the 1.5% of 2005, although it says in smaller markets Phoenix could grow Lake Charles, Louisiana by up to 6% just ahead of Lafayette, Louisiana and Augusta, Georgia with 5.5% each.
BIAfn vice president Mark R. Fratrik, Ph.D. commented, "Radio continues to experience sluggish growth and is not keeping pace with growth in the economy," adding, "Despite this bleak outlook, radio is by no means a dying medium; it just has challenges. Some markets are actually rebounding and performing well."
As to reasons he commented, "We can guess why stations are doing poorly - iPods, clutter, Internet - so when we see any of them finish the year with greater than 2.5 percent growth, we know that they have been successful in retaining or attracting certain demographics like younger people to the medium or expanding their own advertising based content distribution
That formula might be taking the form of multi-casting, podcasting, a change in format, better promotions, or even increasing partnerships with locally-based music venues and musicians or other content providers and distribution outlets."
He also noted in connection with CBS Radio's announcement that it has put its stations in ten markets up for sale (See RNW May 24 ) Fratrik said this "might be the most obvious illustration that some radio groups are re-evaluating their assets and that 2006 may prove to be a year of transition and added, "Stations will continue to find buyers intending to put those frequencies to good use. Whether these transitions will have an overall positive affect on the industry remains to be seen."
Clear Channel continues to dominate the industry - with 1,171 stations and 2005 revenues of USD 3.53 billion followed by CBS Radio with - before any sell-off - 179 stations and revenues of USD 2.24 billion; Entercom with 104 stations and revenues of USD 486 million; Cox Radio Inc with 78 stations and revenues of USD 483 million and then Citadel/ABC with 24 stations and revenues of USD 417 million and Citadel Communications with 215 stations and revenues of USD 413 million.
Univision, which is up for sale, is in eighth rank - behind Radio One Inc and at the tail end of the tip 25 are Regent Communications, Journal Communications, NextMedia Group, Inner City Broadcasting, Sandusky Radio and Multicultural Radio Broadcasting, all with revenues below the USD 100 million mark.
Previous Clear Channel :
2006-06-10: Toronto-headquartered Standard Radio Inc. (SRI) - a subsidiary of Standard Broadcasting Corp., the largest privately owned broadcaster in the country that is controlled by the family of Allan Slaight - has delayed its planned initial public offering of units of its Income Fund, citing as a reason recent market conditions.
It filed a preliminary prospectus for the offering last month for the fund, which was created to indirectly acquire and hold an interest in SR Limited Partnership ("Standard Radio"), which has been formed to acquire, among other things, certain of SRI's radio broadcasting assets, the shares of Integrated Media Sales Inc. held by SRI, and the business of Sound Source Networks operated by Standard Broadcast Productions Limited.
According to the preliminary prospectus, Standard Radio generated revenue of CAD 200.3 million (USD 180.9 million) in the year to Feb. 28, with net income of CAD 40.1 million (USD 36.9 million) and estimated distributable cash of CAD 60 million (USD 54.2 million).
Standard's plans had been considered likely to provide an impetus for Montreal-headquartered Astral Media Inc. to convert itself into a trust that could lead it to make a bid for Standard, which operates 51 commercial stations. Such a bid if successful would take the larger Astral into first rank among Canadian radio operators with around a 23% share of industry revenues.
Previous Standard :
2006-06-10: Clear Channel says its corporate giving in 2005 exceeded USD 1 billion, its largest ever one-year total - some USD 845 million from Clear Channel Radio, USD 80 million from Clear Channel Outdoor, USD 61 million from Clear Channel Television, and USD 41 million from Clear Channel International Radio.
By far the largest single category for Clear Channel Radio "donations" was USD 664 million in air time donated to public service announcements
Other sums listed were USD 59 million for relief efforts in the wake of natural disasters such as Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and USD 122 million raised through fundraising efforts.
Similarly of the USD 61 million from Clear Channel TV, USD 28.6 million was airtime donated for public service announcements, USD 21.7 million came from fundraising efforts, and USD 10.8 million was for relief efforts following natural disasters.
Clear Channel CEO Mark Mays said of the year, "2005 was a special year for Clear Channel as the impact of our contributions was felt on national and local levels more than ever. Our people have championed causes ranging from aiding those devastated by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita to the greatest donation by a media company to the Ad Council, which is part of an ongoing effort to support the country's leading producer of public service announcements."
Clear Channel Radio president and CEO John Hogan added, "Because of our reach in local communities, we're able to make philanthropic decisions that have the greatest impact on local neighbourhoods, whether it's in support of local children's hospitals and shelters, food banks, educational support programs or healthcare organizations."
RNW comment: Valuable though the effort may well be the total is in our view a matter of corporate self-promotion - we were tempted to use another term beginning with bull followed by four more letters.
Of we look at the total in terms of what an ordinary human would count as "giving" the PSAs should probably not count - our view is that these only have a monetary value if other adverts were turned down to clear time for the PSAs to be broadcast- and the sums for fundraising efforts will be mainly monies donated by others, as indeed may well be much of the amount listed for relief efforts.
Had Clear Channel used the term "raised" - as is done by charitable organizations, which do not speak of "giving" - we might have felt more charitably about their self-promotion.
As it is our view is that the total that could properly be regarded as "corporate giving" - money that Clear Channel took from its own bottom line - is probably in any real terms likely to be less than USD 50 million rather than more then USD 1 billion. And that is neglecting the fact that much of any such effort is tax deductable- in other words controlling where funds go rather than actually taking money from a corporate bottom line.
Clear Channel is of course welcome to send us a further breakdown and justification of their news release and we will publish it all, albeit we may feel further comment is then worthy.
Previous Mark Mays :
2006-06-10: In a run of licence renewals the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has granted the renewal applications but rapped the applicants over the knuckles and proposed fines for breaches of regulations including public inspection file offences and failure to file the renewal application on time.
Cases where renewal applications were made late included:
Florida: Renewal of the licence of WMEL-AM, Melbourne, now in receivership.
The FCC also proposed a penalty of USD 1,500 - half the normal base level of USD 3,000 for failure to file the renewal application on time.
The station is now controlled by the Receiver, David Ryder, but previous licensee, Twin Towers Broadcasting Inc. had filed a late application in January 2004 before the licence expired only to have it dismissed under the Commission's "Red Light" debt collection program.
Twin Towers had then sought Special Temporary Authorization to continue operating and also filed another licence application but then defaulted on various financial obligations as a result of which it was placed in the hands of the receiver by the courts.
The FCC said it had halved the penalty and also opted not to impose any penalty for unauthorized operation because the initial dismissal of the Twin Tower's application was not final and in view of the overall circumstances.
Illinois: Application by Best Media, Inc. for license renewal for FM Translator Station W207BI, University Park.
Best Media after finding the application had not been made had contacted counsel who arranged for the filing and subsequently a request for Special Temporary Authorization ("STA") - which was granted - to operate the Station, pending consideration of the renewal application. Best media had also said that until it received a Notice of Apparent Liability for another late-filed renewal application, it did not realize that it needed to seek STA to operate the station, pending staff consideration of the late-filed renewal application.
The base penalties are USD 3,000 for failure to file a required form and USD 10,000 for operating without a licence but the FCC reduced the latter to USD 4,000 on the basis that this was not like a pirate operation and the station's history of compliances and service to the public interest.
Iowa: Application by the Des Moines Independent School District for renewal of its expired license for non commercial educational Station KDPS-FM, Des Moines.
A penalty of USD 7,000 is proposed for operating the station whilst unauthorized after FCC staff had written saying the licence had expired, authority to operate had been terminated and the call letters deleted from the FCC data base.
The station had responded by filing a renewal application and a request -subsequently granted - for Special Temporary Authorization ("STA") to operate the Station, pending consideration of the renewal application. Again the FCC proposed the full base penalty of USD 3,000 for failure to file a required form but reduced the base penalty of USD 10,000 for operating without a licence to USD 4,000 on the basis that this was not like a pirate operation.
Michigan: Application by Best Media, Inc. for license renewal for FM translator Station W206BI, Hamtramck.
Best Media after finding the application had not been made had contacted counsel who arranged for the filing and subsequently a request for Special Temporary Authorization ("STA") - which was granted - to operate the Station, pending consideration of the renewal application.
Best media had also said that until it received a Notice of Apparent Liability for another late-filed renewal application, it did not realize that it needed to seek STA to operate the station, pending staff consideration of the late-filed renewal application.
New Mexico: Renewal of the licence of RealRadio, L.L.C.'s KRSN-AM, Los Alamos: The FCC proposed a USD 1,500 penalty for failure to file the application by the deadline although in this case it was filed before the licence applied and a Special Temporary Authorization had been requested to allow continuing operation pending consideration of the renewal, leading the FCC to halve the normal USD 3,000 base penalty.
Texas: Application by Best Media, Inc. for license renewal for FM translator Station K217DP, Barker.
Best Media after finding the application had not been made had contacted counsel who arranged for the filing and subsequently a request for Special Temporary Authorization ("STA") - which was granted - to operate the Station, pending consideration of the renewal application. Best media had also said that until it received a Notice of Apparent Liability for another late-filed renewal application, it did not realize that it needed to seek STA to operate the station, pending staff consideration of the late-filed renewal application.
In other cases licence renewals were granted but penalties proposed for public inspection file breaches. These involved:
California: Renewal of the licence of Urban Radio III, L.L.C.'s KVTO-AM, Berkeley.
The FCC also proposed a USD 10,000 penalty, the usual base level, for the public file breach.
Urban had advised that its issues and programs lists for the periods from July 1, 1998 to March 31, 2000, and from July 1 to October 31, 2000, were missing from the Station's public inspection file but had subsequently reconstructed them and placed them in the file. In this case the FCC noted that the violations were extensive, running over three years and said it felt the USD 10,000 base penalty was appropriate.
Massachusetts: Renewal of the licence of Charles River Broadcasting WKPE License Corporation's WKPE-FM, Orleans.
The FCC proposed a USD 4,000 penalty - as opposed to the normal base level penalty of USD 10,000 - for failing to retain required documentation in the station's public inspection file.
Charles River had advised that in mid-2004 responsibility for preparation of the issues-programs lists was assigned to a different staff member in an administrative change but said the individual inexplicably failed to complete this assignment and is no longer with the Company. It added that lists for the third and fourth quarters of 2004, and for 2005, had been reconstructed from backup materials and all issues-programs lists are now in the local public file.
Relating to public inspection files, Clear Channel Radio has just announced successful implementation of the first and largest deployment in the broadcast industry of its proprietary Electronic Public Inspection File ("E-PIF") electronic inspection system that ensures and certifies FCC compliance of all public files.
Clear Channel Radio developed the system to maintain documents for on-demand, public viewing from all of its main studio locations and the company says surprise FCC audits conducted in Anchorage, Davenport, Denver, Macon, Springfield and Toledo have confirmed E-PIF's proficiency as a replacement to the current Public File.
Clear Channel is planning to offer the system, which it says allows documents to be added locally or remotely to a station, a market or the entire company with a few clicks and also sends automatic emails as reminders of upcoming deadlines, to other broadcasters as part of the Viero product suite, LAN International's flagship enterprise technology offering for broadcasters.
Previous FCC :
2006-06-09: Arbitron, which last month added CBS as the first major radio group to make an agreement to use its Portable People Meter audio ratings system (See RNW May 19 ) and also saw UK radio ratings company RAJAR agree use of the PPM in a major London-area assessment trial (See RNW May 23 ), has now added four more US radio groups with more than 80 more stations to its list for when it deploys the system. It plans to roll out the PPM in the top 50 US markets beginning next month in Houston if it gains Media Rating Council accreditation.
As when it gained its first major contact had concentrated its efforts on getting advertising agency support for its Portable People Meter audio ratings system, but this year started announcing radio company deals with announcements of agreements with Beasley Broadcast (See RNW Feb 1 ) and Spanish Broadcasting System (See RNW Feb 25 ). In May it also announced a four-year agreement with WBEB-FM in Philadelphia.
The latest agreements are with Bonneville International Corporation; Emmis Communications Corporation; Greater Media, Inc. and Lincoln Financial Media, which owns the former Jefferson-Pilot radio stations.
Arbitron president, Sales and Marketing Pierre Bouvard said of the agreement, "We have worked hard to demonstrate that, for today and for the foreseeable future, the Portable People Meter is the best solution available to bring electronic measurement to the U.S. radio industry."
"We have listened respectfully to the industry's requirements over the past five years fielding numerous trials and studies, many at the direct request of our customers," he added. "And we've consistently shared the results of our research with the entire industry. We are gratified that all our years of close cooperation are being rewarded with the support of thought leaders in the radio business."
In their statements concerning the agreements, two of the companies referred to the internet although not directly referring to measurement of internet listening.
Bruce Reese, president and chief executive officer of Bonneville International Corporation said, "Radio needs to embrace new technologies and try to take advantage of them. The Portable People Meter will enhance our ability to harness new technologies, such as Internet and HD Radio, and to expand the terrific loyalty we have with our audiences over the air through services on new platforms that they will also find attractive" and he was backed up by Greater Media president and CEO Peter Smyth who said he saw "radio emerging as the leader and premiere content provider in the audio entertainment business" and added , "Our goal is to establish loyal, long-term relationships with our listeners and clients, whether it's through our traditional broadcasts, our web streams, our multicast channels or our podcasts."
At Emmis, chairman, president and CEO Jeff Smulyan concentrated on traditional radio saying, "Advertisers and agencies have been clear about their desire for better data and a more accurate way to buy radio. By signing for the PPM, Emmis will have better audience information for our sales and programming efforts. The PPM will help us persuade the decision-makers who advertise their products and brands that radio can do a better job for them than their other media choices" and in similar vein Lincoln Financial Media Radio Division president Don Benson said, "Radio needs to make the move to electronic measurement sooner rather than later, in order to grow our audiences and advertising revenue as well as to respond to the needs of our clients."
RNW comment: After a sticky period in March when Nielsen dropped out of a joint venture to develop the PPM for TV use, Arbitron seems to have gained some momentum but it still has much ground to cover and of the six other companies that responded to Clear Channel's call for proposals for a state-of-the art electronic radio ratings service the two contenders left in addition to the PPM - the MediaAudit/Ipsos smart cell phone system and MediaMark Research's bid with a system based on parent GfK's Media Watch - are both potentially serious contenders, particularly the smart phone proposals.
In Houston, where Arbitron plans to launch the PPM, it still lacks any agreement for use of the system by Clear Channel, which has eight stations in the market, Cumulus, KCOH Inc., Liberman and Salt of Earth while Cox Radio and Radio One Inc. refused to take part in the trial.
Previous Smulyan :
2006-06-09: 2006 FIFA World Cup soccer is expected to give a fillip to satellite radio with XM offering play-by-play coverage in both English and Spanish and WorldSpace also offering cover starting today: The first game is Germany v Costa Rica at 16:00 GMT (Noon ET).
The WorldSpace programming is being produced by a dedicated team of more than 30 individuals, in association with the BBC and Trans World International (TWI) and is to air on the channels 'Play' (on AsiaStar), 'talkSPORT' (on AfriStar), and on both satellites' BBC channels.
In the UK, talkSPORT, now owned by UTV, is going head to head with BBC Radio 5 Live during the World Cup with live coverage of every match and it will also be broadcast in Germany on digital spectrum, the only UK broadcaster that can be tuned to in the training camp.
XM will offer 31 days of 24-hour coverage that is to include English broadcasts of 56 live matches and Spanish broadcasts of 50 live games, the former on its dedicated FIFA World Cup Soccer channel and the latter on its Spanish-language sports channel XM Deportivo
In addition to its broadcasts, US residents will also be able to listen on some terrestrial stations including 50,000 watts KMXE-AM, which is owned by the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim baseball team and Entravision's KLYY-FM in Los Angeles; KQRT-FM, Las Vegas, Nevada; KZMP-FM, Dallas, Texas and KSVE-AM, El Paso, Texas.
Previous XM :
2006-06-09: UK media regulator Ofcom has awarded the new local commercial FM licence for Newry in Northern Ireland to Five FM (Newry and Mourne FM Ltd): Its bid of a "full service music and information station" was competing against Quay 100's offering of the best music from the past four decades plus modern country music (See RNW Mar 10 ).
Ofcom has also advertised a licence for Preston and surrounding areas, including the towns of Chorley and Leyland, in Lancashire with a deadline for applications of September 7.
The licence will cover an area with an adult population of around 270,000 and applications have to be submitted with a non-refundable free of GBP 5,000 (USD 9,200).
Previous Ofcom :
2006-06-09: US President George W. Bush has said he intends to sign the "Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act" that was passed by the House of Representatives and increases the maximum penalty for an incident of broadcast indecency ten-fold to USD 325,000 (See RNW Jun 8 ).
In a statement, the President said: "I believe that government has a responsibility to help strengthen families. This legislation will make television and radio more family friendly by allowing the FCC to impose stiffer fines on broadcasters who air obscene or indecent programming."
Passage of the Act was welcomed in statements from Federal Communications Commission (FCC) chairman Kevin J. Martin and Republican commissioner Deborah Taylor Tate.
Martin in his statement commented, "I welcome Congress' decision to give the Commission increased fining authority in our efforts to protect children from inappropriate programming. Many parents are increasingly concerned about what is on television and radio today. Today's vote demonstrates that Congress shares their concern and has a clear desire for a more meaningful enforcement of our decency standard."
"The Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act," he continued, "gives the Commission more tools to enable parents to watch television and listen to radio as a family. In addition, I believe that concerns regarding content should be addressed in a comprehensive fashion by empowering parents to choose the programming that comes into their homes."
Tate said, "Congress has once again sent a firm message that the minds of our children are a national priority. Increased fines strengthen the FCC's ability to enforce the law. I take this responsibility very seriously
"
Although he has not issued a statement on the vote, Democrat Commissioner Michael J Copps had spoken on the subject in an address to the Kaiser Family Foundation/New America Foundation's Kidvid Summit in Washington D.C., linking the problem with media concentration.
Copps said parents were "concerned about Big Media's race to the bottom; they wonder if there even is a bottom. They have a right to be concerned. With young people watching more than 1000 hours of TV a year, with a bombardment of sex and violence wrapped between tens of thousands of commercials, parents wonder what ever happened to the security of knowing that when they turn on the television, they won't be shocked or embarrassed by what the airwaves bring to their children."
Copps said the broadcasters, parents and FCC could do more adding that "when broadcasters step over the line, the FCC has a duty to act. We have a mandate to protect children from indecent programming. That's the law-not for the FCC to debate but for the FCC to enforce."
Copps added that the "media issue that trumps all others in affecting kids" was media ownership and later said," If you want a world where parents have input into media content, a world where media is about more than selling eyeballs to advertisers, a world where there is wholesome programming for children, then you need to participate proactively in this issue. Insist upon public FCC hearings. Insist upon getting answers to the tough questions before we vote. Insist-I intend to-on examining the relationship between media consolidation and family-friendly programming.
Dennis Wharton, spokesman for the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) said that NAB continued to believe that when it came to programming content, "responsible self-regulation is preferable to government regulation."
Radio and Records Online quoted Clear Channel Communications EVP/Chief Legal Officer Andy Levin as commenting in similar but rather weaker terms, saying, "While we believe self-regulation is always preferable when you're talking about regulating speech, we believe this bill is a measured approach to the indecency problem. On the other hand, we hope never to be on the receiving end of any of these fines."
Previous Tate :
2006-06-09: Sirius Satellite Radio has announced plans to spend around USD 260 million on the design and construction of a new satellite, to be launched into a geostationary orbit to complement Sirius' existing three satellites.
Like these it is to be built by Space Systems/Loral, a subsidiary of Loral Space & Communications and Sirius expects construction to be completed in the fourth quarter of 2008 for subsequent planned launch on a Proton rocket under a contract previously announced between Sirius and International Launch Services (ILS).
Sirius says the resulting "unique hybrid constellation will provide unparalleled redundancy, enhanced coverage and exceptional performance."
CEO Mel Karmazin commented, "This investment in next generation space technology will improve Sirius' already exceptional service experience. Not only will this satellite support our other three satellites currently in orbit, but it will also improve reception for all Sirius subscribers whether they are in their car, office, home or jogging in the park."
Sirius noted that the costs of the purchase and launch of the satellite were anticipated in its cash flow guidance and says it "continues to expect that its first quarter of positive free cash flow, after capital expenditures, could be reached as early as the fourth quarter of 2006, and that the company will be free cash flow positive, after capital expenditures, for the full-year 2007."
Previous Sirius :
2006-06-09: WGN-AM, Chicago, has announced the appointment of Bob Shomper as its program director. He joins the Tribune-owned station from ABC-owned WBAP-AM in Dallas/Ft. Worth, where he was operations manager/program director.
WGN vice president/general manager Tom Langmyer said in a statement on the WGN web site, "Bob is a seasoned broadcaster with vast experience in the news-talk-sports format. His success in working with talent at a major market news/talk station makes him an excellent fit for WGN. Having grown up listening to WGN in the Quad Cities, he understands the unique bond WGN has with its listeners throughout the Midwest."
Shomper was born in Davenport, Iowa, where he worked alongside WGN breakfast host Spike O'Dell and he commented of his appointment, "When Spike O'Dell left the Quad-Cities in 1987 to go to WGN, he grew from star to living legend. That's the kind of place WGN is. I've been blessed to share in the success of some of America's great broadcasting companies and heritage radio stations like ABC and WBAP. I'm honoured to now be a part of the Tribune Company and the legendary WGN."
Also in Chicago, Robert Feder in his Chicago Sun-Times column reports that Polnet Communications, which just launched a reggaeton format on far north suburban WPJX-AM, has hired Hispanic radio veteran Fernando Jaramillo to double as general manager and afternoon personality.
Jaramillo spent 15 years as music director and on-air personality at Univision Radio's WOJO-FM and later served in the same roles at its WIND-AM and most recently has been program director and midday personality for the "Musica Y Mas" format at WNTD-AM.
As well as his roles at WPJX, he will oversee Polnet's time brokered ethnic stations WKTA-AM and WEEF-AM.
WGN web site :
2006-06-08: The US House of Representatives has passed by a majority of 379 to 35 - with 18 more representatives not voting - the "Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005" that increases the maximum penalty for broadcast indecency from USD 32,500 US to USD 325,000 US per incident with a USD 3 million maximum for continuing violations.
The Act, which was passed unanimously by the US Senate last month (See RNW May 20 ), is expected to gain prompt signature by President George W. Bush.
Its passage was welcomed by the Family Research Council and Parents Television Council, two conservative lobby groups that have been pushing for an increase in penalties, particularly since the 2004 Super Bowl half-time show in which part of one of Janet Jackson's breast was shown momentarily on TV leading to a USD 550,000 fine on CBS, then part of Viacom, by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which has just refused a CBS appeal against the verdict (See Licence News Jun 4 ).
Family Research Council President Tony Perkins said in a news release," No longer will indecency fines be considered by major media broadcasters as an insignificant cost of doing business. The era of 'slap on the wrist' has ended, and a message has been sent to Viacom and other media giants: violate the public trust on the nation's airwaves, and you'll pay the price. The message is simple - clean up or pay up!"
During discussion of the bill Oregon Republican Greg Walden , who with his wife, Mylene, owns and operates five radio stations in Oregon's Columbia Gorge, although supporting the bill expressed concern about uncertainties about FCC indecency decisions, saying that smaller broadcasters in particular needed clarification because a fine could bankrupt them.
Opposing the measure California Democrat Diane Watson said media concentration and a lack of competition were at the root of the problem and called for any re-written media ownership rules to include fulfilling public interest obligations a condition for licence renewal.
Previous FCC :
2006-06-08: BBC Radio 1 - and in particular the Saturday night programming - has been accused by Britain's opposition Conservative leader David Cameron of encouraging knife and gun crime, an accusation Radio 1 controller Andy Parfitt in a statement said he "strongly refutes."
Parfitt added, "The station takes its responsibilities very seriously and has strict producer guidelines that govern all of the output. Hip-hop is a huge international genre with a vibrant UK scene. The music reflects the sometimes harsher realities of people's lives and cultures."
Cameron, whose comments follow similar attacks in the past on rap by former Labour Party Home Secretary David Blunkett and culture minister Kim Howells, made the comments on Tuesday at a British Society of Magazine Editors event where he was asked by "Good Housekeeping" magazine editor June Walton how his party would tackle the problem of knife crime, a topic that British newspapers, and in particular the tabloids, have been highlighting recently.
He said in what was thought to be a reference to the hip-hop show hosted by Tim Westwood, "I would say to Radio 1, do you realise that some of the stuff you play on Saturday nights encourages people to carry guns and knives?"
Cameron said his comments about the station were an example of how he wanted people to speak up when they saw something wrong, even though "you will get lots of bricks thrown at you" if you voice unpopular opinions.
The topic of knife crime was also brought up by Cameron at Prime Ministers' Questions in the British House of Commons on Wednesday when he asked for tougher action over the matter.
RNW comment: Although we have little time for quite a lot of rap and hip-hop - and certainly in the US a number of hosts should certainly in our view be derided as any perusal of news stories about Hot 97 and Power FM will show - the suggestion that Cameron is voicing unpopular occasions on this occasion in a context of heavy campaigning by tabloid newspapers against knife crime is worthy of similar derision. His comments in the Commons were made in a party political context starting with an attempt to gain points by saying the government should have accepted his party's call for increased sentences and the responses by Prime Minister Tony Blair were in similar vein as opposed to there being any attempt to assess the situation realistically and come up with action proportionate to the scale of the problem and what might be the most efficacious action.
Previous Parfitt :
2006-06-08: Former Infinity - now CBS Radio - and Clear Channel executive John Gehron has now formally agreed to become general manager of Oprah Winfrey's Harpo Radio, overseeing operations and programming for the new "Oprah & Friends" channel starting in September on XM Satellite Radio, a move that Robert Feder in his Chicago Sun-Times column says is being "hailed as a match made in broadcasting heaven."
Feder quotes approval and praise from Tom Taylor, editor of Inside Radio who said Gehron "brings instant credibility to Oprah's aspirations in radio. His great respect for the audience and innate understanding of the medium make him an ideal point man for her new venture into satellite radio and beyond." and
Broadcast consultant Jeff McGrath said, "Oprah knows that if you surround yourself with smart, talented people, you can't lose. Now she has an additional superstar staffer to add to her army."
Feder reports that the signing was also welcomed by insiders at Harpo Productions where president Tim Bennett said Gehron "has a well-deserved reputation as one of the most admired and innovative executives in the radio business."
Gehron said he was delighted to be joining the Harpo team, adding, "I look forward to building upon their successful track record of developing the highest level of quality entertainment, featuring unique and dynamic personalities."
Feder column :
2006-06-08: XM Canada says it now has more than 80,000 subscribers and has added deals with Toyota and Lexus to its existing deals with GM, Honda, Nissan and Subaru, that it says means it now has contract relationships with auto manufacturers representing a majority of the 1.6 million new vehicles sold annually in Canada.
President and COO Stephen Tapp said the new alliances, "coupled with our other auto relationships, gives us a potential of almost one million new radio installations per year when each manufacturer is in full production."
