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In the children’s television series ‘The Magic Roundabout’, who is the operator of the roundabout? | Round And About BY Tim Worthington
When French animator Serge Danot began work on a small scale animated series called "La Manege Enchante" back in 1963, he can hardly have realised that he was creating something that would become an integral part of popular culture in another nation altogether. The series that he produced is famous and well-known enough in France, but it was to be in Britain that "The Magic Roundabout", as it was retitled through the miracle of translation, really found its way into the affections of the public. So much, in fact, that in time it would become possibly the only product of French popular culture to have a major geographical feature in this country named after it (unless, of course, there's a Johnny Hallyday Avenue out there somewhere).
The story of what would eventually become "The Magic Roundabout " began when Serge Danot was commissioned by the French television channel RTF to create a short animated series for children. Danot and his film crew (which included a young British animator named Ivor Wood, who would later return to Britain and go on to create the similarly successful "Postman Pat") spent most of 1963 working on the first set of episodes in the appropriately bohemian setting of a derelict Parisian house, where the huge studio lights that they used kept blowing the fuses. Danot's basic concept for the series was that it would be set in a Magic Garden owned by roundabout operator Pere Pivoine and a strange creature on a spring known as Zebulan, which attracted such visitors as a girl called Margotte and a rabbit named Flappy.
Ivor Wood suggested that Danot's characters should be joined by Pollux the dog, mainly because he had created a dog puppet with no legs (instead, it moved around on wheels that were obscured from view by long hair) that would allow them to save time and money on animating it. The bright and sharply contrasting colours (which were obvious to viewers even though the early episodes were shot and transmitted in monochrome) and charming stories ensured that "La Manege Enchante" was to become a huge success with French audiences, and the beautiful semi-psychedelic theme song, with its mesmerising organ work and vocals shared between a child and a Charles Aznavour soundalike, embellished the engaging otherworldly nature of the series. However, the "La Manege Enchante" was not to meet with its largest acclaim until it was spotted by chance by an overseas broadcaster.
Doreen Stephens, Head of Family Programmes at the BBC, saw a selection of episodes of "La Manege Enchante" in 1965 and decided to buy it for transmission in an early evening weekday pre-news slot. However, the series as it was transmitted over here was different to the French original in several significant respects. The theme song was sped up drastically and turned into a manic organ instrumental by a gentleman named Alain Legrand, but the most important work in reshaping the series was undertaken by the actor selected to provide the narration, Eric Thompson. Also a presenter on BBC2's pre-school programme "Play School" at that time, Thompson had notoriously strong ideas on what he thought constituted suitable entertainment for children, and was tireless in his quest to treat his audience with as much intelligence as he possibly could. He loathed the original French stories, which it is claimed he regarded as simplistic and dull, and refused to work with a straightforward translation. Instead, he watched the episodes with the soundtrack turned down, created new names and personalities for the characters, and invented completely new storylines to match the on-screen action.
The resultant scripts were sharp and witty, and traded in language and humour that was far in advance of the level of sophistication that might usually have been expected in a programme of this nature. This inevitably drew some criticism from concerned parents and educational experts, but Thompson refused to listen to their reasoning (or, to be more accurate, their lack thereof). He once replied to a viewer who complained that he used too many long words by writing them a letter using all of the longest words that he could find in the dictionary, and is said to have sent a 'strong' letter to a mother who had written to express her concern over the fact that her son had started to refer to his sister as a 'mollusc'. In a peculiar echo of the way that Scott Walker's contemporaneous interpretations of Jacques' Brel's compositions added an entirely new depth that complemented the originals, the imagination and hard work that Eric Thompson put into his interpretations of the visuals created by Danot's team resulted in what was, to all intents and purposes, a new programme.
Initially thirty nine episodes of "La Manege Enchante" were reworked for the BBC by Eric Thompson, and "The Magic Roundabout" made its debut in the British television schedules late in 1965, somewhat typically misdescribed by the "Radio Times" as something along the lines of "an exciting new foreign series". This rather sober and lacklustre description might have made it sound superficially similar to such tedious imported eight million episode children's drama series as "The Adventures Of Robinson Crusoe", but "The Magic Roundabout" was refreshingly different - due as much to Danot's attractive and distinctive visual style as Thompson's scripts - and the series made its mark straight away.
Unusually, this initial set of episodes contained a running storyline of sorts, and they have a strangely different feel to that of the more widely-remembered incarnation of "The Magic Roundabout". The series opened with Mr. Rusty, an old roundabout operator, feeling sad because no children ever seemed to visit his Magic Garden any more. Zebedee, a jack-in-the-box with magical powers, arrived in the post and announced that he had sent himself to help Mr. Rusty overcome his problems. Together they repaired and rebuilt the roundabout, and before long the Magic Garden had attracted a new group of regular young visitors - Florence, Paul, Basil and Rosalie - and a curious (or, to be more accurate, nosey) dog named Dougal. Other characters may well have enjoyed a proportionately greater share of the screen time, but it was Dougal who was to emerge as the true star of the series.
World-weary, cynical and imbued with major delusions of self-importance, the character of Dougal was intentionally based on the comic persona of the brilliant Tony Hancock, even down to Thompson's deliberate approximations of his vocal inflections. As time went by and further episodes were bought and shown by the BBC, the evolving plotline was abandoned in favour of self-contained stories. However, the subsequent episodes also saw the arrival of many other well-loved characters, including the terrifyingly over-energetic cow Ermintrude, the guitar-wielding beatnik rabbit Dylan, and most memorably the irrepressibly chirpy snail Brian, whose cheerful nature and permanent smile never failed to be a major source of annoyance for the relentlessly dour Dougal.
At its peak, "The Magic Roundabout" was attracting audiences of eight million viewers; this was almost twice as much as most other BBC childrens' programmes could manage at the time, and almost as high a figure as that of the day's main news bulletin that invariably followed it. The distinctive visual style of the series made it ideal fodder for tie-in merchandise, and an enormous range of spin-off products were soon available. These ranged from heavily stylised toy cars containing plastic models of the series characters (which are now highly collectable) to books written by Thompson which, reflecting his aims and intentions for the series, were packed with those controversial 'long' words and adopted a structure more commonly associated with books intended for adults. At one point in the 1960s, the BBC (for reasons best known to themselves, as always) decided to move the series back an hour in the schedules, and were amazed to recieve sackfuls of letters of complaint from adults who were no longer able to see it.
Similarly, a competition relating to the series staged by the BBC's children's magazine programme "Blue Peter" generated more than one hundred thousand entries, and a short gap in the series' transmission was met by a petition from an Army Barracks demanding its instant return! Serge Danot was both aware of and extremely proud of the success of his creation in Britain, although legend has it that he was initially somewhat less than happy with the naming of Dougal, which he took to be a pun on the name of French Defence Minister Charles De Gaulle. Nonetheless, he made several promotional visits to the UK, and on one occasion in the late 1960s took part in an edition of BBC2's arts review show "Late Night Line-Up" devoted to the origins and success of the series. Amazingly, this edition still exists in full in the BBC's archives, and some tantalisingly fascinating interview clips with Danot have been used in various documentaries in recent years.
In 1971, after one hundred and sixty episodes had been made, "La Manege Enchante" came to an end in France in 1971, as the television networks began to favour hand-drawn animation over the stop-motion variety. However, the BBC still had a plentiful supply of 'new' episodes to show (they did not begin to transmit the colour episodes, which Danot had been making since the mid-1960s, until October 1970), and in fact were able to continue showing previously unseen episodes of "The Magic Roundabout" until 1977. Even after the end of the series, Danot continued to work with the characters, and in 1972 he produced the full-length feature film "Pollux Et Le Chat Bleu", which arrived on these shores through the unique translational filter of Eric Thompson as "Dougal And The Blue Cat". This bizarre film treads a fine line between being charming and genuinely chilling, relating the thought-provoking story what happened when the inhabitants of the Magic Garden put their trust in a mysterious blue cat named Buxton, whose friendly demeanour masked a sinister plan to recolour the entire world blue.
Dougal, who was never taken in by his posturing, eventually manages to save the day (by way of a surreal visit to the moon, and an even more absurd sequence in which he poses as a blue lookalike of himself), but "Dougal And The Blue Cat" is a genuinely exciting and even at times disturbing film, veering wildly between such comic pieces as Dougal arguing with his abrupt and impolite cuckoo clock and such upsetting images as the well-loved characters being locked in a dungeon by Buxton (even then, though, they manage to inject a little humour into proceedings when they pretend to taunt the 'blue' Dougal). "Dougal And The Blue Cat" is often unfairly disregarded as a nondescript, standard cinematic interpretation of a popular childrens' television programme, but it deserves far greater recognition than that. The blend of humour, music (a highly collectable soundtrack album was issued at the time of release, containing songs and incidental music interspersed with Thompson's narration), strangely disquieting moments and brilliantly composed visuals make it far closer to The Beatles' "Yellow Submarine" than it is to any standard shoddy cash-in piece. From the opening argument with the beligerent cuckoo clock right up to the closing fall of snow as happiness is restored to the Magic Garden, the brilliantly crafted film is nothing short of excellent.
As is usually the case with 'cult' children's television programmes, "The Magic Roundabout" has in later years found itself dogged by bizarre rumours - namely, in this instance, the suggestion that it was somehow inspired by the ingestion of hallucinogenic drugs and that its characters contained those elusive, Beatles album cover-like 'coded symbols' that supposedly refer to the favoured mind-altering substances of the day. Many a superficial individual blessed with the ignorance of a selective memory will swear as if giving evidence in court that such wild allegations were genuine and true, but unfortunately for them and their weak imaginations, all of the available evidence points to the contrary. Not only was Serge Danot at least well into his forties by the time that he began work on the series, but at the time that "La Manege Enchante" first went into production in 1963, many of the 'substances' that were supposedly being referred to were in fact only just becoming known even to scientific researchers. Numerous members of Danot's team, including Ivor Wood, have laughed off the suggestion that drugs were invovled in the creative process, and Phyllida Law (Eric Thompson's widow) treats the pathetic rumours with similar disdain. Stick that in your so-called 'pipe' and smoke it.
Even after the BBC had stopped showing "The Magic Roundabout", the series and its characters remained lodged in the public's affections and enjoyed enduring popularity. Many years before the current boom in sales of videos of old childrens' television programmes, the popularity of a compilation of episodes of "The Magic Roundabout" took the BBC completely by surprise, and the title was reissued on at least two occasions. In 1991, the series made an unexpected and much-publicised return to British television. Discovering that several of the original episodes had not been translated or transmitted by the BBC, Channel 4 bought the rights to a total of thirty nine episodes which they intended to add to their own children's programming. Eric Thompson had sadly died in the early 1980s, and for this new set of episodes his place was taken by Nigel Planer, whose Mr. Rusty-lookalike brother Roger was acting as producer for the project. In addition to translating and redubbing the episodes, the Planers also produced "The Return Of The Magic Roundabout", a tongue-in-cheek 'documentary' shown on Christmas Day 1991. The bizarre storyline follow's Planer's life as he finds himself haunted by the programme, which hounds him eventually to the extent of leaving cryptic messages on his answering machine.
A riot of jokes based on 1960s conspiracy theories (including an amusing cameo by Pink Floyd's Dave Gilmour), interviews with everyone from John Craven to Roy Hattersley, visits to archives with ominously missing tapes and files, and a final climactic encounter with Michael Grade ("Sir Michael... Your Gradeness"), the programme was seen by few but stands as one of the most genuinely individual and downright surreal comedy shows of the decade, and really deserves to be dusted down and given a repeat showing. The Planers also produced an equally amusing book, "Zen And The Magic Of Roundabout Maintenance", which told the same story from the point of view of the characters, and also posited a disturbing new conspiracy theory about the series: 'da da', as in the phrase that most people use when attempting to sing the theme tune of "The Magic Roundabout", was also the name of a nihilistic 1960s European art movement.
Although the original Eric Thompson episodes are not currently available on video or being repeated, which seems a bit strange in light of the fact that videos of old children's television shows are selling so well at the moment, the Nigel Planer episodes are in constant rotation on terrestrial and cable television. While purists might feel that the latter don't quite manage to scale the exact same heights as Thompson's originals, they are still highly enjoyable and very much in the style and spirit that always characterised "The Magic Roundabout". Thompson's original storybooks and scripts have recently been issued in book form, they are highly recommended to anyone who has ever enjoyed the series. In fact, despite the initial merchandising goldrush that surrounded the original broadcasts, "The Magic Roundabout" seems to have escaped the superficial adoption of inconography that has dogged many other vintage BBC childrens' programmes, and the majority of present day interest in the series comes from those who show proper appreciation for the series rather than just deciding that its characters would look good as a mobile phone cover. If only the BBC would dig out the original episodes...
Note: Many thanks to Tim Worthington for his kind permission to reprint this article.
(Copyright © Tim Worthington).
| mr rusty |
A bronze statue of Paddington bear is situated in which London station? | Children’s TV Shows and Hasbro Toys
Children’s TV Shows and Hasbro Toys
Children’s TV Shows
The longest running British children’s TV show is Blue Peter. Since 1958, generations have grown up with the familiar format of information, education and entertainment. Topics have included sports, hobbies, adventure and how to make things. The program is also famous for its appeals over the years. These are to raise money for a cause and the ongoing appeal for lifeboats for sea rescues resulted in 25 new ones for the service. Along with the presenters, there has been a series of pets in the studio. Children can write in for a Blue Peter Badge achievement award. A time capsule was buried in the Blue Peter Garden in 2000, to be opened in 2009.
Some shows achieve cult status and one of the more unusual ones is The Magic Roundabout. The stop motion animation series appealed to adults as well as children. This children’s TV show began in France and then was adapted for a UK audience with Eric Thompson (father of actress Emma Thompson) as narrator. Thompson also wrote the English scripts and the BBC broadcast ran from 1965 until 1977. The characters included the operator of the carousel, Mr. Rusty and a group of friends who used the Magic Roundabout. Dougal was the lovable dog, Zebedee was a jack-in-the-box, Brian was a snail, Ermintrude was a cow, and Dylan was a hippie rabbit. The other human presence was a girl called Florence.
The longest running TV show for children in the US is Sesame Street. From 1969, kids have learned about the alphabet and been entertained with a series of great characters. The mixture of live actors, puppets and animation has led to dozens of Emmy Awards. It has also been a successful export and is shown in 20 different countries. It was on this show that puppet master Jim Henson developed his famous Muppet characters, including Big Bird, Oscar the Grouch, the Cookie Monster, Kermit the Frog and the double act of Bert and Ernie.
Animals are always a big draw and families love to sit down together and watch their favorites. Flipper, the story of a Bottlenose Dolphin, ran from 1964 until 1967. He soon became a star. The show had been adapted from the 1963 movie, starring Chuck Conners. This children’s television series was set in Florida and centered round the Ricks family, Flipper, and also their pet pelican called Pete. Porter Ricks was Chief Warden at a marine conservation area and his two sons, Sandy and Bud grew up on the water. Flipper would help the family in several adventures.
Lassie was another animal star, familiar to moviegoers and TV audiences. The rough collie was loved around the world and even featured in a Japanese animation. There were seven American TV series in total and the original Lassie ran between 1954 and 1973. Some of these episodes are available on DVD and VHS. There are only three animals to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and Lassie is one of them.
Hasbro toys are some of the hottest must have items because they reach out to a diverse consumer audience, which makes sense considering that Hasbro is internationally one of the biggest toy companies in the market, competing with other big toy companies like Mattel, the creator of the Barbie brand. Hasbro produces toys and games for all ages from toddler to even adult. There are many products you might not have known came from Hasbro—board games like Clue and toys like Mr. Potato Head, for instance. In truth many of these products are owned by other companies, but they are subsidiaries of Hasbro, which means that Hasbro controls their operations and owns all of their products. So when we talk about Milton and Bradley games, Playskool, Tonka, and Tiger Electronics toys, we’re really talking about Hasbro toys and games.
Hasbro headquarters is located in Rhode Island, but today most Hasbro toys are manufactured overseas in China. In its beginnings, Hasbro came up with Mr. Potato Head and GI Joe, and later on My Little Pony. As it subsidized more companies, Hasbro became responsible for Transformers action figures, Candy Land, Jenga, Wizards of the Coast, Star Wars, Twister, Chutes and Ladders, Care Bears, Yahtzee, Play Doh, Pokemon, Zoids, Cabbage Patch Kids, Tinkertoys, Easy Bake Oven, Cranium, Dungeons and Dragons, Scrabble, Pictionary, Trivial Pursuit and you get the idea. It’s practically a monopoly, and they own Monopoly too. Go figure.
So there’s no way that Hasbro is going to miss out on this season, and some of the most sought after Hasbro toys are the Hasbro Playskool Step Start Walk n Ride, Bop It, the Hasbro Games Monopoly Deal Card Game, the Hasbro Playskool Busy Ball Popper, the Transformers Movie 2 Leader Optimus Prime action figure, the Nerf n Strike Raider Rapid Fire CS 35 Dart Blaster, and the Hasbro Nerf n Strike Maverick. All of these are currently on the leading sellers list at Amazon along with other toys produced by Cepia, LeapFrog, Melissa & Doug, Fisher Price and Mattel. Giving Hasbro some competition are the Zhu Zhu Hamster Pets, Twilight Barbies, the Slice and Bake Cookie Set, the LeapFrog Scribble and Write, and the Brilliant Basics Baby’s First Blocks. All of these products will be highly sought after, but Hasbro is bound to have a strong performance in the market and will likely continue to for years to come.
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| i don't know |
Mount of Venus, Plain of Mars and Mount of Jupiter are all found on which part of the body? | Chapter XXIII. The Mount Of Mars
Chapter XXIII. The Mount Of Mars
Description
This section is from the book " The Laws Of Scientific Hand Reading ", by William G. Benham. Also available from Amazon: The Laws of Scientific Hand Reading .
Chapter XXIII. The Mount Of Mars
THE fifth Mount type is the Martian, and the portions of the hand which identify him are the two Mounts of Mars, the Upper Mount located on the percussion and above the Line of Head , and the Lower Mount under the Line of Life and above the Mount of Venus . There is also the Plain of Mars, located in the centre of the palm, which bears some relation to the Martian type. For the exact boundaries of these Martian developments consult the map of the Mounts, where they are clearly shown, and note carefully that on the map the lower boundary of Lower Mars is the word "aggression," and all under that word belongs to the Mount of Venus.
As single signs or in combination the star, triangle, circle, single vertical line, trident and square, strengthen the Upper Mount of Mars. The cross-bar, cross, island, dot or grille, show defects of the Mount, either of health or character. Nails , color, etc. will determine which.
All cross lines, stars, crosses or grilles in the Plain of Mars, increase the inflammability and temper of the subject.
Signs on the Lower Mount of Mars must be read on the Influence lines inside of the Life line (113). In the earlier history of Palmistry the Plain of Mars was considered to be the principal part of the Martian development. The Upper Mount was afterwards located and found to be a strong factor, and in later years the Mount of Venus was subdivided so as to give the upper portion to what is now called the Lower Mount of Mars because it is below the Line of Life. Any attempt to use only one of these Martian developments to the exclusion of the other, will lead to error, and it is only by the combined use of the two Mounts and the Plain of Mars that you will be able properly to estimate the Martian, a type constantly encountered in very pure development, and which you will find in combination with most of the other types. In gaining the material for this chapter I have taken the most pronounced Martians, and alongside of them, subjects who have been entirely deficient in Martian development, and from these pronounced cases, several thousand in number, I have tabulated what I believe to be an accurate and trustworthy system of handling the type.
This statement is made here because there has been of late such a diversity of opinion on the subject even among the very best students, that I feel sure all will welcome an elucidation of the Martian question based upon an experience covering many thousand verifications from among the best known Martians in the World. This type embodies the elements of aggression and resistance, and the Martian is consequently a fighter. Do not by any means infer that the Martian always fights with the sword and pistol, or engages in fistic combats, for he is more often found fighting his way against adverse elements and circumstances in the mental or business world. It must not be understood that all Martians will be soldiers (though all true Martians would quickly enlist to fight for a beloved country), but they will always push with vigor anything with which they may be connected, and will more stoutly resist the efforts of those who seek to force them, than will the other types. Thus wherever they are found, Martians are those who fight, and the Martian disposition is an aggressive one. In almost all hands we find some Martian development. If we fail to find it, the subject is easily discouraged and overcome in the struggle for existence.
The Martian qualities of aggression or resistance are necessary to the completion of any character, for without them the subject will be run over and trampled under foot, and no matter how brilliant or talented he may be, without the Martian fighting qualities, his brilliancy will never be brought before the eyes of the world. There are two kinds of fighters: those who are the aggressors and force the issue, and those who act in self-defense or resist the pressure brought to bear upon them. This separation of Martian qualities is shown in the Upper Mount of Mars, which indicates resistance (114), and the Lower Mount of Mars, which shows aggressive spirit (115). Often you find one of these Mounts largely developed and the other small, in which case the subject will have either great aggression, or great resistance, according as it is the Lower or the Upper Mount which is the larger. Often you find both Mounts very largely developed. In this case you have a large supply of both aggression and resistance, and the subject will push himself forward with great persistence, and will also resist vigorously the attempt of anyone to impose upon him. These subjects with both Mounts large, simply shove themselves over every obstacle and stubbornly resist any attempt to force them clown.
They never know when they are beaten, and permit no one to think that defeat is a possibility with them. The strong double Mount is a most advanced Martian development, and when seen, the subject must be classed as a Martian at once. This type is unmistakable. The Plain of Mars, if largely developed, or if much crossed by fine or red lines, will show sudden temper to be present. This development with the other two Mounts large will make a dangerous combination, for it will add inflaminability to the already great aggression and resistance. To the Plain of Mars used to be attributed the aggressive qualities which we now ascribe to the I.ower Mount of Mars, for it was observed by the old palmists that sudden tempers which were present with a strong Plain of Mars made the subject flare up and become very aggressive. But this temper soon died, and it has been observed that there is a vast difference between one who steadily and coolly pushes his way over all opposition, and one who simply gets mad and for the time being makes "Rome howl." The ancients fully appreciated the value in human success of this aggressive quality which would force men to overcome opposition at any cost, and when they put forth the rule that "A hollow palm indicates misery, loss of money, and failure in all enterprises," it was because they thought that the hollow palm showed lack of aggression and that its absence would produce these results.
| Hand |
How many metres is one lap of a standard Olympic running track? | Lesson Fifteen-Palmistry
Mercury
Palmistry also helps to tell you how your physical body is doing. There are lines on your hands that will indicate problems or strengths from time to time, and one may prevent health problems as they emerge.
There are many facets to the art of Palmistry, but anyone can learn Palmistry and with time become very good at it.
We will now consider the different facets of the hand, and what palmist looks for when they do a reading.
A palmist usually greets their clients and watches to see how they use their hands:
Do they shake, ring their hands, fidget or when they place them on the table do they lay flat or hold them close and tight fisted at first.
This can tell the palmist right away if their clients are shy, suspicious, or relaxed.
The shape of the hands helps to identify characteristics of a client. There are seven types of hands.
Square
May indicate an iron deficiency.
This information is provided by:
We have all got different coloured skin, and even within the broad racial categories there are endless variations of pigmentation. It is part of what makes each of us unique and special.
As with other aspects of the hand, the more hands you look at, the more you will be able to understand how various pigmentations manifest on various colours of skin.
On Oriental hands, for example, there are very distinct pinks and greys, as well as a darker pigmentation that shows a certain focus. There are also warmer and cooler tones within each pigmentation, and with practice, you will notice that within every colour of hand, you will find a pink, white, green, grey, black, and blue.
A hand's relative colour is an indicator of health. Not only are the client's circulation shown, but every other part of the client's physiognomy as well.
Remember, that each colour is a variation on the skin's natural colour, so that 'pink' on an African-American hand can appear quite different from 'pink' on a Caucasian hand.
Pigmentation
Red
Intensity and vitality, someone who does not do things in a half-baked way
Yellow Can indicate a variety of ailments, depending on where the yellow appears. Can relate to liver or bile problems Green Envy, challenge of self-control, being in the wrong mind set Blue Difficulty with circulation or the heart, depression Black Lack of enthusiasm for struggle, dark thoughts, deeds, unsuccessful conclusions, failure, finality Mottled Emotional ups-and-downs, Inconstancy, Unfixed mind
This information is provided by:
The mount at the base of the index finger indicates a person's desire to lead others, his ambitions and his ego. Palmists call it the Mount of Jupiter. That is why the finger has the peculiarities of Jupiter.
The small area at the base of the middle finger is indicative of the placidity of character, the analytical power, the desire for worldly goods and the yen for solitude. It has been named after Saturn as the Mount of Saturn.
The Mount of Saturn is generally found in a depressed state, but because the finger associated with it, the Middle one, is longer than the rest, it offsets the deficiency The middle finger has all the peculiarities of Saturn.
The small area below the third or ring finger is indicative of a person's zeal, desire for ostentation and the love of fine arts. It is called the Mount of the Sun or Apollo and the third finger has all the peculiarities of Sun.
The area below the little finger is indicative of a person's pragmatic bent of mind and eloquence. It is named as the Mount of Mercury and this finger has all the peculiarities of Mercury.
A small area below the Mount of Mercury is indicative of a person's patience. Western palmistry calls it the Upper Mars (Defensive Mars). The area below the Mount of Jupiter is called the Lower Mars (Aggressive Mars) by Western palmists. It is indicative of the amount of courage a person has.
The area below the Defensive Mars, extending unto the edge of the palm in one direction and the wrist in the other represents the imagination and the desire for change in a person. This area is known as the Mount of the Moon.
The area under the Aggressive Mars which extends from the base of the thumb to the wrist shows the sex urge, the vitality and the amount of human sympathy in a person. It has been named as the Mount of Venus.
The area, which lies within these mounts, is known as the Plain of Mars. If it appears to be full, a person has excess of physical strength and he does not easily lose courage. If it is depressed, a person loses courage in the struggle for life.
If a mount in the palm is prominent, it is known as a developed mount. A person having a particular mount in a developed state is likely to have the qualities associated with that mount. Converse is the case if a mount is depressed or underdeveloped.
Here are some special lines to look for:
* A cross that lies in the centre of the Quadrangle between the head and heart lines: indicates strong psychic sense.
* The crescent of intuition is found on those with good ESP.
* A large amount of crosses on the hand indicates good psychic ability.
* A triangle on the mount of Saturn shows psychic ability.
* A psychic hand often has a palm with many fine spidery lines.
* The Mount of the moon that is strongly developed towards the wrist is a sign of good psychic ability.
Below are the basic lines of the hand, there are many side and minor lines also:
The Line of Life.
The line of life, is the line which, rising under the Mount of Jupiter, goes down the hand and embraces the mount of Venus. On it is marked time, also illness and death, and events foreshadowed by the other important lines are verified.
If the Line of Life is semicircular, thin and deep, without irregularities, breaks, or crosses of any kind, it is an auspicious sign and promises long life, good health, and vitality. A thick, shallow and straight line of life is not auspicious.
The Line of Head.
The line of Head relates principally to the mentality of the subject, to the intellectual strength or weakness, to the temperament in its relation to talent, and to the direction and quality of the talent itself. It is indicative of the mental level or the intelligence of a person.
Whether a person would have money or not is also divined from a study of this line. If one goes a little deeper into things one finds that intelligence or a person's mental level has something to do with whether he would have money or not. If a person loses the capacity to act intelligently, he is sure to lose whatever money he has and, conversely, using one's wits fully can lead to affluence.
This line generally originates from a point between the Aggressive Mars and the Mount of Jupiter and terminates at the Defensive Mars, but in most palms it is seen beginning from the Mount of Jupiter or the Aggressive Mars of the Line of Life and terminates at the Mount of Mercury or the Mount of Luna. The point of origin and the point of termination of the line enter into its effect on the life of the individual.
The Line of Heart.
The line of heart is naturally an important line in the study of the hand. It is believed to be line of emotions. Love or the attraction of the sexes from natural causes plays one of the most prominent parts in the drama of life, and as in the nature so in the hand.
The Heart Line is the horizontal line above the Headline. It begins beneath either the index finger or middle finger and extends across to the edge of the palm on the side of the little finger.
The Fate Line.
The Line of fate, also known as line of destiny, or the Saturnian's, is the centre upright line on the palm of the hand. In consideration of this line the type of hand plays an important part; for instance the line of fate, even in the most successful hand is less marked on the elementary, the square, and the Spatulate, than on the philosophic, the conic, or the psychic.
Consequently if one sees, as one often will, an apparently very strong line of fate on a conic hand, one must remember that it has not half the importance of a similar line on a square types as far as worldly success is concerned.
The Line of Health.
This line rises at the base of Mount of Mercury, and as it grows down the hand and into the line of life, so does it foreshadow the growth of the illness or germ of disease which at the time of its coming in contact with the line of life will reach its climax. It should lie straight down the hand, the straighter the better.
It is an excellent sign to be without this line. Such absence denotes an extremely robust, healthy constitution. Its presence on hand in any form indicates some delicate point to be guarded against.
The Marriage/Sex Line.
If the line is straight, it is generally indicative of a good marital relationship or an enduring love affair. If this line inclines towards the Heart Line it indicates an interruption with marital relations or ill health of the spouse.
If this line inclines towards the little finger, the spouse is likely to have a long life. This line may not be single one, but there might be two or even three such lines.
But it does not mean that a person would have as many marriages or love affairs. It would suffice here to point out that sexual or marital relations or love affairs are not to be inferred from this line alone.
One must study the line of Mars, the line of Saturn; the Line of the Sun, the Mount of Venus and the Mount of Jupiter before answering any questions about marriage or its break-up.
Children Lines.
Circular shape of the Line of Life .The number of islands at the base of the thumb the branches at the end of the Heart Line. Parallel lines near the base of the thumb.
Line of Mars.
Some palmists believe that it is a line of influence of the Mount of Venus. It is a parallel line within the Line of Life. If it is very near the line of life or if it is very deep it indicates the extent to which a person is subject to fits of anger.
If it is away from the Line of Life the person is likely to be of an equable temper. It also indicates the state of marital relations. It originates from the Aggressive Mars, runs parallel to the Line of Life towards the Mount of Venus and terminates at the wrist or the Mount of Venus.
In what order does a palmist read?
1. Thumb, then other fingers, including shape, direction (bend), nails.
2. The head, heart, and life lines, especially how they lie, colour, and texture.
3. Other lines of significance and what's strong.
4. The mounts; what predominates in strength and talents.
5. Both hands: what's strong in the secondary suit.
6. Timing: the subject's present age and how soon it is to the next birthday.
7. Color, texture, and size.
Start with the more dominate hand. If right handed start with the right hand, but if left handed start with the left hand. I prefer to work clock wise like the sun, and the turning of the scared wheel.
All rights of this work cited and also Ice Rose 2001
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What type of jump is made by jumping from a tall structure wearing a strong rubber cable, usually fastened around the ankles? | How bungee cord is made - material, manufacture, history, used, structure, steps, product, machine
Bungee Cord
Background
Bungee cord is made of one or more strands of an elastic material, usually rubber, bound together by a fabric covering. It is commonly used as a tie-down for luggage or equipment carried on the outside of a vehicle. Bungee cord is also used by the military to absorb the opening shock of the large cargo parachutes when dropping heavy loads such as tanks. The development of long, heavy-duty bungee cord for the military has led to the recreational sport of bungee jumping. In this sport, the participant jumps from an elevated structure while wearing a harness attached to one end of a long bungee cord with the other end attached to the structure.
The term "bungee" or "bungie" is thought to be British slang for india-rubber. Some references to the india-rubber originally used for erasing pencil marks on paper call it "india-bungie." Another source claims the term was derived from the Anglo-Indian word "bangy" referring to the colloquial term for a yoke carried on the shoulder with two equal loads suspended by cords front and rear. In either case, the concepts of an elastic material and load-bearing cords both apply to the modern bungee cord.
The history of bungee jumping as a sport or test of courage is believed to date back 1500 years to Pentecost Island in what is now the Republic of Vanuatu in the South Pacific. According to local legend, a wife felt she was being mistreated by her husband and fled, taking refuge in a tall tree. As her husband was climbing the tree in pursuit, she secretly tied vines around her ankles. When he tried to grab her, she jumped. He jumped after her and fell to his death. The springy vines broke her fall and she lived. After that, the men of the island decided that no woman should ever trick them again, and they began to practice jumping with vines. In time, it became a test of courage, with the bravest men jumping from a height of 80 feet (24 m) to have their heads brush the ground before the vines completely stopped their fall.
Modern bungee jumping using elastic bungee cords started in the late 1970s. On April Fools' Day in 1979, the Oxford Dangerous Sports Club of Britain caught the public's attention when members bungeed off the 245-foot (75 m) Clifton Bridge in Bristol, England. Since that time, bungee jumping has become a commercialized sport with thousands of participants.
Raw Materials
The elastic material of a bungee cord is usually made of natural or synthetic rubber. Natural rubber, sometimes called latex rubber, has excellent extensibility (the ability to be extended), resilience (the ability to regain its original shape after being extended), and tensile strength (the ability to be extended under load without breaking). For these properties, it makes an excellent material for bungee cords. Natural rubber has the disadvantages of having only fair resistance to air and the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. Synthetic rubbers, such as neoprene, have better resistance to air and sunlight, but less resilience and tensile strength than natural rubber. The military specification (mil-spec) for bungee cords allows either natural rubber or synthetic
rubber, or a mixture of both. Reclaimed rubber may not be used for milspec cords. Natural rubber is widely used for cords used in bungee jumping.
The fabric covering for the bungee cord may be braided from cotton or nylon yarn. Commercial bungee cord usually has a single layer of nylon covering which is more resistant to abrasion and has a higher tensile strength. Mil-spec bungee cord is required to have two layers of cotton covering. Some cords used for bungee jumping have cotton covering, the same as the mil-spec cord. Other specially designed bungee jumping cords have a braided covering of natural rubber.
Design
Standard commercial bungee cord is available in diameters from about 0.25-inch to 0.62-inch (0.64-1.6 cm). Mil-spec cord is available from 0.25-inch to 0.87-inch (0.64-2.2 cm) in diameter. These cords require no new design work other than an occasional change in the colors of the outer covering. (See Quality Control). Bungee jumping cord is usually about 0.62-inch (1.6 cm) in diameter and is usually individually designed by each bungee jumping company to its specifications.
Custom-made bungee cord may be required for special applications. When one light truck manufacturer decided to demonstrate the strength of their product's frame, they sent the vehicle bungee jumping off a bridge. This stunt was featured in a commercial on national television and required a set of nine specially designed bungee cords, each 5 inches (13 cm) in diameter and 100 feet (30 m) long.
The Manufacturing
Process
Some bungee jumping companies design and manufacture their own cord. In general, this is a proprietary process which they keep secret. The following describes a typical
process by which commercial or milspec bungee cords are manufactured.
Extruding the rubber ribbons
1 Natural or synthetic rubber is prepared and extruded into long ribbons of rubber. These ribbons are approximately 0.09 inch to 0.12 inch (0.24-0.32 cm) thick, 0.25 inch (0.64 cm) wide and up to 100 feet (30 m) long. The extruder consists of a heated cylinder into which the rubber is placed. One end of the cylinder moves under pressure to force the rubber out through a small hole in the other end. The hole, or die, is in the shape of the desired ribbon cross-section. When the rubber ribbons have cooled, they are coiled and shipped to the bungee cord manufacturer.
Preparing the rubber ribbons
2 The number of ribbons, or strands, in a bungee cord determines the diameter of the cord and the overall tensile strength rating. The appropriate number of rubber strands are partially unwound from their coils. To prevent the individual strands from sticking to each other in hot weather, they are coated with finely powdered talc or soapstone. This is done continuously as the strands are being unwound from the coils during the braiding process (steps 3 and 4 below).
Braiding the cover
3 The free ends of the rubber strands are brought together and manually fed through a machine called the braider. At the input end of the braider, they pass through a roller or other device which gently squeezes them into a bundle. At the other end, another roller or a take-up reel pulls the strands through the machine. By adjusting the pressures and speeds of the input and output devices, the rubber strands are placed under tension and slightly stretched while they pass through the machine. This reduces the diameter of the bundle of rubber strands to allow the fabric covering to be wound tightly.
4 The braider weaves the covering yarn around the stretched rubber bundle as it passes through the machine. The yarn must be woven in a tight enough pattern to prevent dirt from entering gaps between the yarn threads when the cord is fully extended. If two or more layers of covering are required, they are woven one after the other. The outer covering yarn may be colored and woven in a pattern for age dating or decorative purposes. (See Quality Control).
Shipping
5 The finished bungee cord is cut to length, coiled, and placed in cardboard boxes for shipping. Some cords are first placed in dark plastic bags as further protection against ultraviolet radiation during handling and storage.
Attaching the end fittings
6 The end fittings may be attached by someone other than the bungee cord manufacturer. In the case of commercial bungee cord used as luggage and equipment tie downs, another manufacturer or distributor cuts the bungee cord into the required lengths, doubles each end over and tightly coils a stiff wire around the ends with a wire coiler machine. The other end of this wire is usually bent into a j-shaped hook to allow the ends to be secured. Bungee cord used for bungee jumping may have the ends bent around a non-metallic eye and wrapped with a strong, waxed string, called whipping, that is wound tightly while the cord is stretched. Other end fittings may involve sewing the cord to fabric webbing.
Quality Control
Bungee cord is subjected to different levels of quality control depending on the final application. These usually consist of visual inspection, testing, and labeling or color coding.
Visual Inspection
All bungee cords are given a visual inspection for defects in the rubber strands and covering during manufacture. Defects include broken strands, improperly woven covering and noticeable stains on the covering.
Testing
Commercial bungee cord rarely requires any testing. Mil-spec cord, on the other hand, must undergo a rigorous series of tests, including size and weight measurements, tensile strength, percent elongation under various loads, and a number of extension-contraction flex cycles. For example, a 0.62-inch (1.6 cm) diameter mil-spec cord must weigh 14 pounds per 100 feet (or 6 kg per 30 m), support 250-350 pounds (113-159 kg) at 100% elongation, have a minimum breaking strength of 500 pounds (227 kg), and be able to endure a minimum of 50,000 flex cycles. Manufacturers of bungee cord for bungee jumping have their own standards which may include subjecting the cord to a number of full flex cycles and measuring the change in force versus extension to ensure the cord does not overextend.
Labeling and Color Coding
Bungee cord performance can be affected by age. Cord built to military specifications must be shipped to the end user within six months of the date it was manufactured. To ensure compliance with this requirement, mil-spec cord uses a color-coded outer covering to indicate the date of manufacture. The main color indicates the year as follows: red (1992), blue (1993), yellow (1994), black (1995), and green (1996). For succeeding years, the cycle of colors is repeated starting with red again for 1997. To further define the date of manufacture, a second, minor color is incorporated into the outer covering as follows: red (January-March), blue (April-June), green (July-September), and yellow (October-December).
Some bungee jumping companies which make their own cord use a different colorcoding system to identify the load capacity of the cord rather than the age. This color is often sewn into the webbing attached to the harness end of the cord to ensure that the proper capacity cord is matched to the weight of the jumper. The age of the cord is controlled by periodic testing and regular replacement cycles.
The colors on the outer covering of commercial bungee cords have no significance and are for decorative purposes only.
The Future
Commercial bungee cord is a simple, lowcost product with numerous uses. It will continue to be used for the foreseeable future. Likewise, the military is expected to continue to use the current bungee cord design in numerous applications.
Bungee cord used for bungee jumping has evolved into a specialty product. Because of concerns with liability, many commercial manufacturers no longer manufacture or sell cord for bungee jumping. Companies that promote bungee jumping as a sport now manufacture their own cord to their own specifications. The specifications and manufacturing processes vary from one company to another and are considered highly proprietary. The primary concern, of course, is safety for the jumper. To that end, these companies will continue to have very tight controls over the manufacturing, handling, testing, and replacement process for their cords.
Where To Learn More
| Bungee jumping |
The Interlagos Formula One racing circuit is in which country? | University of Minnesota Physics Education Research and Development
One-dimensional Motion at a Constant Velocity
You are writing a short adventure story for your English class. In your story, two submarines on a secret mission need to arrive at a place in the middle of the Atlantic ocean at the same time. They start out at the same time from positions equally distant from the rendezvous point. They travel at different velocities but both go in a straight line. The first submarine travels at an average velocity of 20 km/hr for the first 500 km, 40 km/hr for the next 500 km, 30 km/hr for the next 500 km and 50 km/hr for the final 500 km. In the plot, the second submarine is required to travel at a constant velocity, so the captain needs to determine the magnitude of that velocity.
It is a beautiful weekend day and, since winter will soon be here, you and four of your friends decide to spend it outdoors. Two of your friends just want to relax while the other two want some exercise. You need some quiet time to study. To satisfy everyone, the group decides to spend the day on the river. Two people will put a canoe in the river and just drift downstream with the 1.5 mile per hour current. The second pair will begin at the same time as the first from 10 miles downstream. They will paddle upstream until the two canoes meet. Since you have been canoeing with these people before, you know that they will have an average velocity of 2.5 miles per hour relative to the shore when they go against this river current. When the two canoes meet, they will come to shore and you should be there to meet them with your van. You decide to go to that spot ahead of time so you can study while you wait for your friends. Where will you wait?
It's a sunny Sunday afternoon, about 65 °F, and you are walking around Lake Calhoun enjoying the last of the autumn color. The sidewalk is crowded with runners and walkers. You notice a runner approaching you wearing a tee-shirt with writing on it. You read the first two lines, but are unable to read the third and final line before he passes. You wonder, "Hmm, if he continues around the lake, I bet I'll see him again, but I should anticipate the time when we'll pass again." You look at your watch and it is 3:07 p.m. You recall the lake is 3.4 miles in circumference. You estimate your walking speed at 3 miles per hour and the runner's speed to be about 7 miles per hour.
You have joined the University team racing a solar powered car. The optimal average speed for the car depends on the amount of sun hitting its solar panels. Your job is to determine strategy by programming a computer to calculate the car's average speed for a day consisting of different race conditions. To do this you need to determine the equation for the day's average speed based on the car's average speed for each part of the trip. As practice you imagine that the day's race consists of some distance under bright sun, the same distance with partly cloudy conditions, and twice that distance under cloudy conditions.
Because of your technical background, you have been given a job as a student assistant in a University research laboratory that has been investigating possible accident avoidance systems for oil tankers. Your group is concerned about oil spills in the North Atlantic caused by a super tanker running into an iceberg. The group has been developing a new type of down-looking radar which can detect large icebergs. They are concerned about its rather short range of 2 miles. Your research director has told you that the radar signal travels at the speed of light which is 186,000 miles per second but once the signal arrives back at the ship it takes the computer 5 minutes to process the signal. Unfortunately, the super tankers are such huge ships that it takes a long time to turn them. Your job is to determine how much time would be available to turn the tanker to avoid a collision once the tanker detects an iceberg. A typical sailing speed for super tankers during the winter on the North Atlantic is about 15 miles per hour. Assume that the tanker is heading directly at an iceberg that is drifting at 5 miles per hour in the same direction that the tanker is going.
The following four problems are mathematically equivalent, with different contexts.
You and your friend run outdoors at least 10 miles every day no matter what the weather (well almost). Today the temperature is at a brisk 0 oF with a -20 oF wind chill. Your friend, a real running fanatic, insists that it is OK to run. You agree to this madness as long as you both begin at your house and end the run at her nice warm house in a way that neither of you has to wait in the cold. You know that she runs at a very consistent pace with an average speed of 3.0 m/s, while your average speed is a consistent 4.0 m/s. Your friend finishes warming up first so she can get a head start. The plan is that she will arrive at her house first so that she can unlock the door before you arrive. Five minutes later, you notice that she dropped her keys. If she finishes her run first she will have to stand around in the cold and will not be happy. How far from your house will you be when you catch up to her if you leave immediately, run at your usual pace, and don't forget to take her keys?
Because of your technical background, you have been given a job as a student assistant in a University research laboratory that has been investigating possible accident avoidance systems for oil tankers. Your group is concerned about oil spills in the North Atlantic caused by a super tanker running into an iceberg. The group has been developing a new type of down-looking radar which can detect large icebergs. They are concerned about its rather short range of 2 miles. Your research director has told you that the radar signal travels at the speed of light which is 186,000 miles per second but once the signal arrives back at the ship it takes the computer 5 minutes to process the signal. Unfortunately, the super tankers are such huge ships that it takes a long time to turn them. Your job is to determine how much time would be available to turn the tanker to avoid a collision once the tanker detects an iceberg. A typical sailing speed for super tankers during the winter on the North Atlantic is about 15 miles per hour. Assume that the tanker is heading directly at an iceberg that is drifting at 5 miles per hour in the same direction that the tanker is going.
Because of your technical background, you have been given a job as a student assistant in a University research laboratory that has been investigating possible accident avoidance systems for automobiles. You have just begun a study of how bats avoid obstacles. In your study, a bat is fitted with a transceiver that broadcasts the bats velocity to your instruments. Your research director has told you that the signal travels at the speed of light which is 1.0 ft/nanosecond (1 nanosecond is 10-9 seconds). You know that the bat detects obstacles by emitting a forward going sound pulse (sonar) which travels at 1100 ft/s through the air. The bat detects the obstacle when the sound pulse reflect from the obstacle and that reflected pulse is heard by the bat. You are told to determine the maximum amount of time that a bat has after it detects the existence of an obstacle to change its flight path to avoid the obstacle. In the experiment your instruments tell you that a bat is flying straight toward a wall at a constant velocity of 20.0 ft/s and emits a sound pulse when it is 10.0 ft from the wall.
You have been hired to work in a University research laboratory assisting in experiments to determine the mechanism by which chemicals such as aspirin relieve pain. Your task is to calibrate your detection equipment using the properties of a radioactive isotope (an atom with an unstable nucleus) which will later be used to track the chemical through the body. You have been told that your isotope decays by first emitting an electron and then, some time later, it emits a photon which you know is a particle of light. You set up your equipment to determine the time between the electron emission and the photon emission. Your apparatus detects both electrons and photons. You determine that the electron and photon from a decay arrive at your detector at the same time when it is 2.0 feet from your radioactive sample. A previous experiment has shown that the electron from this decay travels at one half the speed of light. You know that the photon travels at the speed of light which is 1.0 foot per nanosecond. A nanosecond is 10-9 seconds.
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One-dimensional Motion at a Constant Acceleration
You are part of a citizen's group evaluating the safety of a high school athletic program. To help judge the diving program you would like to know how fast a diver hits the water in the most complicated dive. The coach has his best diver perform for your group. The diver, after jumping from the high board, moves through the air with a constant acceleration of 9.8 m/s2. Later in the dive, she passes near a lower diving board which is 3.0 m above the water. With your trusty stop watch, you determine that it took 0.20 seconds to enter the water from the time the diver passed the lower board. How fast was she going when she hit the water?
As you are driving to school one day, you pass a construction site for a new building and stop to watch for a few minutes. A crane is lifting a batch of bricks on a pallet to an upper floor of the building. Suddenly a brick falls off the rising pallet. You clock the time it takes for the brick to hit the ground at 2.5 seconds. The crane, fortunately, has height markings and you see the brick fell off the pallet at a height of 22 meters above the ground. A falling brick can be dangerous, and you wonder how fast the brick was going when it hit the ground. Since you are taking physics, you quickly calculate the answer.
Because of your knowledge of physics, you have been hired as a technical adviser on a new action movie. In one scene, the hero pursues the villain up to the top of a bungee jump. The villain creates a diversion by dropping a bottle filled with deadly gas. The script calls for the hero to quickly strap on a 100 ft. bungee cord and jump straight down to grab the bottle out of the air just as the bungee cord begins to stretch. Your job is to determine the feasibility of the stunt by finding the initial speed with which the hero length needs to jump downward to catch the bottle. You estimate that the hero can react to the villain's dropping the bottle by strapping on the bungee cord and jumping in 2.0 seconds.
You are helping a friend devise some challenging tricks for the upcoming Twin Cities Freestyle Skateboard Competition. To plan a series of moves, he needs to know the rate that the skateboard, with him on board, slows down as it coasts up the competition ramp which is at 30° to the horizontal. Assuming that this rate is constant, you decide to have him conduct an experiment. When he is traveling as fast as possible on his competition skateboard, he stops pushing and coasts up the competition ramp. You measure that he typically goes about 95 feet in 6 seconds. Your friend weighs 170 lbs wearing all of his safety gear and the skateboard weighs 6 lbs.
You have a summer job working for a University research group investigating the causes of the ozone depletion in the atmosphere. The plan is to collect data on the chemical composition of the atmosphere as a function of the distance from the ground using a mass spectrometer located in the nose cone of a rocket fired vertically. To make sure the delicate instruments survive the launch, your task is to determine the acceleration of the rocket before it uses up its fuel. The rocket is launched straight up with a constant acceleration until the fuel is gone 30 seconds later. To collect enough data, the total flight time must be 5.0 minutes before the rocket crashes into the ground.
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One-dimensional Motion at a Constant Velocity and Acceleration
You have landed a summer job as the technical assistant to the director of an adventure movie shot here in Minnesota. The script calls for a large package to be dropped onto the bed of a fast moving pick-up truck from a helicopter that is hovering above the road, out of view of the camera. The helicopter is 235 feet above the road, and the bed of the truck is 3 feet above the road. The truck is traveling down the road at 40 miles/hour. You must determine when to cue the assistant in the helicopter to drop the package so it lands in the truck. The director is paying $20,000 per hour for the chopper, so he wants you to do this successfully in one take.
Just for the fun of it, you and a friend decide to enter the famous Tour de Minnesota bicycle race from Rochester to Duluth and then to St. Paul. You are riding along at a comfortable speed of 20 mph when you see in your mirror that your friend is going to pass you at what you estimate to be a constant 30 mph. You will, of course, take up the challenge and accelerate just as she passes you until you pass her. If you accelerate at a constant 0.25 miles per hour each second until you pass her, how long will she be ahead of you?
In your new job, you are the technical advisor for the writers of a gangster movie about Bonnie and Clyde. In one scene Bonnie and Clyde try to flee from one state to another. (If they got across the state line, they could evade capture, at least for a while until they became Federal fugitives.) In the script, Bonnie is driving down the highway at 108 km/hour, and passes a concealed police car that is 1 kilometer from the state line. The instant Bonnie and Clyde pass the patrol car, the cop pulls onto the highway and accelerates at a constant rate of 2 m/s2. The writers want to know if they make it across the state line before the pursuing cop catches up with them.
The University Skydiving Club has asked you to plan a stunt for an air show. In this stunt, two skydivers will step out of opposite sides of a stationary hot air balloon 5,000 feet above the ground. The second skydiver will leave the balloon 20 seconds after the first skydiver but you want them both to land on the ground at the same time. The show is planned for a day with no wind so assume that all motion is vertical. To get a rough idea of the situation, assume that a skydiver will fall with a constant acceleration of 32 ft/sec2 before the parachute opens. As soon as the parachute is opened, the skydiver falls with a constant velocity of 10 ft/sec. If the first skydiver waits 3 seconds after stepping out of the balloon before opening her parachute, how long must the second skydiver wait after leaving the balloon before opening his parachute?
Because parents are concerned that children are learning "wrong" science from TV, you have been asked to be a technical advisor for a science fiction cartoon show on Saturday morning. In the plot, a vicious criminal (Natasha Nogood) escapes from a space station prison. The prison is located between galaxies far away from any stars. Natasha steals a small space ship and blasts off to meet her partners somewhere in deep space. The stolen ship accelerates in a straight line at its maximum possible acceleration of 30 m/sec2. After 10 minutes all of the fuel is burned up and the ship coasts at a constant velocity. Meanwhile, the hero (Captain Starr) learns of the escape while dining in the prison with the warden's daughter (Virginia Lovely). Of course he immediately (as soon as he finishes dessert) rushes off the recapture Natasha. He gives chase in an identical ship, which has an identical maximum acceleration, going in an identical direction. Unfortunately, Natasha has a 30 minute head start. Luckily, Natasha's ship did not start with a full load of fuel. With his full load of fuel, Captain Starr can maintain maximum acceleration for 15 minutes. How long will it take Captain Starr's ship to catch up to Natasha's?
Because parents are concerned that children are learning "wrong" science from TV, you have been asked to be a technical advisor for a new science fiction show. The show takes place on a space station at rest in deep space far away from any stars. In the plot, a vicious criminal (Alicia Badax) escapes from the space station prison. Alicia steals a small space ship and blasts off to meet her partners somewhere in deep space. If she is to just barely escape, how long do her partners have to transport her off her ship before she is destroyed by a photon torpedo from the space station? In the story, the stolen ship accelerates in a straight line at its maximum possible acceleration of 30 m/sec2. After 10 minutes (600 seconds) all of the fuel is burned and the ship coasts at a constant velocity. Meanwhile, the hero of this episode (Major Starr) learns of the escape while dining with the station's commander. Of course she immediately rushes off to fire photon torpedoes at Alicia. Once fired, a photon torpedo travels at a constant velocity of 20,000 m/s. By that time Alicia has a 30 minute (1800 seconds) head start on the photon torpedo.
You want to visit your friend in Seattle and decide to take the train. Unfortunately, you are late getting to the train station. You are running as fast as you can, but 30 meters ahead of you the train begins to pull out. You can run at a maximum speed of 8 m/s and the train is accelerating at 1 m/s/s. In 50 meters you will reach a barrier. Can you catch up to your train?
Because of your knowledge of physics, you have been assigned to investigate a train wreck between a fast moving passenger train and a slower moving freight train both going in the same direction. You have statements from the engineer of each train and the stationmaster as well as some measurements which you make. To check the consistency of each person's description of the events leading up to the collision, you decide to calculate the distance from the station that the collision should have occurred if everyone were telling what really happened and compare that with the actual position of the wreck which is 0.5 miles from the station. In this calculation you decide that you can ignore all reaction times. Here is what you know:
The stationmaster claims that she noted that the freight train was behind schedule. As regulations require, she switched on a warning light just as the last car of the freight train passed her.
The freight train engineer says he was going at a constant speed of 10 miles per hour.
The passenger train engineer says she was going at the speed limit of 40 miles per hour when she approached the warning light. Just as she reached the warning light she saw it go on and immediately hit the brakes.
The warning light is located so that a train gets to it 2.0 miles before it gets to the station.
The passenger train slows down at a constant rate of 1.0 mile per hour for each minute as soon as you hit the brakes.
DO ONLY THE PROBLEM SOLVING STEPS NECESSARY TO FOCUS THE PROBLEM AND DESCRIBE THE PHYSICS OF THE PROBLEM. DO NOT SOLVE THIS PROBLEM.
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Two-dimensional Motion at a Constant Acceleration (Projectile)
While on a vacation to Kenya, you visit the port city of Mombassa on the Indian Ocean. On the coast you find an old Portuguese fort probably built in the 16th century. Large stone walls rise vertically from the shore to protect the fort from cannon fire from pirate ships. Walking around on the ramparts, you find the fort's cannons mounted such that they fire horizontally out of holes near the top of the walls facing the ocean. Leaning out of one of these gun holes, you drop a rock which hits the ocean 3.0 seconds later. You wonder how close a pirate ship would have to sail to the fort to be in range of the fort's cannon? Of course you realize that the range depends on the velocity that the cannonball leaves the cannon. That muzzle velocity depends, in turn, on how much gunpowder was loaded into the cannon. (a) Calculate the muzzle velocity necessary to hit a pirate ship 300 meters from the base of the fort. (b) To determine how the muzzle velocity must change to hit ships at different positions, make a graph of horizontal distance traveled by the cannonball (range) before it hits the ocean as a function of muzzle velocity of the cannonball for this fort.
Because of your knowledge of physics, you have been hired as a consultant for a new James Bond movie, "Oldfinger". In one scene, Bond jumps horizontally off the top of a cliff to escape a villain. To make the stunt more dramatic, the cliff has a horizontal ledge a distance h beneath the top of the cliff which extends a distance L from the vertical face of the cliff. The stunt coordinator wants you to determine the minimum horizontal speed, in terms of L and h, with which Bond must jump so that he misses the ledge.
You are on the target range preparing to shoot a new rifle when it occurs to you that you would like to know how fast the bullet leaves the gun (the muzzle velocity). You bring the rifle up to shoulder level and aim it horizontally at the target center. Carefully you squeeze off the shot at the target which is 300 feet away. When you collect the target you find that your bullet hit 9.0 inches below where you aimed.
You have a great summer job working on the special effects team for a Minnesota movie, the sequel to Fargo. A body is discovered in a field during the fall hunting season and the sheriff begins her investigation. One suspect is a hunter who was seen that morning shooting his rifle horizontally in the same field. He claims he was shooting at a deer and missed. You are to design the flashback scene which shows his version of firing the rifle and the bullet kicking up dirt where it hits the ground. The sheriff later finds a bullet in the ground. She tests the hunter's rifle and finds the velocity that it shoots a bullet (muzzle velocity). In order to satisfy the nitpickers who demand that movies be realistic, the director has assigned you to calculate the distance from the hunter that this bullet should hit the ground as a function of the bullet's muzzle velocity and the rifle's height above the ground.
The Police Department has hired you as a consultant in a robbery investigation. A thief allegedly robbed a bank and, to escape the pursing security guards, took the express elevator to the roof of the building. Then, in order to not be caught with the evidence, the thief allegedly threw the money bag to a waiting accomplice on the roof of the next building. The defense attorney contends that in order to reach the roof of that next building, the defendant would have had to throw the money bag horizontally with a minimum velocity of 10 meters/second. However, in a test, the accused could throw the bag with a maximum horizontal velocity of no more than 5 meters/second. How will you advise the prosecuting attorney? You determine that the bank building is 250 meters high, the next building is 100 meters high and the distance between them is 20 meters.
You are watching people practicing archery when you wonder how fast an arrow is shot from a bow. With a flash of insight you remember your physics and see how you can easily determine what you want to know by a simple measurement. You ask one of the archers to pull back her bow string as far as possible and shoot an arrow horizontally. The arrow strikes the ground at an angle of 86 degrees from the vertical at 100 feet from the archer.
You read in the newspaper that rocks from Mars have been found on Earth. Your friend says that the rocks were shot off Mars by the large volcanoes there. You are skeptical so you decide to calculate the magnitude of the velocity that volcanoes eject rocks from geological evidence. You know the gravitational acceleration of objects falling near the surface of Mars is only 40% that on the Earth. You can look up the height of Martian volcanoes and determine the distance rocks from a volcano hit the ground from pictures of the Martian surface. If you assume the rocks farthest from a volcano were ejected at an angle of 45 degrees, what is the magnitude of the rock's velocity as a function of its distance from the volcano and the height of the volcano for the rock furthest from the volcano?
Watching the world series (only as an example of physics in action), you wonder about the ability of the catcher to throw out a base runner trying to steal second. Suppose a catcher is crouched down behind the plate when he observes the runner breaking for second. After he gets the ball from the pitcher, he throws as hard as necessary to second base without standing up. If the catcher throws the ball at an angle of 30 degrees from the horizontal so that it is caught at second base at about the same height as that catcher threw it, how much time does it take for the ball to travel the 120 feet from the catcher to second base?
Because of your physics background, you have been hired as a consultant for a new movie about Galileo. In one scene, he climbs up to the top of a tower and, in frustration over the people who ridicule his theories, throws a rock at a group of them standing on the ground. The rock leaves his hand at 30° from the horizontal. The script calls for the rock to land 15 m from the base of the tower near a group of his detractors. It is important for the script that the rock take precisely 3.0 seconds to hit the ground so that there is time for a good expressive close-up. The set coordinator is concerned that the rock will hit the ground with too much speed causing cement chips from the plaza to injure one of the high priced actors. You are told to calculate that speed.
While watching a softball game you see a play that makes you wonder how fast a fielder can to react to a hit, run to the fence, and leap up to make the catch. In this play, the batter hits a ball when it is barely off the ground. It looks like a home run over the left center field wall which is 200 ft from home plate. As soon as the ball is hit, the left fielder runs to the wall, leaps high, and catches the it just before it clears the top of 10 ft high wall. You estimate that the ball left the bat at an angle of 30 degrees.
You are still a member of a citizen's committee investigating safety in the high school sports program. Now you are interested in knee damage to athletes participating in the long jump (sometimes called the broad jump). The coach has her best long jumper demonstrate the event for you. He runs down the track and, at the take-off point, jumps into the air at an angle of 30 degrees from the horizontal. He comes down in a sand pit at the same level as the track 26 feet away from his take-off point. With what velocity (both magnitude and direction) did he hit the ground?
In your new job, you are helping to design stunts for a new movie. In one scene the writers want a car to jump across a chasm between two cliffs. The car is driving along a horizontal road when it goes over one cliff. Across the chasm, which is 1000 feet deep, is another road at a lower height. They want to know the minimum value of the speed of the car so that it does not fall into the chasm. They have not yet selected the car so they want an expression for the speed of the car, v, in terms of the car's mass, m, the width of the chasm, w, and the height of the upper road, h, above the lower road. The stunt director will plug in the actual numbers after a car is purchased.
Your friend has decided to make some money during the next State Fair by inventing a game of skill that can be installed in the Midway. In the game as she has developed it so far, the customer shoots a rifle at a 5.0 cm diameter target falling straight down. Anyone who hits the target in the center wins a stuffed animal. Each shot would cost 50 cents. The rifle would be mounted on a pivot 1.0 meter above the ground so that it can point in any direction at any angle. When shooting, the customer stands 100 meters from where the target would hit the ground if the bullet misses. At the instant that the bullet leaves the rifle (with a muzzle velocity of 1200 ft/sec according to the manual), the target is released from its holder 7.0 meters above the ground. Your friend asks you to try out the game which she has set up on a farm outside of town. Before you fire the gun you calculate where you should aim.
You have a summer job with an insurance company and have been asked to help with the investigation of a tragic "accident." When you visit the scene, you see a road running straight down a hill which has a slope of 10 degrees to the horizontal. At the bottom of the hill, the road goes horizontally for a very short distance becoming a parking lot overlooking a cliff. The cliff has a vertical drop of 400 feet to the horizontal ground below where a car is wrecked 30 feet from the base of the cliff. Was it possible that the driver fell asleep at the wheel and simply drove over the cliff? After looking pensive, your boss tells you to calculate the speed of the car as it left the top of the cliff. She reminds you to be careful to write down all of your assumptions so she can evaluate the applicability of the calculation to this situation. Obviously, she suspects foul play.
At your job with an insurance company, you have been asked to help with the investigation of a tragic "accident." At the scene is a road that runs straight down a hill with a slope of 10 degrees below the horizontal. At the bottom of the hill, the road goes horizontally for a very short distance, then ends in a parking lot overlooking a cliff. The cliff has a vertical drop of 400 feet to the horizontal ground below where the wrecked car lies 30 feet from the base of the cliff. The only witness claims that the car was parked somewhere on the hill, he can't exactly remember where, and the car just began coasting down the road. The witness did not hear an engine and thinks that the driver was drunk and passed out knocking off his emergency brake. The witness also remembers that the car took about 3 seconds to get down the hill. The lead investigator drops a stone from the edge of the cliff and, from the sound of it hitting the ground below, determines that it takes 5.0 seconds to fall to the bottom. Based on that information, you are told to calculate the car's average acceleration coming down the hill using the statement of the witness and the other facts in the case. You are reminded to write down all of your assumptions so the investigation team can evaluate the applicability of your calculation to this situation.
Your group has been selected to serve on a citizen's panel to evaluate a new proposal to search for life on Mars. On this unmanned mission, the lander will leave orbit around Mars falling through the atmosphere until it reaches 10,000 meters above the surface of the planet. At that time a parachute opens and takes the lander down to 500 meters. Because of the possibility of very strong winds near the surface, the parachute detaches from the lander at 500 meters and the lander falls freely through the thin Martian atmosphere with a constant acceleration of 0.40g for 1.0 second. Retrorockets then fire to bring the lander to a softly to the surface of Mars. A team of biologists has suggested that Martian life might be very fragile and decompose quickly in the heat from the lander. They suggest that any search for life should begin at least 9 meters from the base of the lander. This biology team has designed a probe which is shot from the lander by a spring mechanism in the lander 2.0 meters above the surface of Mars. To return the data, the probe cannot be more than 11 meters from the bottom of the lander. Combining the data acquisition requirements with the biological requirements the team designed the probe to enter the surface of Mars 10 meters from the base of the lander. For the probe to function properly it must impact the surface with a velocity of 8.0 m/s at an angle of 30 degrees from the vertical. Can this probe work as designed?
You have been hired as a technical consultant for a new action movie. The director wants a scene in which a car goes up one side of an open drawbridge, leaps over the gap between the two sides of the bridge, and comes down safely on the other side of the bridge. This drawbridge opens in the middle by increasing the angle that each side makes with the horizontal by an equal amount. The director wants the car to be stopped at the bottom of one side of the bridge and then accelerate up that side in an amount of time which will allow for all the necessary dramatic camera shots. He wants you to determine the necessary constant acceleration as a function of that time, the gap between the two sides of the open bridge, the angle that the side of the open bridge makes with the horizontal, and the mass of the car.
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How many sheets of paper, of the same size and quality, is in a metric quire? | Paper weight comparison and more
Uncoated "plain" paper - free from impurities.
Also referred to as "free sheet."
Recycled
Paper manufactured from the waste paper stream.
All Micro Format recycled products contain a minimum of
100% recycled material including 40% post consumer waste
Waste Paper Stream
Waste paper created during the paper manufacturing process
Post Consumer Waste
Processed Paper that has been re-used in manufacturing new paper products
Carbonless
Paper coated with special encapsulated chemicals that produce
a duplicate copy without the use of carbon paper
Thermal
A paper coated with special chemicals that produce
an image when heat is applied
Groundwood
A low cost paper that contains unprocessed wood fibers.
Symbol "#"
"pound" - used to describe paper weight
Click for additional information on PAPER WEIGHT
Symbol "M"
Meter - 1 meter=39.37 inches
Symbol "mm"
Millimeter - 1 inch=25.4 millimeters
Symbol "sc"
paper that can be imaged in a printer without the use of a ribbon
Symbol "cb"
Coated Back - Carbonless Paper (part 1)
Symbol "cfb"
Coated Front and Back - Carbonless Paper
internal part in a multipul part form
Symbol "cf"
Coated Front - Carbonless Paper (last part in set)
Symbol "sccb"
Self Contained sheet with carbonless coating on back
normally used as part one in a multi part set in an impact printer
using no ribbon
Carbonless set - Self Contained Coated Back Sheet Part 1
Coated Front Sheet Part 2
Symbol "w"
| twenty five |
In which mountain range did fictional character Rip Van Winkle sleep for twenty years? | Paper weight comparison and more
Uncoated "plain" paper - free from impurities.
Also referred to as "free sheet."
Recycled
Paper manufactured from the waste paper stream.
All Micro Format recycled products contain a minimum of
100% recycled material including 40% post consumer waste
Waste Paper Stream
Waste paper created during the paper manufacturing process
Post Consumer Waste
Processed Paper that has been re-used in manufacturing new paper products
Carbonless
Paper coated with special encapsulated chemicals that produce
a duplicate copy without the use of carbon paper
Thermal
A paper coated with special chemicals that produce
an image when heat is applied
Groundwood
A low cost paper that contains unprocessed wood fibers.
Symbol "#"
"pound" - used to describe paper weight
Click for additional information on PAPER WEIGHT
Symbol "M"
Meter - 1 meter=39.37 inches
Symbol "mm"
Millimeter - 1 inch=25.4 millimeters
Symbol "sc"
paper that can be imaged in a printer without the use of a ribbon
Symbol "cb"
Coated Back - Carbonless Paper (part 1)
Symbol "cfb"
Coated Front and Back - Carbonless Paper
internal part in a multipul part form
Symbol "cf"
Coated Front - Carbonless Paper (last part in set)
Symbol "sccb"
Self Contained sheet with carbonless coating on back
normally used as part one in a multi part set in an impact printer
using no ribbon
Carbonless set - Self Contained Coated Back Sheet Part 1
Coated Front Sheet Part 2
Symbol "w"
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How many rings are on the Audi car logo? | A brief history of the four rings
Compliled by Matt Daniels from Audi AG press releases
The Audi emblem of the four rings denotes one of Germany's oldest automobile manufacturers. It symbolizes the merger in 1932 of four previously independent motor vehicle manufacturers: Audi, DKW, Horch and Wanderer. These companies are the foundation stones on which the present-day AUDI AG is built.
Horch
At the end of the 19th century, there were already a number of car manufacturers in Germany. One of them was August Horch & Cie., founded on November 14, 1899 in Cologne. August Horch was one of the pioneer figures of automotive engineering. Before setting up business on his own, he worked for Carl Benz in Mannheim for three years as Head of Automobile Production.
In 1904, August Horch relocated his company to Zwickau and transformed it into a share-issuing company. However, in 1909 August Horch withdrew from the company he had founded, and set up a new enterprise under the name of "Audi".
Audi
The company established by August Horch in Zwickau on July 16, 1909 could not again take its founder's name for reasons of fair trade. Horch found a new name for the company by translating his name, which means "hark!", "listen!", into Latin. So it was that the second company to have been set up by August Horch commenced operations under the name Audi Automobilwerke GmbH, Zwickau, on April 25, 1910.
Wanderer
In 1885, the two mechanics Johann Baptist Winklhofer and Richard Adolf Jaenicke opened a repair business for bicycles in Chemnitz. Shortly afterwards they began to make bicycles of their own, since demand at that time was very high. These were sold under the brand name Wanderer, and in 1896 the company itself began to trade as Wanderer Fahrradwerke AG.
Wanderer built its first motorcycle in 1902. The idea of branching out into automobile production was finally put into practice in 1913. A small two-seater by the name of "Puppchen" heralded in Wanderer's tradition of motor car production that was to last several decades.
DKW
Originally founded under the name Rasmussen & Ernst 1904 in Chemnitz, the company was moved to Zschopau in the Erzgebirge region in 1907. The company initially manufactured and sold exhaust-steam oil separators for steam-raising plant, mudguards and lighting systems for motor vehicles, vulcanization equipment and centrifuges of all kinds.
The company's founder Jörgen Skafte Rasmussen began to experiment with a steam-driven motor vehicle in 1916, registering DKW as a trademark. In 1919 the company, by now renamed Zschopauer Motorenwerke, switched to the manufacture of small two-stroke engines, which from 1922 on served as a springboard for its success in building motorcycles under the brand name DKW. The first small DKW motor car appeared on the market in 1928.
Auto Union AG, Chemnitz
On June 29, 1932, Audiwerke, Horchwerke and Zschopauer Motorenwerke - DKW merged on the initiative of the State Bank of Saxony to form Auto Union AG. A purchase and leasing agreement was concluded at the same time with Wanderer, for the takeover of its Automobile Division. The new company's head offices were in Chemnitz.
Following the merger, Auto Union AG was the second-largest motor vehicle manufacturer in Germany. The company emblem, with four interlinked rings, symbolized the inseparable unity of the four founder-companies. The brand names Audi, DKW, Horch and Wanderer were retained. Each of the four brands was assigned a specific market segment within the group: DKW assumed responsibility for motorcycles and small cars; Wanderer built midsize cars; Audi manufactured cars in the deluxe midsize class, and Horch produced deluxe top-of-the-range automobiles.
Auto Union GmbH, Ingolstadt
In 1945, after the end of the second world war, Auto Union AG was expropriated by the occupying Soviet forces. The company's leading figures consequently moved to Bavaria, where a new company was founded in Ingolstadt in 1949 under the name of Auto Union GmbH, to uphold the motor vehicle tradition of the company with the four-ring emblem. The first vehicles to leave the company's production line after its new start were DKW's successful models with two-stroke engines - motorcycles, cars and delivery vans.
A new Auto Union model appeared on the market in 1965, the company's first post-war vehicle with a four-stroke engine. To emphasize this dawning of a new era, a new product name was likewise needed: the traditional name of Audi was resurrected. A short time later, the last DKWs rolled off the production line in Ingolstadt. From then on, the new models with four-stroke engines were produced under the brand name "Audi". A new era had begun in another sense, too: the Volkswagen Group acquired the Ingolstadt-based company in 1965.
NSU
NSU was founded in 1873 in Riedlingen, on the Danube, by the two Swabian mechanics Christian Schmidt and Heinrich Stoll. Seven years later they moved the company to Neckarsulm. For its first twenty years, the company manufactured knitting machines.
Neckarsulmer Strickmaschinenfabrik diversified into bicycles in 1886. From then on, the bicycle was to have a decisive influence on the company's fortunes. Motorcycle production commenced at NSU in 1901, and five years later the first motor car was built there. Automobile production activities were halted again in 1929, to allow the company to concentrate on building two-wheelers. It was almost thirty years later, in 1958, that production of cars recommenced in Neckarsulm.
On March 10, 1969, Auto Union GmbH of Ingolstadt merged with NSU Motorenwerke AG, of Neckarsulm. The new company bearing the name Audi NSU Auto Union AG, with its head offices in Neckarsulm, was created retrospectively as of January 1.
AUDI AG
The last NSU left the production line in March 1977, and from then on the company manufactured exclusively Audi cars. About this time, the company's bosses began to consider streamlining the company's rather cumbersome name of Audi NSU Auto Union AG. With the objective of giving the company and its products the same name, in 1985 Audi NSU Auto Union AG was renamed simply AUDI AG. To coincide with the change of name, the company's registered headquarters were transferred from Neckarsulm to Ingolstadt.
The traditional company names Auto Union GmbH and NSU GmbH live on as Audi subsidiaries which have the purpose of nurturing and propagating a tradition that is both deep and diverse. There are historical collections open to the public in Ingolstadt and Neckarsulm. An Audi museum scheduled to open in 2000 is currently in planning at the Ingolstadt plant.
Today, Audi is a leading international manufacturer of high-quality cars. The company maintains production sites in Germany and various other countries, including Hungary, China and South Africa. In 1998, Audi achieved unit sales of almost 600,000 cars, bringing in sales revenue of DM 27 billion. The company has around 42,000 employees in total.
Further Information
| 4 |
Who plays Isobel Crawley in the UK television series ‘Downton Abbey’? | Brand New: Audi's Typographic Stylings
Audi’s Typographic Stylings
As part of its week-long centennial celebration that included news about the upcoming release of the S5 Quattro — which might mean something to autophiles, but not much to me — Audi unveiled an updated logo that gave a new shine to the four interlocked rings, from a matte finish to a more chromalicious one, and it switched out the quirky wordmark for a new bespoke corporate typeface.
While I would have personally kept the old render of the rings, which look more sophisticated and subtle, I am probably one of the lonely souls to say good riddance to the old wordmark, which I have never liked. Neither letter works well with the other and there is no saving grace for that “d” unless someone were to tell me that it stands for a 6 or 9 and either of those numbers represent the number of pistons, or whatever other engine taxonomic detail, that made the first Audi run. But I doubt it. In exchange, the new Audi wordmark is set in the extended bold weight of Audi Type, a Roman and Extended type family commissioned by MetaDesign from Paul van der Laan and Pieter van Rosmalen . Along with being part of the new logo, Audi Type replaces Audi Sans, a modified version of Univers Extended.
Corporate typeface comparison, Audi Sans (above) and Audi Type. Image source .
The new type family can be seen in full action in the 2008 Annual Report, available as a PDF . The result is a strikingly modern and contemporary look that blends quite well with the Audi cars, slick and sophisticated. For a few more images and background, please visit FontFeed .
2008 Annual Report cover in red. Two other versions, green and gray, are also available.
2008 Annual Report sample spreads.
filed under Automobile and tagged with
Reviewed August 25, 200908.25.09 by Armin
Poll
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The Jigsaw Serial Killer is a fictional character in which series of horror films? | Jigsaw | Horror Film Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Edit
John Kramer was a succesful civil enigneer, who was married to a woman named Jill Tuck. While he ventured much in property development, she helped drug addicts with her rehabilitation clinic. John wasn't in favor of the clinic, believing that the addicts used Jill to get a fix of methadon, and didn't really wanted to come clean. This feeling was strengthed by the fact that several of the addicts became regular patients... But being the devoted husband he was, he did let it slide and later, when Jill became pregnant, he start using his skills to build toys and a crib for the unborn child. He also repaired an old cuckoo clock and gave it as a gift to Jill. One day things went wrong however. One of Jill's patients, a man named Cecil, threatened her with a knife, trying to cut in line, claiming he has been waiting three hours for help. Luckily, John was there and in a fit of rage, threw Cecil out the clinic.