"No one else can claim this potential," he added, noting that the company had also recently announced a partnership with Aeroplan recently to "promote XM Canada packages to its more than five million active members in a unique marketing relationship between the two companies."
"No other loyalty program in Canada is near the strength of Aeroplan, so we are excited that they chose to partner with the most popular satellite radio service in the country," said Tapp, adding, "With more than 50 per cent - by vehicles sold - of Canadian car manufacturers signed up as partners and an alliance with the biggest loyalty program in the country, this clearly demonstrates why XM Canada is the leader in satellite radio services and why we will continue to seek opportunities to add listeners while we expand our brand's great awareness."
RNW comment: The figures for the "most popular satellite radio service in the country" with 80,000 subscribers and 100 channels compare to 100,000 subscribers and 110 channels announced last month by Sirius Canada (See RNW May 11 ).
A logical conclusion is that Tapp - a COO? - is somewhat lacking in abilities to count or understand the meanings of words or alternatively has problems in the honsty department since we can't believe he is unaware of the Sirius totals - or even all three, unless of course he is challenging the Sirius figures. Take your pick!
Should he choose to respond, we will of course publish the response but will also analyse it carefully in terms of it the meanings of the words used and the maths involved.
Previous XM Canada :
2006-06-08: US Senators Byron Dorgan (North Dakota Democrat) and Trent Lott (Mississippi Republican) have fired an opening round in the expected US contention over media ownership by writing to Federal Communications Commission (FCC) chairman Kevin J. Martin, who is expected to push for revision of existing rules now that the commission is at full strength with the searing in of Republican Commissioner Robert McDowell (See RNW Jun 3 ).
In the two-page letter, sent last month but not released at the time, the duo say that before ownership regulation in allowed the FCC needs to show evidence that broadcasters are "serving their local communities" and that its Localism Task Force should complete its study on the matter before pressing ahead on changes.
The FCC, they say, "must first establish that there are sufficient mechanisms in place to ensure that broadcasters are serving their local communities before any loosening of ownership can occur."
Previous Martin :
2006-06-08: CBS Radio and Chicago-based Vibes Media have announced a deal to offer text messaging for listeners to 25 of its stations in 19 markets that is says will offer "the ability to personally engage their listeners in real time and create a wide variety of locally customized radio promotions."
The deal involves the Vibes' iRadio Instant Response Text Messaging Platform that has already been supplied to some stations owned by Citadel, Clear Channel, Emmis and XM Satellite Radio but is the first large group deal for Vibes.
Commenting on the deal, CBS radio chairman and CEO Joel Hollander said CBS was "looking for a vehicle to easily interact with our audiences on a one-to-one basis, even during large-scale contests, and Vibes' iRadio platform fits that bill perfectly."
The deal will offer CBS listeners the option to take place in promotions and contests using text messaging from their cell phone, interactive text messaging that CBS says "add a new dimension to radio sponsorships" plus the ability to join mobile clubs that give access to ringtone and wallpaper downloads.
Previous Hollander:
2006-06-07: The US National Association of Broadcasters (NAB), in a letter described by XM Satellite Radio as "another desperate publicity stunt" has written to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) urging it to "to open an investigation to examine the issues raised by free access to satellite radio programming, and to consider whether the inequitable regulatory treatment of satellite and broadcast radio should continue."
In the letter NAB President and CEO David K. Rehr says the "unequal regulatory treatment" of satellite radio and free-to-air broadcasters "appears increasingly unjustifiable, particularly in light of the availability of satellite radio content to non subscribers, including members of the public who object to their receipt of sexually explicit and profane satellite content."
He justifies this comment by reference to "bleed-through" documented by the "Baltimore Sun, Boston Globe and other publications" that has allowed non subscribers listening to FM to receive satellite radio for limited periods" especially listeners to non-commercial stations (See RNW Apr 30 ),
Rehr adds that some listeners have said they "no longer listen to the FM stations of their choice when children are in their cars due to concerns about receiving the undesired satellite programming "and he adds that radio broadcasters are concerned lest this interference problem may subject them to indecency complaints and investigations, forcing them to prove themselves "innocent of broadcasting the indecent material actually aired by Sirius or XM."
Rehr then adds, "The FCC's current policy toward satellite radio is even more inequitable when one considers that, in addition to unwanted receipt of satellite radio programming due to interference, satellite radio content is available to non subscribers in other contexts as well." He cites as examples the availability of satellite radios are available in many cars from major rental car companies and also in new cars from a number of manufacturers that offer months of listening to satellite without a subscription and says that this undermines the argument that satellite should not be regulated because it is a subscription service.
RNW comment: About the only good thing we can find to say about the Rehr letter is that it appeals to an intellectual level about one point above that of the news release from NAB, which says in part," Other non-subscribers are often subjected to satellite radio content free when renting a car through many popular car rental services."
There would appear to us to be a point to be fairly made about the bleed-through - which has already led the FCC to take action and XM or the manufacturers to withdraw some models of receiver from the market (See RNW May 31 ), action that we consider an appropriate and sufficient response.
Beyond that the points made by NAB appear to us appropriate for a nation of children not adults
should parents who hire a car be concerned lest their children hear what they feel is inappropriate material they should surely control the channels tuned to for what would normally be a fairly short period.
As to those who buy a new car, if they find having satellite so objectionable they can always disable the radio or remove it.
The positive response in our view would be for those who think there is a problem to ask dealers and hire companies to supply vehicles with HD/AM/FM receivers rather than satellite ones - if enough people did so we take it the marketplace would react accordingly. They could also put pressure on Sirius and XM to make receivers with a simple method of grouping allowable stations so as to allow an easy bar - technically possible and again something the market is likely to provide if there really is a significant problem.
Previous XM :
2006-06-07: Former San Francisco KIFR-AM (Free FM) host John London, producer Dennis Cruz and sports reporter Chris Townsend from the drivetime" Inferno" show, who were fired by the CBS Radio station in April after London offered a reward on air to anyone who killed his fellow host Penn Jillette (See RNW Apr 12 ) are now suing CBS, KIFR and Jillette.
A statement from their attorney Stephen Bickford of the firm of Nossaman, Guthner, Knox & Elliott said the suit filed in the San Francisco Superior Court seeks damages for breach of contract, wrongful termination, interference with a business contract and other actions.
It notes that London's show was preceded by comments from Jillette about the late Mother Teresa in which he said she "had this weird kink that I think was sexual about seeing people suffer and die" compared her to Charles Manson, said she "got her kicks watching people suffer and die" and concluded by saying of Paris Hilton, who he had said was being considered for a movie about the late nun, "Paris Hilton: you're so much better than that. Don't take the gig. Keep making good wholesome porno films. Just do that. Do what you're cut out for. Don't lower yourself to playing Mother Teresa."
The statement continues, "London on his show said in response, 'Penn Jillette has said on a number of occasions that words do not hurt people. We should be able to say whatever we want, in the open marketplace of ideas. So here's a little string of sentences for ya: How about if I give somebody USD 5,000 to kill ya? I'll add USD 2,000 to that if there's some suffering attached to it.' When asked if torture should be considered, London replied, in mock outrage, 'That would be in poor taste.'
London also said that whoever hired Jillette should be fired, "and that includes Joel Hollander.[CBS Radio chairman and CEO]."
Bickford commented, "Obviously, the comments by London, and later remarks by Cruz and Townsend, were a joke and it's pretty obvious if you listen to the whole segment. That is the whole point of their show: it is intended to be edgy and humorous. That is why they were hired. If the station thought the comment was inappropriate, it could have pushed any one of several 'dump buttons' and kept the comments off the air. But that didn't happen; nor were any complaints received by the station itself."
He added that the show "violated no FCC regulations" and said CBS was "obligated to fulfil its contract with my clients and can not be pressured by Jillette to fire them -- solely because he [Jillette] does not like what was said about him."
The suit claims that Jillette spoke to Hollander about the comments and urged that London's team be fired immediately even though they had a "no cut" contract that ran through Oct. 19, 2007.
Bickford said he found it ironic that the head of CBS Radio would "support Jillette's trashing of Mother Teresa over those wishing to defend her through a humorous spoof, especially since Jillette preaches the gospel of free speech. I guess he's in favour of free speech for himself, but not for others."
Previous Hollander :
2006-06-07: The Australian radio industry has launched the latest of its adverts promoting the use of radio as an advertising medium, highlighting in them recent research that shows the effectiveness of radio advertising in a recent recently released study, which shows that by shifting 20 per cent of a television advertising budget to radio, brand awareness can be increased by up to 20 per cent and sales lifted by up to 15 per cent.
Last month industry body Commercial Radio Australia posted on its web site and also released on CD a compendium of international research on radio's effectiveness as an advertising medium (See RNW May 4 ) and the organizations CEO Joan Warner commented, "The radio industry has compelling evidence that advertisers can increase the effectiveness of their marketing campaigns by increasing their radio buy. This is an important message - and one we believe needs highlighting for potential advertisers."
The latest campaign, written by international award-winning director of Eardrum Australia, Ralph van Dijk, continues to use comic, Mark Mitchell and rely on humour to convey the message that radio is a cost-effective medium for advertisers.
Warner said of the campaign, "Today's advertising climate is also highly competitive and very cluttered, making it imperative for advertisers to use effective and efficient mediums for their message to get through - radio is often the best answer."
Commercial Radio Australia has also announced that nearly 1,200 entries have been received for this year's Australian Commercial Radio Awards, which are to be presented in Sydney in October.
There are 29 categories for the awards, now in their 18th year, including news, talk, sport, music and entertainment and CRA says this year there have been strong entries in the Best On-Air Team, Best News Presenter, Best Sports Presenter and Best Talk Presenter categories.
Previous Warner :
2006-06-07: India is to start a third phase of private FM licence auctions this year rather than waiting until 2007 according to the Business Standard, which says licences for 100 cities will be on offer with the process to begin in the next two months.
It says sources in the Information and Broadcasting (I&B) ministry noted that there were no bids for 57 of the licences in the second phase earlier this year (See RNW Feb 8 ) on top of which 23 successful bidders had surrendered licences as regulations do not allow a body to control more than 15 per cent of the total allotted FM frequencies. In addition new FM licences are to be offered in 20 cities.
The paper says the success of the second phase of FM licensing gave "such a lift to the sector, the I&B ministry is going ahead with the third phase when the interest is high."
Business Standard report :
2006-06-07: Salem Communications has announced that its wholly-owned subsidiary Salem Communications Holding Corporation has given notice of its intent to redeem the remainder of its outstanding 9% senior subordinated notes due July 2011.
Salem says the redemption will happen on July 6 at a redemption price, as set forth in the notes, of 104.5% of the principal amount outstanding, USD 94.0 million, adding that it will report a loss of approximately USD 3.6 million resulting from this early redemption.
RNW note -The loss figure above is a corrected one -Salem had initially said USD 6.7 million.
Previous Salem :
2006-06-06: According to the Los Angeles Times the US House of Representatives is expected on Wednesday to by-pass negotiation with the Senate over details of a new broadcast indecency bill and vote in favour of a Senate Bill that was passed last month (See RNW May 20 ).
Under the Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act the maximum penalty that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) can levy for an offence will increase tenfold to USD 325,000, a lower figure than the USD 500,000 in the House Bill that also included provisions such as applying penalties to individual broadcasters and a licence revocation hearing after three offences by a broadcaster.
The Times says House Majority Leader Ohio Republican John Boehner opted to take up the senate bill as it stood rather than risk a fight in the Senate for the tougher penalties the House had proposed: It adds that the bill is to be considered today and voted on tomorrow under special rules generally reserved for non controversial legislation.
This means there has to be a two-thirds majority but the main sponsor of the House bill, Michigan Republican Fred Upton, expects the bill to pass overwhelmingly.
Kansas Republican Senator Sam Brownback, the sponsor of the Senate bill, said in a statement the move was "a victory for children and families.
The paper quotes an unnamed industry executive, who requested anonymity, as saying the increased penalties will have a "huge impact" and force radio and TV broadcaster to introduce delay mechanisms into live broadcasts to avoid inadvertently breaching the law.
"It's already caused a chilling effect," the executive said of the FCC's tougher enforcement. "It's going to be even more so, because now we're looking at numbers that are really big " - the record indecency fine levied to date was of USD 32,500 per station - the current maximum - on 111 affiliates that aired a simulated orgy scene on the series "Without a Trace" although the USD 3.6 million total was subsequently cut to USD 3.3 million.
Los Angeles Times report :
2006-06-06: UK Channel 4 TV which has for some time been pushing forward plans to extend its operations into radio and plans to lead a consortium that will bid for the second national commercial digital radio multiplex to be licensed in the UK by Ofcom (See RNW Jan 20 ) has formally announced the launch of an internet radio station.
The station - currently a rather limited on demand and download service - features spin-off audio downloads of its TV shows such as "Big Brother", "Richard and Judy's Book Club" and "Lost" as well as a daily half-hour news bulletin and racing guide amongst other speech programming including comedy, and a detective series.
Most of the offerings are free - although would-be listeners have to sign up to be able to listen - and are in MP3 format although some will carry links to offerings that have to be bought such as audio books and that will only be available as WMA files because of DRM (digital rights management) restrictions placed on them by the content owner.
Some will also be broadcast on the Oneword commercial digital station in which Channel 4 is now the majority owner and the station is also hoping to be able to expand into national digital transmissions of speech and music programming should it win a national multiplex.
The company has appointed former BBC Radio 2 controller Jim Moir as the first member of its editorial development committee and he will work with its Director of Radio Nathalie Schwarz, the former Capital Radio strategy and development director, advising on such matters as programme commissioning, talent development and management and the bid for the multiplex.
Commenting at the launch Channel 4 chief executive Andy Duncan said the company saw the launch as "the next step towards our stated ambition of building a presence in UK radio, in support of our strategy of offering public service competition to the BBC across all major media."
"We believe there is a gap in the market for contemporary speech radio services - offering an alternative to what the BBC has to offer across news, current affairs, comedy, entertainment, lifestyle and many more genres - as well as non-formulaic music radio," he added.
Duncan said UK commercial radio needed fresh thinking and said they were confident their combination of talent, experience and a creative approach could "enhance" it.
Schwarz added that their ambition was to obtain digital licences and use them to launch 4-branded stations, saying, "We believe there is a gap for us in the market - a chance to bring Channel 4's spirit of innovation and risk-taking to radio, to extend the range of programming on offer, bring new advertisers to the medium and help strengthen the UK commercial radio sector, which is struggling to compete effectively with the BBC."
Previous Schwarz :
2006-06-06: A Bridge Ratings survey of some 2,500 15-24 year-olds indicated that the cell phone is the greatest future threat among this age group not only for traditional and Internet radio but also for iPods according to the company.
It asked "music consumers" what device they would prefer for listening if other factors such as cost, storage, design and fidelity were equal and reports that amongst "casual users" - those who spend 1 hour a day or less listening to their personal music collection and download music files no more than 4 times per month- 59% opted for a combination device, 30% for separate ones and 11% were in the "Don't know" category.
The picture was different amongst what it termed "die-hards" - those who spend more than 3 hours a day listening to their personal music collection and download music files at least 3 times per typical week with only 22 preferring a combined device to 72% opting for separate ones and 6% "Don't know."
Bridge has also published its latest satellite radio trends survey and says that the Howard Stern effect continues to lessen as a factor for subscribing to Sirius and also notes XM sales slowing: It now forecasts XM to have 8.4 million subscribers at the end of this year with Sirius at 6.5 million.
In terms of receiver purchases it shows XM steadily slipping back - from a 45% to 55% ratio in favour of Sirius in the week of May 15 to 45%-57% in the week of May 22 and 40% to 60% in the week of May 29.
Regarding Stern in the period from April 1 to May 22, it says 24% said they hadn't subscribed because they didn't miss stern enough, the same percentage that the costs are too high, a further 20% that they have switched to a morning show that was previously a second choice with a further 1% in each category saying they don't currently listen to morning radio and don't see the value of satellite radio with 2% in the don't know category.
Despite the waning Stern factor, Sirius still maintained an edge amongst those asked to name a satellite radio company prior to making a purchase - it scores 51% to 49% for XM in the week of May 15, 54% to 46% in the week of May 22 and then slipped back a little to 52% to 48% in the week of May 29.
In terms of primary reason for purchasing satellite radio in the week of May 29, 34% of its purchasers chose XM for programming variety and 38% opted for Sirius for the same reason; 18% for XM and 21% for Sirius cited no commercials; 10% for XM and 15% for Sirius cited sporting packages and 8% cited personalities for XM compared to 15% for Sirius.
Previous XM :
2006-06-06: A Hong Kong radio station poll that invited listeners to vote online on which Hong Kong female celebrity they would most like to sexually assault has sparked outrage in the former British colony and led the Hong Kong Television and Licensing Authority to say it will investigate according to the Hong Kong Standard.
It says that Commercial Radio's 22:00 to midnight weekday "So Fab" show, which had put forward a list of 20 female stars and asked for the vote, has now changed the poll to one to find "the most sexiest actress" and programme host Leung Chi-kin, also known as "Sammy," had apologized in a recorded message posted on the internet and said he never intended to offend women.
The paper says Acting Chief Executive Rafael Hui Si-yan and 13 policy secretaries had said the show was "unacceptable" and education chief Arthur Li Kwok- cheung lodged a formal complaint letter with the Broadcasting Authority on Monday saying in part, "To openly incite members of the public to express their wish to commit such a crime is totally irresponsible and unacceptable. A radio program targeted at teenagers, or indeed at any member of the public, should not incite, encourage or abet any criminal offence or activities of dubious moral values."
It adds that 11 women's rights groups marched to the licensing authority and the Equal Opportunities Commission offices Monday to lodge a complaint and quoted the Women's Commission, a government-funded organization that monitors women's issues, as saying it was appalled by the show.
"This is a blatant act of disrespect to females and encourages violence against women," it said in a statement. "We believe that the community will not accept such a notion. The Women's Commission denounces any acts that degrade the dignity and respect of females. We do not accept any such acts of blurring the lines of right and wrong."
Hong Kong Standard report :
2006-06-05: This week we start our offering of print comment on radio with analytical items - from the Australia, the Middle East, UK and US about radio.
First, courtesy of radiocastme (which requires registration), relates to a three reports about Middle East radio in the wake of last month's Dubai Radio Conference in its most recent edition.
In one, Campaign Middle East's Tim Addington writes that radio in the region "has an image problem. It is failing to attract significant advertising dollars compared to its rivals in print and television, and is held in disdain by many of the people who listen to it. Inane DJs, poor production qualities and woeful local news coverage are just some of the criticisms levelled against the medium. And that's all before the subject of the adverts even comes up."
Addington said that "With the percentage of advertising share on the medium failing to reach double digits, and the near universal lack of audience research and ratings, radio executives will be hoping they can glean some useful insights into how to make it more attractive to listeners and, at the same time, encourage advertisers to spend more with it."
Part of the blame he reported, according to Ian Carless, managing partner of the International Radio Conference is that radio is in its infancy in the area saying, "There is a big learning curve for radio in the region to go through. A lot of stations have got away with doing what they were doing for a long time. There wasn't any real competition. But look at the other forms of entertainment available now. Look at what there was to do in Dubai 10 years ago to what there is to do now - there are vast amounts of choice available to you."
Andy Hosie, programme director at pop music station Dubai 92, blamed an emphasis on business and noted that too much importance is placed on sales targets, rather than developing the on-air talent.
"There is not that drive here to build up the radio personality," he said. "The radio presenter is pretty much seen as the bottom rung, whereas sales is considered far more important than the people that are promoting the brand on air."
"In other countries, everybody strives to become the breakfast show presenter, which is regarded as the flagship slot," he added. "I don't think that the incentives are enough here. Why should someone do breakfast if they are not going to be paid any more than someone doing a lunchtime show? In fact, you lose because you are expected to be out of bed at 4am, cut out your social life. You don't get any extra benefit from that."
Hosie also referred to the problems of audience measurement, saying, "At the moment we really don't know who is listening to us, or the competition. We have a fair idea but it is through word of mouth. If you have a breakdown of age groups, when they are listening, the number of hours they listen, then you can become much more effective in your features, competitions, advertising and client targeting. It would become much more efficient
Carless also argues that research is vital for the industry, saying, "The most serious thing that radio needs to do at the moment is take a look at research and really have a good long look at who is listening."
"I think that is the biggest area where stations fall down," he added, "In terms of advertising share, radio doesn't seem to get a look in. But it doesn't help itself because it has no figures at all as to who is listening and for how long. Advertisers are reluctant to put any serious money into it."
In a second article, Addington talked to Radio One, Lebanon, CEO, Raymond Gaspar, about his call for the formation of an association to promote radio in the area.
Gasper commented, "Radio is still being marginalised when it comes to advertising campaigns. It tends to be the last thing they [advertisers] think of for promoting events and products. The idea is to work on improving the image of radio as a valid medium with a solid listener base."
"I think there is enough experience and talent in the Middle East so that we can come together to see how we should move forward," he added, suggesting the group should be called the Middle East Independent Radio Association and should consider issues such as radio ratings, de-regulation of the industry and increasing radio revenues.
Not everybody felt that there was such a need however: Addington notes that in a question and answer session following a speech by Gaspar, Arabian Radio Network CEO Abdullatif Al Sayegh said, "Why would you go for research when everybody is happy and making money?"
Support however came from Jeff Price, programme director of the UAE's Radio 1 and 2 stations, who said: "It is a fantastic idea, we definitely need to have an independent body. Research is what we desperately need, this body can make that happen. It is also important that the radio industry stands up to be counted."
The third article we noted was a report on a speech by Sayegh in which he was reported to have said that only people who were positive about the UAE should be allowed to have licences, saying, "Investors ask when are you going to open up your licences? But people who come from outside unfortunately they always come with this phrase freedom of expression or speech. The way they see it is completely different to the way we see it. "
He also said the report launched into a thinly-veiled attack on a weekly listener phone-in programme that appears on rival station Radio 2, saying, "There is one station and one particular programme and there's not a single positive element they can discuss. It's all about negativity. If the country is bad, if the people are no good, if we don't have security, if you don't have safety, if you complain about all of this, my question is: what are you doing here? "
"If we want our government to open up we have to show them we have to be loyal. If we come to understand that, then only by that time licences will be allowed to be owned from people outside," he concluded.
RNW comment: Reading the last article we can only say that we wouldn't put a single Dirham of investment into a Dubai investment if the predominant guidelines are to bury news of potential problems and demand "loyalty" to a ruling government as a pre-requisite. Far better to have allowed Dubai Ports to have gone ahead with the P&O deal than to risk funds in any area where the policy seems to be to prefer to blame the messenger rather than anticipate problems and plan to deal with them (And no, we couldn't help ourselves thinking of the current US administration in the same terms).
Moving on to the US, and Greater Media President and Chief Executive Officer Peter H. Smyth who in a recent "From the Corner Office" posting on the Boston-headquartered company's web site considered the "Benefits of Being a Privately-Held Broadcasting Company in 2006."
Smyth writes that as "Wall Street soured on it's love affair with radio, bottom-line demands increased, options went under water, and operating efficiencies became the new buzzword " and adds that now "hot money is chasing new media, websites are being bought by large companies spinning off stations or trying to go private."
Smyth says it is the nature of public markets to "constantly search out the next big thing" and look for maximum return on capital in the short term and then continues, "But there are other types of investors: those who build for the long term. This is called 'patient capital.'"
Smyth says Greater Media is fortunate to be in the second category because, "We do not have to chase the 90-day window of quarterly reporting, and we can look at our business on a longer time line."
"That point of view," he writes, "is what allows us to expand our vision to include things like HD Radio, web casting, new programming formats, and new approaches to selling to our advertisers. It allows us to make investments in people and take the time to address these opportunities and feel our way forward to find the proper and rewarding return on that investment."
Smyth says it also allows the company "to maintain our decentralized management structure which empowers the local managers to take control of and responsibility for serving their communities in the most appropriate fashion" and says this allows it to operate not with a "corporate-wide format, but with a customized execution for each city that allows our valuable on-air personalities to maintain and deepen their presence in their community and their friendship with their listeners."
"Some critics," he continues, "may say that this is old-fashioned; that we're not taking advantage of the economies of scale that modern consolidated radio presents. I couldn't disagree more. The strength of radio always has been, and will continue to be, the local, intimate relationship that we have with our listeners. It may change and evolve with new technology and we will embrace those changes, but the relationship is the key. And the strength of that relationship is what makes radio attractive and effective to advertisers. We can and do produce results for businesses large and small at a remarkably effective cost. It's easy to describe; it's difficult to do well."
Changing contexts and continents but with content in line with Smyth's comments, we follow with a report from Australia and Mark Day in his "On Media" column in The Australian with a report decrying DMG's Vega operation in Sydney and Melbourne.
Under the heading, "One radio station for two markets remains a daft idea", Day writes, "Twenty years ago, when the great CBC experiment collapsed in a heap of slaughtered egos and shattered dreams, I observed that it had been 20 years ahead of its time. Today, I have to admit I was wrong. It was probably just a bloody silly idea."
Of "The Consolidated Broadcasting Company (or corporation, but it doesn't matter)," he writes, "It was a made-up name designed to give a credible moniker and a bit of gravitas to the grand concept of linking two radio stations in two big markets and running them as one."
"In the case of CBC, it was 2UE in Sydney and 3AK in Melbourne, both owned at the time by Kerry Packer's Australian Consolidated Press."
"CBC was an utter failure," writes Day, who had moved to it from 3AW and he then compares it to the DMG Vega operation.
Day then goes on to note that DMG has now separated the two stations, saying of chief executive Paul Thompson, "For almost a year he has tried to do a CBC with Vega: sharing staff and programming between the two cities. And he's ended up in the rating pits, just where we did, and he's thrown in the towel."
"The lesson here is obvious," writes Day. "Of all the media, radio is local, local, local
Sure, there's a niche for national programs such as the ABC's Radio National, but it is not a commercial possibility. There's one RN and hundreds of local stations."
"People like to know what's going on in their back yards," comments Day. "They like rumour and gossip; they like knowing what's going on down their street, and they resent having to put up with things that have no relevance to them. Local radio carries with it a sense of community "
In Australia, says Day, "The only person who has made a success of commercial program sharing is John Laws, whose morning program on 2UE is syndicated across many regional markets. But that's only for an hour or two, not an entire day, and it has traditionally come with advertising bookings from his leading sponsors, such as Toyota."
Finally to Europe starting with the UK and the Radio Waves column in the Sunday Times: This week Roland White comments on pop music on the radio, using the topic as a cue to remark on the European Media Forum report that said that the BBC should sell off Radios 1 and 2 (See RNW May 23 ).
"Of course, this is never going to happen," writes White. "If the BBC can't scrap the Radio 4 early-morning theme without public uproar and questions in parliament, imagine trying to get shot of two entire networks. No director-general would ever have the courage to do it, let alone the will."
He admits a possible defence for BBC Radio 2 - "You might defend Radio 2 on the grounds that it offers a service to lovers of jazz, folk, big bands, brass bands, Whispering Bob Harris and other neglected areas" but then continues, "But what does Radio 1 offer that could not be done just as well as a commercial station? On some shows, the chatter seems more important than the music."
White goes on to give a transcript of recent chatter on the Chris Moyles breakfast show on Radio1 (See link below but as so often, cold hard print, highlights the inanity) and conclude, "Moyles boasts about his dominance over commercial stations, but I can't help wondering if a discussion about whether a golfer has an erection is so precious that it needs state support?"
RNW comment: As we find much of the Radio 1 chatter inane and don't listen to Moyles but have noted his ratings success, we don't have any particular brief for the BBC as such on Radio 1 but do still think there is a value in having a channel without commercials, a view for which there would appear to be a fair amount of general support amongst all listeners.
Then Ireland and RTÉ radio whose changes we recently reported (See RNW May 29 ), changes forming the basis of comment, also in the Sunday Times from Stephen Price who says the changes don't answer the big questions about the future of RTÉ Radio 1 and 2FM although he says the announcement of the changes was like "a carefully planned and ruthlessly executed cull."
Most of the credit, or blame, says Price is going to Ana Leddy, the head of Radio 1, but he says the "architect of the changes is Adrian Moynes, who became director of RTE Radio in 2002."
Price says the former Radio 1 head Eithne Hand "did not have the same force of personality and levels of self-belief as her surprise replacement. Nor, towards the end of her tenure, did she have the stomach to oversee a cull."
So, he continues, Moynes "played a long game. He watched as the Dublin station NewsTalk 106 found its feet and finally obtained its quasi-national licence, before acquiring a willing gunslinger in Leddy and then declaring his hand. NewsTalk could tweak its line-up before hitting the national stage in the autumn, but Radio 1's transformation will leave it playing catch-up."
Price views the Radio 1 changes as having a logic "that is hard to fault" but as regards 2FM he is sceptical at the very least
" The elephant in the room of RTE radio is still present - how much longer can Montrose continue to hang 2FM on the declining success of Gerry Ryan?"
Price suggests that 2FM would need major changes to its morning schedule to gain the youth audience -"adequately catered for elsewhere and is, in any case, gradually migrating to the internet as its musical medium of choice" and suggests a change in target audience.
"So, why not leave them to it and devote 2FM to the 35-plus musical audience instead?," he asks, "Broadcasters such as Kelly [former RTÉ Radio 1 host John Kelly who has been dropped) would have fitted perfectly into a more mature 2FM. BBC Radio 2 performs this function in Britain, running a huge variety of specialist music shows, particularly in the evening. It also happens to be the UK's most popular station.
And on to suggested listening, and first "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Dispatch Box" - or "Despatch" on the day-to-day listings as opposed to Listen-Again link - on BBC Radio 4, a quarter-hour feature that showed some politicians as having wit and proved an unexpected listening pleasure to us: It first ran last month but was repeated Sunday morning so with luck will be around for a few more days.
After this, a total of some five hours of listening from BBC World Service in "World Stories", a series of features from round the world -Albania, Bhutan, Brazil (two stories), Iceland, India, Kenya, Palestine, Romania, South Africa, and Ukraine - that were broadcast by the service from 2004 onwards and range from the Story of Mother Theresa produced last year by Irena Luto of the Albanian Service to the success story of black Ukrainian TV presenter and musician Myroslav Kuvaldin, produced in 2004 by Olga Betko of the Ukrainian service.
Then also with broadcasts of the past, "Late Night Live" from the Australian Broadcasting Corporation that last Friday in "Classic Late Night Live" re-broadcast a 2,000 programme on "The rise of religious fundamentalism ", an interview with former nun Karen Armstrong on the history of fundamentalism in various religions, something she sees as a 19th century phenomenon -originating in the US -that developed as a reaction to the secular societies that had grown up as economies changed from agricultural to capitalist. In essence she seems to us to be theorizing that all the fundamentalists are reacting to the failures of their doctrines in the face of modernity that in the case of the Moslem World came with a loss of power and colonialism. She also calls the Fatwah against Salman Rushdie in clear breach of Islamic law but that it suited the West not to pick this up and Khomeini to issue the Fatwah as part of an Iranian power struggle.
We also liked her characterization of former President Clinton's prayer breakfast during the Lewinsky scandal as a sign of success of the fundamentalists- she uses the term "Christian fascism" in America - and something that would have been political suicide in the UK.
Still with Islam the ABC's "The Spirit of Things" on Sunday in Part 5 of its "Spiritual Classics" series looked at Islam and the teachings of the Qur'an and its interpretation within a modern context.
Also from the ABC, we'd suggest last Wednesday's Ockham's Razor which amongst other things looked at the "misestimate of probabilities" that leads people to jump to incorrect conclusions.
Then moving more up to date, we suggest the latest "On the Media" from WNYC in New York, which led off, in relation to the current alleged massacre in Haditha, with an interview with Army Lieutenant Colonel Robert Bateman who told the programme before the Iraq war - that "embedding" the media with the military might prevent future My Lais.
With a different perspective on US political problems "Media Matters" on WILL-AM last Wednesday featured as its guest Stephen Hill, Director of the Political Reform Program of the New America Foundation and co-founder of the Center for Voting and Democracy, who has just published a new book "10 Steps to Repair American Democracy."
Then back to the BBC and Radio 4 but this time not for the speech so much as the sound in "Sampledelica: History of the Mellotron" in which Mark Radcliffe explored the history of the Mellotron including comment from Sir Paul McCartney on its use in the opening of The Beatles' "Strawberry Fields Forever". A worthy quirky programme about a similar instrument.
Still with music and in this case BBC Radio 3, the most recent Jazz File on Saturday was the third of the "Miles Davis at 80" series, this time looking at the early 60s whilst "The Choir" on Sunday featured South African choral music from indigenous tribal songs and Gospel, to Handel's Messiah in Zulu.
It was followed in the "Drama on 3 " slot by "Breakfast With Mugabe" by Fraser Grace, which imagines the relationship between Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe and a white psychiatrist he has turned to for help when he comes to believe he is being stalked by an ngozi or bitter spirit - the murderous ghost of a long-dead comrade..
And a PS on sort since World Cup soccer is about to start and is already dominating UK sports talk: It's even making its way onto BBC Radio1 but for wall-to-wall BBC Radio Five Live has the edge.
UK Sunday Times - White:
2006-06-05: The former director of WSOU-FM, Seton Hall University's radio station, has been charged with embezzling more than USD 500,000 from the station over a period of 14 years.
According to the New Jersey Star-Ledger Michael Collazo, now 58, set up a company Warren Sound Options Unlimited into whose account cheques for WSOU could be deposited amongst various ways of embezzling from the station.
The paper says the fraud had gone undetected until in 2004 when a student business manager submitted a list of advertisers that was substantially different from that from Collazo leading to an audit that discovered the irregularities and led to his being dismissed.
Collazo has been charged with money laundering and theft by deception and Essex County Prosecutor Paula Dow said that without the audit there's no telling when the theft would have stopped, adding, "This could have gone on for a long time and it already had," she said.
Prosecutors say Collazo siphoned off USD 236,000 in advertising money from the station, and also leased - at a charge of more than USD 342,000 - two sub frequencies to Radio Verité, a station serving the Haitian community, and EIES of NJ, which provides radio programming for the blind: Their payments went to accounts linked to Warren Sound Options Unlimited and Carrier Plus Communications, another bogus company set up by Collazo..
University spokesman Tom White said it had to "rely on the honesty of the faculty director" because the payments were diverted before they entered the university's accounting system, leaving Seton Hall officials with no way of knowing additional money was being collected.
He added that the university had a long-standing agreement to lease a sub frequency to EIES of NJ for a nominal fee of less than USD 100 a year and said, "It might have said in the books that we were getting $100 a year, but we had no idea what Mr. Collazo was allegedly charging. It may appear that it was a blatant oversight on our part, but I don't think that's the case when you look at the fact that these were sub frequencies designed to help special-needs audiences."
White said Seton Hall had recovered all the missing money through its insurance policy but none of Collazo's assets has been seized and prosecutors said they are still investigating where the money went. Dow said some of the money was used to pay off credit card bills, but could not say how much.
Assistant Essex County Prosecutor Ford Livengood said that under New Jersey's money laundering statute, , a conviction would require Collazo to serve at least a third of his sentence behind bars without a chance for parole.
RNW comment: In a case like this we can't see much benefit to society in jailing a malefactor - at extra cost to society - but every benefit in seizure of all assets. This would, of course, have an effect on Collazo's wife who presumably benefited unwittingly from the fraud but this would be less unjust than not refunding money to an organization like EIES.
As for Collazo, who had been working as a flight attendant, we don't see it as likely that he'll ever again get the chance to defraud on any scale so better that he has to work as much as possible - and pay as much as possible from his earnings in reparation.
New Jersey Star-Ledger report :
2006-06-05: The Cumulus takeover of Susquehanna Radio has claimed another victim in long time KNBR-AM sports anchor and reporter John Shrader who has resigned and told the Contra Costa Times "there were a number of things which we couldn't agree on, primarily my value to the company."
Schrader added, "Things have changed since the company was sold, that's for sure. I was there for 15 years and it was a great 15 years. It was time for a change. I know it will be good for me. Whether it's good for them is their business."
The paper adds that
KNBR program director Lee Hammer declined to comment because beyond saying he "was a little surprised he resigned."
Contra Costa Times report :
2006-06-05: Pakistan has banned 87 illegal FM radio stations in the country's North West Frontier Province (NWFP) according to radiocastme, which quotes Muhammad Saleem, a spokesman for Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA), as saying the stations will be closed down in different parts of the province in the next three months.
Saleem added the many of the banned FM stations were established by religious clerics in mosques and were used for preaching.
Radiocast also says two rival religious clerics used their radio stations Kheyber tribal area, close to Afghan border, to stir up opposition to each other leading to clashes in which scores from each side died.
radiocastme report (Requires registration):
2006-06-04: In what was generally a very quiet week for the regulators the main news was the swearing in of Robert McDowell that took the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) up to full strength, broke the 2-all Republican- Democrat logjam and is likely to lead to moves on new US media regulations.
These have been stalled since changes passed on a 3-2 party-line vote under then chairman Michael J Powell in June 2003 (See RNW Jun 3, 2003 ) that ran into opposition in the Senate (See RNW Jun 20, 2003 and Jun 23, 2004 ) and was also subsequently rejected in large part by the courts (See RNW Jun 25, 2004 ). Elsewhere the week was very quiet.
In Australia, the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) has opted not to proceed for now with allocation of a permanent community licence for the Upper Murray area of New South Wales.
High Country Christian Broadcasters Association Inc. had proposed a service targeting the Christian community but the ACMA opted not to allocate the licence.
Also in New South Wales, the ACMA has allocated a new community radio licence to serve the Moss Vale area to MVH FM Incorporated (MVH), which is currently broadcasting under a temporary community licence.
MVH, which provides a youth format service, was the only applicant for the licence.
In Canada we only noted one radio-related decision from the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) - the renewal until 31 March 2007 of the licence of Aboriginal Voices Radio Inc.'s Type B native radio station CFIE-FM, Toronto.
There were no radio decisions from Ireland and in the UK it was also quiet although Ofcom did issue an updated policy statement on signs are permanently associated with an individual with transfer only allowed under exceptional circumstanced but Ofcom is to ease the restrictions and allow transfers with the permission of a call sign holder and from a deceased amateur to another amateur if the recipient is entitled to hold a licence of an equal class or of a higher class to the donor.
In the US, as noted the main news regarding the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was the swearing in of Robert McDowell (See RNW Jun 3 ): It also refused a CBS appeal against the USD 550,000 fine imposed on the then Viacom in relation to the TV broadcast on 20 of its stations of the Super Bowl half-time show in which part of a Janet Jackson breast was exposed (See RNW Sept 23, 2004 ).
The FCC also issued a number of provisional decisions concerning mutually exclusive non-commercial educational FM applications. The decisions, on the basis of which station would serve more potential listeners, were the following:
Illinois: Award of licence to Bloomington Normal Broadcasting Corporation ("BNBC") for a station in Bloomington: It had been competing against two applications for a licence in Gridley.
Missouri: Award of licence to New Life Evangelistic Center, Inc. for a station in Bowling Green. It was competing against an application for a station in Troy
South Carolina: Award of licence to American Family Association for station in Dillon. It was competing against applications for stations in Florence and Marion.
The FCC also denied an informal objection against the grant of a low-power FM licence for station KAPU-LP, Watsonville, California. The objectors had said that the station had breached oral agreements with the local community and will program KAPU-LP, which serves a community that is around 80% Spanish speaking, only with Hawaiian music, contrary to the statement of purpose in its original application.
The FCC noted that in 1981 it adopted rules substantially deregulating programming requirements and said it "not substitute its judgment for that of the station regarding programming matters." It also said no evidence had been provided of misrepresentation that had been alleged and denied the objection.
In Ohio it granted an application to re-allocate WOXY-FM from Oxford, to Mason and denied an informal objection on the basis that the change was a "migration" from a rural area to the suburbs of Cincinnati, the closest the signal could go and meet spacing requirements with other broadcasters and also that the move would deprive the Oxford business community would be deprived of its only local radio advertising outlet.
The FCC noted that the change would establish a first local service at Mason, while Oxford would retain non-commercial educational station WMUB-FM, and also noted a report that Mason is sufficiently independent of the Cincinnati Urbanized Area to warrant a first local service preference.
Ofcom web site :
2006-06-04: In further signs of the importance US radio companies are placing on the Internet, Emmis has started to integrate the integrate the iTunes Music Store into its radio station Web sites and Entercom has named Sandy Smallens to the newly created position of Senior Vice President - Digital for the company.
The Emmis move - it says it is the first company in the US to make it - started at Chicago alt-rocker WKQX-FM and Indianapolis contemporary-hits station WNOU-FM and will be extended to all its stations over the next month.
Rey Mena, vice president of Emmis Interactive, said in a news release, "We approached Apple with the idea, and we developed the back-end technology to make this possible. Many Web sites link to iTunes, but we're the first to pull iTunes' entire 2.5 million-song catalogue into our sites, weaving station programming with the Apple platform."
Emmis Radio president Rick Cummings added, "Radio has always been a promoter of music, but now our radio stations are also a point of purchase. This could take the industry in a new direction."
Emmis will promote the feature on air and through its web sites and listener clubs and will receive a portion of the payments made for all sales through its sites: It piloted the Music Store integration last month at two stations, New York's WQHT-FM (Hot 97) and Los Angeles's KPWR (Power 106).
At Entercom, Smallens will lead the strategy, development, marketing and sales of Entercom's current and future interactive offerings and President and CEO David J. Field said he would bring "a wealth of experience, knowledge and leadership from the digital world, and will be a superb addition to Entercom as we accelerate our emphasis on interactive content and marketing."
RNW: As non-traditional revenues are the only growth area for revenues in US radio at the moment according to latest Radio Advertising Bureau (RAB) figures, we expect to see more and more stations try to boost their income through various download sales through their web sites with particular emphasis as HD rolls out on the technology, already in existence, that allows one-button purchase of a song that is being heard.
What intrigues us is the extent to which this may yet affect programming since some broadcasters already ensure they play only part of a song or have talk over some part of it so as to boost sales of whole songs - a more positive way of exploiting digital capabilities we would suggest than the Recording Industry policy of trying to use the DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act) and lobbying to stop people being able to record any digital signal off-air.
Such a policy would of course, give an incentive to people to listen to their music for at least some of the time from sources other than the radio but provide a consolation payment through music sales. We would also, as we have commented in the past, rather like to see listeners pay more attention to technical quality anyway -with delivery possible at real CD quality rather than the lower bit rate MP3s now sold, it could be that the recording companies might get more income as well from delivering quality options - the best at a higher price for those who particularly like a song or piece of music and the usual lower-price charge as charged by I-tunes and competitors for a quality level that to those with good ears and equipment -speakers or headphones - is definitely not up to that of a CD.
Previous Field :
2006-06-04: Former Mercia FM managing director Stuart Linnell who is also a former BBC CWR (Coventry and Warwickshire) breakfast show host is currently back on the air in the city broadcasting from a caravan.
His return is part of a bid by Coventry Local Radio (CLR), which is backed by Laser Broadcasting, to pitch for a commercial FM licence for the area. It has a three-week restricted service licence that it is using to broadcast from the Arena Park shopping centre at Rowleys Green.
Linnell, who is presenting the station's weekday breakfast show, told the Coventry Evening Telegraph, "Our small, green caravan is not very glamorous, but I'm sure that we will be successful and that Coventry will soon have a new radio station. I'm very excited. I've worked in Coventry off and on since 1980, and to get back on air again here is a real buzz for me.
"We are confident that we have the right product," he added. "We've done our market research and will be launching a show which focuses on local people and I'm sure it will strike a chord with the readers of the Evening Telegraph."
Iccoventry report :
2006-06-03: US radio revenues in April were down 4% compared to a year earlier according to US Radio Advertising Bureau (RAB), a steeper drop than the previous two months when they were down by 1%.
Within the figures national revenues were down 7%, local revenues were down 4%, total combined local and national advertising was down 5% and - the only bright spot - non-spot revenues were up 8%.
Year-to-date figures are down 1% for grand total spot and non-spot revenue, national sales are flat, local sales are down 2% and non-spot revenues are up 9%.
For April, RAB's Ad Sales Index that equates pre-dot.com boom base year 1998 to 100 was 131.6 for total combined local and national with the local index 134.4 and the national index 122.1 with the year-to-date figures showing total combined local and national 140.2, the local index 138.8 and the national index 145.1.
Previous RAB and RAB figures :
2006-06-03: CBS Radio is to put the Opie and Anthony (Gregg Hughes and Anthony Cumia) Show into four additional markets taking it into a total of 11 markets - WXYT-AM, Detroit; WAZU-FM, Columbus, Ohio; and WZNE-FM, Rochester, New York, will launch the show next Monday and WJFK-FM in Washington, D.C. on Monday, June 26 and will also simulcast the show on its website.
The show is split into a three-hour "terrestrial" version that originates from WFNY-FM, its CBS Free FM outlet in New York and that CBS broadcasts on its stations and is simulcast by XM Satellite Radio plus an uncensored additional two hours on XM, which originates from XM's New York studios.
In April the duo took over the CBS slot on an initial seven CBS stations previously airing David Lee Roth, who succeeded Howard Stern (See RNW Apr 25 ). They had been picked up by XM in October 2004 (See RNW Oct 2, 2004 ) after a spell off-air following their 2002 firing by CBS from WNEW-FM in New York after the Sex in St Patrick's Cathedral incident (See RNW Sep 2, 2002 )
Previous XM :
2006-06-03: A new study by Edison Media Research, which regularly releases joint-reports with Arbitron, says there are many potential problems in using cell phones as audio measurement devices. The report, "Use of the Cell Phone as a Media Measurement Device" has been released shortly after Arbitron's Portable People Meter (PPM) pager device got a boost by its adoption for a London area trial by British ratings organizations RAJAR when it awarded its new contract last month although it opted to stick with diaries for a further two years (See RNW May 23 ).
At the time RAJAR said it had chosen the PPM for a London area trial panel because it was, although not yet up to scratch, the "most ready" of the electronic metering systems considered - the others were the Eurisko and TMA-Ipsos offerings with the TMA-Ipsos cell-phone based system also under consideration in the US where Clear Channel issued a call for proposals for a new system.
The Edison Media report says the cell phone is now used by 70% of Americans above 12 and there is "a logic to making this already widely-used device do yet one more thing" but then goes to warn of demographic problems - only 50% of those 65+ carry a cell phone, and only 8% of those 6-11 according to their parents - as well as those of used habits.
"The typical cell phone user employs a broad list of habits that will require retraining if the cell phone is to be super-purposed as a media measurement device" says the report, noting that half of respondents with cell phones turn them off while they are awake between 7pm and midnight and nearly a tenth had loaned them to friends or family members for more than a few hours in the week before they were contacted
In addition it says the publicly announced plan to give out free phones and free minutes could significantly influence the very behaviour that the phones attempt to measure since many respondents said they would listen to less radio if given free phones or minutes with 14% of those who do not have cell phones told us that they expect that they would listen to less radio if they were given a free cell phone.
It says that, because of this, incentives should be changed to something other than hones and minutes and that those proposing use of the cell-phone for metering will have to conduct studies to determine the effect of the phone on the listening it is being used to measure.
RNW comment: Even if we assume no self-interest by Edison is effectively knocking the use of the cell phone for audio measurement, we see nothing in this report anywhere near the level of thought that RAJAR has put into the problems of all metering devices.
Some of the items noted - for instance using cell phones to play games - do not appear to us particularly significant objections since the same would apply to a cell phone user who was wearing a PPM pager; others should presumably be fairly simple to overcome - such as habits of switching off a phone while charging the battery; whilst yet others of using a phone to the extent that battery goes flat might be more difficult to solve.
Many more complexities of listening behaviour are not addressed and will apply to all devices - such things as listening on headphones, walking around in a house where different receivers in different rooms are used to listen to different channels - the brain is quite good at narrowing down the listening to the desired station but we can't see how a meter of any kind can do so- and so on.
Edison Media presentation (105 KB 25 Page PDF):
2006-06-03: The Local Radio Company, which owns and operates 28 local radio licences across the UK with four other stations for which licences were recently won still to be launched, has tempered optimism in its trading statement issued in April, in releasing interim results for the six months to the end of March.
It then said overall revenues would be up 1% but like-for-like ones down 3% and the period ahead would be "challenging" with limited visibility.
In the event its interim pre-tax losses more than doubled to reach GBP 2.02 million (USD 3.81 million) compared to GBP 940,000 USD 1.77 million and it had a loss of GBP 594,000 ( USD 1.12 million) before interest, tax, depreciation, goodwill, amortisation and exceptional items compared to a year-earlier profit of GBP 223,000 (USD 420,000).
In a statement TLRC said, "In our pre-close statement, we indicated that there was limited sales visibility
The overall situation has not improved as previously anticipated and we now expect the adverse market conditions to persist for the foreseeable future. This situation will lead to an EBITDA loss for the year."
It adds "In this challenging market, although the company expects to continue to outperform in sales revenue, all options to improve shareholder value are being examined," and indicated potential station sales by saying stations that did not respond to action would be "traded out of the group".
TLRC had a 1% rise on a year earlier in revenues to GBP 9.83 million (USD 18.5 million ), a figure that includes its half share in revenues from the joint venture with UTV in national sales house First Radio Sales in London and Manchester.
During the six months national sales were up 8% and local ones, which account for some 90% of its total radio revenues, up 1%: the company said April revenues were up 2%
Chief executive Richard Wheatly said, "We intend to become a major force in the UK local radio market and will be examining all options to accelerate progress further. In the short term we are still affected by the volatility of the advertising market."
The company's shares ended Friday down just under 11% at 28.5 pence.
Previous Wheatly :
2006-06-03: The US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is now up to full strength following the swearing-in as a commissioner of Republican Robert M. McDowell by FCC chairman Kevin J. Martin.
McDowell, whose term runs to June 30, 2009, has some 16 years of experience in the communications industry, most recently as senior vice president and assistant general counsel for COMPTEL, an association representing competitive facilities-based telecommunications service providers.
He said of his taking office, "I am honored and humbled to be joining such a distinguished group of commissioners as well as the fine career public servants at the FCC. There are many challenging issues facing the Commission, and I am eager to begin working on them with my fellow commissioners, with Congress, and with the American people. I am confident that our efforts will help bring the most advanced and efficient communications systems in the world to all American consumers."
Previous McDowell :
2006-06-02: Washington Redskins owner Dan Snyder's Red Zebra Broadcasting has purchased WXGI 950-AM in Richmond, Virginia, and it will make the ESPN outlet the team's new radio home in the area from the 2006 season according to the Richmond Times-Dispatch. No financial details were disclosed.
Red Zebra bought the station from Richmond-based Gee Communications and owner David Gee told the paper the deal involved purchase of the station and licence combined with a leasing deal for the properties involved.
He said the sale sprang from an interest in carrying Redskin games and on contracting them finding they were looking to start a Redskins network. He added that the new owners were "planning to keep the ESPN brand " amd added, "They're saying to me they clearly appreciate what Al and Greg ["Big Al" Coleman who hosts the morning SportsPhone programme and Greg Burton who hosts drivetime, both locally produced shows] do for us and intend to keep those guys around."
Red Zebra CEO Bennett Zier said in a statement, "I am excited about our continued growth and our new ability to serve loyal Redskins fans in and around Richmond; WXGI is the perfect addition to our new group of radio stations."
Red Zebra completed its acquisition of three Washington-area stations from Mega Communications last month (See RNW May 10 ) and says further acquisitions are planned.
In other US radio deals Fisher Communications has announced that it is to sell its 24 small-market stations to Cherry Creek Radio LLC for USD 33.3 million in a deal expected to close in the third quarter assuming regulator approval.
The stations, whose 2005 revenues were USD 12.2 million, are in Montana and eastern Washington and their disposal will leave Fisher with just its three Seattle radio stations plus TV stations in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho.
Fisher expects to use part of the sale proceeds to pay for a Portland, Oregon, TV acquisition that it announced in December last year with any remaining proceeds being invested in its business.
President and CEO Colleen B. Brown said, "By selling our small-market radio stations we are able to focus on increasing the synergies and operating performance of our remaining cluster of Northwest stations. We are pursuing new opportunities, such as our entrance into Spanish-language television announced in late 2005."
Richmond Times-Dispatch report :
2006-06-02: Red Wolf Broadcasting Corp., which competes with Citadel in the New London, Connecticut, market, has filed an accusation with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) accusing Citadel Communications of continuing involvement in payola according to Media Week.
In March Red Wolf has accused Citadel of various illegal and unethical activities and called on the FCC to deny renewal of licences for nine of its radio stations, saying that amongst other things Citadel had not lit one of its towers, just three miles from Groton-New London Airport, at night, had not fences the tower properly and was involved in payola-relation activities.
In its latest filing, Red Wolf says Citadel "continues to accept, illegal payoffs in return for adding records and increasing spins," or airplay of selected songs and cited as evidence a sales log it said was from Citadel's WQGN in New London.
Red Wolf says that in view of the alleged activities to "allow Citadel to acquire the Disney radio stations is to reward it for appalling behaviour" and called for an FCC hearing and fine.
Citadel, which has agreed a merger with Disney-owned ABC, made no immediate response.
In an unrelated matter Citadel has approved a quarterly dividend of 18 cents per share on its Common Stock to be paid on July 18.
Media Week report :
2006-06-02: UK commercial TV group ITV has joined other TV companies including MTV, Disney and NBC and commercial radio operators in a "last ditch, coordinated assault to halt the BBC's bid for an increased licence fee" according to the UK Guardian.
In April the Commercial Radio Companies Association (CRCA) in a submission to The Burns Study called for the licence fee, rather than be increased by an annual 2.3% above-inflation amount over the next seven years as requested by the corporation should instead be cut through h capping it at its current level (See RNW Apr 28 ) and last week ITV released research claiming that the BBC had got its sums wrong in its argument that it needs the extra money to convert to digital and improve its programme quality.