Becoming the Jigsaw Killer
Edit
This in turn however was interpret by Cecil Adams and his then-girlfriend, Amanda Young , that Jill wouldn't help them anymore. So since she wasn't going to help them, get their next fix, they would have to take it. By robbing the clinic at closing time. At that moment, John was waiting in the car, for Jill, who was closing the clinic. While Amanda tried to distract John, Cecil would go to Jill. He forced her to give him the money of the clinic and became anxious when she didn't hurry. Meanwhile, Amanda's attempts at distracting John, only resukted in her annoying him, with the latter asked her to leave him alone.When Cecil had the money, he tried to get away as quickly as possible, afraid that he would be caught. In his haste, he slammed the door in Jill's belly, resulting in Jill crying in agony. Scared that he might get caught, he fled the scene, without providing any help for Jill. His get-away was however seen by John, who immediately realized what Cecil just had done. In panic, he jumped out his car and ran towards to the clinic, where he found Jill on the ground. But at that point, it was already too late. Jill had a miscarriage. Their unborn child was killed by one of the people, she so desperately had tried to help.
The tragic event made John bitter. Seeing how Cecil and Amanda didn't change, no matter how many times they got help from Jill, made John concluded that they couldn't be helped, since they didn't want to change. They had to change themselves. When he tried to explain this newfound wisdom to Jill, she denied it and instead kept helping the people that John believed were undeserving of help. This difference in philosphy caused them to become more detached from each other and John grew hateful towards the addicts, seeing them as the reason for his misfortune. In a fit of rage, he destroyed everything he had built for their son and the clock that gave her as a gift. Seeing how much he had changed over the past months, Jill decided that their life was over. He would never be able to let go of it, so she let go of him. With the help of Art Blank, she divorced him. But John's misery didn't end here. During a rountine medical check-up, his doctor Lawrence Gordon discovered that John had colon cancer and an operatable brain tumor. Realizing that he wouldn't have much more time, unless a cure was found, he went searching. Quickly he learned about a doctor in the Middle East, who was working on an experimental drug therapy that could help destroy tumors. The results that the therapy had were promising and this was his best and probably only chance to live. But the procedure was very expensive, so expensive that he couldn't afford it. Believing that this was just a temporary set-back, he went to his health insurance company, Umbrella Health Corporation. For years, he was a loyal client to the company for years, so it should be easy to get an insurance. To his horror, he got rejected however. According to the Umbrella Health Policy, his condition was too severe and the treatment was too risky to cover him. Even a conversation with William Easton, the Executive of the company didn't help. He did however learn that he wasn't alone. He learned that Easton had a group of six of his subordinates had the sole task of digging into the medical history of their clients, searching for a reason to refuse insurance when they needed. A comment of Harold Abbott, claiming that with his refusal, Easton had signed his death sentence, John realized that William Easton literally decided who lived and who died.
As his condition worsened, his disease soon became terminal. Realizing how he was going to die of cancer as there were no options left anymore, he decided that he wasn't going to sit idly by as the cancer slowly killed him. If he had to die, it would be on his terms and with this idea, he drove his car from a cliff, trying to commit suicide. To his surprise, he did survive the crash and as his instinct to survive kicked in, pulled a large iron bar from his stomach. It felt ironic how his instincts and his body tried to keep alive, while his days were numemered already. It was only now that he realized that he didn't want to die, he wanted to life. And only since he was diagnosed with cancer, he had started to realize the value of life. Only in the face of death, do people realize how much they like to life, what the value of life is. The realization changed him and he found a new purpose in life. The time that remained him, he would use to teach people the value of life. Those who threw away their lifes or those who ruined the life of others, would learn this value, the way he did: through sacrifice and with facing death. Those who were succesful, would have redeemed themselves. Those who failed, lacked the necessary instinct to survive and doesn't deserve to life. From those, he would cut out a puzzle piece from the skin, symbolizing that they lacked the survival instinct. This mark would result in him being called the Jigsaw Killer. Using his skills and expertise of mechanics, he started to create death traps.
The first test subjects
Edit
His first victim would be Cecil, the man who killed his unborn child and was the reason Jill divorced him. But he would help Cecil, help him to help himself. He followed Cecil to Chinatown as the civilians celebrated Chinese New Year and the start of the Year of the Pig. Seeing Cecil steal again, he got his confirmation that Cecil would be a good start and kidnapped him, wearing a plastic pig mask he took at a stand. This would the inspiration for the pig suit, he would later use. As a first trap, he chained Cecil to a chair, with razors cutting into the man's wrist. The more Cecil moved, the faster he bled. Next, he placed a strange contraption of kitchen knifes before Cecil, telling him that he has to puch his face them to push a handle before him. If he succeeded, he would be free but as ugly on the outside as he was on inside, if he failed he would bleed out. The trap, although painful to Cecil, wasn't flawless. Although Cecil couldn't push far enough into the blades, he was able to break the chair and free himself. Angry about what John had tried to do to him, Cecil threatened to kill him. John gave him his one shot, before moving out of the way as Cecil slipped over his own blood into a box with razor wire. In his anger and pain, Cecil tried to free himself, only to cut himself more and getting entangled in the wires. John watched as the man died before leaving. The trap would inspire him to create the razor wire trap later.
Copycats and apprentices
Edit
It is unknown how many people John would "test" but none of them survived and soon he would be dubbed by media as the Jigsaw Killer, much to his own displeasure. At some point in time, Seth Baxter, a convicted murder, was released from prison on early parole, much to the anger of the brother of his victim, Detective Mark Hoffman. Hoffman, heartbroken by the death of his sister Angela, felt like the justice system had failed him and Angela and decided to take matters into his own hands. Using the legendary legacy of the Jigsaw Killer, he kidnapped Seth and put him into a trap of his design. Subjecting Seth to the Pendelum Trap, he exacted his revenge as it not only crushed Seth's hands, it bissected him. Believing that he got away with murder, he soon was kidnapped by John, who was displeased by the fact that, not only did Mark framed John for the death of Seth (by incriminating the Jigsaw Killer), he also made an inescapable trap. When Mark woke up, they were in John's lair and Mark was strapped to chair, with a double-barreled shotgun placed between his legs, aimed at his throat. John stood up, immediately revealing that he was the Jigsaw Killer, before criticize Mark's work. As Mark started to struggle, John revealed, using a mirror, how unwise it would be to move too much. Although he symphatised with Mark, he revealed that, unlike Mark, he never killed. He offered people a chance to redeem themselves. Slowly, he started to indoctrinate Mark, claiming that even Seth deserved a chance to survive, something that Mark refuted. John reacted by stating that killing is distasteful to him, before revealing that he believed to have found a more efficient way to chance people. When Mark bursted out, demanding to know what John wanted for him, John simply replied with asking if Mark had what it takes to survive. John continues with pulling the trigger of the gun.
The gun didn't fire however and John offered Mark the option to redeem himself. He openly admitted to Mark that he was really Jigsaw and that Mark could bring him in. But seeing how much John knew, it would ruin his carreer if he did. At first Mark sees it as blackmail but something that John at first denied but when Mark threatened to kill him, as his captor freed him, he revealed that it was in fact blackmail. Mark could become his apprentice or end his carreer, to serve a corrupt legal system that places killers back on the street. After asking him how his sister would feel, he restated the choice before Mark. Mark eventually accepted the offer to become his apprentice...
A few months before the events of Saw, John tested Mark Rodriguez Wilson, for lying about being ill, using it as an excuse. Mark failed his test however and burned himself alive, while John observed the progress. Mark helped John kidnapping Paul Leahy, who tried to get attention by attempting suicide. The abduction of Paul Leahy was Mark's first task and was ordered to observe how Paul did it. It was then that Mark warned John that the Detective Tapp was placed on the case and would not stop until he has found him. John, unimpressed by this development, told Mark to incriminate Dr. Lawrence Gordon. Later, John would kidnap Amanda Young and her dealer, forcing her to cut a key from his liver. If she would fail, the reverse bear trap, placed on her head would rip open her mouth completely.
Amanda did however survive her trap and was the first person to succeed. And in the beginning, she felt like he really had saved her, that he had changed her. Eventually she would find John and accepted to become one of his apprentices.
Testing Dr. Gordon
Edit
John was able to incriminate Dr. Gordon, who became the prime suspect, by Detective Tapp. During the investigation, Tapp and his partner Detective Steven Sing discover a possible lair of Jigsaw. Afraid that he might tipped by someone in the police department, they went to it without warrent or back-up. Soon, they discovered that they are indeed in Jigsaw's lair. They found a man, Jeff Ridenhour, in a chair, with drills aimed at his head. When John returned however, they decided to hide, ready to ambush him. This backfires however with John activated the trap, putting them for the choice: arrest him and let the man die, or save the man and risk him escaping. While Sing goes to save Jeff, shooting the mechanics till they stop, Tapp tried to apprehend John. John fought him off however, using a concealed wrist blade to slit Tapp's throat. While Tapp desperately tried to stop the bleeding, John flees.
As Sing followed John, ignoring the latter's warning not to, Sing eventually got killed by one of the boobytraps. He activated the trap by touching a tripwire and the moment he moved forward, he was shot by four shotguns, hanging from the ceilling. This caused huge grief in Tapp, who survived his wound but not had to live with the idea that his plan got his partner and friend killed. His obsession with Dr. Gordon, who he believed to be Jigsaw, only became more severe. After he was discharged by the police force, for his actions, he hired private detective Adam Stanheight to investigate Dr. Gordon.
Lawrence Gordon was however the next victim of Jigsaw and together with Adam Stanheight. Both wake up in a bathroom, with their ankle chained to a pipe, each at one of the side of the bathroom. Between them, there is a corpse laying, in a pool of blood. While Lawrence was tested for being for cold towards his patients and cheating on his wife, Adam was tested for being a voyeur. Jigsaw gave Lawrence 8 hours to kill Adam. If he fails, both shall starve and Lawrence's family shall die. For a huge part of the film, they are led to believe that Zep Hindle, an orderly was the Jigsaw Killer who would kill the family of Lawrence if he failed. After Lawrence sawed of his own right foot, in an attempt to free himself, ,before shooting Adam. Adam survives however and they soon learn that the game has changed. With the escape of Lawrence's family, Zep goes to the bathroom, to finish the game himself. This backfired however, with Adam bashing in Hindle's skull with a toilet cover. It is only then they realize, he wasn't the real Jigsaw, but just another victim. After Lawrence escaped the bathroom, claiming to get help for Adam, Jigsaw revealed himself to Adam. In shock, Adam watched as the corpse crawled up, removed the latex make-up, that make it look like he shot himself through the head and walked away. John revealed there was a key in the tub, but Adam realized that it had flushed away when he awoke. As Adam screamed in horror, Jigsaw walked away and before slamming the door shut, said: "GAME OVER"
Dr. Gordon's recruitment
Edit
After Lawrence escaped the bathroom, he would soon die of blood loss. Being a doctor, Lawrence realized this danger rather quickly and after discovering that pipes are burning hot, from the steam going through them, he does a crude cauterization of his leg, before passing out. He was soon found by John, who sanitized the wound and when Lawrence regained consciousness, nursed him back to health and gave him a prostetic leg. Despite the fact that Lawrence now knew who the real Jigsaw Killer was, John allowed him to go. Lawrence had succeeded his test and shown himself to be a survivor.
Later, after his wife divorced him, Lawrence returned to John and willingly became John's secret apprentice, fact hidden from both Mark Hoffman and Amanda Young. He would help John for some of the more medical complex traps.
The fake survivor
Edit
Meanwhile, Bobby Dagen brought out the book, claiming to have survived a Jigsaw trap. But in reality, Bobby was never tested and the story was fake. This did anger John who met up with Bobby, and had him sign the book. When Bobby did answer his request and gave him the book, John removed the cover, featuring Bobby's face before giving Bobby the engimatic warning, he didn't forget faces.
Testing Eric Matthews/Nerve House Trap
Edit
With the help of Amanda Young and Mark Hoffman, Jigsaw started another game with the purpose to test police officer Eric Matthews. Having place Amanda in the Nerve Gas House with Daniel Matthews, Eric's son, together with several other victims, he assured himself that Daniel would survive. Once this was assured, they placed him in a vault, with an oxygen bottle to keep him alive. With the survival of the boy assured, Jigsaw could continue with his plan. After testing Eric's informant, Michael, he left a message behind for Eric on the crime scene. This led Eric to Jigsaw's lair. Together with a SWAT team, under the lead of Sergeant Rigg. In the lair, it became clear that John has boobytrapped the place, which electrocuted some of the SWAT members. When they found John, they kept him at gunpoint. It is only now that they discovered the man is a terminal cancer patient. For the monitor screens shown in his lair, it became clear quickly, they have just entered another of John's games. John explained to Eric that if he want to win his game, he has to do only one thing. Sit and listen. At the end of the story, John will reunite him with his son. While Detective Allison Kerry looked at the monitors, Eric sat down with John, trying to interrogate him. But it was clear from the beginning that John was the one who would be the interrogator. As the game progressed and John shared his philosophies with the police officer, Eric had a hard time keeping his cool. Allison would later suggest that John might be provoked into an answer, if Eric destroyed his work. This however didn't impress John in the slighest as he doesn't care much for the sketches in the lair and only result in Eric destroying evidence.
After Eric saw Xavier chase Daniel and Amanda on the monitor, with the clear intent to kill them, Eric lost control and assaulted John. He threw John around, breaking his bones but for most part, John mocked him before Eric put a gun to his head. Deciding that Eric has failed his test, he took Eric to the house. After Eric has entered the house, his colleagues at the lair, realized that it wasn't live footage and moments later, the safe opened, revealing that Daniel was safe and Eric would be reunited with his son, if he had stayed. Instead, Eric was attacked by a pig masked figure and chained in the bathroom. While John was fading in and out consciousness, Amanda revealed to be John's apprentice and the one who trapped Eric in the bathroom for the first film, before sealing the door, with the words: GAME OVER.
Eric's escape
Edit
Between Saw II and Saw III, Eric escaped the bathroom, by breaking his own ankle. After he escaped the room, he was confronted Amanda, who fought him off and left her to die. His escape did however impress John, who decided to give Eric another chance and use him in another game. He had Mark to keep Eric alive, for 6 months before starting a final test. Mark was also given the plans and the pictures of the test subjects for the Fatal Five test, which would be played when Jigsaw would have passed away.
Jeff's Test - Jigsaw's death
Edit
John's condition worsened a lot during this period and had become bedridden and it was clear to him that he would die soon. But this didn't stopped him from starting two games, as well made plans for future games, that his apprentices will execute for him, letting his legacy continue beyond his own death. He started with testing Art Blank and Trevor. After Blank succeeded in the challenge, while killing Trevor, John used him as intrigued part of one of his two games.
The first game of these involved Jeff Denlon, a man who was so consumed by hate and thrist of revenge on the man who ran over his son, he refused to continue his life. This also led in him neglect his daughter. Through a trial of three tests, John intended to change him. He also kidnapped Lynn Denlon, (Jeff's wife) and tasked her to keep him alive at all costs, till Jeff gets to them. Helping him is Amanda Young.
Unbeknownst to everyone involved but John, the test he put forth for Lynn, is also to test Amanda. After discovering that her first traps were inescapable and therefore didn't gave her victims a chance to survive the traps, he decided that she had to proof that she understood what the tests were all about. The goal of the test was to see if she could keep a test subject alive, Lynn. Unbeknownst to Amanda, Lynn was Jeff's wife and would be his reward if he was successful. But during the set up of the traps for Jeff's trials, John came to the realization that neither Amanda or Mark Hoffman were good successors. Amanda has shown an unwillingness to keep the test subjects actually alive and Mark was completely apathic towards the victims. Especially his uncaring attitude towards Timothy Young, who was the driver that killed Jeff's son and one of the test subject in Jeff's test. Yet, John did trust him more with his legacy, especially with Dr. Gordon being his final back up.
While Jeff was performing his tests, John ingested a cassete tape covered in wax, before having Lynn perform cranial surgery on him, releasing pressure on his brain. She did this with the help of Amanda and during a hallucination, John thought back at happier times, when he was still married to Jill Tuck. In his hallucinating state, he reached out for her, which Amanda mistook as sign of affection towards Lynn, resulting in her becoming jealous of Lynn.
But at the climax of Amanda's test, she does fail and decided to shoot Lynn out of jealousy. In turn, she get fatally shot by Jeff, who just entered the room. John uttered his disappointment about Amanda's failure, although it is later revealed the game was rigged by Mark Hoffman, who blackmailed Amanda with her role in the death of John's child, giving her another reason to kill Lynn. After Amanda died, John asked Jeff to take his revenge on him, to see if he had learn anything. Jeff showed he did learn nothing and was still as vengeful as before. As he grabbed a surgical saw, he slit John's throat before Lynn could stop her. What Jeff had failed to realize, that by doing this, Lynn's test would fail. In fact, not only did he kill John, he killed his wife, who got her head blown off by the shotgun collar she was forced to wear during the test and that was triggered by John flatlining.
A last tape of John, revealed that he had Jeff and Lynn's daughter Corbet and if Jeff had hold his temper, he would see her again. Instead, both would die. Jeff in the room with the corpses as the door slammed shut and his daughter in a seperate room inside the lair.
Rigg's Test
Edit
The second game John started was testing Lieutenant Daniel Rigg. He tested Daniel, to "help" him overcome his obsession to save people, while John believed that many of these people could have saved themselves. He wanted to teach Daniel to see the world as he does. In order to be successful, he has to ignore his desire to save Eric Matthews and Mark Hoffman. In the end, he did fail however and tried to save the two, ending up killing Eric instead. Failing the game, resulted in his own death later and the death of Art Blank who was forced to monitor the game and release Eric and Mark once Daniel succeeded in John's game. Mark survived the game, as he was the first apprentice and escaped.
Post-Mortem
Edit
After saving Corbet and trying to kill Peter Strahm, Mark was called to listen to the tape John had swallowed and was discovered during his autopsy. It warned him that the games wouldn't stop, just because he (John) was dead. Mark immediately realized that John wanted him to continue his work, something Mark would do.
John left behind a box and videotape behind for his ex-wife, Jill Tuck. In the videotape, he explained that the content of the box was very important. The key for the box was already given to her, a few years prior. In the box, she found six letters, five were meant for Mark Hoffman, as they contained the neccessary information for playing a game with William Easton. The six letter was meant for Dr. Gordon and was in fact, John insuring that if something happened to Jill, Dr. Gordon would make sure the one responsible pays. In the box, she also found the Reverse Bear Trap 2.0, which she had to use, to test Mark Hoffman.
For his game with Easton, John made special tapes, and instead of Billy the Puppet explaining the rules to the test subject, he adressed Easton in person. This to remind Easton of the man he killed and how Jigsaw's legacy was his as well.
John's Last Wish
Edit
Hoffman was eventually tested, as by John's last wishes and surprisingly, he found a way to survive this test. Despite John's betrayal, Hoffman decided to start John's final game, with Bobby Dagen, before starting to make arrangements to get back at Jill Tuck. He eventually manage to this and he killed Jill, using the original Reverse Bear Trap. This however led John's final contigency plan to be initiated by Dr. Gordon, who with the help of two survivors, Brad and Ryan, capture Mark and chain him up in the bathroom. Only this time, there would be no test and no escape.
Appearance
Edit
John is a middle-aged man with white hair and the appearance of a friendly old man. Outside the games, he is dressed rather casually but when hunting for victims, he often wore a black-red robe and hood and a pig mask, this to hide his identity. In his lair, he would also wear this outfit, minus the mask and hid a wrist blade under the robe to defend himself. As the cancer spread, he started to lose hair and from Saw II onwards, he is always seen with an infusion.
Personality
Edit
John Kramer was once a kind and caring husband to Jill Tuck. He was also very protective and had no problems with making his hands dirty as that meant protecting the ones he loved. An example of this, was when he threw Cecil out the Jill's clinic after the latter ran amok. When he learned that Jill was pregnant, he was overjoyed and started to make toys and a crib for the unborn child, he also repaired an old clock as a gift for Jill. He did however had doubts about Jill's work, believing that she was doing work for nothing as the people she tried to help, didn't want help but methadon. His doubts turn to hate however, when Cecil kill John and Jill's unborn child, during a robbery on the clinic. This let him to become more aggressive and in one such outburst, he destroyed the crib and the clock. His inability to cope with what happened, let Jill to divorce him. When he was diagnosed with cancer and he ran out of options, he decided to take matters into his own hands and tried to commit suicide. After he survived his suicide attempt, he gained a new view on life. He grew hateful and envious towards those who he deemed ungrateful of their life. His envy resulted in him, decided to test these people to see if they could be refomred.
As Jigsaw, he has shown to be very sadistic towards his victims. Almost every test would either result in severe physical or mental harm when the test subject succeeded or in a violent death, either through poisoning, explosion or mechanical mutilation. He also showed to find pleasure in testing people as seen during his test with Eric. Despite this, he claimed to be no fan of the name the media gave him. He also claimed to find murder distasteful and although people has died because of his tests, he stated that he never killed someone as he always gave people a choice. This appeared to be lie since Donnie Greco was part of Amanda's test, with no choice to defend himself. It is however possible that his state in Amanda's test was the result of a previous test he failed. It is also rather ironic that several of tests pitted two or test subjects against each other, where at least one of the test subjects will die, often due to action of the other subject. His distaste for murder was also the reason why he hated it to be creditted for Seth's death as not only wasn't it his work, the test was inescapable. It also led him to test Amanda again when her tests showed to be inescapable as well. He did however make one direct exception to this not-kill rule, when he ordered Dr. Gordon to act on his behalf, when anything should happen to Jill Tuck. Seeing what Dr. Gordon eventually did with Mark Hoffman when he killed Jill, it is likely that John didn't want to give Hoffman another chance...
Despite the overal results, he believed that he really was helping people. Does who failed his tests, lacked the willpower to live and this inspired him to cut out a puzzle piece out the skin of each victim that failed. He also had the principle that he couldn't make the tests personal. When things would be too personal, he didn't trust himself or his apprentices to not rig the game when the subject was going to be successful. He probably came to this conclusion after testing Cecil as the man technically survived his test, yet through his own stupidity got trapped in razor wire and was left to die by John. He made one exception however, for William Easton. But to keep things fair, he didn't start the test before his death.
Powers and abilities
Edit
John has shown to be a very intelligent man. He has a degree in civil engineering and is very skilled with mechanics. Using his skills, he was able to build eloborate traps, often from very basic materials. He is also very convincing and manipulative, able to convince three different people to help him in his work, two of them who he formerly tested. His greatest asset was Dr. Gordon, who helped him with the medical aspect of some of the traps. He was also able to make long and complicated plans, with back plans for every one, even if these plans aren't going to come to fruition for years.
Traps/Tests
Edit
Jigsaw usually builds various eloborate death traps which often hold a symbolic representation of what Jigsaw believes as a flaw in the person's life. Jigsaw believes each of his victim deserves a chance of survival, so he calls these "games" and tells the victim the "rules" usually by microcassette or videotape. These games often involved quick thinking, ethically difficult decisions, self mutilation or in some cases putting the victim through psychological trauma that Jigsaw would be present to view. Jigsaw intends through these traps to force his victims to prove to him that they are "worthy" and "deserving" to continue with their lives, and also for them to learn to abandon what he believes to be their vices. Jigsaw himself often expressed a desire for his victims to pass, but stressed that their fate was always in their own hands.
Standard traps are devices or scenarios to a victim or victims, usually with the effect with causing serious physical harm or death if not removed by completing a given task before the time limit expires. Competition traps involves two or more victims who can survive these traps but only at the expense of their opponent's failure. Tests is where the victim are given rules, the outcome depends if the victim follows the rules and wins, or break the rules and loses. Losing often results in some sort of loss such as the death of a loved one. Trials are a series of tests that the victim must face while suffering psychological torture from the beginning up to the final test. The final test culminates in a final decision which will prove what the victim has learned from their trials. Security devices are designed to halt the progress of the victims and prevent them from proceeding, or to be used to protect Jigsaw and his apprentices from the police or other attackers.
| Saw |
Rubber, Boxing and Gardening are all types of what? | Top 10 Horror Movie Franchises Ever - Hell Horror
Top 10 Horror Movie Franchises Ever
Top 10 Horror Movie Franchises Ever
Wed., October 07, 2015
Some horror films make it to popular horror movies status resulting in a horror franchise that may live up to the original films success. First we get the sequel then sometimes end in a trilogy, but sometimes the franchise spans beyond three films. Let’s have some fun as we show you our top 5 horror movie franchises of all time.
Top 10 Horror Movie Franchises Ever
Halloween
Approximately grossed collectively worldwide over $557.5 million. Halloween is an American horror franchise that has ten installments that focus mainly on Michael Myers (a fictional character) who is a serial killer. Michael murdered his sister at a young age and was sent to a sanitarium. He escaped the sanitarium fifteen years later to murder residents in Haddonfield, Illinois around Halloween. Michael Myers is the antagonist that was seen in almost all of the sequels except for Halloween III: Season of the Witch (1982). John Carpenter and Debra Hill wrote the original Halloween, which was directed by John Carpenter and released in 1978. The sequels that followed had various writers and directors. Halloween (1978) gave a pathway to the long line of slasher films.
Halloween (1978)
Halloween III: Season of the Witch (1982)
Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers (1988)
Halloween 5: The Revenge of Michael Myers (1989)
Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers (1995)
Halloween H20: 20 Years Later (1998)
Halloween: Resurrection (2002)
Halloween II (2009)
Friday the 13th
Approximately grossed collectively worldwide over $687.1 million. Friday the 13th is an American horror franchise that has 12 slasher installments that focus mainly on Jason Voorhees (a fictional character) who commits a series of mass murders. Jason accidently drowned at Camp Crystal Lake as a result of staff not paying attention to him as a child. Camp Crystal Lake is rumored to be cursed decades later after numerous murders are occurring. Writer Victor Miller and director Sean S. Cunningham created the original film but did not work on any other sequels. Paramount Pictures bought the full licensing rights to Friday the 13th after its success.
Friday the 13th (1980)
Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981)
Friday the 13th Part III (1982)
Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter (1984)
Friday the 13th: A New Beginning (1985)
Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives (1986)
Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood (1988)
Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan (1989)
Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday (1993)
Jason X (2001)
Friday the 13th (2009)
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre
Approximately grossed collectively worldwide over $304.6 million. The Texas Chainsaw Massacre is an American horror franchise that has seven slasher installments. The franchise primarily focuses on Leatherface, who cannibalizes, kills or tortures people who cross his territory. Tobe Hooper wrote and directed the original film in 1974 and directed three additional sequels after.
The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974)
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 (1986)
Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III (1990)
Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation (1994)
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003)
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning (2006)
Texas Chainsaw 3D (2013)
Leatherface (2016)
Saw
Approximately grossed collectively worldwide over $873 million. Saw is a horror franchise that consists of seven installments and was distributed by Lions Gate Entertainment and produced by Twisted Pictures. Australian director James Wan and screenwriter Leigh Whannell created Saw (2003) as a short film to gain recruitment by a production company, and they did, with Saw (2004) being released soon after. Saw focuses on John Kramer (a fictional character) who is also called the "Jigsaw Killer" or "Jigsaw." Jigsaw (Tobin Bell) loves to play little games that involve gore, torture, and sadism. Jigsaw likes to play different kinds of games with his victims that will let him test their endurance of physical/psychological torture. His goal is to make his victims appreciate their lives if they survive but at a price.
Saw (2003)
Saw 3D (2010)
Child’s Play
Approximately grossed collectively worldwide over $203 million. Child’s Play is a horror movie franchise consisting of six slasher films that have spanned four decades. Child’s Play/Chucky focuses on Charles Lee Ray/Chucky (Brad Dourif) who is a serial killer that is known as the "Lakeshore Strangler." He performed a voodoo ritual to have his soul trapped in a Good Guy doll so that he does not encounter the afterlife. The Good Guy doll came to life and started a killing spree that left a pile up of bodies. Child’s Play first installment has more psychological horror elements while the other sequels are straightforward slasher movies.
Child’s Play (1988)
Curse of Chucky (2013)
A Nightmare on Elm Street
Approximately grossed collectively worldwide over $592.8 million. A Nightmare on Elm Street is an American horror franchise that has nine slasher installments including Freddy vs. Jason. Wes Craven created the first film, A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984) and paved the way for the franchise. The franchise revolves around Freddy Krueger (a fictional character played mostly by Robert Englund) who stalks teenagers in their dreams (wherever they might be sleeping) and kills them. Freddy kills the teenagers because their parents burned him alive, and he is seeking revenge on their parents by killing their children.
A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)
A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy’s Revenge (1985)
A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors (1987)
A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master (1988)
A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child (1989)
Freddy’s Dead: The Final Nightmare (1991)
Wes Craven’s New Nightmare (1994)
Freddy vs. Jason (2003)
A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010)
Paranormal Activity
Approximately grossed collectively worldwide over $811.6 million. Paranormal Activity is an American supernatural horror movie franchise that has six installments. The installments are based various paranormal things including, family haunting by demonic entities, demonic entity stalking families and sometimes killing most of them. Paranormal Activity is normally found footage films that are mainly shot by using camcorders, security cameras, phones and other devices that can record. Katie (Katie Featherston) is the only one actor/actress to have a role in 4 Paranormal Activity movies.
Paranormal Activity (2009)
Scream 4 (2011)
Night of the Living Dead
Approximately grossed collectively worldwide over??? Could not find how much the franchise made collectively, but Night of the Living Dead (1968) grossed approximately over $30 million. It is your choice to either add this franchise, but it should be a high worthy mention on this list. Night of the Living Dead consists of seven installments including remakes of Night and Dawn. Writers and directors George A. Romero and Cameron Romero released Night of the Living Dead (1968) and branched off after. George and Cameron had their difference and split from each other making films predominantly centering on people trying to survive during a zombie apocalypse. The installments are independent of its predecessor, all having different storylines and characters except two characters. They only connect to each other by having the humans going through a different epidemic of the living dead.
Night of the Living Dead (1968)
Dawn of the Dead (1978)
Day of the Dead (1985)
Land of the Dead (2005)
Diary of the Dead (2007)
Survival of the Dead (2010)
| i don't know |
A ‘Cabriole’ is a movement in what type of dance? | cabriole | ballet movement | Britannica.com
ballet movement
entrechat
Cabriole, ballet jump, formerly performed only by men, in which the dancer beats the calves of the legs together in the air, with a scissors-like movement. When the beat occurs, the legs are extended at either a 45° or 90° angle to the body at the front, side, or back. The dancer may land on one foot, then bring the second foot down to fifth position—cabriole fermée (“closed cabriole”)—or may complete the step with the second foot in the air—cabriole ouverte (“open cabriole”).
Learn More in these related articles:
in Marie Camargo
...established the ballet’s basic leg position as turned-out 90° from the hip. A rival of Marie Sallé, she was noted for her speed and agility and for her perfection of the entrechat and cabriole, jumping steps previously executed chiefly by men. To obtain the necessary freedom of movement and to display her rapidly moving feet, she became the first danseuse to shorten her ballet...
1 Reference found in Britannica Articles
Assorted Reference
use by Camargo (in Marie Camargo )
Article History
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Date Published: July 20, 1998
URL: https://www.britannica.com/art/cabriole
Access Date: January 14, 2017
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| Ballet |
Serac is what type of foodstuff? | Cabriole | Define Cabriole at Dictionary.com
cabriole
[kab-ree-ohl; French ka-bree-awl] /ˈkæb riˌoʊl; French ka briˈɔl/
Spell
[kab-ree-ohlz; French ka-bree-awl] /ˈkæb riˌoʊlz; French ka briˈɔl/ (Show IPA)
1.
Furniture. a curved, tapering leg curving outward at the top and inward farther down so as to end in a round pad, the semblance of an animal's paw, or some other feature: used especially in the first half of the 18th century.
2.
Ballet. a leap in which one leg is raised in the air and the other is brought up to beat against it.
Origin of cabriole
| i don't know |
In which year was cigarette advertising banned on British television? | Tobacco Advertising
Tobacco Advertising
Tobacco Advertising
What is Tobacco Advertising?
Tobacco Advertising refers to the promotion of tobacco products, such as cigarettes, in the media and at retail outlets.
In the first half of 2003, the Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act 2002 banned the direct and indirect advertising or promotion of tobacco products. For the purposes of the ban, 'tobacco advertisement' is defined as an advertisement that has the sole purpose of promoting a tobacco product (direct advertising) or 'whose effect is to do so' (indirect advertising or brand-stretching). The Act says that a 'tobacco product' is anything made 'wholly or partly of tobacco and intended to be smoked, sniffed, sucked or chewed.'
Under the Act, tobacco advertising in the press and on billboards was outlawed from February 2003, while direct marketing was banned from May of the same year.
The Health Act 2009, together with regulations made under the Act, enable further restrictions on tobacco sales and advertising.
On 1 October 2011, a ban on the sale of tobacco from, and display of adverts on, vending machines came into force, the aim being to prevent under-age sales to children and to help adults trying to quit.
On 6 April 2012, further regulations came into force requiring all large shops and supermarkets in England to hide cigarettes, tobacco products and displays from public view. For all other businesses and smaller shops selling tobacco products, the regulations will apply from April 2015.
Background
Television advertising of tobacco products was banned in the UK in 1965 under the Television Act 1964, which was reinforced by an EU directive in the 1980s. Other advertising, such as press and billboard, was governed by a self-regulatory agreement with the Government. This covered the manner of advertising and the positioning of promotional sites.
Labour pledged to ban tobacco advertising in its 1997 election manifesto: "Smoking is the greatest single cause of preventable illness and premature death in the UK. We will therefore ban tobacco advertising." A White Paper entitled 'Smoking Kills' was published in 1998. After a Government bill failed to become law before the 2001 general election, Ministers adopted an identically-drafted private member's bill, first introduced by Liberal Democrat Peer Lord Clement-Jones.
Under the Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act 2002 , tobacco advertising in the press and on billboards was outlawed from February 2003, while direct marketing was banned from May of the same year.
The sponsorship of sporting events began to be phased out from July 2003, allowing some sports to reduce their reliance on tobacco revenue gradually. Ban on the use of tobacco advertising at Formula 1 Grands Prix and other sporting events in the EU came into effect on 1 August 2005.
The Health Act 2009 includes provisions which enable the introduction of regulations to restrict future advertising and promotion of tobacco products.
‘Healthy Lives, Healthy People: A Tobacco Control Plan for England’, published in March 2011,set out the Government’s programme of tobacco control to be delivered over the following five years and included a proposal to look at the impact of cigarette packaging.
A public consultation was subsequently launched seeking views on whether plain packaging, or a different kind of packaging, should be adopted. The consultation ran from 16 April to 10 August 2012. The Government has said it has “an open mind” on the issue and will carefully consider all the information before making a decision.
A ban on the sale of tobacco from, and display of adverts on, vending machines, was introduced in October 2011 under regulations enabled by the 2009 Health Act, as part of a plan to tackle sales of cigarettes to children.
According to the Government almost all smokers said they began smoking before they were 18 and of the 11-15 year olds who smoke regularly, 11% said they bought their cigarettes from vending machines.
The Government was also concerned that displays of tobacco products in shops could “promote smoking by young people and undermine the resolve of adult smokers trying to quit.”
Consequently, on 6 April 2012, regulations were introduced requiring all large shops and supermarkets in England to cover displays from view. Large shops are those with a relevant floor area of more than 280 square metres. The regulations will apply to all other businesses and smaller shops selling tobacco products from April 2015.
Controversies
Contentious issues are the degree to which tobacco advertising encourages people to take up smoking and to what extent individuals of different ages should be exposed to promotional messages.
Opponents of a ban argue that tobacco advertising does not increase the market for tobacco products, seeking only to influence the brand decisions of existing smokers and informed adults. As one firm submitted to the Commons Health Committee , "cigarette advertising does not cause people to take up smoking. Simply put, cigarette advertising has two purposes - to maintain brand loyalty and to encourage smokers to switch brands."
Anti-smoking groups argue that advertising legitimises smoking and suggest that tobacco companies have deliberately targeted young people in an effort to recruit new customers to replace those who give up or die.
ASH (action on smoking and health) welcomed plans announced by the EU in December 2012 for larger health warnings to be displayed on cigarette packs. The draft revised Tobacco Products Directive to be debated by the European Parliament includes includes proposed mandatory large pictorial health warnings covering 75% of the packs (both front and back) compared to the current minimum requirement of 30% on one surface and 40% on the other.
ASH suggests that although the Directive does not explicitly call for plain packaging of tobacco, it would enable Member States to adopt such a measure.
However, the secretary-general of the Tobacco Manufacturers’ Association, Jaine Chisholm Caunt, said the proposals, “fly in the face of common sense, and restrict free trade.” She also claimed that attempts to standardise packaging would “create opportunities for criminal gangs to profit and sell illicit tobacco to children.”
The TMA was also highly critical of regulation restricting displays of tobacco products, saying a ban was “unjustified” as there was “no credible evidence to support the government’s stated objective that a ban would reduce youth smoking.”
Statistics
Evidence shows that cigarette displays in shops can encourage young people to start smoking. The figures for England show that:
5% of children aged 11-15 are regular smokers
more than 300,000 children under 16 try smoking each year
39% of smokers say that they were smoking regularly before the age of 16
Every year more than 300,000 under-16s try smoking for the first time.
It is estimated that 35 million cigarettes are sold illegally through vending machines to children every year.
Anyone selling cigarettes from a vending machine could be fined up to £2,500.
Any person found guilty of displaying cigarette adverts on a vending machine could face imprisonment for up to six months, or a fine of £5,000, or both.
Source: Department of Health - 2012
Quotes
“We cannot ignore the fact that young people are recruited into smoking by colourful, eye-catching, cigarette displays. Most adult smokers started smoking as teenagers and we need to stop this trend.
“Banning displays of cigarettes and tobacco will help young people resist the pressure to start smoking and help the thousands of adults in England who are currently trying to quit.”
Health Minister Anne Milton – 2012
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How many coins in one ‘turn’ does each player use in a game of Shove Ha’penny? | History of Tobacco Regulation - The Ban on Advertising
National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse
History of Tobacco Regulation*
THE BAN ON ADVERTISING
Both the U.S. Public Health Service and Federal Trade Commission have annually reported findings to Congress since passage of the cigarette labeling law. The FTC recommended that the Act should be amended to: "Warning: Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Health and May Cause Death From Cancer and Other Diseases."
Additionally, the FTC recommended legislation to require the same warning to appear in all cigarette advertisements and to require statements of tar and nicotine content on all cigarette packages and in all advertising.
Legislation to accomplish these objectives as well as the following were recommended by the FTC:
Cigarette advertising on television and radio should be barred entirely. Alternately, cigarette advertising on television and radio should be limited as to hours in which it may appear; the extent to which it may appear; and the types of programs on which it may appear;
Increased appropriations, should be made to the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare for education of the public (especially young people) as to the health hazards of smoking;
Appropriations should be made for research under the direction of the National Institutes of Health on the development of less hazardous cigarettes.
"By 1969, the stage had been set for a showdown over cigarette advertising and promotion" (Wagner, 1971: 190). The U.S. Government was increasing its efforts to discourage the sale of cigarettes. Post office trucks carried posters: "100,000 Doctors Have Quit Smoking."
The Surgeon General continued to release reports about the adverse health effects of smoking.
Dr. Daniel Horn, director of the National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health, was urging doctors to deliver antismoking appeals to patients in their offices.
Movie personalities had become involved in the American Cancer Society's campaign called I.Q. (for "I Quit") that passed out lapel buttons and dispatched public speakers around the country to discourage the habit. Doris Day, Debbie Reynolds and Lawrence Welk refused to allow tobacco companies to sponsor their TV shows.
Two ad agencies--Ogilivy and Mather and Doyle Dane Bernbach-and a few radio and television stations would not accept cigarette business. Several magazines did not accept cigarette advertising as a matter of principle: Reader's Digest, the New Yorker, and the Saturday Review. The Christian Science Monitor had never carried cigarette ads; the Boston Globe announced in May, 1969 that it would no longer accept such advertising "because accumulated medical evidence has indicated that cigarette smoking is hazardous to health" (Wagner, 1971: 220).
In April 1969, a few weeks before the House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee was scheduled to open hearings on the FTC proposals, a series of bills were introduced in the House by representatives of tobacco producing states. One such bill, H.R. 7177, co-sponsored by all eleven of North Carolina's House Delegation, proposed "to establish a comprehensive Federal program to deal with cigarette labeling and advertising with respect to any relationship between smoking and health."
Identical measures were introduced under the sponsorship of congressmen from Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky, and Florida. Some accounts of the activity on Capitol Hill during this period attribute these bills to the tobacco interests' intention "to prevent strengthening of the warning label and make permanent the ban on state and Federal regulation of cigarette advertising, which was due to expire on June 30. Passage of this legislation was the best tobacco interests could have hoped for under the circumstances" (Wagner, 1971: 205).
After testimony from both sides, the House Committee approved a stiffer health warning but prohibited regulatory action on cigarette advertising for six years and in other ways generally upheld the status quo.
The Senate, Commerce Committee, on December 5, 1970, voted out a bill banning cigarette commercials from the air as of January 1, 1971. The FTC was prohibited from acting on cigarette ads in newspapers and magazines until the middle of 1972. The labeling provision in the Senate bill was weaker than that established in the House-voted measure, and the bill also precluded cigarette regulatory action by the fifty states and local governments.
In a session on December 12, a floor amendment was introduced which loosened the Committee's proposed restriction on the FTC by allowing the agency to require health warnings in advertising as of July 1, 1971. The bill also authorized the FTC to move sooner if it found that tobacco companies were switching from broadcast to print advertising so massively that it could be considered a " gross abuse." This bill also approved a new required health warning for cigarette packages"Warning: Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health."
After Senate passage, the measure still had to -pass a joint Senate-House Conference Committee where important differences between the two bills had to be reconciled.
The bill that emerged from conference differed only slightly from the Senate measure. The cautionary label to which the conferees agreed provides: "Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking is Dangerous to Your Health." "In a final concession to the broadcasters, the conferees agreed to delay for one day the blackout of cigarette commercials from December 31, 1970, to midnight January 1, 1971. That would give them a last shower of cash from the New Year's Day football bowl games" (Wagner, 1971: 216). It was estimated that the loss to television and radio stations would amount to about $220 million a year, or about 7.5% of their total advertising revenues.
President Nixon signed the Act on April 1, 1970.
Some observers marvel that the bill was passed "in spite of massive pressure that had been brought to bear against it and against the regulation of cigarette advertising generally, by the tobacco industry, the broadcasting industry, and the lobbyists and their political allies. This was a combination that for years had proved invincible against a counterforce of scientists and public health and public interest advocates who, armed with formidable statistics on the damage to health and life caused by cigarette smoking, had sought to protect consumers by requiring all cigarette advertising to provide adequate warnings of these dangers" (Whiteside, 1970: 58).
There are those observers , on the other hand, who do not view the ban of cigarette advertising on television and radio as such a success for the consumer. Rather, they cite the statistics on consumption in other countries to point up the fact that bans on advertising do not reduce sales.
In Czechoslovakia, for example, no direct advertising of tobacco is permitted; yet consumption increased 14% between 1953 and 1958. Advertising of foreign cigarettes was banned in 1962 in Italy; the following year sales increased 39.4% and in 1964, 11.7 %. Sales increased in England after television cigarette advertisements were banned in 1965. Consumption figures for the following three years in Britain reveal increases: 112 billion cigarettes in 1965, 118 billion in 1966; and 119.1 billion in 1967 (Cigarette Advertising, 1970: 113-114).
Robert Miller, an agricultural economist in the Department of Agriculture's Economic Research Service, reports that cigarette consumption is up in every part of the world although advertising was banned in several European countries some years ago. He predicts an eventual decrease in sales during the next five years and perhaps a 12-13% decrease in tobacco consumption (Tobacco Advertising Could End, 1970: 7).
Other observers can see a gradual reduction in cigarette consumption as a result of a prohibition on advertising; some feel a ban on advertising merely makes it difficult to launch a new brand. Others predict that the ban will eliminate the social acceptability of the habit although consumption will not go down.
The "live dangerously novelty" has also been identified as a possible cause for gains in consumption; "such a philosophy might well be prevalent among the young, the very ones that antismoking advocates are most anxious to protect" (Cigarette Advertising, 1970: 112-113).
Another consequence of the ban on cigarette commercials was the FCC ruling that the broadcasters' obligation to air antismoking messages had ended. The stations continue to run them as public service spots; however, the volume was decreased considerably from the former 1 to 3 ratio established by the FCC. The antismoking forces are fearful that a decrease in these spots is harmful to their cause and may retard their efforts to reduce cigarette consumption.
On October 20,1971, a U.S. District Court ruled that the Congressional ban on cigarette advertising is constitutional. The ruling stated that such advertising does not qualify under the First Amendment's guarantee of freedom of speech; a sharp distinction was drawn between guarantees of freedom. of speech for individuals and the "limited extent" to which broadcast advertising qualifies for such protection.
The court also ruled that Congress had more than one "rational basis" for excluding cigarette ads from television and not the printed media one being that broadcasts are the "most persuasive" types of advertising (Cigarette Ad Ban, 1971). Ultimately, the constitutional question will have to be decided by the United States Supreme Court.
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Captain Blade is the mascot of which English football club? | Sheffield United Mascot - Captain Blade - 3D Model Skinning Test - YouTube
Sheffield United Mascot - Captain Blade - 3D Model Skinning Test
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Uploaded on Jan 13, 2011
This is my first attempt at skinning a 3D character I have been asked to create for Sheffield United Football Club. As you can see it still needs a fair amount of work, and some better blending between the verts in some areas, but seems to be a good start.
It is being created for an animation which will feature Captain Blade scoring a goal, and is intended for display on the big screen at Bramall Lane whenever SUFC score!
Category
| Sheffield United F.C. |
‘Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free’ is from which sonnet by Emma Lazarus? | Filbert Out-Foxed In Mascot Race
Filbert Out-Foxed In Mascot Race
Posted: Sat 27 Oct 2012
Author: Leicester City
2012 Football League Mascot Race
Image by: Football League
Yorkie the Lion is bellowing with pride after clinching the coveted first place in the Football League Mascot Race on Friday in support of Prostate Cancer UK.
The York City FC mascot triumphed at the half-furlong (approx. 100m) dash held at Doncaster race course, which saw 26 mascots from 23 clubs across England, including Leicester City’s Filbert Fox, take on the race.
The challenge was part of Prostate Cancer UK’s partnership with The Football League to raise awareness of prostate cancer – the most common cancer in men in the UK.
The competition was fearsome. Chasing Yorkie, in second place was Billy Brewer from Burton Albion FC, and Chaddy Owl from Oldham Athletic AFC secured third place. The trio were presented with medals by Sukhi Dale, Corporate Partnerships Manager at Prostate Cancer UK.
Sukhi said: “We would like to thank all the mascots who took part in today’s race. Each and every one made a sterling effort to cross the line first and help raise awareness of a disease affecting 250,000 men in the UK, in one of the charity’s more unconventional events this year.
“It’s not every day you see dozens of dogs, rams and monkeys bounding along a race course, but everyone entered the dash in exactly the right spirit. A special well done has to go to Yorkie the Lion, though, who now has the prestigious mantle of being this year’s Mascot Race winner.”
John Nagle, Head of Communications at The Football League, said: "Many congratulations to Yorkie the Lion for taking the Mascot Race title, and well done to all the mascots that came along to support our partnership with Prostate Cancer UK.
"It was a fantastic occasion and will hopefully help to raise awareness of prostate cancer amongst football and racing fans alike.”
The Mascot Race marked the beginning of a weekend of racing during which The Racing Post – which is also partnered with the charity - will dedicate The Prostate Cancer UK Charity Race in support of the charity on Saturday, and hold a 5k ‘Do it for Dad’ fun run on Sunday.
Prostate Cancer UK’s partnership with The Football League will run throughout the 2012/13 season, with the aim of raising funds for and awareness of the disease amongst the football community and the wider public.
The full results of the race are as follows:
1. Yorkie the Lion – York City FC
2. Billy Brewer – Burton Albion FC
3. Chaddy Owl – Oldham Athletic AFC
4. Mr Magpie – Notts County FC
5. Miller Bear – Rotherham United FC
6. Sky Blue Sam – Coventry City FC
7. Rammie – Derby County FC
8. Rover – Blackburn Rovers FC
9. Peter Burrow – Peterborough United FC
10. Ollie the Ox – Oxford United FC
11. Rover – Tranmere Rovers FC
12. Terry the Terrier – Huddersfield Town AFC
13. Mrs Magpie – Notts County FC
14. Lofty Junior – Bolton Wanderers FC
15. Pete The Eagle – Crystal Palace FC
16. Donny Dog – Doncaster Rovers FC
17. H’Angus the Monkey – Hartlepool United FC
18. Filbert Fox – Leicester City FC
19. Robin Hood – Nottingham Forest FC
20. Olivia - Oxford United FC
21. City Gent – Bradford City AFC
22. Kop Cat – Leeds United FC
23. Gully the Seagull – Brighton & Hove Albion FC
24. Donnie - Milton Keynes Dons FC
25. Mooie – Milton Keynes Dons FC
26. Captain Blade – Sheffield United FC
It’s not every day you see dozens of dogs, rams and monkeys bounding along a race course.
Prostate Cancer UK
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Which martial art means ‘The gentle way’? | What is Judo?
Judo Techniques
Judo is known for its spectacular throwing techniques but also includes numerous techniques for controlling an opponent while on the ground. Judo is often compared to freestyle wrestling and while the two share many techniques, Judo retains many dangerous self-defense maneuvers. A good judoka, one who practices Judo, will first use timing and leverage to bring his opponent off balance and execute a throw. Once the judoka has thrown his opponent to the ground, he will use painful hold-down techniques, chokes, strangleholds, and armlocks to control and subdue the opponent. If the opponent does not surrender, he will either have his elbow joint dislocated by means of an armlock or will be rendered unconscious with a chokehold. A judoka first learns "ukemi", the art of falling properly to avoid injury. All Judo practitioners wear a judogi and a belt. Judo is practiced on mats for safety.
Judo Philosophy
The main principles of Judo are " Maximum Efficiency " and " Mutual Welfare and Benefit ." The goal of maximum efficiency teaches the judoka to use the least amount of physical strength necessary to throw an opponent. This is accomplished by proper use of technique and timing. The goal of mutual welfare and benefit was an extension of Dr. Kano's belief that Judo could help the individual become a better member of society. Dr. Kano felt that the personal discipline that Judo taught would extend beyond the dojo into daily life and could allow the judoka to become a more productive member of society.
Judo as a Sport
In 1964, Judo became the first martial art to be sanctioned as a medal sport in the Olympic Games. Judo competitions are also held throughout the world. Points are awarded for throwing an opponent, holding an opponent on his back while on the mat for a designated amount of time, or forcing an opponent to submit via "tapping out" to an armlock or choke or rendering the opponent unconscious with a choke. A match is won with a "perfect throw" called an Ippon, two near perfect throws called Wazari, holding an opponent on his back on the mat for 25 seconds, a combination of one Wazari and holding an opponent down for 20 seconds, or submitting an opponent with a choke or armlock. Members of the Notre Dame Judo Club are registered as amateur athletes in the State of Indiana through the state judo governing body, Indiana Judo Inc. Members are offered frequent opportunities to compete. However, competition is not necessary for membership in the club.
Other Aspects About Judo
People practice Judo for many different reasons such as exercise, self-defense, a social activity and for many practitioners Judo becomes a way of life. But if you ask most judoka why they train Judo, they will say that the practice Judo because it is fun. Judo is a great exercise routine. It promotes flexibility, develops speed and co-ordination, strengthens the cardiovascular system, and promotes balanced muscular development. Many Judo techniques can also be employed as a means of self-defense. The throws and chokeholds of Judo are particularly effective if one is forced to deal with an assailant. Judo ranks are awarded for developing proficiency in certain techniques and for regular practice. All judoka begin as white belts. Over time, they may earn a yellow belt, green belt, three degrees of brown belt, and finally a black belt.
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| Judo |
What was the first name of late US actor Steve McQueen? | Martial Arts Explained | POPSUGAR Fitness
Martial Arts Explained
by Fitness
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I am always looking for a new way to exercise and keep myself healthy. I've always thought about trying martial arts, partly to learn self-defense skills, but more for the mind and body strengthening aspect.
There are many styles including Stand-Up, Ground Fighting, Throwing, and Meditative. And each style has many different kinds within them. Once you get a sense of each, then you'll be able to pick which one might be right for you.
Stand-Up Style
Karate - Originated in Okinawa, it's considered Japanese, but has its roots in China. Karate uses linear footwork and stances that emphasize power in technique. Many women began taking Karate as a form of self-defense.
Kung Fu - A Chinese martial art, it literally means "hard work." There are more than 400 different types of Kung Fu, and each one has its own unique set of characteristics.
Tae Kwon Do (also written as Taekwondo ) - A Korean martial art, it's famous for its fast, high spinning kicks.
I'm just getting started. Want to see the rest? Then
Ground Fighting Style
Jujitsu - A Japanese martial art that means "gentle," or "compliant." It's all about yielding to the force provided by an opponent's attack. There's also a lot of throwing, pinning, joint-locking, and strangling (how lovely), kind of like wrestling.
Sambo - A modern martial art developed in Russia. It is an abbreviation that means "self-defense without a weapon." It's also similar to wrestling.
Throwing
Judo - A modern Japanese martial art that means "gentle way." It's very competitive. The object is to either throw one's opponent to the ground, immobilize or subdue one's opponent with a grappling maneuver, or force an opponent to submit by joint locking the elbow or applying a choke. That doesn't sound very "gentle" to me.
Aikido - A Japanese martial art that's not about punching or kicking opponents. It focuses more on using your own energy to gain control of an opponent or to throw them away from you. It involves a lot of movement.
Meditative
Tai Chi - A Chinese martial art practiced as a sort of therapy to promote health and longevity. It involves much slower movements and deeper relaxation. It's a kind of moving meditation .
Qigong (also written Chi Gong) - It's an aspect of Chinese medicine that involves the coordination of different breathing patterns with various physical postures and motions of the body. Wow - that sounds a lot like yoga .
Fit's Tips: To get a better sense of which one you'd like, go and sit in on a class in your area. Since martial arts classes can tend to be mostly men, look for a school that offers women's classes so you'll feel more comfortable. Or better yet, find an all women school, like Seven Star Women's Kung Fu in Seattle - they even offer childcare while you train.
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Which fictional doctor is the central character in a series of books by Hugh Lofting? | Hugh Lofting Book List - FictionDB
Action Adventure
Apr-2013
Doctor Doolittle is an eminent character of the English literature. It has been developed in the numerous books by Hugh Lofting and gained much fame thanks to their related cinematographic adaptations. Although The Voyages of Doctor Doolittle (1922) ...
Action Adventure
Feb-2013
Doctor John Dolittle is the central character of a series of children's books by Hugh Lofting starting with the 1920 The Story of Doctor Dolittle. He is a doctor who shuns human patients in favour of animals, with whom he can speak in their own langu...
Action Adventure
Apr-2012
In Doctor Dolittle in the Moon Doctor Dolittle has landed on the Moon. He meets Otho Bludge the Moon Man, a Stone Age artist who was the only human on the Moon when it broke away from the Earth. The animals of the Moon flock to Doctor Dolittle, and h...
General Fiction
Apr-2012
In Doctor Dolittle's Circus the doctor needs money to pay off a voyage to Africa, so he joins a circus with the pushmi-pullyu as his attraction. He enlightens a circus owner who cares little for animals, fights against the practice of fox hunting and...
General Fiction
Apr-2012
Doctor Dolittle's Garden follows Lofting's Doctor Dolittle's Zoo. Tommy Stubbins, Dolittle's assistant, reports on Professor Quetch, curator of the Dog Museum. Meanwhile, the doctor has learned insect languages and hears ancient tales of a giant race...
General Fiction
Apr-2012
Doctor Dolittle's Return is lighter and more comic than other Dolittle books. Tommy Stubbins waits for Doctor Dolittle's return from the Moon. When the Doctor returns he is anxious to write of what he has experienced. This proves more difficult than ...
General Fiction
Apr-2012
MY name was Tommy Stubbins, son of Jacob Stubbins, the cobbler of Puddleby-on-the-Marsh; and I was nine and a half years old. At that time Puddleby was only quite a small town. A river ran through the middle of it; and over this river there was a ver...
| Doctor Dolittle |
In 1969, who became the youngest woman ever to be elected to British Parliament? | Near Fine
Not for sale
J.B. Lippincott Company, 1961. FIRST EDITION, later printings. Six volume set, same sized and coordinated color pictorial covers. Excellent condition, very clean and white and tightly bound throughout (former owner name crossed out in Dr. Dolittle's Return.) Illustrations by the author throughout, pages clean & bright, bindings tight & crisp. Six volumes in the set are : Doctor Dolittle's Zoo (gray, 338 pages), Doctor Dolittle's Caravan (blue, 342 pages), Dr. Dolittle's Circus (yellow, 379 pages), Doctor Dolittle In The Moon (orange, 307 pages), Dr. Dolittle's Return (red, 273 pages), and, Dr. Dolittle's Garden (green, 327 pages). "Doctor John Dolittle is the central character of a series of children's books by Hugh Lofting. He is a doctor who shuns human patients in favour of animals, with whom he can speak in their own languages. He later becomes a naturalist, using his abilities to speak with animals to better understand nature and the history of the world. Doctor Dolittle first saw light in the author's illustrated letters to children, written from the trenches during World War I when actual news, he later said, was either too horrible or too dull. The stories are set in early Victorian England, where Doctor John Dolittle lives in the fictional village of Puddleby-on-the-Marsh in the West Country. Doctor Dolittle has a few close human friends, including Tommy Stubbins and Matthew Mugg, the Cats'-Meat Man. The animal team includes Polynesia (a parrot), Gub-Gub (a pig), Jip (a dog), Dab-Dab (a duck), Chee-Chee (a monkey), Too-Too (an owl), the Pushmi-pullyu, and a White Mouse later named simply "Whitey"." Total of 1966 pages.
Rare Library collection . . . more than 40 years in the making
Each item in the collection was individually researched and secured based on its own merits
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What is the name of the drink consisting of Cider and lager in equal proportions? | snakebite - definition of snakebite in English | Oxford Dictionaries
Definition of snakebite in English:
snakebite
1The bite of a snake, especially a venomous one.
Example sentences
‘Each year, 7,000 venomous snakebites are reported in the United States.’
‘Although once popular, surgical intervention with fasciotomy for venomous snakebite is now reserved for selected rare cases and should never be performed prophylactically.’
‘Patients should be warned that most snakebites occur between April and October, when outdoor activities are common, and that simple precautions may help them avoid snake encounters.’
‘Renal failure is a common cause of delayed mortality from untreated snakebites in developing parts of the world.’
‘Although exotic snakes account for only a small percentage of venomous snakebites, the prevalence of these bites is increasing as the popularity of keeping exotic snakes as house pets continues to rise.’
2British A drink consisting of draught cider and lager in equal proportions.
Example sentences
‘We sat in the beer garden and had a drink, but Ghost and Eloise looked like they'd take AGES to finish their snakebite and blacks, so we - Tamsin, Al Fiendish and I - decided we'd go on to the venue itself and let the others catch up with us.’
‘Everyone in the back had been drinking snakebites for the best part of the evening, and it was half way down the motorway and one of them said ‘I feel a bit sick, you'll have to stop the van’.’
Pronunciation
Which of the following is a type of dance?
carioca
Which of the following is a type of dance?
bossa nova
Which of the following is a type of dance?
jota
Which of the following is a type of dance?
fandango
Which of the following is a type of dance?
Jameston
Which of the following is a type of dance?
frug
Which of the following is a type of dance?
ceroc
Which of the following is a type of dance?
turkey trot
Which of the following is a type of dance?
camogie
Which of the following is a type of dance?
polka
You scored /10 practise again?
Retry
Most popular in the world
Australia
| Snakebite |
A sou was a coin of low value in which European country? | Hard Cider's Hard Side: Random History, Reviews, and More - Host The Toast
Host The Toast
Hard Cider’s Hard Side: Random History, Reviews, and More
January 21, 2013
Hard cider (image via Tim Nauman )
There are a couple of things to be said about this. One, I’m a woman, and I know more about beer and whiskey and “manly” drinks than 90% of the men I know, so don’t go there. Two, I do order “girly” drinks sometimes. Why? Because they don’t taste like pine trees and rubbing alcohol. Be my guest and struggle to sip your straight gin, manly man, while I enjoy a party of citrusy goodness on my taste buds.
That being said, drinking hard cider isn’t feminine or soft at all… Hard cider is actually the anti-“girly” drink. In fact, hard cider has been the preferred drink of many Epic Bad-Asses in history.
Abraham Lincoln was an Epic Bad-Ass, and he enjoyed hard cider. Here we see him in a very historically accurate picture, riding his grizzly on a mission to get more hard cider. (Awesome artwork created by Jason Heuser . Look at his stuff.)
When Andrew Jackson was 13, he was captured by the British and became a Prisoner of War. A British commander then ordered Jackson to clean his boots, and Jackson basically told him to kick rocks, so the British commander swung at him with a sword. Jackson wound up with a cut to the bone in his hand and a horrible gash on his head, which he wore as a scar for the rest of his life.
And just in case you don’t think that scar earned Jackson the title of “American Bad-Ass”, how about you consider the one from his duel with long-time nemesis Charles Dickinson? As they stood, ready to shoot eachother, Jackson decided he wanted to let Dickinson shoot him first. Naturally, Dickinson took the opportunity. The bullet pierced Jackson’s chest, broke two ribs, and lodged itself only two inches from Jackson’s heart. Then, as Jackson grasped one hand over his wound, he slowly raised his other arm, aimed his pistol, shot back, and killed Dickinson. By the way, the duel started because Dickinson called Jackson a coward. Really.
This is Andrew Jackson’s happy face (via kued.org)
That bullet was never removed from Jackson’s body, nor were the the majority of bullets from all of the other times he was shot in duels. In fact, he had so many bullets in his body that it was said that his entire body rattled “like a bag of marbles”.
What does that have to do with anything, you ask? Well, bad-ass, manly Andrew Jackson drank a lot of hard cider.
So did George Washington. You know, the man who was largely responsible for winning America’s independence, and then became the first president.
John Adams drank a tankard of hard cider every morning for breakfast.
William Harrison actually won the presidential election in 1840 largely because of his association with hard cider.
Cartoon from Harrison’s campaign. Notice the barrel of hard cider.
In fact, almost all of the early US presidents drank hard cider. Still think hard cider isn’t macho enough for you? If you’d still be the type to order a “manly drink” and scoff at my cider in an act of self-aggrandizing glory, don’t be surprised if the spirits of all our powerful forefathers come back to haunt you.
Presidents (and everyone else in the US) only ever stopped drinking hard cider because of a series of unfortunate events. First there was Prohibition. Then, several harsh winters killed all of the apple trees. Then, those apple trees were replaced with different types of apple trees that could withstand the cold but weren’t good for cider.
Since then, there have been many attempts to break hard cider back into the mainstream drinking scene, but none have been very successful– until recently.
Hard Apple Cider (image via chow.com)
Hard cider is currently the fastest-growing segment in the alcohol industry, and for good reason. It tastes great, is comparable in price range and alcohol percentage to beer, and both men and women enjoy it. There is an almost equal percentage of hard cider drinkers belonging to each gender, while 80% of beer is consumed by men. Why is this a wonderful thing? Well, if you’re having people over and would like to keep everyone happy without having to buy many different kinds of alcohol, cider is probably the way to go.
Not to mention, hard cider is gluten-free (unlike beer), and it is also lower in fat than beer, making it a great choice for health-conscious drinkers and those with gluten intolerance. You know what they say– “A glass of hard apple cider a day…”
I’m not saying you should abandon beer for cider. No way. I love beer just as much as the next guy (or girl belonging to the 20% of beer consumers). I’m just saying you should give it a shot. You can even mix it WITH your beer… But I’ll talk about that more in a just a second.
1) Snakebite: This is probably the most common hard cider cocktail, and it consists of 50% hard cider and 50% lager. The best of both worlds.
2) Warm Apple Pie: Try this. Really, I’m telling you that if you have not and will not, you are missing out. Pour a shot of Fireball whiskey in a pint of hard cider and you wind up with your grandma’s apple pie in a glass. Honestly, I don’t even like apple pie, but even I love this drink. Delicious, and it’s got whiskey in it, which means you can’t go wrong here.
3) Green Apple Cider: I like the idea of combining shots of alcohol with beer (or in this case, cider), so here’s another example. Pour a shot of Midori melon liqueur in a pint of hard cider for a little extra sourness.
4) Schnider: Because peach schnapps is sickeningly sweet on its own, but is awesome when mixed with pretty much anything else, try it in your hard cider. Just like the other drinks, pour a shot into a pint of hard cider and enjoy.
5) Black Bird Cider: Not a big fan of peach? Try blackberry schnapps instead! Again, pour a shot of blackberry schnapps into a pint of hard cider. Honestly, you could do this with almost any fruity-flavored schnapps/liqueur.
So now you have some recipes for cocktails using hard cider, but what hard cider do you use? What about if you just want to drink it by itself? What should you get?
This is really a matter of taste, of course, and there are many, many different kinds of hard cider. I recently drank a few, so I’ll talk about those while they’re fresh in my mind. Feel free to review them yourself in the comments, or add reviews of different brands of hard cider I haven’t mentioned.
1) Strongbow: I once loved Strongbow. I feel like there is a bit of personal nostalgia attached to it, and the fact that it is difficult to find in the US makes it more desirable. However, I do have to say that in the hard cider family, it is the least flavorful, and I have moved on to greener pastures. It’s very carbonated, but as far as taste goes, it seems quite watered-down. If you’re looking for an alcoholic drink with just a slight hint of sweetness and apple, this is for you. If you’re looking for a genuine, cider-y taste, move along. You won’t find much of it here.
2) Original Sin: I was pleasantly surprised after trying Original Sin for the first time. It’s not cloyingly sweet like your typical hard ciders. The low carbonation and light body make this hard cider actually reminiscent of white wine. I can drink a few of these without feeling like I’m going to go into a sugar coma.
3) Woodchuck Amber Draft: This cider is cheap and an all-around good drinking cider. It’s got a moderate amount of carbonation, and I’d say it is moderate-high in sweetness. If you’re looking for a hard cider that tastes almost exactly like cider, this one is the one you want. I’ve got nothing bad to say about it really, but I prefer a little more depth of flavor in my hard ciders.
4) Angry Orchard Crisp Apple: I like Angry Orchard, but it is very sweet and tart. Still, the crispness and slight dryness of the drink make it very enjoyable, and give it slightly more of a beer-ish quality. I can’t imagine gulping it down quickly due to the sugar, but it is quite satisfying and refreshing to sip on.
There’s so much more to say about hard cider, and if you have some info or an opinion you’d like to share, be my guest. Do you think it’s “girly”? I’d love to hear what you have to say.
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Who was the first non-human to win an Oscar? | Who Was the First Non-Human to Win an Oscar?
Who Was the First Non-Human to Win an Oscar?
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In 1932, Disney's Mickey Mouse was the first non-human to win an Oscar. The Oscar was received by Walt Disney for the creation of Mickey Mouse as an Academy Honorary Award. That year, Disney's Mickey's Orphans was also nominated in the Best Animated Short Film category, but the Oscar went to another Disney film: Flowers and Trees.
More about the Oscars:
The first Oscars were presented in 1929 in a ceremony that lasted only 15 minutes.
The statuette awarded to winners is 13.5 inches (34 cm) tall and weighs 8.5 pounds (3.85 kg).
In 2003, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King won all 11 categories in which it was nominated.
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Viranty
Post 3
Last year, when many people saw Disney's Frozen in theater, little did they know that a Mickey Mouse short would be playing before it. Known as Get a Horse, while it might not be as good as the classics, it still does a decent job of capturing the feel of the older Mickey Mouse shorts. Combining new and old techniques, it really added to the theater experience. My point is that, after watching the short, it's easy to see why Mickey Mouse won an Oscar. Even though his old cartoons might be a bit dated, the new technology can combine with the old ones, to create an experience that would appeal to a newer generation just as much as it would to those who grew up in the early 1900's.
Euroxati
Post 2
@Hazali - While you do make some very good points, what caught my attention the most was when you mentioned that every main character needs a supporting cast. I wholeheartedly agree, especially with your references to Donald and Goofy.
Speaking of supporting characters, one thing that I've always thought possible was that Minnie was originally created as nothing more than a damsel in distress, and Pete was nothing more than Mickey's rival and foil.
After all, back in those days, there were a lot of black and white cartoons that centered around the main character having to rescue a female from train tracks, while the villain attempted to run her over. Perhaps Pete and Minnie were inspired from this.
Hazali
Post 1
While I do enjoy reading these tidbits, some of this actually confuses me a bit. The article discusses the first non-human to win an Oscar, Mickey Mouse himself. However, this kind of leads me to wonder how this is possible, if he's not even alive in the first place. However, maybe I'm just over analyzing things. It might just be referring to the character and its inspiration winning an Oscar.
Regardless of whether I agree with this article or not, I'm not surprised that he won an Oscar, and even more so, he definitely deserved it. Love him or hate him, Mickey Mouse is certainly one of the most iconic characters in animation history.
It really makes you wonder what the animation industry would be like had Mickey Mouse never been created. Speaking of which, I do wonder when Donald Duck and Goofy came into play, as they're always seen tagging along with Mickey. Perhaps these characters came around after inspiration for the mouse. After all, every main character needs a supporting cast.
| Mickey Mouse |
The Magic Fountain of Montjuic is in which European city? | The first non-human to win an Oscar was Mickey Mouse.
The first non-human to win an Oscar was Mickey Mouse.
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A San Francisco Highway Patrol Officer, called Kevin Briggs, has talked around 200 people out of suicide on the Golden Gate Bridge since 1994.
After OutKast sang 'Shake it like a Polaroid picture', Polaroid responded by saying 'Shaking or waving can actually damage the image.'
A cyclist was removed from the World Naked Bike Ride in Kent after being spotted with an erection from getting 'overexcited and aroused'.
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All the proceeds from J M Barrie’s novel ‘Peter Pan’ are bequeathed to which London hospital? | Children's hospital set to lose rights to Peter Pan | Business | The Guardian
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Time is running out for the boy who wouldn't grow up. Peter Pan's copyright expires at the end of the month ending a 70-year legacy for his custodians at Great Ormond Street children's hospital.
A vital source of funding for the hospital will come under threat from January 1 when Peter and his Neverland companions are thrust into the public domain. Author JM Barrie bequeathed all the rights to Peter Pan to the hospital in 1929 and they have provided badly needed funds ever since.
But with the 70th year after Barrie's death in 1937 coming to an end, Peter Pan will be fair game for any budding sequel writers and Great Ormond Street children's hospital will lose another chunk of revenues.
At the time of his bequest, newspapers estimated Barrie's gift would raise some £2,000 each year for the hospital. But few suspected Peter would still be featuring in so many plays, books and films more than a century after Barrie's stage version was first performed at London's Duke of York's theatre in December 1904.
More than 10 feature films have been based on the story, including Hook, starring Robin Williams, and the more recent Finding Neverland with Johnny Depp as Barrie.
Typically when copyright expires on a book, play, song or artwork, it is a handful of the creator's relatives who stand to lose out. But the Peter Pan expiry — and the potential loss of funding for one of Britain's best-known hospitals — is likely to invigorate the copyright term debate.
When some order was first brought to global copyright under the Berne Convention of 1886, the intention was to reward authors and the first two generations of their descendants, explains Mark Owen, head of intellectual property at law firm Harbottle & Lewis. Copyright now expires 70 years after an author's death.
But in an age where characters and works survive for longer and in more media than ever before, copyright cut-off points are increasingly coming into question, he adds.
Peter Pan is a key example of a work which has had the full modern media treatment, with numerous print versions, films, animated features, TV programmes, stage adaptations and merchandise.
"Expiry of the Peter Pan copyright is likely therefore to provide further fuel for the ongoing debate about how long copyright should last, and whether term of protection currently afforded by copyright law is long enough both to reward fairly the author's creativity and to enable adequate control of the work's legacy," says Owen.
For Great Ormond Street, however, a special UK legal exception makes the situation less dramatic than it might have been.
The various uses of Peter Pan that have given the hospital money throughout most of the years since Barrie's death in 1937, will continue in the UK at least thanks to former prime minister Jim Callaghan.
Encouraged by his wife Audrey, who was a chairwoman of Great Ormond Street, Callaghan successfully campaigned to get the UK's 1988 copyright act amended to give the hospital the unique right to royalties from stage performances of Peter Pan and any adaptation of the play forever.
That right continues in the UK beyond December 31 but elsewhere in Europe nothing will be owed on any stage performance, film, TV show or book.
"Just like any other major classic [such as] Alice in Wonderland, or Dickens, or anything like that, it's in the public domain, so people can publish it," says Christine De Poortere, Peter Pan director at Great Ormond Street Hospital Children's Charity.
European publishers and theatre producers can choose to make a donation in place of the royalties paid up until now, but De Poortere is doubtful. "To be honest, Great Ormond Street doesn't mean much to people on the continent."
"If European publishers want to make donations, that would be great — it would be the cherry on the cake — but I don't expect them to."
The hospital has abided by Barrie's wishes expressed in his will and always kept the proceeds from Peter Pan a closely guarded secret. With copyright expiry looming, De Poortere is at pains to point out the revenues are "significant", but not as great as many suspect.
"People who talk about millions a year have a strange idea of what a character is worth," she says. "On the whole, it's been significant but I wouldn't call it huge. I am on my own doing the Peter Pan administration, but I am part of a charity that has 100 people."
If the newspapers of 1929 were right about proceeds of £2,000 a year, that would be £90,000 a year in today's money, according to the Office for National Statistics.
Whatever the amount, the hospital has been concerned about the copyright expiry for years, having had a taste of the blow to revenues in 1987.
Back then, old laws making copyright term an author's death plus 50 years - changed in 1996 to 70 years - meant all revenues from Peter Pan stopped overnight.
Of course, Callaghan's UK royalty law means Great Ormond Street will not have to suffer the complete drop-off of 1987. The Peter Pan director says several mitigating plans are in place nonetheless.
"We might have some loss but we hope not," says De Poortere, citing the hospital's Peter Pan week next March. "We are promoting the whole idea of Peter Pan and in the UK it will never go away. Also, the link with Great Ormond Street is in people's minds and goodwill and they want to work with us on that."
Much of the hospital's hopes are down to Peter Pan in Scarlet, the winner of a competition to become the classic's official sequel. Commissioned in 2004, well in advance of the original's copyright expiry, the new tale by Geraldine McCaughrean has already been translated into 37 lanaguages and printed in 40 editions.
The film rights have been optioned to Headline Pictures, working with BBC Films and the UK Film Council. In the meantime, the Peter Pan week is designed to raise the profile of McCaughrean's book further while also raising more than £300,000 to help fund a new renal unit.
| Great Ormond Street Hospital |
Which type of cheese is traditionally used in a Cobb Salad? | History | Great Ormond Street Hospital Children's Charity
Barrie requested that the amount raised from Peter Pan should never be revealed, and the hospital has always honoured his wishes.
Legacy
Although he and his wife were childless, Barrie loved children and had supported Great Ormond Street Hospital for many years.
In 1929 he was approached to sit on a committee to help buy some land so that the hospital could build a much needed new wing. Barrie declined to serve on the committee but said that he "hoped to find another way to help".
Two months later, the hospital board was stunned to learn that Sir James had handed over all his rights to Peter Pan.
At a Guildhall dinner later that year Barrie, as host, claimed that Peter Pan had been a patient in Great Ormond Street Hospital and that "it was he who put me up to the little thing I did for the hospital".
JM Barrie dedication plaque
So began the enduring link between the author and the children of Great Ormond Street Hospital.
On 14 December 1929, at Barrie’s suggestion, the cast of a London production of Peter Pan came to the hospital and they played out the nursery scene for the children, the first of a long tradition.
Peter Pan archives and memorials
Peter Pan and memorials to J M Barrie can be found throughout the hospital, for example:
A bronze statue of Peter Pan and Tinker Bell outside the hospital entrance.
A plaque dedicated to Barrie in the hospital chapel (unveiled in 1938 by J B Priestley).
Tinker Bell play area in Octav Botnar Wing.
A tiled mural created and donated by the art students of the University of Wolverhampton.
You can view some of these archives and memorials in our Peter Pan photo gallery .
Please note that the hospital is not a public place and some of the memorials are not accessible to the general public.
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‘Whispering’ Ted Lowe was a commentator for which sport? | Snooker commentator 'Whispering' Ted Lowe dies at 90 | Daily Mail Online
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Ever since television began bringing live action to the masses in Britain, each sport has become associated with a commentating doyen.
Rugby union had Bill McLaren, racing Sir Peter O’Sullevan, tennis Dan Maskell and cricket — somewhat curiously, though completely deservedly — a former Australian captain named Richie Benaud.