The paper says that a consortium of ITV and trade bodies representing commercial radio companies and cable and satellite broadcasters, has written to culture secretary Tessa Jowell accusing the government of not fully appreciating the consequences for the private sector.
The letter says, "If the government were to accept the BBC's bid for an increased licence fee, even if at a reduced level, it would signal a disregard for the wealth-generating importance of commercial broadcasters and the social imperative of a plurality of quality content provision."
The paper adds that BSkyB did not sign the letter but a spokesman said yesterday it "shared many of the concerns" expressed in it.
UK Guardian report :
2006-06-02: Research from Jacobs Media shows rockers as having equal interest in Sirius and XM Satellite Radio although with momentum towards Sirius, with Howard Stern a major reason for gains by Sirius.
The poll of Rock, Classic Rock, and Alternative listeners shows overall subscription to satellite radio increased from 7% in 2005 to 12% in this year's survey, with men more likely to subscribe to either service, as are 30-39 year-olds, college grads, and those with a household income of USD 100,000.
The poll - Jacobs Media's Technology Web Poll II - was conducted in late February 2006 among more than 25,000 respondents across 79 different Rock-formatted stations.
Fred Jacobs commented of the results, "For Sirius, Howard was the difference maker. More than any other reason, his show's move to satellite was the key factor in driving new subscribers. While most of his former listeners are staying with terrestrial radio stations, his presence on Sirius has been a defining difference" and added, "In the Rock communities, Sirius is emerging as the more attractive option."
In terms of the reasons for their choice, says the report, the top reasons for taking XM were the music channels (24%), commercial-free programming (14%), the belief that XM is good while travelling (12%), and because it came with the vehicle that respondents purchased/leased (11%).
For Sirius the top reasons were Howard Stern (32%), the music channels (19%), and commercial-free programming (12%).
The survey also showed that the vast majority of subscribers were positive about their subscriptions with 75% saying they're satisfied or very satisfied and only 8% expressing some level of dissatisfaction.
57% said they will certainly continue their subscriptions and 23% that they would probably stay with either XM or Sirius with 13% saying they aren't sure and 8% report being pretty or absolutely sure they will cancel satellite radio before the year is out.
Amongst the overall population however, says Jacobs, 70% of those asked about the statement, "I will not pay for radio when I now get it for free" agreed with the statement.
Previous XM :
2006-06-02: Emmis has announced that Dan Halyburton, Senior Vice President/General Manager Group Operations for Susquehanna Radio, is to take over the role of Senior Vice President/Market Manager of Emmis New York from Barry Mayo, who announced in January that he was to step down after three years in the post although he would stay on until a successor was found (See RNW Jan 19 ). Mayo will remain with Emmis as a consultant.
Making the announcement Emmis Radio President Rick Cummings said in a news release, "This has been our most exhaustive search in my 25 years at Emmis, but it was worth it because we got the right person. Dan brings a rich history of outstanding performance and great management to Emmis New York. I am thrilled to have him running one of our most important operations."
Halyburton has already moved into his new post, which involves him in overseeing operations for Emmis' three New York stations, WQHT-FM (Hot 97), WRKS-FM (Kiss FM) and WQCD-FM (CD101.9).
He began his career as an on-air personality and production director in 1970 and worked his way up through station operations and management in markets from Miami to Minneapolis, spending the last 25 years in Dallas/Fort Worth, where he worked as Susquehanna's Market Manager before becoming the company's SVP/GM Group Operations in 1999.
Halyburton commented of his appointment, "This is the ultimate job-three great radio stations in the greatest city in the world .I have always admired Emmis Communications, and I'm honoured to follow Barry Mayo as market manager. These are great radio people who value their employees, their customers and the communities they serve. Most importantly I am excited to work along side the Emmis New York staff. They are the foundation of these great stations."
Previous Mayo :
2006-06-01: The BBC is facing a renewed threat of strike action after it decided to go ahead with three compulsory redundancies - two full-time and one part-time employee in BBC news and current affairs - as part of the cuts being imposed by the director general, Mark Thompson.
In addition to the redundancies, 30 posts in the division could also go in the current financial year with a further 100 in the next financial year that begins in April 2007.
NUJ (National Union of Journalists) heads of chapel have said they are "outraged" by the move and added that they still have a mandate for strike action.
NUJ national broadcasting organiser, Paul McLaughlin, told the UK Guardian, "It is really quite staggering that we have made such progress in avoiding compulsory cuts and that news management want to cut 2.5 posts. Our members have made their position very clear - if this cannot be avoided then they are prepared for further industrial action."
A BBC spokeswoman said the news division had been unable to make the savings in posts required through redeployment and voluntary redundancies and as a result may have to institute some compulsory redundancies.
UK Guardian report :
2006-06-01: Yet another former Capital Radio executive has left GCap Media, the group formed by the merger of Capital and GWR: Capital's marketing director Carl Lyons, who has been with the company for three years, having been hired to launch the Johnny Vaughan breakfast show, has resigned and says he is planning a return to new media - his past career included a spell at Lastminute.com.
In other UK radio personnel moves, BBC World Service has announced the appointment of Liliane Landor as its new Editor BBC World Service News and Current Affairs with responsibility for all BBC World Service News and Current Affairs programmes in English.
Landor, who was born in Lebanon and educated in France and Switzerland speaks five languages including Arabic and moves up from the post of Head of BBC World Service News and Current Affairs Programmes, a role she has held since 2002, albeit with six months as Head of the BBC Arabic Service in 2004.
She replaces Mary Hockaday who in April was appointed Deputy Head of BBC Radio News (See RNW April 14 ).
Previous Vaughan :
2006-06-01: Corus has bowed out of the sports-format battle in Vancouver and dumped its MOJO Radio format - and at least 14 staff - to change the station to AM-730, which will feature continuous traffic reports during drive times plus replays of talk shows from sister station CKNW-AM (AM 980).
It had lost the ratings fight to Team 1040 Sports Radio, the sole sports outlet left from rival CHUM's short-lived national sports network that it launched in 2001 and closed down, earlier than expected, in August 2002 (See RNW Aug 29, 2002 ) and earlier this year was dealt a severe setback when Team 1040, which had already taken the B.C. Lions rights from CKNW followed this up by acquiring the rights to the Vancouver Canucks, also from CKNW, which had held them for decades.
Mojo, which converted to an all-sports format in early 2004 after an unsuccessful spell with a "guys" format, was bottom of the Vancouver ratings and had only managed to improve them marginally since its launch.
The Toronto Globe and Mail says staff at Mojo had been expecting a change and were called into a meeting in the morning to be told sports was being dropped and replace by the new format at noon. The station has said it will honour contracts to broadcast Vancouver Whitecaps, Vancouver Giants and Seattle Seahawks games.
Amongst those terminated were morning host John McKeachie, Blake Price, the host of Canucks Lunch, and afternoon host Bob Marjanovich.
Toronto Globe and Mail report :
2006-06-01: The Indian Government is preparing a satellite radio policy to regulate the sector and potentially allow competition to WorldSpace, currently the sole provider of satellite radio services in the country according to Daily News and Analysis, India.
It quotes a Ministry of Information and Broadcasting ministry as saying "We will formulate a policy on satellite radio soon. After that, any number of players can start such a service."
A year ago the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) recommended that the government set up a licensing policy for satellite radio in line with that for terrestrial broadcasters including making it subject to AIR programming and advertising codes and being allowed to uplink from India. It also recommended that satellite and terrestrial services be allowed to carry news and current affairs, programming that is currently forbidden to Indian commercial FM stations.
Daily News and Analysis report :
2006-06-01: Legendary New York top-40 DJ Dan Ingram, famed for his wit that allowed him to get away with mocking his sponsors, swore on air on Monday, for the first time ever he told the New York Post.
Ingram - Daniel Trombley Ingram, who is now 71 was appearing on his old station WABC as part of the annual "WABC Rewound" vintage-era commemoration.
New York Radio Message Board operator Allan Sniffen, who was interviewing Ingram told the paper Ingram was "talking about unsuccessfully suing some Florida DJ who stole his name," and how a "fucking court" wouldn't let him appeal .
He added that [WABC Saturday morning host] Mark Simone tried to bleep him," but Ingram had been bleeped seconds earlier for an S-bomb and WABC's digital-delay system didn't have time to re-buffer."
Ingram told the paper, "In 40 years, I've never said that word before on the air. I was quoting myself when I was yelling at the guy who stole my name and realized, 'You really got into it, dummy.'"
"It was a true slip of the tongue, and I apologize to anyone offended, and I'm especially sorry that it happened on Mark's watch because he's such a talented guy," Ingram added. "I'd kick myself in the ass if I could - if I can say that word."
New York Post report :
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Used in gaming, what are ‘Devil’s bones’? | Devil Bones - FilePlanet
Devil Bones
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Description: Devil Bones
Devil-Bones is a version of an age old dice game with three modes Of play a 'Timed Game Mode', 'Play The computer Mode' and A 'Bonus Round Mode.'
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Plateado is Spanish for which colour? | Devil Bones - FilePlanet
Devil Bones
/5.0
Description: Devil Bones
Devil-Bones is a version of an age old dice game with three modes Of play a 'Timed Game Mode', 'Play The computer Mode' and A 'Bonus Round Mode.'
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In which year was England footballer David Beckham awarded an OBE? | David Beckham snubbed by Honours Committee... no Ladyship for Posh | Daily Mail Online
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David Beckham has suffered the humiliation of being rejected for a knighthood after a row among the officials in charge of honours.
Some said he should be made Sir David for his footballing achievements and for helping London to host the 2012 Olympics.
But other officials, described by a source as ‘one or two stuffed-shirt snobs’, said it was too soon to make cockney-accented Beckham, 38, a knight of the realm.
Sick as a parrot? A knighthood for Beckham has been ruled out for now, leaving Posh a lady in waiting. Beckham was awarded an OBE for services to football in 2003 (right)
It was argued that after a knighthood for Tour de France-winning cyclist Sir Bradley Wiggins last year, sporting gongs were ‘in danger of being handed out like confetti’.
But glamorous Welsh singer Katherine Jenkins, 33, is set to receive an OBE – four years after she admitted taking cocaine, ecstasy and cannabis as a student. She is also known for her charity work and has performed concerts in Iraq and Afghanistan for British troops.
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A vigorous debate took place over whether Beckham should get the nod in this week’s New Year Honours – or be made to wait. In the end, his critics won. ‘There was a view it wouldn’t do him any harm to wait a bit longer,’ said one source. If Beckham is to receive the honour in the future, the entire vetting process will have to start from scratch.
Honoured: Glamorous Welsh singer Katherine Jenkins, 33, is set to receive an OBE
Forces sweetheart: Miss Jenkins, pictured during a visit to Camp Bastion, is also known for her charity work and has performed concerts in Iraq and Afghanistan for British troops
The rejection is a bitter blow to Beckham’s wife, former Spice Girl Victoria, who would have received the honorary title of ‘Lady Beckham’ – although she would no doubt have become known as ‘Lady Posh’.
The snub is all the more embarrassing after reports that Beckham’s knighthood was assured. A national newspaper last month suggested the decision had been made. And it claimed football-loving Prince William would knight ‘Sir David’ at Buckingham Palace.
Beckham’s name was put forward for a knighthood in May when he announced he was ending his glittering 20-year career as a footballer. He earned 115 England caps and won the Premiership with Manchester United six times. Tony Blair has praised his role in the team of politicians and sports stars that helped London win the right to stage last year’s Olympics. He is also a ‘goodwill ambassador’ for global children’s charity Unicef and a patron of Sir Elton John’s Aids Foundation.
Sir Bradley: It was argued that after a knighthood for Tour de France-winning cyclist Sir Bradley Wiggins last year, sporting gongs were 'in danger of being handed out like confetti'
In 2003, when the Queen awarded him the OBE for services to football, Beckham – now a global fashion pin-up, modelling his own range of underwear – said: ‘I am honoured and privileged to receive this recognition. It’s not just for me but for Manchester United, England, all of my team-mates and my family.’
Getting the equivalent of a knighthood ‘red card’ from the Honours Committee will hurt every bit as much as his two England red cards. As recently as last week, asked about reports he was getting a knighthood, Beckham said: ‘I’ve heard a few of these rumours as well but I’m not paying them too much attention.
‘I’m so busy with my kids – I’m just a dad. We’ll see what happens with the knighthood but I’m proud of what I’ve already achieved.’
Waiting game: Wimbledon champion Andy Murray, awarded the OBE last year, was also passed over on the grounds that he should wait for a higher honour
Discussing the prospect of David being knighted, Victoria once said: ‘I’d love that, that would be quite fabulous. It’s just so camp, it’s wonderful isn’t it? Lady Victoria – that would be quite amazing.’
Bookmakers Coral were so certain that Beckham was about to be knighted, they suspended betting on it two weeks ago.
Beckham is not the only sports star to miss out.
Wimbledon champion Andy Murray, awarded the OBE last year, was also passed over on the grounds that he should wait for a higher honour.
Traditionally shrouded in secrecy, the honours system is overseen by the Cabinet Office honours and appointments secretariat.
| 2003 |
Actress Brooke Shields modelled jeans for which designer in the 1980’s? | David Beckham 'to get OBE' - theage.com.au
David Beckham 'to get OBE'
June 8 2003
David Beckham is to be awarded an OBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours List, it was reported yesterday.
The 28-year-old England captain and Manchester United player is said to be getting the gong in recognition of his services to football.
Beckham, accompanied by his pop star wife Victoria, would receive the award from the Queen at Buckingham Palace.
Buckingham Palace and the Home Office refused to comment on the reports but the footballer's father welcomed the news.
"It's superb news. You don't think of these things when you're younger and when you are first starting out in football, all you want to do is concentrate on the game," Ted Beckham said.
He said his son would be "delighted" to receive the award from the Queen.
"I imagine he'll think 'Blimey, he's only 28 and he's got an OBE'. It's superb."
French managers Gerard Houllier of Liverpool and Arsene Wenger of Arsenal will also pick up OBEs on the same day, according to reports.
Surrey cricketing all-rounder and former England captain Alec Stewart will reportedly receive the same honour.
But all eyes at Buckingham Palace would be focused on Beckham, the husband of a former Spice Girl who has become a national hero and cultural icon in recent years.
His dedication to the game, family-man image and film-star looks have won him hordes of adoring fans spanning the generations.
His meteoric rise to iconic status began after he hit rock bottom when he was sent off in a World Cup match against Argentina in 1998.
The Essex-born player was vilified in the press and effigies of his body were hung in streets.
But his resilience and dazzling skills impressed a nation and he won the hearts of the public with some lion-hearted displays for his country.
His captain's performance against Greece in 2002, which culminated in a last-minute free-kick to get England to the World Cup finals, cemented his position as a national hero.
Yesterday the midfielder was dominating the front and back pages of newspapers as rumours that he may leave Old Trafford to play football in Spain continued to circulate.
-PA
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Which mountain range is known as ‘The Backbone of England’? | England Facts - Learn about the country of England
England Facts
Facts about the country of England, including location, climate, landscape, population, currency, government and more.
(This page was last updated 2nd February 2012)
ENGLAND'S LOCATION
England is an island country situated in North-West Europe, on the island of 'Great Britain'.
Great Britain is made up of 3 countries - England, Scotland, and Wales (see map below).
Covering two-thirds of Great Britain, England is the largest country on the island.
Map of Great Britain, showing the countries of England, Scotland, and Wales.
Below is a map showing the whole of the island of Great Britain in relation to the rest of Europe. Great Britain is the largest island in Europe and the eighth largest island in the world.
France, on mainland Europe, is approx 35 kilometres away from the island of Great Britain and since 1994 has been joined to the island via an undersea rail network called the Channel Tunnel.
The Channel Tunnel runs from Folkestone in the county of Kent ( Southern England) beneath the English Channel, to arrive at Coquelles near Calais in northern France.
At 31.4 miles (50.5 km) it is the second longest undersea tunnel in the world, Japan's Seikan Tunnel being the longest at 33.49 miles.
Map of Great Britain (in red) and mainland Europe.
The British Isles
The group of islands known as 'The British Isles' consist of Great Britain (the largest island in the group), Ireland, Northern Ireland, the Orkneys, the Shetland Islands, the Isle of Man, the Isle of Wight, Isle of Scilly, the Hebrides, and the Channel Islands which lie just off the coast of France and include the islands of Jersey and Guernsey.
There are said to be over 6,000 islands in the British Isles, with Great Britain being the largest, and Bishop's Rock not only being the smallest island in the British Isles, but also the smallest island in the world!
The United Kingdom (UK)
The UK, or rather 'The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland' includes the island of Great Britain (consisting of the countries of England, Scotland, and Wales), and the North-East part of Ireland (Eire). The country of England accounts for around 84% of the population of the UK
This map shows the whole of the United Kingdom (in blue)
Key facts to remember -
ENGLAND is a country. It is on the island of GREAT BRITAIN (part of the British Isles) along with the countries of Scotland and Wales.
ENGLAND is also part of the United Kingdom (the UK) along with Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.
ENGLAND'S CLIMATE & WEATHER
The English summer consists of "three fine days and a thunderstorm". - Charles II
England's weather can be summed up in two words - mild & varied. One minute it can be gorgeous sunshine, the next it can be cloudy, cold and raining. Even on extremely sunny days during summer, if someone goes out they will usually 'take a coat just in case' for the weather is so unpredictable and can change at any moment. This unpredictability also makes England's weather extremely interesting and frequently talked about.
The warmest part of the country is the South, with Faversham in Kent having the highest ever recorded temperature of 38.5C (101.3F) on the 10th August 2003.
During the winter months the warmest parts of England are along the South, and South-West, particularly the counties of Devon and Cornwall and around the London area.
The Lake District, one of the most scenic regions of England, is also the wettest.
The bottom line is, if you plan on visiting England or any other part of Britain, always come prepared for any kind of weather.
To understand more about the British weather, please read the following article by the BBC - British Weather (Part 1)
To see what the weather is like in England right now and for a detailed forecast, please click here
ENGLAND'S LANDSCAPE
As varied as the weather, comes the beautiful English landscape. From the chalk cliffs and rolling hills of the South, to the Mountainous ranges of the Lake District in the North.
Topography map of the UK. This map shows how England is relatively low-lying compared to the countries Scotland in the North, and Wales in the West. In the North of England can be seen The Pennines, a mountain range known as 'the backbone of England' which stretch all the way from Scotland down to the Peak District in the county of Derbyshire, England.
High in the North-West close to The Pennines can be seen the mountainous region of The Lake District. The two high areas in the South-West are Exmoor National Park, and lower down is Dartmoor National Park.
Interesting facts about England and its landscape
England has around 2,000 miles of coastline.
No place in England is more than 75 miles (120 km) from the coast.
England's longest river is the river Thames at 215 miles long.
Scafell Pike is the highest mountain in England at 3,209 feet (978 metres). It can be found in the Lake District in the North of England.
POPULATION OF ENGLAND
In 2005 the population of England was approximately 50.4 million.
Most of England's population lives in or around its major cities such as London (7.5 million).
Population Facts & Figures
In the 1600's the population of Britain (England, Scotland, and Wales combined) was just over 4 million. It is now over 60 million
London is the most populous city in the European union with over 7 million residents. It is home to around 12% of the UK population.
For more details of the population of England and the rest of the UK, visit the National Statistics website here
FLAG OF ENGLAND
| Pennines |
In which year was former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher born? | Pennines | upland mass, England, United Kingdom | Britannica.com
upland mass, England, United Kingdom
Written By:
list of cities and towns in the United Kingdom
Pennines, major upland mass forming a relief “backbone,” or “spine,” in the north of England , extending southward from Northumberland into Derbyshire . The uplands have a short, steep western slope and dip gently eastward. They are surrounded on the east, west, and south by the Vale of York, the Lancashire and Cheshire plains, and the valley of the River Trent , respectively. On the north, the Tyne Gap and Eden Valley separate the Pennines from the Cheviots and the Lake District mountains.
Pen-y-Ghent in the northern section of the Pennines
Kenneth Scowen
The Pennine system is often wrongly called a chain, but it is hardly even a range. Its hills are broken up into numerous short ranges by valleys (often called dales) cut back into them in every direction. The Pennines, in fact, form a north and south watershed that determines the course of all the larger rivers in northern England. The Pennines are divided into two main sections by a gap formed by the Rivers Aire (flowing east) and Ribble (flowing west). The northern section of the Pennines is broader and generally higher than the southern. The highest points in the northern section are Cross Fell (2,930 feet [893 m]), Whernside (2,419 feet [737 m]), Ingleborough (2,373 feet [723 m]), and Pen-y-Ghent (2,273 feet [693 m]). In the southern section, heights of more than 2,000 feet (600 m) are rare, apart from Kinder Scout (2,088 feet [636 m]), part of the Peak District of Derbyshire.
The geological structure of the Pennines consists of carboniferous limestone and Millstone Grit with some local shales. On the drier areas, heather moor predominates, while the wet, peaty areas are covered mostly with cotton grass. The summits of the hills are rounded or nearly flat, but geological structures and glacial action have helped to produce fine scenery in the dales. Water action has developed remarkable underground caverns and watercourses in the limestone of the Pennines. Among these caverns and chasms are Ingleborough Cave near Clapham, Gaping Gill (more than 350 feet [107 m] deep), and Rowten Pot (365 feet [111 m]). The stream draining Malham Tarn (brook) disappears below ground and reappears at the foot of the cliffs at Malham Cove. A notable underground watercourse in Derbyshire is the River Wye , which disappears into Plunge Hole and then traverses Poole’s Hole, near Buxton. There are few lakes in the Pennines, but reservoirs in Millstone Grit areas supply the manufacturing regions of West Yorkshire and Lancashire with water.
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Which US city was previously called New Amsterdam? | New Netherland to New York [ushistory.org]
4a. New Netherland to New York
England was not the first European power to settle the land known now as New York. That distinction belongs to the Dutch.
Governor Stuyvesant, appointed by the Dutch West India Company, told the colonists of New Netherland, "I shall govern you as a father his children."
Ironically, the English explorer Henry Hudson brought the region to the attention of the Netherlands in 1609 by sailing into New York Bay and up the river that would eventually bear his name.
New Netherland became a reality fourteen years later. The Dutch West India Company hoped to reap the profits of the area's fur trade.
Wait Just a Minuit
Shortly after setting up camp, Peter Minuit made one of the greatest real estate purchases in history. He traded trinkets (small ornaments, jewelry, etc.) with local Native Americans for Manhattan Island. The town that was established there was named New Amsterdam.
The Dutch had no patience for democratic institutions. The point of the colony was to enrich its stockholders.
The most famous governor of the colony, Peter Stuyvesant, ruled New Amsterdam with an iron fist. Slavery was common during the Dutch era, as the Dutch West India Company was one of the most prominent in the world's trade of slaves.
Languages that could be heard in the streets of New Amsterdam include Dutch, French, Flemish, Swedish, Danish, Finnish, and several other European and African tongues.
Northwest of New Amsterdam, New Netherland approached feudal conditions with the awarding of large tracts of land to wealthy investors. This would create eventual instability as the gap between the landed and the landless grew more obvious.
The British Are Coming
After Charles II came to the throne, the English became very interested in the Dutch holdings. In 1664, he granted the land to his brother, the Duke of York, before officially owning it.
When a powerful English military unit appeared in New Amsterdam, Governor Stuyvesant was forced to surrender and New Netherland became New York.
Santa Claus and Easter Eggs
Cultural contributions left by the Dutch include the pastimes of bowling and skating. Christmas and Easter were transformed by the introduction of Santa Claus and Easter eggs.
Any resident or visitor to Harlem or Brooklyn should recognize the Dutch influence in the names of locales. Although majority Dutch presence was short-lived, the legacy remains.
John Anderson and Alexander Flick in A Short History of the State of New York in 1902 reckoned that if the $24 (the value of the beads in the legendary story of the purchase of Manhattan) had been put aside at 6% interest it would have grown to $122,500,000. They must have made the calculation in 1891; by 1902 it would have been worth $231,000,000. An incredible website devoted to beads awaits you!
| New York |
In 1972, who became the first American to win the World Chess Championship? | Dutch New York: The Dutch settlements in North America - Colonial Voyage
Nieuw Amsterdam (Dutch New York) by Johannes Vingboons (1664)
Dutch New York: The Dutch settlements in North America
in Dutch Colonialism , United States of America 11,111 Views
Written by Marco Ramerini. English text revision by Dietrich Köster.
The 17th century Dutch colony of Nieuw-Nederland was situated between the South River (Delaware River) and the Fresh River (Connecticut River) with his center on the North or Great River (Hudson River) practically in the present US States of New York, Delaware, Connecticut and New Jersey.
The Dutch connection with North America began in September 1609, when Henry Hudson, an English Captain in the service of the VOC (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie) discovered with his ship “De Halve Maan” (The Half Moon) the river, which today bears his name. He was in search of the Northwest Passage to Asia. Shortly after the return of the Hudson expedition Dutch merchants sent out new expeditions, the aim of all these expeditions was the fur trade with the Indians.
In 1614 the Staten Generaal of the United Provinces of the Netherlands granted a charter for three years to the New Netherlands Company of Amsterdam. The first Dutch settlement in North America was built in late 1614 on Castle island (an island in the Hudson river just south of Albany, NY). This trading post was called Fort Nassau, but this fort frequently lay under water and was consequently abandoned in 1617. In 1621 the newly founded West-Indische Compagnie (WIC) was granted a charter, which included the coast and countries of Africa from the tropic of Cancer to the Cape of Good Hope and also all the coast of America.
New Amsterdam (Dutch New York). Author Jacques Cortelyou (1660)
In 1624 the first WIC expedition started. A ship with about thirty families of colonists (most of them were Walloons) reached the Hudson or Great River. They anchored near the abandoned Fort Nassau. Later in 1624 a new fort called Fort Oranje was built here on the west side of the river, where Albany now stands. In the same year the Dutch began to build two forts, one on the South River (Delaware) named Fort Nassau and the other on the Fresh River (Connecticut), which was called Fort De Goede Hoop.
In 1626 a fort was built on Manhattan Island at the mouth of the Hudson River. This fort was called Fort Amsterdam and around it the town of Nieuw Amsterdam developed. It was destined to become the capital of the Dutch colony. In 1628 the population of Nieuw Amsterdam amonted to 270 souls. In 1630 three patroonships were founded: on the South River Swanendael; on the North River at its mouth, Pavonia and at Fort Oranje, Rensselaerswyck. The last, Rensselaerswyck, was the only successful patroonship in New Netherlands. In 1633 a wooden church was erected in Nieuw Amsterdam and in 1642 it was replaced by a stone church inside the Fort.
The Dutch settlements in North America. Author Marco Ramerini
In March 1638 a Swedish expedition arrived on the South River (Delaware), where they founded the colony of Nya Sverige (New Sweden). The Dutch at Fort Nassau strongly protested. The Dutch reply arrived in 1655, when a Dutch army with more than 300 soldiers made the whole Nya Sverige give in after some resistance on 15 September 1655.
In 1647 the population of New Netherlands was about 1,500-2,000 souls. In 1652 the population of the city of Nieuw Amsterdam had 800 souls. A Municipal Government was given to it in 1652-53 and a Burgomaster was appointed. In 1664 the population of Nieuw Amsterdam amounted to 1,600 souls and the number of inhabitants of the whole New Netherlands was about 10,000 souls.
On 8 September 1664 (during the Second Anglo-Dutch War) the English took possession of Nieuw Amsterdam and they renamed the city New York. By the treaty of Breda (1667) New Netherlands was exchanged with the English for the colony of Suriname, which at that time was a more developed and rich colony.
New Amsterdam (Dutch New York). Author Johannes Vingboon (1639)
The Dutch in August 1673 (during the third Anglo-Dutch War) retook possession of New York, the fort was renamed Fort Willem Hendrick, while New York became Nieuw Oranje. But by the treaty of Westminster, which was signed in February 1674, the colony went back to the English. In November 1674 the Dutch flag waved in Nieuw Oranje (New York) for the last time.
Description (1643) of Nieuw Nederland (New York and Albany) from a narrative of Father Isaac Jogues
Nieuw Nederland is situated between Virginia and New England. The mouth of the river, which some people call Nassau or Great North River, to distinguish it from another one, which they call the South River and which I think is called Maurice River on some maps, which I have recently seen, is at 40 degrees, 30 minutes. The channel is deep and navigable for the largest ships, which ascend to Manhattan Island, which is seven leagues in circumference and on which there is a fort to serve as the commencement of a town to be built there and to be called New Amsterdam.
Nieuw Amsterdam, Long Island and environs 1664. Author Marco Ramerini
This fort, which is at the point of the island about five or six leagues from the river’s mouth is called Fort Amsterdam. It has four regular bastions, mounted with several pieces of artillery. All these bastions and the curtains existed in 1643, but most mounds had crumbled away. Thus one entered the fort on all sides. There were no ditches. The garrison of the said fort and of another one, which they had built still further up against the incursions of the savages, their enemies, consisted of sixty soldiers. They were beginning to face the gates and bastions with stone. Within the fort there were a pretty large stone church, the house of the Governor (called Director General by them) – quite neatly built of brick – and the storehouses and barracks.
On the island of Manhattan and its environs there may well be four or five hundred people of different sects and nations: the Director General told me that there were persons of eighteen different languages; they are scattered here and there on the river, upstream and downstream, as the beauty and convenience of the spot has stimulated everybody to settle: some mechanics, however, who ply their trade, are ranged under the fort; all the others are exposed to the incursions of the natives, who in 1643 actually killed quite some Hollanders and burnt many houses and barns full of wheat. The river, which is very straight and runs in due north-south direction, is at least a league broad before the fort. Ships lie at anchor in a bay, which forms the other side of the island and can be defended by the fort. [….]
No religion is publicly exercised but the Calvinist one, but in reality it is different; besides the Calvinists there are Catholics, English Puritans, Lutherans, Anabaptists (Mennonites) and more in the colony. When anyone comes to settle in the country, they lend him horses, cows etc.; they give him provisions, which he all returns as soon as he is at ease; regarding the land, he pays to the West India Company the tenth of the produce he harvests after ten years. [….]
Map of New Netherland and New England (1635). Author Willem Blaeu in Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
Ascending the river to the 43d degree, you meet the second Dutch settlement, which the tides reach, but do not pass beyond. Ships of a hundred and twenty tons can come up to it. There are two things in this settlements (which is called Renselaerswijck, i.e. settlement of Renselaers, who is a rich Amsterdam merchant): first a miserable little fort called Fort Oranje, built of logs with four or five pieces of Breteuil cannon and as many pedereros. This has been reserved and is maintained by the West India Company. This fort was formerly on an island in the river; it is now on the mainland towards the Iroquois, a little above the said island. Secondly, a colony sent here by Renselaers, who is the patron. This colony is composed of about one hundred persons, who reside in some twenty-five or thirty houses built along the river, each of them to be found most convenient. In the principal house lives the patron’s agent; the minister has his apartment, in which religious service is performed. There is also a kind of bailiff, whom they call the schout (seneschal), who administers justice. All their houses are merely of boards and thatched with no mason work except the chimneys. The forest furnishing many large pines, they make boards by means of their saw mills, which they have established for this purpose. They found already some pieces of ground, which the savages had formerly cleared, in which they sow wheat and oats for beer and for their horses, of which they have a great number. There is little land fit for tillage, being hemmed by hills, which have poor soil. This obliges them to separate and they already occupy two or three leagues of country. Trade is free to all; this gives the Indians the chance to buy all things at a cheap price. Each Hollander tries to outbid his neighbor, which gives him satisfaction, provided he can gain some profit. [….]
There are many [Indian] nations between the two Dutch settlements, which are about thirty leagues apart. [about 200-250 Km.] [….]
Father Isaac Jogues. From Trois Rivières in Nouvelle France, 3 August 1646.
ACADIA WAS ALSO DUTCH
In August 1674 a Dutch ship under Captain Jurriaen Aernoutsz attacked the French fort and military headquarters of Pentagouet in Penobscot Bay (Acadia), which surrendered to it after a siege of two hours; then the Dutch ship sailed to the Saint John River, were it conquered another French fort (Jemseg). This conquest was short-lived. Aernoutsz claimed all Acadia as a Dutch colony, but when he left the forts in search of reinforcements, the Dutch garrison was routed by an expedition of New Englanders. In a “foolish attack” the Dutch Government named Cornelis Steenwyck Governor of the Coasts and Countries of Nova Scotia and Acadia in 1676, but at that time he had only the title and not the land.
Nieuw Amsterdam (Dutch New York) by Johannes Vingboons (1664)
Map of New Netherland and New England (1635). Author Willem Blaeu in Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
New Amsterdam (Dutch New York). Author Jacques Cortelyou (1660)
New Amsterdam (Dutch New York). Author Johannes Vingboon (1639)
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
NEW NETHERLANDS:
– Various Authors, “The Colonial History of New York under the Dutch”, CD-Rom in 5 volumes. Includes: “Narratives of New Netherland” (Jameson), “History of New Netherland” (O’Callaghan), “History of New York” (Brodhead) and also includes Cadwallader Colden and four Munsell tracts, edited by O’Callaghan
– Condon, Thomas J., “New York Beginnings: The Commercial Origins of New Netherland”, New York University Press, 1968, New York, USA.
– Griffis, W. E. “The story of New Netherland. The Dutch in America”, 292 pp., Houghton, 1909, Boston/New York, USA. – Heywoood, Linda M. & Thornton, John K., (2007) “Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles and the making of the Foundation of the Americas, 1585-1660”, Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press
– Jameson, J. Franklin “Narratives of New Netherlands 1609-1664” 480 pp. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1909, N.Y. USA
– O’Callaghan, E. B., “The History of New Netherland”, 2 vols., D. Appleton, 1848, New York, USA
– Ward, C. “The Dutch and Swedes on the Delaware 1609 – 1664” 393 pp. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1930 Philadelphia, Penn. USA
– Weslager, C.A., “Dutch explorers, traders and settlers in the Delaware valley 1609-1664”, 329 pp., illustrations, University of Pennsylvania Press 1961, Philadelphia, U.S.A.
– Zwierlein, L. D. “Religion in New Netherlands: A History of the Development of the Religious Conditions in the Province of New Netherlands 1623-1664” 327 pp. John Smith Printing Co, 1910, Rochester, N.Y. USA.
ACADIA:
– Champernowne Francis “The Dutch Conquest of Acadie and Other Historical Papers” edited by Charles W. Tuttle and Albert H. Hoyt
– Mahaffie “A land of discord always: Acadia from its beginnings to the expulsion of its people 1604 – 1755”
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Canada has how many territories? | How many provinces and territories make up Canada?
How many provinces and territories make up Canada?
How many provinces and territories make up Canada?
How many provinces and territories make up Canada?
Ten provinces and three territories make up Canada, which is the second-largest country by territory. The main difference between territories and provinces is that the former derive their powers and mandates from the federal government while the latter derive their authority and powers from the Constitution Act. In other words, the territories are not considered sovereign.
The three territories are Yukon , Nunavut , and Northwest Territories . The capital of the Northwest Territories is Yellowknife , and Aboriginal people make up the majority or 50.3 percent of the population. Nunavut is the newest and the largest Canadian territory, and it was separated from the Northwest Territories through two formal agreements. Nunavut is the size of Western Europe, and it is the least populous Canadian territory. Its population is around 31,900, and most residents are Inuit. Yukon is the smallest, westernmost Canadian federal territory, named after the Yukon River.
Alberta is a prairie province and the fourth largest in Canada. It has a population of 3.6 million, and its capital city is Edmonton . British Columbia is part of the Pacific Northwest, and it is the westernmost Canadian province. The capital city is Victoria , and the largest city is Vancouver . Manitoba is a prairie province with a flat topography, largely continental climate , and more than 110,000 lakes. Major industries are agriculture, tourism, energy, forestry, mining, and manufacturing. Winnipeg is the capital and the largest city of Manitoba. New Brunswick is one of the 3 maritime provinces of Canada and the only bilingual province . The largest city is Saint John, and the capital city is Fredericton . Newfoundland and Labrador incorporates mainland Labrador and the island Newfoundland. It is the easternmost Canadian province, and its largest city and capital is St. John�s . The island has its dialects of Irish, French, and English. Nova Scotia is the second smallest Canadian province and one of the Maritime Provinces. The provincial capital of Nova Scotia is Halifax .
Ontario is the most populous province, which is located in the east-central part of the country. Te province is home to the national capital Ottawa and the most populous Canadian city, Toronto . Ontario is divided into Southern and Northern Ontario, and the province�s arable land is found in the southern part where the majority of residents live. Prince Edward Island is the smallest province in land area and population. The capital city of this maritime province is Charlottetown .
Quebec is found in east-central Canada and is the second largest province by administrative division and the largest by area. The capital city of Quebec is Quebec City , and most residents live in urban areas between Quebec City and Montreal , near the Saint Lawrence River. The population of Quebec is predominantly French-speaking. English-speaking communities are present in Gaspe, Eastern Townships, and Outaouais, and west of the island of Montreal. Finally, Saskatchewan is a prairie province, bordered by the Northwest Territories, Alberta, Manitoba, and the U.S. states North Dakota and Montana. The provincial capital is Regina and the largest city � Saskatoon.
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Professional surfer Jordy Smith was born in which country? | How Canadian are You, eh?
Games
How Canadian are You, eh?
Test your knowledge of Canadian history with this challenging, multiple-choice quiz. The quiz is different every time, so you can play more than once! Most of the information you need is found in the Discover Canada study guide .
Question 1:
When did the Prime Minister, on behalf of the Government of Canada, officially apologize in the House of Commons for the Chinese Head Tax that was imposed on Chinese newcomers in 1885?
July 1, 2006
Canada currently claims ownership of the North Pole.
True
Canada's most densely populated province is:
Ontario
In what year did the Iroquois and the French finally make peace?
1701
Whom does the governor general of Canada represent at the federal level?
The prime minister
Which famous Canadian composed the Canadian national anthem?
Céline Dion
Where are the highest tides in the world?
Hudson's Bay, between Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba and Nunavut
The Bay of Fundy, between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
James Bay, between Ontario and Quebec
Cowichan Bay, British Columbia
What is the only officially bilingual province in Canada?
Alberta
How many oceans does Canada border?
Two (Atlantic and Arctic)
Three (Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic)
Four (Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic, Indian)
None
What is the approximate population of Canada?
25,000,000
40,000,000
Question 11:
Each year on November 11, Canadians celebrate Remembrance Day by pinning which type of flower to their jackets?
Daisies
Which of the following rivers is Canada's longest river?
Mackenzie River
Why did Ottawa establish the Mounted Police in 1873?
To perform equestrian shows
To pacify the West and negotiate with the Indians
To arrest Louis Riel
To drive the Métis out of Canada
Question 14:
How many time zones stretch across Canada's vast landscape?
3
1
Question 15:
What famous sea creature in the Okanagan Lake of British Columbia was called N'ha-a-itk by local Aboriginal tribes and is considered "Canada's Loch Ness Monster"?
Caddy
What is the capital city of Nova Scotia?
St. John’s
What is the oldest English settlement in Canada?
Québec, Quebec
St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Question 18:
Who was the first woman to serve as governor general of Canada?
Jeanne Sauvé
Who is Canada's Head of State?
Her Majesty the Queen of Canada (Elizabeth II)
The Prime Minister
What level of government in Canada is in charge of education and health care?
Federal
Local
Question 21:
In Canada, rights come with responsibilities. Which of the following is an actual responsibility for all Canadian citizens?
The responsibility to help others in the community
The responsibility to obey the law
The responsibility to vote in elections
All of the above
Question 22:
Which biennial sports event that began in 1970 features such sports as snowshoeing and dog sledding, as well as athletes from northern communities like the Northwest Territories, Yukon, Nunavut, Alaska, Greenland and several northern Russian provinces?
Northern Winter Olympics
Northern Games
Question 23:
The prime minister of Canada must recommend a governor general candidate to the Queen before a decision is made. True or false?
True
What leaf is on the Canadian flag?
mint leaf
grape leaf
Question 25:
Which of the following answers includes all four of the fundamental freedoms dating back to the Magna Carta, also known as the Great Charter?
Freedom of conscience and religion, freedom of speech, freedom to wear what you want, freedom to read
Freedom of speech, freedom to think, freedom of association, freedom to walk
Freedom of peaceful assembly, freedom to drive, freedom to sing, freedom of association
Freedom of conscience and religion; freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression; freedom of peaceful assembly; freedom of association
Question 26:
The Queen has been present at a number of important sports occasions. In 1976, she opened the Olympic Games in ______.
Ottawa
Which monarch proclaimed the National flag in 1965?
King George IV
What does the Latin name for Nova Scotia mean in English?
New Scotland
New Star
Question 29:
Newfoundland was the last province to join Confederation in 1949. What year did the province's name officially change to include Labrador?
1999
What is the name of the highest mountain in Canada?
Blackcomb Mountain
Yoho Mountain
Question 31:
In 1957, the Queen officially opened the first session of the 23rd Parliament, becoming the first reigning Canadian monarch to read the ______ from the Throne.
Speech
Which document made Confederation official and legal?
The British North America Act of 1867
The Dominion Act
What is the oldest national park in Canada?
Glacier National Park
Which country is Canada's major trade partner for energy products?
Great Britain
In Canada's three northern territories, which phenomenon is sometimes referred to as "the midnight sun"?
24-hour darkness in the fall and winter
24-hour daylight in the summer
Lunar eclipse
Solar eclipse
Question 36:
What was the name of the secret routes and safe houses used by 19th-century slaves, led by Harriet Tubman, in the United States to escape to Canada?
The Underground Railroad
The Great Canadian Escape Route
The Freedom Tunnel
Question 37:
On June 6, 1944, in a bid to roll back the Nazi regime, 15,000 Canadian soldiers stormed which Normandy beach on a day otherwise known as D-Day?
Jupiter Beach
How many provinces and territories are there in Canada?
13
15
Question 39:
Canada has a large population of the world's biggest land-based carnivore (meat-eating animal). It is the:
Grizzly bear
Polar bear
Question 40:
Which of the following is a requirement in order to vote in a Canadian federal election?
You are at least 18 years old on election day
You are a Canadian citizen
You can prove your identity and address
All of the above
What battle can be described as the Royal Canadian Navy's "finest hour"?
Battle of the Caribbean Sea
Battle of the Atlantic
Battle of the Arctic
Question 42:
In what province did the “Marathon of Hope” creator and Canadian hero Terry Fox spend most of his life?
Quebec
The Queen's first visit to Canada was in ______ when she was Princess Elizabeth and aged ______.
1951, 25
Which section of the Parliament buildings was destroyed by fire on February 3, 1916?
West Block
The Liberation of Western Europe from Nazi rule began in 1944 on:
D-Day
Which Canadian imagined the idea for the first telephone at his summer house in Canada?
Thomas Edison
Henry Woodward
Question 47:
Which year is associated by many with Quebec's "Quiet Revolution," a period of social, political and cultural change.
1960
1980
Question 48:
Who wrote the popular novel Anne of Green Gables in 1908, which has since been translated into 15 languages and inspired two films and a musical performed in Charlottetown every year?
Lucy Maud Montgomery
Who was the only Canadian ever to serve as Prime Minister of Great Britain?
Tony Blair
On April 1st, 1999, ________ became Canada’s newest territory.
Ontario
Jacques Cartier was the first European to explore which great Canadian river?
Red River
What does the Official Languages Act of 1969 stipulate for all Canadians?
That every citizen must be bilingual
That English is the only official language of Canada
That English and French would enjoy equality of status in all institutions of the Parliament and government of Canada
That all government documents must be bilingual
Question 53:
The Trans-Canada Highway is the longest national highway in the world.
True
What is the most significant difference between Canadian football and American football?
Canadian football allows three downs instead of four
Canadian football uses a bigger ball
Canadian football is played on a bigger field
All of the above
The name "Canada" comes from the Iroquois word "Kanata" which means what in English?
Maple leaf
Who, from June 25 to November 4, 1993, was Canada's first woman prime minister?
Michaelle Jean
Canada is the world's second largest country by land mass.
True
False
Question 58:
Which national project to connect Canadians across the country began in 1871 and was completed six years ahead of schedule in 1885, with the final section constructed in Craigellachie, British Columbia?
Trans-Canada Highway
Trans-Canada Trail
Question 59:
What is the name of the dried meat, made by Plains Indians and Métis peoples, that became a staple during the fur trade?
Bison
The Canadian flag is composed of which colours?
Red/White/Blue
What is the largest city in Canada?
Calgary
Toronto
Question 62:
The British North America Act of 1867 united Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Today, Upper and Lower Canada are known as _______ and Quebec.
Ontario
In 1812, which country was unsuccessful in its attempt to conquer Canada?
Russia
Germany
Question 64:
Since 1982, any change to the position of the Queen or her representatives in Canada requires the unanimous consent of the ______, the House of Commons and the assemblies of all the provinces.
the Prime Minister
Who is the first Canadian of Haitian origin to be named governor general?
Stephen Harper
Famous Canadian Roberta Bondar is known for achieving which of the following goals in 1992?
She was the first female prime minister
She was the first Canadian woman to play in the NHL
She was the first Canadian woman to travel into outer space
She won a Governor General's Award
Question 67:
What challenge did Louis Riel pose to Canada?
he opposed Confederation
he led two armed uprisings that jeopardized Canada's expansion from sea to sea
he allied himself to Russia
he became an American citizen
Question 68:
How many territories does Canada have in total?
1
Which of the following is a constitutional responsibility of the governor general of Canada?
To head the Canadian military
To ensure that Canada always has a prime minister and a government in place that has the confidence of Parliament
To provide leadership and direction to the government with the support of a cabinet
To verify all changes to the Canadian Constitution Act
Question 70:
The Heir Apparent, or successor to Queen Elizabeth II, is named ______.
Charles, Prince of Wales
Who were the first people to live in Canada?
Europeans
Vancouver, British Columbia, was named after:
An Aboriginal (Cree) name meaning "end of the land" or "coastline of the falling sun"
Captain George Vancouver, a Royal Navy officer who was the first European to enter Burrard Inlet on Canada's West Coast
The Great Vancouver Fire of June 13, 1886, which struck Gastown. The unofficial name of Vancouver was reported worldwide and subsequently stuck.
Mayor John Brian Vancouver, who proposed renaming Gastown after his successful re-election in 1885
Question 73:
What is the highest court in Canada?
Supreme Court
Custom Court
Question 74:
Which Métis leader, who was a central figure in the Northwest Rebellions and founder of the province of Manitoba, is celebrated on the third Monday of February in Manitoba?
William MacDougall
Thomas Scott
Question 75:
The birth of the Dominion of Canada, also known as "Confederation," occurred on which historic date?
July 1, 1817
January 5, 1817
Question 76:
In Canada, the Queen's birthday is marked by a public holiday in each year on Victoria Day. This holiday dates back to the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901), whose birthday was declared a Canadian holiday in 1845.
May
September
Question 77:
______ fulfill the responsibilities and functions of the Queen in the provinces in the same way that the Governor General does at the national level.
Senators
Some black Nova Scotians helped found _______ a new British Colony for freed slaves, in 1792.
Freetown, Sierra Leone (West Africa)
Johannesburg, South Africa
What is the head of government in Canada called?
President
What national public holiday falls on July 1?
Vimy Day
Canada Day (until 1982, Dominion Day)
Question 81:
The Queen has visited Canada ______ times.
80
Which is Canada's newest province?
Nunavut
Prince Edward Island
Question 83:
Which structure, made by the Inuit, was traditionally used to indicate directions for travellers, warn of danger, mark a place of respect, or act as a helper in hunting caribou?
inukshuk
Which Canadian province is the largest in terms of land mass?
Nunavut
Count Frontenac refused to surrender Quebec to the English in 1690, saying:
You have nothing to fear but yourself!
Let them eat French fries!
My only reply will be from the mouths of my cannons!
England expects every man will do his duty!
Question 86:
Why is Remembrance Day held on November 11 of each year?
It was the day that the First World War officially started
It is the beginning of poppy season
It is Armistice Day when the First World War ended
All of the above
How many provinces are there in Canada?
Ten
How many Canadians served in the First World War?
10,000
it is not known how many
Question 89:
A Mari Usque Ad Mare - From sea to sea
Fortis et Liber - Strong and free
Splendor Sine Occasu - Splendour without diminishment
Quaerite Prime Regnum Dei - Seek ye first the Kingdom of God
Question 90:
Which of the following factors makes you eligible to vote in a federal election or to cast a ballot in a federal referendum?
You are a Canadian citizen
You are 18 years of age or older
You are a registered voter
All of the above
Question 91:
The efforts of women to achieve the right to vote is known as the women's suffrage movement. Its founder in Canada was Dr. Emily Stowe, the first Canadian woman to practise medicine in Canada. Thanks to her efforts, women received the right to vote in 1916 in which province?
Quebec
Prince Edward Island
Question 92:
This historic Canadian figure is known as the first prime minister of the Dominion of Canada and is also featured on the Canadian $10 bill.
Sir Wilfrid Laurier
Which animal appears on the Canadian quarter?
The beaver
Canada has two official languages: English and ______.
Spanish
Cantonese
Question 95:
Maple leaves were used to decorate streets and platforms when the Prince of Wales, the future King Edward VII, visited Canada in ______?
1860
Which four provinces or territories were first to join Confederation in 1867?
Manitoba, Alberta, Ontario, Quebec
Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick
Newfoundland, Nunavut, Manitoba, Alberta
New York, California, Alabama, Maine
Question 97:
What is the most recent territory in Canada called?
Northwest Territories
What is the capital city of Canada (the national capital)?
Toronto
Which Canadian province is the country's largest producer and exporter of maple syrup?
Ontario
The beaver was adopted centuries ago as a symbol of which of the following organizations?
Calgary Stampede
Canada has what percentage of the world's forests?
3%
Who was the first Francophone prime minister of Canada after Confederation?
Sir Wilfrid Laurier
Louis St-Laurent
Question 103:
Which Canadian Prime Minister was born in Glasgow, Scotland in 1815 and immigrated to Upper Canada in 1820 with his family?
Sir Wilfrid Laurier
Who was the Queen at the time of Confederation?
Anne
Elizabeth II
Question 105:
The cornerstone of Centre Block in the Parliament Buildings was laid by Prince ______ in 1860; the son of Queen Victoria.
Charles
When did most women in Canada over 21 years old receive the right to vote?
1969
1918
Question 107:
In 1970, there was a major change to the Canadian federal election voting system. What was that change?
Women gained the right to vote
Personal identification became a necessity to vote
The voting age was lowered from 21 to 18
Voting rights were extended to all inmates
Question 108:
On July 5, 1916, the assembly of the No. 2 Construction Battalion was approved. Why was this battalion different from the rest of the military's battalions?
It was Canada's first, and only, battalion consisting of only construction workers
It was Canada's first, and only, all-female battalion
It was Canada's first, and only, Francophone battalion
It was Canada's first, and only, all-black battalion
Question 109:
The Queen is represented at the federal level in Canada on a day-to-day basis by the ______.
Senator
| i don't know |
Which body of water is known in the Bible as The Great Sea? | Map of Israel's Bodies of Water (Bible History Online)
Map of Israel's Bodies of Water
( Enlarge ) ( PDF for Print ) (Freely Distributed)
Map of the Rivers, Lakes and Seas in Ancient Israel
This map shows Palestine's bodies of water. The rivers and streams from north to south are: Leontes, Qishon, Yarmuk, Jordan, Far'a, Jabbok, Kanah, Aijalon, Qilt, Sorek, es-Sant, Zephathah, Arnon, Sayyal, and Ghazzeh. The Lakes and Seas are: Mediterranean, Lake Hula, Sea of Galilee, and the Dead Sea.
The Rivers in Israel mentioned in the Bible include: Abana, Arnon, Chebar, Cherith, River of Egypt, Euphrates, Gihon, Hiddekel, Jabbok, Jordan, Kanah, Kidron, Kishon, Pharpar, Pison, Zared.
The Lakes and Seas mentioned in the Bible include: Chinnereth (Sea of Galilee), The Great Sea (Mediterranean), Waters of Merom, Salt Sea (Dead Sea)
Dimensions and Distances: Sea of Galilee is 7 miles wide x 14 miles long. Dead Sea is 9.5 miles wide x 48 miles long, the distance from the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea is 65 miles.
Ps 95:5 - "The sea is his, and he made it: and his hands formed the dry land."
The Bible Mentions the "lake"
Luke 8:23 - But as they sailed he fell asleep: and there came down a storm of wind on the lake; and they were filled [with water], and were in jeopardy.
Luke 8:33 - Then went the devils out of the man, and entered into the swine: and the herd ran violently down a steep place into the lake, and were choked.
Luke 5:1 - And it came to pass, that, as the people pressed upon him to hear the word of God, he stood by the lake of Gennesaret,
Revelation 20:15 - And whosoever was not found written in the book of life was cast into the lake of fire.
Luke 5:2 - And saw two ships standing by the lake: but the fishermen were gone out of them, and were washing [their] nets.
Luke 8:22 - Now it came to pass on a certain day, that he went into a ship with his disciples: and he said unto them, Let us go over unto the other side of the lake. And they launched forth.
The Bible Mentions the "Seas"
Nehemiah 9:6 - Thou, [even] thou, [art] LORD alone; thou hast made heaven, the heaven of heavens, with all their host, the earth, and all [things] that [are] therein, the seas, and all that [is] therein, and thou preservest them all; and the host of heaven worshippeth thee.
Ezekiel 28:2 - Son of man, say unto the prince of Tyrus, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thine heart [is] lifted up, and thou hast said, I [am] a God, I sit [in] the seat of God, in the midst of the seas; yet thou [art] a man, and not God, though thou set thine heart as the heart of God:
Isaiah 17:12 - Woe to the multitude of many people, [which] make a noise like the noise of the seas; and to the rushing of nations, [that] make a rushing like the rushing of mighty waters!