In snooker, it was Ted Lowe, or rather Whispering Ted Lowe, who died on Sunday at the age of 90, a few hours before the start of the World Championship final at The Crucible in Sheffield. I can still see him poking his head under a gradually lowering screen that divides one table from the other.
Voice of reason: Lowe was dubbed 'Whispering Ted' for his BBC commentaries
WORDS OF TRIBUTE
'He had a lovely, lovely voice. To hear his voice and have him commentating on the 1985 final (when Taylor dramatically beat Steve Davis) makes it special.
'No praise is high enough, I had such great times with him, and I couldn’t have learned from anyone better.'
Dennis Taylor
He was a nondescript bespectacled little man, the son of a jockey, brought up in the horse racing heartland of Lambourn. But his hushed voice, born of necessity, and flair for economic description gained the indispensable qualities of instant recognition and viewer trust.
As he explained in a 2007 interview, Lowe whispered because his first broadcasts from the Leicester Square Hall, which he managed, came from among the spectators, four rows from the action to be precise.
‘I was scared to death commentating on Joe Davis, who was a god to me,’ he recalled. ‘Of course, sitting in the crowd I was terrified they would hear what I had to say, so I started whispering. The producer loved it.’
In our thoughts: Ken Doherty, John Parrott and Steve Davis join in a minute's applause in memory of Ted Lowe
WORDS OF TRIBUTE
'He had an impish sense of humour and while cricket had its John Arlott, Wimbledon had its Dan Maskell, we had Ted Lowe.
'He was one of the BBC greats. Those hushed tones, “Whispering Ted” — it’s a sad day for snooker. He’ll be sadly missed.'
John Virgo
So it stayed with him over half a century of commentating, from the early black and white days to the arrival of Pot Black, the advent of colour, that unforgettable final-black 1985 final between Dennis Taylor and Steve Davis watched by a record BBC2 audience of 18.5million and his ultimate retirement after the 1996 World Championship.
Inevitably, a few ‘Colemanballs’ also stayed with him to the end.
‘For those of you watching in black and white, the pink is next to the green,’ is the most often repeated — so many times and with so many different colours involved that no-one seems to know the exact quotation.
Former glories: Dennis Taylor eyes a long pot during his memorable Crucible win over Steve Davis
WORDS OF TRIBUTE
'He had been poorly for the last 10 weeks and had been in a hospice for the last week.
'For two days I never left his side, but I could see he was slowly going.
'He still loved snooker and was watching it on TV this week.'
Jean Lowe (Lowe’s widow, to whom he had been married for 21 years).
'The audience are literally electrified and glued to their seats,' was another. In a curious way, however, they have become badges of honour, retold with affection, about a man invited into our living rooms.
If truth be known, I favoured not the gaffes or lyrical gems but his silences.
Ted Lowe was a graduate of a school of commentators long closed. He had the confidence to let the action breathe and do its own talking.
So much so that when he collapsed one year in the commentary box at Wembley during the Masters and colleague Rex Williams went to get help, not one viewer telephoned the BBC to enquire about 15 minutes of silence, punctuated only by the click of the balls.
Gone but not forgotten: Ted Lowe will be remembered as one of the great sports commentators
You could not go 15 seconds these days without some inane contribution about the Wizard of Wishaw.
‘(Ted) set a standard for us all,’ John Virgo, one of the Beeb’s regular voices, said yesterday. ‘He was one of the BBC greats.’
And as each great passes into the great commentary box in the sky, we feel our age that little bit more.
| Snooker |
What does an arctophile collect? | Ted Lowe - Telegraph
TV & Radio Obituaries
Ted Lowe
Ted Lowe, who died on May 1 aged 90, was the voice of snooker for more than half a century, during which his famous "whispering" commentary style made him a household name.
Ted Lowe Photo: KEVIN HOLT
7:04PM BST 01 May 2011
Lowe's unmistakable hushed tones earned him the nickname "Whispering Ted", in his role as the BBC's lead commentator on Pot Black, the programme he devised in 1969.
Perhaps his greatest moment came in 1985 when he mesmerised 18.5 million viewers with his sotto voce tones as Dennis Taylor beat Steve Davis on the last black of a gripping world snooker championship final at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield.
Only after his retirement in 1996 did Lowe reveal how he earned his reputation as snooker's most soporific voice. In 1946 the commentator Raymond Glendenning was broadcasting every evening in a 10-minute radio slot from the Leicester Square snooker hall, then the home of professional snooker in the West End of London.
As the venue's general manager, Lowe had the job of scribbling the scores for the commentator on a piece of paper. But one evening Glendenning turned up the worse for wear.
The desperate producer turned to Lowe and said: "Young man, quick, you have to take over!"
But Lowe hesitated. One of the directors of the venue – and his boss – was Joe Davis, one of the greatest figures in postwar snooker, who was playing that night.
In order that his commentary would not be heard by Davis, playing only feet away, Lowe decided to speak as quietly as he could so that the great man would not hear him. Afterwards Lowe thought he had made a mess of it, but the producer came up and told him: "You were absolutely fabulous".
"That's how it all began," Lowe recalled. "I stuck to it and made a career from it."
Edwin Charles Ernest Lowe was born on November 1 1920 at Lambourn, Berkshire, and came from a horse racing background. His father was an apprentice jockey before joining the trainer Ossie Bell as travelling head lad.
As a boy, Ted remembered Felstead winning the Derby in 1928 and his father leading the horse home to the village from Epsom. His mother's family were publicans which, as he explained "gave me a lovely mixture between horses and pubs".
He was still at school when he started playing billiards at his aunt's pub, the Lamb at Lambourn. It was his good fortune to be sent to some relations in south London who had a pub with a full-sized snooker table.
"I was terribly lucky," he recalled. "Being fairly proficient at the game, I got into a snooker club and I cheekily wrote to the great Joe Davis asking him to open the club. Behind my back, some people told him that I was a good young player so he challenged me to a game. I beat him with a four-black start."
On the strength of his achievement Lowe was taken on as manager of the Leicester Square Hall, where he also started broadcasting.
Like many sports commentators, Lowe had been known to utter the occasional gaffe. He was famous for murmuring: "And for those of you who are watching in black and white, the pink is next to the green".
On another occasion he observed that Fred Davis, struggling to keep a knee on the edge of the table in order to reach a long shot, "is getting on a bit and is having trouble getting his leg over".
Once, having over-refreshed himself the night before, a hung-over Lowe crumpled up during the first frame of a match between Cliff Thorburn and Doug Mountjoy. While an ambulance was summoned, eight minutes of play passed in funereal silence.
As Lowe was placed on a stretcher, his earpiece popped out like a champagne cork. Asked the next day how he felt, Lowe replied: "I'm all right apart from a sore ear."
He was appointed MBE in 1995
Ted Lowe is survived by his wife, Jean.
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What are baby beavers called? | What do you call a baby beaver? | Reference.com
What do you call a baby beaver?
A:
Quick Answer
Baby beavers are called kittens, or "kits" for short. Female beavers give birth to litters of two to five kits. Newborn kits stay inside their lodge for the first month of life.
Full Answer
Beavers live in a family unit for the first two years of their lives. Beavers typically mate and give birth to new litters every year. For this reason, beaver lodges usually house several generations of the animals at any given time. This works well for these animals because they are very social and work well together as a family unit. After two years, baby beavers are forced out of the lodge to begin life on their own.
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Which US President had a new one-lane bowling alley installed at The Whitehouse in the 1960’s? | Beavers, Beaver Pictures, Beaver Facts - National Geographic
Size relative to a 6-ft (2-m) man
Please add a "relative" entry to your dictionary.
Beavers are famously busy, and they turn their talents to reengineering the landscape as few other animals can. When sites are available, beavers burrow in the banks of rivers and lakes. But they also transform less suitable habitats by building dams. Felling and gnawing trees with their strong teeth and powerful jaws, they create massive log, branch, and mud structures to block streams and turn fields and forests into the large ponds that beavers love.
Domelike beaver homes, called lodges, are also constructed of branches and mud. They are often strategically located in the middle of ponds and can only be reached by underwater entrances. These dwellings are home to extended families of monogamous parents, young kits, and the yearlings born the previous spring.
Beavers are among the largest of rodents. They are herbivores and prefer to eat leaves, bark, twigs, roots, and aquatic plants.
These large rodents move with an ungainly waddle on land but are graceful in the water, where they use their large, webbed rear feet like swimming fins, and their paddle-shaped tails like rudders. These attributes allow beavers to swim at speeds of up to five miles (eight kilometers) an hour. They can remain underwater for 15 minutes without surfacing, and have a set of transparent eyelids that function much like goggles. Their fur is naturally oily and waterproof.
There are two species of beavers, which are found in the forests of North America, Europe, and Asia. These animals are active all winter, swimming and foraging in their ponds even when a layer of ice covers the surface.
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US singer and musician William James Adams is better known by what name? | will.i.am | Music News and Videos - Yahoo Music
Sexy, Electronic/Dance, Rap/Hip-Hop, Pop, Pop Rap, Dance Pop, Miscellaneous
Biography:
William James Adams, Jr. (born March 15, 1975), better known by his stage name will.i. am ("will I am") is an American rapper, musician, songwriter, singer, entrepreneur, actor, DJ and producer. He came to prominence in the late 1990s as a member of the hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas The group consists of rappers will.i. am, apl. de. ap, and Taboo, and singer Fergie. Since the release of their third album Elephunk in 2003, the group has sold an estimated 56 million records worldwide. LessWilliam James Adams, Jr. (born March 15, 1975), better known by his stage name will.i. am ("will I am") is an American rapper, … More
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What value, in points, is the purple ball in a game of ‘Snooker Plus’? | will.i.am | Genius
AKA: Will Adams and Will.i.am (Black Eyed Peas)
@iamwillBEP
About will.i.am
William James Adams Jr., better known as will.i.am, is an American musician from Los Angeles, California.
In 1988, he formed a hip-hop group called “Atban Klann” with 2 fellow classmates. The group was soon discovered by rapper Eazy-E and they were signed to Ruthless Records.
After Eazy’s death in ‘95, the group was moved to Interscope Records, changing their name to “The Black Eyed Peas” and replacing one member with Jaime Gomez (Taboo.)
Since then, will.i.am has won numerous awards for his work in music, releasing multiple successful albums, such as #willpower.
Popular will.i.am songs
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What type of creature is a malimbe? | YETTY CREATIVITY
YETTY CREATIVITY
It's all about nature right here. Be it real pictures or drawings
Monday, 15 June 2015
BIRDS FOUND IN NIGERIA...
It will surprise you to know that there are about 940 species of bird in Nigeria, which are classified as ENDEMIC and ACCIDENTAL.
According to checklist of Birds of the World, Accidental birds are not endemic to Nigeria they just happen to be found here! And amazingly way more than the endemic ones!
Endemic birds are therefore, birds specifically found in Nigeria, and they are grouped into FOUR namely:
THE IBADAN MALIMBE
The Ibadan malimbe (Malimbus ibadanensis) is a rare species of Bird.
It is endemic to Nigeria , where it is known only from the southwestern part of the country. It was first discovered in 1951 and was common at one point, but forest clearing made it rare.
Identification
The bird is about 20 centimeters long. The male is black with a red head and breast. The female has smaller red areas.
The bird forages in pairs or small groups, sometimes alongside the red-headed malimbe (Malimbus rubricollis).
Habitat
It lives in forest and woodland habitat, including degraded areas.
THE ANAMBRA WAXBILL
The Anambra waxbill (Estrilda poliopareia) is another specie of bird found in wetter land of southern Nigeria .
Identification
The anambra waxbill is approximately 12cm long. This species of a dun-coloured finch with reddish brown bill and rump. If looked at closely, it has very fine barring on it upper parts, sides of breast and flanks, with unusual pal eyes. It has a typical waxbill-like tzzt... call.
Habitat
The Anambra waxbill lives in small flocks of up to 20 birds or more. It appears to be found at southern Nigeria , and is known with certainty from only five reported sightings. It is usually found in long grass along rivers, lagoon sandbanks, marshes, swamps and forest. It feeds principally on grass seeds taken from seedheads.
ROCK FIREFINCH
The Rock firefinch (Lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis) is another specie found in northern Nigeria . It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 29,000 km². The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern .
Identification
The Rock firefinch has a blue-grey bill, red back in the male and reddish brown back in the female and juvenile and broad primaries in both the adult and juvenile.
Location
It is commonly found in bushy and rocky outcrops on the Jos Plateau . It probably feeds on grass seeds. Yea, think i remember this particular bird while in Jos!!!!
JOS PLATEAU INDIGOBIRD
The Jos Plateau indigobird (Vidua maryae) is a species of bird in the Viduidae family. Also endemic to Nigeria .
It lays its eggs in the nest of the rock firefinch which is also restricted to Nigeria. Because of their inability to incubate their eggs, they lay their eggs in the nest of the rock firefinch and then take away the exact number of laid eggs from the host bird in order to avoid suspicion from the host bird . After hatching they exhibit dominance against the hatchlings of the rock firefinchers.
Their breeding seasons are all round the year but more pronounced during the cold Harmattan period between July and December.
Habitat
Its natural habitats are dry woodland and shrubland in rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss .
If you want to know and learn more about the Accidental Birds, keep a date!!!
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CROSS RIVER PRIMATES
Cross River gorillas are found in a river forest called the AFI MOUNTAIN. It is a wildlife sanctuary created specifically for the purpose of conserving these endangered gorillas and other primates alike in Nigeria and Cameroon!
The sanctuary is currently managed by the Cross River State Forestry Commission with support from a partnership of conservation NGOs.
Aside the gorillas, Afi mountain also contain beautiful monkeys called the drills.
A close relative of the mandrill baboon, which were thought to have gone extinct in Nigeria, until they were discovered again by a couple Liza and Peter Jenkins.
Determined to stop the extinction of the drills, in 1991 Liza set up the first in-situ captive breeding and rehabilitation center for any endangered primate in Africa in the mountainous Afi River Forest Reserve.
It was reported that drills have reproduced poorly in Zoos, but the Drill Rehab and Breeding center (DRBC) has recorded over 150 births to rehabilitated parents and their offspring, making the project the world's most successful captive breeding program for an endangered primate. Thumbs up for the Jenkins!!!!!
The interesting part is, it has attracted many tourists whom have testified how beautiful this place is. It gives you the de ja vu of being part of nature! Here you can watch the sun rise and set.
You walk on the wobbly but safe canopy walk up in trees which are hundreds of years old and swim in the natural spring.
How amazing right???This is just the tip of the iceberg! You need to visit to understand what these tourists mean. And for you to have the feel yourself, I mean the de ja vu of being part of nature?You need to visit!
And if planning for an holiday,excursion, honeymoon etc, AFI MOUNTAIN is a place to be!!!
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HIPPOS IN NIGERIA....
You will be surprised to know that God has blessed Nigeria with her own wildlife but,the sad news is this, there are no good conservative measures put in place to take care of this wildlife.
Who would have thought we've got Hippopotamus in our rivers. According to research, hippos are widely distributed through out Nigeria, occurring in kainji Lake, Yobe, Adamawa State, Benue River and a number of game reserves.
In a report sometimes ago, there seems to be only 200 hippos in Nigeria with no more than 100 in Yankari Game Reserve and up to 56 in kanji Lake National Park under conservation. Which to some extent, it is satisfactory according to some conservationist, while to some, it is not!
FACTS ABOUT HIPPOS:
Although they are herbivores (feed on plants), they are extremely aggressive and unpredictable,fighting rival creatures and each other to defend their territories or offspring.
Male hippo can weigh three tons or more, and has been known to attack both in water (capsizing boats) and on land.
Can run incredibly fast despite its large size.
It has the largest and mightiest jaws and longest canines than any mammal.
It can cut an adult crocodile in halves. Imagine then what it can do to man!!!!!
THREAT:
Main threats to survival are meat poaching and of habitat.
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Kaduna is the State Capital of Kaduna State in the northern-western Nigeria, on the Kaduna River. And it is no news that they State have got lots of Crocodiles living in its waters.
The State is even named after crocodile that is, KADA in the native Hausa language.
According to Crocodiles experts, Crocodiles are expert at hiding, that is why they have survived on earth for so long.
And why they are ultimate killers in water.
They know how to keep quite and go unnoticed, it is in their nature. Because of this nature of theirs, there has been cases of crocodiles creeping on people without them knowing.
Have you ever imagined waking up dreamily early in the morning, and the next thing you find under your bed is a Croc.??? As for me,jezzzz.... I will go haywire and cream out my life!!!!
Well, this happened to a man in Zimbabwe. If you think I am bluffing, check out this pix.
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LIONS IN NIGERIAN BUSHES
There has been several questions about whether Lions are found in Nigeria an in Africa as a whole. And here is the truth according to TOTAL FACTS ABOUT NIGERIA, it says " Lions are scarcely seen roaming the bushes of Nigeria, however, there are some caged ones in different Nigeria Zoos. "
It also says that, lots of Lions can be found in Yankari Game Reserve in Bauchi State. Where Lions and other animals present there are kept save and allowed to roam free without the fear of been killed by poachers. You can visit just as I plan to do so someday!
However, most of the Lions you may likely find in Nigeria are imported from other countries of the world.
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Black-necked spitting cobra
WEST AFRICAN CARPET VIPER
The West African carpet viper with the botanical name (Echis ocellatus) is 1 to 2 feet long with speckled light to dark brown dorsal scales and a light coloured belly. It ranges through out Nigeria in its natural habitat of forest edges and Savannah, up to 3,000 feet above sea level.
The carpet viper acount for the 90% of snakes bite in Nigeria and 60% of human sankebite fatalities- mostly famers and young children, according to the Medical Journal of Therapeutics. Its potent hemotoxic venom makes it the most dengerous snake in Africa and, in terms of morbidity, the most dangerous snake in the world. Victims experience blistering, hemorrhaging and tissue damage that may result in necrosis.
GABOON VIPER
The gaboon viper with the botanical name (Bitis gabonica) hunts rodents ,birds and frogs during the evening hours. It range through out the tropical rainforests and other moist regions of East and West central Africa.
It also ranges from 4 to 6 feet in length and it brown colour and leaf-shaped head provide excellent
camouflage under the leaves on the forest floor.
Infamous for having the longest fangs among snakes, up to 2 inches, the gaboon viper is known for the several snakesbites in Nigeria each year. Its venom is deadly to humans if not treated promptly.
PUFF ADDER
The puff adder (Bitis arietans) is distributed through North Africa. Non aggressive and sluggish, It is responsible for 60% of reported snakes bites, making it one of the most deadliest, Its potent venom is cytotoxic and injected by front-hinged fangs that folds out when the mouth opens and retracted when it closes.
Human victim of such bites dies if not treated within 26 hours or deep necrosis may set in, requiring amputation of affected body part....wow!!!!!!!!
3 feet long with dull yellow, orange, brown and beige markings providing excellent camouflage. Habitat- open grassland, savanna,open woodlands and rocky outcrops,they are prey upon rodents and birds.
BLACK-NECKED SPITTING COBRA
The black-necked spitting cobra (Naja nigricollis) spits when provoked. Highly venomous, responsible for many human bites every year, Its ranges from Nigeria and Namibia.
It has olive-brown colour with a black back and yellow to red underbelly, dark-coloured throat band.
It prey on toads,lizards, grasshoppers and rodents. 4 to 6 feet long.
Now you know few snakes you must run away from especially, if you don't wanna get a part of you amputated. But of them all, you can still pick the one you admire most. As for me, it is the COBRA, beautiful and intelligent.
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GORILLAS, CLOSEST RELATIVES OF HUMANS
Gorillas are the closest relatives of humans. Gorillas are different from monkeys for a variety of reasons:
They are larger, walk up right for a larger period of time, dont have tails and have much larger, more developed brains.
There are four subspecies of gorillas:
The eastern low land gorilla
The mountain gorilla
The western low land gorilla
And the cross river gorilla
Gorilla have arms longer than than their legs and tend to walk on all their four limbs at certain times- a movement called "knuckle walking."
Adult males are known as SLIVER-BACK due to the distinctive silver coloured hair on their backs.
DIET
Gorillas are-herbivores and eat leaves,shoots,roots,vines and fruits.
BEHAVIOUR
Gorillas are ground dwelling and live in groups of 6-12 with the oldest and largest sliver-back leading a family of females, their young and younger males called BLACK-BACKS.
The sliver-back makes the decision on when his groups wakes up, eats, moves and rest for the night. because it his duty to protect his family all the time.
The sliver-back tends to be the most aggressive. In such situations, he beats his chest and charge at the perceive of threat.
An amazing fact about gorillas is that, they show great sense of emotion that is mind blowing!!!
check this out....
| Bird |
Which sport is the subject of the 1996 film ‘Happy Gilmour’? | Birds beginning with B
Birds beginning with B
Babbling Starling
Bachman's sparrow - Bachman's Sparrow, Aimophila aestivalis, is a small American sparrow that is endemic to the southeastern United States. This species was named in honor of Reverend John Bachman.
Bachman's wood warbler - Bachman's Warbler is possibly extinct, and was most likely never common. The last confirmed sightings were in 1988 and before that in 1961 in South Carolina. The Bachman's Warbler's last stronghold was in I'on Swamp, South Carolina. Habitat destruction was probably the main cause of its disappearance. Its extinction is not yet officially announced, because habitat remaining in Congaree National Park needs to be surveyed. Furthermore, on January 14, 2002, a bird reminiscent of a female Bachman's Warbler was filmed at Guardalavaca, Cuba. As Vermivora warblers are not known to live more than about 7 years, if the identification is correct it would imply that a breeding population managed to survive undiscovered for decades.
Baer's Pochard - It is similar in size and stance to its close relative the Ferruginous Duck , although the coloration of the drakes is entirely different. Baer's Pochard males are similar to those of the Greater Scaup , but have a dark back and upper flanks; the white lower flanks and belly are conspicuous. The females of Baer's Pochard and the Ferruginous Duck are quite similar, but that holds true for the females of almost all Aythya species.
Baglafecht Weaver
Bahama duck - This species was first described by Linnaeus in his Systema naturae in 1758 under its current scientific name.
Bahama Swallow - This glossy Tachycineta swallow has a green head and back, blue upper wings, a black tail and wingtips, and a white belly and chin.
Bahama Yellowthroat - It is closely related to Common Yellowthroat, Altamira Yellowthroat and Belding's Yellowthroat, with which it forms a superspecies, and was formerly considered conspecific.
Bahaman mockingbird - The Bahama Mockingbird is a species of bird in the Mimidae family. It is found in the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica and the Turks and Caicos Islands, and is a vagrant to the United States. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, and heavily degraded former forest.
Bahaman parrot - The Cuban Amazon is a medium-sized parrot 28–33 centimetres long.
Bahaman woodstar - The Bahama Woodstar is a species of hummingbird.
Bahia Spinetail - The Bahia Spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariidae family. It is endemic to Brazil.
Bahia Tapaculo - The Bahia Tapaculo is a species of bird in the Rhinocryptidae family. It is endemic to lowland Atlantic forests in Bahia, Brazil. Until recently, it was feared extinct, but has since been rediscovered and is now known from the municipalities of Ilhéus, Maraú, Taperoá, Valença. It remains highly threatened by habitat loss and is consequently considered critically endangered by BirdLife International and IUCN. Together with the closely related White-breasted Tapaculo, it was formerly placed in the genus Scytalopus, but these two species are now known to be closer to the bristlefronts .
Bahia Tyrannulet - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Baikal teal - At between 39 and 43 cm, this duck is slightly larger and longer-tailed than the Common Teal. The breeding male is unmistakable, with a striking green nape, yellow and black auriculars, neck, throat. It has a dark crown, and its breast is light brown with dark spots. It has long dropping dark scapulars, and its grey sides are set off on the fron and rear with white bars.
Bailey's chickadee - The Mountain Chickadee is a small songbird, a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae. Often, it is still placed in the genus Parus with most other tits, but mtDNA cytochrome b sequence data and morphology suggest that separating Poecile more adequately expresses these birds' relationships . The American Ornithologists' Union has been treating Poecile as a distinct genus for some time.
Baillon's Crake - Their breeding habitat is sedge beds in Europe, mainly in the east, and across Asia. They used to breed in Great Britain up to the mid-19th century, but the western European population declined through drainage. They nest in a dry location in wet sedge bogs, laying 4-8 eggs. This species is migratory, wintering in east Africa and south Asia.
Baird's cormorant - The Pelagic Cormorant , also known as Baird's Cormorant, is a small member of the cormorant family Phalacrocoracidae. Analogous to other smallish cormorants, it is also called Pelagic Shag occasionally. This seabird lives along the coasts of the northern Pacific; during winter it can also be found in the open ocean.
Baird's Flycatcher - The Baird's Flycatcher is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family. It is found in Ecuador and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and heavily degraded former forest.
Baird's Sandpiper - The Baird's Sandpiper is a small shorebird. It is among those calidrids sometimes separated in Erolia.
Baird's sparrow - These birds have a large bill, a large flat head, and a short forked tail. They have brown upper parts and white underparts, with streaking on the back, breast, and flanks. The face, nape, and crown stripe are yellowish.
Baker's Imperial-Pigeon - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Bald Eagle - Breeding resident Breeding summer visitor, Winter visitor On migration only
Bald Ibis - This large, glossy, blue-black ibis has an unfeathered red face and head, and a long, decurved red bill. It breeds colonially on and amongst rocks and on cliffs, laying 2-3 eggs which are incubated for 21 days before hatching. It feeds on insects, small reptiles, rodents and small birds.
Bald-faced Rail - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, and rivers.
Balearic Shearwater - The Balearic Shearwater is a medium-sized shearwater in the seabird family Procellariidae. It was long regarded a subspecies of the Manx Shearwater; see there for more on the Puffinus puffinus superspecies; following an initial split it was held to be a subspecies of the "Mediterranean Shearwater" for nearly ten more years, until it was resolved to be a distinct species, separate from the Yelkouan Shearwater . It is the last taxon of the puffinus complex that was recognized as a separate entity.
Bali Myna - Placed in the monotypic genus Leucopsar, it appears to be most closely related to Sturnia and the Brahminy Starling which is currently placed in Sturnus but will probably soon be split therefrom as Sturnus as presently delimited is highly paraphyletic . The specific name commemorates the British ornithologist Lord Rothschild.
Balicassiao - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Ballmann's Malimbe
Balsas Screech-Owl - The Balsas Screech-owl is a species of owl in the Strigidae family. It is endemic to Mexico.
Baltimore Oriole - The Baltimore Orioles, a Major League Baseball team in Baltimore, Maryland, were named after this bird. It is also the state bird of Maryland.
Bamboo Antshrike - The Bamboo Antshrike is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Bamboo Partridge - The binomial commemorates Major-General Albert Fytche.
Bamboo Warbler - The Bamboo Scrub-warbler is a species of Old World warbler in the Sylviidae family. It is found in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland.
Bamenda Apalis - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and dry savanna. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Bananal Antbird - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland.
Bananaquit - The Bananaquit was first described by Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae in 1758 as Certhia flaveola.
Band-backed Wren - The Band-backed Wren is a resident breeding species from south-central Gulf Coast Mexico to northwestern Ecuador. It occurs in five disjunct areas, the central region being in southern Central America, in Costa Rica and northern Panama. The next two regions are northern Colombia adjacent to Panama, and 800 km to the south in northwestern Ecuador.
Band-bellied Crake
Band-bellied Owl - The Band-bellied Owl is a species of owl in the Strigidae family. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and heavily degraded former forest.
Band-rumped storm-petrel - The Madeiran Storm-petrel is 19-21 cm in length with a 43-46 cm wingspan, and weighs 44-49g. It is mainly black with an extensive white rump. Similar to Leach's Storm-petrel with the forked tail, long wings, and flight behaviour, but Leach's has a more forked tail and differently shaped white rump.
Band-rumped Swift - This species breeds in forested areas from Costa Rica south and east to Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, the Guianas, Trinidad and northeast Brazil. The nest is a half saucer of twigs glued to the inside of a tree hole or similar shaded location with saliva.
Band-tailed Antbird - The Band-tailed Antbird is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical swamps.
Band-tailed Antshrike - The Band-tailed Antshrike is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is found in the eastern Guianas of Suriname and French Guiana mostly; also Brazil, Guyana, and Atlantic regions of the Amazon Basin, and some local regions upstream on the Amazon. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical swamps. It has recently been proposed that it more properly belongs to the genus Thamnophilus .
Band-tailed Antwren - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Band-tailed Barbthroat - This hermit species inhabits the understory of wet forests, woodland edges and old second growth. It occurs in the lowlands, typically up to an elevation of 800 m, although young birds may wander higher.
Band-tailed black hawk - Grown birds are 47–55 cm in length with a wingspan of about 1.2 m ; their average weight is 810 g . Adult plumage is mostly blackish except that the flight feathers are barred with lighter gray and the tail has three or four bands or "zones", white from below and light gray from above, of which the one second from the tip is particularly broad and conspicuous. The cere and legs are yellow. Immatures are similar except for small white spots on the breast and tails with narrow gray and black bands and a broad dark tip. The Zone-tailed Hawk adults resemble the Common Black Hawk but are smaller and have more white bars on the tail.
Band-tailed Fruiteater - The Band-tailed Fruiteater is a species of bird in the Cotingidae family. It is found in Bolivia and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Band-tailed Manakin
Band-tailed Nighthawk - The Band-tailed Nighthawk is a species of nightjar in the Caprimulgidae family. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, and swamps.
Band-tailed Oropendola - The Band-tailed Oropendola is a species of bird in the Icteridae family. It is in the genus Ocyalus, usually considered monotypic, though the Casqued Oropendola might also be included herein. It is found at low densities in the western Amazon in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
Band-tailed Pigeon - The Band-tailed Pigeon, Patagioenas fasciata, is a medium-sized bird of the Americas. Its closest relatives are the Chilean Pigeon and the Ring-tailed Pigeon, which form a clade of Patagioenas with a terminal tail band and iridescent plumage on their necks.
Band-tailed Seedeater - The Band-tailed Seedeater is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland and heavily degraded former forest.
Band-tailed Sierra Finch - The Band-tailed Sierra-finch is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.
Band-winged Nightjar - Over its large range, there are signifincant variations in its morphology, but, as suggested by its common name, it always has a distinctive band in the wing , which is white in the male, buff in the female. Traditionally, "only" seven subspecies have been recognized, but two new subspecies, one from Chile have been described within the last few years.
Banda Myzomela - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Banded Antbird - It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Banded Barbet - The Banded Barbet is a species of bird in the Ramphastidae family. It is found in Eritrea and Ethiopia.
Banded Bay Cuckoo - The Banded Bay Cuckoo or Bay-banded Cuckoo is a species of small cuckoo found in South Asia and Southeast Asia. Like others in the genus they have a round nostril. They are usually founded in well wooded areas mainly in the lower hills. Males sing from exposed branches during the breeding season, which can vary with region. They are distinctive both in their calls as well as plumage with a white eye-browed appearance and the rufous upperparts with regular dark bands and the whitish underside with fine striations.
Banded Broadbill
Banded Cotinga - Its natural habitat is tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Banded Green Sunbird - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, plantations , and rural gardens. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Banded Ground Cuckoo - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Banded Honeyeater - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, and Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation.
Banded Imperial-Pigeon
Banded Kestrel - It is 27–30 cm long with a wingspan of 60–68 cm. The upperparts are grey and the tail is dark. The underparts are whitish with dark grey streaks on the throat and upper breast and dark grey barring on the lower breast and belly. The feet, eyes and cere are yellow and there is bare yellow skin around the eye. Juvenile birds are browner than the adults with darker eyes and less bare skin around the eye.
Banded Kingfisher - The Banded Kingfisher is a 20 cm long kingfisher with a sturdy red bill and a short crest which is slowly raised and lowered. It shows striking sexual dimorphism compared to most of its relatives. The adult male has a chestnut forehead, cheeks and nape, and a bright blue cap. The rest of the upperparts, wings and tail are black with blue bands. The breast, flanks and undertail are rufous, and the central belly is white.
Banded Lapwing - The Banded Lapwing is a small to medium sized wader which belongs to the plover family. It is found over most of Australia and Tasmania though is absent from the northern third of the continent.
Banded Martin - The Banded Martin is found in open habitats such as farmland, grassland and savannah, usually near water. It breeds across Africa from Cameroon and Zaire to Ethiopia south to the Cape in South Africa, although it is absent from the driest regions of western South Africa and southern Namibia. The southern nominate subspecies of South Africa and Zimbabwe, is migratory, wintering further north, particularly in the west, where it can move sometimes as far as Gambia. R. c. xerica also leaves its drier breeding grounds in Botswana and northern Namibia in the southern winter. Other subspecies undertake local or altitudinal movements often dependent on the rainfall pattern.
Banded Pitta - It includes four subspecies, which can be divided into three main groups: The nominate subspecies from Java and Bali has a yellow eyebrow, underparts that are densely barred in yellowish and blackish-blue and a narrow blue band on the upper chest, irena and ripleyi from the Thai-Malay Peninsula and Sumatra have a more orange eyebrow, a blue belly and a chest that is barred orange and dark bluish , and schwaneri from Borneo has a blue mid-belly and yellow flanks and chest densely barred with blackish. Females of all subspecies are significantly duller than the males. There are also vocal differences between some of the subspecies.
Banded Prinia - It is found in Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, and Uganda. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Banded Quail - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, and heavily degraded former forest.
Banded Red Woodpecker - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests.
Banded Snake-Eagle - Western Banded Snake-eagles live in woodlands, mainly along rivers, but they avoid dense forests. The west Banded eagle makes a nest then makes a new one the next year
Banded Stilt - It is locally known as the Rottnest snipe on Rottnest Island, though not related to true snipes.
Banded Warbler - The Banded Warbler is a species of Old World warbler in the Sylviidae family. It is found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Tanzania. Its natural habitat is dry savanna.
Banded White-eye - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Banded Whiteface - The Banded Whiteface is a species of bird in the Pardalotidae family. It is endemic to Australia.
Banded wren - The Banded Wren, Pheugopedius pleurostictus, is a small songbird of the wren family. It is a resident breeding species from central Mexico to Costa Rica. It was formerly placed in the genus Thryothorus .
Banggai Crow - The Banggai Crow, Corvus unicolor, is a member of the crow family from Banggai in Indonesia. It is listed as critically endangered by IUCN and was even feared extinct, but was finally rediscovered during surveys on Peleng Island by Indonesian ornithologist Mochamad Indrawan in 2007 and 2008.
Bank Cormorant - The Bank Cormorant is a heavy-bodied bird, roughly 75 cm in length. It is generally black in appearance with a bronze sheen, though the wings are a dark brown rather than a true black. Adults have a small crest on their heads, and normally have a white rump.
Bank Myna - The Bank Myna is found in the greater part of peninsular South Asia, from Sindh, Pakistan on the West, to Bangladesh in the East, generally between the latitudes of about 19o ; to 28o . The Bank Myna is absent from the drier regions in Rajasthan. It has a patchy distribution but is commonly seen in major river valleys. Mostly resident, the bank myna shows regular seasonal local movements in some areas. Individual stragglers have been documented from as far as Kandahar, Afghanistan, and Chennai, India
Bannerman's Sunbird - The Bannerman's Sunbird is a species of bird in the Nectariniidae family. It is found in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zambia.
Bannerman's Turaco - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Bannerman's Weaver - The Bannerman's Weaver is a species of bird in the Ploceidae family. It is found in Cameroon and Nigeria. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Bar-backed Partridge - The Bar-Backed Partridge is a species of bird in the Phasianidae family. It is found in Cambodia, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Bar-bellied Pitta
Bar-bellied Woodcreeper - The Bar-bellied Woodcreeper is a species of bird in the Dendrocolaptinae subfamily. It is found in humid forest of the western Amazon in northern Bolivia, far western Brazil, eastern Peru, and, as recently confirmed, eastern Ecuador.
Bar-bellied Woodpecker - It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Bar-breasted Firefinch - It is found in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo and Uganda. The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
Bar-breasted Honeyeater
Bar-breasted Piculet - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.
Bar-crested Antshrike - It is found in Colombia and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and heavily degraded former forest.
Bar-headed Goose - The Bar-headed Goose is a goose which breeds in Central Asia in colonies of thousands near mountain lakes. It lays three to eight eggs at a time in a ground nest.
Bar-shouldered Dove - The dove has a blue-grey breast with chequered brown-bronze wings. The nape is similar to that of the Peaceful Dove in that the nape feathers are striated but differs in that the Bar-shouldered Dove does not have striated throat feathers like the Peaceful Dove. Furthermore, the nape feathers are copper in colour. These doves are also often confused with the introduced and common Spotted Turtle-Dove. The eye ring tends to be grey but red-brown when breeding. The juveniles are duller in colour.
Bar-tailed Godwit - The Bar-tailed Godwit is a relatively short-legged species of godwit. The bill-to-tail length is 37–41 cm, with a wingspan of 70–80 cm. Males average smaller than females but with much overlap; males weigh 190–400 g, while females weigh 260–630 g; there is also some regional variation in size . The adult has blue-grey legs and a very long dark bill with a slight upward curve and pink at the tip. The neck, breast and belly are unbroken brick red in breeding plumage, off white in winter. The back is mottled grey.
Bar-tailed pheasant - This rare and little known pheasant is found throughout forested habitats in China, Pakistan, India, Burma and Thailand. The diet consists mainly of vegetation matters. The female lays three to twelve creamy white eggs in nest of leaves, twigs and feathers.
Bar-tailed Treecreeper - The Bar-tailed TreeCreeper has a flecked or striped feather pattern, usually in black, brown, white and red hues. This coloration allows the Tree-Creeper to blend in with its forest surroundings quite well.
Bar-tailed Trogon - The Bar-tailed Trogon averages about 28 cm long. The bill and feet are yellow, and the tail, long and broad as usual for trogons, has the underside narrowly barred with black and white. The male's head is blue-black with bronze iridescence. Below the eye are two yellow or orange patches of bare skin; above the eye is a yellow or grey patch. The upper breast is iridescent from violet to blue-green; the rest of the underparts are red. The back is green and the upper surface of the tail is blue-black or purple-black. The female's head is brown with less ornamental bare skin and its throat and breast are light cinnamon; otherwise it resembles the male. The immature is similar to the female, but has a white belly and pale spots on the wings formed by the tips of the wing coverts and inner secondaries.
Bar-throated Apalis - It inhabits forest and scrub in Southern and East Africa from southern and eastern parts of South Africa north as far as the Chyulu Hills in Kenya. In the northern part of is range it is found only in highland areas where there are a number of subspecies restricted to isolated mountain ranges. Some of these may be treated as separate species including the Namuli Apalis in Mozambique, Yellow-throated Apalis of Malawi and Taita Apalis in Kenya.
Bar-winged Cinclodes - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, temperate grassland, and subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.
Bar-winged Flycatcher-shrike - The Bar-winged Flycatcher-shrike is a small passerine bird currently placed in the cuckoo-shrike family but possibly closer to the bushshrikes of Africa. It is found in the forests of tropical southern Asia from the Himalayas and hills of the Indian subcontinent east to Indonesia. Mainly insectivorous it is found hunting in the mid-canopy of forests, often joining mixed-species foraging flocks. They perch upright and have a distinctive pattern of black and white, males being more shiny black than the females. In some populations the colour of the back is brownish while others have a dark wash on the underside.
Bar-winged Oriole - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and heavily degraded former forest.
Bar-winged Prinia - The Bar-winged Prinia is a distinctive prinia, 13 cm long and weighing 8-10 gm. The plumage is white grading to yellow below with a grey cap and brown back and wings and a distinctive white double wingbar. The rump is yellow and the tail brown, with orange legs. Both sexes are alike and the juveniles resemble the adults. The song is a loud and repetitive high pitched chweet-chweet-chweet.
Bar-winged Rail - It was a flightless island ground-nesting forest/freshwater swamp dweller and is believed to have disappeared after the introduction of the mongoose and cats to the islands.
Bar-winged Weaver - The Bar-winged Weaver is a species of bird in the Ploceidae family. It is found in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zambia.
Bar-winged Wood Wren
Bar-winged Wren-Babbler - The Bar-winged Wren-babbler is a species of bird in the Timaliidae family.
Barau's Petrel - The name commemorates Armand Barau, an agricultural engineer and ornithologist from the French territory of Réunion in the Indian Ocean. It is one of the most recently discovered species of seabird and was only described in 1964, although it was known to local people prior to that.
Barbados Bullfinch - The Barbados Bullfinch was previously considered a subspecies of the Lesser Antillean Bullfinch , which is found on neighboring islands. Despite the misleading nature of its name, the Barbados Bullfinch is not a Bullfinch at all but a seedeater.
Barbary Partridge - This partridge has its main native range in North Africa, and is also native to Gibraltar It has been introduced to Portugal and Madeira, though there are no recent records of this species on the latter islands. It is also present in Sardinia. It is closely related to its western European equivalent, the Red-legged Partridge .
Barbuda warbler - The Barbuda Warbler is a species of bird in the Parulidae family. It is endemic to the island of Barbuda in Antigua and Barbuda. Its natural habitat is tropical dry shrubland near wetland areas. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Bare-crowned Antbird - It is found in Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Bare-eyed Antbird - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Bare-eyed Ground-Dove - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.
Bare-eyed Mountain Pigeon
Bare-eyed Myna - The Bare-eyed Myna is a large, long-tailed species of starling in the Sturnidae family. Its common name is a reference to the large patch of dark bare skin around the eyes. Due to its superficial resemblance to a magpie, it has been referred to as the Sula Magpie in the past. It is endemic to tropical open lowland forests on the Indonesian islands of Taliabu and Mangole in the Sula Islands. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Bare-eyed Partridge Bronzewing - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Bare-eyed Pigeon - The Bare-eyed Pigeon is a species of bird in the Columbidae family. It is found in Aruba, Colombia, Netherlands Antilles, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland.
Bare-eyed Rail - The Bare-eyed Rail is a species of bird in the Rallidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Bare-eyed Robin - The similar but allopatric Ecuadorian Thrush was formerly considered a subspecies of the Bare-eyed Thrush and named T. n. maculirostris; it is now normally separated as a good species T. maculirostris. It has a narrower eyering and is only found in forest and woodland in western Ecuador and northwestern Peru.
Bare-faced Go-away-bird
Bare-faced Ground Dove - The Bare-faced Ground-dove is a species of bird in the Columbidae family. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.
Bare-faced Ibis - It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is swamps.
Bare-headed Laughingthrush - The Bare-headed Laughingthrush is a species of bird in the Timaliidae family. It is endemic to highland forests in northern Borneo. It was formerly considered a subspecies of the Black Laughingthrush.
Bare-legged Owl - The Bare-legged Owl or Cuban Screech-owl is a species of owl in the Strigidae family that is endemic to Cuba. It belongs to the monotypic genus Gymnoglaux. Its natural habitats are dry forests, lowland moist forests, and heavily degraded former forest. It lives in the canopy of the forests where it does most of its foraging.
Bare-necked Fruitcrow
Bare-necked Umbrellabird - This is both the largest passerine in its range and among the largest members of the cotinga family, with males being about 40 cm 16 in and 550 g .
Bare-shanked Screech-Owl - The Bare-shanked Screech-owl is a species of owl in the Strigidae family. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, and Panama. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Bare-throated Bellbird - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss and by poaching for cage birds. It raises the attraction of collectors because of the adult males's showy coloration and call - a sharp sound like that of a hammer striking an anvil or a bell, emitted by the male in the wild while it perches on a high branch in order to attract a mate. A fruit-eating species, it acts in the ecology of the Atlantic rainforest as a dispersor of seeds
Bare-throated Tiger Heron - This large species is found in more open habitats than other Tigrisoma herons, such as river and lake banks. It waits often motionless for suitable prey such as fish, frogs or crabs to come within reach of its long bill.
Bare-throated Whistler - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Barking Owl - The Barking Owl is coloured brown with white spots on its wings and a streaked chest. They have large eyes that have a yellow iris, a dark brown beak and almost no facial mask. Their underparts are brownish-grey and coarsely sotted white with their tail and flight feathers being moderately lighter in colour. They are a relatively medium sized owl and their wingspan is between 85–100 cm in length. They weigh between 425 and 510g and size varies only slightly between the male and female birds with the male Barking Owl being larger.
Barlow's chickadee - The Chestnut-backed Chickadee is a small passerine bird in the tit family, Paridae.
Barnacle Goose - The Barnacle goose was first classified taxonomically by Johann Matthäus Bechstein in 1803. Its specific epithet is from the Ancient Greek leuko- "white", and opsis "faced".
Baron's Spinetail - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and heavily degraded former forest.
Barred Antshrike - The Barred Antshrike is typically 16.5 cm long, and weighs 25 g. The male is barred all over with black and white, and has a white-based black crest that is raised in display. The female is rufous above with a chestnut crest. The sides of her head and neck are streaked with black, and the underparts are rich buff.
Barred Antthrush - It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Barred Becard - The adult Barred Becard is 12 cm long and weighs 14 g; it has a conspicuous eye ring. The adult male has black upperparts with much white in the wings. The sides of the head and throat are yellowish-green shading to white on the rest of the underparts. The underparts are finely barred with black. The adult female has a grey crown and nape, olive-green upperparts and largely rufous wings. The greenish-yellow underparts are finely barred with dusky. Young males are much duller and greener than the adults, with weaker barring. The calls include a soft but persistent weet weet weet weet or a teseep tesep tseep tseep.
Barred Buttonquail - All of India up to about 2500 m in the Himalayas; Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Burma; Indonesia and most of Southeast Asia, Philippines. Four geographical races differ somewhat in colour.
Barred Cuckoo-Dove - The Barred Cuckoo-dove is a species of bird in the Columbidae family. It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are boreal forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Barred Dove - It inhabits scrub, cultivated land and woodland edges in lowland areas. The Barred Dove is found on Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba, Timor, the Tanimbar Islands, the Kei Islands and other smaller islands.
Barred Eagle-Owl - The Barred Eagle-owl , also called the Malay Eagle Owl, is a species of owl in the Strigidae family. It is found in Brunei, Cocos Islands, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Barred Forest Falcon - Adults of most subspecies are typically dark slate grey above; the tail tipped with white and having three to six narrow white bars. The nominate subspecies, which is found from south-eastern Brazil south to north-eastern Argentina and west to Paraguay, appears to only occur in the rufous-brown morphotype, as also suggested by its scientific name, ruficollis.
Barred Fruiteater - It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Barred Hawk - It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. 10,000 to 100,000 barred hawks are thought to exist throughout Central and South America. Barred Hawk’s are the largest of the Leucopternis genus and mainly live in the dense forests of the lowland and mountainous areas. The characteristic plumage of black barred and white belly is unique to the forests hawk of Leucopternis.
Barred Honey Buzzard - It is found in Indonesia and the Philippines. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Barred Laughingthrush - It is endemic to China. Its natural habitat is temperate forests.
Barred Owlet-Nightjar - The Barred Owlet-nightjar is a species of bird in the Aegothelidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Barred Parakeet - The Barred Parakeet , also known as Lineolated Parakeet or Catherine Parakeet, is a small parrot found disjunctly in highland forests from southern Mexico to Panama, in the Andes from western Venezuela to southern Peru, the Santa Marta Mountains in Colombia and the Venezuelan Coastal Range. Its plumage is mostly green with multiple black and dark green stripes or bars, and it has a pale-horn coloured beak. The dark stripes vary in prominence between its two subspecies. Several colour mutants are available in aviculture.
Barred Puffbird - The Barred Puffbird is a species of puffbird in the Bucconidae family. It occurs in forests in the Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena of Panama, Colombia and Ecuador.
Barred Rail - The Barred Rail is a species of bird in the Rallidae family. It is found in Indonesia and the Philippines.
Barred Tinamou - All tinamou are from the family Tinamidae, and in the larger scheme are also Ratites. Unlike other Ratites, Tinamous can fly, although in general, they are not strong fliers. All ratites evolved from prehistoric flying birds, and Tinamous are the closest living relative of these birds.
Barred Warbler - This is a large and robust species of typical warbler, 15.5-17cm in length, mainly grey above and whitish below. The adult male is darker grey above, and heavily barred below. The female has only light barring. Young birds lack any barring, and have no obvious distinctive features other than the size. The Barred Warbler is a bird of open country with bushes for nesting. The nest is built in low shrub or brambles, and 3-7 eggs are laid. Like most warblers, it is insectivorous, but will also take berries and other soft fruit. The Barred Warbler's song is a pleasant chattering with many clearer notes like a Blackbird. The song can be confused with that of Garden Warbler, but is less melodious.
Barred Woodcreeper - It is found in the entire Amazon Basin of Brazil and the Guianas in the northeast, . The countries surrounding the basin at the Andes are southern Colombia and Venezuela, also Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. A disjunct population exists 1800 km east of the Amazon Basin in eastern coastal Brazil in the states of Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, and Sergipe in a 600 km coastal strip. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Barrow's Goldeneye - Adults are similar in appearance to the Common Goldeneye. Adult males have a dark head with a purplish gloss and a white crescent at the front of the face. Adult females have a yellow bill.
Bartlett's Tinamou - All tinamou are from the family Tinamidae, and in the larger scheme are also Ratites. Unlike other Ratites, Tinamous can fly, although in general, they are not strong fliers. All ratites evolved from prehistoric flying birds, and Tinamous are the closest living relative of these birds.
Basra Reed-Warbler - It is found in aquatic vegetation in or around shallow, fresh or brackish water, still or flowing, mainly in dense reedbeds. It is found in thickets and bushland when migrating or wintering.
Bassian Thrush - It is estimated that the rangewide population is large, though no official count has ever been established.
Bat Falcon - The female Bat Falcon, at 30.5 cm length, is much larger than the 23 cm long male. Adults have a black back, head and tail. The throat, upper breast and neck sides are creamy white, the lower breast and belly are black, finely barred white, and the thighs and lower belly are orange. Young birds are similar but with a buffy throat. The call of this species is a high pitched ke-ke-ke like American Kestrel.
Bat Hawk - The Bat Hawk is a slender, medium-sized bird of prey, usually about 45 cm long. It has long wings and a falconine silhouette. Adults are dark brown or black, with a white patch on the throat and chest, and have a white streak above and below each eye. Juveniles are mottled brown and have more white plumage than adults.
Bat-like Spinetail - The Bat-like Spinetail is a species of swift in the Apodidae family. It is found in Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Bateleur - This is a common resident species of the open savanna country in Sub-Saharan Africa. It nests in trees, laying a single egg which is incubated by the female for 42 to 43 days, with a further 90 to 125 days until fledging. Bateleurs pair for life, and will use the same nest for a number of years. Unpaired birds, presumably from a previous clutch, will sometimes help at the nest.
Bates' Nightjar - The Bates's Nightjar is a species of nightjar in the Caprimulgidae family. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, and Uganda.
Bates's Sunbird - The Bates's Sunbird is a species of bird in the Nectariniidae family. It is found in Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, and Zambia.
Bates's Swift - The Bates's Swift is a species of swift in the Apodidae family. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, and Nigeria.
Bates's Weaver - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Batis crypta - The Dark Batis is about 10 centimetres in length and weighs 10-15 grams. It has a dark bill and legs and red eyes. The male is white below with a broad black breastband. Above it has a dark grey crown, grey back with some black feather-tips, a black face-mask and black wings with a white stripe. The female has a greyish crown, brownish back, dark mask, slight white supercilium and a narrow rufous stripe on the wing. Below it has a rufous chin-spot and breast with whitish tips to some of the feathers.
Baudo Guan - The Baudo Guan, Penelope ortoni, is a species of bird from the family Cracidae. It is restricted to humid forests in the west Andean foothills of western Colombia and north-western Ecuador. It is highly sensitive to hunting and habitat destruction, with large sections of the Chocó already having disappeared entirely. Consequently, it is considered to be endangered by BirdLife International and IUCN.
Baumann's Greenbul - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and moist savanna.
Bay Antpitta - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and heavily degraded former forest.
Bay Coucal - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Bay Hornero - The Bay Hornero or Pale-billed Hornero is a species of bird in the Furnariidae family. It is found in wooded habitats along rivers in eastern Ecuador, north-eastern Peru, western Brazil, and, as recently confirmed, far south-eastern Colombia.
Bay Woodpecker - It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Bay Wren
Bay-backed Shrike - It is smallish shrike at 17 cm, maroon-brown above with a pale rump and long black tail with white edges. The underparts are white, but with buff flanks.
Bay-breasted Warbler - These birds are migratory, wintering in northwest South America and southern Central America. They are very rare vagrants to western Europe.
Bay-capped Wren-Spinetail - It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. Its natural habitats are swamps and intermittent saline marshes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Bay-chested Warbling Finch - Its natural habitats are temperate forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Bay-crowned Brush-Finch - The Bay-crowned Brush-finch is a species of bird in the Emberizidae family. It is found in Ecuador and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Bay-headed Bee Eater - This species, like other bee-eaters, is a richly coloured, slender bird. It is predominantly green, with blue on the rump and lower belly. Its face and throat are yellow with a black eye stripe, and the crown and nape are rich chestnut. The thin curved bill is black. Sexes are alike, but young birds are duller.
Bay-headed Tanager - It occurs in forests, particularly in wetter areas. The bulky cup nest is built in a tree and the normal clutch is two brown-blotched white eggs. The female incubates the eggs for 13–14 days to hatching, with another 15–16 days before the chicks fledge .
Bay-ringed Tyrannulet - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is becoming rare due to habitat loss.
Bay-vented Cotinga - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Bay-winged Cowbird - The Bay-winged Cowbird , also known as the Baywing, is a species of bird in the Icteridae family. It is monotypic within the genus Agelaioides, but has traditionally been placed in the genus Molothrus. It is found in the northern half of Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay, Paraguay and southern and central Brazil, with an isolated population in north-eastern Brazil. The latter population is sometimes considered a separate species, the Pale Cowbird or Pale Baywing . The Bay-winged Cowbird has been recorded as a vagrant in Chile.
Baya Weaver - Three geographical races are recognized. The nominate race philippinus is found through much of mainland India. The race burmanicus is found eastwards into Southeast Asia. A third race, travancoreensis is darker above and found in southwest India.
Bean Goose - The Bean Goose is a medium to large goose breeding in northern Europe and Asia. It has been split into two species by the AOU , however it is still regarded as a single species by the BOU - see below. It is migratory and winters further south in Europe and Asia.
Bearded Barbet - The Bearded Barbet is a common resident breeder in tropical west Africa. It is an arboreal species of gardens and wooded country which eats fruit, although the young are fed on insects. It nests in a tree hole, laying 2 white eggs.
Bearded Bellbird - There are two subspecies; the nominate taxon, P. a. averano, in northeastern Brazil and P. a. carnobarba in Venezuela, Trinidad, extreme northeastern Colombia, western Guyana and far northern Brazil.
Bearded Flycatcher - It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.
Bearded Guan
Bearded Helmetcrest - The Bearded Helmetcrest is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found in Colombia and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.
Bearded Mountaineer - The Bearded Mountaineer is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found only in Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.
Bearded Screech-Owl - The Bearded Screech-owl is a species of owl in the Strigidae family. It is found in Guatemala and Mexico.
Bearded Tachuri - The Bearded Tachuri is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are dry savanna and subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Bearded Tit - The Bearded Reedling is a species of temperate Europe and Asia. It is resident, and most birds do not migrate other than eruptive or cold weather movements. It is vulnerable to hard winters, which may kill many birds.
Bearded Tree Quail - The Bearded Wood-partridge is a species of bird in the Odontophoridae family. It is found only in Mexico. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and plantations . It is threatened by habitat loss.
Bearded Vulture - Like other vultures it is a scavenger, feeding mostly from carcasses of dead animals. It usually disdains the rotting meat, however, and lives on a diet that is 90% bone marrow. It will drop large bones from a height to crack them into smaller pieces. Its old name of Ossifrage relates to this habit. Live tortoises are also dropped in similar fashion to crack them open.
Beaudouin's Snake-Eagle - Beaudouin's Snake-eagle is a species of bird of prey in the Accipitridae family.
Beautiful Firetail - At 10 to 13 cm long and weighing 14 g the Beautiful Firetail is a small plump bird, slightly smaller than the Diamond Firetail. Its plumage is mostly olive-brown. The white chest has a fine pattern of dark lines. The head has a black mask with pale blue rings around the eyes and a thick red beak. Its rump is a deep red, its legs and feet are creamy pink. The wings and tail are short and rounded. Juvenile birds are less colourful with a smaller face mask and a blackish beak.
Beautiful Fruit-Dove - The Beautiful Fruit-dove is distributed in rainforests of New Guinea and the islands of Batanta, Waigeo, Salawati and Misool in West Papua, Indonesia. The female usually lays a single white egg.
Beautiful Hummingbird - The Beautiful Hummingbird is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found only in Mexico. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.
Beautiful Jay - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is becoming rare due to habitat loss.
Beautiful Nuthatch - This is a large nuthatch, black-backed with white streaking. The upper back, rump and shoulders are bright blue. The underparts are dull orange, although the face is somewhat paler. In flight, a white patch contrasts with the otherwise dark underwing. Sexes are similar, as are young birds.
Beautiful parakeet - Paradise Parrots lived in pairs or small family groups, making their nests in hollowed-out termite mounds and similar places, often at or near ground level, and feeding, so far as is known, almost exclusively on grass seeds.
Beautiful Rosefinch - It is found in Bhutan, China, India, Mongolia, Nepal, and Pakistan. Its natural habitats are temperate shrubland and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.
Beautiful Sibia - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Beautiful Sunbird - The Beautiful Sunbird is a common breeder across sub-Saharan tropical Africa. One or two eggs are laid in a suspended nest in a tree. It is a seasonal migrant within its range.
Beautiful Treerunner - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Beck's Petrel - Beck’s Petrel, Pseudobulweria becki, is a small, recently rediscovered gadfly petrel. It is dark brown above and on the head and throat. It is dark underneath the wings with a fairly distinct white wingbar. The belly and breast are white. It flies over open oceans with straight wings that are slightly bent back at the tips.
Bedford's Paradise Flycatcher - The Bedford's Paradise-flycatcher is a species of bird in the Monarchidae family. It is endemic to Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Bee Hummingbird - The male has the green pileum and fiery red throat, iridescent gorget with elongated lateral plumes, bluish upper-parts, and the rest of the underparts mostly greyish white. The male is smaller than the female. The female is green above, whitish below with white tips to the outer tail feathers.
Belford's Melidectes
Bell Miner - Bell miners live in large, complex social groups. Within each group there are subgroups consisting of several breeding pairs, but also including a number of birds who are not currently breeding. The nonbreeders help in providing food for the young in all the nests in the subgroup, even though they are not necessarily closely related to them. The birds defend their colony area communally aggressively, excluding most other passerine species. They do this in order to protect their territory from other insect-eating birds that would eat the bell lerps on which they feed. Whenever the local forests die back due to increased lerp psyllid infestations, bell miners undergo a population boom.
Bell's greenlet - This bird was named by Audubon for John Graham Bell, who accompanied him on his trip up the Missouri River in the 1840s.
Belted Flycatcher - The Belted Flycatcher is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family. It is found in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Mexico. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Belted kingfisher - The Belted Kingfisher is a large, conspicuous water kingfisher, the only member of that group commonly found in the northern United States and Canada. It is depicted on the 1986 series Canadian $5 note. All kingfishers were formerly placed in one family, Alcedinidae, but recent research suggests that this should be divided into three. All six American kingfishers, together with three Old World species, make up the new family Cerylidae.
Bendire's thrasher - Bendire's Thrasher is 23–28 cm in length, with a long tail and a short bill. It is colored grayish-brown on its upperparts and has paler underparts with faint dark streaks. The eyes are bright yellow, and the tips of the tail are tipped with white.
Bengal Florican - The Bengal Florican or Bengal Bustard, Houbaropsis bengalensis, is a very rare bustard species from tropical southern Asia. It is the only member of the genus Houbaropsis. This threatened species is now almost extinct; probably less than 1,000 and perhaps as few as 500 adult birds are still alive.
Bennett's Woodpecker - The Bennett's Woodpecker is a species of bird in the Picidae family. It is found in Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Berlepsch's Canastero - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland and rural gardens. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Berlioz' Black Flycatcher
Berlioz' Swift - The Forbes-Watson's Swift is a species of swift in the Apodidae family. It is found in Kenya, Somalia, and Yemen.
Bermuda petrel - Commonly known in Bermuda as the Cahow, a name derived from its eerie cries, this nocturnal ground-nesting seabird is the national bird of Bermuda, and a symbol of hope for nature conservation. It was thought extinct for 330 years. Its dramatic rediscovery as a "Lazarus species", that is, a species found to be alive after being considered extinct for centuries, has inspired documentary filmmakers.
Bernier's Vanga
Bernieria madagascariensis - The Long-billed Bernieria , formerly known as Long-billed Greenbul, is a songbird species endemic to Madagascar. It was initially considered a greenbul, and later with the Old World warbler. Recent research indicates it is part of an endemic Malagasy radiation currently known as the Malagasy warblers, which have not received a scientific name yet.
Bernieria zosterops
Bernstein's Coucal - The Black-billed Coucal or Lesser Black Coucal is a species of cuckoo in the Cuculidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.
Bertoni's Antbird - The Bertoni's Antbird is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Bertrand's Weaver
Beryl-spangled Tanager - Its range is from Venezuela to Bolivia. Its nest is a mossy cup in a tree fork; in Ecuador west slope, eggs in early March.
Berylline hummingbird - The Berylline Hummingbird, Amazilia beryllina, sometimes placed in the genus Saucerottia, is a medium-sized hummingbird. It is 8-10 cm long, and weighs 4-5 g.
Bewick's Wren - Thryomanes leucophrys Thryothorus bewickii Thryothorus brevicauda Thryothorus brevicaudus
Biak Coucal - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Biak Flycatcher - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Biak Monarch - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Biak Paradise Kingfisher - The Biak Paradise Kingfisher is a tree kingfisher endemic to the Indonesian island Biak.
Biak Scrubfowl
Biak White-eye - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Bicknell's thrush - The Bicknell's Thrush, Catharus bicknelli, is a medium-sized thrush, at 17.5 cm and 28 g . It was named after Eugene Bicknell, an American amateur ornithologist, who discovered the species on Slide Mountain in the Catskills in the late 19th century.
Bicolored Antbird - It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Bicolored Hawk - It is found in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela.
Bicolored Mouse Warbler - The Bicoloured Mouse-warbler is a species of bird in the Pardalotidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Bicoloured Antpitta - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Bicoloured Conebill - Its habitat is coastal mangrove swamps and neighbouring woodlands. The small feather-lined cup nest is built in a mangrove tree, and the normal clutch is two brown-blotched buff eggs. Nests are often parasitised by Shiny Cowbirds.
Bicoloured Flowerpecker - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Bicoloured White-eye - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Bicoloured Wren - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, and heavily degraded former forest.
Biddulph's Ground Jay - The Xinjiang Ground-jay or Biddulph's Ground Jay is a species of bird in the Corvidae family. It is endemic to China. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Biet's Laughingthrush - Its natural habitat is temperate forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Big-crested Penguin - This is a medium-small, yellow-crested, black-and-white penguin, at 50-70 cm and weighing 2.7-5.2 kg . It has bluish-black to jet black upperparts and white underparts, and a broad, bright yellow eyebrow-stripe which extends over the eye to form a short, erect crest.
Big-footed Sparrow - This is a common bird in the undergrowth of mountain forests, second growth, bamboo clumps, and scrubby pastures from 2150 m altitude to the scrubby páramo at 3350 m. It is readily seen in favoured sites such as Cerro de la Muerte.
Bimaculated Lark - It is mainly migratory, wintering in northeast Africa, widely throughout the Greater Middle East to Pakistan, Kashmir, Republic of India and Tibet . It is a very rare vagrant to western Europe.
Biscutate Swift - Its natural habitats are temperate forests, subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and heavily degraded former forest.
Bishop's 'o'o - It was discovered in 1892 by Henry C. Palmer, a bird collector for Lord Rothschild. Its length was about 29 centimetres. The tail had reached a length of 10 centimetres. The plumage was general glossy black with yellow feather tufts on the maxillaries, beneath the wings and the undertail coverts. Their songs were simple two notes, took-took, Which could be heard for miles.
Bismarck Hawk-Owl - This species lives at elevations up to 1000 meters in lowland forests, tree-covered hills, low mountains,, and the edges of forests. It is found only in New Britain and New Ireland.
Bismarck Kingfisher - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, freshwater lakes, and freshwater marshes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Bismarck Masked-Owl - As with other tropical barn owls, it is difficult to spot in the wild and therefore poorly studied. It is likely to be a lowland forest species.
Bismarck Munia - It is found in subtropical/ tropical dry grassland habitat. The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
Bismarck Scrub Fowl - The Melanesian Megapode or Melanesian Scrubfowl is a species of bird in the Megapodiidae family. It is found in Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Bismarck Thicketbird - This little-known species was for long classified as a data deficient species by the IUCN, due to the general lack of reliable data on its distribution and numbers.
Bismarck Woodswallow - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black & Cinnamon Fantail - The Black-and-cinnamon Fantail is a species of bird in the Rhipiduridae family. It is endemic to the Philippines.
Black & Yellow Broadbill
Black & Yellow Silky Flycatcher - The Black-and-yellow Silky-flycatcher is a species of bird in the Bombycillidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Phainoptila. It is found in Costa Rica and Panama. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Black ani - This ani is found in open and semi-open country and areas under cultivation. The nest, built communally by several pairs, is a deep cup lined with leaves and placed usually 2–6 m high in a tree. A number of females lay their chalky blue eggs in the nest and then share incubation and feeding.
Black Antbird - The Black Antbird is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black Antshrike - It is found in Colombia and Panama. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.
Black Baza - The Black Baza is a small sized bird of prey found in the forests of South Asia and Southeast Asia. Many populations are migratory. The races in the Indian region are migratory, wintering in the south of the Peninsula and Sri Lanka. The Black Bazas have short, stout legs and feet with strong talons. A prominent crest is a feature of the Bazas. They are found in dense forest often in small groups. They are also known to spend a lot of time perching on open perches overlooking forest canopy.
Black Bee Eater - Black with scarlet chin and throat, streaked breast, pale blue eyebrow, belly, undertail-coverts and rump, rufous primaries.
Black Berrypecker - The Black Berrypecker is a species of bird in the Melanocharitidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black Bittern - This is a fairly large species at 58 cm in length, with a longish neck and long yellow bill. The adult is uniformly black above, with yellow neck sides. It is whitish below, heavily streaked with brown. The juvenile is like the adult, but dark brown rather than black.
Black Bulbul - The Black Bulbul , also known as the Himalayan Black Bulbul, is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. It is found in southern Asia from India east to southern China.
Black Bushbird - The Black Bushbird is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Neoctantes. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black Butcherbird
Black Capped Titmouse - The Black-capped Chickadee is a small, common songbird, a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae. It is the state bird of both Maine and Massachusetts, and the provincial bird of New Brunswick in Canada.
Black Catbird - It is found in Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and heavily degraded former forest. It is becoming rare due to habitat loss.
Black Coucal - The species has the role of sexes reversed with the males tending the nest while females are polyandrous and maintain territories. Studies on the hormonal system show that Progesterone is responsible for controlling the aggressiveness of females.
Black Crake - The adult Black Crake is 19–23 cm long with a short tail and long toes. As its name implies, the adult has mainly black plumage, with a brown olive tone on the wings and upperparts which is rarely detectable in the field. The eye is red, the bill is yellow , and the legs and feet are red, duller when not breeding.
Black Crow - This species occurs in two large separate regions of the African continent. One form ranges from the Cape at the southern tip of Africa up to southern Angola and across to the east coast of Mozambique. The other population occurs in a large area from Sudan, Ethiopia,Tanzania and Kenya in central east Africa. The more northern population is on average slightly smaller than the southern. It inhabits open grassland, moorland, agricultural areas with some trees or woodland in the vicinity for nesting. It seems to thrive especially in agricultural areas.
Black Crowned-Crane - It occurs in dry savannah in Africa south of the Sahara, although in nests in somewhat wetter habitats. There are two subspecies: B. p. pavonina in the west and the more numerous B. p. ceciliae in east Africa.
Black Cuckoo - The Black Cuckoo is a medium sized cuckoo. The plumage varies by subspecies, Cuculus clamosus clamosus is either almost entirely black with a white buff on the chest or entirely black; Cuculus clamosus gabonensis is mostly black with a red throat and black and white barring on the belly.
Black Curassow - The Black Curassow is a species of bird in the Cracidae family, the chachalacas, guans, and curassows. It is found in humid forests in northern South America in Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and far northern Brazil. It is the only Crax curassow where the male and female cannot be separated by plumage, as both are essentially black with a white crissum, and have a yellow or orange-red cere.
Black Currawong - The Black Currawong was first described by ornithologist John Gould in 1837.
Black drongo - Buchanga atra Bhuchanga albirictus
Black Dwarf Hornbill - The Black Dwarf Hornbill is a species of hornbill in the Bucerotidae family. It is found in Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, and Uganda.
Black Eagle - The Black Eagle is a bird of prey. Like all eagles, it is in the family Accipitridae, and is the only member of the genus Ictinaetus. They soar over forests in the hilly regions of tropical Asia and hunt mammals and birds, particularly at their nests. They are easily identified by their widely splayed and long primary "fingers", the characteristic silhouette, slow flight and yellow ceres and legs that contrast with their dark feathers.
Black Falcon - The females are usually around 55 cm from beak to tail, the smaller males being only 45 cm . The sexes are very similar apart from their size. They are comparatively lighter in build than Peregrines with a slightly wider wingspan and longer legs. They are more agile on the ground than Peregrines though less so than Brown Falcons.
Black Fantail - The Black Fantail is a species of bird in the Rhipiduridae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Black flowerpiercer - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, and heavily degraded former forest.
Black francolin - It is one of the few francolins to have a range outside Africa. It is a resident breeder from Kashmir, Cyprus and south-eastern Turkey eastwards through Iran to southwest Turkmenistan and northeast India. Its range was formerly more extensive, but over-hunting has reduced its distribution and numbers. There have been a number of introductions, but most have failed to take root although some populations still persist in the USA and elsewhere.
Black Goshawk
Black Grasswren - Its natural habitat is Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation.
Black Grouse - The Black Grouse or Blackgame is a large bird in the grouse family. It is a sedentary species, breeding across northern Eurasia in moorland and bog areas near to woodland, mostly boreal. The Black Grouse is closely related to the Caucasian Black Grouse. These birds have a group display or lek in early spring.
Black Guan - The Black Guan is a species of bird in the Cracidae family. It is found in Costa Rica and Panama. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Black Guillemot - Adult birds have black bodies with a white wing patch, a thin dark bill and red legs and feet. They show white wing linings in flight. In winter, the upperparts are pale grey and the underparts are white. The wings remain black with the large white patch on the inner wing.
Black Guineafowl - The Black Guineafowl, Agelastes niger, is a member of the guineafowl bird family. It is found in humid forests of Central Africa. It has large toes to grasp the ground, but tiny feet so it can still fly.
Black Harrier - When perched, this bird appears all black. However, in flight a white rump and flight feathers become visible. Its morphology is comparable to that of other harriers, with a slim body, narrow wings and a long tail. Male and female plumages are similar. Immatures have buff under-parts and a heavily spotted breast.
Black Hawk-Eagle - The Black Hawk-eagle has black plumage with varying patterns on its wings and body, and white speckling in places. It has barred wings, slightly elliptical in shape, and a long, narrow tail which is rarely fanned. The four grey bars on the tail are distinctive to the Black Hawk-eagle, as is the white line seen slightly above the bird's eye. While flying, the broadness and shortness of the wings become apparent.
Black Heron - The Black Heron has an interesting hunting method called canopy feeding — it uses its wings like an umbrella, and uses the shade it creates to attract fish. This technique was well documented on episode 5 of the BBC's The Life of Birds. Some Black Herons feed solitarily, while others feed in groups of up to 50 individuals, 200 being the highest number reported. The Black Heron feeds by day but especially prefers the time around sunset. It roosts communally at night, and coastal flocks roost at high tide. The primary food of the Black Heron is small fish, but it will also eat aquatic insects, crustaceans and amphibians.
Black Honey Buzzard - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Black honeyeater - The Black Honeyeater is a species of bird in the Meliphagidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It ranges widely across the arid areas of the continent, through open woodland and shrubland, particularly in areas where the emu bush and related species occur.
Black Hornbill - It lives in Asia in Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand.
Black Imperial Pigeon
Black Inca - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and urban areas. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Black Jacobin - The Black Jacobin , previously placed in the monotypic Melanotrochilus, is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found in or near Atlantic Forest of eastern Brazil, Uruguay, eastern Paraguay, and far north-eastern Argentina. It is generally common, and therefore considered to be of least concern by BirdLife International and consequently the IUCN. Adults of both sexes are overall black with green-tinged back and wing-coverts, and white lower flanks and outer rectrices. The white in the tail is often flashed conspicuously in flight. The commonly seen immatures, sometimes incorrectly referred to as "females", have a distinctive rufous patch in the malar region.
Black Kite - The Black Kite is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as eagles, buzzards and harriers.
Black Lark - This is a bird of open steppe, often near water. Its nest is on the ground, with 4-5 eggs being laid. Food is seeds and insects, the latter especially in the breeding season. It is gregarious in winter.
Black Laughingthrush
Black Lory - The Black Lory is evaluated as Least Concern on IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix II of CITES.
Black Magpie - The Black Magpie is a species of bird in the Corvidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Platysmurus. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Black mamo - It measured 8 inches from bill to tail, and was black with faded white primaries and yellow at the base of the bill. The highly decurved bill was longer in the male. Often the forehead would be dusted with pollen of its favorite food, the Lobelia. The Mamo song was a group of nose whistles that sounded like a flute along with a long held out trill. This bird has had many names including Molokai Mamo, O’o nuku’umu, which meant "O’o with sucking beak", and Perking’s Mamo, after ornithologist RC.
Black Manakin - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland.
Black Metaltail - The Black Metaltail is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found in Bolivia and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.
Black Monarch - The Black Monarch is a species of bird in the Monarchidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Black Munia - This species is threatened by the destruction of reedbeds due to introduce of rusa deer Cervus timorensis. And also probably threatened by encroachment of woodland on grasslands, due to increased of the livestocks such as pigs. It is also engaged in cage-bird trade.
Black Myzomela - The Black Myzomela is a species of bird in the Meliphagidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black noddy - The nests of these birds consist on a level platform, often created in the branches of trees by a series of dried leaves covered with bird droppings. One egg is laid each season, and nests are re-used in subsequent years.
Black Nunbird - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black Oriole - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Black Oropendola - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black parrot - The Lesser Vasa Parrot was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th century work, Systema Naturae; it was given the name of Psittacus niger, meaning "black parrot". It was later transferred to the new genus Coracopsis in 1826.
Black Partridge - The Black Partridge is sexually dimorphic. The male has entirely glossy black plumage and a black bill, while the female is generally a chestnut-brown bird with a whitish throat and belly and a dark horn-colored bill. The female is smaller than the male.
Black Phoebe - In South America, the Black Phoebe is a bird of the Andes mountain region, ranging from Colombia in the north, south to northern Argentina.
Black Pitohui - The Black Pitohui is a species of bird in the Colluricinclidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black Rail - Black Rails appear to be omnivorous, feeding primarily on small invertebrates but also on seeds of some marsh plants. They are preyed upon by many avian and mammalian predators and rely on the cover of thick marsh vegetation for protection. They are territorial and call loudly and frequently during the mating season.
Black Redstart - The Black Redstart is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a member of the Thrush family , but is now more generally considered to be an Old World flycatcher .
Black Robin - The Black Thrush is a species of bird in the Turdidae family. It was formerly known as the Black Robin. It is found in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.
Black Saw-wing - The Black Rough-winged Swallow breeds in open wooded habitats, and has a preference for wetter areas, although some races occur in mountain grassland habitat. It breeds across Africa from eastern Nigeria and Ethiopia south to Angola, northern Zimbabwe and northern Mozambique. The subspecies P. p. holomelaena breeds down south-eastern Africa from southern Mozambique to the Cape in South Africa.
Black Scoter - It winters further south in temperate zones, on the coasts of Europe as far south as Morocco. It forms large flocks on suitable coastal waters. These are tightly packed, and the birds tend to take off and dive together.
Black Scrub Robin
Black Shama - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, and plantations.It has been sighted in several locations all across the island, the most important sites being the Central Cebu Protected Landscape, the forests of Alcoy and Argao, and the shrublands of Casili, Consolacion. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Black Sicklebill - With up to 110 cm in length, the male Black Sicklebill is the longest member of Paradisaeidae, though the Curl-crested Manucode has a larger body. The diet consists mainly of fruits and arthropods. The male is polygamous and performs a horizontal courtship display with the pectoral plumes raised around its head.
Black Siskin
Black Skimmer - The Black Skimmer breeds in loose groups on sandbanks and sandy beaches in the Americas, the three to seven heavily dark-blotched buff or bluish eggs being incubated by both the male and female. The chicks leave the nest as soon as they hatch and lie inconspicuously in the nest depression or "scrape" where they are shaded from high temperatures by the parents. They may dig their own depressions in the sand at times. Parents feed the young almost exclusively during the day with almost no feeding occurring at night, due to the entire population of adults sometimes departing the colony to forage. Although the mandibles are of equal length at hatching, they rapidly become unequal during fledging.
Black Solitaire - The Black Solitaire is a species of bird in the Turdidae family. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Black Solitary Eagle - The Solitary Eagle is native to Mexico and Central and South America. It is found in mountainous or hilly forests. The frequent reports from lowlands are usually misidentifications of another species, usually the Common Black Hawk; no reports from lowlands have been confirmed. It is rare in all areas of its range and poorly known.
Black Spinetail - The Black Spinetail is a species of swift in the Apodidae family. It is found in Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone.
Black Stork - It is a widespread, but rare, species that breeds in the warmer parts of Europe, predominantly in central and eastern regions.
Black Storm Petrel - The species breeds colonially on islands off the southern California coast of the United States and off the Baja Peninsula and Gulf of California of Mexico. Nesting sites are usually in rock crevices, occasionally in small burrows in soft earth. It also uses unused burrows from auklets. Colonies are attended nocturnally in order to avoid predatory birds such as gulls, Peregrine Falcons and owls. Like most petrels, its walking ability is limited to a short shuffle to the burrow. The female lays a single white egg per breeding season, if the egg is lost then it is replaced only rarely. Both parents share incubation duties, incubation lasting around 50 days. The chick is brooded for a few days after hatching until it is able to thermoregulate by itself, after which both parents forage to provide food. Chicks fledge 10 weeks after hatching.
Black Sunbird - The Black Sunbird is a species of bird in the Nectariniidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests.
Black Swan - Black swans were first seen by Europeans in 1697, when Willem de Vlamingh's expedition explored the Swan River, Western Australia.
Black Swift - In flight, this bird looks like a flying cigar with long slender curved wings. The plumage is mostly a sooty dark gray. There is some contrast between the upper and lower wing. The shoulders are much darker in color than the remaining portion of the wing. They also have short slightly forked tails.
Black Tern - Adult are 25 cm long, with a wing span 61 cm , and weigh 62 g . They have short dark legs and a short, weak-looking black bill, measuring 27-28 mm, nearly as long as the head. The bill is long, slender, and looks slightly decurved. They have a dark grey back, with a white forehead, black head, neck and belly, black or blackish-brown cap , and a light brownish-grey, 'square' tail. The face is white. There is a big dark triangular patch in front of the eye, and a broadish white collar in juveniles. There are grayish-brown smudges on the ides of the white breast, a downwards extension of the plumage of the upperparts. These marks vary in size and are not conspicuous. In non-breeding plumage, most of the black, apart from the cap, is replaced by grey. The plumage of the upperparts is drab, with pale feather-edgings. The rump is brownish-gray.
Black Thicket Fantail - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests.
Black Tinamou - The Black Tinamou is a species of ground bird found in humid foothill and montane forest in the Andes of South America. This threatened species is among the largest tinamous.
Black turnstone - It is 22-25 centimeters long and weighs 100-170 grams. The black bill is 20-27 millimeters long and slightly upturned. The legs and feet are blackish-brown with a reddish tinge. The bird is largely black and white in appearance. Breeding-plumaged adults have a black head and breast apart from a white spot between the eye and bill, a white stripe over the eye and white flecks on the sides of the breast. The upperparts are blackish-brown with pale fringes to the wing-coverts and scapular feathers. The belly and vent are white. In flight it shows a white wingbar, white shoulder patch and white tail with a broad black band across it. There is white from the lower back to the uppertail-coverts apart from a dark bar across the rump.
Black Vulture - This bird is an Old World vulture, and is only distantly related to the New World vultures, which are in a separate family, Cathartidae, of the order Ciconiiformes. It is therefore not directly related to the American Black Vulture despite the similar name and coloration.
Black Wheatear - This large 16-18 cm long wheatear breeds on cliffs and rocky slopes in western north Africa and Iberia. It is largely resident and nests in crevices in rocks laying 3-6 eggs.
Black Wood Hoopoe - The Black Scimitarbill , also known as the Black Wood Hoopoe, is a species of bird in the Phoeniculidae family. It is found in Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, and Uganda.
Black Wood Pigeon - Its natural habitats are temperate forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is becoming rare due to habitat loss.
Black Woodpecker - It lives in mature forest across the northern palearctic. It is the sole representative of its genus in that region. Its range is expanding in Eurasia. It does not migrate.
Black-and-buff Woodpecker - The Black-and-buff Woodpecker is a species of bird in the Picidae family. It is found in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-and-crimson Oriole - The Black-and-crimson Oriole is a species of bird in the Oriolidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Malaysia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Black-and-gold Tanager - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Black-and-orange Flycatcher - The Black-and-orange Flycatcher is a species of flycatcher endemic to the central and southern Western Ghats, the Nilgiris and Palni hill ranges in southern India. It is unique among the Ficedula flycatchers in having rufous coloration on its back and prior to molecular studies was suggested to be related to the chats and thrushes.
Black-and-red Broadbill - It is found in Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Black-and-rufous Warbling-Finch - The Black-and-rufous Warbling-finch is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family.
Black-and-tawny Seedeater - It is found in Bolivia and Brazil. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Black-and-white Antbird - The Black-and-white Antbird is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Myrmochanes. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland.
Black-and-white Becard - The Black-and-white Becard is a species of bird in the Tityridae family. It has traditionally been placed in Cotingidae or Tyrannidae, but evidence strongly suggest it is better placed in Tityridae, where now placed by SACC. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Black-and-white Bulbul - The Black-and-white Bulbul is a species of songbird in the Pycnonotidae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Black-and-white Monarch
Black-and-white Munia - It is found in moist savanna and subtropical/tropical lowland moist forest habitat. The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern. They are known to feed on algae.
Black-and-white Owl - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Black-and-white Seedeater - The Black-and-white Seedeater is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, and heavily degraded former forest.
Black-and-white Shrike-flycatcher - It is found in Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Black-and-white Tanager - It has a total length of 16 cm. and weighs 23–28 g .
Black-and-white Tody-Tyrant
Black-and-white Triller - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-and-white Warbler - This species is migratory, wintering in Florida, Central America and the West Indies down to Peru. This species is a very rare vagrant to western Europe, mainly to Ireland and Great Britain.
Black-and-white-casqued Hornbill - The Black-and-white-casqued Hornbill is distributed to evergreen forests and savanna across equatorial Africa, in central and western Africa. A monogamous species, pairs nest in suitable tree cavities. The female usually lays up to two eggs. The diet consists mainly of figs, fruits, insects and small animals found in the trees.
Black-and-yellow Grosbeak - Male at Bhandak Thaatch in Kullu-Manali Distt. of Himachal Pradesh, India.
Black-and-yellow Tanager - The Black-and-yellow Tanager is found in the foothills and slopes on the Caribbean side of the central mountain ranges, typically from 600 m to 1200 m altitude, and occasionally down to 400 m. The preferred habitat is the canopy of wet forest and tall second growth, but it will feed lower at woodland edges and clearing. The neat cup nest is built on a tree branch. The eggs are undescribed.
Black-backed Antshrike - The Black-backed Antshrike is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is found in Colombia and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It has recently been proposed that it more properly belongs to the genus Thamnophilus .
Black-backed Barbet - The Black-backed Barbet is a species of bird in the Ramphastidae family. It is found in Angola, Burundi, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia.
Black-backed Bush Tanager - The Black-backed Bush-tanager is a species of bird in the Emberizidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Urothraupis. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Black-backed Butcher Bird - The Black-backed Butcherbird is a species of bird in the Cracticidae family. It is found in Papua New Guinea Indonesia, and northern Queensland in Australia.
Black-backed Forktail - The Black-backed Forktail is a species of bird in the Muscicapidae family. It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Thailand. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-backed Fruit-Dove - Bali, Lesser Sunda Islands and Australia, where it is restricted to the western edge of the Arnhem Land escarpment.
Black-backed Grosbeak - The Black-backed Grosbeak, Pheucticus aureoventris is a large finch type bird found in South America. They are often kept as cagebirds.
Black-backed Honeyeater - The Black-backed Honeyeater is a species of bird in the Meliphagidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Black-backed oriole - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Black-backed Puffback - The Black-backed Puffback is a species of bird in the Malaconotidae family. It is found in Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and dry savanna.
Black-backed Tanager - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Black-backed Thornbill - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.
Black-backed Water Tyrant - It is found in South America in central and northeastern Brazil and south through Bolivia, Paraguay, northern Argentina and Uruguay; also eastern Peru. Its natural habitat is swamps.
Black-backed Wood Quail
Black-backed Woodpecker - The plumage of adults is black on the head, back, wings and rump. They are white from the throat to the belly; the flanks are white with black bars. Their tail is black with white outer feathers. There is an element of sexual dimorphism in the plumage, with the adult male possessing a yellow cap. Unlike all other woodpeckers except the related American and Eurasian Three-toed Woodpeckers, this species has three-toed feet.
Black-banded Barbet - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Black-banded Crake - The Black-banded Crake is a species of bird in the Rallidae family. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
Black-banded Flycatcher - The Black-banded Flycatcher is an uncommon spepies that is difficult to see and very little is known about its biology. The natural habitat of the species is lowland monsoon forests and hill forests up to 1200 m. Nothing is known about its breeding behaviour, the only observations of this are adults feeding recently fledged chicks in December. It feeds singly or in pairs on invertebrates, taking its prey mostly by gleaning with a few sallying flights to snatch ariel prey. The species is currently listed as near threatened. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Black-banded Plover - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, sandy shores, intertidal marshes, and coastal saline lagoons. It is the world's smallest plover, at 25 g and 14 cm .
Black-banded Woodcreeper
Black-bellied Antwren - The Black-bellied Antwren is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests.
Black-bellied Bustard - The Black-bellied Bustard is 23 to 25 inches long. The bill and legs are dull yellow. The male's upperparts have black and brown marks on a tawny buff background; the underparts are black. The head is boldly patterned with black, white, and buff. The neck, long and thin for a bustard, is buffy brown with a thin black line down the front that joins the black breast. The tail is brown and buff with four or five narrow dark brown bands. The upper surface of the wings is white with a brown triangle at the base; the flight feathers have black tips except for the outer secondaries. The white of the wings is visible when the bird stands, contrasting with the black underparts .
Black-bellied Cuckoo - The Black-bellied Cuckoo is a species of cuckoo in the Cuculidae family. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-bellied Cuckooshrike - The Black-bellied Cuckoo-shrike is a species of bird in the Campephagidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Black-bellied Firefinch - It is found in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo and Uganda. The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
Black-bellied Glossy-Starling - The Black-bellied Glossy-starling is a species of starling in the Sturnidae family. It is found in Kenya, Mozambique, Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe.
Black-bellied Gnateater - The range of the Black-bellied Gnateater is in the south-central Amazon Basin, extending eastwards towards downstream areas of the final fourth of the Xingu River system. Its range does not extend north of the Amazon River and its western range limit is the eastern bank of the north-east flowing Madeira River; it extends southwestwards into north-central Bolivia into downstream areas of the Madeira River's tributaries.
Black-bellied Honeyeater - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-bellied Hummingbird - It is found in Costa Rica and Panama. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Black-bellied Malkoha - The Black-bellied Malkoha is a species of cuckoo in the Cuculidae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Black-bellied plover - They are 27–30 cm long with a wingspan of 71–83 cm, and a weight of 190–280 g . In spring and summer , the adults are spotted black and white on the back and wings. The face and neck are black with a white border; they have a black breast and a white rump. The tail is white with black barring. The bill and legs are black. They moult to winter plumage in mid August to early September and retain this until April; this being a fairly plain grey above, with a grey-speckled breast and white belly. The juvenile and first-winter plumages, held by young birds from fledging until about one year old, are similar to the adult winter plumage but with the back feathers blacker with creamy white edging. In all plumages, the inner flanks and axillary feathers at the base of the underwing are black, a feature which readily distinguishes it from the other three Pluvialis species in flight. On the ground, it can also be told from the other Pluvialis species by its larger , heavier bill. In spring and summer, mating s
Black-bellied Sandgrouse - The nominate race breeds in Iberia, northwest Africa, the Canary Islands, Turkey, Iran, Cyprus and Israel. The eastern form P. o. arenarius is found in Kazakhstan, western China and northern Pakistan. It is a partial migrant, with central Asian birds moving to the Pakistan and northern India in winter.
Black-bellied Seedcracker - It is found in Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo and Uganda. The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
Black-bellied Seedeater - Its natural habitats are temperate grassland and swamps. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Black-bellied Storm Petrel - It is found in Antarctica, Argentina, Australia, Bouvet Island, Brazil, Chile, Falkland Islands, French Polynesia, French Southern Territories, Madagascar, Mozambique, New Zealand, Oman, Peru, Saint Helena, São Tomé and Príncipe, Solomon Islands, South Africa, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Uruguay, and Vanuatu.
Black-bellied Tern
Black-bellied Thorntail - The Black-bellied Thorntail is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.
Black-bellied Whistling-Duck - The Black-bellied Whistling-duck , formerly also called Black-bellied Tree Duck, is a whistling-duck that breeds from the southernmost United States and tropical Central to south-central South America. In the USA, it can be found year-round in parts of southeast Texas, and seasonally in southeast Arizona, and Louisiana's Gulf Coast. It is a rare breeder in such disparate locations as Florida, Arkansas, Georgia and South Carolina.
Black-bellied Wren - It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, and Panama. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.
Black-bibbed Cicadabird - The Black-bibbed Cicadabird is thought to be restriced to subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and is threatened by habitat loss.
Black-bibbed Monarch - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests.
Black-billed Amazon - The Black-billed Amazon lives in mountainous rainforest, usually limestone rainforest, feeding on fruit, seeds, and nuts, and will take cultivated fruit like mangos, papayas and cucumbers as well as wild fruits.
Black-billed Barbet - The Black-billed Barbet is a species of bird in the Ramphastidae family. It is found in Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda.
Black-billed Brush Turkey - The Black-billed Brush-turkey is a species of bird in the Megapodiidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-billed Capercaillie - The Black-billed Capercaillie is a large grouse species closely related to the more widespread Western Capercaillie. It is a sedentary species which breeds in the larch taiga forests of eastern Russia as well as parts of northern Mongolia and China.
Black-billed Cuckoo - The Black-billed Cuckoo, Coccyzus erythropthalmus, is a cuckoo.
Black-billed Flycatcher - The Black-billed Flycatcher is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family. It is found in Colombia and Panama. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Black-billed Gull - The Black-billed Gull is a species of gull in the Laridae family. It is endemic to New Zealand. As is the case with many gulls, it has traditionally been placed in the genus Larus, but is now considered to be the genus Chroicocephalus.
Black-billed Kingfisher - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical mangrove forests.
Black-billed Magpie - In Europe, "Magpie" is used by English speakers as a synonym for the European Magpie; it is the only magpie in Europe outside the Iberian Peninsula.
Black-billed Mountain Toucan
Black-billed Pepper Shrike - The Black-billed Peppershrike is a species of bird in the Vireonidae family. It is found in the Andes in Colombia and northern Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and heavily degraded former forest.
Black-billed Scythebill - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Black-billed Seed Finch - The Black-billed Seed-finch is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family. It is found in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru.
Black-billed Shrike-Tyrant - The Black-billed Shrike-tyrant is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and is a vagrant to the Falkland Islands. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, and pastureland.
Black-billed Sicklebill - The Black-billed Sicklebill is distributed to mountain forests of New Guinea. Its diet consists mainly of fruit and arthropods. The female lays one to two pale cream eggs with brown and grey spots.
Black-billed Streamertail - The Black-billed Streamertail is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is endemic to eastern Jamaica. It is sometimes considered a subspecies of Trochilus polytmus.
Black-billed Thrush - It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
Black-billed Weaver
Black-billed Wood Dove - This species is abundant in near desert, scrub and savannah. It builds a stick nest in a tree, often an acacia, and lays two cream-coloured eggs. Its flight is quick, with the regular beats and an occasional sharp flick of the wings which are characteristic of pigeons in general, and it tends to stay quite low.
Black-billed Wood Hoopoe - The Black-billed Wood Hoopoe is a species of bird in the Phoeniculidae family. It is found in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania.
Black-bodied Woodpecker - The Black-bodied Woodpecker is a species of bird in the Picidae family. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, moist savanna, and plantations . It is threatened by habitat loss.
Black-breasted Barbet - The Black-breasted Barbet is a species of bird in the Ramphastidae family. It is found in Central African Republic, Chad, Sudan, and Uganda.
Black-breasted Buttonquail - The Black-breasted Buttonquail was originally described by ornithologist John Gould in 1837. Its specific epithet is derived from the Ancient Greek terms melano- "black", and gaster "belly".
Black-breasted Buzzard - Adult birds are relatively easy to recognise by their mainly dark plumage combined with distinctive white patches on the wings at the bases of the primary feathers.
Black-breasted Flatbill Flycatcher - The Black-breasted Boatbill is a species of bird in the Machaerirhynchidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Black-breasted Hillstar - The Black-breasted Hillstar is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found in scrub at altitudes of 3,500 to 4,400 metres in the Andes of central Peru. Unlike the other hillstars, the tail, chest and belly of the male Black-breasted Hillstar are almost entirely black.
Black-breasted Munia - The Black-breasted Munia Lonchura teerinki is a species of estrildid finch found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 20,000 to 50,000 km². It is found in subtropical/ tropical lowland dry shrubland and high altitude grassland habitat. The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
Black-breasted Myzomela
Black-breasted Plovercrest - It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay.
Black-breasted Puffbird - It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.
Black-breasted Puffleg - The Black-breasted Puffleg is an average sized
Black-breasted Thrush - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Black-breasted Weaver - Resident or local migrant, endemic to South Asia.
Black-browed Albatross - The Black-browed Albatross or Black-browed Mollymawk, Thalassarche melanophrys, is a large seabird of the albatross family Diomedeidae, and it is the most widespread and common albatross.
Black-browed Babbler - The Black-browed Babbler is a mysterious songbird species in the family Timaliidae. It is endemic to Indonesia, probably living on Borneo. Only a single specimen, collected in the 19th century, is known.
Black-browed Barbet - It is 20-23.5 cm long. The plumage is mostly green apart from the head which is patterned with blue, yellow and red. There is a black stripe above the eye. The bill is black and the feet are grey-green. The Chinese name for the bird, "five-colored bird" refers to the five colors seen on its plumage. Because of its colorful plumage and that its call resembles that of a percussion instrument known as a wooden fish, the species is also referred to as the "spotted monk of the forest" in Taiwan.
Black-browed Cisticola - The Black-lored Cisticola is a species of bird in the Cisticolidae family. It is found in Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry shrubland.
Black-browed Parrotbill - It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand.
Black-browed Tit - It is 11 cm long. The adult has grey upperparts and reddish-brown underparts. The head is reddish-buff with a black mask and a silver bib with black streaks and a black edge. Juveniles are paler and duller than the adults. The Black-browed Tit is similar but has a white forehead and belly and a white edge to its bib. The White-throated Tit has a white forehead and bib and a dark breastband.
Black-browed Tree Pie - This bird is slightly smaller than a Blue Jay and has the typical compact body and long tail of this group. The forehead, face and bib are black with the chest, neck and shoulders a light silvery or bluish-grey in colour. The back is a warm chestnut brown with similar underparts. The wing coverts are white with the primaries and tail black.
Black-capped Antwren
Black-capped Apalis - The Black-capped Apalis is a species of bird in the Cisticolidae family. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Uganda. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-capped Babbler
Black-capped Becard - The Black-capped Becard is a species of bird in the Tityridae family. It has traditionally been placed in Cotingidae or Tyrannidae, but evidence strongly suggest it is better placed in Tityridae, where now placed by SACC. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-capped Donacobius - The Black-capped Donacobius is the only member of the genus Donacobius. Its familial placement is not established, and ornithologists disagree as to its closest relations. In the 19th century, it was placed in the Turdidae, and in the 20th century, moved to the Mimidae. It had various English names, including the "Black-capped Mockingthrush". In the 1980s and 1990s, suggestions that it was a type of wren were accepted by the South American Classification Committee , the American Ornithologists Union and most other authorities. More recently, listing organizations and authors follow Van Remsen and Keith Barker's conclusion that it is not a wren either, but instead most closely related to an Old World lineage.
Black-capped Flycatcher - This species is found in the high canopy of mountain oak forest, coming lower at the edges and in clearings, and also in second growth and bushy pastures. It breeds mainly in the highest forested areas, from 2450 m to 3300 m altitude, but will descend to as low as 1850 m in the height of the rainy season.
Black-capped Foliage-gleaner - The Black-capped Foliage-gleaner is a species of bird in the Furnariidae family. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-capped gnatcatcher - Adults are blue-grey on the upperparts with white underparts, with a long slender bill and a long black tail with white outer tailbands on the uppertail. The undertail is extensively white, showing black only along a thin vertical center line and at the very tip. Males show a prominent black cap. This species is very similar to the California Gnatcatcher and the Black-tailed Gnatcatcher.
Black-capped Hemispingus - The Peruvian form is sometimes treated as a separate species, White-browed Hemispingus .
Black-capped Kingfisher - This is a large kingfisher, 28 cm in length. The adult has a purple-blue back, black head and shoulders, white neck collar and throat, and rufous underparts. The large bill and legs are bright red. In flight, large white patches are visible on the blue and black wings. Sexes are similar, but juveniles are a duller version of the adult. The call of this kingfisher is a cackling ki-ki-ki-ki-ki.
Black-capped Lory - The subspecies vary considerably in color:
Black-capped Manakin - The Black-capped Piprites , also known as the Black-capped Manakin, is a species of suboscine passerine. It has traditionally been placed in the manakin family, although it remains unclear if this is correct. It is therefore considered incertae sedis by recent authorities such as SACC.
Black-capped Parakeet - It lives in humid forests, ranging from the Amazonian lowlands up to an altitude of 2000 m. on the East Andean slopes. While its habitat is being disturbed, parts of its range are within protected areas , and it remains widespread and locally fairly common. Flock size 20-30, smaller in breeding season.
Black-capped Petrel - This long-winged petrel has a grey-brown back and wings, with a white nape and rump. Underparts are mainly white apart from a black cap and some dark underwing makings. It picks food items such as squid from the ocean surface.
Black-capped Pygmy Tyrant - It is a species of the forest canopy, coming lower at edges and clearings, and in second growth and semi-open woodland. It occurs up to an altitude of 900 m. It is fairly common, except in arid areas. In Costa Rica and most of Panama it is restricted to the Caribbean lowlands, while essentially restricted to the humid parts of the Chocó further south. The female builds a 15 cm long pouch nest with a round side entrance, which is suspended from a thin branch 1-7 m high in a tree. The female incubates the two brown-blotched white eggs for 15–16 days to hatching.
Black-capped Rufous Warbler
Black-capped Screech-Owl - The Black-capped Screech-owl , or Variable Screech-owl is a species of owl in the Strigidae family. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and heavily degraded former forest.
Black-capped Sibia - It is found in Bhutan, China, Nepal, Pakistan and the Republic of India. Its natural habitat is temperate forests.
Black-capped Siskin - The Black-Capped Siskin is a species of finch in the Fringillidae family. It is found in Guatemala and Mexico. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and heavily degraded former forest.
Black-capped Tanager
Black-capped Tinamou - The Black-capped Tinamou, Crypturellus atrocapillus, is a type of Tinamou commonly found in the moist forest lowlands in subtropical and tropical regions.
Black-capped Tyrannulet - The Black-capped Tyrannulet is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Black-capped Vireo - The Black-capped Vireo, Vireo atricapilla, is a small bird native to the United States and Mexico. It has been listed as an endangered species in the United States since 1987. The IUCN lists the species as vulnerable.
Black-capped Woodland Warbler - It is found in Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, and Nigeria. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Black-casqued Hornbill - Downloadable Audio file of the sounds of the Black Casqued Hornbill
Black-cheeked Ant-Tanager - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Black-cheeked Gnateater - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-cheeked Lovebird - The Black-cheeked Lovebird is 14 cm in length, with mostly green plumage, reddish-brown forehead and forecrown, brownish-black cheeks and throat, orange bib below the throat which fades to yellowish-green, white eye-rings and grey feet. Adult have bright red beaks, while juveniles of the species are similar but with a more orange bill. Vocalizations are loud, piercing shrieks, which are very similar to those of other lovebirds.
Black-cheeked Warbler - It is normally found in oak forests with a dense bamboo understory from 2500 m altitude to the timberline, but occasionally occurs as low as 1600 m. The breeding pair builds a bulky domed nest with a side entrance on a sloping bank or in a gully, and the female lays two white eggs.
Black-cheeked Waxbill - It is found in Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia & Zimbabwe. The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
Black-cheeked Woodpecker - This woodpecker occurs in the higher levels of wet forests, semi-open woodland and old second growth. It nests in an unlined hole 6-30 m high in a dead tree. The clutch is two to four glossy white eggs, incubated by both sexes.
Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle - The Black-chested Buzzard-eagle is a bird of prey of the hawk and eagle family . It lives in open regions of South America. This species is also known as the Black Buzzard-eagle, Grey Buzzard-eagle or analogously with "eagle" or "eagle-buzzard" replacing "buzzard-eagle", or as the Chilean Blue Eagle. It is sometimes placed in the genus Buteo.
Black-chested Jay
Black-chested Mountain Tanager - It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Black-chested Prinia - The Black-chested Prinia is a species of bird in the Cisticolidae family. It is found in Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitat is dry savanna.
Black-chested Snake-Eagle - The main identification character of this bird is its dark brown head and chest, to which it owes its name. In flight the dark head contrasts with the underparts and underwings, which are white apart from dark barring on the flight feathers and tail. The upperparts are dark brown, and the eye is yellow.
Black-chested Sparrow - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.
Black-chested Tyrant - The Black-chested Tyrant is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family. It is found in Brazil, Suriname, and Venezuela.
Black-chinned Antbird - The Black-chinned Antbird is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical swamps.
Black-chinned Fruit Dove - The Black-chinned Fruit-dove is distributed in lowland forests of Taiwan and the Philippines, where it is fairly common. On Taiwan, it is very rare, known only from four specimens.
Black-chinned Honeyeater - The Black-chinned Honeyeater is a species of bird in the Meliphagidae family. It is endemic to Australia.
Black-chinned hummingbird - Adults are metallic green above and white below with green flanks. Their bill is long, straight and very slender. The adult male has a black face and chin, a glossy purple throat band and a dark forked tail. The female has a dark rounded tail with white tips and no throat patch; they are similar to female Ruby-throated Hummingbirds.
Black-chinned Monarch - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Black-chinned Siskin
Black-chinned sparrow - This passerine bird is generally found in chaparral, sagebrush, arid scrublands, and brushy hillsides, breeding in the Southwestern United States , and migrating in winter to north-central Mexico and Baja California Sur. There is also a non-migratory population in central Mexico.
Black-chinned Yuhina - It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Black-collared Apalis - The Black-collared Apalis is a species of bird in the Cisticolidae family. Formerly in genus Apalis, Nguembock et al. moved species to a new genus, Oreolais. It is found in Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, and Uganda.
Black-collared Barbet - Readily recognised by its loud duet, commonly rendered as "too-puddly too-puddly too-puddly".... and its snarling warning call. This is a gregarious species, often acting in concert when driving off intruders and roosting together in nest holes. Their flight is direct with a loud whirring of wings.
Black-collared Bulbul
Black-collared Hawk - It is found in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical swamps, and swamps.
Black-cowled Saltator
Black-crested Antshrike - This is a bird of undergrowth in mangrove or other swampy forest and thickets near water. It is usually found as territorial pairs. The female lays two purple-lined white eggs in a deep cup nest suspended below a branch or vine. They are incubated by both sexes for 14 days to hatching, the female always brooding at night. The chicks fledge in another 12 days.
Black-crested Bulbul - This is a bird of forest and dense scrub. It builds its nest in a bush; two to four eggs is a typical clutch. The Black-crested Bulbul feeds on fruit and insects.
Black-crested Coquette
Black-crested Finch - The Black-crested Finch is a species of bird in the Emberizidae family. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.
Black-crested Titmouse - The bird is 5.5 to 6 inches long, with rusty flanks, gray upperparts, and a whitish belly. The male has a long, dark black crest that is usually erect, while the female's crest is not as dark. It is common wherever trees grow, whether they are deciduous, heavy timber, or urban shade trees. Its call peter, peter, peter is similar to that of the Tufted Titmouse, but shorter. Its diet consists of berries, nuts, spiders, insects, and insect eggs.
Black-crowned Antpitta - The Black-crowned Antpitta is a species of bird in the Formicariidae family. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, and Panama. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-crowned Babbler - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-crowned Monjita - The Black-crowned Monjita is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry shrubland.
Black-crowned Night Heron - Adults are approximately 64 cm long and weigh 800 g . They have a black crown and back with the remainder of the body white or grey, red eyes, and short yellow legs. Young birds are brown, flecked with white and grey. These are short-necked and stout herons.
Black-crowned Sparrow-Lark
Black-crowned Tityra - The Black-crowned Tityra is a medium-sized passerine bird. It has traditionally been placed in the cotinga or the tyrant flycatcher family, but evidence strongly suggest it is better placed in Tityridae, where now placed by SACC. It is found in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.
Black-crowned Waxbill - It is found in Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania & Uganda. The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
Black-eared Cuckoo - The Black-eared Cuckoo is a species of cuckoo in the Cuculidae family. It is found in Australia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea.
Black-eared Fairy - A medium-sized tropical hummingbird. It has bright green upperparts, white underparts and a black mask. The relatively short, straight bill is black. The graduated tail is blue-black in the center, with white outer tail feathers . Depending on subspecies, the male has a green malar or throat. The female is similar, but with a longer tail and no green malar/throat.
Black-eared Hemispingus - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and heavily degraded former forest. It is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN.
Black-eared Kite - The Black Kite is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as eagles, buzzards and harriers.
Black-eared nuthatch - Pygmy Nuthatches nest in cavities in dead stubs of conifers, lining the bottom of the cavity with pine-cone scales, plant down, and other soft plant and animal materials. They may fill cracks or crevices around the entrance with fur; the function of this behavior is unknown. The female lays 4–9 eggs, which are white with fine reddish-brown spotting. She does most of the incubation, which lasts about 16 days. The young leave the nest about 22 days after hatching.
Black-eared Oriole - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Black-eared Parrotlet - It is mostly known from lower montane evergreen forest at 500-1,200m, but also up to 1,400m in the Itatiaia National Park. In addition it is found in near sea-level in Bahia and São Paulo.
Black-eared Seedeater - The Black-eared Seedeater is a species of finch in the Fringillidae family. It is found in Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and dry savanna.
Black-eared Shrike Babbler - It is found in Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Black-eared Sparrow-Lark
Black-eared Wheatear - This 13.5-15.5 cm long insectivorous species is dimorphic with eastern and western races. In both forms, birds with or without a black throat are met with.
Black-eared Wood-Quail - The Black-eared Wood-quail is a species of bird in the Odontophoridae family. It is found in Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama.
Black-faced Antbird - There are seven subspecies currently recognised, although some of these may represent separate species and others only clinal variation, and more research is needed into the species' taxonomy.
Black-faced Antthrush - This antthrush is a common and widespread forest bird which builds a leaf-lined nest in a cavity in a hollow branch or stump; two white eggs are laid.
Black-faced Brush-finch - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and heavily degraded former forest.
Black-faced Bunting - It breeds in southern Siberia across to northern China and northern Japan. It is migratory, wintering in northeast India, southern China and northern southeast Asia. It is a very rare wanderer to western Europe.
Black-faced Canary - The Black-Faced Canary is a species of finch in the Fringillidae family. It is found in Angola, Burundi, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, and Zambia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland.
Black-faced Cormorant - The Black-faced-Cormorant feeds largely on small coastal fish, diving in depths up to 12 m. Fish of lengths up to 50 cm have been observed to be taken. The birds sometimes forage in flocks, apparently in an organised way.
Black-faced Cotinga - It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-faced Coucal - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-faced Cuckooshrike - They are widely distributed in almost any wooded habitat throughout the area, except in rainforests. But they can also occur in urban areas, and are a fairly common site on powerlines in Australian cities such as Sydney and Perth.
Black-faced Dacnis
Black-faced Friarbird - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Black-faced grassquit - This is a common bird in long grass or scrub in open or semi-open areas, including roadsides and ricefields. It makes a domed grass nest, lined with finer grasses, and placed low in a bush or on a bank. The typical clutch is two or three whitish eggs blotched with reddish brown. Both sexes build the nest and feed the young.
Black-faced Grosbeak - The adult Black-faced Grosbeak is 16.5 cm long, weighs 36 g, and has a heavy, mainly black, bill. It has a black face, yellow head, neck and breast, and olive back, wings and tail. The rump and belly are grey. Immatures are duller and have duskier face markings.
Black-faced Hawk
Black-faced hill-robin - The Poʻouli was not discovered until 1973 by students from the University of Hawaiʻi, who found the bird on the north-eastern slopes of Haleakala on the island of Maui. It was found during the Hana Rainforest Project at an altitude of 1,980 metres above sea level. The Poʻouli was the first species of Hawaiian Honeycreeper to be discovered since 1923. It is dissimilar to other Hawaiian birds. Evidence based on DNA suggests it belongs to an ancient lineage of honeycreepers
Black-faced Ibis - The Black-faced Ibis is a species of bird in the Threskiornithidae family. It is found in grassland and fields in southern and western South America. It has been included as a subspecies of the similar Buff-necked Ibis, but today all major authorities accept the split. On the contrary, the Black-faced Ibis includes the taxon branickii as a subspecies, although some authorities treat it as a separate species, the Andean Ibis .
Black-faced Laughing Thrush - It is found in Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Vietnam.
Black-faced Monarch - The Black-faced Monarch was most likely discovered sometime in the 1810s, although its original discovery is somewhat controversial. According to many bird books, the original discoverer of the Black-faced Monarch was Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot, in the year 1818. However, some articles indicate that Bryan Sun may have been the first person to classify the bird as early as 1794.
Black-faced Munia - The Black-faced Munia Lonchura molucca is a species of estrildid finch found in Indonesia. Its habitat is very broad and it could be found in artificial landscapes , forest, grassland & savanna. The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
Black-faced Pitta
Black-faced Rufous Warbler - The Black-Faced Rufous Warbler is a species of bird in the Cisticolidae family. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Black-faced Sandgrouse
Black-faced Sheathbill - Dumpy, short-necked, pigeon-like birds with white plumage, black bills, caruncles and facial skin. Measurements: length 38-41 cm; wingspan 74-79 cm; weight 530-610 g, 460-530 g.
Black-faced Solitaire - This is a bird of dense undergrowth and bamboo clumps in wet mountain forest, normally from 750 to 3000 m altitude. It disperse as low as 400 m in the wet season, when it may form loose flocks. It builds a cup nest of mosses and liverworts in a tree crevice, hole in a mossy bank, or concealed amongst mosses and epiphytes in a tree fork up to 3.5 m above the ground. The female lays 2-3 rufous-brown marked white or pinkish eggs between April and June. The fledging period is 15-16 days.
Black-faced Spinetail
Black-faced Spoonbill - The global population of this species, based on the winter population count carried out in 1988-1990 in all known sites, was estimated at 288 individuals. As of 2006, thanks to conservation efforts over the years, the estimated global population had increased to 1,679 . The niche population of North Korea does not exceed 30 birds, which implies that there must be another colony which has not been discovered yet, and which is perhaps located in northeast China; for example, on the islands of Liaoning .
Black-faced Tanager - The Black-faced Tanager is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family.
Black-faced Warbler - It is found in Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Black-faced Waxbill - It is usually found in grassy plains with tall grasses and bushes, in small flocks. Most of the Black-lored Waxbill population is probably within the Upemba National Park but it is unclear to what extent is its habitat protected by the authority.
Black-faced Woodswallow
Black-footed Albatross - The Black-footed Albatross, Phoebastria nigripes, is a large seabird from the North Pacific. It is one of three albatrosses that range in the northern hemisphere, nesting on isolated tropical islands.
Black-footed Penguin - Two colonies were established by penguins in the 1980s on the mainland near Cape Town at Boulders Beach near Simon's Town and Stony Point in Betty's Bay. Mainland colonies probably only became possible in recent times due to the reduction of predator numbers, although the Betty's Bay colony has been attacked by leopards. The only other mainland colony is in Namibia, but it is not known when this was established.
Black-fronted Bulbul
Black-fronted Dotterel - Unlike many other wading birds, Black-fronted Dotterels retain the same plumage all year round, which makes identification easier.
Black-fronted Flowerpecker - The Black-fronted Flowerpecker is a species of bird in the Dicaeidae family. It is endemic to the Lesser Sunda Islands in Indonesia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Black-fronted Ground Tyrant - The Black-fronted Ground-tyrant is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.
Black-fronted Nunbird - It is found in Amazonian Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru; also regions of eastern and southeastern Brazil. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical swamps, and heavily degraded former forest.
Black-fronted Parakeet - The extinct Black-fronted Parakeet or Tahiti Parakeet was endemic to the Pacific island of Tahiti. Its native name was simply ’ā’ā according to Latham though White gives "aa-maha".
Black-fronted Piping-Guan - This species is only found on Trinidad; it is close to extinction. They are large birds, 60 cm in length, and similar in general appearance to turkeys, with thin necks and small heads. They are forest birds, and the nest is built in a tree. Three large white eggs are laid, the female alone incubating. This arboreal species feeds on fruit and berries.
Black-fronted Tyrannulet - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Black-fronted White-eye - It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Quite common, it is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN.
Black-fronted Wood Quail
Black-girdled Barbet - The Black-girdled Barbet is a species of bird in the Capitonidae family. It is found in Bolivia and Brazil. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-goggled Brush-Finch - The Black-spectacled Brush-finch is a species of bird in the Emberizidae family. It is endemic to Peru.
Black-goggled Tanager - The underparts are tawny, the back and head are dull brownish-olive, and the tail and wings are contrastingly black . The male has a yellow crown patch and a large black patch around the eyes .
Black-headed Ant-thrush - The Black-headed Antthrush is a species of bird in the Formicariidae family. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Panama. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Black-headed Antbird - Some authorities now regard the subspecies "minor" as a separate species with the English name Amazonas Antbird.
Black-headed Apalis - The Black-headed Apalis is a species of bird in the Cisticolidae family. It is found in Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Black-headed Bulbul - Pycnonotus atriceps
Black-headed Bunting - It breeds in southeast Europe east to Iran. It is migratory, wintering in India. It is a rare but regular wanderer to western Europe.
Black-headed Canary - Its habitat is dry open scrub and grassland, edges of cultivation and suburban gardens.
Black-headed Cuckooshrike - Male at Sindhrot in Vadodara district of Gujarat, India.
Black-headed Duck - This is the most basal living member of its subfamily, and it lacks the stiff tail and swollen bill of its relatives. Overall much resembling a fairly typical diving duck. It is a small dark duck, the male with a black head and mantle and a paler flank and belly, and the female pale brown overall.
Black-headed Flyeater - Murphy S. Why do male fairy gerygones Gerygone palpebrosa burst into song on hearing predators or loud noises? Sunbird 32: 62-66.
Black-headed Gonolek - Its natural habitats are dry savanna, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, and subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland.
Black-headed Greenfinch
Black-headed Greenfinch - It is found in Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and temperate shrubland.
Black-headed Grosbeak - The 19 cm long, 47 g weight Black-headed Grosbeak is a migratory bird, with nesting grounds from southwestern British Columbia, through the western half of the United States, into central Mexico. It occurs as an accidental further south in Central America.
Black-headed Hemispingus - It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Black-headed Heron - This species usually breeds in the wet season in colonies in trees, reedbeds or cliffs. It builds a bulky stick nest and lays 2–-4 eggs.
Black-headed honeyeater - Its natural habitats are temperate forests and Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation.
Black-headed Ibis - It occurs in marshy wetlands inland and on the coast, where it feeds on various fish, frogs and other water creatures, as well as on insects.
Black-headed Lapwing - The Black-headed Plover or Black-headed Lapwing is a large lapwing, a group of largish waders in the family Charadriidae. It is a resident breeder across sub-Saharan Africa from Senegal to Ethiopia, although it has seasonal movements. It lays two or three eggs on a ground scrape.
Black-headed Munia - Lonchura malacca has been split into L. malacca and the Black-headed Munia or Chestnut Munia L. atricapilla.
Black-headed myzomela
Black-headed Nightingale-Thrush - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Black-headed oriole - The male of the species has a black hood, mandible, and throat, as well as a black tail. Wings are black, but the remiges and retrices are fringed with white. The secondary coverts form yellow epaulets. The back and vent are yellow washed with olive, and the underside is almost uniformly yellow. Females of this species have a slightly more olive nape and back than the males. The adult female’s plumage is similar to the juvenile plumage; however, unlike adults, the wings are dull brown instead of black. In general, immature specimens have the hood; wingbars; remiges; and epaulets of adult specimens. The first-basic plumage retains the darker, greener coloration of the juvenile plumage, however. Molting generally occurs in early autumn, though some specimens have been noted to molt as early as June.
Black-headed Paradise-Flycatcher - However, the Red-bellied Paradise-flycatcher is a common resident breeder in tropical western Africa south of the Sahara Desert. This species is usually found in thick forests and other well-wooded habitats. Two eggs are laid in a tiny cup nest in a tree.
Black-headed Parrot - The Black-headed Parrot , also known as the Black-headed Caique, Black-capped Parrot or Pallid Parrot , is one of the two species in the genus Pionites of the Psittacidae family; the other species being the allopatric White-bellied Parrot.
Black-headed Puff-back Flycatcher - It is sometimes split into two species: Eastern Black-headed Batis in southern Somalia and eastern parts of Kenya and Tanzania and Western Black-headed Batis in the rest of the range.
Black-headed Saltator - The genus Saltator is apparently polyphyletic.
Black-headed Sibia - It is found in China, Myanmar and Thailand. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Black-headed siskin - This species is considered the extant "father" of the South American siskin radiation.
Black-headed Weaver
Black-headed Whistler - The Black-headed Whistler is a species of bird in the Pachycephalidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-headed White-eye - The species has a black face, dark olive neck, back and wings, and olive rump with a black tail , and bright yellow undersides. The white eye-ring is bright but incomplete, broken at the front. The plumage of the male and female are similar.
Black-headed Woodpecker - Its natural habitats are temperate forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-hooded Antshrike - The Black-hooded Antshrike is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is found in Costa Rica and Panama. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, and heavily degraded former forest.
Black-hooded Antwren - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist shrubland and plantations . It is threatened by habitat loss.
Black-hooded Laughing Thrush
Black-hooded Oriole - It is a bird of open woodland and cultivation. The nest is built in a tree, and contains two eggs. The food is insects and fruit, especially figs, found in the tree canopies where the orioles spend much of their time.
Black-hooded Thrush
Black-legged Dacnis - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Black-legged kittiwake - This species was first described by Linnaeus in his Systema naturae in 1758 as Larus tridactylus.
Black-lored Babbler - As defined here, it consists of two populations with widely separated ranges, one in northwestern Botswana, northern Namibia,
Black-lored Parrot - It is very poorly known, being at least partly nocturnal and occupying hilly forests.
Black-mandibled Toucan - It occurs at altitudes of 100-2400 m. in humid montane forests, with a preference for the canopy and edge.
Black-mantled Goshawk - The Black-mantled Goshawk is a species of bird of prey in the Accipitridae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-masked Finch - It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, and subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Black-masked White-eye - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Black-naped Fruit Dove - The Black-naped Fruit-dove is distributed in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. In Indonesia, it is found in Java, Lesser Sunda Islands and Sulawesi, where it inhabits the lowland and hill forests. The diet consists mainly of various fruits, figs and berries. The female usually lays one single white egg.
Black-naped Monarch - The Black-naped Monarch or Black-naped Blue Flycatcher is a slim and agile passerine bird belonging to the family of monarch flycatchers. They are sexually dimorphic with males having a distinctive black patch on the back of the head and a narrow black half collar while the female is duller and lacks the black markings. They have a call that is similar to that of the Asian Paradise Flycatcher and in tropical forest habitats pairs may join mixed-species foraging flocks.
Black-naped Oriole - They are migrants in most parts of South India and are most regularly seen in the Western Ghats.
Black-naped tern - The tern is about 30cm long with a wing length of 21-23cm. Their beaks and legs are black, but the tips of their bills are yellow. They have long forked tails.
Black-necked Aracari - It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela.
Black-necked Cisticola - The Black-necked Cisticola is a species of bird in the Cisticolidae family. It is found in Burkina Faso, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, and Uganda. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland and subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland.
Black-necked crane - The Black-necked Crane is distributed in Pakistan, China, Himalayan regions of the Republic of India, Bhutan and Vietnam. It breeds on the Tibetan Plateau, with a small population in adjacent Ladakh, and Kashmir valleys. It has therefore been designated as the "State bird of Jammu and Kashmir". It has six wintering areas, mostly at lower altitudes in China, notably at Caohai Lake, but it also winters in Bhutan. In Jammu and Kashmir, the crane breeds near the high altitude lakes of Ladakh such as Tso Kar Lake. The Black-necked Crane is one of the spiritual creatures for the people of the area and is pictured alongside many of their deities in the monasteries of the region.
Black-necked Eremomela - The Black-Necked Eremomela is a species of Old World warbler in the Sylviidae family. It is found in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zambia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and dry savanna.
Black-necked Grebe - There are three subspecies:
Black-necked Red Cotinga - It is found in the western Amazon Basin of Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru; also the very southern border region of Venezuela with Amazonas state. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-necked Stork - The Black-necked Stork is a quite large bird, typically 130-150 cm tall with a 230 cm wingspan. The average weight is around 4100 grams. It is spectacularly plumaged. The head, neck, wing bar and tail are jet black, with the rest of the plumage white. The massive bill is black and the legs are bright red. Sexes are identical except that the female has a yellow iris, while the male's is brown. Juveniles are mainly light brown with a white belly and dark legs.
Black-necked Swan - The smallest member in its genus, it is found in freshwater marshes, lagoon and lake shores in southern South America. The Black-necked Swan breeds in Zona Sur, Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego and on the Falkland Islands. In the austral winter, this species migrates northwards to Paraguay and southern Brazil. The Laguna Blanca National Park in Argentina is a protected home of this swan. The wetlands created by the Great Chilean Earthquake like Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary in Cruces River have become important population centers for the Black-necked Swan.
Black-necked Tailor Bird - It is found in Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests.
Black-necked Wattle-eye - The Black-necked Wattle-eye is a species of bird in the Platysteiridae family. It is found in Angola, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical swamps, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Black-necked Weaver - This weaver occurs in forests, especially in wet habitats. It builds a large coarsely woven nest made of grass and creepers with a 15 cm downward facing entrance tunnel hanging from the globular egg chamber. The nest is suspended from a branch in a tree and 2-3 eggs are laid. It nests in pairs but forms small flocks when not breeding.
Black-necked Woodpecker - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, and heavily degraded former forest.
Black-polled Yellowthroat - Its natural habitats are freshwater lakes and freshwater marshes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Black-ringed White-eye - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-rumped Flameback - The Black-rumped Flameback or Lesser Golden-backed Woodpecker is a woodpecker found widely distributed in South Asia. It is one of the few woodpeckers that are seen in urban areas, it has a characteristic rattling-whinnying call and an undulating flight. It is the only golden-backed woodpecker with a black throat.
Black-rumped waxbill - It is found in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France , Gambia, Ghana, Guadeloupe, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Portugal , Puerto Rico, Senegal, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, USA & Virgin Islands . The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
Black-shouldered Cicadabird - The Black-shouldered Cicadabird is a species of bird in the Campephagidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Black-shouldered Kite - The Black-shouldered Kite was first described by ornithologist John Latham in 1802. Its specific name is derived from the Latin axilla "shoulder". The name "Black-shouldered Kite" was formerly used for a Eurasian and African species, Elanus caeruleus, and the Australian bird and the North American species, the White-tailed Kite Elanus leucurus, were treated as subspecies of this. The three Elanus species have comparable plumage patterns and sizes, however, they are now regarded as distinct, and the name Black-winged Kite is used for E. caeruleus. Modern references to the Black-shouldered Kite should therefore unambiguously mean the Australian species, E. axillaris.
Black-shouldered Nightjar - The Black-shouldered Nightjar is a species of nightjar in the Caprimulgidae family. It is found in Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, and Uganda.
Black-sided Flowerpecker - The Black-sided Flowerpecker is a species of bird in the Dicaeidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Malaysia in northern Borneo. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Black-sided Robin - The Black-sided Robin is a species of bird in the Petroicidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-spotted Barbet - It is found in E Colombia, E Peru, Brazil, the Guianas, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical swamps, and heavily degraded former forest. Previously, it included the Gilded Barbet of the southern and western Amazon basin as subspecies. As currently defined, the Black-spotted Barbet is monotypic.
Black-spotted Bare-eye - The Black-spotted Bare-eye is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical swamps.
Black-spotted Yellow Tit - This species is a resident breeder in the Himalayas. The race in peninsular India has been split as Parus aplonotus by Rasmussen and Anderton . It is a common bird in open tropical forests, but does not occur in Sri Lanka. It is an active and agile feeder, taking insects and spiders from the canopy, and sometimes fruit.
Black-streaked Puffbird - The Black-streaked Puffbird is a species of puffbird in the Bucconidae family. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Black-striped Sparrow - This American sparrow is a common bird in humid lowlands and foothills up to 1500 m altitude, in semi-open habitats such as thickets, young second growth, overgrown fields and shady plantations and gardens.
Black-striped Woodcreeper - It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Panama. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests.
Black-tailed Antbird - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical swamps. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Black-tailed Cisticola - The Black-tailed Cisticola is a species of bird in the Cisticolidae family. It is found in Angola and Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its natural habitat is dry savanna.
Black-tailed Flycatcher - It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.
Black-tailed Godwit - Scolopax limosa Linnaeus,1758
Black-tailed Gull - It has yellow legs and a red and black spot at the end of the bill. This gull takes 4 years to reach full adult plumage. As the name suggests, it has a black tail. The bird has a cat-like call, giving it its Japanese name — Umineko, "Sea cat" and Korean name — Gwaeng-yi gull, which means "cat" gull.
Black-tailed Leaftosser - The Black-tailed Leaftosser is a species of bird in the Furnariidae family. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-tailed Monarch - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-tailed Native Hen - The Black-tailed Native-hen is a large dark bird, reaching about 38cm in length and weighing around 400g. This species possesses an erect tail and is endowed almost entirely in brownish-grey and green feathers. Its long legs and lower jaw are a striking pink-orange colour, as well as its eyes which are more of a bright orange colour. This species is not excessively vocal, its main call is an alarm 'kak' sound.
Black-tailed Tityra - The Black-tailed Tityra, Tityra cayana, is a medium-sized passerine bird of tropical South America. The tityras have been placed in the cotinga or the tyrant flycatcher families by various authors. But the weight of evidence strongly suggest they and their closest relatives are better separated as Tityridae; the AOU for example advocates this separation.
Black-tailed Trainbearer - The Black-Tailed Trainbearer is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, and heavily degraded former forest.
Black-tailed Treecreeper - Its natural habitats are temperate forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-tailed Trogon
Black-tailed Waxbill - It is found in subtropical/ tropical moist shrubland habitats in Angola, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia & Zimbabwe. The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
Black-thighed Falconet - It breeds in tree holes.
Black-thighed Grosbeak - This species breeds from about 1000m altitude or 1500 m up to 2600 m and is found in canopy, woodland edge and semi-open habitats such as pasture with some trees. The nest is a thin cup constructed on a bulky twig base 1-3 m up in a small tree or amongst vines. The female lays two brown-spotted pale blue eggs between March and May.
Black-thighed Puffleg - The Black-thighed Puffleg is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found at humid forest edge and ravines in the Andean highlands of Colombia and northern Ecuador. It is threatened by habitat loss. As suggested by its name, the feathering around its legs is black, which is unique among the pufflegs. Otherwise its plumage is green with a contrastingly black tail.
Black-throated Accentor - The Black-throated Accentor builds a neat nest low in spruce thickets, laying 3-5 unspotted blue eggs. It winters in scrub or cultivation.
Black-throated Antbird - The Black-throated Antbird is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.
Black-throated Antshrike - The Black-throated Antshrike is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-throated Apalis - The Black-throated Apalis is a species of bird in the Cisticolidae family. It is found in Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Black-throated Babbler
Black-throated Barbet - The Black-throated Barbet is a species of bird in the Ramphastidae family. It is found in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda.
Black-throated Blue Robin - The Black-throated Blue Robin is a species of bird in the Muscicapidae family. It is found in China and Thailand. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and temperate shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Black-throated Blue Warbler - Adult males have white underparts with black throat, face and flanks; the upperparts are deep blue; immature males are similar with upperparts more greenish. Females have olive-brown upperparts and light yellow underparts with darker wings and tail, a grey crown and a brown patch on the cheek. All birds have a small white wing patch which is not always visible, and a thin pointed bill. Like many warblers, this bird has colorful plumage during the spring and summer, but its fall plumage is drab and less distinctive. In the fall, it can still be identified from other similar warblers by its small white wing patch.
Black-throated Bobwhite - The Yucatan Bobwhite or Black-throated Bobwhite is a species of bird in the Odontophoridae family. It is found in Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, and heavily degraded former forest.
Black-throated Brilliant - The Black-throated Brilliant is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Black-throated Canary - Serinus atrogularis and S. reichenowi have been lumped into S. atrogularis following Dowsett and Forbes-Watson .
Black-throated Coucal - The Black-throated Coucal is a species of cuckoo in the Cuculidae family. It is found in west Africa in dense second growth along forest edge and grassy swamps. The subspecies found in northern and central Zaire is sometimes split as Neumann's Coucal, Centropus neumanni.
Black-throated Diver - It breeds on deep lakes in the tundra region of Alaska and northern Canada as far east as Baffin Island, and in Russia east of the Lena River.
Black-throated Finch - Originally described by ornithologist John Gould in 1837, its specific epithet is Latin cincta "girdled".
Black-throated Firefinch - It is found in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo and Uganda. The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
Black-throated Flower-piercer - It is found in Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, and heavily degraded former forest.
Black-throated Green Broadbill
Black-throated Green Warbler - It is 12 cm long and weighs 9 g, and has an olive-green crown, a yellow face with olive markings, a thin pointed bill, white wing bars, an olive-green back and pale underparts with black streaks on the flanks. Adult males have a black throat and upper breast; females have a pale throat and black markings on their breast.
Black-throated Grey Warbler - The Black-throated Gray Warbler is a songbird of the New World warbler family. It is 13 cm long and has black, grey, and white plumage. It breeds in western North America from British Columbia to New Mexico, and winters in Mexico and the southwestern United States. Common in in its forest habitats, it does not seem to be seriously threatened by human activities, unlike many migratory warblers.
Black-throated Grosbeak - It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-throated hermit - It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.
Black-throated Honeyeater - The Black-throated Honeyeater is a species of bird in the Meliphagidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Black-throated Huet-huet
Black-throated Jay - The Black-throated Jay is a species of bird in the Corvidae family. It is found in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Black-throated loon - Breeding adults are 63 cm to 75 cm in length with a 100 cm to 122 cm wingspan, shaped like a smaller, sleeker version of the Great Northern Diver. They have a grey head, black throat, white underparts and chequered black-and-white mantle. Non-breeding plumage is drabber with the chin and foreneck white. Its bill is grey or whitish and dagger-shaped. In all plumages a white flank patch distinguishes this species from all other divers including the otherwise almost identical Pacific Diver.
Black-throated Magpie-Jay - This species is 58.5 to 76.5 cm long, more than half of which is the tail. The upperparts are blue with white tips to the tail feathers; the underparts are white. The bill, legs, head, and conspicuous crest are black except for a pale blue crescent over the eyes and a patch under the eye. In juveniles, the crest has a white tip and the patch below the eye is smaller and darker blue than in adults. In most birds, the throat and chest are also black, but some in the southern part of the range have various amounts of white there.
Black-throated Malimbe - The Black-throated Malimbe is a species of bird in the Ploceidae family. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Ghana.
Black-throated Mango - It is 10.2 cm long and weighs 7.2g. The longish black bill is slightly decurved. The tail in both sexes has dark central feathers, the outer tail being wine-red tipped with black.
Black-throated Munia - The endemic Sri Lankan subspecies, L. k. kelaarti is sometimes considered to as a separate species distinct from L. k. jerdoni of the Western Ghats of India.
Black-throated Parrotbill - It is found in Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Black-throated Shrike-Tanager
Black-throated Shrikebill - It is found in Fiji and Solomon Islands. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. The Santa Cruz Shrikebill is little-known, rarely seen, and it was once speculated it might be extinct; it does still exist however.
Black-throated Sparrow - The Black-throated Sparrow reaches a length of about 4.5-5.5 inches, and is pale gray above, with a distinctive black and white head pattern.Immature are similar but lacks a black throat. Its call is high and bell-like, and its song is a fairly simple, mechanical tinkling. It feeds primarily on insects and seeds, and travels in small groups, though larger groups may accumulate around sources of water in the desert.
Black-throated Spinetail - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and heavily degraded former forest.
Black-throated Sunbird - It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Black-throated Thistletail - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.
Black-throated Tit - The Black-throated Tit is a small passerine, around 10.5 cm long and weighing 4-9 g. There is considerable racial variation in the plumage, but all subspecies have a medium length tail , a black throat and a black 'bandit mask' around the eye. The nominate race has a chestnut cap, breast band and flanks and dark grey back, wings and tail, and a white belly. The other subspecies have generally the same pattern but with grey caps or all grey bellies and flanks. Both sexes are alike.
Black-throated Tody-Tyrant - It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Black-throated Trogon - Like most trogons, it has distinctive male and female plumages and with soft colourful feathers. This relatively small species is 23-24 cm long and weighs 54-57 g, with a white undertail with black barring, a yellow bill and wing coverts which are vermiculated with black and white, but appear grey at any distance. The male Black-throated Trogon has a green head, upper breast and back, black face and throat, and golden yellow belly. The female has a brown head, upper breast and back, rufous upper tail and yellow belly. Immatures resemble the adults but are duller, and young males have a brown throat, breast and wing coverts.
Black-throated Wren
Black-tipped Cotinga - The Black-tipped Cotinga is a species of bird in the Cotingidae family. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Black-tipped Monarch - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Black-vented oriole - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Black-vented Shearwater - This species is pelagic, occurring in the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California. It comes closer to land than most other shearwaters, so it sometimes can be seen from shore. It predominantly nests on offshore islands off north and western Baja California, namely Isla de Guadalupe, Islas San Benito and Isla Natividad. It is fairly common off the United States coast of central and southern California during the country's colder months.
Black-whiskered vireo - The breeding habitat is open deciduous wooded areas and cultivation, and in Florida also mangroves. The Black-whiskered Vireo builds a cup nest in a fork of a tree branch, and lays 2-3 white eggs.
Black-winged Bishop - This common weaver occurs in a range of open country, especially tall grassland and often near water. It builds a spherical woven nest in tall grass. 2-4 eggs are laid.
Black-winged Cuckooshrike - It is distributed from Northeast Pakistan through the lower Himalayan region .
Black-winged Ground Dove
Black-winged Kite - The Black-winged Kite is a small diurnal bird of prey in the family Accipitridae best known for its habit of hovering over open grasslands. This Eurasian species was sometimes combined with the Australian Black-shouldered Kite . This kite is distinctively long-winged predominantly and the white, grey and black plumage and the red iris make it easy to identify. Although mainly seen on the plains, they are sometimes seen on grassy slopes of hills in the higher elevation regions of Asia.
Black-winged Lapwing - The Black-winged Lapwing is an east African species that is found from the Ethiopian highlands in the north to central Kenya , and again at middle to coastal elevations in eastern South Africa . It is a habitat specialist of short grass in well-watered temperate grasslands. They may move about locally to find ideal situations, often at night. In their tightly grouped flying flocks they resemble Plovers.
Black-winged Lory - An Indonesian endemic, the Black-winged Lory is distributed to forests and coastal habitat of Biak, Numfor, Manim and Mios Num islands in Cenderawasih Bay, Papua. It frequents and roosts in coconut trees.
Black-winged Lovebird - The Black-winged Lovebird, with a length of about 16
Black-winged Monarch - The Black-winged Monarch is a species of bird in the Monarchidae family. It is found in Australia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Black-winged Oriole - The Black-winged Oriole is a species of bird in the Oriolidae family. It is found in Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, and Uganda. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests.
Black-winged Parrot - The Black-winged Parrot, Hapalopsittaca melanotis, is a small stocky parrot found in the eastern Andes. It is largely green with large black patches on wings, dull yellow around eyes, blue-grey beak, and distinct patches over the ears. It has two subspecies in separate ranges:
Black-winged Petrel - It is found in Australia, French Polynesia, Japan, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, and the United States.
Black-winged Pratincole - Their most unusual feature of the pratincoles is that although classed as waders they typically hunt their insect prey on the wing like swallows, although they can also feed on the ground.
Black-winged Saltator - It is found in Colombia and Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Black-winged Snowfinch
Black-winged Starling - The Black-winged Starling is a species of starling in the family Sturnidae. The species is also known as the Black-winged Myna or the White-breasted Starling. It is endemic to Indonesia. There are three recognised subspecies, the nominate race, which occurs across much of the island of Java, tricolor, which is restricted to south east Java, and tertius, which is found on Bali and possibly Lombok. The validity of the records on Lombok has been called into question, there are only a few records and they may represent escapees from the cagebird trade or natural vagrants. The species has often been assigned to the starling genus Sturnus, but is now placed in Acridotheres because it is behaviourally and vocally closer to the birds in that genus.
Black-winged Stilt - The Black-winged Stilt or Common Stilt is a widely distributed very long-legged wader in the avocet and stilt family . Opinions differ as to whether the birds treated under the scientific name H. himantopus ought to be treated as a single species and if not, how many species to recognize. Most sources today accept 2—4 species.
Blackburnian Warbler - The Blackburnian Warbler, Dendroica fusca , is a small New World warbler. They breed in eastern North America, from southern Canada, westwards to the southern Canadian Prairies, the Great Lakes region and New England, to North Carolina.
Blackcap - It is a robust typical warbler, mainly grey in plumage. Like most Sylvia species, it has distinct male and female plumages: The male has the small black cap from which the species gets its name, whereas in the female the cap is light brown. This is a bird of shady woodlands with ground cover for nesting. The nest is built in a low shrub, and 3–6 eggs are laid. The song is a pleasant chattering with some clearer notes like a Blackbird. This full song can be confused with that of the Garden Warbler, but in the Blackcap, it characteristically ends with an emphatic fluting warble. Especially in isolated Blackcap populations , a simplified song can occur. This song is said to have a Leiern-type ending after the term used by German ornithologists who first described it. The introduction is like that in other Blackcaps, but the final warbling part is a simple alteration between two notes, as in a Great Tit's call but more fluting .
Blackcap Illadopsis - The Blackcap Illadopsis is a species of bird in the Timaliidae family. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Blackish Antbird - The Blackish Antbird is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, and Suriname. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, and heavily degraded former forest.
Blackish Cinclodes - It is 18 to 23 cm long. The sexes are similar and their plumage is almost entirely dark brown. The throat is slightly paler with some buff speckling, there is a hint of a pale stripe over the eye and there is a faint reddish-brown bar on the wing. The bill is quite long, stout and slightly downcurved with a pale yellow spot at the base .
Blackish Cuckooshrike - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Blackish Nightjar - It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
Blackish Oystercatcher - It is found in Argentina, Chile, the Falkland Islands and Peru, and is a vagrant to Uruguay.
Blackish Pewee - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Blackish Rail - The Blackish Rail is a species of bird in the Rallidae family. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is swamps.
Blackish-blue Seedeater - The Blackish-blue Seedeater is a species of bird in the family Cardinalidae. It was formerly placed with the American sparrows in the Emberizidae. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Blackish-grey Antshrike - The species is found in Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, and eastern French Guiana; also a small river region of northeast Bolivia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical swamps. It got its name "Blackish-grey Antshrike" because of its blackish-grey color, distinguishing it from other Antshrikes.
Blackpoll Warbler - These birds are migratory, wintering in northwestern South America. They are rare vagrants to western Europe, although their northerly range and long-distance migration make them one of the more frequent transatlantic passerine wanderers.
Blacksmith Lapwing - The Blacksmith Lapwing or Blacksmith Plover occurs commonly from Kenya through central Tanzania to southern and southwestern Africa. The vernacular name derives from the repeated metallic 'tink, tink, tink' alarm call, which suggests a blacksmith's hammer striking an anvil.
Blackstart - It is a 14–16 cm long bird named for its black tail, which is frequently fanned; the rest of its plumage is bluish-grey or grey-brown . The sexes are similar, but the male on average has blacker lores. The song is a clear melancholy whistle: CHURlee...TRUloo...CHURlee...TRUlur..., with short phrases from the song used as a call.
Blakiston's Fish-Owl - It feeds on a variety of aquatic prey, including fish and amphibians, but also takes small mammals and birds to the size of hazel grouse . It also takes carrion, as evidenced by fish owls in Russia being trapped in snares set for furbearing mammals, which use raw meat as bait.
Blanford's Rosefinch - The Crimson Rosefinch is a species of finch in the Fringillidae family. It is found in Bhutan, China, India, and Nepal. Its natural habitat is boreal forests.
Blanford's Snowfinch - The Plain-backed Snowfinch or Blanford's Snowfinch is a species of bird in the sparrow family.
Blaze-winged Parakeet - The Blaze-winged Parakeet , more commonly known as the Blaze-winged Conure in aviculture, is a species of parrot found in wooded habitats in the Pantanal-region of Brazil and Paraguay. It remains locally fairly common, but has suffered due to extensive habitat destruction within its relatively small range, and has therefore been uplisted to Near Threatened by BirdLife International in 2009. The type specimen is labelled Bolivia, but due to shifting borders it is now believed to be from Paraguay. It has often been considered a subspecies of the Maroon-bellied Parakeet based on apparent hybrids from Paraguay, but – as far as known – the two generally maintain their integrity, and are therefore considered separate species by all major authorities today. They resemble each other, but the Blaze-winged Parakeet has a dusky crown and red "shoulder" and underwing coverts.
Bleda notatus - The Lesser Bristlebill or Yellow-lored Bristlebill is a species of songbird in the Pycnonotidae family. It was formerly lumped with the Green-tailed Bristlebill but is now often considered to be a separate species.
Bleda syndactylus - The Common Bristlebill is a species of songbird in the Pycnonotidae family. It is found in Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland and montane forests and tropical moist shrubland.
Blind snipe - The American Woodcock is a small chunky shorebird species found primarily in the eastern half of North America. Woodcock spend most of their time on the ground in brushy, young-forest habitats, where the birds' brown, black, and gray plumage provides excellent camouflage.
Blond-crested Woodpecker - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, and heavily degraded former forest.
Blood Pheasant - The Blood Pheasant, Ithaginis cruentus, is the only species in genus Ithaginis of the Pheasant family. It has 15 different subspecies.
Blood-breasted Flowerpecker - The Blood-breasted Flowerpecker is a species of bird in the Dicaeidae family. It is endemic to Indonesia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Blood-coloured Woodpecker - The Blood-coloured Woodpecker is a species of bird in the Picidae family, the woodpeckers, piculets, and wrynecks. It is found only in the Guianan countries of Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana, on the Atlantic shoreline region in a narrow coastal strip, 140-180 km wide. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, and heavily degraded former forest.
Blossom-headed Parakeet - Blossom-headed Parakeet is a bird of forest and open woodland. It nests in holes in trees, laying 4-5 white eggs.
Blossomcrown - It is found only in Colombia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Blue & Grey Sparrow Hawk
Blue & White Mockingbird - It is about 25 cm long. It has blue-grey upperparts, white underparts, red eyes and a black mask. The song is high-pitched and rattling.
Blue & White Swallow - The Blue-and-white Swallow, Notiochelidon cyanoleuca, is a passerine bird that breeds from Nicaragua south throughout South America, except in the deserts and the Amazon Basin. The southern race is migratory, wintering as far north as Trinidad, where it is a regular visitor. The nominate northern race may have bred on that island.
Blue Bird-of-paradise - The Blue Bird-of-paradise is endemic to Papua New Guinea. It is distributed to mountain forests of southeastern New Guinea. ITIS recognizes only one subspecies, but additional subspecies margaritae and ampla have been described.
Blue Cotinga
Blue Coua - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Blue Cuckooshrike - The Blue Cuckoo-shrike is a species of bird in the Campephagidae family. It is found in Angola, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, and Uganda. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Blue Dacnis - It occurs in forests and other woodlands, including gardens and parks. The bulky cup nest is built in a tree and the normal clutch is of two to three grey-blotched whitish two eggs. The female incubates the eggs, but is fed by the male.
Blue Duck - This 54 cm long species is an endemic resident breeder in New Zealand, nesting in hollow logs, small caves and other sheltered spots. It is a rare duck, holding territories on fast flowing mountain rivers.It is a powerful swimmer even in strong currents, but is reluctant to fly. It is difficult to find, but not particularly wary when located.
Blue Eared-Pheasant - The Blue Eared Pheasant is found throughout mountain forests of central China. The diet consists mainly of berries and vegetable matters.
Blue Fantail - It is endemic to the Philippines. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Blue Finch - The Yellow-billed Blue Finch is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family. Sometimes classified in the bunting and American sparrow family Emberizidae, a recent study has shown it to belong in the Thraupidae. It in the monotypic genus Porphyrospiza.
Blue goose - The Snow Goose , also known as the Blue Goose, is a North American species of goose. Its name derives from the typically white plumage. The genus of this bird is disputed. The American Ornithologists' Union and BirdLife International place this species and the other "white" geese in the Chen genus,
Blue Grosbeak - The Blue Grosbeak is a migratory bird, with nesting grounds across most of the southern half of the United States and much of northern Mexico. It eats mostly insects, but it will also eat snails, spiders, seeds, grains, and wild fruits. The Blue Grosbeak forages on the ground and in shrubs and trees.
Blue Ground Dove - The Blue Ground Dove is relatively common in open woodland, forest edges, clearings and roadsides, especially in more humid areas. It is found from sea level to about 1200 m altitude. It builds a flimsy dish nest of twigs 1-11 m high in a tree and lays two white eggs.
Blue grouse - Adults have a long square tail, gray at the end. Adult males are mainly dark with a purplish throat air sac surrounded by white, and a yellow to red wattle over the eye during display. Adult females are mottled brown with dark brown and white marks on the underparts.
Blue Jay - The Blue Jay measures 22–30 cm from bill to tail and weighs 70–100 grams , with a wingspan of 34–43 cm .
Blue Jewel-babbler - The Blue Jewel-babbler is a species of bird in the Cinclosomatidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Blue Lorikeet - The Violet Lorikeet is 18 cm long with a short rounded tail. Its plumage is mainly dark blue and it has a white area over its upper chest, throat and lower face. Erectile feathers on the top of its head show light blue streaks. Its beak is orange and its irises are yellow-brown. It has orange legs. Adult males and females have identical external appearance. The juvenile lacks the white plumage of the adult and has a dark grey-blue face and lower parts. The juvenile also has a black bill, dark brown irises, and its legs are orange brown.
Blue Manakin - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and heavily degraded former forest. It is generally common in the appropriate habitats within its range. Formerly, the name Swallow-tailed Manakin was used widely, but as it is misleading , this name has largely been abandoned for the superior Blue Manakin. As suggested by this common name, the male is - by far - the manakin with most blue to the plumage. The entire body is bright blue, while the wings, tail and head, except for the red cap, are black. The far duller female is greenish overall. Both sexes have elongated central rectrices.
Blue Mockingbird - The Blue Mockingbird is uniformly blue on its back, tail, wings, head and underbelly. This color is a result of feather structure rather than pigment, and therefore can look gray in the shade. It has a black "mask" surrounding its reddish-brown eyes. It has a rather long, slightly graduated tail, and dark blue streaks over its breast. Its bill is long, thin and slightly curved, and its legs and feet are black.
Blue Mountain Vireo
Blue Noddy - It is found in American Samoa, the Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, Samoa, Tonga , Tuvalu and Hawaii. It has occurred as a vagrant in Australia and Japan. Its natural habitat is open, shallow seas in tropical and subtropical regions.
Blue Paradise Flycatcher - The Blue Paradise-flycatcher is a species of bird in the Monarchidae family. It is endemic to the Philippines.
Blue Petrel - The Blue Petrel, Halobaena caerulea, is a small seabird in the family Procellariidae. This small petrel is the only member of the genus Halobaena but is closely allied to the prions.
Blue Shortwing - It is found in Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Blue Swallow - The Blue Swallow breeds in southern Africa, wintering further north in Uganda and Kenya.
Blue Vanga - It is found in Comoros, Madagascar, and Mayotte. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Blue-and-black Tanager - It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and heavily degraded former forest.
Blue-and-gold Tanager - The Blue-and-gold Tanager is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family. It is found in Costa Rica and Panama. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Blue-and-white Flycatcher - The Blue-and-white Flycatcher, Cyanoptila cyanomelana is a migratory songbird. It breeds in Japan, Korea, and in parts of China and Russia. It winters in South East Asia, especially in Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Sumatra and Borneo.
Blue-and-white Kingfisher - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical mangrove forests.
Blue-and-yellow Macaw - It can reach 76–86 cm long and weigh 900 to 1300 g . It is vivid in appearance with blue wings and tail, dark blue chin, golden under parts and a green forehead. Its beak is black, and very strong for crushing nuts. The naked face is white, turning pink in excited birds, and lined with small black feathers.
Blue-and-yellow Tanager - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, and heavily degraded former forest.
Blue-backed Conebill
Blue-backed Manakin - This manakin is a fairly common bird of dry and moist deciduous forests, but not rainforest. The female builds a twig nest in a tree; two brown-mottled white eggs are laid, and incubated entirely by the female for about 20 days.
Blue-backed Parrot - It is of medium size , basically green with yellowish edging to the wings, a blue rump, and blue wing bends. The head, mantle, wings and tail are darker green, the belly and collar are lighter green. It is sexually dimorphic, with the male having a red beak and the female a pale yellow or horn colored beak. There are six subspecies:
Blue-backed Tanager - It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Blue-banded Kingfisher - The Blue-banded Kingfisher is a species of bird in the Alcedinidae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Blue-banded Toucanet
Blue-bearded Bee-eater - The Blue-bearded Bee-eater Nyctyornis athertoni is a large species of bee-eater found in South Asia. This species is found in openings in patches of dense forest. It is found in the Malayan region and also extends into the Western Ghats in southwestern India. The blue feathers of its throat are elongated and often held fluffed up giving it the name. They are not as gregarious or active as the smaller bee-eaters, and their square ended tail lacks the typical "wires" made up of the shafts of the longer central tail feathers in many species.
Blue-bellied Roller - The Blue-bellied Roller is a large bird, nearly the size of a Jackdaw at 28-30 cm. It has a dark green back, white head, neck and breast, with the rest of the plumage mainly blue. Adults have 6cm tail streamers. Sexes are similar, but the juvenile is a drabber version of the adult.
Blue-billed Black Tyrant - The Blue-billed Black-tyrant is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, and heavily degraded former forest.
Blue-billed Curassow - It is found only in Colombia; areas of its range in the south and east are bordered by the Magdalena River. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Blue-black Grassquit - Adult Blue-black Grassquits are 10.2 cm long and weigh 9.3 g . They have a slender conical black bill. The male is glossy blue-black, with a black tail and wings; the white inner underwing is visible in flight or display. Female and immature birds have brown upperparts and dark-streaked buff underparts.
Blue-black Grosbeak - It is found in Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.
Blue-black Kingfisher - The Blue-black Kingfisher is a species of bird in the Alcedinidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.
Blue-breasted Banded Rail - Breeding has been recorded from July in the foothills of the Himalayas from Dehradun in the west.
Blue-breasted Bee Eater
Blue-breasted Cordonbleu - It is found in Angola, Botswana, Burundi, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, São Tomé and Príncipe, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
Blue-breasted Fairy-wren - Its natural habitat is Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation.
Blue-breasted Flycatcher - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Blue-breasted Kingfisher - This is a large kingfisher, 25 cm in length. The adult has a bright blue head, back, wing panel and tail. Its underparts are white, but it has a blue breast band. The shoulders are black. The flight of the Blue-breasted Kingfisher is rapid and direct. The large bill has a red upper mandible and black lower mandible. The legs are bright red.