Ezekiel 27:27 - Thy riches, and thy fairs, thy merchandise, thy mariners, and thy pilots, thy calkers, and the occupiers of thy merchandise, and all thy men of war, that [are] in thee, and in all thy company which [is] in the midst of thee, shall fall into the midst of the seas in the day of thy ruin.
Ezekiel 32:2 - Son of man, take up a lamentation for Pharaoh king of Egypt, and say unto him, Thou art like a young lion of the nations, and thou [art] as a whale in the seas: and thou camest forth with thy rivers, and troubledst the waters with thy feet, and fouledst their rivers.
Ezekiel 27:33 - When thy wares went forth out of the seas, thou filledst many people; thou didst enrich the kings of the earth with the multitude of thy riches and of thy merchandise.
Ezekiel 27:26 - Thy rowers have brought thee into great waters: the east wind hath broken thee in the midst of the seas.
Psalms 65:7 - Which stilleth the noise of the seas, the noise of their waves, and the tumult of the people.
Leviticus 11:10 - And all that have not fins and scales in the seas, and in the rivers, of all that move in the waters, and of any living thing which [is] in the waters, they [shall be] an abomination unto you:
Genesis 1:10 - And God called the dry [land] Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that [it was] good.
Leviticus 11:9 - These shall ye eat of all that [are] in the waters: whatsoever hath fins and scales in the waters, in the seas, and in the rivers, them shall ye eat.
Genesis 1:22 - And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth.
Acts 27:41 - And falling into a place where two seas met, they ran the ship aground; and the forepart stuck fast, and remained unmoveable, but the hinder part was broken with the violence of the waves.
Jeremiah 15:8 - Their widows are increased to me above the sand of the seas: I have brought upon them against the mother of the young men a spoiler at noonday: I have caused [him] to fall upon it suddenly, and terrors upon the city.
Ezekiel 27:25 - The ships of Tarshish did sing of thee in thy market: and thou wast replenished, and made very glorious in the midst of the seas.
Ezekiel 27:34 - In the time [when] thou shalt be broken by the seas in the depths of the waters thy merchandise and all thy company in the midst of thee shall fall.
Deuteronomy 33:19 - They shall call the people unto the mountain; there they shall offer sacrifices of righteousness: for they shall suck [of] the abundance of the seas, and [of] treasures hid in the sand.
Jonah 2:3 - For thou hadst cast me into the deep, in the midst of the seas; and the floods compassed me about: all thy billows and thy waves passed over me.
Psalms 135:6 - Whatsoever the LORD pleased, [that] did he in heaven, and in earth, in the seas, and all deep places.
Ezekiel 28:8 - They shall bring thee down to the pit, and thou shalt die the deaths of [them that are] slain in the midst of the seas.
Daniel 11:45 - And he shall plant the tabernacles of his palace between the seas in the glorious holy mountain; yet he shall come to his end, and none shall help him.
Psalms 8:8 - The fowl of the air, and the fish of the sea, [and whatsoever] passeth through the paths of the seas.
Psalms 69:34 - Let the heaven and earth praise him, the seas, and every thing that moveth therein.
Ezekiel 27:4 - Thy borders [are] in the midst of the seas, thy builders have perfected thy beauty.
Psalms 24:2 - For he hath founded it upon the seas, and established it upon the floods.
| Mediterranean Sea |
Who is the voice of the bride in Tim Burton’s 2005 film ‘Corpse bride’? | THE WIKI BIBLE PROJECT / Fishing in the Bible and the Ancient Near East
Fishing in the Bible and the Ancient Near East
The art of fishing has changed little over the course of man’s existence. Though there are several methods for fishing, each method has been tried in nearly every area of the world. It is for this reason the format of this paper will not be categorized by area or culture. Rather it is my goal to expound on the skill of fishing in the ancient near east, and what that would have looked like during the times of the Bible. Types of fish, methods, boats, processing, the trade / commerce, and the fishermen themselves are some of the many aspects of fishing that played an important role in ancient near eastern civilization.
Types of Fish
There are believed to between eighteen and twenty-four different species of indigenous fish in the Sea of Galilee alone. These fish were a little different than their counter parts than in other bodies of water as is stated in Schaff-Herzog: “In Palestine fish abound in the Jordan, the Sea of Galilee, and in perennial brooks. The Sea of Galilee has a few varieties not found elsewhere, except in tropical waters like the Nile.”1 For this paper there are three specific types of fish; the Musht, Biny, and Sardine that will be of importance. While unimportant to the Jewish people as it was seen as an unclean fish, the catfish will be discussed in short and thus mentioned in the section concerning unacceptable fish.
The first of these fish is the Musht which means comb in Arabic which would describe the spiny dorsal fin. The most famous of this group is the Tilapia Galilea, also know as the St. Peter's Fish (more later about this fish). The Musht is and was one of the most popular fish to be consumed as there flat shape makes them ideal for the frying pan. They also have few small bones and an easily removable spine. These characteristics make this type of fish the primary fish of the Sea of Galilee. As the water cools for the winter the Musht is the only large fish that schools and moves to the shallow shoals (this will become important later). Another small detail that becomes more important is the diet of the Musht as its sole diet consists of plankton.
The second type of fish is known as Biny fish. These fish are easily identified by the “barbels” or whisker type flesh that hangs from around the mouth. These fish are a hardy fish that was popular for the Sabbath feasts. These Biny fish can usually be found near schools of sardines as they are predatory fish eating everything from snail and mollusks to sardines.
The third type of important fish is the Sardine. These are the smallest fish that are harvested commercially. These fish tend to stay together in large schools, which help their individualistic chances for survival against predator fish. This is also a down side for their survival concerning certain fishing methods, as a great number of fish can be gathered in one attempt. These Sardines where also commonly referred to as “small fish”. It was likely that these “small fish” are a better representation of the fish used in Matt. 15:34, Mark 8:7, and John 6:9 for the miraculous feedings of the multitude.
Methods of Fishing
As mentioned fishing methods have not changed much over the years. Despite a great increase in technology the basic fishing methods of ancient times still exists today. Most of what technology has been able to do for fishing is to improve on the ancient methods. Except for the use of dynamite (which is illegal in most areas) today's fisherman is subject using similar tactics to gain the targeted species of fish they are after. These tactics can be divided in to three main areas; netting, spearing and using a hook and line.
Netting fish is and has always been one of the best ways to fish commercially. It is possible to catch a great amount of fish in a relatively short amount of time. There are three main components of a net; the head rope, the netting, and the foot rope. The head rope or “lead” rope is a thicker rope at the top of the net that usually has cork attached in order that this would be the rope closest to the surface of the water. From the head rope the net itself is attached. This net can vary in size depending on the targeted species of fish. A much smaller mesh net would be required to catch sardines, whereas a larger mesh would be used for larger species of fish. This netting material would be composed of smaller diameter line weaved in such a way to make many small squares. At the bottom of this mesh netting would be attached the foot rope. The foot rope would be of a similar diameter as the head rope, but attached to it would be stone weights. These weights would ensure that the foot rope would be the rope at was the closest to the bottom, thus stretching the net between the head and foot rope. While these are the basic components of a fishing net the configuration of nets was different due to different methods of fishing.
One of the oldest methods in which we see all three basic components of a net is that in the use of the dragnet. As Burge writes: “The dragnet was the most ancient form, dating from the third millennium B.C. in Egypt.”1 The dragnet would start from the shore and be taken out by boat and than turned to go parallel with the shore for a bit and than back to the shore. Nun describes the dragnet as being “made of netting shaped like a long wall, 250 to 300 meters long, 3 to 4 meters high at it’s “wings” and 8 meters high at the centre. The foot-rope is weighted with sinkers, and the head-rope has cork floats. The dragnet is spread a hundred meters or more from the shore and parallel to it, and hauled toward the shore with towing lines consisting of sections of ropes tied together. These are attached to each end and hauled in by a team of 16 men for large nets, or a smaller team for smaller nets.”2 This method of fishing required the use of a least one boat and many men to help haul in the net. Some Biblical occurrences of this method are found in: Hab. 1:14-15, Eze. 26:5, 26:14, 47:10, and Matt. 13:47-48.
The Cast-Net is another type of net that was designed for the specific fishing method it is used for. This net is circular in shape, measuring from six to eight meters in diameter. There is no head-rope on this net; however, it does have the foot-rope that is attached to the outside diameter of this net. Attached to the foot-rope there are weights attached, to allow the net to sink quickly. As the name may imply this net cast or thrown by a single person either from a shallow area or water or from a boat. As this net is cast it spreads out and lands on the water like a parachute, descending quickly trapping any fish that are underneath of it. After the net is on the bottom there were two approaches to retrieving the fish from the net. The first way was that the fisherman would dive to the bottom and retrieve the fish individually placing them in to a pouch. The other method for retrieving the captured fish was to dive down and gather the foot-rope and bring up the catch all at once. It was common for the fisherman who was doing the diving to be naked as swimming suits were not on the market yet. As mentioned by Derrett: “Peter, impulsive as usual, throws himself into the water (not omitting to observe Exod. xx. 26, xxviii. 42), putting on a proper garment as a sign of respect, for he had been stripped to participate in hauling in the net.”3 There were two types of Cast-Nets; one of a smaller mesh for sardines, and one of a larger mesh for larger fish. The Cast-Net for larger would have typically had larger weights in ensure that the fish would not be able to get out from underneath the net. Some Biblical occurrences of this method are found in: Eze. 32:3, and Mark 1:16-18.
Netting fish using a trammel net was the almost the most complicated and labor intensive method of capturing fish, yet it is the only netting method still in use on the Sea of Galilee today. The trammel net is actually three nets in one. There are the two outside nets which have a larger opening that fish can freely swim through, but in between the two there is a finer meshed net. The three nets share the same head and foot ropes, making it all one net. The way this net works is that a fish will swim through the first net without a problem, but than will encounter the fine meshed net and continue to swim through the outer net, thus getting tangled in the different layers of the net. The way this net would be used in fishing is that it would be loaded on a boat and transported to the desired location to fish. Slowly this net would be let out of the boat parallel to the shore, making a wall along the bottom. In deeper water different shapes could be used to set this net. After the net was set, Nun describes how the fish would be driven in to this net: “Now the boat enters the area between the net and the shore. The fishermen begin to make noise and turbulence by splashing with their oars and stamping on the bottom of the boat to terrify the fish (a performance which frequently irritated residents living on the shore). The frightened fish dive to the bottom, and in their flight toward deep water, find themselves facing the net. Now the fish passed easily through the large mesh of the first layer, but immediately comes to the narrow meshing of the middle layer. Pushing against it, he takes it through the third wall. Trying to retreat, he finds himself hopelessly entangled in a kind of net bag. Now the net is hauled out and the fish disentangled by hand, one by one. The net is prepared for the next operation, and the boat moves on.”4 One of the important things to note about this specific net that will give light in to the scriptures is that after a days use of this net it would undergo a through cleaning and mending and than be hung on a fence or wall so that it would dry thoroughly before the next use. This through cleaning and drying is specific to this type of net. Some Biblical occurrences of this method or a similar method using a different type of entanglement net are found in: Ecc. 9:12, Job 19:6-8, and Mark 1:19-20.
There is one final method for netting fish in the ancient near east, and it is the most intensive and exhaustive way yet. This method uses one additional net than what has been discussed thus far. This net was called the Veranda Net. Basically this is just a Trammel net floated horizontally using reed canes. The purpose of this net is to catch any jumping fish. The way that the process started using this fishing method is that first a school of fish must be spotted. This could have been someone from a boat or common as well is an observer from the shore would direct the boats as to where to go. After a school of fish had been spotted, one boat would work to surround the school of fish with a Dragnet or Trammel net that went from the very bottom to the surface of the water. Once the Dragnet was in place the fish were surrounded, creating a barrel that the fish were in. When this barrel had been created than a second boat would go around the circle and the Veranda net would be spread along the top rim of the barrel so that any fish that decided to make a jump over the Dragnet would be caught in the Veranda net. Now that the fish were completely surrounded and there was no chance to escape by jumping over the nets, it was just a matter of getting the fish that were just swimming around in the middle of this barrel. This is when the fishermen would use the Casting net to throw it in to the middle and trap the fish from above. Once the casting net hit the bottom, one of the fishermen would dive and retrieve any fish that were caught in it. This method was very efficient in that most if not all of the fish that were in the original school that was sighted were caught, and if you are going to go to that much effort than it better be worth your while. By examining John 21:1-14 we can examine the different aspects of and conclude it was by this method that Peter and the other disciples were fishing.
The type of fishing that many people today are familiar with is the hook and line method. Today this type of fishing is mainly used for recreational purposes. Hook and line fishing is used to catch nearly any fish that will bit, from sharks to blue gills. In the ancient near east, fishing was not seen as a recreational activity rather a source of food to sustain the body and the family. Though this was not a very popular method of fishing during the time of the Bible it is mention once in the Gospels and would not be much different than what we do today. There would have been a metal hook of some sort on the end of a line, and on that hook would have been the bait. The bait that would have been used was probably one of the sardines mentioned above. Some Biblical occurrences of this method are found in: Eze. 29:4, and Matt. 17:27.
The final main method of fishing during the time of the Bible is not mentioned in the New Testament at all, as it was it was more popular in Mediterranean fishing. This method uses a spear or harpoon. Using a spear to fish with yields much less fish than that of a net and thus would not have been used for commercial use, rather for individual use or to feed a family. Spear fishing was done at night which makes it easier to see the fish. The use of a torch or “fire-basket” would have been used to lure fish close to allow for a better shot. The Bible alludes to this method in Job 41:7.
Equipment
Though most of the equipment that would have been used for fishing in the ancient near east has been mentioned about, such as; nets, hooks, lines, and spears. There was another piece of invaluable equipment that would have been a requirement if you wanted to make fishing you occupation. That piece of equipment would have been a boat. Anson describes these boats as having “a shallow draught, and most are very beamy, with an average length of from 15 to 20 feet. Wooden thole-pins are used when rowing. The oars are square in the loom, and very heavy. It is a common sight to see the Arab fishermen standing to their oars when rowing. The mast is fixed about two-thirds of the distance from stern to stem. Both fore and aft there is a small decked-in space; the latter being used to stow the net when the crew are not fishing. As has been already stated, a lateen sail is used. A normal crew consists of four men.”1 One of the best archaeological discoveries that have been found gives us a great image of what the boats were like during the time of Jesus. This discovery was an ancient fishing boat that has been dated back to the first century. Discovered in mud near Magdala, this boat is nine meters in length and two and a half meters in width and a little over a meter high. These dimensions are consistent with those of the boats used by Dragnet fishermen.
From the Nets to the Tables
Once the harvest of fish has been caught we see the all important goal of turning this smelly pile of fish in to a heaping pile of money. The end goal for the commercial fishermen is to turn a profit off of the hours of hard work that have been toiled. There were two basic types of markets for fish. The first is the local market which would have been privy to the benefits of being close to a fishing community. This would result in the use of fresh fish for meals, and really getting the best of the best that was available. The non-local market did not have the advantage to have fresh fish. Many miles would have been traveled to bring fish to a city depending on its location, which could take many days. Since we do not see the modern invent of the ice-box during Biblical times the fish would have had to been preserved in other ways. Concerning the size of the Sea of Galilee; “it would have made economic sense to have a central fish factory to process the catch of the many small harbors. That such was in fact the case is strongly suggested by the name of one harbor, Taricheae, 'the Fish Factory.' The name comes from the Greek verb taricheuo, 'to preserve by artificial means.' In practice, however, the cognates of this verb deal predominantly with fish – for example, tarichas, 'a dealer in salt fish'; taricheion, 'pickle factory'; taricheutos, 'salted, pickled'; tarichegos, 'salt-fish hawker.”2 “To Aramaic speakers, Taricheae was known as Magdala, a name that evokes a different preservation process. The Aramaic name Magdala is known only from the adjective Magdalene, attached to the name of Mary, the disciple of Jesus who came from Magdala (Lk 8:2).”3 Once the fish were to their respective markets people were free to buy them and prepare them a number of different ways as stated in Baker; “Fish were prepared as food in a number of ways: boiling, steaming, frying, pickling, smoking, or salting. Salt curing was probably the most common method of preserving fish that were to be transported any distance or kept for any length of time”.4
One of the most famed fish from ancient near eastern world is what is commonly called today “St. Peter’s Fish”. One can not go to the area of the Sea of Galilee and not try this special fish which gets is popularity from the scriptures:
After Jesus and his disciples arrived in Capernaum, the collectors of the two-drachma tax came to Peter and asked, "Doesn't your teacher pay the temple tax?"
"Yes, he does," he replied.
When Peter came into the house, Jesus was the first to speak. "What do you think, Simon?" he asked. "From whom do the kings of the earth collect duty and taxes—from their own sons or from others?"
"Then the sons are exempt," Jesus said to him. "But so that we may not offend them, go to the lake and throw out your line. Take the first fish you catch; open its mouth and you will find a four-drachma coin. Take it and give it to them for my tax and yours."
(Mat 17:24-27)
Famed as it may be the musht that is served under the “St. Peter’s Fish” title is not the actual type of fish that Peter would have caught. The first important thing to notice from the passage is what method of fishing Peter is using. Jesus tells Peter to “throw out your line”. This indicates that Peter will be using a hook and line method for catching this fish. As mentioned above this method would have required the use of bait being placed on the hook. This bait would have been some type of minnow or sardine. There is no way that such a method would have caught the popular musht as it is a fish that feeds solely off of plankton. More likely is that Peter had caught one of the fish in the Biny species as they are predatory feeder and would have no problem taking the bait. As Nun writes: “There can be only one explanation for the confusing change of name. It was good for tourism! The Sea of Galilee has always attracted visitors and pilgrims, and the musht is part of the unique local cuisine (today raised mostly in ponds).” “…as pilgrims began to come from distant regions, it must have seemed good for business to give the name ‘St. Peter’s Fish’ to the musht being served by the early lakeside houses. The most popular and easily prepared fish acquired the most marketable name!”5
Acceptable / Unacceptable Fish to Eat
As most food the Bible gives the nation of Israel instruction as to the fish they eat, and the fish that they should not eat. The book of Leviticus states: "'Of all the creatures living in the water of the seas and the streams, you may eat any that have fins and scales. But all creatures in the seas or streams that do not have fins and scales—whether among all the swarming things or among all the other living creatures in the water—you are to detest. And since you are to detest them, you must not eat their meat and you must detest their carcasses. Anything living in the water that does not have fins and scales is to be detestable to you.” (Lev 11:9-12). This brings us to the Catfish, which is a scale-less fish and thus seen as unclean to the Jewish people. Since this was an unclean fish it would not have been eaten and because of that the catfish had very little economic importance. Not only was this fish not eaten, but hated. There is evidence that Jesus was referring to this fish when He said; “Which of you, if his son asks for bread, will give him a stone? Or if he asks for a fish, will give him a snake?”(Mat 7:9,10). This “snake” that Jesus is referring to could have been a type of scale-less fish as noted in Anchor; “what made some fish unclean was their resemblance to snakes. Odd as it many seen to us, this comparison was fairly widespread. The Babylonians apparently avoided catfish (Akk girītu, Sum murra) on the same grounds (Salonen i970: 185-87). The identification of the girītu as a form of snake survived the end of Mesopotamian culture. Its Arabic derivative, jirrit, is compared in classical Arabic lexica to Persian marmāhi, ‘snake fish’ (Lane, 404). Another example of the comparison of scale-less fish and snakes is Akk kuppu, ‘goby (?),’ which is determined not only by mus, the sign for snake, but also by ku6, that for fish.”6
The Fishermen
When most people picture a fisherman they probably envision a working class man with little education that is rough around the edges. This would not be a person that many would feel comfortable going up to and making a new friend of. “The strenuous life of fishermen required a strong physique (Lk. 5:2), and their speech was sometimes rough (Mk 14:70f.).”7 While this picture of a fisherman is fairly close to accurate there may be more to the fisherman than what we normally realize. As fishing was a trade occupation a fisherman would have come into contact with many people from different backgrounds. It was likely that the fishermen on the Sea of Galilee would have been fluent in at least Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic, as the merchants buying the fish may have been coming from different areas. The fisherman would have also needed to be more than proficient in mathematics, as they would have had to know how many of each type of fish they had caught and what kind of market value it should bring. It is also probable that average fisherman would have had a decent income in comparison to many other trades. This income would be even greater the higher one would get in the hierarchy of the fishing industry. This was because: “The income from the catch was divided according to the ancient fishing tradition of 'shares' (Arabic 'housa'). Forty percent went to the owner of the boat and net, the remainder to the crew. The skipper ('raiss' in Arabic received two shares together with certain other benefits from the owners. His second in command and menders of the net received one and a half parts, and those who hauled the net – one share each.”8 From this perspective we can get a more complete picture of the life of Peter and Andrew as Murphy-O'Connor writes: “We have a surprisingly good picture of the scale of Simon Peter and Andrew's fishing operation. They worked on partnership (Luke 5:7) with James and John, the sons of Zebedee (Luke 5:10), who had employees (Mark 1:20). They were free to start (John 21:1-3) and stop work (Luke 5:11) when it suited them. The impression that they were men of substance who controlled their own lives is confirmed by the quality of their house at Capernaum. Known as the House of Peter since the fourth century, it is larger than most of the other houses excavated in Capernaum.”9 It is by this evidence that we want to change our view of the ancient near eastern fisherman.
While there is little written about ancient fishing practices as it was something that was passed on generation to generation, fish played a vital part of everyday life. Fishing was a vital part of the Ancient Near Eastern culture as it provided both food and revenue. The impact that fishing had on the culture was far reaching and to this day fishermen still use similar tactics that were used thousands of years ago.
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Which novel by Margaret Mitchell was first published in 1936? | Margaret Mitchell: American Rebel | Interview with Margaret Mitchell from 1936 | American Masters | PBS
Margaret Mitchell: American Rebel
Interview with Margaret Mitchell from 1936
March 12, 2012
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Margaret Mitchell
The following interview with Margaret Mitchell, author of Gone With the Wind was conducted by Mrs. Medora Perkerson, of The Atlanta Journal Sunday Magazine, broadcast over radio station WSB, Atlanta, Georgia., July 3, 1936, on The Atlanta Journal. This is the first time this interview has been published in a digital format.
MRS. PERKERSON: Peggy, I have read your book Gone With the Wind with a great deal of pleasure, but I know that many of our listeners are not familiar with it. So can you tell us, briefly, just what the book is about?
MISS MITCHELL: I am glad to tell you, Medora. My novel is the story of a girl named Scarlett O’Hara, who lived in Atlanta during the Civil War and the days of Reconstruction. The book isn’t strictly a book about the war, nor is it a historical novel. It’s about the effect of the Civil War on a set of characters who lived in Atlanta at that time.
MRS. PERKERSON: Many critics are saying that your book sums up the whole story of the South and what the war and Reconstruction did to the South and to Southern people. The title of your book, Gone With the Wind means that the ante-bellum civilization was swept away by the tornado of war, doesn’t it?
MISS MITCHELL: Yes, Medora, that is the meaning of the title, naturally I would be glad if people thought that the book did tell the story of the whole South. But that isn’t the kind of book I tried to write. It is a book about Georgia and Georgia people, — especially North Georgia people. There are incidents in the book which take place in Savannah, Charleston, Macon and New Orleans, but nearly all of the action takes place in Atlanta and at Tara, the plantation home of Scarlett O’Hara, the heroine. Tara was in Clayton County, near Jonesboro, Ga. The story begins on the plantation in the period when the old style Southern life was at its height. Then the war comes, and Scarlett O’Hara goes to Atlanta to live. Thereafter, she experiences what Atlanta experienced during the war years — the thrills and excitement of the boom town that Atlanta became when the war changed it from an obscure small town into one of the most important cities in the South, then the increasing hardships as the Confederate cause waned, then the alarm of Atlanta people as they saw General Sherman’s army advancing steadily on the town, and ‘finally the terrifying days of the siege, the capture of Atlanta by Sherman and the burning of the town. Scarlett O’Hara goes through all those experiences and, after the war is over, she comes back to Atlanta and does her part in the rebuilding of the city. She lives through the terrible days of Reconstruction and the story carries her, and Atlanta, up to the time when the Carpetbaggers had been run out of Georgia and people could bean living their normal lives again.
MRS. PERKERSON: Peggy, how did you happen to know so much about the wartime activities of Atlanta?
MISS MITCHELL: My brother, Stephens Mitchell, had written an excellent Article in the Atlanta Historical Bulletin on the war-time industries of Atlanta. I used much of his material. I also used facts I myself dug out of old newspapers of the war days and old diaries and letters of the period. I was surprised and thrilled to see how vital a part Atlanta played during the war, how important Atlanta was to the Confederacy. Atlanta wasn’t a big town in 1861. The population was only twelve thousand. But the little town had four railroads and they crossed here. And so Atlanta could draw supplies from the deep South to send to the armies at the front. The railroads connected Atlanta with the ports of Savannah, Charleston and Wilmington. The four railroads of Atlanta could feed the armies in Virginia and in Tennessee, Due to its safe position behind the lines. Atlanta was excellently suited for base hospital purposes and it had dozens of hospitals. In fact, eighty thousand sick and wounded passed through the Atlanta hospitals during the war. Overnight, there sprung up in Atlanta all kinds of war industries, for the South had to manufacture most of her war materials. There were pistol factories and percussion cap factories, tanneries and boot makers, saddle and harness factories. There were machine manufacturing shops and there were iron rolling mills where the armor plate for war ships was turned out, as well as the iron rails for the rail-road tracks. There were wagon shops and hat and cap factories and every type of industry needed to support an army in the field. Little Atlanta was terribly important to the Confederacy.
MRS. PERKERSON: General Sherman seemed to realize that, didn’t he?
MISS MITCHELL: Yes, Sherman knew that he had to take Atlanta. If he hadn’t succeeded, Grant could never have defeated General Lee in Virginia. For as long as Atlanta was drawing supplies from the deep South and sending them to Virginia, General Lee’s army could still stay in the field. As I road all these facts about the importance of Atlanta I wondered why they had never figured in fiction. And I wondered why the fighting around Atlanta was almost entirely omitted from novels. So much has been written, in fiction, about the campaigns in Virginia, so little about the campaign from the Tennessee line to Atlanta. And that campaign between General Sherman and General Johnston has always held more drama for me than any of the campaigns in Virginia, for General Johnston was far outnumbered from the start but he fought almost every day for months, slowly being driven back toward Atlanta but handling the retreat in a masterly way. I always thought it a truly heroic campaign and so I wrote about it.
MRS. PERKERSON: Did you get all of your information about the Sixties and the Seventies from research? How did it happen that you, a very modern person, knew this era so well?