Blue-browed Tanager - The Blue-browed Tanager is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Blue-capped Cordonbleu - The Blue-capped Cordon-bleu inhabits subtropical or tropical dry grassland, shrubland and desert. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 390,000 km².
Blue-capped Fruit Dove - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, and rural gardens. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Blue-capped Kingfisher - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Blue-capped Puffleg - The Blue-Capped Puffleg is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found in Argentina and Bolivia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and heavily degraded former forest.
Blue-capped Rock Thrush - The male is bright blue and black on the upperparts with a prominent white wing mirror. The underside is rufous brown. The female is dark olive and appears barred on the underside.
Blue-capped Tanager - It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and heavily degraded former forest.
Blue-cheeked Amazon - It is about 34 cm. Its coloring is mostly green, with blue cheeks from around the eye to the neck , a yellow-orange wing speculum, a yellowish crown, and orange lores .
Blue-cheeked Bee Eater - This species, like other bee-eaters, is a richly-coloured, slender bird. It is predominantly green; its face has blue sides with a black eye stripe, and a yellow and brown throat; the beak is black. It can reach a length of 24-26 cm, including the two elongated central tail feathers. Sexes are alike.
Blue-cheeked Flowerpecker
Blue-cheeked Jacamar - It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Blue-chested Hummingbird - The Blue-Chested Hummingbird is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Panama. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.
Blue-chested Hummingbird - The Charming Hummingbird is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found in Costa Rica and Panama. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.
Blue-collared Parrot - It inhabits humid hill forest and forest edges. Flocks are up to 200.
Blue-crested Flycatcher - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Blue-crowned Chlorophonia
Blue-crowned Hanging Parrot - Its diet includes flowers, buds, fruits, nuts and seeds.
Blue-crowned Lorikeet - It is still common, but declining on some islands, apparently from predation by rats. They frequent areas with flowering trees, including coconut plantations and gardens, usually in small flocks of less than about 15 individuals or in pairs during breeding season. It eats nectar, pollen, and soft fruits, especially wild hibiscus and coconut. Nests in holes in trees but may also dig burrows in earth banks. Also known as
Blue-crowned Manakin - The Blue-crowned Manakin is a species of bird in the Pipridae family.
Blue-crowned Motmot - Like most of the Coraciiformes, motmots nest in tunnels in banks, laying about three or four white eggs.
Blue-crowned Parakeet - Members of the genus Aratinga are officially called parakeets by the AOU and by birders, though usually called conures in aviculture.
Blue-crowned Racquet-tail - There are three or four subspecies:
Blue-crowned Trogon - The Blue-crowned Trogon's range in South America is the southwestern and southeastern quadrants of the Amazon Basin with the northern limit being the Amazon River. The range continues beyond the Amazon Basin south to northern Argentina and Paraguay, and eastwards to eastern coastal Brazil as far south as northern Espírito Santo state; a third of the species range is outside the Amazon Basin.
Blue-eared Barbet - The Blue-eared Barbet is a resident breeder in the hills from northeast India east to through Southeast Asia to Singapore, Indonesia and Borneo. It is a species of broadleaf evergreen forest, mixed woodland and second growth up to 1525 m altitude. It nests in a tree hole.
Blue-eared Kingfisher - The juvenile Blue-eared Kingfisher has similar rufous ear-coverts like the Common Kingfisher; but it usually shows some mottling on the throat and upper breast which disappears when the bird reaches adulthood.
Blue-eared Lory - The Blue-eared Lory is the smallest Eos at 24 cm long. It has a red body with blue cheeks, chin, and ear-coverts, purple-blue abdomen and undertail coverts, and black streaked wings. The adult has an orange beak with juvenile's pink.
Blue-eyed Cockatoo - Like all cockatoos and many parrots, the Blue-eyed Cockatoo can use one of its zygodactyl feet to hold objects and to bring food to its beak whilst standing on the other foot; nevertheless, amongst bird species as a whole this is relatively unusual.
Blue-eyed Ground Dove - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Blue-faced Honeyeater - Originally described as Gracula cyanotis by ornithologist John Latham in 1802, though he also considered Merops and Turdus .
Blue-faced Malkoha - It is restricted to Sri Lanka and southern India. The Blue-faced Malkoha is a bird of open forests and scrub jungle. It nests in a thorn bush, the typical clutch being two, sometimes three, eggs.
Blue-faced Parrotfinch - It is found in subtropical/ tropical in both montane and lowland moist forest areas, where it is most often associated with forest edges and disturbed habitat. It feeds largely on seeds of grasses, including in Australia several exotic genera especially Brachiaria. The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
Blue-footed booby - The name booby comes from the Spanish term bobo, which means "stupid" or "fool"/"clown". This is because the Blue-footed Booby is clumsy on the land, and , they can be very tame and therefore easily captured, killed, and eaten by humans.
Blue-fronted Amazon - The Blue-fronted Amazon is a mainly green parrot about 38 cm long. They have blue feathers on the forehead above the beak and yellow on the face and crown. Distribution of blue and yellow varies greatly among individuals. Unlike most other Amazona parrots, its beak is mostly black. There is no overt sexual dimorphism. Juveniles of all parrots are duller and have dark irises.
Blue-fronted Callene
Blue-fronted Flycatcher - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Blue-fronted Lancebill - The Blue-Fronted Lancebill is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Blue-fronted Lorikeet - It is only known from seven specimens, collected before 1930 in hill forest between 850–1000 m. More recent sightings are not well authenticated, so its remaining range is uncertain.
Blue-fronted Parrotlet - The Blue-fronted Parrotlet, Touit dilectissimus, is also known as the Red-winged Parrotlet . It is a parrot in N. South America from E. Panama down the west coastal Andes to Peru, with a second population around and south of Lake Maracaibo. It is 15cm, green with a short tail, blue forehead with narrow band of red under eye, red shoulders and leading edge of underwing, and the remaining underwing coverts yellow. Edges of tail also yellowish.
Blue-fronted Redstart - It is found in Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is temperate forests.
Blue-gray Tanager - The Blue-grey Tanager is 18 cm long and weighs 35 g. Adults have a light bluish head and underparts, with darker blue upperparts and a shoulder patch colored a different hue of blue. The bill is short and quite thick. Sexes are similar, but the immature is much duller in plumage.
Blue-grey Gnatcatcher - Adults are blue-grey on the upperparts with white underparts and have a long slender bill, long black tail and an angry black unibrow. They have a white eye ring.
Blue-headed Bee-eater
Blue-headed Coucal - The Blue-headed Coucal is a species of cuckoo in the Cuculidae family. It is found in Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, and Uganda.
Blue-headed Crested Flycatcher - The Blue-headed Crested-flycatcher is a species of bird in the Monarchidae family. It is found in Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, and Uganda. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Blue-headed Fantail
Blue-headed Hummingbird - It is found only in Dominica and Martinique.
Blue-headed Macaw - The Blue-headed Macaw is 41 cm long. It has mainly green plumage with the head, flight feathers and primary coverts blue. The uppertail has a maroon base, a narrow green center and a blue tip. The undertail and underwing are greenish-yellow similar to that of several other small macaws . The bill is pale greyish-horn with a black base . The iris is whitish with a narrow, often barely visible, maroon eye-ring. Unlike most other macaws, the facial skin and lores are dark greyish. The legs are dull pinkish. Juveniles resemble adults, but with the entire bill black, greyer legs, darker iris and the facial skin and lores white.
Blue-headed Parrot - Its habitat is forest and semi-open country, including cultivated areas. It is largely restricted to humid or semi-humid regions, but locally extends into drier habitats, at least along rivers. The Blue-headed Parrot lays three to five white eggs in a tree cavity.
Blue-headed Pitta
Blue-headed Quail-Dove - Its natural habitats are swamps and moist forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Blue-headed Racquet-tail - It is 27–28 cm, basically green with a bright, light blue head, blue underwings and, in the male, bluish breast. The beak is bluish gray and iris is yellowish.
Blue-headed Sapphire - The Blue-Headed Sapphire is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, and heavily degraded former forest.
Blue-headed Sunbird - The Blue-headed Sunbird is a species of bird in the Nectariniidae family. It is found in Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda.
Blue-headed vireo - Adults are mainly olive on the upperparts with white underparts and yellowish flanks; they have a grey head, dark eyes with white "spectacles" and white wing bars. They have a stout bill and thick blue-grey legs. This bird, along with the Cassin's Vireo and Plumbeous Vireo, were formerly known as the "Solitary Vireo".
Blue-headed Wagtail - Motacilla tschutschensis
Blue-headed Wood Dove - The Blue-headed Wood-dove is distributed to primary rainforests of equatorial mid-western Africa, in Sierra Leone, Angola, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Central African Republic, Guinea, Cameroon, Gabon, Nigeria, Ghana and Togo.
Blue-mantled Thornbill - The Blue-Mantled Thornbill is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.
Blue-masked Leafbird - It is considered near threatened due to habitat loss.
Blue-naped Chlorophonia - Its distribution is highly disjunct, with population associated with the Atlantic Forest in south-eastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay and north-eastern Argentina, the Andes from Bolivia in south to Venezuela in north, the Perijá and Santa Marta Mountains, the Venezuelan Coastal Range, and the Tepuis. All populations are associated with humid forest, but locally it also occurs in nearby gardens and parks . Most populations are found in subtropical highlands, but it occurs down to near sea level in the Atlantic Forest region.
Blue-naped Mousebird - A slender-tailed, ash grey mousebird common in dry country. A crested head, turquoise-blue nape patch and black-and-red bill characterize adults. Juveniles lack blue on nape, have pink facial skin and greenish bills.
Blue-naped Parrot - It is found in secondary forest, forest edge and plantations up to 1000 m. Flock size is usually under a dozen. They feed on berries, seeds, nuts and grain. Habitat loss and trapping have made them scarce on most islands except Mindoro and Palawan. Though the Katala Foundation has raised concerns over the increasing illegal trade in this bird on Palawan.
Blue-naped Pitta - It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Republic of India and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Blue-rumped Manakin - The Blue-rumped Manakin is a species of bird in the Pipridae family. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitat is montane forests.
Blue-rumped Parrot - It is the only member of the genus Psittinus.
Blue-rumped Pitta - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Blue-shouldered Robin-Chat - It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, and Uganda.
Blue-spotted Wood Dove
Blue-streaked Lory - It is found in the Tanimbar Islands and Babar, all in Indonesia. It was also introduced to the Kai Islands, but may be extinct there again. It inhabits mangrove, coconut groves, plantations and forests. Lories have unique "brush" tipped tongues, evolved for their diet of flower nectar and fruit. A highly active, gregarious bird known to travel in flocks and to sleep in their nests year round. Very social and affectionate, lorie have been kept as pets with growing popularity, their song is usually softer than other parrots except when alarmed or bored.
Blue-tailed Bee-eater - This species is sometimes considered to be conspecific with the Blue-cheeked Bee-eater, M. persicus.
Blue-tailed Hummingbird - The Blue-tailed Hummingbird , sometimes placed in the genus Saucerottia, is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and heavily degraded former forest.
Blue-throated Barbet - This barbet eats fruits and insects.
Blue-throated Flycatcher - The Blue-throated Flycatcher is a small passerine bird in the flycatcher family Muscicapidae. It resembles Cyornis tickelliae but easily separated by the blue throat. The habitat of this species is a thicker forest than other species of flycatchers. The Blue-Throated Flycatcher is found all through the Himalayas, the plains and Western Ghats of India in the cold months, and also extends into Arkan and Tenasserim.
Blue-throated Goldentail - The Blue-Throated Goldentail is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found in Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.
Blue-throated hummingbird - The Blue-throated Hummingbird is a fairly large hummingbird, reaching 11.5 to 12.5 cm in length and 6 to 10 grams in weight. The Blue-throated Hummingbird is dull green on the top of its body, fading to medium gray on its belly. It has a conspicuous white stripe behind its eye and a narrower stripe extending backward from the corner of its bill, bordering a blackish cheek patch. Its tail feathers are iridescent blue-black with broad white tips on the outer two to three pairs. The species gets its name from the adult male's iridescent blue throat patch , but the female lacks this, having a plain gray throat. Males sing two types of songs: a simple "peep song," which sounds like a squeaky wheel, and a quiet but complex "whisper song." The female is also reported to sing during the breeding season to attract the attention of males.
Blue-throated Motmot - The Blue-throated Motmot is a species of bird in the Momotidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Aspatha. It is found in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Blue-throated Piping Guan - There are two subspecies. A. cumanensis cumanensis is found from the Guyanas, the Orinoco river in Venezuela, and southeastern Colombia south to northwestern Brazil and southeastern Peru. There and possibly in northern Bolivia it intergrades with the bigger A. cumanensis grayi , which continues through northern and central Bolivia, Mato Grosso State of Brazil, and northern and eastern Paraguay.
Blue-throated Roller - The Blue-throated Roller is a species of bird in the Coraciidae family. It is found in Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, and Uganda.
Blue-throated Starfrontlet - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.
Blue-throated Sunbird - It is found in Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, and Uganda.
Blue-whiskered Tanager
Blue-winged Goose - The Blue-winged Goose is a waterfowl species which is endemic to Ethiopia. It is the only member of the genus Cyanochen.
Blue-winged Kookaburra - Measuring around 40 cm , it is slightly smaller than the more familiar Laughing Kookaburra. It has cream-coloured upper- and underparts barred with brownish markings. It has blue wings and brown shoulders and blue rump. It is sexually dimorphic, with a blue tail in the male, and a rufous tail with blackish bars in the female.
Blue-winged Laughingthrush - It is found in Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Blue-winged Leafbird - The male is green-bodied with a yellow-tinged head, black face and throat. It has a blue moustachial line. The female differs in that it has a greener head and blue throat, and young birds are like the female but without the blue throat patch.
Blue-winged Macaw - It has a total length of approximately 40 cm . It has a heavy black bill, a long tail and a mainly green plumage. The upperside of the remiges and primary coverts are blue, as indicated by its common name. The underside of the wings is yellowish, the tail-tip, crown and cheeks are bluish, and the tail-base and small belly-patch are red. The iris is amber. It and the Red-bellied Macaw are the only macaws where the bare facial-skin is yellowish, but this often fades to white in captivity. Unlike the Red-bellied Macaw, the Blue-winged has a red lower abdomen and a red lower back.
Blue-winged Minla - The Blue-winged Siva , also known as the Blue-winged Minla, is a species of bird in the Timaliidae family. It has in the past been placed in the genus Minla instead of the monotypic Siva.
Blue-winged Mountain Tanager - The Blue-winged Mountain-tanager is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family.
Blue-winged Parrot - It is sexually dimorphic - the females are duller and have more green on the wings.
Blue-winged Parrotlet - The Blue-winged Parrotlet is a small parrot found in much of South America. It includes the Turquoise-rumped Parrotlet , which sometimes is treated as a separate species. The Blue-winged Parrotlet is mainly found in lowlands, but locally up to 1200m in south-eastern Brazil. It occurs in woodland, scrub, savanna, and pastures. Flocks are usually around 20 birds but can grow to over 50 around fruiting trees or seeding grasses. It is generally common and widespread, though more localized in the Amazon Basin.
Blue-winged Pitta - Wings spread to get warmed by the sun
Blue-winged Teal - The Blue-winged Teal is a small dabbling duck. Its placement in Anas is by no means certain; a member of the "blue-winged" group also including the shovelers, it may be better placed in Spatula. It is not a teal in the strict sense, and also does not seem closely related to the Garganey as was for some time believed. Indeed, its color pattern is strikingly reminiscent of the Australasian Shoveler.
Blue-winged Warbler - The Blue-winged Warbler, Vermivora pinus, is a fairly common New World warbler, 11.5 cm long and weighing 8.5 g. It breeds in eastern North America in southern Ontario and the eastern USA. Its range is extending northwards, where it is replacing the very closely related Golden-winged Warbler, Vermivora chrysoptera.
Bluebonnet - This species grows up to 27-35cm in length and the sexes are similar in appearance. The are usually seen in pairs or small groups feeding along roads. They breed between July and December producing 4 to 7 white eggs.
Bluethroat - It is a migratory insectivorous species breeding in wet birch wood or bushy swamp in Europe and Asia with a foothold in western Alaska. It nests in tussocks or low in dense bushes. It winters in north Africa and India.
Bluish-fronted Jacamar - It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Bluish-slate Antshrike - The Bluish-slate Antshrike is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Blunt-winged Warbler - It is found in Afghanistan, China, Hong Kong, India, Laos, Burma, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Bluntschli's vanga
Blyth's Hawk-Eagle - The Blyth's Hawk Eagle, Nisaetus alboniger is a bird of prey. Like all eagles, it is in the family Accipitridae.
Blyth's Hornbill - The Papuan Hornbill is also known as Blyth's Hornbill. Its local name in Tok Pisin is kokomo. It is a large hornbill species inhabiting the forest canopy in the Wallacea and Melanesia.
Blyth's Kingfisher - The Blyth's Kingfisher, Alcedo hercules, is a kingfisher distributed in Bangladesh, Republic of India, China, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam. It is found along streams in evergreen forest and adjacent open country from 200-1,200 m, mainly at 400-1,000 m.
Blyth's Leaf Warbler - It is found in Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Blyth's Olive Bulbul - The Olive Bulbul is a species of songbird in the Pycnonotidae family. It is found in Bangladesh, India, Burma, and Thailand. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Blyth's Parakeet - The Nicobar Parakeet is classified as Near Threatened by the IUCN. Very little is actually known about its ecology and conservation status.
Blyth's Pipit - This is a large pipit, but is an undistinguished looking species on the ground, mainly brown above and pale below. It is very similar to Richard's Pipit, but is slightly smaller, shorter legs and a shorter dark bill. Its flight is strong and direct, and it gives a characteristic "pshee" call, higher pitched than Richard's.
Blyth's Reed Warbler - This small passerine bird is a species found in scrub or clearings, often near water, but it is not found in marshes. 4-6 eggs are laid in a nest in a bush.
Blyth's tragopan pheasant - Blyth’s Tragopan pheasant is the largest of all the tragopans. Like most pheasants the male is brightly colored. It is recognized by its rusty red head, yellow facial skin, and that it is spotted with small white dots on its back called ocelli. A black band extends from the base of the bill to the crown couple with another black band extends behind the eyes. Like the rest of the tragopans, males have two pale blue horns that become erect during matting . Its lappet, a decorated flap, hangs from the throat and is brightly colored. This lappet can be expanded and exposed during mating season as well . Females are not as brightly colored as the male tragopan, for they don’t need the extravagant appearance to attract a male counterpart. Overall they are dark brown with a mixture of black, buff and white mottling . Their simple and dull look is a protection mechanism from other animals. It also allows the females to protect their young that are in the early stages of life.
Boat-billed Flycatcher - The Boat-billed Flycatcher, Megarynchus pitangua, is a passerine bird. It is a large tyrant flycatcher, the only member, monotypic, of the genus Megarynchus.
Boat-billed Heron - It lives in mangrove swamps from Mexico south to Peru and Brazil. It is a nocturnal bird, and breeds semi-colonially in mangrove trees, laying 2-4 bluish white eggs in a twig nest.
Boat-billed Tody-Tyrant - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Boat-tailed grackle - The male Boat-tailed Grackle is 42 cm long. Adult males have entirely iridescent black plumage, a long dark bill, a pale yellowish or brown iris and a long keel-shaped tail. The 37 cm long adult female is shorter tailed and tawny-brown in colour apart from the darker wings and tail.
Bob-tailed Weaver - The Bob-tailed Weaver is a species of bird in the Ploceidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Brachycope. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, and Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Bobolink - Adults are 16–18 cm long with short finch-like bills. Adult males are mostly black, although they do display creamy napes, and white scapulars, lower backs and rumps. Adult females are mostly light brown, although their coloring includes black streaks on the back and flanks, and dark stripes on the head; their wings and tails are darker. The collective name for a group of bobolinks is a chain.
Bocage's Akalat - The subspecies S. b. poensis on the island of Bioko is sometimes considered to be a separate species, Alexander's Akalat.
Bocage's Longbill - The Bocage's Longbill or São Tomé Short-tail is a species of passerine bird in the superfamily Passeroidea. It is the only member of the genus Amaurocichla. It was formerly placed in the family Sylviidae, and it appears to be close to the Motacillidae, though its relationships currently are unclear.
Bocage's Weaver - The Bocage's Weaver is a species of bird in the Ploceidae family. It is found in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zambia.
Bocages Sunbird - The Bocage's Sunbird is a species of bird in the Nectariniidae family. It is found in Angola and Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Boehm's Bee Eater
Boehm's Flycatcher - The Boehm's Flycatcher is a species of bird in the Muscicapidae family. It is found in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests.
Bogota Sunangel - This hummingbird is known from a single skin purchased in Bogotá in 1909. Nothing more is known of the bird, and though the skin is most commonly thought to come from either the Eastern or Central Andes of Colombia, other specimens from Bogotá have come from as far away as Ecuador. Since the bird has not been seen alive, it is assumed to have a relict population if it still survives. Some have suggested that the bird is just a hybrid, though the skin is very distinct.
Bokikokiko - The Bokikokiko is a species of warbler in the Acrocephalidae family. It is found only on Kiritimati .
Bolivian Blackbird - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland and pastureland.
Bolivian Recurvebill - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is becoming rare due to habitat loss.
Bolivian Tyrannulet - The Bolivian Tyrannulet is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family. It is found in Bolivia and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Bolivian Warbling Finch - The Bolivian Warbling-finch is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family. It is found in Argentina and Bolivia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.
Bolle - It is a resident breeder in the mountain laurisilva forest zone. Bolle's Pigeon builds a stick nest in a tree, laying one white egg.
Bonaparte's Gull - The Bonaparte's Gull is a small gull.
Bonaparte's Nightjar - Bonaparte's Nightjar , also known as the Sunda Nightjar, is a species of nightjar in the Caprimulgidae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Bonelli's Eagle - The Bonelli's Eagle is a species of wooded, often hilly, country with some open areas. The African race prefers savannah, forest edges, cultivation, and scrub, provided there are some large trees; this is not a species of very open or densely forested habitats.
Bonin Grosbeak - The Bonin Grosbeak or Bonin Islands Grosbeak is an extinct finch, the only species of the genus Chaunoproctus. It is one of the diverse bird taxa that are vernacularly called "grosbeaks", but it is not closely related to the grosbeaks sensu stricto. It was a retiring, although not shy bird, and was usually found singly or in pairs. It fed on fruits and buds which were primarily picked up from the ground or low shrubs; it rarely was observed to perch in trees, being apparently rather phlegmatic and somewhat reluctant to fly. Only one kind of vocalization has been described: a soft, pure and high note, sometimes short, sometimes drawn out; sometimes given singly, sometimes in a short series.
Bonin Petrel - The Bonin Petrel is a small gadfly petrel, 30 cm long with a wingspan of around 67 cm. It has a white head with a black cap and face markings; overall the head often has a scaled appearance. Its pale grey upperparts have darker primaries and wing coverts creating a M mark across the back. The underwing is white with dark edging and a patch at the carpal joint and across underwing coverts. The tail is dark grey, and the rest of the plumage is white, except for a dark half collar on the breast. Like the rest of the Pterodroma petrels the black bill is short and hooked. The legs and feet are pink with dark patches.
Bonin Thrush - The Bonin Thrush, Bonin Islands Thrush or Kittlitz's Thrush is sometimes separated as the only species of the genus Cichlopasser. It is an extinct species of Asian thrush. The only place where this bird ever was found is Chichi-jima in the Ogasawara Islands; it might theoretically have also occurred on Anijima and Otōtojima, but this is not borne out by observations or specimens. The species was only once observed by a naturalist, its discoverer Kittlitz. He encountered the thrush in the coastal woods where it usually kept to the ground; it may have been ground-nesting. The only specimens ever taken are in the Naturalis in Leiden , the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna , the Senckenbergmuseum in Frankfurt and in the Zoological Museum, St. Petersburg .
Bonin white-eye - A distinctive feature of the bird is the white rim around the eyes, which is then surrounded by black masking. Presently its habitat is restricted to Haha-jima Island. Until several years ago it could also be found on Chichi-jima Island. Because of the bird's small range of habitat, its status is listed as "Vulnerable".
Bonin Wood-Pigeon - The Bonin Wood Pigeon was a medium-sized pigeon, with an average length of 45 cm. The upper parts of the Pigeon's body were greyish-black with iridescence except on wing and tail. Crown has a green-purple iridescence, mantle to rump iridescent reflecting violet, amethyst and turquoise. Scapulars and remaining mantle glossed golden green with bronze reflections; wing coverts with dark turquoise green suffused with deep blue. The uppertail of the pigeon coverts broadly tipped with golden green. Breast to belly fringed with deep green and violet iridescence, being strongest on the breast. Iris blue or probably dark blue; bill greenish yellow having a pale tip; legs and the feet were dark red.
Booted Eagle - It breeds in southern Europe, North Africa and across Asia. It is migratory, wintering in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. This eagle lays 1-2 eggs in a tree or crag nest.
Booted Racket-tail
Booted Warbler - The Booted Warbler is an Old World warbler in the tree warbler group. It was formerly considered to be conspecific with Sykes' Warbler, but the two are now usually both afforded species status. Booted Warbler itself breeds from central Russia to western China, and migrates to winter in the Indian subcontinent as far south as Sri Lanka. It is a small passerine bird, found in open country with bushes and other tall vegetation. 3-4 eggs are laid in a nest in a bush or vegetation. Like most warblers they are insectivorous.
Boran Cisticola - The Boran Cisticola is a species of bird in the Cisticolidae family. It is found in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Sudan. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, dry savanna, and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland.
Bornean Barbet - The Bornean Barbet is a species of bird in the Ramphastidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Malaysia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Bornean Bristlehead - The Bornean Bristlehead also variously known as the Bristled Shrike, Bald-headed Crow or the Bald-headed Wood-Shrike, is the only member of the passerine family Pityriaseidae and genus Pityriasis. It is an enigmatic and uncommon species of the rainforest canopy of Borneo.
Bornean Falconet
Bornean Niltava - The Bornean Blue-flycatcher is a species of bird in the Muscicapidae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Bornean Peacock-Pheasant - The Bornean Peacock-pheasant, Polyplectron schleiermacheri is a medium-sized, up to 50cm long, rufous brown and black spotted pheasant with an elongated crest and nape feathers, black below and bare red skin around bluish iris eye. The breast sides are metallic blue-green, bordering the white throat and central upper breast. Its twenty-two tail feathers are decorated with large blue-green ocelli, which may be spread fan-like in display. The female is smaller and duller brown than the male. It has a brown iris and no spurs on its feet.
Bornean Spiderhunter - The Bornean Spiderhunter is a species of bird in the Nectariniidae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Bornean Stubtail - The Bornean Stubtail is a species of Old World warbler in the Sylviidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Malaysia.
Bornean Whistler - The Bornean Whistler is a species of bird in the Pachycephalidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Malaysia.
Bornean Wren-Babbler - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical swamps. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Botha's Lark - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland and pastureland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Botteri's Sparrow - The Botteri's Sparrow, Aimophila botterii, is a medium-sized sparrow.
Boucard's Wren
Bougainville Crow - The Bougainville Crow heavy crow, 41 cm long, with all black plumage and a massive black bill. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest up to 1600 m. At present it is a common species on Bougainville, but it might be threatened in the future by habitat loss caused by logging.
Bougainville Honeyeater - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Bougainville Monarch - The Bougainville Monarch is a species of bird in the Monarchidae family. It is found in Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Bougainville Thicketbird
Boulder Chat - The Boulder Chat is a species of bird in the Muscicapidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Pinarornis. It is found in Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitat is dry savanna.
Boulton's Hill Partridge - Recent work on the species in Laojunshan Nature Reserve found that the species occurred in secondary broadleaf forest but not in settlements, coniferous plantations or farmland. The same study found that birds typically occurred between 1400 and 1800m above sea level in the reserve, and mostly on gently sloping ground close to water sources.
Boulton's Puff-back Flycatcher - Margaret's Batis or Boulton's Batis is a species of bird in the Platysteiridae family. It is found in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zambia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests.
Bounty Islands Shag
Bourke's Parrot - Wildtype Bourke's Parakeet display a basically brown overall colouration with pink abdomen, pinkish breast & a blue rump. The legs are dark-brown, with zygodactyl toes. The bill is yellowish-brown. The adult male has a blue forehead while the adult female has a little or no blue on the forehead.
Bower's Shrike-thrush - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Boyer's Cuckooshrike - The Boyer's Cuckoo-shrike is a species of bird in the Campephagidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests.
Br - The Thick-billed Murre or Brünnich's Guillemot is a bird in the auk family . This bird is named after the Danish zoologist Morten Thrane Brünnich. The very deeply black North Pacific subspecies Uria lomvia arra is also called Pallas' Murre after its describer.
Brace's Emerald - Its size was 9.5 cm, the wing length 11.4 cm and length of the tail 2.7 cm. The black bill was slightly curved and conical pointed. The feet were black. The back exhibited a bronze green hue with a golden gleam. The head was similar coloured like the back with the absence of the golden gloss. Directly behind the eyes was a white spot. The throat gleamed in magnificent blue green colour hues. The abdomen had green feathers with ash-grey tips. The wings exhibited a purplish hue. The rectrices were greenish. The crissum was grey with a faint cinnamon hue at the edges.
Bradfield's Hornbill - Females are smaller than males and can be recognized by turquoise facial skin. The eyes are yellow and the beak is red. The beak is long and presents no casque.
Bradfield's Swift - The Bradfield's Swift is a species of swift in the Apodidae family. It is found in Angola, Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa.
Bradypterus alishanensis
Bradypterus bangwaensis - The Bangwa Scrub-warbler is a species of Old World warbler in the Sylviidae family. It is found in Cameroon and Nigeria. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Bradypterus davidi
Brahminy Kite - The Brahminy Kite is distinctive and contrastingly coloured, with chestnut plumage except for the white head and breast and black wing tips. The juveniles are browner, but can be distinguished from both the resident and migratory races of Black Kite in Asia by the paler appearance, shorter wings and rounded tail. The pale patch on the underwing carpal region is of a squarish shape and separated from Buteo buzzards.
Brahminy Starling - The Brahminy Myna or Brahminy Starling is a member of the starling family of birds. It is creamy orange bird with a black cap and a slight crest. They are usually seen in pairs or small flocks in open habitats on the plains of South Asia.
Brambling - This bird is widespread throughout the forests of northern Europe and Asia. It is migratory, wintering in southern Europe, north Africa, northern Pakistan, Kashmir, northern Republic of India, China and Japan.
Bran-coloured Flycatcher - This species is found in open forests and secondary growth. The deep cup nest is made of stems and bark and lined with fine plant fibers; it is suspended by the rim from a side branch low in a tree. The typical clutch is two cream-colored eggs with a rufous wreath. The female incubates for 17 days with a further 15-17 to fledging. This species is parasitized by the Shiny Cowbird.
Brandt's cormorant - Brandt's Cormorants feed either singly or in flocks, and are adaptable in prey choice and undersea habitat. It feeds on small fish from the surface to sea floor, obtaining them, like all cormorants, by pursuit diving using its feet for propulsion. Prey is often what is most common: in central California, rockfish from the genus Sebastes is the most commonly taken, but off British Columbia, it is Pacific Herring. Brandt's Cormorant have been observed foraging at depths of over 40 feet.
Brandt's Rosy Finch - The Black-Headed Mountain-Finch is a species of finch in the Fringillidae family. It is found in Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. Its natural habitat is temperate grassland.
Brass' Friarbird - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and swamps. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Brassy-breasted Tanager - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Brazilia Tapaculo - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Brazilian Merganser - This merganser is a dark, slender duck with a shiny dark-green hood with a long crest, which is usually shorter and more worn-looking in females. Upperparts are dark grey while the breast is light grey, getting paler toward the whitish belly, and a white wing patch is particularly noticeable in flight. It has a long thin jagged black bill with red feet and legs. Although females are smaller with a shorter bill and crest, both sexes are alike in color. The slender ducks range in size from 49 centimeters to 56 centimeters as an adult. Young Brazilian Mergansers are mainly black with white throat and breast.
Brazilian Ruby
Brazilian Tanager - A frugivorous bird, it's easily found in its natural biome wherever there's food enough available, tending to behave aggressively towards other species of birds when disputing for food. Can be seem in cities, as in the vicinity of the Sugar Loaf Mountain in Rio de Janeiro, at the jogging track named for Cláudio Coutinho , which skirts the park at the mountain's base.
Brazilian Teal - The ducks are light brown in colour. Drakes distinguish themselves from females in having red beaks and legs, and in having a distinctive pale grey area on the side of its head and neck. The colour of these limbs is much duller in females.
Brazilian Tinamou - Crypturellus is formed from three Latin or Greek words. kruptos meaning covered or hidden, oura meaning tail, and ellus meaning diminutive. Therefore Crypturellus means small hidden tail.
Brazza's Martin - This little-known bird was formerly classified as data deficient by the IUCN.
Brehm - There are four subspecies occurring in three distinct populations:
Brent Goose - The Brant Goose is a small goose, about 60 cm long and with a short, stubby bill. The under-tail is pure white, and the tail black and very short .
Brewer's Blackbird - The Brewer's Blackbird is a medium-sized blackbird.
Brewer's chipping sparrow - Adults have grey-brown backs and brown crowns, both with dark streaks, and a pale eye-ring. Their wings are brown with light wing bars and the underparts are pale grey. Their bill is pale with a dark tip and they have a long notched tail. They are similar in appearance to the Clay-colored Sparrow but do not have a pale stripe on the crown or grey neck patch.
Bridled Honeyeater - The Bridled Honeyeater is a species of bird in the Meliphagidae family. It is endemic to Australia.
Bridled quail-dove
Bridled Sparrow - The Bridled Sparrow is a species of bird in the Emberizidae family. It is endemic to Mexico. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.
Bridled tern - The Bridled Tern is a seabird of the tern family Sternidae. It is a bird of the tropical oceans. The Atlantic subspecies melanopters breeds in Mexico, the Caribbean and west Africa; other races occur around the Arabia and in Southeast Asia and Australasia, but the exact number of valid subspecies is disputed.
Bridled Titmouse - These birds have grey upperparts and white underparts with a white face with black striping, a grey crest, a black throat, and a short stout bill.
Bridled White-eye
Bright-rumped Attila - The Bright-rumped Attila is a large tyrant flycatcher with a big head, hooked and slightly upturned bill and upright stance. It is 7 in and weighs 1.4 oz . The head is olive-green streaked with black, the back is chestnut or olive, the rump bright yellow and the tail brown. The wings are dark brown with two pale wing bars and paler feather edging. The whitish or yellow throat and yellow breast are variably streaked darker. The belly is white becoming yellow near the tail. The iris is red. The sexes are similar, but young birds have a cinnamon-fringed crown and brown eyes.
Bright-rumped Yellow Finch - The Bright-rumped Yellow-finch is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland and heavily degraded former forest.
Brimstone Canary - This species is found in in open, lightly wooded habitats, such as hillsides with trees or scrub and forest edges. In South Africa it occurs mainly in coastal areas, inhabiting coastal bush, shrubs along streams, gardens, and areas with rank vegetation. It is not truly migratory, but undertakes some seasonal movements.
Bristle-crowned Starling - The Bristle-crowned Starling is a species of starling in the Sturnidae family. It is found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Uganda.
Bristle-nosed Barbet - It is found in Angola, Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Togo.
Bristle-thighed curlew - The Bristle-thighed Curlew, Numenius tahitiensis, is a large shorebird that breeds in Alaska and winters on tropical Pacific islands. It has a long, decurved bill and bristled feathers at the base of the legs. Its length is about 43 cm and wingspan about 84 cm . The size and shape are the same as the Whimbrel's, and the plumage is similar, spotted brown on their upper body with a light belly and rust-colored or buffy tail. The bigger buff spots on the upper body, unmarked light belly and barely marked flanks, tail color, and pale buffy-orange rump distinguish it from the Whimbrel.
British storm-petrel - It breeds on inaccessible islands in the north Atlantic and western Mediterranean, with the core population in western Ireland, northwest Scotland and the Faroe Islands, where the worldwide biggest colony breeds on the island of Nólsoy. It nests in colonies close to the sea in burrows or rock crevices. It lays a single white egg.
Broad-billed Fairywren - The Broad-billed Fairywren is a species of bird in the Maluridae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.
Broad-billed Flycatcher
Broad-billed Hummingbird - Adults are colored predominantly a metallic green on their upperparts and breast. The undertail coverts are predominately white. The tail is darkly colored and slightly forked. The bill of the male is straight and very slender. It is red in coloration, and shows a black tip. His throat is a deep blue. The female is less colorful than the male. She usually shows a white eye stripe.
Broad-billed Motmot - It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.
Broad-billed Prion - The Broad-billed Prion, Pachyptila vittata, is a small seabird, but the largest Prion, with grey upperparts plumage, and white underparts. It has many other names that have been used such as Blue-billed Dove-petrel, Broad-billed Dove-petrel, Long-billed Prion, Common Prion, Icebird, and Whalebird.
Broad-billed Roller - The Broad-billed Roller is 29-30 cm in length. It has a warm back and head, lilac foreneck and breast, with the rest of the plumage mainly brown. The broad bill is bright yellow. Sexes are similar, but the juvenile is a drabber version of the adult, with a pale breast.
Broad-billed sandpiper - This bird's breeding habitat is wet taiga bogs in Arctic northern Europe and Siberia. The male performs an aerial display during courtship. They nest in a ground scrape, laying 4 eggs.
Broad-billed Tody - While its close relative, the Narrow-billed Tody is more prevalent in the higher altitude areas, the Broad-billed Tody prefers lower altitude habitats. To nest, it digs into a river bank, similar to a kingfisher.
Broad-billed Warbler - It is found in Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Broad-tailed hummingbird - Male and female both have iridescent green backs and crowns and a white breast. The male has a gorget that shines with a brilliant red iridescence. The female is much duller with rust-colored, mottled flanks and underside; her tail feathers are tipped with a band of white. In flight the male's wings produce a distinct trilling sound diagnostic for this species.
Broad-tailed Paradise-Whydah
Broad-tipped Hermit - The Broad-tipped Hermit is a species of hummingbird found in northeast Brazil that has been placed in a monotypic genus Anopetia. It has a large range and is not endangered.
Broad-winged Hawk - Adult birds range in size from 34 to 45 cm , weigh from 265 to 560 g and have a wingspan from 81 to 100 cm . As in most raptors, females are slightly larger than males. Adults have dark brown upper parts and evenly spaced black and white bands on the tail. Light morphs are pale on the underparts and underwing and have thick cinnamon bars across the belly. The light morph is most likely to be confused with the Red-shouldered Hawk, but that species has a longer, more heavily barred tail and the barred wings and solid rufous color of adult Red-shoulders are usually distinctive. Dark morphs are a darker brown on both upperparts and underparts. They are much less common than the light-coloured variant. Dark-morph Short-tailed Hawks are similar but are whitish under the tail with a single subterminal band. Broad-winged Hawks' wings are relatively short and broad with a tapered, somewhat pointed appearance unique to this species.
Brolga - The Brolga is a common gregarious wetland bird species in tropical and eastern Australia, well known for its intricate mating dance. It is the official bird emblem of the state of Queensland.
Bronze-naped Pigeon
Bronze-olive Pygmy Tyrant - The Bronze-olive Pygmy-tyrant is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Bronze-tailed Comet - The Bronze-tailed Comet is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Polyonymus. It is endemic to scrub and forest-edge at altitudes of 2,100-3,400 m. in the Andes of Peru.
Bronze-tailed Glossy-Starling
Bronze-tailed Peacock-Pheasant - The Bronze-tailed Peacock-pheasant, Polyplectron chalcurum is also known as the Sumatran Peacock-pheasant. It is an Indonesian bird.
Bronze-tailed Plumeleteer - The nest is a deep cup of plant fibres less than 1.5 metres high in a small shrub. The female alone incubates the two white eggs.
Bronze-tailed Thornbill - The Bronze-tailed Thornbill is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found in Colombia and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.
Bronze-winged Courser - The Bronze-winged Courser is a species of bird in the Glareolidae family. It is found in Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Bronze-winged Duck - The Bronze-winged Duck , also known as the Spectacled Duck, is a dabbling duck and the sole member of its genus Speculanas. It is often placed in Anas with most other dabbling ducks, but its closest relative is either the Crested Duck or the Brazilian Duck, which likewise form monotypic genera. Together they belong to a South American lineage which diverged early from the other dabbling ducks and may include the steamer ducks.
Bronze-winged Jacana - The Bronze-winged Jacana breeds in India and southeast Asia. It is sedentary apart from seasonal dispersion. It lays four black-marked brown eggs in a floating nest. The males, as in some other wader families like the phalaropes, take responsibility for incubation.
Bronze-winged Parrot - It is mainly dark with a whitish chin patch and its upper chest is speckled with pink feathers. It has short red undertail feathers. The rump, tail and wings are dark blue with lighter blue underwings. The head is dark blue-green; the mantle, back and underparts are dark bronze-green with some blue tipped feathers and sometimes scattered red feathers. Its beak is pale yellow. In adults the ring of bare skin around the eyes is pink. Juveniles have whitish eyerings and their underparts are brownish.
Bronzed Cowbird - It breeds from the southern US.
Bronzed Drongo - The Bronzed Drongo is a small Indomalayan bird belonging to the drongo group. They are resident in the forests of South Asia and Southeast Asia. They are very similar to the other drongos of the region but are somewhat smaller and compact with differences in the fork depth and the patterns of gloss on their feathers.
Bronzed Shag - The species is dimorphic in appearance. Roughly half the individuals are mostly dark bronze, but with white patches, similar to the King Shag; the remainder are bronze all over. The two morphs breed together indifferently. These chunky birds are 65–75 cm and weigh 1.8-3.9 kg .
Bronzy Hermit - The Bronzy Hermit is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found in forests and thickets from eastern Honduras south to western Panama, and in the Chocó of western Colombia and north-western Ecuador. It closely resembles the larger Rufous-breasted Hermit.
Bronzy Inca - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Bronzy Jacamar - It occurs in the countries of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland.
Brooks's Leaf-Warbler - The Brooks's Leaf-Warbler is a species of Old World warbler in the Sylviidae family. It is found in Afghanistan, India, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Russia, and Turkmenistan. Its natural habitats are boreal forests and temperate forests.
Brown Accentor - Its natural habitat is Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation.
Brown Babbler
Brown booby - Their heads and backs are black, and their bellies are white. Their beaks are quite sharp and contain many jagged edges. They have short wings and long, tapered tails.
Brown Bullfinch - It is found in Bhutan, China, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. The Brown Bullfinch is a relativley smallbird with a grayish head, nape, and breast. Its diet consists of nuts and native confers. If you go to Bhutan, or Vietnam you will see the Brown Bullfinch in a pair or a group. Little is known about this species.;
Brown Bush Warbler - It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Hong Kong, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is boreal forests during breeding and subtropical and tropical forest in the winter quarters.
Brown Cacholote
Brown Coucal - The Andaman Coucal or Brown Coucal is a species of cuckoo in the Cuculidae family. It is found on the Andaman Islands in India and the adjacent Coco Islands in Myanmar. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests.
Brown Crake
Brown Cuckoo-Dove - The pigeon is from 40 to 43 centimetres in length. Its feathers are of a rich rusty-brown colour. The male will tend to have a slight rose/green colouration on their necks. It has a very long tail and short wings.
Brown Dipper - The Brown Dipper can either feed by diving into streams to eat larger benthic organisms, or wade in shallower parts of streams and pick smaller organisms of the bottom. The adults will dive for food from December through April, which is when there are more large benthic organisms. Since this period is also the breeding season of the Brown Dipper, more food is required, so diving for large food is necessary. However, the adults will forage by wading and picking at the stream bottom for the rest of the year. Brown Dipper chicks and fledglings will also forage by diving.
Brown Emu-tail - The Brown Emu-Tail is a species of Old World warbler in the Sylviidae family. It is found only in Madagascar. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Brown Falcon - The Brown Falcon, Falco berigora, is a member of the falcon genus found in the drier regions of Australia. Its specific name berigora is derived from an aboriginal name for the bird.
Brown finch - The taxonomy of the group of towhees to which this species belongs is debated. At the higher level, some authors place the towhees in the family Fringillidae. Within the genus, there has been dispute about whether the Brown Towhee is a distinct species from the California Towhee, Pipilo crissalis, found in coastal regions from Oregon and California in the United States through Baja California in Mexico. At present, molecular genetics seems to have settled this issue in favour of separation of the species.
Brown Firefinch - It is found in Angola, Botswana, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
Brown Fish Owl - The Brown Fish-owl is an owl. This species is a part of the family known as typical owls, Strigidae, which contains most living owls. It inhabits the warm subtropical and humid tropical parts of continental Asia and some offshore islands.
Brown Flycatcher - Muscicapa williamsoni
Brown Flyeater - The Brown Gerygone has a relatively large range. Although total population trends have not been quantified, it is considered of "least concern" by the IUCN.
Brown Fulvetta
Brown Goshawk - Its upperparts are grey with a chestnut collar; its underparts are mainly rufous, finely barred with white. Thus it has similar colouring to the Collared Sparrowhawk but is larger. The flight is fast and flexible. The body length is 40–55 cm; the wingspan, 75–95 cm. Adult males weigh 220 g, and adult females, 355 g. Females are noticeably larger.
Brown Hawk-Owl - This species is a part of the larger grouping of owls known as typical owls, Strigidae, which contains most species of owl. The other grouping is the barn owls, Tytonidae.
Brown Honeyeater - In Australia it occurs in thickets throughout much of western, northern and eastern Australia, being absent only from the coldest or wettest areas.
Brown Hornbill - The Tickell's Brown Hornbill , also known as the Rusty-cheeked Hornbill, is a species of hornbill found in forests in southern Burma and adjacent western Thailand. It often includes the Austen's Brown Hornbill as a subspecies.
Brown Illadopsis - The Brown Illadopsis is a species of bird in the Timaliidae family. It is found in Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, and Uganda. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Brown Inca
Brown Jacamar - The Brown Jacamar is a species of bird in the Galbulidae family. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.
Brown Jay - It occurs from Mexico south into Central America on the Gulf slope. The northernmost extent of the bird is on the Rio Grande in southern Texas, the lower region of the river called the Rio Grande Valley, .
Brown Kiwi - The Southern Brown Kiwi, Tokoeka, or Common kiwi, Apteryx australis, is a species of kiwi from New Zealand's South Island. Until 2000 it was considered conspecific with the North Island Brown Kiwi, and still is by some authorities.
Brown Kiwi - Until 2000, the Brown Kiwi was thought to include the Rowi and the Tokoeka, in addition to the North Island Brown Kiwi. However using genetic codes from each of the above it was determined that the Tokoeka was a separate species, it took the Apteryx australis name , leaving the Brown Kiwi with its current Apteryx mantelli name. Soon after, in 1998, more genetic tests were done with the rowi and it was determined that it was a separate species . In 2004 an injured bird was found with streaked white around the head and identified by Massey University. The white feathering is likely due to a rarely seen genetic variation sometimes described as a partial albino. Few documented cases exist with only a painting of one found in Otorohanga in the 18th century and a specimen in the Canterbury Museum. The injured bird recovered and was introduced into a breeding programme.
Brown Lory - The Brown Lory species contains two subspecies:
Brown Mesite - The Brown Mesite is a medium sized terrestrial bird which is often described as rail-like . The species has a plain face, marked only by a slightly contrasting fleshy eyering around a rather large eye and a variable white streak behind the eye. It has a short straight bill. The upperparts of the bird are rufus brown, the underside tawny with no barring or spotting.
Brown Nightjar - The Brown Nightjar is a species of nightjar in the Caprimulgidae family. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Ghana, and Liberia.
Brown noddy - Etymology: Anous is Greek for "unmindful" , and stolidus means "impassive" in Latin . The birds are often unwary and find safety in enormous numbers. To sailors, they were well known for their apparent indifference to hunters or predators.
Brown Nunlet - It is found in the countries of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru in a contiguous range at the eastern slopes of the Andes and the headwaters of the Amazon Basin.
Brown Oriole - The Brown Oriole is a species of bird in the Oriolidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests.
Brown Parrotbill - It is found in Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, and Nepal.
Brown Pelican - It occurs on coasts in the Americas from Washington and Virginia south to northern Chile and the mouth of the Amazon River, as well as the island of Saut d'Eau in Trinidad and Tobago. Some immature birds may stray to inland freshwater lakes. After nesting, North American birds move in flocks further north along the coasts, returning to warmer waters for winter. Their young are hatched in broods of about 3, and eat around 150 lbs. of fish in the 8-10 month period they are cared for.
Brown Prinia - The Brown Prinia is a species of bird in the Cisticolidae family. It is found in Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests.
Brown Quail - The Brown Quail is distributed in agricultural areas, wet grasslands, shrublands and freshwater wetlands across much of New Guinea and the Lesser Sunda Islands as well as in northern, eastern, south-eastern and south-western Australia and Tasmania, though absent from arid regions. This species has been introduced to Fiji and New Zealand.
Brown Shrike - This shrike is mainly brown on the upper parts and the tail is rounded. The black mask can be paler in winter and has a white brow over it. The underside is creamy with rufous flanks and belly. The wings are brown and lack any white mirror patches. Females have fine scalloping on the underside and the mask is dark brown and not as well marked as in the male. Subspecies lucionensis has a grey crown shading into the brown upperparts and the rump appears more rufous than the rest of the upperback.
Brown Sicklebill - The Brown Sicklebill is distributed to mountain forests of New Guinea, Its appearance resembles the closely related and larger Black Sicklebill. In areas where these two large sicklebills met, the Brown Sicklebill replaced the latter species in higher altitudes. Its diet consists mainly of fruits, arthropods and small animals.
Brown Skua - The Brown Skua , also known as the Antarctic Skua, Southern Great Skua, Southern Skua, or Hākoakoa , is a seabird that breeds in the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic zones and moves further north when not breeding. Its taxonomy is highly complex and a matter of dispute, with some splitting it into two or three species: Falkland Skua , Tristan Skua , and Subantarctic Skua . To further confuse, it hybridizes with both the South Polar and Chilean Skuas, and the entire group have been considered subspecies of the Great Skua, a species otherwise restricted to the Northern Hemisphere. It feeds on fish , small mammals, scraps, chicks, eggs and carrion.
Brown Snake Eagle
Brown Songlark - The Brown Songlark was described by Nicholas Aylward Vigors and Thomas Horsfield as Megalurus cruralis in 1827. However the specific name of the former authors took priority. It is a species of Sylviidae, the Old World Warblers, a successful passerine family. It shares the genus Cincloramphus with the Rufous Songlark, another species endemic to much of Australia.
Brown Tanager - The Brown Tanager is c. 17 cm in length and weighs c. 31.5 g. As suggested by its name, the plumage is overall brown. The bill is relatively thick. It is endemic to humid Atlantic forest of south-eastern Brazil at altitudes of 900-1500 m . It forages in the canopy and is typically seen in pairs. It is generally uncommon, but known from several protected areas, such as the Itatiaia National Park.
Brown Teal - The Brown Teal or New Zealand Teal, is a species of dabbling duck of the genus Anas. The Māori name for it is Pāteke. It was considered to be conspecific with the flightless Auckland Island and Campbell Island Teals in Anas aucklandica; the name "Brown Teal" was applied to that entire taxon. The Brown Teal has since been split, recognizing that the insular A. aucklandica and A. nesiotis are good species. In international use, the name Brown Teal is still more common than New Zealand Teal for this bird.
Brown Thornbill - The Brown Thornbill, Acanthiza pusilla, is a passerine bird usually found in eastern and south-eastern Australia, including Tasmania. It can grow up to 10 cm long, and feeds on insects.
Brown Thrasher - The Brown Thrasher is bright reddish-brown above with thin, dark streaks on its buffy underparts. Its long rufous tail is rounded with paler corners. Adults average about 11.5 in in length with a wingspan of 13 in , and have an average mass of 2.4 oz .
Brown Tinamou - The Brown Tinamou is a dumpy, brownish ground bird found in humid lowland and montane forest in tropical and subtropical South America.
Brown Tit-Babbler - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Brown Treecreeper - Two subspecies, C. picumnus picumnus and C. picumnus victoriae, have been identified. The Brown Treecreeper is considered a "least concern" species by the IUCN, while the subspecies victoriae, found in New South Wales, is considered threatened by Australian authorities.
Brown Trembler - It is found in the Lesser Antilles where it breeds on Saba, St. Kitts, Nevis, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica and St. Vincent. It formerly occurred on St. Eustatius. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and heavily degraded former forest.
Brown Twinspot - It is found in Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan and Uganda. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 1,200,000 km². The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
Brown Violetear - The breeding habitat is forest at altitudes between 400-1600 m, but the Brown Violet-ear will spread widely into the lowlands when not nesting. It is replaced at higher altitudes by its relative, the Green Violetear , but their ranges overlap widely.
Brown Warbler - The Brown Warbler Sylvia lugens is a typical warbler found in Africa.
Brown Wood Owl - The Brown Wood Owl is medium large , with upperparts uniformly dark brown, with faint white spotting on the shoulders. The underparts are buff with brown streaking. The facial disc is brown or rufous, edged with white and without concentric barring, and the eyes are dark brown. There is a white neckband. The sexes are similar.
Brown Wood Rail - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, and subtropical or tropical swamps. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Brown Woodland Warbler - The Brown Woodland-Warbler is a species of Old World warbler in the Sylviidae family. It is found in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Yemen. Its natural habitats are boreal forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland.
Brown-and-yellow Marshbird - The Brown-and-yellow Marshbird is a species of bird in the Icteridae family. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Its natural habitats are swamps and pastureland.
Brown-backed Chat-Tyrant - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, and heavily degraded former forest.
Brown-backed Honeyeater
Brown-backed Mockingbird - The Brown-backed Mockingbird is a species of bird in the Mimidae family. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, pastureland, and heavily degraded former forest.
Brown-backed Munia - It is found in moist savanna and subtropical/ tropical lowland moist forest habitat. The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
Brown-backed Needletail - These birds have very short legs which they use only mainly for clinging to vertical surfaces. They never settle voluntarily on the ground and spend most of their lives in the air, living on the insects they catch in their beaks.
Brown-backed Paradise Kingfisher - Its natural habitats are temperate forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Brown-backed Solitaire - It is relatively common in the mountains of Mexico and northern Central America. It tends to be found in semi-deciduous mountain forests, including mixed pine-oak forests. It is often found near streams.
Brown-backed Whistler - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Brown-banded Antpitta - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and plantations. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Brown-banded Puffbird - It is found in Amazon Basin areas of Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru; also the Orinoco River region of Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Brown-banded Rail - The Brown-banded Rail is a species of bird in the Rallidae family. It is endemic to the Philippines.
Brown-bellied Antwren - The Brown-bellied Antwren is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It was formerly placed in the genus Myrmotherula. It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Brown-bellied Swallow - It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, and pastureland.
Brown-billed Scythebill - It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Brown-breasted Bamboo-Tyrant - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Brown-breasted Barbet - The Brown-breasted Barbet is a species of bird in the Ramphastidae family. It is found in Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, and Tanzania.
Brown-breasted Flycatcher - The Brown-breasted Flycatcher or Layard's Flycatcher is a small passerine bird in the flycatcher family Muscicapidae. The species breeds in north eastern India, central and Southern China and northern Burma and Thailand, and migrates to southern India and Sri Lanka.
Brown-capped Fantail - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Brown-capped Laughingthrush - It is found in India and Myanmar. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Brown-capped Redstart - The Brown-capped Redstart , or, more accurately, the Brown-capped Whitestart, is a species of bird in the Parulidae family. It is found in humid Andean forests and woodlands in Bolivia and north-western Argentina. It sometimes includes the Tepui Redstart as a subspecies.
Brown-capped Tit-Spinetail - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.
Brown-capped Tyrannulet - The Brown-capped Tyrannulet is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.
Brown-capped Vireo - The Brown-capped Vireo, Vireo leucophrys, is a small passerine bird. It breeds in highlands from southern Mexico south to northwestern Bolivia. It is sometimes considered to be conspecific with the similar Warbling Vireo.
Brown-capped Weaver
Brown-cheeked Fulvetta - This species is one of those retained in the genus Alcippe after the true fulvettas and some others were removed; the group had turned out to unite quite unrelated birds. Its closest relatives are probably the Brown Fulvetta, and the Black-browed Fulvetta which was only recently recognized as a distinct species again. The Javan Fulvetta and the Nepal Fulvetta might also belong into this group.
Brown-cheeked Hornbill - The Brown-cheeked Hornbill is a species of hornbill in the Bucerotidae family. It is found in Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Togo. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, plantations , and heavily degraded former forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Brown-cheeked Laughingthrush - The binomial name of this bird commemorates Prince Henri of Orléans.
Brown-chested Alethe - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Brown-chested Barbet - The bird is sexually dimorphic, slightly medium sized, brownish, with a wide-black face mask centered on the eyes; it has a goldish crown, stout bill, and the cinnamon-colored upper breast patch.
Brown-chested Lapwing - The Brown-chested Lapwing is a species of bird in the Charadriidae family. It is found in Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritania, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia.
Brown-chested Martin - It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Suriname, the United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, and is a vagrant to Chile and the Malvinas . Its natural habitats are dry savanna, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, rivers, and heavily degraded former forest.
Brown-collared Brush-turkey - The Collared Brush-turkey or Brown-collared Brush-turkey is a species of bird in the Megapodiidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Brown-crested Flycatcher - Adult Brown-crested Flycatchers are 20.3cm long and weigh 30g, and have heavy bills. The upperparts are olive brown, with a darker head and short crest. The breast is grey and the belly is lemon yellow. The brown tail feathers has rufous inner webs, the remiges have rufous outer webs, and there are two dull wing bars. The sexes are similar.
Brown-crowned Tchagra
Brown-eared Bulbul - Species: Hypsipetes amaurotis Ixos amaurotis Turdus amaurotis Temminck, 1830
Brown-eared Pheasant - The rarest member in the genus Crossoptilon, its diet consists mainly of roots, bulbs and plant matters. The female lays five to eight large eggs. The eggs are pale stone green in color and take 28 days to hatch.
Brown-eared Woodpecker - It is found in Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia.
Brown-flanked Tanager - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland and heavily degraded former forest.
Brown-fronted Woodpecker - Its natural habitats are temperate forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Brown-headed Barbet - The Brown-headed Barbet is a resident breeder in India and Sri Lanka. It is an arboreal species of gardens and wooded country which eats fruit and insects. It nests in a tree hole, laying 2-4 eggs.
Brown-headed Cowbird - They resemble New World orioles in general shape but have a finch-like head and beak. Adults have a short finch-like bill and dark eyes. The adult male is mainly iridescent black with a brown head. The adult female is grey with a pale throat and fine streaking on the underparts.
Brown-headed Crow - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Brown-headed Greenlet - The Brown-headed Greenlet is a species of bird in the Vireonidae family. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry shrubland.
Brown-headed Gull - The Brown-headed Gull, Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus, is a small gull which breeds in the high plateaux of central Asia from Turkmenistan to Mongolia. It is migratory, wintering on the coasts and large inland lakes of tropical southern Asia. As is the case with many gulls, it has traditionally been placed in the genus Larus.
Brown-headed Honeyeater - Its natural habitats are temperate forests and Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation.
Brown-headed Parrot - The yellow under its wings explains its name cryptoxanthus, which means "hidden yellow"; from Greek xanthos or ξανθος means "yellow", and "crypto", from the Greek kryptos, is an English prefix that means "hidden" or "secret".
Brown-hooded Gull - The Brown-hooded Gull is a species of gull in the Laridae family. As is the case with many gulls, it has traditionally been placed in the genus Larus.
Brown-hooded Kingfisher - Male in tree
Brown-necked Raven - This species has a wide range across virtually the whole of North Africa, down as far as Kenya, the Arabian peninsula and up into the Greater Middle East and southern Iran. It lives in a predominantly desert environment visiting oases and palm groves.
Brown-rumped Bunting - The Brown-rumped Bunting is a species of bird in the Emberizidae family. It is found in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Togo, and Uganda. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Brown-rumped Foliage-gleaner - The Brown-rumped Foliage-gleaner is a species of bird in the Furnariidae family. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical swamps.
Brown-rumped Minivet
Brown-rumped Seedeater - Length 13 cm. This is a drab uniform grey-brown canary with a small white supercillium. It has a plain breast with white under the chin. The the uniformity of its drabnes means it's eponymous 'brown rump' is often not apparent.
Brown-rumped Tapaculo
Brown-tailed Chat - The Brown-tailed Chat is a species of bird in the Muscicapidae family. It is found in Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, and Uganda. Its natural habitats are dry savanna and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland.
Brown-throated Barbet - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Brown-throated Parakeet - The Brown-throated Parakeet is mostly green, with the lowerparts being a lighter green than the upperparts. Black/grey beak. Some blue in the wing feathers. Brown throat. Head and face colours depend on the subspecies.
Brown-throated Treecreeper - It is found in Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Burma, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Brown-throated Wattle-eye - This species breeds in west, central and northeast tropical Africa. This common species is found in secondary forest and other woodland areas, including gardens. The eggs are laid in a small neat lichen and cobweb cup low in a tree or bush.
Brown-winged Kingfisher - The Brown-winged Kingfisher is a species of bird in the Alcedinidae family. It is found in Bangladesh, Malaysia, Myanmar, Republic of India and Thailand. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical mangrove forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Brown-winged Parrotbill - It is found in China and Myanmar.
Brown-winged Starling - The Brown-winged Starling is a species of starling in the Sturnidae family. It is found in Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Brownish Elaenia - The Brownish Elaenia is found in the central Amazon Basin, along the Amazon River, in contiguous river corridors, about 125 km wide. Downstream in the east, the bird's range starts at the confluence of the Xingu River in the south of Pará state, North Region, Brazil; it ranges upstream on the Xingu for 700 km, then a tributary to the west of the Xingu, the Rio Iriri, for another 700 km.
Brownish Flycatcher - It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Brownish-flanked Bush-Warbler - It is found in South Asia.
Brubru - Its habitat is dry open woodland, but varies geographically. The six northern races and the subspecies N. a. brubru of southern Africa are found in acacia and broadleaved woodland, whereas the three subspecies in a belt from northeastern Angola and northern Namibia east to Tanzania and northern Mozambique occur in Brachystegia miombo woodland.
Bruijn's Brush-turkey - An Indonesian endemic, Bruijn's Brush-turkey occurs in mountain forests on Waigeo Island of West Papua.
Brush Bronzewing - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests.
Brush Cuckoo - The Brush Cuckoo is native to the east coast of Australia and northern New Guinea. It is grey-brown with a buff breast and its call is very familiar of the Australian bush.
Brushland Tinamou - The Brushland Tinamou, Nothoprocta cinerascens, is a type of Tinamou commonly found in high altitude dry shrubland in subtropical and tropical regions of southern South America.
Bubbling Cisticola - The Bubbling Cisticola is a species of bird in the Cisticolidae family. It is found in Angola and Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its natural habitats are dry savanna and subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland.
Bucorvus cafer - The Southern Ground-hornbill or cafer , is one of two species of ground-hornbill and is the largest species of hornbill.
Budgerigar - The budgerigar is closely related to the lories and the fig parrots. Although budgerigars are often, especially in American English, called parakeets, this term refers to any of a number of small parrots with long flat tails.
Buff-banded Grassbird - The Buff-banded Bushbird is a species of Old World warbler in the Sylviidae family. It is found in Indonesia and Timor-Leste.
Buff-banded Rail - The Buff-banded Rail, Gallirallus philippensis is a distinctively coloured, highly dispersive, medium-sized rail of the family Rallidae.
Buff-banded Tyrannulet - The Buff-banded Tyrannulet is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Buff-bellied Dove - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, and heavily degraded former forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Buff-bellied Hermit
Buff-bellied hummingbird - Adults are a metallic olive green above and buffy in the lower breast. The tail and primary wings are rufous in color and slightly forked. The underwing is white. The bill of the male is straight and very slender. It is red in coloration with a darker tip. The throat is a metallic golden green. The female has a dark upper bill, and is less colorful than the male.
Buff-bellied Monarch - Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Buff-bellied Puffbird - It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.
Buff-bellied Tanager - The Buff-bellied Tanager is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family. It is found in Ecuador and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.
Buff-bellied Warbler
Buff-breasted Buttonquail - The Buff-breasted Buttonquail measures from 18-23 inches and usually weighs over 110 grams . Both the tail and wings are short. The back is chestnut. The sides of the head are marked with chestnut on an otherwise plain gray head; while the breast is warm buff-colored. The Painted Buttonquail and the Brown Quail both coexist with this species. The Buff-breasted is larger than either and is quite different different from the all-dark quail. The Painted species is almost totally mottled, with bold white spotting on the breast and no warm buff coloration. The most similar species to the Buff-breasted is the Chestnut-backed Buttonquail, which does not overlap in the wild.
Buff-breasted Earthcreeper - The Buff-breasted Earthcreeper is a species of bird in the Furnariidae family. It is found in Argentina and Bolivia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.
Buff-breasted flycatcher - Adults have olive gray upperparts, and darker coloration on the wings and tail; they have a conspicuous white eye ring, white wing bars, a small bill and a short tail. The breast of this species is very distinctive, washed with a strong orange buff color.
Buff-breasted Mountain Tanager - It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Buff-breasted Sabrewing - The Buff-Breasted Sabrewing is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found in Brazil and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.
Buff-breasted Sandpiper - T. subruficollis breeds in the open arctic tundra of North America and is a very long-distance migrant, wintering mainly in South America, especially Argentina.
Buff-breasted Tody-Tyrant - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Buff-breasted Wren - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, subtropical or tropical swamps, and heavily degraded former forest.
Buff-bridled Inca Finch - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.
Buff-browed Chachalaca - The Buff-browed Chachalaca is a species of bird in the Cracidae family. It is found only in Brazil. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Buff-browed Foliage-gleaner
Buff-browed Warbler - Phylloscopus inornatus humei Phylloscopus inornatus mandellii Phylloscopus mandellii
Buff-cheeked Greenlet - The Buff-cheeked Greenlet is a species of bird in the Vireonidae family. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Buff-cheeked Tody-Flycatcher - The Buff-cheeked Tody-Flycatcher is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family. It is endemic to Brazil.
Buff-chested Babbler - The Buff-chested Babbler is a species of bird in the Timaliidae family. It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Buff-collared nightjar - The adults are dark with brown, grey, black, and white patterning on the upperparts and breast. The tail is dark brown, with darker finely barred markings throughout. The male has large white outer tail tips on the 3 outermost tail feathers. The female has buffy tail tips. The most distinguishing characteristic to determine its identity from its closest relative the Whip-poor-will is from where the bird gets its name. It shows a prominent buff-colored collar around its neck and nape. Its song is also very different. It sounds like an accelerating cuk, cuk, cuk, cuk, cuk, cukacheea.
Buff-crested Bustard - The Buff-crested Bustard is a species of bird in the Otididae family. It is found in Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda.
Buff-faced Pygmy Parrot - Little-studied, it is known mainly for being the world's smallest parrot,
Buff-faced Sericornis - It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner - The Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner is a species of bird in the Furnariidae family, the ovenbirds. It is found in southeastern regions of South America in the cerrado and pantanal of Brazil and Paraguay as well as areas of southeast coastal Brazil; also extreme northeast Argentina. In western Andean and northwest South America, it is found in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia; and in the northwest, it is also found in Panama and Costa Rica.
Buff-fronted Owl - This nocturnal bird breeds in open mountain forests, laying its eggs in a tree hole. It takes rodents and other small mammals as its main prey, but will also feed on birds and insects.
Buff-headed Coucal - This species is a large cuckoo with a heavy bill and short wings. The plumage of adults is striking with a buff head, upper back and undersides, and glossy black wings, lower back and tail. The iris is red and legs and bill are dark grey. Juveniles are very differently colored, with the wings and tail reddish brown with black barring somewhat like in the allopatric Pheasant Coucal, and the rest of the plumage brown mottled with black. The iris is brown-grey and the bill is bicolored, brown above and pale horn below.
Buff-necked Ibis - It has a total length of approximately 75 centimetres . The neck is buffish, the upperparts are grey, the belly and flight feathers are black, and there is a large white patch in the wings. In flight, where the relatively short legs do no extend beyond the tail , the white patch forms a broad white band on the upperwing that separates the black remiges and the grey lesses wing-coverts. The bill and bare skin around the eyes are blackish and the legs are red.
Buff-necked Woodpecker - The Buff-necked Woodpecker is a species of bird in the Picidae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical swamps. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Buff-rumped Warbler - The pair builds a bulky domed nest with a side entrance on a sloping bank next to a stream or path, and the female lays two white eggs which are incubated for 16–17 days with another 13–14 days to fledging.
Buff-rumped Woodpecker - The Buff-rumped Woodpecker is a species of bird in the Picidae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Buff-spotted Flufftail
Buff-spotted Woodpecker - The Buff-spotted Woodpecker is a species of bird in the Picidae family. It is found in Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, and Uganda.
Buff-throated Apalis
Buff-throated Foliage-gleaner - It is found in Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical swamps.
Buff-throated Purpletuft - It is endemic to Atlantic forest in Brazil. It is becoming rare due to habitat loss.
Buff-throated Saltator - This is the type species of Saltator. Consequently, it and its closest allies would retain the genus name when this apparently polyphyletic group is eventually split up.
Buff-throated Sunbird - The Buff-throated Sunbird is a species of bird in the Nectariniidae family. It is found in Benin, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Togo.
Buff-throated Tody-Tyrant
Buff-throated Treehunter - The Peruvian Treehunter or Buff-throated Treehunter is a species of bird in the Furnariidae family. It is found in Bolivia and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Buff-throated Warbler - It is found in China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is temperate forests.
Buff-vented Bulbul
Buff-winged Starfrontlet - The Buff-Winged Starfrontlet is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Bufflehead - The Bufflehead is a small American sea duck of the genus Bucephala, the goldeneyes. This species was first described by Linnaeus in his Systema naturae in 1758 as Anas albeola.
Buffy Fish-Owl
Buffy Hummingbird - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical mangrove forests, and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland.
Buffy Pipit - The Buffy Pipit is a species of bird in the Motacillidae family. It is found in Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland.
Buffy Tuftedcheek - It occurs as a resident breeder above 1600 m in wet mountain forests with many epiphytes. The female lays one white egg in a thickly lined old woodpecker nest. One parent, probably the female, incubates the single white egg for 29 days to hatching, covering the egg with leaves when she leaves the nest.
Buffy-crowned Wood-Partridge
Buffy-throated Seedeater - It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Bugler swan - Males typically measure from 145 to 163 centimetres and weigh 11.8 kilograms ; females typically range from 139 to 150 centimetres and weigh 10 kilograms . The average wingspan is 2.03 metres . It is rivaled in size among waterfowl only by the introduced Mute Swan, which is native to Eurasia, but the Trumpeter usually is longer-bodied. Exceptionally large male Trumpeters can reach a length of 183 centimetres , a wingspan of 3 metres and a weight of 17.2 kilograms . The Trumpeter Swan is closely related to the Whooper Swan of Eurasia, and even has been considered the same species by some authorities.
Bull-headed Shrike - It is 19-20 cm long. The male has a brown crown, white eyebrow and black mask. The back is grey-brown while the wings are dark with a white patch. The flanks are rufous and the rest of the underparts are whitish with fine barring. Females are similar but duller and browner with a brown mask and no white wing-patch. The species has harsh grating and chattering calls and will also mimic other birds.
Buller's Albatross - Mollymawks are a type of Albatross that belong to Diomedeidae family and come from the Procellariiformes order, along with Shearwaters, Fulmars, Storm-petrels, and Diving-petrels. They share certain identifying features. First, they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called naricorns. Although the nostrils on the Albatross are on the sides of the bill. The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between 7 and 9 horny plates. Finally, they produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This is used against predators as well as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights.
Bullock's Oriole - Adults have a pointed bill. The adult male is orange on the underparts, face and rump with black everywhere else; they have a white wing patch. The adult female is grey-brown on the upper parts, dull yellow on the breast and belly and has wing bars.
Bulwer's petrel - This very long-winged petrel is 25-29 cm in length with a 78-90 cm wingspan. It has mainly brown plumage and a long pointed tail. It has a buoyant twisting flight as it picks planktonic food items from the ocean surface.
Bulwer's Pheasant - Bulwer's Pheasant is sexually dimorphic. Males have a total length of about 80 centimetres , and are black-plumaged with a maroon breast, crimson legs, a pure white tail of long, curved feathers, and bright blue facial skin with two wattles that conceal the sides of its head. Females have a total length of about 55 centimetres , and are an overall dull brown colour with red legs and blue facial skin.
Bulweria bifax
Bumblebee hummingbird - The Bumblebee Hummingbird is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found in Mexico and the United States. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Burchell - Although classed as waders, these are birds of dry open country, preferably semi-desert, where they typically hunt their insect prey by running on the ground.
Burchell's Glossy-Starling
Burchell's Sandgrouse - It is found in Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Burmese Shrike - The Burmese Shrike is a species of bird in the Laniidae family. It is found in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Burmese Yuhina
Burnished-buff Tanager - It is found in the northern Guianas, most of Venezuela and east-central Colombia; also near the Amazon River outlet in Brazil, as well as most of the east of that country, Paraguay and northeast Argentina. It also occurs very locally in Bolivia and Peru. It can be seen in virtually any semi-open habitat with trees, including human-altered habitats such as gardens, plantations and parks.
Burnt-neck Eremomela - The Burnt-Neck Eremomela is a species of Old World warbler in the Sylviidae family. It is found in Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, dry savanna, and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland.
Burrowing Owl - Strix cunicularia Molina, 1782 Speotyto cunicularia Spheotyto cunicularia
Burrowing Parrot - It is mainly found in Argentina. A very much reduced population still survives in Chile, and migration of some Argentine populations to Uruguay has been reported for the winter months. Sometimes strong westerly winds bring some individuals as far as the Falkland Islands.
Buru Cuckoo-shrike - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Buru Honeyeater - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Buru Racquet-tailed Parrot - The Buru Racket-tail is a mainly green parrot about 32 cm long. The beak is blackish and lighter at the base, and the long undertail-coverts are yellow. The adult male has blue upper-parts from the back of its head to mid-back and which extends into the upper surfaces of the forewings. The female has a small area of blue on the nape. Juveniles do not have racket-shaped tail feathers. The male juvenile has a little blue on the nape and the female juvenile has all-green upper-parts.
Buru Thrush - The Buru Thrush is a species of bird in the Turdidae family. It is endemic to montane rainforest on Buru in Indonesia. Traditionally, it included the Seram Thrush as a subspecies, in which case the common name of the 'combined species' was Moluccan Thrush.
Buru White-eye - Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Bush Petronia
Bush Thick-knee - Like most stone-curlews, it is mainly nocturnal and specialises in hunting small grassland animals: frogs, spiders, insects, molluscs, crustaceans, snakes, lizards and small mammals are all taken, mostly gleaned or probed from soft soil or rotting wood; also a few seeds or tubers, particularly in drought years. Birds usually forage individually or in pairs over a large home range, particularly on moonlit nights.
Bush Wren - It was widespread throughout the main islands of the country until the late 19th century when mustelids were introduced and joined rats as invasive mammalian predators. The only authenticated reports of the North Island subspecies since 1900 were from the southern Rimutaka Range in 1918 and the Ureweras up to 1955, with probable sightings on June 13, 1949, near Lake Waikareiti, and several times in the first half of the 20th century in the Huiarau Range, and from Kapiti Island in 1911 . Apparently, the last population lived in the area where Te Urewera National Park was established, ironically just around the time of its extinction.
Bushtit - The Bushtit inhabits mixed open woodlands, often containing oaks and a scrubby understory. It is a year-round resident of the western United States and highland parts of Mexico, ranging from Vancouver through the Great Basin and the lowlands and foothills of California to southern Mexico and Guatemala.
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What is the official language of The Bahamas? | Our Language | The Official Site of The Bahamas
Our Language
Bahamian English
Our friendly nature makes it easy to strike up a conversation with a Bahamian. Try it for yourself. English is our official language. Although, you might hear Bahamian English. It’s a mixture of Queen’s diction, African influence and island dialect. The “h” is often dropped, so it sounds like “ouse” for “house” or “t’anks” for “thanks.”
Our dialect and idioms were influenced by African slaves, English Puritans and other settlers. Because of this combination, you will hear a unique language found only on The Islands Of The Bahamas. For instance, if you hear “day clean” they mean “daybreak” and “first fowl crow” means the first cry a rooster makes in the morning. These idioms are typical of Bahamian English.
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The Lakeside Shopping Centre is in which English county? | The Bahamas - Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette
The Bahamas Guide
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80+ country-specific guides covering country characteristics, the people, language, culture, etiquette, business protocol, communication styles and much more .
The Bahamas Guide
The Bahamas - Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette
Facts and Statistics
Location: Caribbean, chain of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of Florida, northeast of Cuba
Capital: Nassau
Climate: tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream
Population: 321,834 (est. 2014)
Ethnic Make-up: black 85%, white 12%, Asian and Hispanic 3% Religions: Baptist 35.4%, Anglican 15.1%, Roman Catholic 13.5%, Pentecostal 8.1%, Church of God 4.8%, Methodist 4.2%, other Christian 15.2%, none or unspecified 2.9%, other 0.8% (2000 census)
Government: constitutional parliamentary democracy
English is the official language and is widely spoken. Creole is used among Haitian immigrants.
Bahamian Society and Culture
The Role of Hospitality
Bahamas are known for being friendly, outgoing and informal. However they also maintain a sense of decorum and are very polite. Hospitality is an extension of this and they like to get to know people, say hello to strangers and invite people into their homes. Sharing a meal is the most common way to build a relationship.
Humour
Bahamians have a good sense of humour and use it often in all manner of situations. One facet of this with a certain cultural element to it is the use of self-deprecating remarks or jokes. In essence this emanates from the people’s lack of toleration for condescension and superiority. They respect people who are modest and humble. Being self-deprecating, especially if it is done in a humorous manner, displays their down to earth sensibilities.
As well as making fun of themselves they excellent at teasing others. Poking fun at each other is seen as harmless, good-natures banter.
Religion
Relatively speaking Bahamians take religion seriously. Most are devout Christians. It is not uncommon for everyday speech to the peppered with verses from the Bible and government programs or events and opened with short prayers. Sunday is a day for church going and prayer. People dress up in their best clothes to attend religious services.
The week after Christmas is one long party in the Bahamas. Starting with the goombay music on Boxing Day through the Junkanoo Parade on New Year’s Day, Bahamians dress in masquerade costumes and dance to goombay music. Goombay, the indigenous form of music, is derived from the African slaves who used songs as a form of social commentary and way to hand down traditions. To the beat of goatskin drums, people sway to the music and loose themselves in the haunting melodies.
Etiquette and Customs in the Bahamas
Meeting Etiquette
The most common greeting is the handshake, accompanied by direct eye contact and a welcoming smile.
For the most part Bahamians are warm and hospitable, although they initially may appear a bit more standoffish than people from other Caribbean islands.
They are a little slower to move to a first name basis, and sometimes even close friends may refer to one another by their surname.
Gift Giving Etiquette
Good friends and family give gifts for birthdays, Christmas, and other significant events in a person’s life.
Gifts need not be expensive.
If invited to a Bahamian’s home, bring fruit, flowers, or wine for the hosts.
Gift giving is a relaxed affair and has little protocol.
There are no restrictions on what kind of wrapping paper to use/not use.
Gifts are generally opened when received.
Dining Etiquette
If you are invited to a Bahamian’s house:
Arrive on time if invited to dinner; no more than 15 minutes late if invited to a barbecue or a large party.
Dress well, in clothes you would wear to the office. Dressing too informally may be misconstrued as a lack of respect towards your hosts.
Watch your Table Manners!
Do not sit down until you are invited to and told where to sit.
Do not begin eating until the hostess starts.
Table manners are Continental -- the fork is held in the left hand and the knife in the right while eating.
Meals are often served buffet style or family-style.
Keep your elbows off the table and your hands above the table when eating.
It is considered polite to finish everything on your plate so you do not appear wasteful. If you cannot, you may leave a small bit of food on your plate.
Business Etiquette and Protocol
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Which US actor is the voice of Gru in the 2010 animated film ‘Despicable Me’? | Despicable Me (2010) - IMDb
IMDb
17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC
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ON DISC
When a criminal mastermind uses a trio of orphan girls as pawns for a grand scheme, he finds their love is profoundly changing him for the better.
Directors:
Famous Directors: From Sundance to Prominence
From Christopher Nolan to Quentin Tarantino and every Coen brother in between, many of today's most popular directors got their start at the Sundance Film Festival . Here's a list of some of the biggest names to go from Sundance to Hollywood prominence.
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Nominated for 1 Golden Globe. Another 3 wins & 38 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
When Gru, the world's most super-bad turned super-dad has been recruited by a team of officials to stop lethal muscle and a host of Gru's own, He has to fight back with new gadgetry, cars, and more minion madness.
Directors: Pierre Coffin, Chris Renaud
Stars: Steve Carell, Kristen Wiig, Benjamin Bratt
The Dragon Warrior has to clash against the savage Tai Lung as China's fate hangs in the balance: However, the Dragon Warrior mantle is supposedly mistaken to be bestowed upon an obese panda who is a tyro in martial arts.
Directors: Mark Osborne, John Stevenson
Stars: Jack Black, Ian McShane, Angelina Jolie
After his swamp is filled with magical creatures, Shrek agrees to rescue Princess Fiona for a villainous lord in order to get his land back.
Directors: Andrew Adamson, Vicky Jenson
Stars: Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz
A family of undercover superheroes, while trying to live the quiet suburban life, are forced into action to save the world.
Director: Brad Bird
Spoiled by their upbringing and unaware of what wildlife really is, four animals from the New York Central Zoo escape, unwittingly assisted by four absconding penguins, and find themselves in Madagascar.
Directors: Eric Darnell, Tom McGrath
Stars: Chris Rock, Ben Stiller, David Schwimmer
A rat who can cook makes an unusual alliance with a young kitchen worker at a famous restaurant.
Directors: Brad Bird, Jan Pinkava
Stars: Brad Garrett, Lou Romano, Patton Oswalt
Set during the Ice Age, a sabertooth tiger, a sloth, and a wooly mammoth find a lost human infant, and they try to return him to his tribe.
Directors: Chris Wedge, Carlos Saldanha
Stars: Denis Leary, John Leguizamo, Ray Romano
A hot-shot race-car named Lightning McQueen gets waylaid in Radiator Springs, where he finds the true meaning of friendship and family.
Directors: John Lasseter, Joe Ranft
Stars: Owen Wilson, Bonnie Hunt, Paul Newman
A look at the relationship between Mike and Sulley during their days at Monsters University -- when they weren't necessarily the best of friends.
Director: Dan Scanlon
The magically long-haired Rapunzel has spent her entire life in a tower, but now that a runaway thief has stumbled upon her, she is about to discover the world for the first time, and who she really is.
Directors: Nathan Greno, Byron Howard
Stars: Mandy Moore, Zachary Levi, Donna Murphy
Directors: Mark Andrews, Brenda Chapman, and 1 more credit »
Stars: Kelly Macdonald, Billy Connolly, Emma Thompson
Directors: Andrew Adamson, Kelly Asbury, and 1 more credit »
Stars: Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz
Edit
Storyline
In a happy suburban neighborhood surrounded by white picket fences with flowering rose bushes, sits a black house with a dead lawn. Unbeknownst to the neighbors, hidden beneath this home is a vast secret hideout. Surrounded by a small army of minions, we discover Gru, planning the biggest heist in the history of the world. He is going to steal the moon. (Yes, the moon!) Gru delights in all things wicked. Armed with his arsenal of shrink rays, freeze rays, and battle-ready vehicles for land and air, he vanquishes all who stand in his way. Until the day he encounters the immense will of three little orphaned girls who look at him and see something that no one else has ever seen: a potential Dad. The world's greatest villain has just met his greatest challenge: three little girls named Margo, Edith and Agnes. Written by Universal Pictures
Supervillain, Superdad. (Dutch Translation) See more »
Genres:
Rated PG for rude humor and mild action | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
9 July 2010 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Mi villano favorito See more »
Box Office
$56,397,125 (USA) (9 July 2010)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
When Gru first comes home in the beginning of the movie the tv is on and the talk show host is interviewing a guest who appears to be Sia, which can be determined by her blond hair with bangs covering her eyes. See more »
Goofs
When Agnes first asks Gru to read a bedtime story, the picture on the book she is holding switches from the back cover to the front. See more »
Quotes
Gru : [reading book] "Three little kittens love to play. They had fun in the sun all day. Then their mother came out and said, 'Time for kittens to go to bed'."
[looks up]
See more »
Crazy Credits
After the projection room is 'destroyed' you see the shadow of a minion. He starts to make shadow puppets, including one of Gru. You see the shadow of the actual Gru enter the screen and stare at the minion. The minion runs off in panic and Gru starts laughing. See more »
Connections
Performed by Various Studio Musicians
Courtesy of Stingray Music
(United States) – See all my reviews
Despicable Me's teasers and trailers seemed to represent a few different movies, and that's reflected by the general segregation of comedy styles that the film begins with. At the film's start, Gru (Steve Carrell) handles the dark comedy, the trio of orphans get the cutesy comedy, and the minions handle the slapstick. As the film progresses, though, these lines begin to blur, building to a strong emotional finale and a satisfyingly complete tale. (This is one of those rare non-Pixar animated films that doesn't seem destined for sequel-dom.)
The tale of rival villains isn't terribly original. Nor is the idea of a villain having his heart melted by adorable children. But the way Despicable Me blends these two ideas is just fantastic. There's humor, action, and heart -- what more could you want from an animated film?
Also notable is the way the star-studded voice cast handles their characters. While there are a ton of big names filling out the roster, most of them use accents which render them familiar but not too much so. It's a different route than many animated films take, and it's refreshing. Julie Andrews and Steve Carrell especially do well at straddling the line between their trademark voices and their characters' accents. The voice that steals the movie, however, is the adorable Elsie Fisher as Agnes. Almost every line gets either a laugh or an "Aw..." (On a related note, I love that the orphan girls are named Edith, Margo, and Agnes. I love old names for young people.)
The plot has enough twists and turns to keep things interesting, and the antics of the minions provide a nice side of fun to the proceedings. Also, their reaching contest during the credits is a fun use of 3-D that had the kids in the theater reaching for the screen.
Last year was a banner year for animation, and this year seems to be following suit. How to Train Your Dragon amazed, Toy Story 3 is one of the best animated films of all time, and Despicable Me impresses. A very pleasant surprise.
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Which racing driver won the 1994 Formula One Championship? | Jason Segel Interview DESPICABLE ME | Collider
Jason Segel Interview DESPICABLE ME
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Known for writing, producing or starring in such memorable recent comedies as Get Him to the Greek, Forgetting Sarah Marshall and Knocked Up, along with his successful television series How I Met Your Mother, Jason Segel is on a roll in Hollywood. Making his animated debut in Despicable Me, the actor voices the villainous Vector, super arch-nemesis to Gru (voiced by Steve Carell).
During a press conference to promote the film, Jason Segel talked about finding the right voice for Vector, his tips for being funny and how he’s more proud of this film than anything he’s ever done. He also gave an update on how his Muppets movie is coming along, and hinted at what fans can expect from the upcoming season of How I Met Your Mother. Check out what he had to say after the jump:
Question: What was it like to play this evil villain? What did you draw on for inspiration?
Jason: I was given a sketch very early, and I have a bit of a background in puppetry, so coming up with a voice to match the sketch was my real inspiration. I had a few months to come up with a voice and I came up with a few, and then I went in and they helped me choose. These guys are such geniuses. The one they ended up choosing was perfect.
You saw the character before you started finding the voice, but did he change at all during the process of making the film?
Jason: No. I got a sketch very early on that looked exactly like he ended up looking, and I came up with two voices, one that we used and one that was totally counter to the way he looked. We ended up choosing the one that I think was appropriate. I couldn’t be more proud of the way the producers and directors made this film. It’s beautiful.
Obviously, you look nothing like your character, but did you see any mannerisms that they picked up from you?
Jason: I was very excited. The whole thing that drew me to doing an animated film is that you’re freed from the physical limitations of your physical body. All of a sudden, you get to be something that has nothing to do with the fact that I’m a 6’4″, lumbering dude, and that was really exciting. Puppetry is very similar. And then, this guy is based almost wholly on insecurity. He just wants to prove to his dad that he’s worthy and, in this case, the most evil person alive, so I drew from there. It was very freeing. You’ll probably notice that nobody in the cast is doing their voice. No one is talking like they normally talk and it’s because, all of a sudden, you’re freed from the physical limitations of how you look, which is amazing.
Which one of Vector’s gadgets did you love and wish was real?
Jason: I wouldn’t mind the shrink ray because I would like to make a lot of foods bite-sized, so that I could eat them constantly.
How is voicing an animated character different or similar to voicing a puppet?
Jason: They’re very similar experiences. The thing that ties them together is the idea that you’re not tied to your physical body. So, being able to voice a character that looked nothing like me was very exciting. If I did that voice as an actor, you would call b.s. You would say, “No, that’s not what he sounds like.” But, all of a sudden, I could be 5′ 3″, wear an orange jumpsuit, and be nerdy.
Where does this fit in with your sense of humor, as far as the improv style you use?
Jason: What’s cool about doing this animated film – and this is the only one I’ve done, so I have no other frame of reference – is that you go in for three hours, every few months. I probably went in six times over two years, or something like that. And, from their standpoint, the goal is for me to give them as much material as I can possibly come up with, and they choose the funniest, the best and the most on-story. Every time, it was just three hours of intense effort, trying to be as funny as I could, and to be on story with the improv, and give them as much material as I possibly could.
Does it fit with your sense of humor?
Jason: Yeah. I am actually more proud of this movie than anything else I’ve ever done. There’s something very special about the idea of a family being able to go to a movie and everyone enjoying themselves, genuinely. It’s something “The Muppets” did beautifully and “The Simpsons” does it. Parents aren’t placating their kids when they take them to this movie because they’ll enjoy it as well. There’s something really great about the idea of a family walking out of a theater after everyone has had a really great experience and enjoyed themselves. I think a family getting along for a few hours is a special thing.
Do you think that animated movies are like an actor’s workshop, in a sense?
Jason: It’s a very unique experience, in that you’re not working with any of these actors, in any of these scenes. You’re alone in a booth. To me, it felt like a test of whether I could be funny, good and on-story. On-story, to me, is a big part of improv. It’s very easy to come out and say funny lines that you’ve thought of the night before, but to be on-story is the real challenge. You’re in there for three hours, trying to give them material they can actually use. I have a million jokes I could say, but to try to keep it on-story and valuable to them was something that was a challenge, and I really enjoyed that. It’s just you alone, which is awesome.
How did you become attached to Despicable Me?
Jason: John Cohen, one of our great producers, came to my house and told me about the story. Then, he gave me a sketch of Vector and I was hooked, instantly. The story is so beautifully told that there was no doubt I was going to do the film.
Growing up, did you have a favorite animated film?
Jason: I was really drawn to the early Disney villains and, funnily enough, this movie is about villainy. They managed to be really terrifying without scaring kids. If you think about Ursula from The Little Mermaid, that’s a terrifying character. They’re all witches, for the most part, in the Disney universe. They’re really terrifying, terrible and intense for the heroes, but somehow your eye was always drawn to them.
Where did you find your inner dork to play Vector?
Jason: I’ve been 6′ 4″ and 100 pounds since I was 12. I looked like Jack Skellington. Kids used to stand around me in a circle and, one by one, they would jump on my back and the rest would chant, “Ride the oaf! Ride the oaf!” It’s true. So, you either become funny, which is hopefully what I did, or you become a villain, which is where I got the idea for Vector. He’s a guy who was horribly picked on, and this is where he’s ended up.
Both Vector and Gru have parent issues. Do you have any insight into why they both have these despicable qualities?
Jason: I think they could be siblings. You only see Gru’s mom, and you only see Vector’s dad. It should be Despicable Me 2: This Time It’s Personal.
In the film, you and Steve play nemeses. In real life, who is your celebrity nemesis?
Jason: I think it’s probably Ryan Reynolds, in that we have very similar comedic tastes and all that. And, our bodies are so similar that it’s basically a rivalry over who can be in better shape. At this point, I think I’m winning.
When are we going to get a chance to hear your music again?
Jason: I wrote some of the music for Get Him to the Greek. I wrote “Bangers and Mash” and “Supertight.” That’s a real side job for me, but I enjoy it. I taught myself to play piano when I was 17, to pick up girls. When you try to pitch a real musician these songs, they write them too musically. And, when you try to pitch them to comedians, they write them too funny. Somehow, I found a middle ground because I’m not that good a musician and I’m not that funny. It ends up being perfect.
Did it work to pick up girls?
Jason: I remember that the first thing I did was find a really not-that-intelligent girl and I told her that I wrote “Your Song,” by Elton John. I was like, “I wrote this for you.” And then, I lost my virginity.
What’s your best advice for writing comedy?
Jason: To write a drama. I’m not joking. That was the first advice I got from Judd Apatow, and I think it’s why his movies are so brilliant. He told me, when I was writing Forgetting Sarah Marshall, “I want the first draft you give me to be a drama. We’ll make it funny. It’s going to be funny because we’re funny and we’re going to add jokes, and the people we cast will be funny. The reason people will see it – and see it again and again, or connect to it – is because there’s an underlying drama.” That’s the best advice I can give. When you’re trying to write a comedy, first write a drama, and then make it funny.
So how do you write a drama?
Jason: You go from real experience. Almost everything I’ve written is somehow tied to something I’ve gone through. You try to hit a universal theme. Forgetting Sarah Marshall is about how complicated break-ups are, which everyone has gone through. The next thing I’m writing is about engagement and love, and everyone has gone through that. You have to hit a universal theme, and this movie does it perfectly. The idea of somehow opening yourself up to something in your life is universal, and that’s what everyone relates to.
Does your height ever hinder you in getting roles?
Jason: Not now. It hindered me, when I was a kid. I remember when I was 18, I was allegedly really close to playing Dustin Hoffman’s son, and I knew I wasn’t going to get that part. I’m about eight inches taller than Dustin Hoffman. I might be a foot taller than Dustin Hoffman. It just wasn’t going to happen. So, it hindered me then, when I was playing a boy. Now that I’m playing a man, it’s a bit easier. Girls have heels. Dustin Hoffman in heels isn’t a good look.
How is the Muppets movie you’re doing coming along? How terrifying is it to have to live up to Jim Henson’s legacy?
Jason: Well, that part is very intimidating. What I do think is that I have to approach it with a real sense of respect, and I’m very earnest about the way I approach it. There’s no sense of irony with me, going into the Muppets. I don’t think it’s funny that I’m doing the Muppets. I truly love them. What I learned from this film is the idea of a family being able to bond over seeing something together, and walking out of the theater with everyone in a great mood. It’s a very special thing, for a family to walk out of a film satisfied and happy, and then go have lunch or dinner together feeling happy, and talking and laughing. It’s a very rare thing. Family dynamics aren’t easy, so the notion of anything drawing them together, especially a movie like Despicable Me, is a very special thing.
When you go back to work on “How I Met Your Mother,” what’s in store for Marshall and Lily?
Jason: I don’t know the storylines. Allegedly, from what I’ve heard, I’m going to get even funnier, which seems impossible, but that’s the plan. I think there might be a kid, in our future, if I had to guess, but I’m truly guessing. I always pictured myself and Marshall a bit like the Abominable Snowman from the Bugs Bunny cartoons, where they go, “I’ll hug him and squeeze him and kiss him all over.” I picture me holding a baby upside down by the leg, shaking it.
Are the producers amused by your idea for a post-apocalyptic finale?
Jason: I just think, if the narration takes place in the future, there should be a reveal where they open the window and it’s horrible out there. I just think that’s a hilarious idea. But no, they’re not amused by anything I do. A lot of these ideas come from the fact that I’m a bizarre human being.
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What is the name of the bridge, a world famous tourist site designed by Richard Lee, which connects Niagara Falls, New York and Niagara Falls, Ontario? | Famous Niagara Falls, Ontario Buildings: List of Architecture in Niagara Falls, Ontario – Landmarks/Buildings-9 Items-
List of Famous Niagara Falls, Ontario Buildings & Structures
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List of the famous landmarks that make up the Niagara Falls, Ontario skyline, listed alphabetically with photos when available. Niagara Falls, Ontario architectural landmarks as well as other major buildings, dwellings, and other structures in Niagara Falls, Ontario are included on this list. Information about these Niagara Falls, Ontario buildings is included on this list, such as when the building first opened and what architectural style it falls under. List includes both new buildings in Niagara Falls, Ontario and older historic landmarks.
List features buildings like Rainbow Bridge, Whirlpool Rapids Bridge.
This list answers the question, "What are the most famous buildings in Niagara Falls, Ontario?"
This is a good reference for research into the historical architecture in Niagara Falls , Ontario. Famous architectural houses within the city of Niagara Falls, Ontario are included as well, sometimes by address, other times listed by the name of the original home owner.
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Butler’s, London, Farmer’s and Belfast are all types of what found in the home? | Buffalo travel guide - Wikitravel
16.3 North of the Border
Discussion on defining district borders for Buffalo is in progress. If you know the city pretty well, please share your opinion on the talk page .
The second-largest city in New York State and situated in the Niagara Frontier , Buffalo is a city full of surprises. Though Buffalo is often the butt of jokes about chicken wings, its long-suffering sports teams, and the mountains of snow under which it is buried each winter, local residents and others who are in the know tell another story: one of great nightlife, good museums and cultural attractions, and tight-knit neighborhoods with community spirit and a real sense of place. A great part of Buffalo's appeal to many visitors is the still-palpable sense of its history as an important industrial center. Historic buildings and sites around town tell the story of a city that was great once and has all the tools in place to be great again.
Understand[ edit ]
Buffalo skyline
Buffalo has a population (as of 2010) of 261,310 in the city, and 1,135,509 in the Buffalo-Niagara Falls Metropolitan Area. Buffalo is the economic and cultural center of the Western New York region. Though for the past half-century it has been rightly considered a stagnant working-class city that has suffered from the after-effects of deindustrialization, Buffalo's economy has turned around. Perhaps surprisingly given its history as a center of heavy industry, Buffalo has also recently been cited as the third-cleanest city in the United States . Recently, Buffalo was named one of the Dozen Distinctive Destinations for 2009 by the National Trust for Historic Preservation, whose 2011 National Preservation Conference was held in Buffalo and was the largest and best-attended of these annual conferences in the history of that organization. Other titles bestowed on Buffalo in recent years include a placement among the "44 Places to Visit in 2009" by the New York Times, the "All-America City Award" for the years 1996 and 2002, and one of the 10 best cities in the U.S. to raise a family, according to a 2010 feature in Forbes magazine.
History[ edit ]
Though the Buffalo area had been settled by the Iroquois since well before Columbus and was visited periodically by French fur trappers beginning in the 17th Century, Buffalo's history per se begins in 1804. That year saw the arrival of Joseph Ellicott, one of the most important agents of the Holland Land Company, a syndicate of investors from the Netherlands that had purchased a huge tract of frontier land in Western New York. Though the Holland Purchase was almost all wilderness at the time, Ellicott felt that the confluence of the Buffalo River and Lake Erie had the potential to be the site of a thriving settlement. He gave the name New Amsterdam to the village he laid out there, though it was soon renamed Buffalo after the adjacent river.
Despite Ellicott's aspirations, Buffalo remained a tiny frontier outpost whose main claim to fame during its very early history was as the site of several important military installations and battles during the War of 1812 (famously, the village was burnt to the ground by British troops in December 1813 as part of the Niagara Frontier Campaign of that war). That all changed with the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825; the status of the western terminus of the canal was granted to Buffalo after a hotly contested dispute with the neighboring village of Black Rock (later to be annexed by its rival). The Erie Canal extended eastward from Lake Erie to the Hudson River at Albany , a distance of 363 miles (584km) in all. The most ambitious work of infrastructure undertaken in the U.S. up to that time, the Erie Canal greatly lowered transportation costs and singlehandedly made large-scale settlement of the lands west of the Appalachians economically viable. The magnitude of the Erie Canal's commercial importance is illustrated by the fact that in the first five years after its completion, Buffalo's population more than tripled (to 8,668); two years later, in 1832, Buffalo was finally incorporated as a city.
Located in the shadow of downtown, the Commercial Slip (seen here) was once the western end of the Erie Canal. Today it is the centerpiece of the Canalside redevelopment, featuring museums, restaurants, historic exhibits, and a full slate of annual festivals.
Buffalo's early economic mainstay was as a transshipment port, where grain from the Midwest was unloaded from lake freighters and transferred to canal boats headed for New York City . It was in Buffalo where the world's first grain elevator was constructed in 1843, and indeed there are still many elevators that remain standing around Buffalo Harbor. Over the second half of the 19th Century, the Erie Canal gradually became obsolete, but that scarcely affected Buffalo's explosive growth. Instead, the city maintained its status as a transportation hub by transitioning into the second-most important railroad center in the U.S. (after Chicago ); the New York Central, Pennsylvania, Michigan Central, Nickel Plate, Erie, DL&W, West Shore, and Lehigh Valley Railroads all passed through Buffalo at the height of the railroad era. In addition, the steel industry became a major player in the local economy in 1899, when the Lackawanna Steel Company moved its base of operations from Scranton , Pennsylvania to a site just south of the city line. By 1900, the city boasted a population of over 350,000 and was one of the ten largest cities in the United States.
The Pan-American Exposition was a World's Fair that was held in Buffalo in 1901, at the apex of the city's glory days; it was intended to showcase, among other things, the technological marvel and economic possibilities of electric power (Buffalo's proximity to Niagara Falls , a site of early ventures in the generation of hydroelectricity, gifted it with the cheapest electricity in the nation at the time). Though the dazzling sight of the fairgrounds, illuminated by night with this new technology, earned Buffalo the enduring nickname "City of Light", the Pan-American Exposition's main historical significance is much more somber in nature: it was at the Exposition on September 6, 1901, when U.S. President William McKinley was fatally shot by anarchist Leon Czolgosz, moments after concluding a speech at the Temple of Music.
Buffalo continued to grow during the first part of the 20th Century. However, trends were beginning to emerge that would, by 1950, cause the city's growth to slow, stop and then reverse. As in other American cities, wealthier residents began to leave their homes in town for quieter, greener suburban properties outside the city line. This began in the 1910s and 1920s—many of Buffalo's older suburbs, such as Kenmore, Eggertsville, Pine Hill, and Snyder, date to this time—and kicked into high gear during the post-World War II economic boom. At the same time, the growing American middle class began to migrate in ever-larger numbers to areas in the West and South with milder climates, at the further expense of the cities of the Northeast. The construction of the Interstate Highway System fueled suburbanization at the same time that it contributed to the decline of the railroads and of Buffalo's port, as goods could be shipped more cheaply by truck.
However, the single most important cause of the free-fall that Buffalo suffered during the late 20th Century was the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1959. Historically, Buffalo's importance as a port was largely due to the barrier that Niagara Falls posed to shipping. However, thanks to the expansion of the Welland Canal as part of the Seaway, freighters loaded with grain and other goods could now access the ocean directly via the St. Lawrence River, rather than stopping at Buffalo to transfer their cargo to railroad cars headed east. Within ten years of the Seaway's inauguration, most of the grain elevators at Buffalo Harbor had been abandoned, and the port that was once filled to capacity with ships was now nearly empty. As well, the steel plant in Lackawanna closed its doors for good beginning in 1977, unable to compete with cheaper foreign steel. By 1980, Buffalo's population was roughly equal to what it had been in 1900, down nearly 40% from its peak of 580,132 just thirty years earlier.
To add insult to injury, during the 1960s and '70s Buffalo's civic leaders responded to the deteriorating social conditions in the city by demolishing (in the name of "urban renewal" and "slum clearance") ethnic neighborhoods in such places as the Ellicott District and the Lower West Side that, though working-class, were in many cases healthy and vibrant. In particular, the splendid brick Victorian cottages of what was once the Lower West Side's "Little Italy" were nearly all lost to the wrecking ball, while the new public housing projects erected in the Ellicott District soon became high-rise versions of the slums they replaced, as the mere construction of new buildings did nothing to address the underlying social problems in the neighborhood. At the same time, noisy and intrusive expressways were constructed directly through Delaware Park and Humboldt Parkway, destroying the verdant ambience of what were (respectively) the largest park and the grandest parkway designed for the city by landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted; thankfully, forceful opposition from neighborhood residents spared the Allentown Historic District a similar fate. In downtown, only one of the many examples of the senseless destruction of Buffalo's architectural heritage occurred in 1969, when several blocks of handsome Victorian commercial blocks as well as the stunning, castlelike Erie County Savings Bank building were demolished to make way for the Main Place Tower, a bland modernist office tower with an attached suburban-style shopping mall that utterly failed to attract shoppers back downtown in favor of the strip malls and plazas of the suburbs.
Despite these grave problems, the mentality in Buffalo never crossed the line into total defeatism, which was helpful when Buffalo's decline started to level off in the 1990s. The broad-based grassroots protests that accompanied the opening of the Seneca Buffalo Creek Casino in 2007, which had been presented to the city as a means of spurring development and attracting tourists, serves as perhaps the quintessential example of the city's new approach: rather than relying on one-shot "silver bullet" solutions to the city's problems such as the casino, Buffalo has begun to model its strategy on the successful revival of other Rust Belt cities such as Pittsburgh and Cleveland —a strategy that has consisted of accepting the reality that heavy industry is gone for good and, instead, using the valuable resource of Buffalo's unusually high number of colleges and universities to encourage development of a diverse range of high-tech industries, such as the medical research and biotechnology ventures that have sprouted north of downtown under the aegis of the University of Buffalo Medical School. The business district, once replete with boarded-up storefronts and nearly deserted after the end of the workday and on weekends, has enjoyed a new measure of vitality due largely to the conversion of disused office space into high-end downtown apartments and condominiums, a commodity for which many Buffalonians were surprised to discover there was considerable pent-up demand. Additionally, Buffalo can boast of an architectural heritage that is still substantial despite the misadventures of the 1960s, a vibrant range of cultural institutions, and a perennially low cost of living. In the past few years, this new approach has engendered a newfound strength among Buffalo's preservationist community, a dogged devotion by its citizens to cultural attractions such as the Albright-Knox Art Gallery and the Buffalo Zoo, and continued diversification of the local economy. Conversely, what remains of Buffalo's traditional heavy industry has benefited from the mini-rebound in American manufacturing after the most recent recession; for example, despite General Motors' recent financial troubles, that company made substantial investments in its plant in nearby Tonawanda in 2010, adding several hundred new jobs in the process. Though Buffalo has not completely stemmed its population losses and there is still much progress yet to be made, the bit of swagger with which residents of the "City of No Illusions" carry themselves today, finally reinvigorated after decades of decline, is unmistakable.
A typical winter day in Buffalo's historic West Village.
Buffalo, although most famous for its winters, has four very pronounced seasons.
In the first half of winter, beginning in approximately November, the city can get lake-effect snow: cold winds blowing over the warmer waters of Lake Erie pick up a lot of water vapor, which is dumped as snow as soon as they reach land. This usually ends in January, when the lake finally freezes over. Contrary to popular myth, however, Buffalo is not the coldest or snowiest city in the country—or even in New York. The Buffalo airport averages 93 inches (236cm) of snow per winter. On average Buffalo only has 3 days per year where the recorded temperature dips below 0ºF (-18ºC). Buffalo's snowy reputation is based in large part on some of its most famous storms: The Blizzard of '77, and the October Storm of 2006, both which received a lot of media coverage; however, neither is a normal occurrence in the average Buffalo winter.
Spring is rainy and cool up through the end of April. The temperatures can fluctuate wildly in March and April. It is not unusual to see snow one day, and a temperature in the mid-60s Fahrenheit (almost 20ºC) the next.
Summer tends to be very comfortable and sunny. The moderating effects of Lake Erie have allowed Buffalo to be one of very few places in the United States where the temperature has never reached 100ºF (38ºC). Most summer days are in the 70s or 80s Fahrenheit (25-30ºC) with evenings in the comfortable mid-60s Fahrenheit (slightly below 20ºC). On average Buffalo has 60 days a year with temperatures reaching over 80°F (27ºC). Buffalo has more sunny summer days than any other major city in the Northeastern U.S.
Fall is warm and beautiful as well. The temperature usually stays warm enough through mid November, and one can watch the trees change colors in comfort. The days are warm, the nights are cool, and the first frost doesn't usually come until well after Halloween. Leaf hunters will be pleased with the number of trees (although Buffalo is also one of the least tree-filled cities in the nation: the average city has 33% canopy while Buffalo has 12% - and that was before the October 2006 storm!) as well as in the surrounding areas.
Watch[ edit ]
The history and extent of Buffalo's association with the American motion picture industry may come as a surprise to some. Early on in movie history, downtown Buffalo's Ellicott Square Building was home to the world's first purpose-built, permanent motion-picture theater, the Vitascope Theater, which was opened on October 19, 1896 by Mitchel and Moe Mark, who some years later would go on to build the world's first "movie palace" in New York City. Also in 1896, Thomas Edison sent camera crews to Buffalo, making it one of the first cities in America to appear in the movies. Edison also had the Pan-American Exposition filmed in 1901.
Under the aegis of the Buffalo Niagara Film Commission, an embryonic film industry has developed in the area which is beginning to produce some quality independent features. These and the more than 100 other films that have been shot in the Buffalo area over the last century include:
Hide in Plain Sight (1980). Based on a true story. A working-class husband (James Caan) tries to track down his wife and children who are hidden away by a witness protection program.
Best Friends (1982). Burt Reynolds and Goldie Hawn play a couple whose lives turn upside-down when, after years of living and working together, they decide to get married.
The Natural (1984). Robert Redford and Glenn Close star in an adaptation of Bernard Malamud's novel about Roy Hobbs, a mysterious baseball player who appears out of nowhere to turn around the fortunes of a 1930s team.
Buffalo '66 (1998). Buffalo native Vincent Gallo directs and stars in this critically-acclaimed dark comedy about a man who, after being released from jail for a crime he did not commit, vows to track down the Buffalo Bills kicker who put him there.
Bruce Almighty (2003). Jim Carrey stars as a hapless field reporter for WKBW-TV's Eyewitness News who, after complaining to God about his misfortunes in life, is allowed to stand in for the Supreme Being to see how well he performs in the role. Though the bulk of Bruce Almighty was shot in San Diego , the movie is set in Buffalo, most of the exterior shots were filmed there, and many real-life WKBW anchors make cameo appearances in the film.
Unstoppable (2010). Based on the true story of the CSX 8888 incident of 2001, Denzel Washington and Chris Pine are two Allegheny and West Virginia Railroad workers tasked with stopping a runaway train carrying a cargo of toxic chemicals.
Henry's Crime (2011). Keanu Reeves stars as a former Thruway toll collector who, after spending time in jail for a crime he did not commit, decides to get his revenge by holding up in real life the same bank he had been falsely convicted of robbing.
Visitor information[ edit ]
Buffalo Niagara Convention & Visitors Bureau, 617 Main St, ☎ +1 800-BUFFALO (283-3256) ( [email protected] ), [1] . M-F 9AM-5PM, Sa 10AM-2PM. The official visitors' association for the Buffalo–Niagara Falls region. Their location on Main St. (which is closed to vehicular traffic between Tupper and Chippewa Streets downtown; located in the market arcade, ample parking is available on Washington Street)offers information, brochures, calendars and souvenirs. edit
Talk[ edit ]
English is spoken in Buffalo and the surrounding area on a virtually universal basis. Though the West Side is well-known as the home of the city's Hispanic community (mainly Puerto Ricans and Dominicans), the majority of Buffalo's Latinos are able to speak English at least to an adequate conversational degree. Those who venture into Canada will note that, despite that country's officially bilingual status, the only place the French language is usually encountered in the parts of Canada near Buffalo is on official signs and documents at the border crossings. Though Buffalo's neighborhoods include many vibrant ethnic enclaves, very few residents of these districts (other than perhaps a few elderly individuals) can speak more than a word or phrase or two of their respective ancestral languages.
The regional dialect of English spoken in Buffalo—especially among Italians and Poles of the working class—falls within the framework of Inland Northern American English , with the hard, nasally, slightly pinched-nose vowel sound in words like "car" and "stop" and the defricativization of the hard "th" sound (whereby "this" and "that" become "dis" and "dat") that will be instantly familiar to those who remember the recurring Saturday Night Live sketch, "Bill Swerski's Superfans". Nonetheless, Buffalo's twist on the Inland Northern American dialect involves some unique features such as the devoicing of voiced word-final plosives ("cold" becomes "colt", "rug" becomes "ruck"), and a habit of ending sentences with the word "there" (pronounced "dare") in much the same way Canadians use "eh?"—two speech patterns that are notoriously prevalent among Buffalo's Polish community.
For a somewhat outdated but quite accurate description of the particular phonetics and vocabulary of the area, see the website "The Guide to Buffalo English": [2] .
By plane[ edit ]
Despite this photograph, the Buffalo Niagara International Airport is the busiest airport in Upstate New York.
Buffalo Niagara International Airport ( IATA : BUF) ( ICAO : KBUF), +1 716 630-6000, [3] . The Buffalo Niagara International Airport serves Buffalo as well as Niagara Falls, the rest of Western New York, Northwest Pennsylvania, and Southern Ontario. The airport is particularly popular with the latter group; Canadians looking for fares lower than those found at Toronto Pearson make up about 40% of the Buffalo Niagara International Airport's passengers. Averaging approximately 110 daily flights, the Buffalo Niagara International Airport offers nonstop service to 18 cities. Airline carriers at the Buffalo Niagara International Airport include AirTran, American Airlines, Delta, JetBlue, Southwest, United and US Airways and its affiliates.
From the airport, Buffalo is accessible via four NFTA bus routes:
NFTA Metro Bus #24B — Genesee [4] makes frequent departures, seven days a week, from the airport terminal to downtown via Genesee Street, servicing both the Buffalo Metropolitan Transportation Center and the Buffalo-Exchange Street Amtrak station.
NFTA Metro Bus #47 — Youngs Road [5] runs 15 times per day from Monday to Friday from the airport through Williamsville to the University Metro Rail Station, from which point downtown is easily accessible via the subway.
NFTA Metro Bus #68 — George Urban Express [6] makes one trip in each direction Monday through Friday between the airport and the Buffalo-Exchange Street Amtrak station downtown, leaving the airport at 6:56 AM and leaving the train station at 4:38 PM. Outbound trips (towards the airport) also serve the Buffalo Metropolitan Transportation Center.
NFTA MetroLink Route #204 — Airport-Downtown Express [7] makes 12 runs in each direction Monday through Friday between the airport and the Buffalo Metropolitan Transportation Center.
Routes #24B, #47, and #68 are boarded at the bus lane on the east side of the terminal, on the arrivals level. Route #204 is boarded at the Holtz Road Park-and-Ride, located at Long-Term Parking Lot B on the eastern end of the airport property.
By car[ edit ]
The New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) runs east to west and connects Buffalo to other major cities and regions—New York City, the Hudson Valley , Albany, Utica , Syracuse , and Rochester to the east, and Erie , Pennsylvania and Cleveland to the west. The New York State Thruway is a toll highway over most of its length, with the sole exception of the toll-free portion between Exits 50 and 55, which roughly corresponds to Buffalo's inner-ring suburbs. Interstate 190 begins at Exit 53 of I-90 near the city line, extending west into downtown. At that point, it turns northward and mostly parallels the Niagara River, linking Buffalo to Niagara Falls and extending onward to Canada via the Lewiston-Queenston Bridge. Interstate 290 links I-90 with I-190 via Buffalo's northern suburbs. Interstate 990 runs southwest-to-northeast through suburban Amherst between I-290 and the hamlet of Millersport, after which point Lockport is easily accessible via State Routes 263 and 78.
If coming from Ontario , the Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW) is the best way to access Buffalo. The most direct border crossing into Buffalo is located at the end of the QEW in Fort Erie . Other bridge crossing options include the Rainbow Bridge in Niagara Falls, along with the Lewiston-Queenston Bridge in Lewiston, New York. All of these bridges are easily accessible from the QEW; follow the well-posted signs.
By car, Buffalo is about two hours from Toronto , one to one and a half hours from Rochester, two and a half hours from Syracuse, and six to seven hours from New York City.
Average wait times at the various border entries vary: at the Peace Bridge and the Rainbow Bridge in Niagara Falls, wait times over 30 minutes are unusual on most days other than holiday weekends, whereas at the Lewiston-Queenston Bridge, the norm is 30-60 minutes, more on holiday weekends.
By train[ edit ]
Buffalo is accessible from the east and west by Amtrak trains, which service two stations in or near Buffalo.
Buffalo-Depew (BUF) is in the suburb of Depew, about 8 miles (12km) east of the city, and served in each direction by two daily Empire Service trains (New York City to Niagara Falls), the daily Maple Leaf (New York to Toronto) and the overnight Lake Shore Limited (New York or Boston to Chicago). This station can be reached by cab or (with considerable difficulty) via NFTA Metro Bus #46 — Lancaster [8] .
The downtown Buffalo-Exchange Street (BFX) station is near the Buffalo Metropolitan Transportation Center and is serviced by all the aforementioned trains except the Lake Shore Limited, which uses a different line. Unlike Buffalo-Depew, there is no QuickTrak Machine and the ticket office is not open for certain departures. Passengers needing to purchase or pickup tickets for a departure when the ticket office is closed will need to do so in advance of the date of departure, or allow enough time to have tickets mailed. Fares, schedules, and reservations are available at [9] or by calling +1 800-USA-RAIL.
By bus[ edit ]
Greyhound Buses, 181 Ellicott St, ☎ +1 716 855-7533, [10] . Buffalo is serviced directly by Greyhound. The city has a large Metropolitan Transportation Center downtown. edit
Megabus [11] provides service from New York City, Philadelphia , Baltimore , Washington, D.C. , Harrisburg , Syracuse, Rochester and Toronto; fares start at $1 when ordered far enough in advance. Buses arrive and depart at gate 13 in the Buffalo Metropolitan Transportation Center, located at the corner of Ellicott Street and North Division Street in downtown Buffalo. There is a second stop at the Buffalo Niagara International Airport terminal, at the same place the NFTA buses stop. Megabus utilizes state-of-the-art, closed-top double-decker buses, free Wi-Fi, and power outlets. Wheelchair accessible.
Get around[ edit ]
For most visitors to Buffalo, access to an automobile will prove extremely useful, if not quite utterly necessary. Buffalo's public transportation system provides access to the majority of the metropolitan area. Travelling around the city proper by public transit can be relatively hassle-free, especially on weekdays; however, transit riders travelling to the suburbs should be prepared for service that is infrequent (and, on the weekends, often non-existent).
By car[ edit ]
In addition to the Interstate highways mentioned in the "Get In" section, Buffalo has several intraurban expressways useful to visitors:
The Kensington Expressway (State Route 33) begins at the airport on Genesee Street, proceeding westward through the suburb of Cheektowaga and the East Side before turning southward and concluding downtown at Oak Street.
The Scajaquada Expressway (State Route 198) is a short highway that connects the Kensington Expressway with Interstate 190. The Scajaquada is a convenient route to the neighborhoods of Parkside and the Elmwood Village, the popular commercial strips of Hertel Avenue and Grant Street, as well as attractions like Delaware Park, the Albright-Knox Art Gallery, the Buffalo & Erie County Historical Society Museum, the Darwin D. Martin House, and the Burchfield Penney Art Center.
The Buffalo Skyway (State Route 5) begins downtown at I-190, extending southward parallel to the shore of Lake Erie with access to Gallagher Beach, Tifft Nature Preserve, and other Outer Harbor attractions. After passing over the Union Ship Canal via the Father Baker Bridge, the divided highway ends, but Route 5 continues as a wide, busy six-lane surface road (variously known as the Hamburg Turnpike, Lake Shore Road, or simply Route 5) that passes through the suburban areas of Lackawanna and Hamburg and continuing southward along the lake shore.
Rental car facilities are located mainly at the Buffalo Niagara International Airport. Alamo, Avis, Budget, Dollar, Enterprise, Hertz, National, and Thrifty all have offices there. For long-term visitors to Buffalo, another option is Buffalo CarShare [12] . Buffalo CarShare is a not-for-profit organization that provides access to cars for up to 36 hours at a time, at rates that range from $5 to $8 per hour depending on the level of membership, plus a surcharge of 20¢ per mile driven (about 13¢/km). Buffalo CarShare's "hubs" are located in Allentown, University Heights, the Elmwood Village, the West Side, and near Canisius College. Membership in Buffalo CarShare begins at $5/month; prospective members must have been in possession of a valid drivers' license for at least 2 years, have a valid credit card, and undergo a check of their driving record.
If you make plans to go our while you are in Buffalo, don't worry about how to drive back to the hotel! Designated Drivers of Buffalo will pick you and your car up to take you back. Designated Drivers works with both reservations and on-demand services. Just call as soon as you know when you will need the ride. The rates are-- member: $25 ride/ $3 per mile and non-member: $35 ride/ $4 mile. Memberships are $99 annually. Call (716) 713-7703.
Buffalo's highway system was designed for a city twice its size (a reflection of the population loss the area has undergone between the 1950s and today); as a result of that, the city does not suffer nearly as much from traffic congestion as other U.S. cities. Rush hour, such as it is, occurs on weekdays roughly from 6:30AM to 9AM and from 4PM to 6:30PM. A good rule of thumb the locals know is that, even at the height of rush hour, it generally takes no more than 20 minutes to drive from downtown to the outer edge of suburbia.
By public transportation[ edit ]
An outbound NFTA Metro Rail train pulls into Fountain Plaza Station.
Buffalo's public transportation system is operated by the Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (NFTA) [13] . They run a single-line light rail system (the Metro Rail) as well as an extensive bus network. The NFTA system is focused around three main nodes. From largest to smallest, these nodes are located in downtown Buffalo, at University Station (located at the outer end of the Metro Rail), and at the Portage Road Transit Center in Niagara Falls. Most of the buses whose routes begin and end downtown access the Buffalo Metropolitan Transportation Center directly; many also service the Buffalo-Exchange Street Amtrak station.
The Metro Rail extends along Main Street from the University at Buffalo's South Campus at the northeast corner of the city southward to Erie Canal Harbor in downtown Buffalo, a distance of 6.4 miles (10.3km). With nearly 25,000 riders per day, the Metro Rail boasts the third-highest number of passengers per mile (km) among light-rail systems in the United States. The northern portion of the system is below ground. As the subway enters the downtown core, at the Theater District, it emerges from the tunnel and runs at street level for the remainder of its length. Rides on the above-ground portion of the Metro Rail are free of charge. To ride in the underground portion of the system, it costs $4.00 for a round-trip ticket, or $2.00 for a one-way ticket. The Metro Rail is a popular mode of transportation for employees and residents who live along the line and north of the city to commute downtown, and also for attendees of downtown events who want to avoid paying high prices for parking.
The NFTA eliminated the zoned fare system in October 2010. All rides on a single bus or light rail vehicle now cost $2.00 regardless of length. There are no free transfers; passengers who will need to transfer from the bus to the Metro Rail, from the Metro Rail to a bus, or between bus lines should consider purchasing a day pass for $5.
For further information on public transit in Buffalo including schedules and maps of individual routes, visit the NFTA Metro System webpage: [14] .
To Niagara Falls[ edit ]
For those who want to travel to Niagara Falls from Buffalo on public transit, there are two NFTA bus routes that run directly between the two cities. Keep in mind that all trips on a single NFTA bus or train, to Niagara Falls or anywhere else, cost $2.00.
NFTA Metro Bus #40 — Grand Island [15] makes 18 trips per day (fewer on weekends and holidays) to Niagara Falls from the Buffalo Metropolitan Transportation Center, at the intersection of Elm and North Division Streets and two blocks east of the Church Street Metro Rail station. The bus will drive straight to downtown Niagara Falls and then continue on to the Niagara Falls Transportation Center.
NFTA Metro Bus #60 — Niagara Falls Express [16] makes two express runs from Niagara Falls to the Buffalo Metropolitan Transportation Center in the morning, and three runs in the afternoon in the opposite direction. This bus runs on weekdays only and primarily serves Niagara Falls residents commuting to jobs in Buffalo.
By taxi[ edit ]
In Buffalo, taxis can generally be dispatched quickly and with ease; however, in general, the only places where they can be hailed on the street are at the airport and around the Metropolitan Transportation Center, the Chippewa Street entertainment district, the various downtown hotels, and (at certain times, and with some luck) the Elmwood strip and around the colleges and universities.
Taxi services in Buffalo include:
Buffalo Airport Taxi [17] : +1 716 633-8294.
BUF Buffalo Airport Taxi [18] : +1 716 292-4425.
Buffalo Transportation [19] : +1 716 877-5600.
Buffalo Taxi Cab Service [20] : +1 716 809-8001.
Cold Spring Cab Company: +1 716 886-4900.
Liberty Cab [21] : +1 716 877-7111.
Buffalo Express Taxi [22] : +1 716 809-8009.
Buffalo Taxi Cab [23] : +1 716 715-9416
Buffalo City Airport Taxi Service [24] : +1 716 809-8080.
By bike[ edit ]
As in many cities, bicycling as an alternative method of transportation is growing more and more popular in Buffalo. However, in terms of the development of infrastructure such as dedicated bike lanes on city streets and bike parking areas, Buffalo lags behind many other "bikeable" cities such as Minneapolis , Portland , and Boston. Despite this, scenic bike routes such as the Riverwalk, the Scajaquada Creekside Bike Path, and the Outer Harbor Bike Trail are immensely popular with locals. A walk or bike ride along these paths is certainly a pleasant way to spend a summer day.
GO Bike Buffalo (formerly Green Options Buffalo) [25] is the local organization that promotes and advocates for cycling and other sustainable transportation alternatives in the local area. The Community Bicycle Workshop they operate at 98 Colvin Ave. in North Buffalo offers bike repair, spare parts, bikes for sale, and special programs periodically throughout the year.
Set to be launched in late summer 2012, Buffalo BikeShare is a program borne of a partnership between GO Bike Buffalo, the University of Buffalo, and the Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus. Much like Buffalo CarShare, Buffalo BikeShare will provide its members with access to bicycles with the revolutionary new GPS-enabled SoBi (Social Bicycles) system, the first large-scale implementation of this technology anywhere.
Museums[ edit ]
Buffalo and Erie County Naval and Military Park, One Naval Park Cove, ☎ +1 716 847-1773, [26] . Apr-Oct 10AM-5PM daily, Nov Sa-Su and F after Thanksgiving 10AM-4PM, Dec-Mar closed. Located adjacent to the Canalside redevelopment downtown, the Buffalo and Erie County Naval and Military Park opened in 1977 and consists of three historic warships: the USS Little Rock, a cruiser which served in the Mediterranean Sea during the Cold War as a flagship for the Second and Sixth Fleets of the U.S. Navy and is now the only guided missile cruiser in the country on display; the USS The Sullivans, a destroyer that saw intense action in the Pacific theater of World War II; and the USS Croaker, a submarine that also saw action in the Pacific during WWII. These ships are open for self-guided tours during the warm months. There is also a museum on site that displays memorabilia such as Medals of Honor awarded to area residents. $10, seniors and ages 6-16 $6. edit
Buffalo Museum of Science, 1020 Humboldt Pkwy., ☎ +1 716 896-5200 (toll free: +1 866 291-6660), [27] . M-Sa 10AM-5PM. Located in Martin Luther King, Jr. Park, an Olmsted park on Buffalo's East Side, the Buffalo Museum of Science is located in a lovely building built in 1929 by the prominent Buffalo architectural firm of Esenwein & Johnson. The emphasis of the Buffalo Museum of Science is on natural and physical sciences; 700,000 specimens and artifacts are displayed at this world-class museum encompassing almost every conceivable aspect of anthropology, botany, entomology, mycology, paleontology and zoology, especially as it relates to the Buffalo area. The Buffalo Museum of Science also operates the Tifft Nature Preserve, 264 acres (105ha) of reclaimed industrial land in South Buffalo discussed below. Warning: the surrounding neighborhood is not a particularly nice one, especially at night. $9, seniors 62+ $8, ages 2-17, students, and military $7, museum members and children under 2 free. edit
Buffalo Transportation Pierce-Arrow Museum, 263 Michigan Ave., ☎ +1 716 853-0084, [28] . Th-Sa 11AM-4PM. Operated by James Sandoro, a former curator of exhibits at the Buffalo & Erie County Historical Society Museum and a lifelong collector of historic artifacts, the Buffalo Transportation Pierce-Arrow Museum draws 10,000 visitors per year to their museum complex in a historic neighborhood just east of downtown, despite minimal advertising. As one might expect, the exhibits at the Buffalo Transportation Pierce-Arrow Museum run heavily towards antique cars and automotive memorabilia, especially Pierce-Arrows, the luxury sedans produced in Buffalo in the early 20th century to which the museum owes its name. The Buffalo Transportation Pierce-Arrow Museum is also working to build a filling station on its premises from a design by Frank Lloyd Wright that, when complete, will be the seventh Wright-designed building in Buffalo and its environs. $10, seniors $8, children $5, guided tour $15. edit
Ira G. Ross Niagara Aerospace Museum, First Niagara Center, One Seymour H. Knox III Plaza, ☎ +1 716 297-1324, [29] . 2012 opening hours to be announced soon. After a large bequest from the estate of local businessman Ira G. Ross, the erstwhile Niagara Aerospace Museum relocated to Buffalo in 2008 from Niagara Falls; its temporary home in the First Niagara Center will be replaced eventually by a new facility in the burgeoning Canalside redevelopment. The museum's collection includes the first commercially licensed helicopter in the United States, the Bell Model 47, a replica 1910 Curtiss Pusher, a Curtiss JN-4 "Jenny" of the type produced locally during the First World War, and a Bell P-39 Ancobra. These and other artifacts retell the rich history of the aviation industry in Buffalo, which was at its peak in the first half of the 20th Century when pioneering companies like Bell Aviation and Curtiss-Wright had their headquarters here. The Ira G. Ross Niagara Aerospace Museum also contains artifacts from the early years of space exploration, such as a control panel used at Mission Control during the Apollo moon missions. In addition, the museum's library contains historical documents, films and records related to the aerospace industry that are useful to researchers. $7. edit
History[ edit ]
Buffalo & Erie County Historical Society Museum, 25 Nottingham Ct., ☎ +1 716 873-9644, [30] . Tu-Sa 10AM-5PM, W until 8PM, Su 12PM-5PM, Resource Center by appointment during business hours, Research Library W-Sa 1PM-5PM. Located just off Elmwood Avenue in the Museum District and adjacent to Delaware Park, the Buffalo & Erie County Historical Society Museum has by far the most extensive collection of artifacts relevant to the history of Buffalo and Western New York from pre-Columbian times to the present day. Housed in a resplendent Neoclassical building designed by local architect George Cary and built for the Pan-American Exposition in 1901, it is perhaps not surprising that the World's Fair that was Buffalo's shining hour is a particular focus of the exhibits at this wonderful museum. A Pierce-Arrow roadster built in Buffalo, the medal presented by George Washington to Chief Red Jacket, prototypes of the cardiac pacemaker invented by Buffalo native Wilson Greatbatch, and artistic renderings of historical scenes and people flesh out the collection. Further historical records, manuscripts, photographs, and personal documents are housed at the Research Library. The Historical Society Museum is also an invaluable resource for local residents interested in genealogy. $7, seniors and students 13-21 $5, children 7-12 $2, members and children under 7 free. Research Library $7, free to members. edit
Buffalo Fire Historical Society Museum, 1850 William St., ☎ +1 716 892-8400, [31] . Sa 10AM-4PM and by appointment. The Buffalo Fire Historical Society Museum is located in Lovejoy, a blue-collar neighborhood that is home to many Buffalo firefighters. This modest-sized building houses an amazingly extensive collection of antique fire trucks, apparatus and other artifacts, as well as historic photographs and exhibits related to the history of the Buffalo Fire Department. The museum's mission also encompasses educating the public about fire safety and prevention, as well as firefighting as a career. Donation. edit
Iron Island Museum, 998 E. Lovejoy St., ☎ +1 716 892-3084, [32] . M 2PM-6PM, Th 5PM-9PM, F-Sa 10AM-1PM, also by appointment. With a history linked closely to the railroad industry that was so prominent in Buffalo at the turn of the century, the East Side neighborhood of Lovejoy is nicknamed "Iron Island" because it is surrounded by railroad tracks on all four sides. The Iron Island Museum was opened in 2000 by the Iron Island Preservation Society and is dedicated to retelling the history of Lovejoy with a particular emphasis on the railroads that have shaped its identity. Formerly a funeral home, the Iron Island Museum's reputation for ghost sightings has attracted the attention of paranormal researchers from around the region and further afield, as well as the television shows "Ghost Lab" and "Ghost Hunters". Accordingly, overnight ghost hunts, conducted periodically by reservation, are a popular offering of the Iron Island Museum. $2, ghost tours $5. edit
Karpeles Manuscript Library, 453 Porter Ave. (Porter Hall) and 220 North St. (North Hall), ☎ +1 716 885-4139, [33] . Porter Hall Su-Tu 11AM-4PM, North Hall Th-Sa 11AM-4PM. The brainchild of California real estate magnate David Karpeles, the Karpeles Manuscript Library is the world's largest privately-owned collection of historic documents and manuscripts. The library consists of twelve branches nationwide, including two in Buffalo: Porter Hall, located at the beautifully restored former home of the Plymouth Methodist Church on the Lower West Side, and North Hall in the former First Church of Christ, Scientist in Allentown. In addition to the travelling exhibits that rotate among all twelve branches of the library, the permanent collection of the Buffalo branch of the Karpeles Manuscript Library includes the William McKinley Room, where original documents concerning the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley at Buffalo's Pan-American Exposition are displayed. Free. edit
Nash House Museum, 36 Nash St., ☎ +1 716 856-4490, [34] . Th & Sa 11:30AM-4PM and by appointment. The Nash House Museum is located on the Near East Side, one block from Michigan Avenue, the birthplace of Buffalo's African-American community in the mid-19th Century and the current focus of redevelopment efforts by community groups. This Nationally Registered Historic Place was once the home of Rev. Dr. J. Edward Nash, who—aside from being the pastor of the Michigan Street Baptist Church from 1892 until his retirement in 1953—was a personal friend of such nationally-known luminaries of black history as Booker T. Washington and Adam Clayton Powell, and was instrumental in the founding of the local chapter of the NAACP and in advocacy on behalf of Buffalo's African-American citizenry in the years before the Civil Rights Movement. Today, his house is open as a museum that contains engaging exhibits and archival records chronicling the history of Buffalo's African-American community. Also, the house itself is architecturally significant as a particularly good example of the wood-frame, partially prefabricated "Buffalo doubles" that were built here by the thousands around the turn of the century. $10. edit
Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site, 641 Delaware Ave., ☎ +1 716 884-0095 (fax: +1 716 884-0330), [35] . M-F 9:30AM-3:30PM, Sa Su 12:30PM-3:30PM. The only property in Western New York operated by the National Park Service, the Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site is located in Allentown, in a handsome 1838 Greek Revival mansion that was the residence of Ansley Wilcox, a Buffalo lawyer and politico. In September 1901, several days after President William McKinley died in Buffalo of gunshot wounds he sustained while greeting attendees of the Pan-American Exposition, Vice-President Theodore Roosevelt stayed at the home of Wilcox, an acquaintance of his, and the Oath of Office was administered to him there. A planned demolition of the house in the early 1960s was averted at the last minute, and today the Wilcox Mansion has been thoroughly restored inside and out, and features historical displays related to Roosevelt, McKinley and the Pan-American Exposition as well as occasional temporary exhibits. The grounds of the Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site are planted with herb and flower gardens in season. $10, aged 62+ and students $7, ages 6-18 $5, families $25, free for children under 5 and members. edit
Art[ edit ]
Albright-Knox Art Gallery, 1285 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 882-8700 (fax: +1 716 882-1958), [36] . Daily 10AM-5PM (F until 10PM). The centerpiece of the Museum District, the Albright-Knox Art Gallery boasts one of the premier collections of modern and contemporary art in the nation, with the impressionist, cubist, surrealist, abstract expressionist, and pop art styles - and artists such as Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Joan Miró, Jackson Pollock, and Andy Warhol - all well-represented among its permanent collection. Works of other styles and periods are also on display, and the Albright-Knox plays host to travelling exhibitions on a frequent basis. The Albright-Knox is housed in a magnificent Neoclassical structure that is a work of art in itself - built in 1905 from a design by Green & Wicks, the greatest Buffalo architectural firm of all time, the building emulates the Erechtheion in Athens, with caryatids designed by eminent sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens and, at the time of its construction, more columns than any building in the United States with the exception of the U.S. Capitol. $12, seniors/students $8, children 6-12 $5, free for children 5 and under, museum members, active military, and on first Friday of each month; $5 parking fee ($3 for museum members). edit
Buffalo Religious Arts Center, 157 East St., ☎ +1 716 481-2350, [37] . Docent-led tours Sa 1PM or by appointment. Located in the heart of the historic neighborhood of Black Rock at the former St. Francis Xavier Roman Catholic Church, the mission of the Buffalo Religious Arts Center is to salvage and display some of the works of religious art contained in the many churches and other places of worship (particularly on the East Side) that have closed their doors in the wake of Buffalo's half-century of population loss. In addition to the priceless works from other churches that curator Mary Holland has collected, such as statuary from St. Mary of Sorrows, icons from SS. Peter & Paul Russian Orthodox Church, and various items from Temple Beth El, St. Francis Xavier itself is a magnificent old building full of beautiful and uplifting art which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was a longtime cornerstone of the historic neighborhood of Black Rock. $10, students $5, members free. edit
Burchfield Penney Art Center, 1300 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 878-6011, [38] . Tu-Sa 10AM-5PM, Th till 9PM, Su 1PM-5PM. Opened in 1966 and greatly expanded in the early '90s through the charitable largesse of Dr. Charles Rand Penney, the Burchfield Penney Art Center finally moved into its new museum building in 2008 after over a decade of planning and construction. An important addition to the Elmwood Avenue Museum District operated by Buffalo State College, the mission of the Burchfield Penney Art Center is to showcase the unique culture of Buffalo and Western New York and the vibrancy of its creative community with displays of works by local artists. The backbone of the Burchfield Penney's offerings consists of the world's most extensive collection of paintings by Charles Burchfield, a renowned watercolorist who spent most of his career living in or near Buffalo. Temporary exhibitions, often with a local flavor, are also frequently presented. The involvement of the Burchfield Penney Art Center in the community is exemplified by its "Art On Wheels" program, as well as "Herd About Buffalo", a popular phenomenon whereby local businesses have displayed personalized papier-mâché buffaloes or bison as an expression of community pride. $10, seniors $8, students $5, Buffalo State College students and children under 10 free. edit
Architecture[ edit ]
Buffalo City Hall is seen in this view down Court Street from Lafayette Square. Built in 1931 from a design by the local firm of Dietel & Wade, it is widely considered one of the world's finest examples of Art Deco architecture.
More and more, Buffalo's exquisite and well-preserved architecture has grabbed the attention of locals and tourists alike. Most recently, Buffalo's architecture took center stage when the 2011 National Preservation Conference was held in the city to unanimous acclaim. Buildings from almost every decade of Buffalo's existence are still preserved, with more being restored each year. As of December 2011, there are seven historic neighborhoods in Buffalo listed on the National Register of Historic Places, as well as six additional ones that have been granted landmark status by the Buffalo Preservation Board. Of those historic districts, there are three main ones of interest to architecture buffs:
The Allentown Historic District was the first Buffalo neighborhood to be listed on the National Register. Located north of downtown, Allentown was settled in the middle and late 19th century and is characterized by small but lovely red brick houses in styles that were popular at that time, such as the Italianate and French Second Empire. Among Allentown's most architecturally exquisite buildings are the Allendale Theatre and the seven houses that make up the Tiffts Row, both of which are located on Allen Street; the William Dorsheimer House on Delaware Avenue, and the former Buffalo Catholic Institute building on Main and Virginia Streets that is now home to the Church of Scientology.
The Delaware Avenue Historic District consists of the stretch of Delaware Avenue called "Millionaire's Row". The National Register of Historic Places defines the Delaware Avenue Historic District as being located between North and Bryant Streets, though large mansions can frequently be found along Delaware Avenue almost as far north as Gates Circle. The opulence of Millionaire's Row testifies to the fact that Buffalo once had more millionaires per capita than any other city in the U.S. Most of the mansions have since been converted to office space for local corporations and not-for-profit groups. Among the many mansions along this stretch of Delaware Avenue are the Butler Mansion (at #672), the Clement Mansion (at #786, now the local chapter of the American Red Cross), the Richmond-Lockwood House (at #844), and the Charles W. Goodyear House (at #888).
Parkside is the neighborhood that consists of the streets in North Buffalo immediately north and east of Delaware Park. Along with the park itself, Parkside was designed by renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted; the houses there date from between 1890 and 1920. Houses in the Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, Craftsman, Bungalow, and Prairie styles can be seen in this pleasant middle- and upper-middle-class neighborhood. A centerpiece of Parkside is the Darwin D. Martin House, described in detail below.
Designed and built in 1905 for the president of the Larkin Soap Company, the Darwin D. Martin House is one of the most important works of Frank Lloyd Wright's early career.
Darwin D. Martin House Complex, 125 Jewett Pkwy., ☎ +1 716 856-3858, [39] . Basic Tours leave M, W,Th,F & Sa 10 AM, 11AM, 12PM,1 PM, 2PM & 3PM. Su 12:30PM,1PM & 1:30PM, 2PM; In-Depth Tours leave M,W,Th,F & Sa 11AM & 2PM & Su 12:PM. The most important work of the first half of Frank Lloyd Wright's career, and the first commission for that renowned architect outside of Chicago, the Darwin D. Martin Complex is one of the crown jewels of Buffalo's huge architectural cornucopia. The complex includes not only the Darwin D. Martin House itself—built in 1904-05 for the president of the Larkin Soap Company and Wright's longtime friend and benefactor—but also the George Barton House, where Martin's sister, Delta Martin Barton and her husband George lived, the Gardener's Cottage, and three buildings—a carriage house, conservatory and pergola—which were demolished in 1962 and recently reconstructed according to Wright's original blueprints, the first Frank Lloyd Wright buildings ever to be rebuilt after demolition. Following over half a century of neglect, vandalism, and decay, the complex was purchased by the Martin House Restoration Corporation in 1994, with the extensive restoration process finally completed in 2010. For many local residents, the rebirth of the Darwin D. Martin House symbolizes the increased attention Buffalo's citizens are paying to their city's world-class architecture. A one-hour Basic Tour is offered, as well as a more extensive two-hour In-Depth Tour. Basic tour $15, $13 seniors, $10 students, members free; In-Depth Tours $30, $28 seniors, $25 students and members. edit
An enormous wealth of information about Buffalo's rich architectural heritage is available at the award-winning website, Buffalo Architecture and History: [40]
Outdoors[ edit ]
Nearly 150 years after it was constructed, Delaware Park continues to fulfill the intent of its designer, allowing citizens of Buffalo to escape into nature without leaving the city limits.
Most of Buffalo's largest parks were designed by landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, who is also famous as the designer of Central Park in New York City and the "Emerald Necklace" of parks in Boston. For Buffalo, Olmsted designed a network of six large parks and six smaller green spaces (three of the latter have been lost) connected by tree-lined avenues or "parkways" that are still where some of Buffalo's finest homes can be found. All the Olmsted parks are lovely, but the two that are of greatest interest to tourists are Delaware Park and South Park. At 234 acres (93 ha), Delaware Park is Buffalo's largest park and the central node in the Olmsted park system. Convenient to the Elmwood Village, Parkside, and the Museum District, Delaware Park offers breathtaking views year-round and is a popular location for jogging, golf, tennis, basketball, and the renowned Shakespeare in Delaware Park outdoor festival, [41] which takes place here each summer. Hoyt Lake, the 46-acre (18.5ha) lake at the center of the park, is surrounded by a lovely walking/biking trail and features rowboats and paddleboats for rent at the Marcy Casino during the summer months. Delaware Park is also the site of the Buffalo Zoo. Conversely, South Park is another Olmsted park located at the southern extremity of the city, adjacent to South Park Avenue, Ridge Road, and McKinley Parkway. Though it contains a golf course and a lake, South Park is of interest to tourists mainly as the site of the Buffalo & Erie County Botanical Gardens. Both the Zoo and the Botanical Gardens are discussed in detail below.
Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens, 2655 South Park Ave., ☎ +1 716 827-1584, [42] . Daily 10AM-5PM. Located at South Park, the Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens were founded in 1898 and today consist of several collections of plants—the Panama Cloud Forest & Epiphyte Pavilion, the Palm Dome, the Florida Everglades pavilion, the Victorian Ivy & Herb House, the Orchid House, and the Rose Garden are only a few—arranged carefully in Victorian style. All in all, 1,500 varieties of plants are displayed here to more than 100,000 visitors annually. The lovely Victorian conservatory building of the Buffalo & Erie County Botanical Gardens was designed by Frederick A. Lord and William A. Burnham, who went on to design the conservatory at the National Botanical Gardens in Washington, D.C. some years later. $7, seniors and students $6, 12 and under $4, members and children under 3 free. edit
Buffalo Zoo, 300 Parkside Ave., ☎ +1 716 837-3900, [43] . Summer: Sa-Th 10AM-5PM, F 10AM-7:30PM Winter: Daily 10AM-4PM. Accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums, the Buffalo Zoo is the third-oldest zoo in the United States (founded in 1875 on the former site of the Deer Paddock at Delaware Park) and is second in popularity only to Niagara Falls among tourist attractions in the Niagara Frontier, welcoming 400,000 visitors each year. The 23-acre (9.5ha) Zoo boasts exciting thematic displays that play host to 1,200 different animals, such as elephants, bears, otters, sea lions, hyenas, and of course, bison. Some of the animals, such as a resident peacock, are allowed to roam freely on the walkways, allowing visitors to get closer to nature than they would in most zoos. In 2002, a new Master Plan was unveiled that will see the Zoo thoroughly modernized over the next 15 years. Under this framework, the Vanishing Animals, EcoStation, Otter Creek, Sea Lion Cove and South African Rainforest exhibits have already opened, with a new Children's Zoo and other exhibits slated for the near future. $10, students and seniors $8, children 2-14 $7, children under 2 free. Parking $3.50. Train and carousel rides $2. edit
Forest Lawn Cemetery, 1411 Delaware Ave., ☎ +1 716 885-1600, [44] . Daily 8AM-5PM, summer until 7PM. It may seem strange to place a cemetery on a list of tourist attractions, but Forest Lawn is more than just a burial ground. Located immediately south of Delaware Park, Forest Lawn was founded in 1849 as a rural-style cemetery on what was then the outskirts of town, and serves today as an arboretum, nature preserve, and celebration of Buffalo's rich history. "Sundays in the Cemetery" tours are offered seasonally; conducted variously on foot (sensible shoes are recommended) and on trolleys, each of these themed excursions explores a different aspect of local history through an exploration of the lives of individuals buried at Forest Lawn. Famous people who have been laid to rest here include President Millard Fillmore, Prince Kyril Scherbatow of Imperial Russia, Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm, aviation pioneer Lawrence Bell, Seneca Indian chief Red Jacket, singer Rick James, and many mayors and other prominent citizens of Buffalo. Deer, birds and other native wildlife are commonly seen strolling these 269 acres (108 ha) of impeccably landscaped greenery, and architecture buffs will love the mausoleums and memorials designed by such Buffalo architecture luminaries as Richard Waite and George Cary, and especially the Blue Sky Mausoleum, completed in 2004 from a design by Frank Lloyd Wright. Cemetery grounds free, guided walking tours $15, guided trolley tours $25. edit
Gallagher Beach State Park, Fuhrmann Blvd., ☎ +1 716 852-2356. For many decades an "unofficial" swimming hole and summer recreation area for South Buffalo residents (including inimitable former mayor Jimmy Griffin), Gallagher Beach has recently come under the ownership of the New York State Department of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation and is now open to visitors. A growing number of Buffalonians now flock to Gallagher Beach in the summer months to walk and bike along the new boardwalk and to enjoy swimming, sunbathing, and windsurfing. Gallagher Beach is located on the brand-new Outer Harbor Parkway, an Olmsted-inspired greenway on Buffalo's waterfront, and is adjacent to the NFTA Small Boat Harbor, Dug's Dive restaurant, and Tifft Nature Preserve. The beach is accessible via the Outer Harbor Loop of the Queen City Ferry. Free. edit
A sunny September afternoon at Tifft Nature Preserve.
Tifft Nature Preserve, 1200 Fuhrmann Blvd., ☎ +1 716 825-6397, [45] . W-Sa 10AM-4PM, Su 12PM-4PM. Operated by the Buffalo Museum of Science, Tifft Nature Preserve is 264 acres (106 ha) of greenery that serves as an important wetland habitat for native wildlife such as beaver, fox, turtle, deer, and 264 species of native and migratory waterfowl. Originally the site of George Washington Tifft's dairy farm, what is now the nature preserve was later used as a transshipment terminal for the Lehigh Valley Railroad and then as a garbage dump; by the time it became a nature preserve in 1976, it had already "rewilded" on its own to a great degree. The preserve has been thoroughly cleaned up since the days of heavy industry, and today the nature trails and wildlife viewing stations at Tifft are one of the best ways for Buffalonians to get "back to nature" without leaving the city limits. The 75 acres (30 ha) of freshwater cattail marsh are one of Western New York's largest natural expanses of this type of ecosystem. Fishing on Lake Kirsty is popular in the summer, as are guided nature walks; in winter, snowshoeing and cross-country skiing are on offer. The Makowski Visitors' Center is open all year. Donation. edit
Times Beach Nature Preserve, Fuhrmann Blvd., [46] . Like Tifft, Times Beach Nature Preserve is situated on former industrial land that has been reclaimed and cleaned of pollutants. These 50 acres (20 ha) adjacent to the harbor were the site of coal docks and a contained disposal facility for industrial waste before its opening to the public in 2004 as a nature preserve. Though no facilities are available, boardwalks, nature trails and wildlife viewing blinds are on offer at this photogenic expanse of greenery that, in addition to its role as a haven for native flora and fauna, is one of the most important stopovers on the Great Lakes for migratory birds. Times Beach Nature Preserve is also the northern terminus of the Outer Harbor Parkway, a 3.3-mile (5.3km) thoroughfare inspired by the Olmsted parkways elsewhere in the city that extends southward along the lakeshore to the new park currently under construction at the Union Ship Canal. Free. edit
Northern Suburbs[ edit ]
Beaver Island State Park, 2136 W. Oakfield Rd., Grand Island, ☎ +1 716 773-3271, [47] . Dawn-dusk; beach open daily 11AM-7PM Jun-Sep, Nature Center open Jul-Sep Th-Su 12PM-5PM. Grand Island's beaches and lovely waterfront views made it a popular summer resort community for Buffalonians of the 19th Century, and visitors to Beaver Island State Park, a 950-acre (380ha) expanse of greenery at the southern tip of the island which was founded on the site of several old summer estates, will quickly see why. In addition to the main attraction—a wonderful beach that is one of Western New York's most popular during the summer months—Beaver Island State Park boasts an 18-hole championship golf course as well as facilities for other sports such as disc golf, baseball, and horseshoes. Other activities enjoyed by visitors to the park include fishing, boating (the park boasts several boat launches), and walking and biking along the trails that crisscross the woods. River Lea, an old wooden farmhouse built about 1850 by Lewis Allen which has been restored as the home of the Grand Island Historical Society, is also located on the grounds of the park. Vehicle entry fee $7 ($6 when beach is closed). edit
Buffalo Niagara Heritage Village (formerly Amherst Museum), 3755 Tonawanda Creek Rd., Amherst, ☎ +1 716 689-1440, [48] . Tu-F 9:30AM-4:30PM, also Sa-Su 12:30PM-4:30PM during summer. Formerly known as the Amherst Museum, the Buffalo Niagara Heritage Village is situated in the suburb of Amherst adjacent to the historic Erie Canal. Its 35 acres (14 ha) of land comprise the main exhibit building as well as several restored historic structures from around the vicinity, situated on the grounds of the museum and accessible via self-guided and (on a seasonal basis) organized tours. The main exhibit building contains a variety of folksy historic exhibits that paint a vivid picture of rural life in 19th Century Western New York, as well as an extensive research library of historic records that detail the evolution of Amherst from a rural farming community to a modern suburb. Special events, such as the Fall Festival and the Amherst Scottish Festival, occur on a seasonal basis. Summer rates: $5, children $1.50; Winter rates: $4, children $1; members always free. edit
Herschell Carrousel Factory Museum, 180 Thompson St., North Tonawanda, ☎ +1 716 693-1885, [49] . Summer M-Sa 10AM-4PM, Su 12PM-4PM; spring and fall W-Su 12PM-4PM, winter closed. North Tonawanda is a former lumber port on the Erie Canal that, in 1915, became home to the Allan Herschell Company, America's largest producer of amusement park rides, particularly carousels. Though the company closed in 1970, the Herschell Carrousel Factory Museum lives on in the former factory buildings, providing 15,000 visitors annually with exhibits and demonstrations on the history of the Herschell Company and amusement rides in general. An original Allan Herschell carousel from 1916 is the centerpiece of the museum's collection. Special programs offered by the Herschell Carrousel Factory Museum include beginner and advanced woodworking courses, and a short walking and biking trail leads from the factory complex through historic downtown North Tonawanda to the banks of the old Erie Canal. Adults $5, seniors $4, children $2.50. edit
Southern Suburbs[ edit ]
Charles E. Burchfield Nature & Art Center, 2001 Union Rd., West Seneca, ☎ +1 716 677-4843, [50] . M-F 10AM-4PM, Su 12PM-3PM, Sa various hours. Charles Burchfield was one of the most accomplished watercolorists in American history, and from 1925 until his death in 1967, he lived and worked in the village of Gardenville, now part of Buffalo's suburb of West Seneca. In 2000, the Town of West Seneca opened the Charles E. Burchfield Nature & Art Center on the former site of Gardenville Park, where Burchfield painted some of his most famous nature scenes. Today, these 29 acres (11ha) of woodland are traversed with footpaths and peppered with gardens and interpretive exhibits regarding local flora and fauna as well as the art of Charles Burchfield. Trees such as maple, birch, aspen, hickory, and oak, plants such as wild rose, raspberry, and dogwood, and a wide array of native animal life are to be found at the Burchfield Center. Donation. edit
Graycliff, 6472 Old Lake Shore Rd., Derby, ☎ +1 716 947-9217, [51] . Derby, the hamlet in which this lovely historic home is located, is located on the shore of Lake Erie 30 minutes south of Buffalo. Of the six Frank Lloyd Wright-designed buildings and structures that remain standing in the Buffalo area today, Graycliff is one of two that is open to public tours. Graycliff was the summer home of Darwin D. Martin, president of the Larkin Soap Company and a friend and benefactor of Wright, and his wife Isabella. The Graycliff Conservancy acquired the property in 1999; unlike the Darwin D. Martin Estate in the city, the rehabilitation of Graycliff is still an ongoing process, with much of the interior yet to be attended to. Nonetheless, architecture buffs will be enraptured once again by Wright's creativity. The guided tours offered by the Graycliff Conservancy include a basic 90-minute tour, a more extensive In-Depth Tour two hours in length led by a Master Docent, and a Master Architectural Tour personally conducted by Patrick Mahoney, a Frank Lloyd Wright expert and President of the Graycliff Conservancy. Private and group tours are also available. $15 for basic tour ($10 students). edit
Penn Dixie Paleontological and Outdoor Education Center, 4050 North St., Hamburg, ☎ +1 716 627-4560, [52] . Jun-Sep: M-Sa 9AM-4PM, Su 11AM-4PM. May & Oct: Sa 9AM-4PM & Su 11AM-4PM. Owned and operated by the Hamburg Natural History Society, the Penn Dixie Paleontological and Outdoor Education Center is an outdoor site where visitors can find and collect many extraordinarily well-preserved fossils of sea animals such as trilobites, gastropods, and cnidarians that date from the Devonian Period, a time 380 million years ago when Western New York was under a tropical ocean. As well, the Penn Dixie site boasts a wide variety of habitats, such as wetlands, forest, and treeless brush, that serve as home to a similarly wide variety of animal life such as wild turkey, deer, coyote, reptiles, and migratory birds. Hiking and birdwatching are also popular activities, and special events occur on a regular basis. $7, children 2-12 $6, members and children under 2 free. edit
Steel Plant Museum, 560 Ridge Rd., Lackawanna, ☎ +1 716 823-0630, [53] . Summer: M & W 1PM-9PM, Tu & Th 10AM-9PM, F 10AM-5PM. Winter: M & W 1PM-9PM, Tu & Th 10AM-9PM, Sa 10AM-5PM. Between 1903 and 1982, Lackawanna, the industrial city immediately south of Buffalo, was home to the largest steel plant in the world, which covered 1,600 acres (640ha) and employed 20,000 workers at its height. Established in 1984, the Steel Plant Museum tells the story of the Lackawanna Steel Plant and its workforce, as well as other area steel companies such as Republic Steel and Hanna Furnace, by displaying memorabilia such as union records, safety gear, signs, tools, steel specimens, and technical literature both at the museum's main location on the premises of the historic Lackawanna Public Library, and at the satellite location two blocks away. A café is also located on site serving coffee and light refreshments. Free. edit
Do[ edit ][ add listing ]
Festivals and Events[ edit ]
Buffalo's calendar of annual festivals, parades and events is huge and growing. Ethnic pride festivals such as the Buffalo Greek Fest, the Buffalo Italian Heritage Festival, and Dyngus Day play a preeminent role, though a diversity of events of all kinds is enjoyed by citizens. Naturally, the lion's share of these festivals take place during the warm months, but efforts have been made recently to expand the slate of offerings in winter as well.