MISS MITCHELL: Medora, I can answer that question best by saying that I grew up at a time when children were seen and not heard. That means that when I was a child I had to hear a lot about the Civil war on Sunday afternoons when I was dragged hither and yon to call on elderly relatives and friends of the family who had fought in the war or lived behind the lines. When I was a little girl, children were not encouraged to express their personalities by running and screaming on Sunday afternoons. When we went calling, I was usually scooped up onto a lap, told that I didn’t look like a soul on either side of the family and then forgotten for the rust of the afternoon while the gathering spiritedly refought the Civil war. I sat on bony knees, fat, slick taffeta laps and soft, flowered muslin laps. I did not even dare wriggle for fear of getting the flat side of a hair brush where it would do the most good. I should add, while I’m talking about knees and laps, that cavalry knees were the worst knees of all. Cavalry knees had the tendency to trot and bounce and jog in the midst of reminiscences and this kept me from going to sleep,
MRS. PERKERSON: It was lucky for your book that those cavalry knees did keep you awake, wasn’t it? Otherwise you’d have missed a lot of material you used in your book, wouldn’t you?
MISS MITCHELL: Yes, fortunately for Gone With the Wind I had to stay awake. So I heard about fighting and wounds and the primitive way they were treated, how ladies nursed in hospitals, the way gangrene smelled, what substitutes were used for drugs and food and clothing when the blockade got too tight for these necessities to be brought in from abroad. I heard about the burning and looting of Atlanta and the way the refugees from the town crowded the roads and trains to Macon, and I heard about Reconstruction, too. In fact, I heard everything in the world except that the Confederates lost the war. When I was ten years old, it was a violent shock to learn that General Lee had been defeated. I didn’t believe it when I first heard it and I was indignant. I still find it hard to believe, so strong are childhood impressions.
MRS. PERKERSON: I don’t suppose children growing up now will ever get as excited about the Last Cause as we did who listened to grandmothers and grandfathers tell about firsthand experiences.
MISS MITCHELL: No, and I think they are missing a lot. I am glad that I grew up at a time when there were plenty of old veterans in Atlanta. Certainly I could never have written my book without my memories of those old men, when I was a little girl and rode my pony every afternoon, my boon companion was a fine old Confederate veteran. He looked exactly like a stage Confederate — white hair and goatee, jimswinger coat, and a habit of gallantly kissing, ladies’ hands, even my own grubby six-year-old hand. He and a young lady who had reached the beau age were the only two people in my part of town who owned horses. And we three went riding together. Atlanta wasn’t so big then and it didn’t take long to reach dirt roads and the country. We never went riding in the country that we didn’t pick up some other old veteran to ride with us: Frequently we had several veterans with us. The families of the veterans and my mother encouraged us to ride together in the belief that we’d keep each other out of mischief.
MRS. PERKERSON: And did you?
MISS MITCHELL: No, Medora. I regret to say that we didn’t. There was still plenty of fire and dash left in the old boys. They still had hot tempers and bullheads and they still dearly loved a fight. The day seldom passed that they didn’t have a heated argument about the Civil War. And the day seldom passed when the young lady who accompanied us didn’t turn her horse and race for home. She realized, oven if I didn’t, that the company of quarrelsome old gentlemen was no place for a lady.
MRS. PERKERSON: I’ll bet you didn’t go home.
MISS MITCHELL: No, I didn’t, for at the age of six I was not concerned about being a lady. Besides I was too fascinated by the way the veterans shouted at each other. On these occasions, too, I was seen and not heard. I couldn’t have been heard, even if I had wanted to speak, for it would of taken the lungs of the bull of Bashan to be heard above their tumult.
MRS. PERKERSON: What did they quarrel about?
MISS MITCHELL: Oh, every subject under the sun, especially the particular regiments to which they had belonged in the Confederate army. Each one bragged about his own regiment and low-rated all the others. For instance, I recall one time when we flushed an old gentlemen who had been with Wheeler’s cavalry. He was a tough, wiry, little old fellow. And another veteran who had been in Stuart’s Cavalry remarked that the boys in Wheeler’s cavalry were worse chicken thieves than Sherman’s men ever were. Of course, after that insult, they went at each other at the top of their voices and with their riding crops. The language they used was highly entertaining and very instructive to a small but interested girl. They talked about the Civil war all the time, refought old campaigns and argued about the tangled, bewildering muddle of politics of the Reconstruction days. Their remarks about the carpet baggers and scallawags of reconstruction days were also forceful and of deep interest to me. The young lady who went riding with us always turned her horse toward home why they got on the subject of Reconstruction, so how could I help knowing about the Civil war and the hard times that came after it! I was raided on it; I thought it had all happened just a few years before I was born.
MRS. PERKERSON: Perhaps that is why you made it so real in Gone With the Wind. And I think the thing we are all most proud of is that you have given the complete picture, not just one side of the old South and war and Reconstruction. It is all there in your book and it all comes alive. A lot of people are already saying that you must have taken some of the characters from real life. One of your characters, Aunt Pittypat is exactly like one of my relatives, and I’ll bet Charleston is going to rise up in a body and denounce the dashing Captain Rhett Butler of your book, not only because of his refusing to go into the Confederate army but for what he said about making money out of the wrecking of the Confederacy. Did you take any of your characters from real life?
MISS MITCHELL: No, not a single character was taken from real life. In the first place, I wouldn’t know how to go about taking a character from life, and in the second place, made-up characters are so easy to handle. They will obey the author and do just what the author wants, whereas characters taken from real people are apt to be obstinate and unmanageable and to insist on having their own way.
MRS. PERKERSON: Your heroine, Scarlett O’Hara, is not at all like the usual Civil war heroine. She was just as shocking in her era as the flapper was in the jazz age. Was it your idea that Scarlett was the product of her time, just as the flapper was the product of the period following the World War?
MISS MITCHELL: Yes, wars have a way of changing women, whether the women are dressed in hoopskirts and pantalets or in knee-length skirts and bobbed hair. The sorrow and hardships and poverty of the Civil War changed Scarlett O’Hara from a spoiled and selfish but otherwise normal Southern girl into a hardened adventuress, just as the wild period following the World War made modern girls cut loose from their mothers’ apron strings and do shocking things.
MRS. PERKERSON: They say that a good woman has no history, or, at least, no one is interested in her history. But in your book, Gone With the Wind, I found Melanie Wilkes, your other heroine, who was a sweet, gentle character, almost as interesting as Scarlett. Melanie and Scarlett went through the war and Reconstruction, side by side, and it was fascinating to see how the same set of circumstances produced such contrasts in character. The experiences that hardened Scarlett O’Hara and made her unscrupulous simply made Melanie Wilkes more of a lady, she could do anything she wanted to do, and not shock people as Scarlett did, simply because Melanie remained a lady… that seemed to me to be the real theme of the book, how different characters reacted under the stress of circumstances.
MISS MITCHELL: If Gone With the Wind has a central theme, I suppose is the theme of survival. What quality is it that makes some people able to survive catastrophes and others, apparently just as brave and able and strong, go under? I have always been interested in this particular quality in people. We’ve all seen the same thing happen in the present depression. It happens in every social upheaval, in wars, in panics, in revolutions. It’s happened all the way down history from the time the barbarians sacked ancient Rome, And before that, I suppose, some people survive disasters. Others do not. What qualities are in those people who fight their way through triumphantly — that are lacking in those who do go under? What was it that made our Southern people able to come through a war, a Reconstruction and the complete wrecking of all our social and economic systems? I don’t know. I only know that the survivors of the Civil war used to call that quality “gumption.”
MRS. PERKERSON: Another thing that seemed to interest everyone I talked to about this book is the reality given by small details. Take the night Scarlett O’Hara went to Melanie’s party, just after she had been discovered in a compromising situation with Melanie’s husband. You had Scarlett wear a jade green watered silk dress with a large bustle adorned with pink velvet roses. It wouldn’t have done to describe this dress so minutely if ladies hadn’t worn rose covered bustles at that particular time, would it?
MISS MITCHELL: Indeed it wouldn’t! The bustle came into style in 1868, replacing the wide hoop skirts of the war days. If I hadn’t gotten the date of the bustle correctly, lots of old ladies would have written me indignantly — saying that they never wore rose covered bustles at that time. I had to do a lot of work on such small details as this — because I was very anxious to have Gone With the Wind accurate — not only in large historical facts but in the very smallest ones too.
MRS. PERKERSON: Peggy, where did you find out all the thousands of small details?
MISS MITCHELL: I read the files of old newspapers from 1860 to1878 and I read hundreds of old magazines, diaries and letters. And I don’t know how many hundreds of books I consulted. Those books were on every subject from Mid-Victorian architecture to how far a Confederate rifle would shoot. But best of all sources of information were my father and my late mother. Although both my father and my mother were born long after Reconstruction days — they know as much about those troublous times as though they had lived through them themselves, When they were children, they too had listened to the stories of the old folks and they remembered those stories and retold them to me. I think my father knows everything in the world about the Civil war, especially that part of the war which was fought in Georgia. I believe he knows where every battery was placed in the Atlanta campaign, the exact name of the officer commanding it, what the officer’s mother’s mother’s maiden name was, and whether the officer was shot in the right leg or the left. My mother knew just as much as he did. What was even better, she knew about the social history of the sixties and the manner, of that day. She had kept her ears open when she was a little girl and she could tell me, for instance, what was considered genteel during the Civil war and what was considered fast. She knew what our grandmothers ate and how they dressed and what songs they sang and how long a young man must know a girl before he started calling her by her first name — with “Miss” preceding it, of course.
MRS. PERKERSON: Thank you, Peggy, for telling me about the background of Gone With the Wind, I hope everyone has enjoyed it as much as I have.
| Gone with the Wind |
Which actor made his screen debut as Boo Radley in the 1962 film ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’? | Gone with the Wind Here to Stay on AbeBooks
Margaret Mitchell (sold)
Signed First/First in Custom Southern Cross-designed Morocco binding
When Gone with the Wind hit the big screen in 1939, it was like nothing audiences had ever seen - a sweeping, panoramic drama of epic proportions, complete with turmoil, life lessons and more romance than anyone could ask for - in almost four hours of technicolor. But the story had already made its mark in the pages of Margaret Mitchell's book. First published in 1936, Gone with the Wind won the 19th Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and had readers everywhere eagerly turning pages.
Criticized by some for a lack of originality in writing style, a failure to achieve consistent tone, and especially its inherent racism and refusal to take a firm stance against slavery, the novel was neverthless a smashing success. The story is one of struggle, growth and survival in harsh physical and emotional circumstances. Scarlett O'Hara especially is a fascinating character, beginning as a spoiled, entitled, wealthy girl unaware of her own privilege, and growing up quickly throughout the novel as she endures indescribable tests of faith and mettle in the form of war, death, loss, hunger, rejection, tragedy, and the general shock of the transition from untold wealth and servant slaves to going hungry and having to fend and work for herself and others.
Even in the midst of her darkest hours (of which there are many, throughout the novel's dramatic 1000+ pages), Scarlett is fierce, brave, manipulative, dramatic and scheming. While she displays courage and resilience under fire, she never learns the lessons of humility, real kindness or authenticity, instead consistently plotting ways to better her own station and turn situations to her advantage. With her desperation and driven determination toward her own ends, Scarlett O'Hara remains, the better part of a century after her initial debut in the world of fiction, one of literature's most lasting and notable drama queens.
Now, decades after the book's debut, there are numerous editions available for collectors and readers alike. True first edition, first printing copies in good condition or better can easily fetch four figures and up, with Mitchell's signature, intact dustjacket, and fine or better condition sending prices into the five figures.
Notable Editions of Gone with the Wind
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Laguna de Bay is the largest lake in which Asian country? | Laguna de Bay | lake, Philippines | Britannica.com
Laguna de Bay
Lake Baikal
Laguna de Bay, lake , the largest inland body of water in the Philippines , on Luzon just southeast of Manila . Probably a former arm or extension of Manila Bay cut off by volcanism, Laguna de Bay (Spanish: “Lake of the Bay”) has a normal area of about 356 square miles (922 square km) and is about 32 miles (51 km) long. Its shallow, crescent-shaped basin is poorly drained by many small streams, and the surrounding low-lying plains are inundated during seasons of heavy rainfall. The Pasig River is the lake’s outlet to Manila Bay, 10 miles (16 km) northwest. An important fishing area, with productive wet margins (rice), Laguna de Bay is broken by two peninsulas in the north and dotted by islands; densely settled Talim (9 miles [14 km] long) is the largest. Santa Cruz , Biñan, and Calamba are towns on the lake’s southern shore.
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Article Title: Laguna de Bay
Website Name: Encyclopædia Britannica
Date Published: July 20, 1998
URL: https://www.britannica.com/place/Laguna-de-Bay
Access Date: January 19, 2017
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Which French novelist’s first names were Sidonie Gabrielle? | Province Profile | Provincial Government of Laguna
Provincial Government of Laguna
PGL Facebook
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Land Area: 175, 973 ha (1, 759.73 km2)
Population: 2, 473,530(National Census, 2007)
Political Subdivisions:
Predominant Language: Filipino and English
Climate: Relatively dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year
Laguna is part of the CALABARZON (Region IV-A), just thirty (30) kilometers south of Metro Manila. It is the third largest province in Region IV-A. The eastern portion of the province stands astride the southernmost portions of the Sierra Madre mountain range. It is surrounded by Laguna Lake, formerly called “La Laguna Encantada”, one of the only 18 living lakes in the world. Laguna Lake is the largest inland lake in the country. The Provincial Government of Laguna is located in the Municipality of Sta. Cruz.
Laguna is the first province south of Metro Manila providing business easy access to the biggest domestic market and to the most extensive transport mode to reach global clients. Connected by the expanded and modernized South Luzon Expressway (SLEX), the country’s premier financial hub in Makati City and the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) are both mere 20-minute drive from the major business and Industrial districts of the Province.
Natural Resources
Laguna’s natural resources are water with about 300 million gallons of underground water recharged by at least seven principal watersheds. It has Asia’s 3rd biggest lake-the Laguna de Bay- which ably supplies the Province’s fresh water resource requirements and form part of the people’s livelihood.
Laguna is nestled in the foothills of three mountains namely, Mount Makiling, Mount Banahaw, and the Sierra Madre Range that not only provide attraction for the tourism industry and sources of many forest-based products, but also serve as stewards for the clean air that Laguna generously share. The soil is heaven for those seeking opportunities in agriculture and horticulture given its richness and fertility.
Agriculture
Flowing water. Fertile soil. Favorable Climate.
Laguna has 60, 624 hectares of alienable and disposable agricultural land. Laguna is also well-known for its abundant supply of fruits such as lanzones, rambutan, papaya, mango, pineapple. Some large farms also cater to ornamental plants and cutflower production. About 41,253 ha or 23.44% of Laguna’s total land area is forest land which is ideal for growing coconuts, tropical fruits, and exotic plants. The forest of Mount Makiling and waters of Laguna de Bay have abundance of flora and fauna.
Laguna de Bay complements the vast agricultural and forest land of the Province. With a surface area of 900 km, it is the main fishing ground producing 410,000 mt of fish, providing two-thirds of the fresh water fish requirements of Metro Manila. Carp and tilapia fingerlings are also being grown in inland ponds and fresh water fish pens. Laguna is the center of agriculture, fisheries, and forest research in the country. The research institutions located in Los Baños are: International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), ASEAN Center for Biodiversity (ACB) and the Southeast Asian Regional center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA,) among others.
Tourism
A place blessed with natural attractions, rich cultural heritage, and inspiring centuries-old churches. The comforting breeze and inspiring sceneries of Laguna set the perfect ambience for an exhilarating numerous tourist destinations of the Province. Laguna provides both the refreshing ingredients and spectacular setting for wellness and healing the body and mind. Tourists and investors can choose from a wide array of leisure and wellness activities, striking a harmonious balance and between an active lifestyle and healthy living.
Everything you would love to enjoy in life is in Laguna-the mountains, lakes, and rivers, waterfalls and hot springs, forests, old churches, heritage and culture, festivals and most important, the friendly Laguneños to tell you the story and show you around.
Human Resource
Laguna’s huge population, that is highly educated and conversant in the English Language, presents numerous opportunities to people or service-intensive enterprises to locate in Laguna. The over 800 educational, research, training institutions in Laguna alone ensures a steady supply of professional and technical skills. Add to the on-site labor market are those educated and trained by institutions in Metro Manila and the nearby provinces. Laguna’s tranquil and scenic environment inspires the work force to be creative, positive-thinkers and industrious.
People
Laguna is a bastion of responsible, talented, motivated, hardworking, and highly skilled work force. Laguna boasts of its industrious and professional work force that is readily available from its population of over 2.5 M (Philippine Census, 2007). If need be, migration of professional and skilled talents to nearby provinces and Metro Manila is easy to fully cover labor requirements. The Laguneños bring their positive and caring view of life in their work, a plus to any business endeavor.
Industry and Infrastructure
Laguna is one of the major economic hubs of the country with 18 industrial estates. Its proximity to Metro Manila makes it a strategic location for business and industries to quickly reach their markets here and abroad. The required elements for business growth like real estate, local and international banking, communication facilities, road networks, power and water, professional and technical skills, industrial peace, predictable business compliance systems, and a clean and safe environment readily exists in Laguna.
Laguna is labeled as the “Detroit of the Philippines” because of the presence of major vehicle manufacturers in the city of Sta. Rosa. It is also considered as the “Silicon Valley of the Philippines” because of the vast number of electronic and semi-conductor companies operating in the province. Laguna is also the “Resort Capital of the Philippines” for it houses more than 500 hot spring resorts in the areas of Calamba City and Los Baños.
In support of the growing number of industries and people relocating in Laguna, there is need for substantial investments in various infrastructures such as roads, water, power, communication, and residential development to ensure that Laguna remains as the preferred place to work and live.
Extensive Road Network
The entire Province enjoys an extensive and well-maintained road network that is steadily being expanded to accommodate future demands. The SLEX, Laguna’s main road artery to Metro Manila, has been widened to carry the growing traffic. Plans are nearing execution to extend SLEX deeper into Laguna. Also, the Public-Private Partnership initiative of the National Government include plans to build a circumferential road along Laguna de Bay shoreline from San Pedro to Siniloan as well as the Calamba-Bay bypass road.
Efficient Communications
State-of-the-art telecommunication and broadband services are widely available in Laguna. Six service providers offer local and international connection 24/7 in all parts of the Province.
Reliable Power
Laguna has more than enough stable power supply to cover the requirements of businesses and industries. Three power generating plants currently operate – the Botocan hydro-electric plant (25MW), Caliraya hydro-electric plant (23.5 MW), and the Makban geothermal plan (20MW). Meralco, the main electricity istributor of Metro Manila, has also the franchise for most of Laguna.
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In which US state is Edwards Air Force Base? | EDWARDS AIR FORCE BASE | Superfund Site Profile | Superfund Site Information | US EPA
Where is this site?
Superfund Site Profile
Edwards Air Force Base, which is used for aircraft research and development, covers about 301,000 acres in Kern County, California. Spills and poor disposal practices have resulted in the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), metals and other chemicals to the ground. Following immediate actions to protect human health and the environment, site investigations and long-term cleanup planning are ongoing.
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Which British snooker player was known by the nickname ‘Hurricane’? | Edwards Air Force Base | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Edwards Air Force Base
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Script error
Edwards Air Force Base (AFB) (IATA: EDW, ICAO: KEDW, FAA Location identifier: EDW) is a United States Air Force base located approximately Script error northeast of Lancaster, California.
It is the home of the Air Force Test Center and is the Air Force Materiel Command center of excellence for conducting and supporting research and developmental flight test and evaluation of aerospace systems from concept to combat. It operates the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School and is home to NASA's Dryden Research Center and considerable test activities conducted by America's commercial aerospace industry.
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Edwards Air Force Base is Named in honor of Captain Glen Walter Edwards (1918-1948). Captain Edwards flew 50 missions in A-20 Havoc light attack bombers during the North African campaign during World War II on extremely hazardous, low-level missions against German tanks, convoys, troop concentrations, bridges, airfields and a variety of other tactical targets. He became a test pilot in 1943 and spent much of his time at Muroc Army Air Field, on California's high desert, testing a wide variety of experimental prototype aircraft. He died in the crash of a Northrop YB-49 Flying Wing near Muroc (now Edwards) AFB on 5 June 1948. [1]
The base has played a significant role in the development of virtually every aircraft to enter the Air Force inventory since World War II. Through developmental flight testing Edwards provides real-time solutions that dramatically increases combat effectiveness through a responsive and tangible link to the warfighter. Almost every United States military aircraft since the 1950s has been at least partially tested at Edwards, and it has been the site of many aviation breakthroughs.
Notable occurrences at Edwards include Chuck Yeager 's flight that broke the sound barrier in the Bell X-1 , test flights of the North American X-15 , the first landings of the Space Shuttle, and the 1986 around-the-world flight of the Rutan Voyager . Airplanes from Edwards Air Force Base provided the flyovers at many outdoor sporting events in Los Angeles County, including the 1980 Major League Baseball All-Star Game and many World Series games at Dodger Stadium and the missing man formation after Cheryl Ladd , Neil Diamond and Garth Brooks each sang the National Anthem at Rose Bowl in nearby Pasadena, California. The Base's five-man color guard has accompanied presentations of the National Anthem by a who's who of recording artists at these and other major sporting events in Los Angeles County, including the 1984 Summer Olympics opening and closing ceremonies, many NBA Finals games, the 2012 Stanley Cup Finals , two NHL All-Star Games , and three NBA All-Star Games , most notably accompanying Marvin Gaye 's performance at the 1983 game in Inglewood, California.
The base is next to Rogers Dry Lake , an endorheic desert salt pan whose hard dry lake surface provides a natural extension to Edwards' runways. This large landing area, combined with excellent year-round weather, makes the base perfect for flight testing. The lake is a National Historic Landmark. [2]
Units
U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School (USAF TPS)
The USAF Test Pilot School, also part of the 412th Test Wing, is where the Air Force's top pilots, navigators and engineers learn how to conduct flight tests and generate the data needed to carry out test missions. Human lives and millions of dollars depend upon how carefully a test mission is planned and flown. The comprehensive curriculum of Test Pilot School is fundamental to the success of flight test and evaluation.
Associate Units
There are a vast array of organizations at Edwards that do not fall under the 412th Test Wing. These are called Associate Units. These units do everything from providing an on-base grocery store to testing state-of-the-art rockets.
31st Test and Evaluation Squadron Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II 09-5007
Main article: Dryden Flight Research Center
Dryden Flight Research Center fleet
Contained inside Edwards Air Force Base is NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center (DFRC) where modern aircraft research is still active (e.g. the Boeing X-45 ). The DFRC is home to many of the world's most advanced aircraft. Notable recent research projects include the Controlled Impact Demonstration and the Linear Aerospike SR-71 Experiment . It is chartered to research and test advanced aeronautics, space and related technologies for atmospheric flight operations, and to transfer those technologies to industry and other government agencies. Dryden supports NASA's Earth science research with a fleet of specialized manned and unmanned environmental science aircraft. Dryden is also involved in NASA's space science mission by managing and flying the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy. The center is named for Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, an internationally known aeronautical scientist who served as director of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, NASA's predecessor organization, and later as deputy administrator of NASA.
Dryden's history dates back to late 1946, when 13 engineers arrived at what is now Edwards from the NACA Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory in Virginia to support the first supersonic research flights by the X-1 rocket plane in a joint NACA, Army Air Forces and Bell Aircraft program.
Air Force Rocket Research Laboratory
Air Force Rocket Research Laboratory Edwards AFRL site
The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Propulsion Directorate maintains a rocket engine test facility on and around Leuhman Ridge, just east of Rogers Dry Lake. This facility traces its roots to early Army Air Corps activities.
For more than half a century, the facility and its personnel, teamed together with government and industrial partners, have provided the United States with rocket propulsion that fits the needs of the nation and anticipates the future of propulsion technology. The Edwards Research Site, sometimes called 'The Rock', or simply 'The Lab' by those who work there, is part of the AFRL Propulsion Directorate, which is headquartered at the Wright Research Site, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , Ohio.
Edwards is also home to several other units from DOD , Air Force , Army , Navy , FAA, USPS and many companies that support the primary mission or the personnel stationed there. [3]
The Main Base is also the home of the Benefield Anechoic Facility (BAF), an electromagnetic and radio frequency testing building. It is also home to the Air Force Flight Test Center Museum, which has over 15 aircraft on display. [4] [5]
The North Base is located at the north-west corner of Rogers Lake and is the site of the Air Force's most secret test programs at Edwards. The site has one Script error paved runway, 06/24, and is accessed from the lakebed or via a single controlled road.
Airfield
Concrete
Source: official site [1] and FAA [2]
As a military airbase, civilian access is severely restricted, but is possible with prior coordination and good reason. There are three lighted, paved runways:
04R/22L is Script error, and an extra Script error of lakebed runway is available at its northerly end. It is equipped with arresting systems approximately Script error from each end.
04L/22R is Script error and was constructed to temporarily replace 04R/22L while it was being renovated in 2008. [1]
06/24 is Script error (this runway is technically part of the South Base) and an extra Script error of lakebed runway is available at its easterly end.
There are 13 other official runways on the Rogers lakebed :
17/35 is Script error Imagery from the 1990s shows an additional approximately Script error extending to the north from 17L/35R, including a visual cue and centerline markings that extend about Script error down the currently declared portion of the runway. This extension and the centerline markings are faded in current imagery.
05L/23R is Script error
05R/23L is Script error and is immediately adjacent to 05L/23R at the 23L (easterly) end.
06/24 is Script error. This is not to be confused with the south base 06/24 paved runway (which also extends onto the lakebed), or the north base 06/24 paved runway.
07/25 is Script error
09/27 is Script error
12/30 is Script error. It is actually marked as two adjacent Script error-wide runways (L and R). Runway 30 rolls out onto the compass rose, so its corresponding, unmarked, runway 12 is never used.
15/33 is Script error
18/36 is Script error. It is actually marked as three adjacent Script error-wide runways (L, C, and R).