January[ edit ]
Flurrious!, [54] . Held annually at Delaware Park, this brand-new addition to Buffalo's growing array of annual events is not only a celebration of the winter season for which Buffalo is well-known, but also has as a primary mission the preservation of, appreciation for, and investment in Buffalo's system of Olmsted parks. The 2012 Flurrious! festival included a foot race around Delaware Park's Ring Road, bike ride, snow golfing, snow tennis, igloo building, kickball tournament, live music all day, and food and drink in a heated tent at the Parkside Lodge. edit
February[ edit ]
Buffalo Winterfest & Powderkeg Festival, [55] . The Buffalo Winterfest is a way for Buffalonians to, in the words of its official website, "thumb... [their] frosted noses at the wintry misconceptions and stereotypes that pervade the national consciousness" with a celebration of the winter season. After being held diversely at Delaware Park and Canalside, Winterfest moved to the center of downtown in 2012, with events held at Niagara Square as well as in nearby venues including the adjacent Statler Towers, one of the most high-profile restoration projects of Buffalo's architectural masterpieces which hosted food, music and entertainment. Other events include a Buffalo Historical Hike, the Police vs. Fire Olympics, a snowman-building competition, ice sculptures, dogsled demonstrations, and more. Proceeds benefit the Buffalo Police Benevolent Association. edit
March[ edit ]
Buffalo St. Patrick's Day Parade, [56] . Since 1940, on the closest Sunday to March 17th, downtown Buffalo has been the scene of New York State's second-largest St. Patrick's Day celebration, held by the Buffalo United Irish-American Association. Traditionally, Mass is said by the Bishop of Buffalo at St. Joseph's Cathedral on Franklin Street immediately before the participants gather at Niagara Square, marching up Delaware Avenue as far as North Street. The grandeur of this event is testimony to the continuing importance of Buffalo's Irish-American community. In addition to the downtown event, for 19 years running the Valley Community Association has sponsored the Old Neighborhood St. Patrick's Day Parade, which traces the route of Buffalo's first St. Patrick's Day parades along South Park Avenue through the old South Buffalo Irish neighborhoods of the First Ward and The Valley. edit
March or April[ edit ]
The Polish Heritage Dancers march down Broadway in the 2012 Dyngus Day Parade, one of many ethnic festivals that take place year-round in Buffalo.
Dyngus Day, [57] . Dyngus Day is a traditional Polish holiday that falls on the Monday after Easter; on this day, young boys are known to "slap" girls who catch their eye with pussywillows or squirt them with water guns in a courtship ritual called "śmigus". Today, Buffalo hosts the largest organized Dyngus Day celebration in the world—including Poland, where the festival has largely been forgotten. Since the mid-2000s, Buffalo's annual Dyngus Day celebration has once again been held in the traditional Polish neighborhood of Broadway-Fillmore at the grand old New York Central Terminal, a majestic old Art Deco train station that is yet another of Buffalo's architectural masterpieces that is undergoing extensive restoration. After the Dyngus Day Parade through the streets of Broadway-Fillmore opens the festivities, traditional Polish food and (even more popularly) drink are served in the old dining room, with polka bands attracting revelers to the dance floor. Celebrations are also held at St. Stanislaus, Bishop & Martyr Church (the so-called "Mother Church of Polonia"), the Adam Mickiewicz Library, and the many Polish-owned bars and taverns that continue to soldier on in the old neighborhood. edit
April[ edit ]
Buffalo Niagara Film Festival, [58] . An international film festival for and by filmmakers and screenwriters that has in the past been visited by such luminaries as Robert Redford, Richard Dreyfuss, Lou Gossett Jr., Lou Ferrigno, and Buffalo native William Fichtner, the Buffalo Niagara Film Festival uses the backdrop of majestic Niagara Falls and historic Buffalo as a setting for a modest but growing selection of independent feature-length and short films. In addition to film screenings, seminars, panel discussions, and workshops are presented on topics of interest to cineasts of all kinds, as well as a Festival Expo where festival sponsors can promote their wares. edit
June[ edit ]
Gus Macker 3-on-3 Basketball Tournament, [59] . Each year at the beginning of June, Buffalo becomes one of dozens of cities nationwide to host a Gus Macker 3-on-3 basketball tournament. The tournament is designed to hold true to the purity and integrity of ordinary basketball games played on driveways and in parks, encouraging players of all ages, genders and skill levels to participate. The Buffalo competition is held yearly at Niagara Square and is divided into men's, women's, and junior tournaments, with co-ed teams admitted as part of the men's competition. Since 1987, the Gus Macker tournaments have raised over $15 million nationally for various charitable causes, and the gathering of increasingly large numbers of players and spectators around the events has had a noticeable economic impact on the host cities. edit
Buffalo Greek Fest, [60] . The Buffalo Greek Fest serves as the traditional start of the summer festival season in the Buffalo area, and, since 1978, has been held each year at the beginning of June at the Hellenic Orthodox Church of the Annunciation on historic Delaware Avenue. Aside from showcasing the cuisine, traditional music and folk dances of Greece, enlightening exhibits are displayed that encompass aspects of Greek culture, and architectural tours are conducted of this beautiful church which has been inscribed on the National Register of Historic Places. edit
Allentown Art Festival, [61] . Every June, the Allentown Art Festival brings throngs of artists, craftspeople, food vendors, and visitors to the streets of one of Buffalo's most charming and historic neighborhoods. What was conceived in 1958 as a small art fair which would raise community pride in a then-dilapidated area, the Allentown Art Festival has grown into arguably the best-known of Buffalo's street festivals, with over 450 artists and craftspeople each year from all over the U.S., Canada and even Europe displaying and selling their wares to tens of thousands of visitors. High-quality paintings, sculptures, jewelry, crafts, and other works are available for purchase each year, often at excellent prices. Cash awards are given to artists in about a dozen different categories, as well as to the winner of the perennially popular competition to design the festival's annual poster. All proceeds from the festival are invested back into community improvement projects by the Allentown Association. edit
Buffalo River Fest, [62] . Every June since 2000, the Valley Community Association, in conjunction with Rigidized Metals Corporation and the Erie Canal Harbor Development Corporation, has held the Buffalo River Fest. Since 2009, this celebration of the history of Buffalo's waterfront has been held at Buffalo RiverFest Park, a lovely new green space located at the foot of Chicago Street in the Old First Ward, adjacent to the Buffalo River. Events during this three-day festival include a local artists' and artisans' show, a beer garden, rides on the historic fireboat Edward M. Cotter ($10 per person), the Rigidized Metals River Regatta, live music, and a fishing contest. On display also are historical exhibits with an accent on the grain elevators, shipyards, and other waterfront industrial facilities that drove Buffalo's economy in earlier times; a historic walking tour of the Cobblestone District, Elevator Alley, and Canalside is held annually. Food and refreshments are available. edit
Juneteenth Festival, [63] . Springing from a commemoration of the abolition of slavery in the state of Texas on June 19, 1865, Juneteenth is celebrated in the black community of the U.S. today as a holiday that signifies African-American pride and cultural heritage. Today, each June 19th sees Martin Luther King, Jr. Park on Buffalo's East Side host the nation's third-largest Juneteenth festival. Beginning with a parade that proceeds westward down Genesee Street from Moselle Street to the park, Buffalo's Juneteenth festival is a lively two-day celebration that includes demonstrations of traditional African and African-American art, music and dance, ethnic foods, crafts and wares, and activities for children. edit
June-August[ edit ]
Canadian rockers Sloan play at Thursday at the Harbor, a long-running summer music series that recently moved to Canalside from its former home at Lafayette Square.
Thursday at the Harbor, [64] . Since 1986, Buffalo Place has hosted this long-running series of free summer outdoor concerts downtown, every Thursday evening from early June through early August. Originally known as "Thursday at the Square" and held at Lafayette Square in the heart of downtown, in 2011 event organizers responded to the increasingly large crowd sizes by moving the second half of the schedule to the much larger Canalside area. Beginning in 2012, the entire series will be held at Canalside, with the name change made official that year. Evolving from its humble beginnings as mainly a showcase for local bands, Thursday at the Harbor has grown to host internationally known artists and groups such as Blues Traveler, Parliament/Funkadelic, the Violent Femmes, Hootie and the Blowfish, They Might Be Giants, Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, and dozens more, and is also well-known for regularly showcasing Canadian acts such as Sam Roberts, the Lowest of the Low, Sloan, and 54-40. In addition to the free concerts, Buffalo Place also presents several top-tier acts a year at Canalside as part of Buffalo Place Rocks the Harbor, with admission charges of $10 for advance purchases and $20 on the day of the show. edit
Shakespeare in Delaware Park, [65] . Delaware Park's Shakespeare Hill has since 1976 been the setting of Shakespeare in Delaware Park. With a goal of enriching, inspiring and entertaining diverse audiences through performance and educational programming with a focus on the works of William Shakespeare, this not-for-profit professional theatre company performs two selected Shakespeare plays annually from June until August at their striking Tudor-style outdoor stage adjacent to Hoyt Lake, the Albright-Knox Art Gallery, and the Delaware Park Rose Garden. Performances are free of charge at this longstanding summertime tradition, though donations are greatly appreciated. edit
June-July[ edit ]
National Garden Festival, [66] . This "five-week-long garden party" has, since its inception several years ago, turned Buffalo into one of the premier destinations in the U.S. for garden tourism. Under the aegis of the National Garden Festival fall not only Garden Walk Buffalo, the centerpiece of the festivities that The Atlantic magazine recently cited as the best event of its kind in the nation, but also many other garden walks throughout the various neighborhoods of Buffalo (and, beginning in 2012, even in the suburbs!) where participating residents design and maintain beautiful gardens in their front yards for walkers to enjoy. In addition, there are bus tours of the area's various urban farms, nurseries, and community gardens, weekday Open Gardens, speakers, symposia and the popular Front Yard Garden Competition. The Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens, the Erie Basin Marina Gardens, Delaware Park's Japanese Garden and Rose Garden, and even the Elmwood-Bidwell Farmer's Market are, understandably, replete with visitors during the National Garden Festival. edit
Friendship Festival, [67] . Shared between Buffalo and neighboring Fort Erie, Ontario, the Friendship Festival is a weeklong celebration of almost 200 years of friendship and mutual cooperation between the United States and Canada, and coincides with both Independence Day in the United States (July 4th) and Canada Day (July 1st). Beginning in late June, festivities are held on both sides of the Niagara River, notably Riverside Park in Buffalo and Mather Arch Park in Fort Erie. On both sides of the border, parades, classic car shows, War of 1812 reenactments (at Old Fort Erie), live music, and fireworks are enjoyed. edit
July[ edit ]
Taste of Buffalo, [68] . Every year since 1984, the first weekend of July has seen foodies descend on Niagara Square and the few blocks of Delaware Avenue north of there for the two-day Taste of Buffalo festival, where Buffalo's most popular restaurants offer samples of their finest dishes to the public. Local wineries often show up to showcase their vintages, and food demonstrations and even live music are also on hand to please 450,000 festival attendees from all over Upstate New York, Southern Ontario, and Northwest Pennsylvania. edit
echo Art Fair, [69] . Launched in 2010, echo Art Fair is a juried fine art exposition that connects experienced collectors and first-time buyers with established and emerging local, regional and international artists in a centralized and creative environment. echo Art Fair showcases a broad scope of fine-art disciplines, including painting, photography, sculpture, print, works on paper, video and mixed media. The mission of the fair is to provide a platform for independent artists and galleries to present their work to a jury of contemporary art experts, and for galleries and artists to showcase and sell their work in one location. echo Art Fair highlights the vitality of the fine arts community in Buffalo and the wider region. edit
Sorrento Cheese Buffalo Italian Heritage Festival, [70] . The second-largest Italian-American heritage festival in the United States as well as one of the five largest street festivals of any description in the country, the Buffalo Italian Heritage Festival was held for ten years on Connecticut Street before it followed most of the city's Italian population, moving in 1988 from the Lower West Side to North Buffalo. Today, 600,000 visitors crowd the vicinity of Hertel and Delaware Avenues for four days each July to enjoy live music, carnival rides, and revelry of all kinds. The star of the show, of course, is the food, with offerings from such well-known Italian markets as Guercio & Sons and Mineo & Sapio Meats as well as demonstrations by chefs from Italian restaurants in the area such as Marotto's, Marco's and the North End Trattoria. edit
Old Home Days, [71] . Old Home Days is held every year at Island Park in Williamsville, a charming village a short distance northeast of Buffalo that has maintained its quaint character and sense of community even in the face of encroaching suburbia. Held in the middle of July, the festival traditionally consists of a parade that kicks off five days of music and dancing in the bandshell, a 5K foot race, a beer tent, carnival rides and games, kids' activities, and a healthy dose of village pride. edit
Polish-American Arts Festival. The Polish-American Arts Festival has been held annually since 1979 at Cheektowaga Town Park to honor Casimir Pulaski, the Polish nobleman and mercenary who played a pivotal role in the American Revolution. Aside from the General Pulaski Parade down Harlem Road that kicks off the festivities each year, the Polish-American Arts Festival offers polka dancing, food and drink, and live music over three days in mid-July. edit
Canal Fest, [72] . Held on the third full week of July in the twin cities of Tonawanda and North Tonawanda a short distance north of Buffalo, Canal Fest is the largest annual festival held along the banks of this historic waterway. The live music performances the festival holds yearly at Gateway Harbor are legendary; additionally, the eight-day run of Canal Fest 2011 boasted a parade, a boat-building competition, a sack race and other activites for kids, boat races along the canal, and a fireworks finale. edit
July-August[ edit ]
Buffalo Infringement Festival, [73] . This new festival, which takes place annually on the last week of July and the first week of August, is a celebration of genre-defying, boundary-pushing DIY art and spectacle by artists who may not have the straight-world cachet or blockbuster budgets that those who display at the Allentown or Elmwood Avenue festivals have. Displays of music, dance, theater, and visual arts, as well as more offbeat genres such as puppetry, fire art, mime, and "miscellaneous insurrection", can be seen at a multiplicity of venues around the city free or for a nominal price. edit
August[ edit ]
Buffalo Brewfest, [74] . The Buffalo Brewfest is an annual event that takes place in early August to benefit the Buffalo Hearing and Speech Center and the New York State Brewers' Association. A "beer tasting" expanded to massive size, the Buffalo Brewfest sees over a hundred craft brewers from Western New York and around the world converge on both levels of the First Niagara Center as well as the outdoor courtyard, offering samples of their wares to festival attendees. Fine food, live music, raffles, giveaways and more round out the offerings. $25 advance purchase, $35 day of. edit
Erie County Fair, [75] . The Erie County Fair is the third-largest county fair in the United States by attendance, and is by far the longest-standing annual event in the area. The first fair was held in 1820 on what is today the site of Coca-Cola Field; the fair has been held continually since 1841 with the exception of 1943, when it was cancelled due to World War II. Today, nearly a million Western New Yorkers pour into the suburb of Hamburg each year for two weeks in the middle of August that have long symbolized the bittersweet end of summer for locals. The fair still serves its original purpose as an agricultural exhibition intended to promote and showcase the area's traditions, talents, diversity and heritage in that field, but today it also features a huge midway with a wide range of carnival rides and games, a range of live music performances each year, gaming, and myriad other attractions. $10, seniors $7, children 12 and under free. Parking $5. edit
Buffalo Irish Festival, [76] . The Buffalo Irish Festival has taken place at various locations downtown for 31 years running; as of 2012 it seems to have found a permanent home at Canalside. Beginning with a parade that features the proud flags of each of the 32 counties of Ireland, these three days of revelry in late August see the historic cobblestone streets near the harbor ringing with performances of traditional Irish folk music, step-dancing and theatrical productions, and full of shops and stands selling Irish-made handicrafts and imported food and drink. Genealogical experts are on hand to guide those interested in tracing family roots, raffles and souvenirs are offered, and Sunday Mass is conducted in both English and Gaelic. edit
Elmwood Avenue Festival of the Arts, [77] . Held for the past thirteen years on the final weekend in August, this two-day event is to the Elmwood Village at the end of summer what the larger, longer-standing Allentown Art Festival is to Allentown at the beginning of summer. The Elmwood Avenue Festival of the Arts distinguishes itself from its counterpart with a broader focus, including not only over 170 artists and artisans but also performances of live music by local bands, a dance tent, displays on such topics as environmental conservation and cultural awareness, and Kidsfest, where young people can participate in hands-on activities and march in the Kidsfest parade. edit
September[ edit ]
National Buffalo Wing Festival, [78] . Each Labor Day weekend sees Coca-Cola Field in downtown Buffalo host the National Buffalo Wing Festival, two days dedicated to Buffalo's best-known addition to the annals of American cuisine. Inspired by the 2001 movie "Osmosis Jones" as well as a column by iconic Buffalo News editorialist Donn Esmonde, the National Buffalo Wing Festival has, since its inception, drawn nearly 600,000 hungry guests from all 50 states and 33 foreign countries to Buffalo, who have collectively eaten over 3 million chicken wings and raised over $200,000 for various local charities. Showcased by a long list of national media such as "The Today Show", "The View", "Live with Regis and Kelly", numerous Food Network series, and even a PBS documentary, the National Buffalo Wing Festival sees over 30 restaurants in Buffalo and around the country—including the Anchor Bar, where chicken wings were first served in 1964—serve up their individual recipes and compete for prizes. edit
Curtain Up!, [79] . Curtain Up! takes place in mid-September, when downtown Buffalo's Theater District toasts the opening of the theater season with a slate of new shows generating excitement anew among Buffalo's theater fans. Opening performances in the various theaters are preceded by a gala black-tie dinner at Shea's Performing Arts Center and followed by an outdoor party on Main Street that is open to the public. edit
Music Is Art Festival, [80] . The brainchild of Robby Takac, longtime bass guitarist for Buffalo-based rock band The Goo Goo Dolls, the Music Is Art Festival was founded in 2004 and originally was held in Allentown in June to coincide with the Allentown Art Festival before moving to Delaware Park in 2008, where it now takes place in mid-September. The Music Is Art Festival "celebrates all that is weird and wonderful about [the] arts scene in Western New York" (in the words of a recent feature article in the Buffalo News) by presenting a constant stream of creative performances of live music of all genres by artists of local provenance, on several stages. edit
Buffalo Oktoberfest. Of the several Oktoberfest celebrations that occur in Buffalo in late September and early October, the largest and arguably the most noteworthy one takes place annually at the end of September at the old New York Central Terminal on the East Side. The Central Terminal Restoration Corporation was founded in 1997 with the goal of preserving the beautiful but decaying old Art Deco train station that had been abandoned nearly 20 years previously, and with a full schedule of events such as Oktoberfest held there annually, a great deal of progress has been made in that regard. For Oktoberfest, the grand old hall of the Central Terminal is transformed for a night into a Munich-style biergarten, with imported beers served up alongside Teutonic specialties such as bratwurst and mettwurst as oompah bands play in the background. $10, $5 for students with valid college ID. edit
September-October[ edit ]
Buffalo International Film Festival, [81] . Founded in 2005, the not-for-profit Buffalo International Film Festival is presented yearly by the Buffalo Film Society in late September and early October with a mission of highlighting the cinematic contributions of individuals of the past and present who hail from Western New York. Furthermore, the Buffalo International Film Festival's focus also includes exposing people in Buffalo and the surrounding region to exciting works of film by lesser-known individuals around the world who represent a diverse array of cultures, ethnicities, and educational backgrounds. An exciting array of workshops and symposia are also presented. edit
November[ edit ]
The World's Largest Disco, [82] . The largest event of its kind in the world, the World's Largest Disco brings back the 1970s for one day each Thanksgiving Day weekend, with the Buffalo Convention Center transformed into New York State's largest dance floor. Every year, thousands of locals and visitors age 21 and over dance the night away to the retro tunes that are played on the festival's 500,000-watt soundsystem, and have the chance to meet disco-era celebrities that have included Henry Winkler, Erik Estrada, Leif Garrett, and the cast of "The Brady Bunch". The World's Largest Disco has been featured on the front page of the Wall Street Journal as well as such television programs as "CBS This Morning", VH-1's "Where Are They Now", and the Travel Channel's "Secrets". All proceeds go to benefit Camp Good Days and Special Times, a local summer camp for children with cancer. edit
December[ edit ]
Downtown Buffalo Christmas Tree Lighting, [83] . In addition to serving as the official opening of the ice skating season at the Rotary Rink at Fountain Plaza, the lighting of downtown Buffalo's Christmas tree has unofficially kicked off the holiday season in the local area since 1984. Immediately after the tree lighting, the crowd can enjoy an exciting fireworks display over Fountain Plaza, followed by horse and wagon rides, clowns and balloon art, face-painting, free ice-skating (skate rental $3, $2 for children) and, of course, visits with Santa Claus. edit
First Night Buffalo, [84] . A drug- and alcohol-free New Year's celebration, First Night is a celebration that takes place in various cities in the United States. Beginning in Boston in 1976, First Night made its way to Buffalo in 1989. In addition to the "ball drop" that takes place at the stroke of midnight from the top of the Niagara Mohawk Building (second in annual attendance in the U.S. only to the famous Times Square ball drop in New York City), live music can be had downtown; other venues around the city present a diversity of free entertainment such as poetry, dance, comedy, puppet shows, and other performing arts, as well as activities for children such as bounce houses and jungle gyms. edit
Sports[ edit ]
Buffalo Bandits, First Niagara Center, One Seymour H. Knox III Plaza, ☎ +1 716 855-4100 (toll free: +1 888 467-2273, fax: 1 716 855-4122), [85] . The Buffalo Bandits have been a member of the National Lacrosse League since 1991. Buffalo's most successful sports team in recent years, the Bandits won the league championship in 1992, 1993, 1996, and 2008, as well as the championship of their division in 1994, 2004, 2006 and 2011. Games are played at the First Niagara Center downtown from December through April. Tickets to these family-friendly events are affordable and easily available. edit
Buffalo Bills, Ralph C. Wilson Stadium, One Bills Dr., Orchard Park, (toll free: +1 877 BB-TICKS), [86] . A member of the National Football League (NFL), the Buffalo Bills were conference champions for four straight years in the 1990s but have had declining fortunes since then. They play their games at Ralph C. Wilson Stadium in the suburb of Orchard Park. Still, the citizens of Buffalo follow the Bills' trials and tribulations religiously during football season (August through December), and home games at "the Ralph" almost always sell out. edit
The Buffalo Bisons are the AAA farm team of the Toronto Blue Jays. Their home games are played at Coca-Cola Field in downtown Buffalo.
Buffalo Bisons, Coca-Cola Field, One James D. Griffin Plaza, ☎ +1 716 846-2000 ( [email protected] , fax: +1 716 852-6530), [87] . Seats are usually available and cheap, and provide a great view of downtown. Until 2012, the Bisons were the AAA affiliate of the New York Mets, however the 2013 season will see the team begin a new affiliation with the Toronto Blue Jays, whose stadium is only 100 miles from Buffalo. The Bisons won the International League pennant in 1933, 1936, 1957, 1961, 1998, and 2004, and the American Association pennant in 1997. Coca-Cola Field is a great place to see up-and-coming talent before it makes the big leagues, and it hosted the AAA All-Star Game in 1988 and 2012. Coca-Cola Field is a "new classic" ballpark, built in 1988 by HOK (now known as Populous), the renowned firm that went on to build Camden Yards in Baltimore. edit
Buffalo Sabres, First Niagara Center, One Seymour H. Knox III Plaza, ☎ +1 716 855-4100 (toll free: +1 888-GO-SABRES), [88] . Member of the National Hockey League (NHL), the Buffalo Sabres advanced to the Stanley Cup finals in 1975 and 1999 and, in 2007, won the Presidents' Trophy for the best win/loss record in the NHL. The Sabres' home games at the First Niagara Center sell out on a regular basis. edit
FC Buffalo, Robert E. Rich All-High Stadium, 2885 Main St., [89] . Founded in 2009, FC Buffalo is a member of the National Premier Soccer League; the team plays its home games at All-High Stadium on Main Street. Nicknamed "the Blitzers" (in honor of the locally born CNN anchor and FC Buffalo fan, Wolf Blitzer), FC Buffalo's dedication to the well-being of the Buffalo community is exemplified in their motto, "For Our City". Tickets are reasonably priced. edit
Buffalo Bulls, 102 Alumni Arena, Amherst, (toll free: +1 877 UB-THERE), [90] . The college sports teams of the University at Buffalo have a large following among the city's residents. The UB football team has struggled in recent seasons, but a successful 2008 season saw the UB Bulls play in an NCAA bowl game for the first time. Football games are played at UB Stadium, on the university's North Campus in Amherst. Basketball games are played at Alumni Arena, also on the North Campus. Though the Bulls have never participated in March Madness, they have a reputation of playing competitive games against much higher-ranked teams on their home court. edit
Tours[ edit ]
Buffalo Harbor Cruises, ☎ +1 716 856-6696, [91] . Narrated Sightseeing Tour: July-Labor Day Tu-Su 12:30PM & 3PM, Historic Buffalo River Tour: July-Labor Day daily 12:30PM, Landmark Tour: July-Aug Wed 3:00PM. During the warm months, the Miss Buffalo II takes visitors on their choice of three sightseeing cruises that cover various parts of Buffalo's waterfront. The basic Narrated Sightseeing Cruise takes in the sights along the upper Niagara River including the old Buffalo Light, the Black Rock Canal, and (on the opposite side of the river) Old Fort Erie. The Historic Buffalo River Tour explores Buffalo's mighty industrial past with a visit to the old Erie Canal terminus and "Elevator Alley", a stretch of the Buffalo River adjacent to the harbor that is lined with historic grain elevators. The Landmark Tour uses Buffalo's scenic harbor as a base to explore the magnificent architectural landmarks of downtown. Tours leave from the Erie Basin Marina rain or shine. Parties, corporate events, and private charters are also available. $16, children $11, lunch cruise $28. edit
Forgotten Buffalo Tours, 244 Potters Rd., ☎ +1 716 833-5211 ( [email protected] ), [92] . Since 2007, the ubiquitous local television personality and booster, "Airborne" Eddy Dobosiewicz, has teamed up with local historian Marty Biniasz to conduct a dizzying range of tours that lead aficionados of local history "off the beaten track", exploring lesser-known aspects of Buffalo history. Tours of old ethnic neighborhoods such as the Lower West Side, Broadway-Fillmore, South Buffalo, and the German East Side are offered, as well as culinary tours, pub crawls that hit old working-class watering holes, and "The Last Fine Time" Tour, exploring the old Polish neighborhood haunts mentioned by local author Verlyn Klinkenborg in his novel of the same title. For fans of the "real" Buffalo, the Forgotten Buffalo Tours simply cannot be recommended highly enough. $45. edit
Haunted History Ghost Walks, ☎ +1 716 655-6663, [93] . From July through October, local author Mason Winfield, whose nine books explore reports of supernatural and paranormal phenomena in Upstate New York and especially the Buffalo area, leads a variable schedule (check website for details) of guided walking tours conducted rain or shine that explore local history and culture from a paranormal perspective. The 2011 schedule featured Ghost Walks in downtown, the Theater District, and Allentown, as well as the suburbs of Williamsville, East Aurora, and Lewiston. $10, children 7-11 $5, children under 7 free. edit
Moondance Cat, 2 Templeton Terr., ☎ +1 716 854-SAIL, [94] . Cruises leave May-Oct 12:30PM, 3PM, 6PM, 8:15PM. The Moondance is a 51-foot catamaran that has been offering two-hour cruises on Lake Erie for over 30 years. Four cruises depart daily from Erie Basin Marina, and passengers can take advantage of an open bar, sound system, and ample space for sunbathing. Group charters and banquet packages are available. $23, seniors $20, children $11.50. edit
Motherland Connextions, ☎ +1 716 282-1028 (toll free: +1 866 726-0864), [95] . By reservation. Motherland Connextions runs a unique series of 3-4 hour tours that focus on the Niagara Frontier's status during the years before the Civil War as the last "stop" for many slaves on the Underground Railroad. Motherland Connextions currently offers three tours: the Underground Railroad Tour of the United States, focusing on Buffalo's Michigan Street Baptist Church as well as other safe houses on the U.S. side of the border where fugitive slaves hid before making their final escape to Canada; the Underground Railroad Tour of Southern Ontario, focusing on sites across the border that are of importance to escaped slaves who settled in Canada; and a combination tour that emphasizes the continuity between the African-American and African-Canadian experiences. (Those who will be taking tours that enter Canada should take note of the requirements for passing through Customs; see the "North of the Border" section at the end of this article.) Tours are led by guides in period costume and depart from Buffalo, Niagara Falls and Lewiston; all tours include a stop at Niagara Falls. Motherland Connextions has been featured on the Travel Channel series "Secrets of Niagara". $78, children 5-12 $48. edit
Open-Air Autobus of Buffalo, 561 Forest Ave. #3, ☎ +1 716 854-3749, [96] . Whirlwind Tour Sa 10AM & Su 11AM May-Sep, also F 6PM Jun-Sep, see website for other tours. The Open-Air Autobus of Buffalo is a common sight on city streets during the warm months. The product of 25 years of research and planning by the Campaign for Greater Buffalo, these open-air bus tours run rain or shine (ponchos are available for a nominal price) and use Buffalo's majestic architecture as a basis for an in-depth exploration of local history. The Whirlwind Tour is the flagship offering, and covers the residential neighborhoods of the Elmwood Village and Allentown as well as the downtown business district and waterfront. Other tours include the Historic Neighborhoods Tour (covering many of Buffalo's upper-class residential areas of old), the Frank Lloyd Wright Tour (self-explanatory), as well as tours focusing on Elevator Alley, the old "Belt Line" of the New York Central Railroad, and even suburbia. $20, children under 12 $5. edit
Preservation Buffalo Niagara Tours, 617 Main St., Suite M108, ☎ +1 716 852-3300, [97] . Preservation Buffalo Niagara offers a dizzying array of guided walking, bike, boat and bus tours that run rain or shine throughout the year. The full gamut of tours offered is far too extensive to list, but tours are offered of well-known Buffalo historic neighborhoods such as Parkside, Millionaire's Row, and the waterfront, neighborhoods further off the beaten track such as Hamlin Park, the Larkin District, and Black Rock, and suburbs such as Tonawanda, Hamburg, and Kenmore. Tours are also held which allow visitors inside such architectural masterpieces as the old Central Terminal, the H. H. Richardson-designed Buffalo State Hospital, and the majestic old churches of the East Side. These and the many, many other tours offered by Preservation Buffalo Niagara are highly recommended for anyone interested in local history. See website for complete schedule. $10, students $5. edit
"Elevator Alley", the stretch of the Buffalo River immediately adjacent to the harbor that is lined with historic grain elevators, is visited by several of the tour boats that operate out of Buffalo Harbor—including the Queen City Ferry, from which this photo was taken.
Queen City Ferry, ☎ +1 716 796-4556, [98] . May-Oct; schedule varies seasonally. Debuting in 2011, the Queen City Ferry runs a water taxi service seasonally that takes visitors around Buffalo's scenic and historic harbor. Tours leave from the main dock at Central Wharf in Canalside and include the Inner Harbor Loop, which serves the Erie Basin Marina as well as the new Buffalo RiverFest Park in the First Ward; and the Outer Harbor Loop, which parallels the lakeshore as far as the NFTA Boat Harbor. Additionally, a River History Tour begins daily at 10:30AM that covers Elevator Alley, retelling the history of the old grain elevators and other points of interest along the Buffalo River that played an important part in Buffalo's mighty industrial past. Round trip $6, children $4; day pass $12, children $10. edit
Spirit of Buffalo, ☎ +1 716 796-7210, [99] . Cruises leave May-Oct, call for schedule and availability. Since 2009, visitors to Buffalo's harbor have enjoyed serene and scenic cruises on Lake Erie and around the harbor aboard the Spirit of Buffalo, an unmissable 73-foot schooner that affords them the opportunity to experience a trip aboard a traditional 19th-century sailing vessel. Day cruises, sunset sails, and a Wednesday "Wine in the Wind" Cruise featuring local vintages from the Niagara Peninsula are all offered; kids love the Pirate Cruises that sail on Saturdays and Sundays. All cruises leave from the Commercial Slip at Canalside. Private charters are available as well. $28, children $18, Pirate cruise $23, children $19, Wednesday Wine in the Wind cruise $38. edit
Amusement Parks[ edit ]
For more amusement park options, see the "Further Afield" and "North of the Border" sections below.
Martin's Fantasy Island, 2400 Grand Island Blvd., Grand Island, ☎ +1 716 773-7591, [100] . Open yearly from May through September, Fantasy Island opened in 1961 on Grand Island, about midway between Buffalo and Niagara Falls. Though it has come a long way (especially in terms of its safety record) since local businessman Martin DiPietro bought it in 1994, Martin's Fantasy Island is still a distant second behind Darien Lake on the list of Buffalonians' favorite amusement park destinations, and the park has a somewhat old-fashioned feel. Martin's Fantasy Island boasts about two dozen amusement rides including two roller coasters (the "Crazy Mouse" and the "Silver Comet") as well as a water park with three water slides, a lazy river, a log flume, and a wave pool. A KOA campground is located adjacent to the park. edit
Gambling[ edit ]
For more gaming facilities, see the "Nearby", "Further Afield" and "North of the Border" sections below.
Buffalo Raceway, 5600 McKinley Pkwy., Hamburg, ☎ +1 716 649-1280, [101] . Daily 9AM-4AM. The Buffalo Raceway features exciting live harness racing on its half-mile track from January through July, which is located on the grounds of the Erie County Fair in the suburb of Hamburg. Visitors can watch the races from the comfort of The Clubhouse, which offers food and drinks as well as simulcast wagering year-round, with video feeds from tracks such as the Meadowlands Racetrack, Belmont Park, and Churchill Downs. At the Hamburg Casino at the Fairgrounds, located in the same facility, fans of games of chance can enjoy nearly 1,000 slot machines as well as video poker. edit
Seneca Buffalo Creek Casino, 1 Fulton St., ☎ +1 716 299-1100 (toll free: +1 877 8-SENECA), [102] . Daily 24 hours. Located in the historic Cobblestone District and convenient to downtown and the waterfront, the Seneca Buffalo Creek Casino has used the lengthy appeals process to defy repeated federal court rulings and remain open in its bunkerlike temporary building. Even so, 750,000 people per year come to the Seneca Buffalo Creek Casino to try their luck on the more than 450 slot machines there. The snack bar serves a full range of options, including local specialties such as Wardynski's hot dogs and Red Osier roast beef. Though construction on the glitzy high-rise hotel and resort planned for the site was abrupty aborted in 2008 due to the legal wrangling as well as the economic recession, Seneca Gaming has recently broken ground on a new, scaled-down design for the permanent casino which is slated to open in late 2013. edit
Theater[ edit ]
The heart of downtown Buffalo's Theater District, with its great variety of performance venues, restaurants, and other attractions.
For a city its size, Buffalo has a surprisingly large, active, and diverse theater scene. Even after the closure in 2008 of the biggest producing theater in town, the Studio Arena Theatre, the Theater District, bounded roughly by Washington, Tupper, Pearl, and Chippewa Streets, has remained vibrant, with Curtain Up!, the gala event that marks the opening of the theater season, drawing larger-than-ever crowds downtown each September.
For further information on many of the theaters listed here, and on the shows currently running, please visit the Theatre Alliance of Buffalo's website: [103] .
Alleyway Theatre, 1 Curtain Up Alley, ☎ +1 716 852-2600, [104] . Located in a striking Art Moderne building in the heart of the Theater District that once housed Buffalo's Greyhound bus station, the Alleyway Theatre has, since its opening in 1980, presented a full slate of plays and musicals year-round in a comfortable and intimate setting. Popular features of the Alleyway Theatre's annual schedule include "Buffalo Quickies" (a festival of one-act plays by local writers), the Maxim Mazumdar New Play Competition, and the theater's annual presentation of Charles Dickens' "A Christmas Carol" each December. edit
Buffalo United Artists, 119 W. Chippewa St., ☎ +1 716 886-9239, [105] . Celebrating its 20th anniversary as an active theatre company in 2012, Buffalo United Artists is a professional theatre collective that, under the tireless leadership of founder Javier Bustillos, has produced a wide range of groundbreaking, provocative "off-Broadway" style material such as acclaimed performances of "The Boys in the Band", "The Baltimore Waltz", and "Love! Valour! Compassion!". BUA's goal is to present exciting and engaging theatrical productions to a local audience, with an eye to artistic excellence and with attention consistently paid to contemporary trends in theatre. edit
Irish Classical Theatre Company, 625 Main St., ☎ +1 716 853-4282, [106] . Housed since 1999 at the Andrews Theatre in the downtown Theater District, the Irish Classical Theatre Company was founded in 1990 by a pair of brothers from Dublin with a mission "to present the greatest works of dramatic literature: international classics; modern plays of exceptional merit; and Irish plays, both traditional and contemporary... at the highest level of artistic excellence for the public of Buffalo, Western New York and Southern Ontario, and subsequently, for national and international audiences." Despite its name, the Irish Classical Theatre has a broad and international focus; over the course of its history, the company has presented performances by the late French mime Marcel Marceau, the renowned Polish dramatist Kazimierz Braun, and Buffalo native Jesse L. Martin, whose work includes performances in the Broadway musical "Rent" and the television series "Law & Order". edit
Kavinoky Theatre, 320 Porter Ave., ☎ +1 716 829-7668, [107] . The Kavinoky Theatre is located on the campus of D'Youville College, in the up-and-coming Prospect Hill neighborhood of Buffalo's West Side. Over the course of its history, not only has the Kavinoky Theatre thoroughly restored the historic former Porter-View Room under the auspices of the D'Youville Capital Campaign, but this local repertory company of professional actors has produced nearly 150 plays and musicals of a consistently high quality, earning them more awards than any other troupe in Buffalo. The Kavinoky Theatre has given many actors of local extraction their start in the business. edit
MusicalFare Theatre, 4380 Main St., ☎ +1 716 839-8540, [108] . MusicalFare Theatre is a not-for-profit professional musical theatre company dedicated to bringing quality musical theatre to Western New York, and to becoming a significant regional theatre with national prominence by developing and presenting new musicals, new versions of traditional musicals and area premieres. MusicalFare Theatre is in residence at Daemen College, but independently operated, and performs year-round at its intimate 136 seat theatre. MusicalFare Theatre has produced over 139 productions since its inception in 1990, entertaining over 400,000 people and employing over 1,000 local actors, musicians and designers. It has been nominated for 422 Artvoice Theatre Awards and has won 90, making it the most awarded musical theatre in Western New York. edit
New Phoenix Theatre, 95 Johnson Park, ☎ +1 716 853-1334, [109] . Buffalo's premier alternative theatre, the New Phoenix Theatre opened in 1996 in a historic house in Buffalo's West Village and has quickly gained an impressive reputation for the high-quality, diverse range of performances it has hosted in its tiny space, trending heavily towards bold contemporary works of theatre as well as avant-garde reinterpretations of old favorites. The New Phoenix Theatre hopes to foster a spirit of community collaboration not only through its exciting theatrical offerings, but also by playing an active role in the ongoing revitalization of the West Village neighborhood. edit
Paul Robeson Theatre, 350 Masten Ave., ☎ +1 716 884-2013, [110] . The Paul Robeson Theatre is the oldest African-American theatre in Buffalo, founded in 1968 and run under the aegis of the African-American Cultural Center. The 130-seat theater is located inside the cultural center's headquarters on Masten Avenue in Buffalo's East Side, and features a handful of productions each year with an especial focus on the African-American experience. Among the famous personalities that have performed on the Paul Robeson Theatre's stage include Ossie Davis, Phylicia Rashad, and Woodie King, Jr. edit
Shea's Performing Arts Center, 646 Main St., ☎ +1 716 847-1410, [111] . Located in an dazzlingly ornate former movie palace that has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Shea's Performing Arts Center has been the cornerstone of downtown Buffalo's Theater District since the late 1970s, when its opening thwarted plans by civic leaders to demolish the grand old building. Today, Shea's is Buffalo's premier venue for lavish Broadway-style musicals such as "Dreamgirls", "The Lion King", and "Wicked", as well as live music and performances such as "Sesame Street Live" and the "Radio City Christmas Spectacular". The Mighty Wurlitzer organ, installed in the theater in 1926 to provide musical accompaniment to silent movies, is also occasionally dusted off for performances of various types. Next door to the main theater is Shea's Smith Theatre, which hosts smaller shows, local productions, and stand-up comedy. edit
Subversive Theatre Collective, 255 Great Arrow Ave., ☎ +1 716 408-0499, [112] . The Manny Fried Playhouse, named after a former Buffalo theatre actor, union organizer, and political radical and located in the former Pierce-Arrow Factory Complex in North Buffalo, is the new home of the Subversive Theatre Collective. This bold new troupe's mission is to present provocative works of drama that are "dedicated to the needs, concerns, and aspirations of those who are oppressed, exploited, and disenfranchised by the existing social order". The Subversive Theatre Collective has staged performances of works such as Maxine Klein's "The Furies of Mother Jones" and Bertolt Brecht's "The Mother", and has traditionally been an integral part of Buffalo's annual Infringement Festival. edit
Theatre of Youth, 203 Allen St., ☎ +1 716 819-9653, [113] . The Theatre of Youth is a not-for-profit professional theatre company that is the only one in the Niagara Frontier dedicated to presenting works for young people and families. At the Allendale Theatre, yet another former silent movie palace that fell into disrepair before being lovingly restored back to greatness, the Theatre of Youth stages performances such as "Pinkalicious" and "Charlotte's Web" for 30,000 audience members per year with a goal of instilling in young people an enduring appreciation for the performing arts. edit
Ujima Theatre Company, 545 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 883-0380, [114] . The Ujima Theatre Company is a multiethnic theater company that boasts the longest-established professional troupe in Buffalo. Under the longtime leadership of Lorna Hill, the Ujima Company uses its deep roots in the vibrant traditions of African and African-American theatre to produce engaging works that speak to all types of audiences, but especially to people of color. The Ujima Theatre Company presents dramas, comedies, musicals, and collaborative productions at TheaterLoft, in the heart of the Elmwood Village. edit
Learn[ edit ]
Hayes Hall is the most iconic landmark on the South Campus of the University at Buffalo, the largest public university in New York.
Buffalo is home to a large number of private and public colleges and universities. The largest school in the area is the University at Buffalo [115] (UB). One of the four "university centers" of the State University of New York (SUNY) system, UB is renowned as a large public research university. For this reason, it is one of 62 elected members of the prestigious Association of American Universities. UB has two campuses: the smaller South Campus is located in the University Heights neighborhood at the city's northeast corner, and the larger North Campus is located in the suburb of Amherst, about four miles (6km) northeast of the South Campus.
Buffalo State College [116] , also part of the SUNY system, is located across from the Albright-Knox Art Gallery, at the north end of the Elmwood Village. Canisius College [117] is Buffalo's largest private college, located near the intersection of Humboldt Parkway and Main Street. Other colleges and universities in the city and its surrounding area include Trocaire College, Medaille College, Villa Maria College, D'Youville College, Daemen College, and the three campuses of Erie Community College.
The University at Buffalo has an annual Distinguished Speaker Series [118] which has played host to Bill Clinton, Al Gore, Michael Moore, the Dalai Lama, Stephen Colbert, and Jon Stewart in recent years. These events take place on the North Campus and are open to the public; tickets are available from the University's box office. UB has a free series of summer lectures available to the public [119] and Buffalo State regularly has events [120] open to visitors.
Buy[ edit ][ add listing ]
The Elmwood Village [121] is located along Elmwood Avenue from Buffalo State College south to North Street. This area contains a variety of small shops with a very "independent" feel—you won't find many national chain stores or restaurants here. Used books, specialty coffee, one-of-a-kind fashions, organic and local produce, artists' studios, and musical instrument shops line Elmwood Avenue in this commercial and residential district. On Bidwell Parkway at the west corner of Elmwood Avenue is a farmers' market on Saturday mornings from Memorial Day to Labor Day.
Allentown [122] is centered along the entire length of Allen Street from Main to Wadsworth Streets, but especially west of Linwood Avenue. Adjacent, and similar in some ways, to the Elmwood Village, Allentown has more of a bohemian and artsy vibe compared with the college students that frequent Elmwood. Amid the proliferation of bars, you'll see bookstores, studios, and antiques in this pedestrian-friendly neighborhood north of downtown.
Hertel Avenue, between Delaware Avenue and Parker Avenue in North Buffalo, is home to a wide assortment of shops as well. All along this thoroughfare, there are art stores, used bookstores, excellent bars and restaurants (especially Italian), as well as eccentric independent stores such as Terrapin Station and the Virgil Avenue Tobacconist.
University Heights, more specifically the Main Street corridor between the city line and LaSalle Avenue, features a diversity of bars, restaurants, and stores that are especially popular with students of the nearby South Campus of the University of Buffalo. The University Plaza (which is, technically speaking, located just over the city line in the town of Amherst) has anchored the outer end of the strip since 1939; mainstream retailers like AJ Wright and Starbucks have been located at this site on the north side of Main Street between Kenmore and Bailey Avenues, just across from the university. Further south and west along Main Street, there are a good number of video, specialty, comic, and other secondhand stores that are worth a look.
Grant Street, which runs north-to-south through the Upper West Side, is the main thoroughfare of two newly revitalized shopping areas in this rapidly gentrifying area of town. The stretch between (approximately) West Delavan Avenue and Hampshire Street, centered on West Ferry Street, is an up-and-coming commercial strip known as Grant-Ferry. A traditionally Italian neighborhood that became Puerto Rican from the 1970s onward, Grant-Ferry, along with the West Side as a whole, is now a true "melting pot", with Somalis, Southeast Asians, Arabs, Eastern Europeans, and students of nearby Buffalo State College increasingly rubbing elbows with the Puerto Ricans. Accordingly, Grant-Ferry is now home to a modest but growing collection of clothing stores, ethnic food markets, restaurants, and other establishments. At the center of it all is Sweetness 7 Café, whose opening in 2007 is widely seen as the beginning of Grant-Ferry's ascent to the status of Buffalo's newest hip neighborhood. Also, Grant-Amherst, a short distance north along Grant Street at the corner of Amherst Street, was named Buffalo's "Best Up-and-Coming Neighborhood" in the "Best of Buffalo 2011" competition in Artvoice. Grant-Amherst boasts a small but growing collection of art galleries, antique shops, and restaurants within walking distance of Buffalo State College. Despite the ongoing upswing, the neighborhoods around Grant Street are, for the time being, still a good deal "grittier" than places like the Elmwood Village and Allentown. It would not be a bad idea to take extra care if visiting after dark.
Visitors looking for a more suburban-style shopping experience should check out the Walden Galleria [123] on Walden Avenue in Cheektowaga, 10 minutes from downtown via the Kensington Expressway and/or Interstate 90. The Walden Galleria, as the region's largest mall, has recently added 60 new stores and services to their original 200+. Original stores include many standards such as Macy's, JCPenney, Sears, Lord & Taylor, Dick's Sporting Goods, Old Navy, and more. New stores include Bebe, Lucky, Sephora, Coach, and other high-end retailers. New restaurants include Bar Louie, the Cheesecake Factory, P.F. Chang's, Hyde Park Steakhouse and more.
Additionally, the smaller Boulevard Mall [124] is situated about 20 minutes from the city via Interstate 290. The oldest shopping mall in Buffalo (opened in 1962), the Boulevard Mall is named for its location on Niagara Falls Boulevard, at the corner of Maple Road in Amherst, and is anchored by Sears, JCPenney, and Macy's.
The Eastern Hills Mall [125] is between a 20 to 25 minute ride from the city via multiple routes, and it is situated in a major retail corridor of some of Buffalo's more affluent suburbs. Anchored by Macy's, JCPenney, Bon-Ton, & Sears, the mall also features the indoor Sports Perfomance Park [126] (ideal considering Buffalo's winter weather), a modern arcade & bowling at Rocky's Big City Games & Sports Bar [127] (formerly a Dave & Buster's location), an adequately diverse food court in addition to several storefront restaurants including Duff's Wings [128] ), and a year-round calendar full of events.
The McKinley Mall [129] , on the border between Hamburg and Orchard Park, is the main shopping center for Buffalo's southern suburbs. Located 10 miles south of the city, at McKinley Parkway and Milestrip Road, the McKinley Mall is easily accessible via Interstate 90, US Route 219, and the Milestrip Expressway. Bed Bath and Beyond, Best Buy, The Bon-Ton, JCPenney, Macy's, Sears, Barnes and Noble, and Old Navy are some of the anchor stores here.
Though it is not a shopping mall in the traditional sense of the term, with enclosed corridors, the Southgate Plaza [130] is a greatly important suburban shopping destination for locals. Founded in 1955, the Southgate Plaza was the first shopping plaza to be built in Buffalo's southern suburbs. The Southgate Plaza is located at the corner of Union Road and Seneca Street in the suburban town of West Seneca, and boasts over 100 retail stores, restaurants and offices including its anchor tenants The Bon-Ton, AJ Wright, and the Market in the Square, a community-owned food market.
In addition to shopping malls, there are, of course, a number of commercial thoroughfares in Buffalo's suburbs where "big box" stores, chain restaurants, and shopping plazas can be found in proliferation. These include Niagara Falls Boulevard and Sheridan Drive in Amherst and Tonawanda, Transit Road in Amherst and Clarence, Union Road and Walden Avenue in Cheektowaga, and Milestrip Road and McKinley Parkway in Orchard Park. Also, in Buffalo itself, there is a small area between Delaware and Elmwood Avenues at the northern edge of the city where stores and restaurants of this nature can be found.
Over $30
The canonical Buffalo wings: wings, celery, blue cheese, beer, and moist towelettes.
Buffalo is a haven for great food. Whereas the area was once largely the domain of unimaginative, cookie-cutter chain restaurants and "greasy spoons", local residents agree that the dining scene in Buffalo has come a long way in the past twenty years. Increasingly innovative and high-quality establishments have popped up more and more often in places such as downtown, the Elmwood Village, Allentown, and the Hertel Avenue corridor. Visitors—even those who have been to Buffalo in the past—may be pleasantly surprised by the array of options.
No visit is complete without trying some Buffalo wings. Oh, sure, everyone thinks they've tried them, but nothing compares to the ones you can get in Buffalo. For the uninitiated, an authentic Buffalo wing is a chicken wing slathered in a mixture of homemade hot sauce and butter and fried up crisp. Best served with celery and blue cheese. Head to the Anchor Bar on Main Street if you want the original, but there's a strong local consensus that Duff's in Amherst has the best recipe.
Another local specialty is beef on weck (sometimes pronounced "beef on wick"), a sandwich that consists of slices of tender, juicy slow-roasted beef layered on a kümmelweck roll (a Kaiser roll topped with caraway seeds and Kosher salt) and traditionally garnished with horseradish. Any place that serves hot sandwiches is likely to have beef on weck on the menu, but Charlie the Butcher's Kitchen (1065 Wehrle Drive at Cayuga Rd. in Cheektowaga) and Schwabl's (789 Center Rd. at Union Rd. in West Seneca) are the two restaurants whose beef on weck has the best reputation among locals.
Texas hots, despite their name, were not invented in Texas, but in Buffalo, where they began as a unique offering in the area's many Greek restaurants (Seneca Texas Hots claims to be the first to serve them, though this is a matter of some dispute). The Texas hot is a hot dog slathered with spicy meat sauce or chili, mustard, and onions; the finished product bears some resemblance to the "Coney Island" hot dogs served in Detroit , though the chili sauce on Texas hots is lighter and thinner in consistency.
Loganberry is a non-carbonated fruit drink that is a local specialty. It is often served as a fountain drink at restaurants and is available in bottles at supermarkets and convenience stores in the area. This sweet, dark purple beverage is flavored with loganberry juice; as such, its flavor is somewhere between raspberry and blackberry. Aunt Rosie's and PJ's Crystal Beach Loganberry are the two major brands you will see—"Crystal Beach" in the name of the latter brand is a reference to an amusement park that was once located just over the border in Ontario, which was popular with Buffalo's residents in the 1950s and '60s and where the drink first originated.
Budget[ edit ]
Bada Bing Bar & Grill, 115 W. Chippewa St., ☎ +1 716 853-2464, [131] . Though more famous, for the time being, as one of the many lively and popular bars on Chippewa Street, head chef Dominic Paladino has set to work transforming the identity of Bada Bing to that of an authentic Italian restaurant where guests are treated like family. A recent Artvoice feature story described Bada Bing's fare as "pub grub with an Italian twist" and gave a succinct description of the "sangwiches" served there—garlic bread and grated cheese concoctions that are Paladino's own creation. Pasta, chicken and sausage parmigiana, chicken wings and fingers, and salads are also available. $10-15. edit
The Hatch, 329 Erie St., ☎ +1 716 851-6501, [132] . The Hatch is the snack bar at the Erie Basin Marina, serving tasty burgers, hot dogs, fries, and a wide selection of ice cream and other frozen treats. The real appeal of The Hatch, though, are the lovely lake breezes and the stunning waterfront views that grace its visitors on hot summer days. This is why the Erie Basin Marina is popular not only with boaters but also with joggers, sunbathers, and people-watchers. Convenient to the Buffalo & Erie County Naval & Military Park and all downtown attractions. Watch out for seagulls! Under $10. edit
Pettibones Grille, 275 Washington St., ☎ +1 716 846-2100, [133] . Situated directly inside Coca-Cola Field at the first base side of the stadium, this is a restaurant and banquet facility that is open year-round, but is obviously busiest during Buffalo Bisons baseball games between April and September. A cut above usual ballpark fare, Pettibones serves a wide range of entree salads, wraps, and, on a section of the menu dubbed "Hall of Fame Bistro", a range of gourmet sandwiches named after prominent Buffalo Bisons of the past. Local specialties such as wings and beef on weck are available too. This is a great place to come during ball games, and the views of the field are first-rate. $10-15. edit
Prima Pizza & Pasta, 38 W. Chippewa St., ☎ +1 716 852-5555, [134] . Serving the best pizza in downtown Buffalo, Prima Pizza & Pasta is situated at the east end of the Chippewa Strip and is a popular place to grab a bite to eat after a night of clubbing; it is open until 3:30am on Friday and Saturday nights. In addition to the astounding variety of pizza, subs, wings, pasta, salads, and tacos are served. $10-20. edit
Mid-range[ edit ]
Anchor Bar, 1046 Main St., ☎ +1 716 883-1134, [135] . Birthplace of the original buffalo wings. Still has great wings, pizza, etc. $10-20. edit
Bacchus Wine Bar & Restaurant, 54 W. Chippewa St., ☎ +1 716 854-9463, [136] . The wine here is top notch, but so is the eclectic and unique menu. $20-30. edit
Bijou Grille, 643 Main St., ☎ +1 716 847-1512, [137] . One of the Theater District's finest dining establishments, the Bijou Grille specializes in upscale Continental and Italian cuisine in a prime setting just across the street from the historic and beautiful Shea's Buffalo Theatre. Burgers, sandwiches, and salads are also available, and the second floor features two elegant and spacious banquet rooms. $15-30. edit
Cabaret, 490 Pearl St., ☎ +1 716 842-4181, [138] . In the heart of the Theater District, Cabaret is a popular place to enjoy high-quality upscale cuisine before or after shows and musicals. A wide variety of delicious salads, sandwiches, and entrees are on offer, with Continental and Italian selections predominating. A banquet room is also offered. $15-30. edit
Century Grill, 320 Pearl St., ☎ +1 716 853-6322, [139] . Conveniently located across the street from the Hyatt Regency Hotel in downtown Buffalo, the Century Grill serves fine food in the majestic ambience of the historic former Ancient Landmarks Masonic Lodge. Entrees such as steaks and chops, roasted chicken, and pasta dishes are complemented by sandwiches, salads, and an extensive and creative array of appetizers. Local specialties such as fish fry and beef on weck are also served. $10-25. edit
Liberty Hound, 1 Naval Park Cove, ☎ +1 716 845-9173. Located inside the Buffalo & Erie County Naval Park Museum at Canalside, the brand-new, long-awaited Liberty Hound is a celebration of seafood from across the U.S. and the world, in a wonderful lakeside setting convenient to all downtown and waterfront attractions. Traditional offerings such as Maine lobster rolls and crab boil share space on the menu with exotic and innovative offerings, such as steamed littleneck clams with chorizo garlic butter and a Vietnamese-style banh mi sandwich stuffed with crispy fried calamari, that can be found nowhere else in Buffalo. Best of all are the refreshing lake breezes and lovely views over the waterfront and downtown. $15-30. edit
Pearl Street Grill & Brewery, 76 Pearl St., ☎ +1 716 856-2337, [140] . Downtown hotspot. Free Wireless internet, gourmet chefs, belt driven fans, three patios, and a great bar and game room on the third floor. Has a multi-level buffet and piping hot dishes. They brew their own beer in-house, and their pulled pork is the best in the city. This place is very busy on nights the Buffalo Sabres play at home, due to its proximity to the arena. $10-20. edit
Seabar, 475 Ellicott St., ☎ +1 716 332-2928, [141] . Aside from being one of Buffalo's finest sushi restaurants, Seabar is one of the premier destinations in downtown Buffalo for cocktails and a wide selection of entrees, with Japanese cuisine accompanied on the menu by specialties such as short ribs, glazed duck breast, and linguine with clam sauce. Convenient to the Theater District and the Chippewa strip. $10-30. edit
Templeton Landing, 2 Templeton Terr., ☎ +1 716 852-7337, [142] . Formerly Shanghai Red's, Templeton Landing is located at Erie Basin Marina, a popular summertime hangout for boaters, walkers, joggers, and people-watchers. Boasting fine food and stunning views of Lake Erie from their patio that is open seasonally, Templeton Landing's entrees comprise hearty and high-quality fare such as steaks, pork loin, burgers, and ribs, but the true pride of this place is their side dishes, which often share the spotlight with the main course rather than mere afterthoughts. These include one of Buffalo's only decent caprese salads. Open all year, but summer is when you really want to come. $10-30. edit
Splurge[ edit ]
Buffalo Chop House, 297 Franklin St., ☎ +1 716 842-6900, [143] . Constantly busy. A favorite among business travelers. Not cheap, but the food and service is top-notch. $80-90. edit
E. B. Green's Steakhouse, 2 Fountain Plaza, ☎ +1 716 855-4870, [144] . Rated one of America's top ten steakhouses, E. B. Green's is located at the elegant Hyatt Regency Hotel & Suites, and is named after the man who was almost inarguably Buffalo's greatest architect, whose firm designed some of Buffalo's most architecturally significant buildings including the Hyatt itself. Skillful and attentive service, high-quality cuisine, and an upscale ambience combine to furnish patrons with a singularly elegant dining experience. Entrees include veal chops, seafood, duck, rack of lamb, and—of course—a dozen or more different cuts of steak. Sandwiches are available as well. $20-70. edit
Papaya, 118 W. Chippewa St., ☎ +1 716 856-2444. The "Chip Strip" is known mostly for its rowdy bars and dance clubs, but it also boasts a few decent restaurants. Papaya is one of these. Serving daring Asian fusion cuisine with an accent on Thai and Vietnamese influences, as well as sushi, Papaya's menu is one of Buffalo's most innovative. Beer, wine, sake, and cocktails are served including excellent martinis. $20-45. edit
Rue Franklin, 341 Franklin St., ☎ +1 716 852-4416, [145] . One of Buffalo's finest French restaurants, Rue Franklin has served creative and upscale cuisine for over 20 years in a setting redolent of an intimate café in Paris. This lovely establishment also boasts a large and carefully selected range of fine wines. Rue Franklin is located in Buffalo's Theater District and is popular before and after shows, as well as for holidays, anniversaries and special occasions. $20-35. edit
The 31 Club, 31 N. Johnson Park, ☎ +1 716 332-3131, [146] . The 31 Club began in the 1940s as Buffalo's premier supper club; though its original incarnation closed in 1983, it has now reopened in its original historic brick building on Johnson Park at the north end of downtown. The style and sophistication of the original 31 Club has returned, but with a contemporary twist. Freshly prepared Continental cuisine, such as Australian rack of lamb and filet mignon au poivre, is the rule at the 31 Club, as well as martinis and other specialty cocktails. Brunch and lunch are also served. $30-50. edit
Budget[ edit ]
Colter Bay Grill, 561 Delaware Ave., ☎ +1 716 882-1330, [147] . Colter Bay Grill takes its name from a small bay on Jackson Lake in Yellowstone National Park, and it pays tribute to the American West with a wide range of hearty fare such as burgers, chicken, pizza, sandwiches and wraps, as well as a wide range of beers on tap. $10-20. edit
Towne Restaurant, 186 Allen St., ☎ +1 716 884-5128, [148] . A Greek restaurant located at the corner of Allen Street and Elmwood Avenue in the heart of Allentown, the Towne has been a neighborhood fixture for many years. Though its souvlaki leaves much to be desired compared to places like Pano's, Alton's, and the Acropolis, the Towne makes up for this with its avgolemono soup, Greek salad and rice pudding, which are to die for. $10-20. edit
Mid-range[ edit ]
Allen Street Hardware Café, 245 Allen St., ☎ +1 716 882-8843, [149] . Owned by eminent Buffalo restauranteur and historian, Mark Goldman, "Hardware" is a great small place located in a former hardware store on Allen Street, with a good seasonal menu and a stellar beer and wine selection available at their always-packed bar. Highly recommended for a true Allentown experience. $10-20. edit
Betty's, 370 Virginia St., ☎ +1 716 362-0633, [150] . Betty's opened on Virginia Street in 2004 and quickly won the hearts of Allentown's hip community of bohemian urbanites with their friendly and funky staff, their cheerful ambience, and—of course—their fine food, including a legendary breakfast and Saturday and Sunday brunch. For dinner, Betty's serves a wide variety of entrees with a Mediterranean bent; the lentil salad plate is a personal favorite. Sandwiches, salads, and a kids' menu flesh out the offerings. $10-20. edit
Cantina Loco, 191 Allen St., ☎ +1 716 551-0160, [151] . Cantina Loco is arguably Buffalo's most highly-anticipated new restaurant in recent memory, with myriad local sources such as the Buffalo News, Artvoice, and Buffalo Rising keeping Buffalonians abreast of the progress of chef and owner Mike Andrzejewski. Now open for business in the heart of Allentown, Cantina Loco offers what is by far the most authentic Mexican cuisine in the city. Tacos, burritos, and carnitas are prepared with aplomb using high-quality ingredients; one of the more interesting choices on the menu is the fusion-style Koreatown Taco, with barbecue short ribs and kimchee served in a flour tortilla. $10-20. edit
Fat Bob's Smokehouse, 41 Virginia Pl., ☎ +1 716 887-2971 ( [email protected] , fax: +1 716 332-1201), [152] . Generous helpings of slow cooked southern comfort food. A carnivore's paradise of St. Louis pork ribs, pulled pork, beef brisket, barbecued chicken, catfish & more. Sinful sides include collard greens, cornbread, creamy mashed potatoes, baked beans, sausage gravy, and mac & cheese. Come hungry. Decent selection of domestic and imported beers. $10-20. edit
French Quarter Café, 220 Allen St., ☎ +1 716 883-3663, [153] . Since 2007, Chef Chris Silverstein has served up a wide range of Cajun, Creole, and Southern American specialties at his French Quarter Café (formerly known as Lagniappe's), located in a charming setting in the heart of Allentown. Diners rave about such delectable selections as chicken-fried steak, oysters Rockefeller, and andouille sausage po' boys, as well as the wine list and the alligator roast that is held here every Fat Tuesday. The French Quarter Café is also well-known for integrating locally-grown produce into its dishes. $10-25. edit
Gabriel's Gate, 145 Allen St., ☎ +1 716 886-0602. Located in a two-story brick house on the historic mid-19th-century Tiffts Row, Gabriel's Gate has been a popular restaurant and bar in the heart of Allentown practically forever. Though Buffalonians continue to sing the praises of this place, in this reviewer's opinion the luster of Gabriel's Gate has dimmed now that there are so many other interesting and charming eateries in Allentown to choose from. Still, entrees such as ribs, sandwiches, and souvlaki are perfectly good; their wings, though a bit different from the traditional Buffalo style, are still renowned; and the back patio is undeniably a pleasant place to enjoy food and drink on a summer evening. $15-25. edit
Merge, 439 Delaware Ave., ☎ +1 716 842-0600, [154] . A hip Allentown destination for trendy young urbanites, Merge offers not only high-quality food at great prices, but also displays paintings, photography, and other work by local artists, and is a venue for live music where local bands strut their stuff. As for the food, healthy and upscale gourmet sandwiches, wraps, salads, and entrees abound, with the menu utterly dominated by vegetarian, vegan, and gluten-free options. $15-20. edit
Mother's Restaurant, 33 Virginia Pl., ☎ +1 716 882-2989. Dominated by its lively wood-panelled bar and with a patio that is one of Allentown's hottest spots on warm summer nights, Mother's boasts a menu that makes up for in quality and creativity what it lacks in length (it is one page long). An upscale restaurant equally popular with downtown businesspeople as with hip Allentown bohemians, Mother's menu features exciting takes on chicken and steak, as well as a host of seafood options. Look for the image of the classic "Mother" tattoo that serves as the restaurant's sign. $20-25. edit
Splurge[ edit ]
Sample, 242 Allen St., ☎ +1 716 883-1675, [155] . A unique addition to Buffalo's dining scene, Sample serves not only the self-proclaimed "Best Martini in Buffalo", but also a menu that consists entirely of small dishes in hors d'oeuvre-sized portions—hence the name of the resturant. Patrons are expected to order several of these, making for an experience not unlike a trip to a tapas bar or a sushi restaurant. Culinary influences on Sample's ever-changing menu include Creole, Mediterranean, and French, with the beer-steamed mussels and pommes frites especially recommended. The "Chef's Tasting"—a six-course "epicurean journey" designed by the chef as a true representative Sample experience—is available for $36. $20-40. edit
Tempo, 581 Delaware Ave., ☎ +1 716 885-1594, [156] . The brainchild of locally famous chef Paul Jenkins, Tempo is a new addition to Buffalo's dining scene. Tempo serves innovative Italian-inspired cuisine in an upscale environment, with an extensive and high-quality wine list. Dinner is served nightly at 5pm; reservations are recommended. $20-50. edit
Elmwood Village[ edit ]
Be aware that restaurants along Elmwood Avenue are established and disestablished with great regularity. The eatery you read about here might not be in existence by the time you go there.
Budget[ edit ]
Casa-di-Pizza, 477 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 883-8200, [157] . A neighborhood pizzeria and Italian restaurant, Casa-di-Pizza's food is as well-loved as it is unpretentious. Chicken fingers, subs, salads, and pasta are all on offer, but the pizza is the real star of the show here. $10-15. edit
Cole's, 1104 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 886-1449, [158] . Located in a former Pierce-Arrow showroom, Cole's serves reasonably-priced pub grub to a clientele that trends toward students of nearby Buffalo State College. However, Cole's is better known for its beer selections, featuring imports and locally produced microbrews on tap. $10-20. edit
Mangoz Restaurant, 577 Forest Ave., ☎ +1 716 551-0691, [159] . Located at the north end of the Elmwood Strip an easy walk from Buffalo State College and the Albright-Knox, Mangoz is a new addition to Buffalo's modest roster of Jamaican restaurants that has been lauded in Buffalo Rising. Fans of jerk spice will be in heaven at Mangoz, with jerk chicken, jerk shrimp and other standard Caribbean fare accompanied on the menu by such innovations as orange jerk chicken, sweet and sour jerk pork, and even jerk cabbage (as a side dish). Also on offer is an impressive roster of sandwiches and burgers (Jamaican and otherwise) and a delectable array of "rum-inspired desserts" among which Jamaican bread pudding, mango guava cheesecake, and red velvet cake are prominent options. Vegetarians and vegans are also very well cared for at Mangoz. $10-20. edit
Organic 3 Café, 739 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 551-0536, [160] . Organic 3 serves an adventurous and healthy range of fresh organic fare both at its suburban location and here in the Elmwood Village. Sandwiches, wraps, soups, panini, and organic smoothies are all available, as is espresso and an extensive raw juice bar. Myriad options are available for vegetarians and vegans. $10-15. edit
The Place, 229 Lexington Ave., ☎ +1 716 881-1178. Though newly renovated and updated—with a new plush-wrapped bar, stainless-steel kitchen, and a 50-inch flat-screen TV—The Place still boasts a "where everybody knows your name" ambience that contrasts with the cutting-edge trendiness of the rest of the Elmwood Village. To go along with the bar, The Place's menu includes unpretentious but reliably good pub grub such as sandwiches, burgers, wings, and simple entrees. $10-15. edit
Thirsty Buffalo, 555 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 878-0344, [161] . More familiar as one of Elmwood Avenue's most popular bars, Thirsty Buffalo nonetheless also serves inexpensive pub grub such as a wide variety of wings, sandwiches (including an excellent beef on weck), burgers, and a small but surprisingly interesting choice of salads. 22 plasma HDTVs make Thirsty Buffalo a happening place during Bills and Sabres games. $10-15. edit
Wasabi Japanese Restaurant, 752 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 887-8388. One of a growing number of Japanese restaurants in Buffalo, Wasabi operates two suburban locations in addition to this small one on Elmwood Avenue. Wasabi's menu is about evenly divided between teriyaki and tempura selections and a sizable collection of sushi and sashimi that is among Buffalo's best. A limited range of other entrees are available too. $10-15. edit
Zetti's Pizza & Pasta, 976 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 882-2500, [162] . The newest of Zetti's three locations is located in the heart of the Elmwood Village. Zetti's has built a reputation for itself as a purveyor of some of Buffalo's best New York-style pizza, with a wide range of toppings to choose from including the usual suspects as well as offbeat ones such as broccoli, hot cherry peppers, and pineapple. Salads, subs, calzones, chicken fingers, chicken wings and pasta are also available. $10-15. edit
Mid-range[ edit ]
Small, locally-owned bars and restaurants abound on Elmwood Avenue, to the almost complete exclusion of national chains. The stretch of Elmwood between North Street and Forest Avenue, together with the residential side streets adjacent to it, make up the Elmwood Village, one of Buffalo's most fashionable areas.