The Rosamond lakebed has two runways painted on it:
02/20 is Script error long
11/29 is Script error long
History
Edit
A water stop on the Southern Pacific Railroad since 1876, the site was largely unsettled until the early 20th century. In 1910, Ralph, Clifford and Effie Corum built a homestead on the edge of Rogers Lake. The Corums proved instrumental in attracting other settlers and building infrastructure in the area, and when a post office was commissioned for the area, they named it Muroc, a reversal of the Corum name, because there was already a town named Corum. [1]
Conscious that March Field was located in an area of increasing growth, and with the need for bombing and gunnery ranges for his units, base and 1st Wing commander Lieutenant Colonel Henry H. "Hap" Arnold began the process of acquiring land next to the Rogers dry lake for a new bombing range away from population areas in August 1932 (the last tract was not acquired until 1939). The facility established to support the range, initially referred to as "Mohave Field," was Muroc Field. [1] In October 1935, five men under a Sergeant Folgleman were sent to the area from March Field. They pitched tents and then put out circular bombing targets in the desert. For the next two years aircraft shuttled back and forth between Muroc Dry Lake and March Field for Crew Bombing Practice. [2]
At this time, another colorful character in Edwards' history, Pancho Barnes , built her renowned Rancho Oro Verde Fly-Inn Dude Ranch that would be the scene of many parties and celebrations to come. The dry lake was a hive of hot rodding, with racing on the dry lakes. The runway that the Space Shuttle landed on follows the route that hosted racing in the 1930s. [1]
The first major aerial activity occurred at Muroc in 1937 when the entire Army Air Corps participated in a large-scale maneuver. From then on, the bombing range grew in size. [2] When Arnold became Chief of the Air Corps in 1938, the service was given a renewed focus on Research and Development. Muroc Field drew attention because the nearby dry lake was so flat (Arnold described it as "level as a billiard table") that it could serve as a giant runway, ideal for flight testing. Over US$120 million was spent to develop the base in the 1940s and expand it to Script error. The base's main Script error runway was completed in a single pour of concrete. [1]
World War II
Place data as RDF
On the afternoon of 7 December 1941, the 41st Bombardment Group and the 6th Reconnaissance Squadron moved to Muroc from Davis-Monthan Army Airfield , Arizona with a collection of B-18 Bolos , an A-29 Hudson and B-25 Mitchells . Then on Christmas Eve, the 30th Bombardment Group and the 2d Reconnaissance Squadron also arrived from New Orleans Army Airbase , Louisiana for crew training. Designation of the Muroc Bombing and Gunnery Range, Muroc Lake, California, as a separate post (Exempted Status) took place on 23 July 1942. [2] The name of the facility at the time was "Army Air Base, Muroc Lake". [3]
In July 1942, Muroc Army Airfield became a separate airfield from March Field and was placed under the jurisdiction of Fourth Air Force . Throughout the war years, the primary mission at Muroc was to provide final combat training for bomber and fighter aircrews just prior to overseas deployment. Known sub-bases and auxiliaries to Muroc AAF were:
Gary Army Airfield Script error
The initial use for Muroc was IV Bomber Command Operational Unit training. The B-25 Mitchell 41st and 30th Bombardment Groups and the A-20 Havoc 47th Bombardment Groups trained at the station in early 1942. The training provided newly graduated pilots eight to twelve weeks of training as a team using the same aircraft they would use in combat. The training mission was transferred to IV Fighter Command , with P-38 Lightning OTU training for the 78th and 81st Fighter Groups during 1942. The 360th Fighter Group and 382d Bombardment Groups were assigned permanently to Muroc in 1943 for P-38 Lightning and B-24 Liberator Replacement Training (RTU) of personnel. [1]
Bell P-59A (S/N 44-22609, the first United States jet fighter) and a P-63 Kingcobra (S/N 42-69417) in flight, 1944.
With the arrival of the Bell Aircraft P-59 Airacomet jet fighter, the Mojave Desert station was chosen as a secluded site for testing this super-secret airplane. The first XP-59 arrived on 21 September 1942, ground tests were underway five days later, and a first flight accomplished on 30 September when the XP-59 rose to ten feet altitude for one-half mile during taxi testing. However, the first official flight was 1 October 1942 with NACA, Navy Bureau of Aeronautics, Royal Air Force , Army, Bell and General Electric personnel on hand. [2] [3] :77 Additional World War II test flights included the Northrop JB-1 Bat .
In the spring of 1942, however, the immense volume of flight test already being conducted at Wright Field, in Ohio, was one of the factors driving a search for a new site where a "Top Secret" airplane could undergo tests. The highly classified nature of the aircraft compelled program officials to find an isolated site "away from prying eyes." The urgent need to complete the program without delay dictated a location with good, year-round flying weather, and the risks inherent in the radical new technology to be demonstrated on the aircraft dictated a spacious landing field. After examining a number of locations around the country, they selected a site along the north shore of the enormous, flat surface of Rogers Dry Lake about six miles away from the training base at Muroc. The aircraft was America's first jet, the Bell XP-59A Airacomet. [4]
Lockheed XP-80A "Gray Ghost", 1945
As with virtually all of the test programs conducted during the war years, most of the actual flight test work on the P-59 was conducted by the contractor. Although Army Air Forces (AAF) pilots flew the aircraft from time to time, and flight test engineers from Wright Field reviewed the data, the formal preliminary military test and evaluation program did not commence until the Fall of 1943, a year after the first flight. Designed to validate the contractor's reports, this preliminary evaluation consisted of a very limited number of flights and was essentially completed within a month. Formal operational suitability and accelerated service tests did not get underway until 1944, well after the AAF had decided that the airplane would not be suitable for combat operations and would, instead, be relegated to a training role. [4]
The P-59s were tested at Muroc from October 1942 through February 1944 without a single accident and, though the aircraft did not prove to be combat worthy, the successful conduct of its test program, combined with the success of the Lockheed XP-80 program which followed it in early 1944, sealed the future destiny of the remote high desert installation. Muroc would thenceforth become synonymous with the cutting edge of the turbojet revolution in America. [4]
Aircraft testing continued at this desert "Army Air Base", then on 8 November 1943, the base title was changed to "Muroc Army Air Field, Muroc". [5] In the fall of 1944, Eighth Air Force ran tests to determine how well conventional fighters stood up against jets. The results were obvious. Also, in October 1944, a small detachment arrived at the base for experimental work in rocket firing and achieved much success that they remained though most of 1945. [2]
Postwar era
File:Chuck Yeager with GlamorousGlennis.jpg
With the end of the war, Fourth Air Force relinquished command of Muroc Army Airfield on 16 October 1945 and jurisdiction was transferred to Air Technical Service Command , becoming Air Materiel Command in 1946. Test work on the Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star was the primary mission of the base for the greater part of the fall of 1945. [2] The Consolidated Vultee XP-81 single seat, long range escort fighter and Republic XP-84 Thunderjet fighter arrived at the base in early 1946 for flight testing. It was obvious even at this embryonic stage of base development that the Army Air Force desert station was destined to become a proving ground for aircraft and a testing site for experimental airplanes. [2]
The success of these programs attracted a new type of research activity to the base in late 1946. The rocket-powered Bell X-1 was the first in a long series of experimental airplanes designed to prove or disprove aeronautical concepts—to probe the most challenging unknowns of flight and solve its mysteries. [4] Further evidence of things to come was experienced on 14 October 1947 when Captain. Charles E. "Chuck" Yeager flew the small bullet shaped airplane to become the first human to exceed the speed of sound. [2]
Northrop YB-49 taking off for the first time on October 21, 1947
Four months later on 10 February 1948, Muroc AAF was re-designated Muroc Air Force Base with the establishment of the United States Air Force as a separate military service. Units attached or assigned to the base at the time were the 4144th Army Air Force Base Unit, the 3208th Strategic Bomb Test Squadron along with communications and weather detachments. On 20 August 1948, the 4144th Air Force Base Unit was re-designated as the 2759th AF Base Unit and with the adoption of the Hobson Plan , as the 2759th Experimental Wing. [2]
With the X-1, flight testing at Muroc began to assume two distinct identities. Highly experimental research programs—such as the X-3, X-4, X-5 and XF-92A—were typically flown in conjunction with the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, or NACA, and were conducted in a methodical fashion to answer largely theoretical questions. Then, as now, the great bulk of flight testing at Muroc focused on evaluations of the capabilities of aircraft and systems proposed for the operational inventory. [4]
In December 1949, Muroc was renamed Edwards Air Force Base in honor of Capt. Glen W. Edwards, who was killed a year earlier in the crash of the Northrop YB-49 Flying Wing. [4] From the time Edwards Air Force Base was named, speed and altitude records began to pile up as new aircraft were developed and the base started to build and branch out significantly. [2]
A major reason for the growth of Edwards AFB was the nearness of West Coast aircraft manufacturers. However, another major reason was the decision in 1947 to build a missile test facility on the base. The need for a static missile faculty to test high-thrust missile rocket engines was first envisioned in 1946 by the Power Plant Laboratory at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base . It was that decision that such a facility should be government-owned to prevent a single contractor exclusive advantages on Air Force contracts for high-thrust missile rocket power plants, and it would eliminate duplication of like facilities by different manufacturers. The choice of location in 1947 was the Leuhman Ridge east of Rogers Dry Lake on Edwards AFB. Construction began in November 1949 on what was to become the Experimental Rocket Engine Test Station. [2]
Cold War
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North American X-15A 56-6671 with test pilots, Edwards AFB, California. 6671 was extensively damaged during emergency landing at Edwards AFB Nov 9, 1962 with John McKay at the controls. Later modified as X-15A-2 - Now on display at WPAFB Museum.
Jurisdiction of Edwards AFB was transferred from Air Materiel Command on 2 April 1951 to the newly created Air Research and Development Command . Activation of the Air Force Flight Test Center (AFFTC) followed on 25 June 1951. Units designated and assigned to the Center at the time of activation were the 6510th Air Base Wing for station support units. The test flying units at Edwards were assigned directly to the AFFTC . [2]
That same year, the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School moved to Edwards from Wright Field, Ohio. [4] [6]
Its curriculum focused on the traditional field of performance testing and the relatively new field of stability and control, which had suddenly assumed critical importance with the dramatic increases in speed offered by the new turbojets. As the decade opened, the first-generation X-1 reached Mach 1.45 (957 mph) and a 71,902-foot altitude, representing the edge of the envelope. The D-558-II Douglas Skyrocket soon surpassed these marks. In 1951, Douglas test pilot Bill Bridgeman flew the skyrocket to a top speed of Mach 1.88 (1,180 mph) and a peak altitude of 74,494 feet. Then, in 1953, Marine test pilot Lt. Col. Marion Carl flew the same plane to an altitude of 83,235 feet. [4] [6]
On Nov. 20, 1951, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics' Scott Crossfield became the first man to reach Mach 2 as he piloted the Skyrocket to a speed of Mach 2.005 (1,291 mph). Less than a month later, Maj. Chuck Yeager topped this record as he piloted the second-generation Bell X-1A to a top speed of Mach 2.44 (1,650 mph) and, just nine months later, Maj. Arthur "Kit" Murray flew the same airplane to a new altitude record of 90,440 feet. [4] [6]
These records stood for less than three years. In September 1956, Capt. Iven Kincheloe became the first man to soar above 100,000 feet, as he piloted the Bell X-2 to a then-remarkable altitude of 126,200 feet. Flying the same airplane just weeks later on Sept. 27, Capt. Mel Apt became the first to exceed Mach 3, accelerating to a speed of Mach 3.2 (2,094 mph). His moment of glory was tragically brief, however. Just seconds after attaining top speed, the X-2 tumbled violently out of control and Apt was never able to recover. [4] [6]
With the loss of the X-2, the search for many of the answers to the riddles of high-Mach flight had to be postponed until the arrival of the most ambitious of the rocket planes—the North American X-15. [4] [6]
6512th Test Squadron McDonnell Douglas F-15A-1-MC Eagle 71-0250 (also known as YF-15A, first F-15 manufactured) preparing to make its historic first flight on July 27, 1972 at Edwards Air Force Base, California.
Meanwhile, the turbojet revolution had reached a high plateau at Edwards. By the time the base was officially designated the Air Force Flight Test Center in June 1951, more than 40 different types of aircraft had first taken flight at the base and the nation’s first generation of jet-powered combat airplanes had already completed development. One of them, the North American F-86 Sabre , was dominating the skies over Korea. [7]
The promise of the turbojet revolution and the supersonic breakthrough were realized in the 1950s, as the Center tested and developed the first generation of true supersonic fighters—the famed “Century Series” F-100 Super Sabre , F-101 Voodoo , F-102 Delta Dagger , F-104 Starfighter , F-105 Thunderchief and F-106 Delta Dart ), and, in the process, defined the basic speed and altitude envelopes for fighter aircraft that still prevail to this day. The Center also played a pivotal role in the development of systems that would provide the nation with true intercontinental power projection capabilities as it tested aircraft such as the B-52 Stratofortress , C-133 Cargomaster and KC-135 Stratotanker , as well as the YC-130 Hercules which served as the basis for a classic series of tactical transports that would continue in frontline service until well into the 21st century. It also supported the development of the extremely high-altitude and long-range Lockheed U-2 and the dazzling ultra-performance capabilities of the B-58 Hustler , the world’s first Mach 2 bomber. [7]
Throughout the 1950s, American airplanes regularly broke absolute speed and altitude records at Edwards, but nothing compared with the arrival of the North American X-15 in 1961. The program got underway in earnest in 1961 when Maj. Robert M. “Bob” White became the first man to exceed Mach 4, as he accelerated to 2,905 mph (Mach 4.43) on 7 March. He claimed Mach 5 just three months later when he pegged a speed of 3,603 mph (Mach 5.27) on 23 June and then, during the X-15’s first full-powered flight on 9 November, he exceeded Mach 6, as he flew to a speed of 4,094 mph (Mach 6.04). Major White also became the first man to fly an airplane in space when he climbed to 314,750 feet on 17 July 1962. NASA’s Joe Walker flew the airplane to its peak altitude of 354,200 feet (67 miles) on 22 August 1963 and Maj. William J. “Pete” Knight reached Mach 6.72 (4,520 mph) in the modified X-15A-2 on 3 October 1967, a speed that remains to this day the highest ever attained in an airplane. [7]
In addition to the X-15 Program, AFFTC and NASA also teamed up to explore a new concept called “lifting reentry” with a series of wingless lifting body aircraft. These rocket powered-vehicles—the M2-F2, M2-F3, HL-10, X-24A and X-24B—paved the way for the Space Shuttle and future spaceplane designs when they demonstrated that they could make precision landings after high-speed gliding descents from high altitude. [7]
The major aircraft systems that were tested and developed during the 1960s, the T-38 Talon , B-52H Stratofortress , F-4 and RF-4 Phantom II , the F-111 and FB-111, C-141 Starlifter and C-5 Galaxy all became mainstays in the USAF operational inventory. Another aircraft gained world fame in the late 1960s at Edwards: the Lockheed YF-12A , a precursor to the SR-71 Blackbird , shattered nine records in one day of testing at Edwards. The SR-71's full capabilities remain classified, but the records set on 1 May 1965 included a sustained speed of Script error and an altitude of Script error. [1] [2]
YF-16 and YF-17 in flight during their competitive fly-off, 1974. Over 4,000 production F-16s were built after the competition. The YF-17 was the basis for the highly successful United States Navy F/A-18 Hornet.
New aircraft types arrived in the 1970s: The F-15 Eagle with its advanced engine and fire-control system; the single-engine F-16 Fighting Falcon with its revolutionary, "fly-by-wire" flight control system; and the B-1 Lancer with its multitude of highly sophisticated offensive and defensive systems. These planes more than bore out the prophecy concerning the ever-increasing importance of systems testing and integration. Moreover, another major new element of complexity was soon introduced into the flight test process. [1] [2]
At a remote location in 1978 and 1979, an AFFTC test pilot and a pair of flight test engineers were engaged in proof-of-concept testing with Lockheed's "low-observable" technology demonstrator, dubbed "Have Blue." The successful conduct of these tests led immediately to the development of a new subsonic attack aircraft that was designated the F-117A Nighthawk. [1] [2]
The capabilities of existing aircraft such as the F-15 and F-16 have been continually refined and expanded, even as totally new aircraft and systems incorporating radical new technologies are developed for future operational use. The dual-role F-15E, for example, was developed in the 1980s and went on to demonstrate truly remarkable combat effectiveness in the Persian Gulf conflict of the early 90s. The Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infrared for Night, or LANTIRN, system revolutionized air-to-ground combat operations during the same conflict by denying our adversary the once comforting sanctuary of night. [1] [2]
The late 1980s also witnessed the arrival of the first giant flying wing to soar over the base in nearly 40 years. The thin silhouette, compound curves and other low-observable characteristics of the B-2 Spirit bomber represented third-generation stealth technology, following the SR-71 and F-117. [1] [2]
The 1980s also saw Edwards host a demonstration of America's space warfare capabilities as a highly modified F-15 Eagle launched an ASM-135 anti-satellite missile at the dead P78-1 (or Solwind) satellite and destroyed it. In 1986, Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager launched from Edwards to set a new aviation record by piloting the first non-stop, around-the-world flight on a single tank of fuel in the Rutan Voyager . [1] [2]
Ground research
Lt. Col. John Stapp rides the rocket sled Gee Whiz.
Extensive aviation research was also conducted on the ground at Edwards. Two rocket sled tracks pioneered important developments and research for the Air Force. The first Script error foot track was built by Northrop in 1944 near what is currently the North Base. Originally intended to help develop a V-1 flying-bomb-style weapon that never left the drawing board, the track found use after the war as a test area for V-2 rockets captured from Nazi Germany in Operation Paperclip . Later, Lt. Col. John Stapp appropriated the track for his MX981 project and installed what was believed to be one of the most powerful mechanical braking systems ever constructed. His deceleration tests led the press to nickname him the "fastest man on earth" and the "bravest man in the Air Force". [1]
The results from the first track prompted the Air Force to build a second in 1948. Located just south of Rogers Lake, the Script error track was capable of supersonic speeds. Its first project was the development of the SM-62 Snark cruise missile . This track was so successful that an extension was constructed, and on 13 May 1959, the full Script error track was opened. After the Navy had conducted research on the UGM-27 Polaris ballistic missile , the track was used to develop ejection seats that could be used at supersonic speeds. Though this program was a success, a budgetary review concluded that the track was too expensive to maintain and the track was decommissioned on 24 May 1963. Before it was closed, a trial run set a world speed record of Mach 3.3 before the test car broke up. After it closed, the rails were pulled up to help straighten Lancaster Boulevard. [1]
Space Shuttle support
See also: List of space shuttle landing runways
Space Shuttle Endeavour atop the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft taking off from Edwards AFB after the STS-126 mission, 9 December 2008. For a complete list of Space Shuttle landing locations, see: List of space shuttle missions .
After President Richard M. Nixon announced the Space Shuttle program on 5 January 1972, Edwards was chosen for Space Shuttle orbiter testing. The prototype Space Shuttle Enterprise was carried to altitude by the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA) and released. In all, 13 test flights were conducted with the Enterprise and the SCA to determine their flight characteristics and handling. After Space Shuttle Columbia became the first Shuttle launched into orbit on 12 April 1981, it returned to Edwards for landing. The airbase's immense lakebeds and its proximity to Plant 42 , where the Shuttle was serviced before relaunch, were important factors in its selection and it continued to serve as the primary landing area for the space shuttle until 1991. After that time, Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida has been favored. This saved the considerable cost of transporting the shuttle from California back to Florida, but Edwards AFB and White Sands Space Harbor continued to serve as backups for the duration of the Shuttle program. Shuttles have landed at Edwards as recently as 9 August 2005 (STS-114), 22 June 2007 (STS-117), 30 November 2008 (STS-126), 24 May 2009 (STS-125), and 11 September 2009 (STS-128) due to rain and ceiling events at the KSC Shuttle Landing Facility . STS-126 was the only shuttle to land on temporary runway 04 at Edwards, as the refurbished main runway was operational from STS-119 through to the retirement of the shuttles. [2]
Modern era
Edit
Prototype YF-22 and YF-23 fighters, 1991
The end of the Cold War was marked by the arrival of the YF-22A and the YF-23A, both of which would soon give a new definition to the term "air superiority." The two prototype fighters were the first airplanes to blend stealth with agility and high-speed, supersonic cruise capability. The YF-22A was selected to become the Air Force's new advanced tactical fighter after a brief demonstration and validation risk reduction flight test program. Now named the Raptor, the F-22A continues to undergo test and evaluation at Edwards. [1]
A new group of research projects came to Edwards in the 1990s. Global Hawk, an unmanned aerial vehicle that has been used extensively in Afghanistan and Iraq, made its first flight at Edwards in February 1998 and has gone on to fill a critical role in America's war on terrorism. The X-24, X-33, X-34, X-36 and X-38, a series of new lifting bodies, technology demonstrators and half-scale models that might make space flight, research and development safer and more economical, were tested here by NASA during the decade. [1]
The new millennium brought new projects with worldwide impact. The X-35A and X-32A, competing models for the Joint Strike Fighter program, made their first flights in September and October 2000. The X-35A won the competition in 2001 and will eventually be built in various versions for America's flying armed services and for foreign air forces as well. Also new are the RQ-4 Global Hawk , YAL-1 Airborne Laser , the B-52 synthetic fuel program , the C-17 Globemaster III , and many prototype unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). [1]
452d Flight Test Squadron Northrop Grumman Block 20 RQ-4B Global Hawk 05-2023 being serviced at Edwards AFB.
Edwards is among the few U.S. military bases to have gained jobs since the Cold War. Under the DoD's Base Realignment and Closure process, several smaller bases have been decommissioned, and their facilities and responsibilities have been sent to Edwards, China Lake, and other large bases. For example, Marine Aircraft Group 46 , Detachment Bravo, two heavy lift helicopter squadrons, were assigned to Edwards after the May 1999 closing of MCAS El Toro . [1]
During 2012, the 95th Air Base Wing, the former base support unit at Edwards was inactivated and consolidated into the 412th Test Wing as part of the Air Force Flight Test Center transitioning into the Air Force Test Center. The 5-Center consolidation not only better integrates the workforce, but saves taxpayers approximately $109 million annually. [3]
Previous names
Muroc Lake Bombing and Gunnery Range, September 1933
Army Air Base, Muroc Lake, 23 July 1942
Army Air Base, Muroc, 2 September 1942
Muroc Army Airfield, 8 November 1943
Muroc Air Force Base, 12 February 1948 – 5 December 1949
Major commands to which assigned
Consolidated with 412th Test Wing , 2 October 1992-Present
Geography
Edit
Rogers Lake is not always dry. During the brief rainy season in the Mojave Desert, water fills the lake bed. The compass rose can be seen on the left.
The largest features of the Script error that make up Edwards AFB are the Rogers Lake and Rosamond Lake dry lakes. These have served as emergency and scheduled landing sites for many aerospace projects including the Bell X-1 , Lockheed U-2 , SR-71 Blackbird , and the Space Shuttle. The lakebeds have black lines painted on it to mark seven official "runways". Also painted on the dry lake beds near Dryden is the world's largest compass rose : Script error radius, Script error, Script error in diameter. The Edwards AFB compass rose's magnetic eastern variance to true north is measured by Google Earth's distance/direction measurement tool as inclined to magnetic north with a 15.3 degrees east variance of true north , as opposed to the stipulated official variance of 12.9 degrees east. Other nearby airports' ( KMHV , L71 ) compass roses are depicted with around 13 degrees east variance, in line with the expected magnetic variance for this region. The reason for the discrepancy in Edward's compass rose is not apparent. The larger lake bed, Rogers, encompasses Script error of desert. Because of Rogers' history in the space program, it was declared a National Historic Landmark.
The world's largest compass rose is painted on the lake bed beside NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center.
The Rosamond dry lake bed encompasses Script error and is also used for emergency landings and other flight research roles. Both lake beds are some of the lowest points in the Antelope Valley and they can collect large amounts of precipitation . Desert winds whip this seasonal water around on the lakebeds and the process polishes them, yielding a new, extremely flat surface; the Rosamond lake bed was measured to have an altitude deviation of Script error over a Script error length; that's about Script error altitude deviation over every Script error of length.
The census-designated place encompasses an area of Script error of which Script error is water.
Environmental concerns
Edit
There are several protected and threatened species living in Edwards, the most notable being the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii). It is illegal to touch, harass or otherwise harm a desert tortoise. Edwards is careful not to interfere with this "gem in the desert". Another notable species is Yucca brevifolia : the taller members of this species are called Joshua trees.
Nearby bases
Edit
Another element of Edwards' success has been its proximity to other U.S. military bases. Edwards is close to Los Angeles, but it is also only a short flight south from Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake , Nellis Air Force Base , and Groom Lake which houses Area 51 . Very secret aircraft developed at Edwards or other bases can easily and secretly be flown to a nearby base on moonless nights for maintenance or testing. Air Force Plant 42 and other defense research facilities in Palmdale are only a few miles south of Edwards. The site of Lockheed Martin's famous Skunk Works , Plant 42 contains Boeing and Northrop Grumman aircraft manufacturing facilities as well. New, top-secret planes are often built at Plant 42 and then flown to the Main Base for secret nighttime testing.
Edwards' proximity to other bases has led to the establishment of the jointly-administered R-2508 Special Use Airspace Complex . Containing Edwards, the Navy's China Lake and the Army 's Fort Irwin bases, and a large amount of land in between, R-2508 is completely restricted above FL 200 for military use, and in some areas is restricted to the ground. The Department of Defense and its branches use this airspace to train pilots, and to test aircraft and weapons. Joint exercises are often conducted here, and sonic booms can be heard regularly.
Demographics
The United States Census Bureau has designated Edwards Air Force Base as a separate census-designated place for statistical purposes.
2010 Census
Edit
The 2010 United States Census [1] reported that Edwards AFB had a population of 2,063. The population density was 120.4 people per square mile (46.5/km²). The racial makeup of Edwards AFB was 1,518 (73.6%) White, 165 (8.0%) Black , 16 (0.8%) Native American, 99 (4.8%) Asian, 10 (0.5%) Pacific Islander, 96 (4.7%) from other races, and 159 (7.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 355 persons (17.2%).
The Census reported that 1,834 people (88.9% of the population) lived in households, 229 (11.1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.
There were 574 households, out of which 387 (67.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 456 (79.4%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 33 (5.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 17 (3.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1 (0.2%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 0 (0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 68 households (11.8%) were made up of individuals and 4 (0.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.20. There were 506 families (88.2% of all households); the average family size was 3.48.
The population was spread out with 771 people (37.4%) under the age of 18, 392 people (19.0%) aged 18 to 24, 803 people (38.9%) aged 25 to 44, 87 people (4.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 10 people (0.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23.0 years. For every 100 females there were 106.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 117.1 males.
There were 785 housing units at an average density of 45.8 per square mile (17.7/km²), of which 8 (1.4%) were owner-occupied, and 566 (98.6%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0%; the rental vacancy rate was 0.2%. 16 people (0.8% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 1,818 people (88.1%) lived in rental housing units.
2000 Census
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As of the 2000 census [2] , there were 5,909 people, 1,678 households, and 1,515 families residing in the base. The population density was Script error. There were 1,783 housing units at an average density of Script error. The racial makeup of the base was 72.7% White, 10.4% Black, 0.8% Native American, 4.4% Asian, 0.5% Pacific Islander, 5.4% from other races, and 5.7% from two or more races. 11.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 1,678 households out of which 67.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 84.9% were married couples living together, 3.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 9.7% were non-families. 9.1% of all households were made up of individuals and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.19 and the average family size was 3.38.
In the base the population was spread out with 36.1% under the age of 18, 19.9% from 18 to 24, 42.1% from 25 to 44, 1.8% from 45 to 64, and 0.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females there were 121.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 130.4 males.
The median income for a household in the base was $36,915, and the median income for a family was $36,767. Males had a median income of $27,118 versus $23,536 for females. The per capita income for the base was $13,190. About 1.0% of families and 1.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.3% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.
Politics
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In the state legislature Edwards AFB is located in the 18th Senate District, represented by Republican Jean Fuller , and in the 34th Assembly District, represented by Republican Connie Conway . Federally, Edwards AFB is located in California's 22nd congressional district, which has a Cook PVI of R +16 [1] and is represented by Republican Kevin McCarthy .
See also
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