Acropolis, 708 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 886-2977, [163] . Following Pano's lead, Acropolis has reinvented itself from a Greek "greasy spoon" to a trendy and upscale Elmwood Village destination. Pay no attention to those who say Acropolis' food has gone downhill since the renovation was completed! However, compared to Pano's, Acropolis has stuck more rigidly to the Greek and Mediterranean specialties they have always served. The Greek salad, souvlaki, moussaka, and hummus are all first-rate. Acropolis also boasts an ample and ever-changing gamut of beer and wine available. $10-20. edit
Ambrosia, 467 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 881-2196. Greek diner with reasonable prices and a slightly more upscale Mediterranean menu at night. $10-20. edit
Bistro Europa, 484 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 884-1100, [164] . A small establishment specializing in simple and fresh fare that incorporates local produce, Bistro Europa serves an eclectic range of cuisine from all over Europe. The wide-ranging beer list includes imports, domestics, and microbrews. $15-30. edit
Blue Fin Asian Bistro, 765 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 886-1886. This small establishment at the heart of the Elmwood Strip boasts an eclectic pan-Asian menu. Various culinary influences of the Orient—Chinese, Japanese, Southeast Asian, and others—come together here, with offerings ranging from familiar yet well-prepared standbys (General Tso chicken, shrimp and vegetable tempura) to such inventive choices as red snapper in Thai chili sauce. Sushi is on offer as well—particularly interesting is the sushi pizza, which consists of ahi tuna, eel and avocado served on layered soybean paper, with wasabi mayo taking the place of tomato sauce—as are reasonably priced bento boxes. $10-20. edit
India Gate, 1116 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 886-4000. The Elmwood Village's longest-standing purveyor of Indian cuisine, India Gate prides itself on serving upscale yet reasonably priced food with an accent on healthy ingredients and cooking methods. They offer a wide range of vegetarian selections as well. $15-25. edit
Kuni's, 226 Lexington Ave., ☎ +1 716 881-3800, [165] . At Buffalo's oldest sushi restaurant, chef Kuniyuki Sato prepares not only Buffalo's best-loved and most innovative sushi and sashimi, but also a full menu of authentic Japanese cuisine. Kuni's new location on Lexington Avenue has an ambience that is trendy and upscale, yet comfortable. Beer, wine and sake are served. $15-30. edit
Mezza Restaurant & Lounge, 929 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 885-4400, [166] . Mezza is the place to be in the Elmwood Village to enjoy a hookah and some of Buffalo's finest authentic Lebanese cuisine in a relaxed, upscale atmosphere. As its name indicates, the restaurant's specialty is "mezza", a platter of assorted Middle Eastern-style appetizers that is a meal in itself. Shawarma, pita wraps, flatbread pizza, and salads are also offered, as well as a full bar and specialty drinks. $10-25. edit
Pano's, 1081 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 886-9081, [167] . Pano's opened over 30 years ago as a small neighborhood Greek diner, and has grown since then into arguably the largest and most popular restaurant on the Elmwood Strip. After the newest round of renovations which were completed in 2009, some might say Pano's has gone over the top with neon glitz. However, it serves a multifaceted array of foods based as always in Greek and Mediterranean cuisine, but with a wide variety of other dishes to choose from. The spicy chorizo burger—a newcomer to their menu—never fails to astound. No reservations are accepted. $10-20. edit
Saigon Café, 1098 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 883-1252, [168] . A multiple-time winner of "Best Thai/Vietnamese Restaurant" in Artvoice's annual "Best of Buffalo" competition, Saigon Café is popular with Buffalo State College students. Their tom yum goong is among the best Buffalo has to offer. $15-20. edit
Tokyo Shanghai Bistro, 494 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 886-3839, [169] . Located near the southern end of the Elmwood Village, Tokyo Shanghai Bistro features diverse Chinese and Japanese fare including extensive and innovative sushi offerings, as well as a small selection of Thai dishes. The coconut mushroom soup is unbelievable. $10-20. edit
¡Toro!, 492 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 886-9457, [170] . Toro is Buffalo's first restaurant to specialize in tapas, appetizer-sized portions of cold and hot dishes popular in Spain. The size of Toro's portions is somewhat larger than traditional tapas, but the restaurant is well-loved by Buffalo residents. Toro's wine list is extensive and highlights high-quality sangrias. $10-25. edit
Vera Pizzeria, 220 Lexington Ave., ☎ +1 716 551-6262, [171] . Italian for "true", Vera's mission is to serve pizza that is true to what is served in Naples, where pizza was first made. This brand-new restaurant just a block from Elmwood Avenue is already earning rave reviews for its tantalizing take on gourmet pizza and other upscale Italian fare, and—perhaps even more so—for the interesting and exciting cocktails served at its full bar. $10-25. edit
Splurge[ edit ]
Cecelia's, 716 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 883-8066. Italian food and martinis. In the heart of the Elmwood Village. Summers are wonderful, as the patio is typically jammed. $25-35. edit
Solé, 810 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 362-0356, [172] . Solé recently moved to the Elmwood Village from its original location in the suburb of Williamsville. Solé is a dining destination that is one-of-a-kind in Buffalo, offering its patrons a taste of the sublime and seductive flavors of South America. Solé's delicious guacamole is prepared tableside, and they also serve tapas-style appetizers and some of Buffalo's best cocktails at their full bar. Reservations recommended. $15-40. edit
Trattoria Aroma, 307 Bryant St., ☎ +1 716 881-7592, [173] . Trattoria Aroma serves authentic, rustic Italian cuisine in an upscale trattoria setting. Homemade bread, sausage, pasta, and delectable Italian pastries and desserts are complemented by some of Buffalo's best espresso. Trattoria Aroma also operates a location in the suburb of Williamsville featuring a full wine bar. $15-35. edit
Splurge[ edit ]
Hutch's, 1375 Delaware Ave, ☎ +1 716 885-0074. One of the best known city restaurants. The Jambalaya is great, as is the Stuffed Poblano Pepper, which has been a "special" for years. $20-30. edit
Hertel Avenue/North Buffalo[ edit ]
Budget[ edit ]
Frank's Sunny Italy Family Restaurant, 2491 Delaware Ave., ☎ +1 716 876-5449. Hearty, unpretentious Italian meals at a reasonable price are the stock in trade of Frank's Sunny Italy. Though the menu is not groundbreaking by any stretch of the imagination, familiar Italian standbys such as veal parmigiana, chicken cacciatore, lasagna, spaghetti and meatballs, and pizza keep Buffalonians coming back for more. Portions are notoriously massive at this family-style Italian eatery in North Buffalo. $5-15. edit
Gramma Mora's Authentic Mexican Restaurant, 1465 Hertel Ave., ☎ +1 716 837-6703, [174] . Owned for over 30 years by the Mora family, Gramma Mora's has been a mainstay of Hertel Avenue since it moved here in 1996. Despite the legions of Buffalonians—including reviewers for Buffalo Spree and Artvoice—who sing the praises of this place's pleasantly mediocre traditional Mexican fare, it is undeniable that Gramma Mora's has been going steadily downhill for the past ten years or so. Still, the food is far from bad, and even by Buffalo standards, the portion sizes are very generous for the price. $10-20. edit
Jimmy's On Elmwood, 1680 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 362-2602. Formerly the Buffalo Barbeque and Brew, the friendly and always impeccably groomed Jimmy Hambridge has, to the delight of Buffalonians, made a good thing even better since purchasing the place in 2008. The original smoky barbecue fare has now been augmented with a variety of new items such as fresh fish, salads, and an expanded range of sandwich options. The homemade French fries, hand-cut from whole potatoes, have earned rave reviews from such sources as Buffalo Rising. Jimmy's features food and drink specials during Bills games, a respectable kids' menu, and live blues music on a frequent basis. Open daily for lunch and dinner. edit
Kostas Family Restaurant, 1561 Hertel Ave., ☎ +1 716 838-5225, [175] . Of Buffalo's many, many Greek diners and family restaurants, Kostas has one of the most interesting and extensive menus. Since 1977, Kostas Family Restaurant has been serving familiar standbys such as souvlaki, gyro, and Greek salad, as well as harder-to-find Greek specialties such as tirokafteri and taramosalata. Sandwiches, burgers, pasta, and other such fare is also on offer, as is a modest selection of wines. $5-20. edit
Lone Star Fajita Grill, 1853 Hertel Ave., ☎ +1 716 833-7756. Lone Star Fajita Grill has been a North Buffalo institution for what seems like forever. Simple but excellent Mexican and Tex-Mex dishes at prices that can't be beat (nothing on the menu costs more than $3!) are served up at this sparsely decorated dive at the east end of the Hertel Avenue strip. Cash only. Under $10. edit
Mid-range[ edit ]
Canvas @ 1206, 1206 Hertel Ave., ☎ +1 716 939-2725, [176] . Buffalonians were excited, disappointed, and excited again when a new bar and restaurant called "Canvas" was announced for the 500 block of Main Street, was cancelled, and then resurfaced on the Hertel Avenue strip in 2012. Canvas @ 1206, as it is now known, serves not only excellent food—its menu is an upscale take on pub grub that includes such dishes as chicked roulade, burgers and sandwiches including a signature Canvas Buffalo Chicken Sandwich, and an extensive and innovative selection of soups and salads—but also a variety of domestic and imported beers, microbrews, wines and martinis. Canvas also regularly features popular performances of jazz, classical and acoustic music on its live stage. $20-35. edit
Guttuso's North End Trattoria, 1458 Hertel Ave., ☎ +1 716 446-9464. Of the many Italian restaurants located along Hertel Avenue, the North End Trattoria is one of the oldest and still among the best-regarded. Now under new ownership, the North End Trattoria still serves high-quality, authentic Italian recipes that Buffalonians rave about. Delicious wood-fired pizzas, a wide variety of appetizer and entree salads, and delectable desserts figure prominently on the menu. Diners should note, however, that the North End Trattoria does not have a liquor license. $15-25. edit
Jewel of India, 1264 Hertel Ave., ☎ +1 716 877-1264. Given that Jewel of India is run by the same people who own India Gate on Elmwood Avenue and Taste of India in Amherst, patrons of this brand-new addition to the Hertel Avenue strip can expect the same healthy, high-quality fare here as at those other fine establishments. Jewel of India boasts an extensive menu featuring beef, chicken, lamb, shrimp and vegetarian entrees; diners enjoy their meal in a lovely, spacious, and impeccably decorated dining room. Lunch and dinner buffets are also available. $15-30. edit
La Dolce Vita Caffe & Bistro, 1472 Hertel Ave., ☎ +1 716 446-5690, [177] . The Hertel Avenue area is known for its many Italian restaurants, and La Dolce Vita is one of the newest and best. This small bistro serves Italian cuisine that is creative and upscale, yet homey, and is becoming well known for its delectable desserts. $20-30. edit
Ristorante Lombardo, 1198 Hertel Ave., ☎ +1 716 873-4291, [178] . At the center of the action on Hertel Avenue, Ristorante Lombardo calls their food "the best Italian in Buffalo", a claim that is hard to refute given the extensive menu of elegant and authentic Italian dishes served to patrons in a setting that is among the most exquisite and upscale on Hertel. Ristorante Lombardo boasts a full bar and patio and an expansive wine list. $15-25. edit
Taste of Thai, 1460 Hertel Ave., ☎ +1 716 833-8423. One of a growing legion of Thai restaurants in Buffalo, Taste of Thai distinguishes itself from the competition by providing a fairly interesting selection of Thai dishes in an upscale setting, for a reasonable price. $10-20. edit
Tokyo II Japanese Seafood and Steakhouse, 2236 Delaware Ave., ☎ +1 716 877-2688, [179] . Tokyo II is Buffalo's newest hibachi steakhouse and Japanese restaurant. Steak, seafood, rice, and other entrees are prepared for diners before their eyes on the hibachi in an entertaining spectacle. In addition, a wide range of sushi and sashimi is available, as is other Japanese fare, a small selection of Thai entrees, domestic and imported beers including Kirin, Asahi, and Sapporo, wine, and sake. $15-30. edit
Splurge[ edit ]
Oliver's Restaurant, 2095 Delaware Ave., ☎ +1 716 877-9662, [180] . "Fine Dining in the Old-School Tradition" is Oliver's credo, and true to form, it is one of the most elegant restaurants in Buffalo, with prices to match. With myriad different permutations of Continental cuisine present on the menu, Oliver's is a foodie's dream come true, with veal milanese, strozzapreti, and foie gras torchon among the most popular delicacies on offer. The wine list is, to quote the restaurant's website, "deeper than deep". Oliver's also prides itself as one of Buffalo's best caterers. $20-60. edit
Budget[ edit ]
Amy's Place, 3234 Main St., ☎ +1 716 832-6666, [181] . A popular dive where the latest indie tunes can be heard on the soundsystem and people-watchers can enjoy a clientele that trends heavily toward bohemian urbanites and other alternative types (not to mention students of the nearby South Campus of the University at Buffalo), Amy's Place is among the hippest eateries on Main Street. By day they serve a range of Lebanese and other Mediterranean fare of respectable quality, including abundant options for vegetarians and vegans. However, Amy's Place is perhaps best known for their substantial, delicious and reasonably priced breakfasts. $10-$20. edit
Doctor Bird's Caribbean Rasta-Rant, 3104 Main St., ☎ +1 716 837-6426. This humble take-out (with a few tables for indoor seating) offers what is by far and away, without a doubt, the best Jamaican food in Buffalo. The jerk chicken, rotis, curry goat, and oxtail are all simply fantastic, and are universally served with a side of fried plantains and rice and beans. Wash your food down with a bottle of strong ginger beer. Reggae, calypso, and soca records are also for sale at the counter. $10-20. edit
Nette's Fried Chicken, 3118 Main St., ☎ +1 716 715-9592. Nette's Fried Chicken is an unassuming hole-in-the-wall on Main Street within easy walking distance of UB South Campus. Don't be put off by the exterior, though—for several years now, Nette's has served tasty, crispy, and not-too-greasy fried chicken that puts KFC to shame. Other Southern-fried soul food specialties such as mac and cheese, collard greens, flaky buttermilk biscuits, waffles, and desserts are on offer as well. One of Buffalo's best-kept secrets. $10-15. edit
Mid-range[ edit ]
Lake Effect Diner, 3165 Main St., ☎ +1 716 833-1952, [182] . The Lake Effect Diner is a '50s-style affair located in one of the last remaining "diner cars" in America, carefully restored under the direction of local restauranteur Tucker Curtin. With oldies on the jukebox and waitresses dressed in '50s-style pink skirts, the Lake Effect Diner is as authentic as it gets. Decent diner fare—burgers, club sandwiches, french fries, milkshakes and malts—is available here for reasonable prices. The Lake Effect Diner has been featured on Guy Fieri's Food Network television series, "Diners, Drive-Ins, and Dives". $15-20. edit
Shango Bistro & Wine Bar, 3260 Main St., ☎ +1 716 837-2326, [183] . Though bouillabaisse, crawfish, po' boys and bananas Foster feature prominently on the menu, it would be a disservice to pigeonhole the lovely bistro run by owner and head chef Jim Guarino as simply a "Creole" or "Southern" restaurant. Instead, the cuisine offered at Shango is as diverse as it is high-quality. Additionally, the wine list is one of Buffalo's most extensive and has been honored with an award by Wine Spectator magazine; a carefully selected variety of import beers and microbrews is also available at Shango. $20-35. edit
The Steer, 3151 Main St., ☎ +1 716 838-0478, [184] . The Steer is best known for its sometimes rowdy bar frequented by students from the nearby South Campus of the University of Buffalo, but let's not forget that it is also a restaurant that serves pizza, burgers, sandwiches, and—as the name suggests—mouth-watering steaks and chops. The Montana Room, located on the second floor of this unmissable Main Street landmark, is a banquet room equipped for up to 60 guests. $10-30. edit
Grant-Ferry/Upper West Side[ edit ]
Budget[ edit ]
Santasiero's Italian Restaurant, 1329 Niagara St., ☎ +1 716 886-9197, [185] . A relic from the days when the West Side was Buffalo's "Little Italy", hearty family-style Italian meals have been served at Santasiero's for almost a century now. The Italian wedding soup is spectacular, and sandwiches and dishes such as chicken parmigiana are available, but Santasiero's is most famous for the heaping portions of pasta they serve along with legendary red sauce. Reasonable prices, too. $10-20. edit
Sweetness 7 Café, 220 Grant St., ☎ +1 716 883-1738, [186] . Since 2007, Prish Moran has operated her friendly old-world coffee shop from this beautiful and historic old Victorian building on Grant Street. The opening of Sweetness 7 is largely the reason why the Grant-Ferry area has been as trendy and up-and-coming as it has been for the past few years. Popular with artists, hip urbanites, and Buffalo State College students, Sweetness 7 serves fresh gourmet sandwiches, salads, soups, pizza, and pastry along with the coffee, and their breakfast is also very popular with locals. An art gallery, a flower shop, and an upscale urban boutique are all on site as well. Sweetness 7 also operates a second location in Parkside that specializes in crêpes. $10-15. edit
Mid-range[ edit ]
Black Rock Kitchen & Bar, 491 Amherst St., ☎ +1 716 551-0261, [187] . Owned by restauranteur and eminent local historian Mark Goldman, Black Rock Kitchen & Bar is a new restaurant that is a proud component of the revitalization of the Grant-Amherst neighborhood. Black Rock Kitchen & Bar is already earning rave reviews for its selections which show distinct influences from Italian and French cuisine. The duck leg confit BLT, the ditalini with sweet peas and prosciutto, and the foie gras French toast are only a few of the mouth-watering speciaties on offer at this newly minted gem. Now open for brunch. $10-20. edit
Budget[ edit ]
Swannie House, 170 Ohio St., ☎ +1 716 847-2898. This historic tavern in the First Ward is Buffalo's oldest continually-operating restaurant, opened in 1882 or earlier. Though there are few if any grain scoopers and canal workers left in Buffalo of the type that used to frequent the Swannie House, the ambience is still blue-collar and Irish. Standard pub grub and draft beer is the rule here, but the real draw is the historic ambience of the place, nestled among the grain elevators, railroad tracks and warehouses of Buffalo's mighty industrial past. Current owners Timothy and Marlene Wiles have lovingly restored the Swannie House inside and out, including the vintage advertisement for "Old Hardie" Kentucky whiskey painted on the side of the building. $10-15. edit
Mid-range[ edit ]
Chef's, 291 Seneca St., ☎ +1 716 856-9187, [188] . Since 1923, Chef's has been serving hearty Italian cuisine that is comparatively adventurous for neighborhood family-style establishments of its kind. Entrees range from familiar fare such as veal and chicken parmigiana, chicken cacciatore, lasagna, and spaghetti to more elegant selections such as dandelion salad. Reasonable prices and generous portions. Buffalonians love this place. $10-20. edit
Dug's Dive, 1111 Fuhrmann Blvd., ☎ +1 716 821-9600, [189] . Named for a famous 19th-century Canal District saloon, Dug's Dive is located adjacent to Gallagher Beach, Tifft Nature Preserve, and the new, tree-lined Outer Harbor Parkway on the lakefront south of downtown. Dug's Dive is open each summer serving soups, sandwiches, burgers, and entrees with an emphasis on seafood, but more than that, Dug's Dive is a place to enjoy unparalleled views over Lake Erie on sunny summer days. Ample docking is available for those arriving by boat. $10-30. edit
Lagerhaus 95, 95 Perry St., ☎ +1 716 200-1798, [190] . Buffalo's self-styled "new best restaurant", Lagerhaus 95 is a deli, stube and gastropub located in a restored warehouse in Buffalo's historic Cobblestone District, within walking distance of the First Niagara Center and also convenient to downtown and Canalside. On offer are high-quality, authentic Central European specialties such as pierogi, rösti, and a variety of wursts, along with an impressive variety of domestic and imported beers in bottles and on tap which are served with dinner and at Lagerhaus 95's heated outdoor biergarten. Wine is also available. Lagerhaus 95 also boasts an express lunch counter serving freshly-prepared European-style sandwiches and soups, and is open before and after all events at the First Niagara Center with a special menu available. $15-30. edit
Lower West Side[ edit ]
Budget[ edit ]
Niagara Café, 525 Niagara St., ☎ +1 716 885-2233. Located on Niagara Street, the main thoroughfare of Buffalo's West Side Latino community, the Niagara Café has been recognized by Artvoice as Buffalo's best Puerto Rican restaurant. Latin American specialties like pastelillas, alcapurillas, pollo guisado, and rice and beans are all available here in a friendly environment for prices that cannot be beat. This place has won multiple awards at the Taste of Buffalo. More than its food, however, the Niagara Café is about Puerto Rican cultural pride and community identity. $10-15. edit
Splurge[ edit ]
Left Bank, 511 Rhode Island St., ☎ +1 716 882-3509, [191] . One of the most elegant restaurants in Buffalo, Left Bank serves high-quality cuisine of diverse culinary influences in a rapidly gentrifying area not far from Allentown and the Elmwood Village. As at Hutch's, getting a weekend reservation can prove difficult. Sunday brunch is typically booked two weeks out. $20-30. edit
Prime 490, 490 Rhode Island St., ☎ +1 716 882-3328, [192] . A newer restaurant, but with some of the best food in Buffalo. The steaks are incredible and the sides range from Salt and Vinegar Mashed Potatoes to Lobster Mac n Cheese. $20-30. edit
Mid-range[ edit ]
Acqua Buffalo, 2192 Niagara St., ☎ +1 716 874-5400, [193] . The former Harry's Harbour Place Grille has been reborn as Acqua, an upscale dining destination with an innovative menu and the same breathtaking views over the Niagara River that it has always boasted. Upscale fare with an Italian twist is showcased at Acqua, along with steaks and chops, burgers, and salads. $15-25. edit
East Side[ edit ]
A word of warning: many parts of the East Side have a reputation as tough neighborhoods. Though the danger of visiting the East Side is certainly overhyped in many cases, it's never a bad idea to exercise caution, especially after dark.
Budget[ edit ]
GiGi's Restaurant, 257 E. Ferry St., ☎ +1 716 883-1438. Located at the corner of East Ferry Street and Jefferson Avenue, GiGi's opened in 1960 and is almost unanimously considered to serve the best soul food in Buffalo, lauded by such sources as Artvoice and Buffalo Rising. A friendly restaurant that serves breakfast, lunch and dinner, GiGi's is the kind of place where the regulars all know each other's names. Collard greens, mashed potatoes, smothered pork chops, and mac 'n' cheese are just some of the Southern-fried comfort food on offer at GiGi's. To be clear, though: this is not the kind of neighborhood you want to hang around in after dark. $10-20. edit
Pho 99, 3398 Bailey Ave., ☎ +1 716 836-6058. Founded in 1999 (hence the name) and located since 2003 on Bailey Avenue within walking distance of the University at Buffalo's South Campus, Pho 99 is a Vietnamese restaurant that is popular with students and faculty. The noodle bowls, fried rice plates, and entrees are all excellent, but this place's specialty is pho, a Vietnamese soup made with rice noodles and flavored with bean sprouts, green chili peppers, basil and mint leaves, and lime juice. Raw beef is added to the soup; the piping hot broth cooks the beef before the soup is served. Pho 99 serves some of the best pho anywhere, and that is no exaggeration. Pho 99 is located in a transitional area between the relatively "nice" neighborhood of University Heights and the sketchy working-class residential area of Kensington-Bailey, but the neighborhood is fairly safe, especially during the day. $10-20. edit
Local Chains[ edit ]
Locations of most national chain restaurants can be found in Buffalo. However, Buffalo also boasts several local and regional chains that are beloved of Western New Yorkers and that serve as staples of the local cuisine.
Anderson's Frozen Custard, [194] . Since 1946, the Anderson family has operated this chain of drive-ins which are immensely popular with Buffalonians, especially in the summer months. One of Anderson's specialties is roast beef; by local reputation their beef on weck is of passable quality, but pales in comparison with Charlie the Butcher's and Schwabl's. Anderson's true strength, though, lies in their dessert selections, with a dizzying variety of frozen custards, milkshakes, flavored ices, hard and soft-serve ice creams, and sundaes on offer. Anderson's seven locations include restaurants in North Buffalo and the suburbs of Amherst, Cheektowaga, Kenmore, Lancaster, Lockport, and Williamsville. edit
Charlie the Butcher, [195] . Charles E. Roesch was not the inventor of beef on weck—that honor goes to Schwabl's restaurant, which opened in 1837 in the Near East Side and later moved to suburban West Seneca—but he and his descendants have certainly done the most to popularize that Buffalo specialty outside the immediate local area. The butcher shop of Charles E. Roesch and Company was founded in 1914 and operated for over eight decades in the Broadway Market, with its titular owner also serving as Mayor of Buffalo from 1930 to 1934. His grandson, Charles W., carries on the family business, both at his restaurant, Charlie the Butcher's Kitchen, in Cheektowaga—which has been visited, according to the photos hanging prominently on the wall, by such famous names as Mark Russell, Bill and Hillary Clinton, Denise Austin, Tim Russert, and Regis Philbin—and at five Charlie the Butcher Express locations in downtown Buffalo as well as the suburbs of Cheektowaga, Williamsville, Orchard Park, and East Aurora. In addition, Charlie the Butcher's carved roast beef is available at Buffalo Bisons games at Coca-Cola Field and at many supermarkets and grocery stores all over Erie and Niagara Counties. Charlie has also taken beef on weck to the national and international stage on TV shows such as "Good Morning America", "Live with Regis and Kathie Lee", and "FoodNation with Bobby Flay", and in the pages of magazines such as Gourmet and Martha Stewart Living. edit
Jim's Steakout, [196] . The credo of Jim's Steakout—"If You're Up, We're Probably Open"—has endeared this chain to clubbers, college students, and miscellaneous night owls all over the Buffalo area (indeed, most locations stay open until 5:00AM). Burgers, tacos, wraps, chicken wings and fingers, and fast food of a similar nature is served at Jim's, but it's their famous steak hoagies (the classic variety of which is dressed with lettuce, tomato, melted cheese, fried onions, and Jim's Secret Sauce) that really put this place on the local radar. Jim's Steakout has five locations in the City of Buffalo (in Allentown, the Chippewa Street entertainment district, the Elmwood Village, University Heights, and North Buffalo) as well as five suburban locations (two in Amherst and one each in Tonawanda, West Seneca, and East Aurora). edit
Louie's Texas Red Hots, [197] . Founded in 1967, Louie's Texas Red Hots is a locally-owned chain of five restaurants that is probably the best-known place in Buffalo that specializes in Texas hots (see description in the beginning of this section). Louie's menu also includes other standard fast-food staples such as regular hot dogs, burgers, milkshakes, chicken fingers, French fries, and the like; the origin of Texas hots among Buffalo's Greek immigrant community manifests itself on the menu as well (cheeseburgers made with feta are an interesting option, pita bread is listed as a side order, and Greek desserts such as rice pudding and baklava are available). Louie's has two locations in the city of Buffalo (in North Buffalo and Kensington-Bailey), as well as three suburban locations (West Seneca, Depew, and Orchard Park). edit
Mighty Taco, [198] . Perhaps the largest and best-known chain restaurant of local provenance, Mighty Taco is a Mexican fast-food outfit that was founded in 1973 and now boasts nineteen locations in the Buffalo metropolitan area. Mighty Taco has also recently expanded to the Rochester market, with one restaurant there. Though the local consensus is that Mighty Taco's food has gone downhill over the past years, the chain still has legions of loyalists which swear by such signature specialties as the El Niño Burrito and their extensive line of "Roastitos", as well as seasonal offerings such as Chipotle Chili and BBQ Beef Burritos. Mighty Taco is also well-known for the unique, somewhat psychedelic commercials they run on local television, especially during the late-night hours. edit
SPoT Coffee, [199] . A longtime Buffalo tradition, SPoT Coffee's stock in trade is not only high-quality coffee roasted in-house and gourmet sandwiches, soups, salads, baked goods and other light meals, but also a keen attention to the history and identity of each of the communities they serve that is reflected in the individualized recipes and decor of each of their coffeehouses. SPoT Coffee was purchased in 2004 by a group of investors from Toronto, but Buffalonians still claim SPoT as their own as the chain was founded in Buffalo, has an identity that is still entwined with that of Buffalo, and still has more coffeehouses in the local area than any of the new markets they have entered since the change in ownership. Aside from the new locations in Rochester, Toronto and Delray Beach , Florida, SPoT Coffee's four Buffalo-area locations are situated in the Elmwood Village, the Chippewa Strip, North Buffalo, and in the suburb of Williamsville. edit
Ted's Hot Dogs, [200] . The charcoal-broiled hot dogs that have been served up here since 1927 by three generations of the Liaros family has made Ted's among the best-loved of Buffalo's local traditions. Locally-produced Sahlen's frankfurters are broiled slowly before your eyes on a charcoal-fired grill, with the standard condiments of ketchup, mustard, onion and pickle relish available as well as chili and cheese for a nominal extra cost (it should be noted, though, that Ted's chili sauce is distinctly different from the sauce that comes on Texas hots). Burgers, fries, onion rings, milkshakes, and soft drinks (including Aunt Rosie's loganberry) round out the offerings here. Sadly, Ted's original location on the lovely waterfront of Buffalo's West Side closed in the 1990s, but the chain still boasts seven locations in the suburbs of Amherst, Lancaster, Lockport, North Tonawanda, Orchard Park, Tonawanda, and Williamsville (with an eighth location soon to open in Cheektowaga)—as well as one in Tempe , Arizona, where owner Spiro Liaros has lived since his retirement. edit
Drink[ edit ][ add listing ]
Last call in Buffalo is 4:00 AM. For this reason, many bars in Buffalo don't get going until sometime after midnight on weekends. As a historically blue-collar town, Buffalo has traditionally had a fairly dense concentration of bars and taverns; therefore, there are many lively nightlife districts in Buffalo today. As elsewhere in the United States, the legal drinking age is 21.
More information about many of these establishments can be found in the "Eat" section, immediately above.
Downtown[ edit ]
West Chippewa Street between Pearl Street and Elmwood Avenue is the largest and loudest entertainment district in Buffalo, where lively bars and thumping dance clubs attract a youthful—in many cases, underage—crowd comprised heavily of students from the University of Buffalo, Buffalo State College, Canisius College, and the many other colleges and universities in the area. A word of warning: the rowdy "Chip Strip" is well known for incidents of pickpocketing and (occasionally) violence. Whether the local media's coverage of these incidents is over-sensationalized is a point of debate among Buffalonians, but nonetheless, it is a good idea for visitors to Chippewa Street to be aware of their surroundings, particularly on weekend nights. In addition to Chippewa, the Theater District is home to a sizable selection of more upscale establishments, especially along Franklin Street on its western periphery.
Allentown[ edit ]
For a long time, Allentown has been a mecca for artists, hipsters, and bohemians of all kinds; the bars in this neighborhood reflect this to a great degree. Many longtime fans of the Allentown bar scene lament the fact that, over the past few years, the formerly laid-back bars of the area have begun to attract a rowdier crowd, perhaps influenced by the burgeoning Chippewa Street entertainment district a short distance further downtown. As the longtime epicenter of Buffalo's LGBT community, Allentown (in particular, near the corner of Main and Allen Streets) is also the home of the majority of Buffalo's gay bars.
Allen Street is the main drag of Allentown, and is home to a dense concentration of trendy restaurants, bars, and nightlife.
Allen Street Bar & Grill (The Old Pink), 223 Allen St., ☎ +1 716 884-4338. edit
Allen Street Hardware Café, 245 Allen St., ☎ +1 716 882-8843, [218] . edit
The Bend, 256 Allen St., ☎ +1 716 884-1030. edit
Cathode Ray, 26 Allen St., ☎ +1 716 884-3615, [219] . LGBT bar. edit
Cozumel Grill, 153 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 884-3866, [220] . edit
DBGB (Duke's Bohemian Grove Bar), 253 Allen St., ☎ +1 716 240-0359, [221] . edit
Founding Fathers, 75 Edward St., ☎ +1 716 855-8944. edit
Frizzy's Bar & Grill, 140 Allen St., ☎ +1 716 883-5077. edit
Funky Monkey, 16 Allen St. LGBT Bar, ☎ +1 716 884 3616. *Fugazi, 503 Franklin St., ☎ +1 716 881-3588. LGBT bar. edit edit
Gabriel's Gate, 145 Allen St., ☎ +1 716 886-0602. edit
K. Gallagher's, 73 Allen St., ☎ +1 716 886-6676. edit
Mother's, 33 Virginia Pl., ☎ +1 716 882-2989. edit
Mulligan's Brick Bar, 229 Allen St., ☎ +1 716 881-0545. edit
Nietzsche's, 248 Allen St., ☎ +1 716 885-8539, [222] . edit
Q, 44 Allen St., ☎ +1 716 332-2223, [223] . LGBT bar. edit
Roxy's, 884 Main St., ☎ +1 716 882-9293, [224] . LGBT bar. edit
Scarlet, 26 Virginia Pl., ☎ +1 716 884-2630. edit
Snooty Fox Lounge, 445 Delaware Ave., ☎ +1 716 843-3699, [225] . edit
Elmwood Village[ edit ]
The Elmwood Village is trendy, upscale and urban in a somewhat more "accessible" way than Allentown. Buffalo State College is located at the northern end of the Elmwood strip, thus there is a large cluster of bars at the north end of the district that cater to a youthful (often underage) crowd of fraternity members and other college students, and can be quite crowded on weekends during the school year. It should be emphasized, however, that drunken violence is far rarer in the Elmwood Village than on Chippewa. Further south along Elmwood, the bars quickly transition from college dives to upscale establishments catering to trendy, upwardly mobile urbanites.
Blue Monk, 727 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 882-6665, [226] . edit
Cecelia's, 716 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 883-8066. edit
Cole's, 1104 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 886-1449, [227] . edit
Faherty's, 490 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 881-9183. edit
J. P. Bullfeather's, 1010 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 886-1010, [228] . edit
McGarrett's, 946 Elmwood Ave. edit
Milkie's On Elmwood (formerly Elmwood Lounge), 522 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 882-5881, [229] . edit
Mr. Goodbar, 1110 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 882-4000, [230] . edit
Nektar, 451 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 881-1829, [231] . edit
The Place, 229 Lexington Ave., ☎ +1 716 881-1178. edit
Thirsty Buffalo, 555 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 878-0344, [232] . edit
Vera, 220 Lexington Ave., ☎ +1 716 551-6262, [233] . edit
Hertel Avenue/North Buffalo[ edit ]
The popular Hertel Avenue strip can be seen as a middle ground between the upscale, relaxed Elmwood Village and the rowdy, (some might say) seedy Chippewa Street. North Buffalo is known for having a large Italian-American population; aside from the ubiquitous Italian restaurants that line Hertel Avenue, visitors to the bars in this section will definitely meet their share of Jersey Shore types.
Canvas @ 1206, 1206 Hertel Ave., ☎ +1 716 939-2725, [234] . edit
Del Denby's, 1553 Hertel Ave., ☎ +1 716 837-5360. edit
Empire Grill, 1435 Hertel Ave., ☎ +1 716 446-0700, [235] . edit
Gecko's Bar & Grille, 1464 Hertel Ave., ☎ +1 716 835-9073. edit
M. T. Pockets, 1519 Hertel Ave., ☎ +1 716 838-4658. edit
Papa Jake's Saloon, 1672 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 874-3878. edit
Shadow Lounge, 1504 Hertel Ave., ☎ +1 716 835-3975, [236] . edit
Sidebar, 1459 Hertel Ave., ☎ +1 716 835-1995. edit
Sterling Place Tavern, 1487 Hertel Ave., ☎ +1 716 838-2448. edit
Wellington Pub, 1541 Hertel Ave., ☎ +1 716 833-9899, [237] . edit
University Heights[ edit ]
The stretch of Main Street between Niagara Falls Boulevard and LaSalle Avenue features a modest selection of rowdy dives popular with students of the adjacent University of Buffalo.
Broadway Joe's, 3051 Main St., ☎ +1 716 836-9555, [238] . edit
Mojo's, 3148 Main St., ☎ +1 716 836-3756. edit
The Steer, 3151 Main St., ☎ +1 716 838-0478, [239] . edit
3rd Base, 3264 Main St., ☎ +1 716 833-1284, [240] . edit
Grant-Amherst[ edit ]
A rapidly gentrifying neighborhood centered around the intersection of Grant and Amherst Streets just north of Buffalo State College, Grant-Amherst boasts a handful of bars that, not surprisingly, attract a mix of blue-collar neighborhood stalwarts, college students, and hip young urbanites.
Sportsmens Tavern, 326 Amherst St., ☎ +1 716 874-7734, [241] . edit
South Buffalo[ edit ]
The working-class Irish-American enclave of South Buffalo has a great deal of colorful and unpretentious bars and pubs to choose from on the main drags of Seneca Street, South Park Avenue and Abbott Road. In particular, the First Ward, the oldest part of South Buffalo, features some taverns (such as the Swannie House) that have been in business since the late 1800s, when the neighborhood was home to Irish canal workers and grain scoopers. Well-known as the home of an especially large proportion of the city's police force, firefighters, and other civil servants, South Buffalo is an especially great place to have a pint with one of Buffalo's finest after the annual St. Patrick's Day Parade.
Benchwarmers Sports Bar & Grille, 30 Mississippi St., ☎ +1 716 856-3740, [242] . edit
Blackthorn Restaurant & Pub, 2134 Seneca St., ☎ +1 716 825-9327, [243] . edit
Malamute Tavern, 211 South Park Ave., ☎ +1 716 855-8981, [244] . edit
Swannie House, 170 Ohio St., ☎ +1 716 847-2898. edit
Lower West Side[ edit ]
A historically poor neighborhood that in recent years has begun to experience a resurgence as a mecca for artists and other bohemians, the Lower West Side's emerging bar and dining scene is centered on and near Rhode Island Street just west of Richmond Avenue.
Essex Pub, 6 Essex St., ☎ +1 716 883-2150. edit
Sleep[ edit ][ add listing ]
There is a wide range of high-quality lodging to choose from in both Buffalo and its suburbs, encompassing hotels, motels, B&Bs, hostels, and guest houses. Unless otherwise mentioned, all hotels listed here offer their guests free wireless Internet, private bathrooms, and (except downtown accommodations) free parking.
This guide uses the following price ranges for a standard double room:
Budget
Downtown[ edit ]
The number and quality of hotels available in downtown Buffalo has exploded in recent years, with new hotels opening their doors, such as the Embassy Suites in the Avant Building, as well as renovations and modernizations at existing ones such as the Adam's Mark and the Hotel Lafayette. This boom shows no signs of slowing, with several new hotels slated to open in the near future—in many cases under the framework of the myriad rehabilitation projects of historic buildings that have come to pass recently.
Mid-range[ edit ]
Adam's Mark Buffalo-Niagara, 120 Church St., ☎ +1 716 845-5100, [245] . Convenient to the First Niagara Center, Coca-Cola Field, and Canalside, with excellent waterfront views. Airport shuttle available. Dry cleaning and laundry service, gift shop, pool, fitness club, business center, restaurant ("Deco") and bar. Will soon be re-branded as a Crowne Plaza. edit
Comfort Suites Downtown, 601 Main St., ☎ +1 716 854-5500, [246] . Located in the Theater District and also near the Chippewa Street entertainment district. Business center and fitness club. T.G.I. Friday's is located on site. edit
DoubleTree Club by Hilton Hotel Buffalo Downtown, 125 High St., ☎ +1 716 845-0112, [247] . Located in the heart of the Medical Corridor, adjacent to Buffalo General Hospital and Roswell Park Cancer Institute, and also convenient to Allentown. Business center, fitness center, bar, dining room and the only Au Bon Pain café and bakery in Buffalo. edit
Splurge[ edit ]
Embassy Suites Buffalo, 200 Delaware Ave., ☎ +1 716 842-1000, [248] . Brand-new hotel opened in 2009 to great fanfare. Complimentary breakfast every morning and nightly manager's reception featuring complimentary appetizers and cocktails. Pool, fitness club, business center, "Della Terra" restaurant. edit
Hampton Inn & Suites Buffalo Downtown, 220 Delaware Ave., ☎ +1 716 855-2223, [249] . Located in the heart of the Chippewa strip and directly connected to many of the street's most popular bars and restaurants, including the Chocolate Bar, Papaya, and Salsarita's Fresh Cantina. Coin laundry ($1.50), gift shop, information desk, valet service, lounge, business center, fitness club, pool. edit
Hotel Lafayette, 391 Washington St., ☎ +1 716 853-1505, [250] . An architectural masterpiece in the French Renaissance Revival style built in 1903 from a design by Louise Blanchard Bethune, America's first important female architect, the Hotel Lafayette re-opened in May 2012 after an extensive renovation that has brought it back to its former glory after years of neglect. The Hotel Lafayette is located on Lafayette Square in the heart of downtown and boasts shops, apartments, and a 57-room luxury boutique hotel. Flat-panel TVs, banquet facilities, two restaurants (including the "Pan-American Grill") and two bars/lounges. Suites available that contain full kitchens with refrigerator and stove. Complimentary breakfast. edit
Hyatt Regency Buffalo, 2 Fountain Plaza, ☎ +1 716 856-1234, [251] . Convenient to the Theater District. One of Buffalo's finest business hotels. 3 bars and restaurants including Atrium Bar & Bistro, E. B. Green's Steakhouse, and Starbucks. Spa, fitness club, business center. Connected to Buffalo Convention Center. edit
Hostels[ edit ]
Hostel Buffalo Niagara, 667 Main St., ☎ +1 716 852-5222, [252] . Buffalo's only hostel is a friendly, safe, and clean facility in the heart of downtown Buffalo's Theater District. The charming innkeeper and her hip staff run a first-rate facility—Hostelling International named it the third-best hostel in the United States in 2007, though Hostel Buffalo Niagara is no longer HI-affiliated—and are knowledgeable about local points of interest and worthwhile events and activities. Hostel Buffalo Niagara offers a choice of dormitory-style accommodations or private rooms, and boasts a full kitchen, game and media room, living room, small library, and free WiFi. The hostel is only steps away from Shea's Performing Arts Center, the Alleyway Theatre, and the Chippewa Street nightlife. edit
Allentown[ edit ]
Allentown boasts a modest selection of accommodations, including a pair of chain hotels along Delaware Avenue that are similar to, but somewhat less expensive than, the properties downtown. Perhaps more interestingly, Allentown also boasts a few grand old historic hotels that have soldiered on to the present day, catering to travellers in search of a more distinctive experience.
Budget[ edit ]
Lenox Hotel & Suites, 140 North St., ☎ +1 716 884-1700, [253] . The oldest continually operating hotel in Buffalo (opened in 1896), the Lenox Hotel and Suites began its existence as a luxurious hotel and apartment building that counted a young F. Scott Fitzgerald among its early residents. Under new ownership, this stately old beauty has recently been renovated to its former glory. Boasting an art gallery and the elegant "North" restaurant on its ground floor and lovely views of downtown Buffalo and the waterfront from its upper floors, the Lenox Hotel also has a limited number of executive suites with kitchens. edit
Mid-range[ edit ]
Best Western Inn on the Avenue, 510 Delaware Ave., ☎ +1 716 886-8333, [254] . Business center, free wired and wireless Internet in all rooms. edit
Holiday Inn Buffalo Downtown, 620 Delaware Ave., ☎ +1 716 886-2121, [255] . Newly renovated. Business center as well as wired and wireless Internet access in all rooms. Fitness center, outdoor pool, laundry and dry cleaning, restaurant ("Grille 620"). edit
Splurge[ edit ]
The Mansion on Delaware Avenue, 414 Delaware Ave., ☎ +1 716 886-3300, [256] . Rated 4 diamonds by AAA and named one of the top 5 hotels in the United States by the 2007 Zagats survey. Buffalo's finest luxury boutique hotel is located in the Sternberg House, a beautifully restored 1870 French Second Empire-style mansion near the border of Allentown and downtown that was owned by a succession of wealthy Buffalo aristocrats of the 19th Century. Free WiFi and wired Internet access, as well as a business center. Butler service, fine dining, working fireplaces in most rooms. Popular for formal receptions such as weddings. edit
B&B's[ edit ]
Elmwood Village Inn, 893 Elmwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 886-2397, [257] . Located in an unmissable orange house in the heart of the Elmwood Village with a dizzying range of art galleries, boutiques, cafés, and restaurants within easy walking distance, the Elmwood Village Inn boasts four individualized guest rooms—the Middle West Room, the Middle East Room, the Skylight Suite, and the Master Suite—and works of art by local artists on the walls. Guests are provided with such complimentary amenities as central AC, wireless Internet, newspapers, and white noise generators. A common kitchenette is available, and light but lovely breakfasts are served in the Salon. On-street parking. edit
Richmond Place Inn, 45 Richmond Ave., ☎ +1 716 881-3242, [258] . In a quiet residential neighborhood near where the Elmwood Village, Allentown, and the Lower West Side converge, the Richmond Place Inn is a lovely bed and breakfast in a distinctive old house. In addition to on-site parking, laundry facilities, and a delectable breakfast available in the dining room or delivered directly to the guest rooms, the Richmond Place Inn's units boast air conditioning, cable TV with HBO, and (in some cases) private baths. edit
B&B's[ edit ]
Beau Fleuve Bed & Breakfast Inn, 242 Linwood Ave., ☎ +1 716 882-6116 (toll free: +1 800 278-0245), [259] . Legend has it that the city of Buffalo owes its name to French explorer Louis Hennepin, who, when he passed by the mouth of the Buffalo River in 1679 on his ship Le Griffon, exclaimed joyously about the "beau fleuve" (beautiful river) that lay before him. The Beau Fleuve Bed & Breakfast Inn has operated since 1990 in the former Albert J. Wright House, a handsome Stick-style mansion built in 1882 on Buffalo's lovely, historic Linwood Avenue. The themes of the Beau Fleuve's five guest rooms were chosen in honor of the immigrant communities who populated Buffalo over the course of the 19th century and fueled its industrial might—French, Irish, German, Italian, and Polish people predominant among them. The Beau Fleuve offers its guests central AC, minibars, coffeemakers, and other amenities in their impeccably decorated and luxuriously appointed rooms. Large, sumptuous breakfasts are served daily in an upscale atmosphere in the American Indian-themed dining room. On-site or on-street parking. edit
B&B's[ edit ]
The Parkside House, 462 Woodward Ave., ☎ +1 716 480-9507, [260] . Christopher Lavey, Johnny Mora, and their three dogs operate the Parkside House, one of Buffalo's most charming B&B's, in a restored Queen Anne-style house from the 1890s. Located on the curving, leafy streets of the historic neighborhood of Parkside, within walking distance of Delaware Park, the Buffalo Zoo, and Frank Lloyd Wright's architectural masterpiece, the Darwin D. Martin House, the three units of the Parkside House are large and airy, and boast comfortable yet contemporary furnishings, plasma televisions, and full private baths. Common areas include the dining room, where a sumptuous breakfast is served daily, and a front porch. Wireless Internet access is available throughout the property. Limited off-street parking. edit
Lower West Side[ edit ]
B&B'S[ edit ]
Porter Avenue Pied-à-Terre, 361 Porter Ave., ☎ +1 716 881-2866 ( [email protected] ). Combining the charm of a B&B, the efficiency and space of an apartment, and the convenience of a hotel, the Porter Avenue Pied-à-Terre is perfectly suited not only to travellers, but also to house-hunters or businesspeople who require extended stays. Located in the rapidly gentrifying Lower West Side neighborhood of Prospect Hill, the Porter Avenue Pied-à-Terre is situated on the first floor of the Patrick E. Stanton House, a Queen Anne-style mansion that won the Preservation Coalition of Erie County's Restoration Award in 2000, and is operated by Sandy Hertelis, whose knowledge of the ins and outs of Buffalo is matched by her experience managing charming B&B's of this type. The 800 square feet (73m²) of living space here includes a private side entrance, a lovely sitting room with a futon for extra guests, spacious parlor, full bath, galley kitchen, and even a backyard garden. edit
B&B's[ edit ]
Moreland Guest House, 110 Moreland St., ☎ +1 716 893-1419, [261] . Situated in a restored former convent on a residential side street in the out-of-the-way East Side neighborhood of Lovejoy, the Moreland Guest House boasts inexpensive yet secure and high-quality accommodation for budget travelers. Single or double rooms are available, with complimentary satellite television and high-speed wireless Internet. The bathrooms are shared, dormitory-style, and a kitchen and common room is available. On-site parking can be had for a nominal fee, but on-street parking is free and nearly always easy to find. edit
Airport[ edit ]
Since 2000, when the advent of Southwest Airlines and other low-cost air carriers began making the Buffalo Niagara International Airport an ever more popular one (especially among Canadians), the number of lodging options in the vicinity of the airport increased drastically. These lodgings are located 10-15 minutes from downtown Buffalo and are clustered in three main areas. A wide range of mid-priced chain hotels catering to airport travellers and (in the latter case) cross-border shoppers from Ontario can be found along the stretch of Genesee Street directly across the street from the airport, as well as around Exit 52 of Interstate 90 near the Walden Galleria. Also, a cluster of mainly budget chains that cater to a mix of highway travellers and airport passengers can be found around Exit 49 of I-90, as well as northward along Transit Road toward Williamsville. Generally speaking, all of these hotels offer their guests complimentary airport shuttle service; for an additional daily or weekly fee, almost all of these hotels offer "Park-and-Fly" ("Stay-and-Park"; "Stay-and-Fly") service whereby guests can depart from the airport and leave their cars in the hotel lot, picking up their vehicle upon their return. Parking is almost always free for guests for the duration of their stay.
Budget[ edit ]
Econo Lodge, 48 Freeman Rd., Williamsville (I-90 exit 49), ☎ +1 716 634-2700, [262] . Indoor pool. Continental breakfast. Whirlpool suites available. edit
La Quinta Inn Buffalo Airport, 6619 Transit Rd., Williamsville (I-90 exit 49), ☎ +1 716 633-1011, [263] . Business center, fitness center, data ports in all rooms, limited number of whirlpool suites available. edit
Microtel Inn Buffalo/Lancaster/Williamsville/Airport Area, 50 Freeman Rd., Williamsville (I-90 exit 49), ☎ +1 716 633-6200, [264] . Flat-screen TVs in all rooms, free breakfast. edit
Motel 6 Buffalo Airport, 52 Freeman Rd., Williamsville (I-90 exit 49), ☎ +1 716 626-1500, [265] . Cable TV, outdoor pool. WiFi available for an extra charge of $2.99 per night. edit
Red Roof Inn Buffalo Niagara Airport, 146 Maple Dr., Bowmansville (I-90 exit 49), ☎ +1 716 633-1100, [266] . Free newspaper, convenient to restaurants. Mini-fridge, microwave, and data ports in all rooms. edit
Super 8 Williamsville/Buffalo Airport, 7200 Transit Rd., Williamsville (I-90 exit 49), ☎ +1 716 634-1500, [267] . Business center, fitness center. All guest rooms contain microwave, iron and ironing board, and satellite TV with HBO and other premium channels. Rooms recently updated with new carpeting. edit
Mid-range[ edit ]
Best Western The Inn at Buffalo Airport, 4630 Genesee St., Cheektowaga, ☎ +1 716 631-8966, [268] . Fitness club, business center, data ports in all rooms, cable TV with HBO. edit
Clarion Hotel Buffalo Airport, 6700 Transit Rd., Williamsville (I-90 exit 49), ☎ +1 716 634-7500, [269] . Business center, fitness club, indoor pool and whirlpool, laundry facilities. Free shuttle to Buffalo-Depew Amtrak station. edit
Comfort Suites, 901 Dick Rd., Cheektowaga, ☎ +1 716 633-6000, [270] . Business center, fitness club, indoor pool and whirlpool, laundry service. edit
Hampton Inn Buffalo-Airport Galleria, 1745 Walden Ave., Cheektowaga (I-90 exit 52W), ☎ +1 716 894-8000, [271] . Fitness center, business center, coin laundry, indoor pool and whirlpool spa. edit
Holiday Inn Express Buffalo Airport, 131 Buell Rd., Cheektowaga, ☎ +1 716 631-8700, [272] . Business center, fitness center, indoor pool and whirlpool, laundry and dry cleaning service, Global Newspaper service. edit
Millennium Airport Hotel Buffalo, 2040 Walden Ave., Cheektowaga (I-90 exit 52E), ☎ +1 716 681-2400, [273] . Immediately adjacent to Walden Galleria and convenient to Walden Avenue shopping. Indoor pool, fitness center with his-and-hers saunas, business center, valet services, guest laundry, satellite TV in all guest rooms. Fine dining at Waldens Restaurant and casual poolside fare at Twigs Lounge. edit
Oak Tree Inn Buffalo Airport, 3475 Union Rd., Cheektowaga (I-90 exit 52E), ☎ +1 716 681-2600, [274] . Guest rooms have been specially designed and constructed to optimize quality of sleep, including special HVAC units, soundproof walls, and sound therapy digital alarm clocks. Fitness center, whirlpool, laundry service, fax and copy service. Free breakfast for hotel guests at Alton's Restaurant, located next door. edit
Quality Inn-Buffalo Niagara International Airport, 4217 Genesee St., Cheektowaga, ☎ +1 716 633-5500, [275] . Business center, whirlpool rooms and suites available. Best Park-and-Fly rates on Genesee Street. Wall Street Journal, USA Today (weekdays), and Buffalo News (Saturdays and Sundays) available free to all guests. Complimentary hot and cold continental breakfast served daily. New management is renovating the hotel ambitiously, with a brand-new breakfast room, a newly renovated lobby and fitness center, and all-new furniture and flat-screen TVs in each room. Microwave ovens and refrigerators available on request. Friendly and helpful staff. Highly recommended. edit
Sleep Inn & Suites Buffalo Airport, 100 Holtz Rd., Cheektowaga, ☎ +1 716 626-3370, [276] . Business center, fitness center, guest laundry facilities. Deluxe continental breakfast in the morning and fresh cookies in the evening. Whirlpool suites available. edit
Splurge[ edit ]
Courtyard by Marriott Buffalo Airport, 4243 Genesee St., Cheektowaga, ☎ +1 716 633-2700, [277] . One of the many new hotels to be constructed on this part of Genesee Street in recent years. Complimentary wired and wireless Internet access, business center, fitness club, restaurant, HDTV in all rooms, indoor pool and whirlpool spa. Outdoor patio with fire pit. edit
Days Hotel Buffalo Airport, 4345 Genesee St., Cheektowaga, ☎ +1 716 631-0800, [278] . The oldest hotel on the strip, and still one of the nicest. Indoor pool, hot tub, and steam room, fitness center, business center, HBO in all rooms. Sandwiches, light meals, and beer and wine are available at Landings Bar & Grill. edit
Fairfield Inn & Suites Buffalo Airport, 4271 Genesee St., Cheektowaga, ☎ +1 716 633-2488, [279] . A brand-new hotel directly across the street from the Buffalo Niagara International Airport. Large HDTVs with LCD screens available in all guest rooms, with premium channels available. Wired and wireless high-speed Internet in all rooms. Business center, fitness center, coin laundry, valet dry cleaning, and lovely indoor pool. edit
Hilton Garden Inn Buffalo Airport, 4201 Genesee St., Cheektowaga, ☎ +1 716 565-0040, [280] . Business center, fitness club, indoor pool, airline desk, coin laundry, newsstand, on-site convenience store. Breakfast, lunch, and dinner are served daily at the Great American Grill. edit
Homewood Suites by Hilton Buffalo Airport, 760 Dick Rd., Cheektowaga, ☎ +1 716 685-0700, [281] . An all-suite property. Business center, fitness center, basketball court, indoor pool, on-site convenience store. All suites contain full kitchens with stove and dishwasher and have separate living and sleeping areas. edit
Residence Inn Buffalo Cheektowaga, 107 Anderson Rd., Cheektowaga (I-90 exit 52W), ☎ +1 716 892-5410, [282] . Business center, fitness center, indoor pool and whirlpool spa. Buffet breakfast and evening reception daily in lobby. Delivery available from local restaurants. edit
Salvatore's Garden Place Hotel, 6615 Transit Rd., Williamsville (I-90 exit 49), ☎ +1 716 635-9000, [283] . In keeping with the local reputation of its owner, Russell Salvatore, this hotel is luxuriously appointed throughout. A wide variety of suites are available, many with jacuzzis, big screen TVs, or working fireplaces. Fitness club, sauna, laundry and concierge services, currency exchange, full breakfast. Premium cable TV available in all guest rooms. edit
Salvatore's Grand Hotel, 6675 Transit Rd., Williamsville (I-90 exit 49), ☎ +1 716 636-4900, [284] . Yet another property owned by Russell Salvatore, whose commitment to superior customer service is perhaps more evident here than any of his other facilities. Fitness club, complimentary breakfast. A popular place for romantic getaways, many of the rooms here have whirlpool tubs and/or working fireplaces. Connected to Russell's Steaks, Chops & More restaurant and is staffed partly by students of Trocaire College's Russell J. Salvatore School of Hospitality and Business, which is also adjacent. edit
Northern Suburbs[ edit ]
There is a large selection of chain hotels in the budget and mid-range categories in Buffalo's northern suburbs, mainly located in Amherst and Tonawanda around the various interchanges of Interstates 290 and 190 heading toward Niagara Falls. An especially large cluster of hotels can be found around Exit 5 of I-290 in Amherst, adjacent to the North Campus of the University of Buffalo. Additionally, several hotels can be found around Exit 1 of I-190, on Dingens Street near the border between Cheektowaga and Buffalo.
Budget[ edit ]
Center Way Hotel (Formerly Microtel Inn Tonawanda-Buffalo), 225 Crestmount Ave., Tonawanda (I-290 exit 1 or 1B), ☎ +1 716 283-3899, [285] . Fax/copy service, free continental breakfast. edit
Lord Amherst Hotel, 5000 Main St., Amherst (I-290 exit 7A), ☎ +1 716 839-2200, [286] . The Lord Amherst Hotel has the ambience of the quintessential 1960s-era roadside motel, though the quality of its rooms are well above the average facility of that kind. Fax and copy service, well-equipped fitness room and outdoor pool, dry cleaning service. All rooms contain coffee makers; microwaves and refrigerators also available on request. Fine dining on-site at the Sonoma Grill. Convenient to boutiques, restaurants and other amenities in the Village of Williamsville. edit
Motel 6 Buffalo-Amherst, 4400 Maple Rd., Amherst (I-290 exit 5B), ☎ +1 716 834-2231, [287] . Extended-service cable TV, kids stay free. Convenient to restaurants and to UB North Campus. Wireless Internet available for additional charge of $2.99/nt. edit
Pink Fountain Motor Inn, 5474 Transit Rd., Depew, ☎ +1 716 683-1245. Well-furnished medium-sized rooms with free high-speed Internet. Friendly and helpful staff. Convenient to Buffalo-Depew Amtrak station. edit
Red Carpet Inn Grand Island, 3030 Grand Island Blvd., Grand Island (I-190 exit 20), ☎ +1 716 773-3902, [288] . Convenient to Niagara Falls via the North Grand Island Bridge. All guest rooms have extended-service cable TV, refrigerator, and air conditioning. No wireless Internet service. edit
Red Roof Inn University at Buffalo Amherst, 42 Flint Rd., Amherst (I-290 exit 5B), ☎ +1 716 689-7474, [289] . All rooms recently renovated with new furniture and bathrooms. Data ports and premium cable TV available in all rooms. Rooms with mini-fridges and microwaves also available. Wireless Internet not available. edit
Super 8 Kenmore/Buffalo/Niagara Falls Area, 1288 Sheridan Dr., Tonawanda, ☎ +1 716 876-4020, [290] . All rooms have coffee maker, hair dryer, cable TV with HBO. Continental breakfast. edit
Scottish Inn Kenmore, 1346 Sheridan Dr., Tonawanda, ☎ +1 716 876-4489, [291] . Newly renovated. All rooms have microwave, and cable TV with over 60 channels including HBO. Coffee makers and irons/ironing boards available on request. edit
University Manor Inn, 3612 Main St., Amherst, ☎ +1 716 837-3344, [292] . Continental breakfast, fax service. All rooms contain coffee maker; suites with kitchens and microwave available on request. Convenient to University at Buffalo South Campus and NFTA Metro Rail via University station; shuttle to UB North Campus and airport available on request. edit
Mid-range[ edit ]
Comfort Inn Near Walden Galleria Mall, 475 Dingens St., Cheektowaga (I-190 exit 1), ☎ +1 716 896-2800, [293] . Fitness center, business center, indoor pool, guest laundry, complimentary hot breakfast. All guest rooms contain refrigerators, irons and ironing boards, and coffeemakers; whirlpool suites are also available. edit
Galleria Inn & Suites, 601 Dingens St., Cheektowaga (I-190 exit 1), ☎ +1 716 896-2900, [294] . Fitness center, business center, satellite TV with premium channels, free continental breakfast. Heated outdoor pool open in season; indoor whirlpool open all year. edit
Holiday Inn Buffalo-Amherst, 1881 Niagara Falls Blvd., Amherst (I-290 exit 3B), ☎ +1 716 691-8181, [295] . Business center, whirlpool spa, indoor pool, guest laundry service and same-day dry cleaning. Small fitness center, with free passes to nearby location of Bally Total Fitness also available to guests. Meals available at the Boulevard Bar & Grill. Complimentary shuttles to Buffalo Niagara International Airport, Niagara Falls International Airport, Buffalo Metropolitan Transportation Center, and Buffalo-Depew Amtrak station. edit
Holiday Inn Grand Island, 100 Whitehaven Rd., Grand Island, ☎ +1 716 773-1111, [296] . Conveniently located about midway between Buffalo and Niagara Falls. Fitness center, business center, dry cleaning services, concierge services, newsstand. Indoor and outdoor pool, sauna and whirlpool. Located in a lovely setting along the Niagara River, the hotel is adjacent to the River Oaks Golf Course and boasts fine dining at Currents "A Bistro on the Niagara". edit
Sleep Inn, 75 Inn Keepers Ln., Amherst (I-290 exit 3B), ☎ +1 716 691-3454, [297] . Newly renovated. Business center, indoor pool with whirlpool, deluxe continental breakfast buffet. All rooms have flat-screen TVs with HBO. edit
Splurge[ edit ]
Buffalo Marriott Niagara, 1340 Millersport Hwy., Amherst (I-290 exit 5B), ☎ +1 716 689-6900, [298] . Express and video check-in and check-out. Coffeemaker and tea service, turndown service, electrical adapters, luxurious bedding, iron and ironing board, wireless and "Wired-for-Business" high-speed Internet access, and WebTV available in all guest rooms. Full-service business center, extensive fitness center, indoor and outdoor connecting pool with whirlpool spa. Fine dining at the recently remodeled Bluefire Grille with local specialties on the menu, also complimentary hot breakfast buffet daily. Concierge service available for additional price. Airport shuttle available. edit
Courtyard Buffalo Amherst, 4100 Sheridan Dr., Amherst (I-290 exit 6), ☎ +1 716 626-2300, [299] . Fitness center, business center, indoor pool, coin laundry, valet dry cleaning. On-site dining is available at The Courtyard Café, as well as delivery from local restaurants. edit
Hampton Inn Buffalo-Williamsville, 5455 Main St., Williamsville, ☎ +1 716 632-0900, [300] . Complimentary breakfast, coin laundry, business center with photo copying service, audiovisual equipment rental, fitness center and indoor pool. Located in the heart of the Village of Williamsville convenient to shops and restaurants. edit
Hotel Indigo Buffalo-Amherst, 10 Flint Rd., Amherst (I-290 exit 5B), ☎ +1 716 689-4414, [301] . A high-quality property whose stylishly decorated rooms feature hardwood floors, plush bedding, and 32-inch flat-screen LCD TVs. Extensive fitness center, indoor pool with whirlpool spa, game room. Dry-cleaning service. Airport shuttles. Fine dining available at Golden Bean Café and drinks at Phi Bar. edit
Residence Inn Buffalo Amherst, 100 Maple Rd., Amherst (I-290 exit 5B), ☎ +1 716 632-6622, [302] . Suites with full kitchens that are ideal for long-term stays. Complimentary hot buffet breakfast, fitness center, outdoor pool, volleyball court, playground with sandbox and slide for children. edit
B&B's[ edit ]
Sassafras Bed & Breakfast, 5454 Broadway, Lancaster, ☎ +1 716 683-3753, [303] . The Clark-Lester House, a Nationally Registered Historic Place in the historic village of Lancaster that was built in 1891 as the home of pioneering female psychologist Olive Lester, has been restored as the charming Sassafras Bed & Breakfast. The four guest rooms, as well as the two-room Emma E. Deters Suite, all boast private baths and air conditioning and are furnished in lovely Victorian style with genuine antiques as well as reproduction pieces. Working fireplaces original to the property can be found in the living room and dining room, where a lovely breakfast is served daily. The house is surrounded by lovely greenery including impeccably manicured gardens in front and a backyard filled with large old trees that slopes gently downward toward Plum Bottom Creek. Located within walking distance of the historic Lancaster Opera House. edit
Southern Suburbs[ edit ]
As in the northern suburbs, the accommodation options in Buffalo's southern suburbs tend to cluster around major highway interchanges. The largest agglomeration of hotels in this area can be found around exit 57 of Interstate 90 in Hamburg; these are mainly budget chains catering to travellers along the Thruway. A smaller group of mid-scale and upscale chain hotels can be found around exit 55 of I-90, in West Seneca.
Budget[ edit ]
Bluebird Motel, 1630 Southwestern Blvd., West Seneca, ☎ +1 716 674-3174, [304] . All rooms feature refrigerators, microwaves, and 72 channels of cable TV. edit
Red Carpet Inn Buffalo, 3940 Southwestern Blvd., Orchard Park, ☎ +1 716 649-5890, [305] . Walking distance from Ralph Wilson Stadium, also convenient to Hamburg Fairgrounds and ECC South Campus. All guest rooms have coffee maker, refrigerator, microwave, and expanded cable TV with HBO. Jacuzzi rooms also available. edit
Red Roof Inn Buffalo Hamburg, 5370 Camp Rd., Hamburg (I-90 exit 57), ☎ +1 716 648-7222, [306] . All rooms offer data ports, expanded cable TV, coffeemakers, and free long-distance calls within the continental United States. edit
Stadium View Inn, 4414 Southwestern Blvd., Hamburg, ☎ +1 716 649-6206 x10, [307] . Convenient to Ralph Wilson Stadium, Hamburg Fairgrounds, and ECC South Campus. Free cable TV with over 70 channels including HBO; refrigerator and microwave in every room. Rooms with kitchenette also available. edit
Super 8 Hamburg, 5442 Camp Rd., Hamburg (I-90 exit 57), ☎ +1 716 649-0505, [308] . All rooms contain coffeemaker, hair dryer, iron and ironing board. Rooms with microwave and refrigerator also available. Continental breakfast. edit
Tallyho-tel Hamburg, 5245 Camp Rd., Hamburg (I-90 exit 57), ☎ +1 716 648-2000, [309] . All rooms include 55 channels of cable TV; newly remodeled kitchenette suites also available. Guest laundry, outdoor pool and patio, free coffee and tea in the morning. edit
Mid-range[ edit ]
Best Western Plus The Inn of Lackawanna, 2500 Hamburg Tpk., Lackawanna, ☎ +1 716 821-0030, [310] . All guest rooms feature mini-fridges, coffeemakers, data ports, and satellite TV with HBO. Indoor pool, fully equipped fitness center, business center. Deluxe continental breakfast included. edit
Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Hamburg, 3565 Commerce Pl., Hamburg (I-90 exit 57), ☎ +1 716 834-5613, [311] . Business center, small fitness center, indoor pool, WorldNews global newspaper service, laundry and dry cleaning service. Continental breakfast. edit
Splurge[ edit ]
Hampton Inn Buffalo South, 1750 Ridge Rd., West Seneca (I-90 exit 55), ☎ +1 716 824-2030, [312] . Business center, audiovisual equipment rental, fitness room, indoor pool, laundry and valet service, complimentary continental breakfast. Multi-lingual staff. edit
Staybridge Suites Buffalo/West Seneca, 164 Slade Ave., West Seneca (I-90 exit 55), ☎ +1 716 939-3100, [313] . An extended-stay hotel that consists of studio, 1-bedroom, and 2-bedroom/2-bathroom suites. Business center, courier service, 24-hour fitness center, 24-hour guest laundry, same-day dry cleaning service, indoor saltwater pool and hot tub, outdoor patio with barbecue grills. Continental breakfast, evening guest reception Tu-Th. edit
B&B's[ edit ]
Sharon's Lakehouse, 4862 Lake Shore Rd., Hamburg, ☎ +1 716 627-7561, [314] . Sharon DiMaria operates this charming lakefront bed & breakfast 15 minutes south of Buffalo. The property's two rooms are beautifully furnished and boast stunning views of Lake Erie; ceiling fans, cable TV and DVD players are all provided. A gourmet breakfast is served each morning in the intimate atmosphere of the lovely dining room. Guests can enjoy swimming, fishing and canoeing, or simply relax on the private beach at the rear of the house. edit
Contact[ edit ]
The area code for the entire Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area (as well as Chautauqua and Cattaraugus Counties to the south) is 716. It is not necessary to dial the area code for local calls.
Publicly accessible wireless Internet is mainly limited to coffee shops, bookstores, and other such establishments; Internet cafés are virtually unknown in Buffalo. In particular, McDonald's, Starbucks, Coffee Culture, and Barnes & Noble offer free WiFi and boast many easy-to-find locations throughout the region. Public libraries also usually offer Internet access.
Buffalo's main post office and mail processing facility is located at 1200 William St. in the city's Lovejoy neighborhood.
Stay safe[ edit ]
The reputation of Buffalo's East Side as a rough part of town can be over-exaggerated by locals, but it's not entirely undeserved. The East Side is, generally speaking, the city's poorest residential district; it is bounded roughly by Main Street on the west and north, the city line on the east, and Seneca Street on the south, with the Grider, Humboldt Park, and Genesee-Moselle neighborhoods suffering particularly from urban blight. That said, crime rates in Buffalo have fallen in recent years to levels not seen in half a century. What violent crime does occur on the East Side is usually drug- and gang-related and does not target tourists; generally speaking, other than the Museum of Science and a handful of attractions in the relatively safe neighborhood of Lovejoy, there is fairly little on the East Side of interest to visitors anyway. Follow general precautions that would apply in any urban area—locking car doors, keeping valuables out of sight, being aware of your surroundings, etc.—and you should be fine pretty much anywhere.
Panhandlers can be found occasionally on Chippewa Street downtown and in Allentown and the Elmwood Village, though not nearly to the degree of most other cities. Aggressive panhandling is virtually unknown.
Stay healthy[ edit ]
In case of medical emergency, Buffalo is well-served by a wide variety of hospitals and other medical facilities. The Erie County Medical Center on Grider Street is Buffalo's largest hospital and is a teaching facility for students of the University of Buffalo Medical School. Kaleida Health operates Buffalo General Hospital, Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, and (in the suburbs) Millard Fillmore Suburban Hospital and DeGraff Memorial Hospital. Catholic Health Systems of Buffalo operates Mercy Hospital and Sisters of Charity Hospital, which each have one city location and one suburban location.
Cope[ edit ]
Newspapers and print media[ edit ]
Since the Courier-Express went bankrupt in 1982, the Buffalo News [315] has been the city's sole daily newspaper. With a circulation of nearly 155,000 daily and over 235,000 Sunday, the Buffalo News is the most widely circulated newspaper in Upstate New York. Journalists employed by the News have won three Pulitzer Prizes, two for Editorial Cartooning and one for Local Reporting; in 2009, the New York State Associated Press Association named the Buffalo News New York State's "Newspaper of Distinction" for that year in recognition of the quality of its journalism. These facts may come as a surprise to locals. Listings for concerts, movies, theatre productions, and other events around town are published in Gusto [316] , a weekly supplement to the Buffalo News published on Fridays.
Fans of alternative papers have two choices: Artvoice [317] is a weekly publication that, despite its name, covers not only Buffalo's thriving arts community but also local news, politics, and commentary with a bent that is decidedly progressive and often critical of the Buffalo News. The Buffalo Beast [318] is a biweekly alternative paper founded by Matt Taibbi, now famous as a writer for Rolling Stone and Men's Journal magazines, that leans left-libertarian. The Beast is famous as the employer of Ian Murphy, who made news in 2009 by impersonating billionaire financier David Koch in a phone call to controversial Wisconsin governor Scott Walker.
Buffalo Rising [319] is an excellent online publication whose "beat is New Buffalo" and which features "original content written by fellow Buffalonians knowledgeable and passionate about their city". In much the same vein, The Good Neighborhood [320] is an online journal that describes itself as "daily destination for good news, events, and people making a difference in our communities", with a focus on news, event listings and business reviews relevant to Buffalo's various individual neighborhoods.
The Buffalo Criterion [321] is one of the oldest continually-published African-American newspapers in the country. Panorama Hispano [322] publishes news relevant to Buffalo's Latino community in both English and Spanish, and also serves the Hispanic communities in the nearby cities of Dunkirk, Jamestown, and Rochester. The Am-Pol Eagle [323] is a weekly paper featuring news and commentary of interest to the Polish-American community in the Buffalo area. Also, many of Buffalo's neighborhoods boast community newspapers of their own, such as the Allentown Neighbor and the North Buffalo Rocket.
Buffalo Spree [324] is a monthly magazine featuring articles on dining, events, and the arts in the local area.
Radio[ edit ]
In the field of radio broadcasting, Buffalo's history is one of the longest in the nation; its oldest radio station, WGR, has been on the air since 1922. Sadly, though, Buffalo radio leaves much to be desired in the present day, a fact that has led many locals to become listeners of radio stations based in Toronto and elsewhere in Southern Ontario. Buffalo's highest-rated radio stations as of 2011 are WYRK, WBLK, WGRF, and WHTT on the FM dial; these and other stations are listed below.
Radio stations serving the Buffalo area include:
WBFO 88.7 FM: Formerly a full-service NPR news and jazz station owned by the University at Buffalo, since WBFO's purchase in March 2012 by the Western New York Public Broadcasting Association it has broadcasted NPR news and talk over most of its schedule, with news from the BBC World Service during the overnight hours and weekend evenings devoted to blues music.
WFWO 89.7 FM: Gospel music catering to an African-American audience.
WFBF 89.9 FM: Christian radio.
WGCC 90.7 FM: Album-Oriented Rock broadcast from Genesee Community College in Batavia.
WBNY 91.3 FM: "Buffalo's Original Alternative". College radio from Buffalo State College.
WBUF 92.9 FM: "Jack FM". Radio hits from the '70s through today.
WBLK 93.7 FM: Hip-hop and contemporary R&B.
WNED 94.5 FM: Classical music from Western New York Public Radio.
WJYE 96.1 FM: "Joy 96". Soft rock and adult contemporary.
WGRF 96.9 FM: "97 Rock". A classic rock station and staple of Buffalo radio culture. Boasts Buffalo's top-rated morning show hosted by Larry Norton, and is the radio voice of the Buffalo Bills.
WKSE 98.5 FM: "Kiss 98.5". Top 40 hits with Janet Snyder and Nicholas Picholas in the morning.
WDCX 99.5 FM: Buffalo's highest-rated Christian radio station.
WLOF 101.7 FM: "The Station of the Cross". Catholic radio.
WTSS 102.5 FM: "Star 102.5". Hot AC.
WEDG 103.3 FM: "103.3 The Edge". Active rock; Shredd & Ragan in the morning.
WHTT 104.1 FM: Classic hits.
WYRK 106.5 FM: Contemporary country. Buffalo's highest-rated radio station.
WGR 550 AM: Sports talk. The radio home of the Buffalo Sabres. One of the oldest commercial radio stations in the country.
WNED 970 AM: Simulcasts WBFO 88.7 FM, which was purchased by WNED's owners in 2012.
WUFO 1080 AM: Urban gospel and soul.
WBBF 1120 AM: "Fiesta Latina". Spanish-language music and talk.
WECK 1230 AM: Light oldies and sports programming including New York Yankees baseball and UB Bulls basketball.
WHLD 1270 AM: "Swing 1270". Adult standards and nostalgia.
WXRL 1300 AM: Classic country as well as Ron Dombrowski's locally famous polka show Monday through Saturday.
WLVL 1340 AM: Conservative news/talk.
WWWS 1400 AM: Solid gold soul featuring James "The Doctor" Cornelius on afternoons.
WJJL 1440 AM: Oldies.
WWKB 1520 AM: "The Voice of the New Majority". Liberal talk, also broadcasts Buffalo Bisons baseball games.
Canadian radio stations with significant popularity among Buffalonians include:
CJRT 91.1 FM (Toronto): Jazz. A popular station among fans of the jazz music that was formerly broadcast on WBFO.
CHTZ 97.7 FM (St. Catharines): Active rock.
CHFI 98.1 FM (Toronto): Top 40.
CKFM 99.9 FM (Toronto): Top 40.
CKEY 101.1 FM (Fort Erie): Top 40.
CFNY 102.1 FM (Toronto): Alternative rock.
CHUM 104.5 FM (Toronto): Hot AC.
CILQ 107.1 FM: (Toronto): Classic rock.
CFZM 740 AM (Toronto): Solid gold oldies.
The quality of reception from Canadian stations may vary (especially stations from Toronto).
Television[ edit ]
Buffalo's television stations represent all major American television networks. In addition to these, many Canadian television stations based in Toronto are available through Time Warner Cable; however, over-the-air reception of these stations is generally very poor.
Television stations based in Buffalo include:
WGRZ Channel 2: NBC.
WIVB Channel 4: CBS. One of the oldest television stations in the nation, WIVB went on the air (as WBEN-TV) in 1948.
WKBW Channel 7: ABC.
"'YNN Buffalo'" Channel 9: A local 24-hour news station available only on Time Warner Cable.
WNED Channel 17: PBS. One of the oldest public television stations in the U.S. and still a cornerstone of the network, WNED has produced a great deal of PBS's original programming, including Reading Rainbow and the political comedy specials of Buffalo native Mark Russell.
WNLO Channel 23: The CW.
WNYB Channel 26: Tri-State Christian Television.
WUTV Channel 29: Fox.
WPXJ Channel 51: Ion Television.
WBXZ Channel 56: Home Shopping Network.
WBBZ Channel 67: Me-TV.
Places of worship[ edit ]
The foundation of St. Stanislaus, Bishop & Martyr in 1872 gave rise to the Polish community centered in Broadway-Fillmore. Unlike most East Side Catholic churches, St. Stanislaus is still an active and vibrant parish.
From early in its history, Buffalo's population has been predominantly Roman Catholic. Today, the city of Buffalo—particularly the East Side, historically a neighborhood of German Catholics—is still replete with massive, ornate stone churches and cathedrals, some still in use, most not. St. Joseph's Cathedral, at 50 Franklin St. downtown, is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo. Other Catholic churches of note in the city include St. Louis Roman Catholic Church at the corner of Main and Goodell Streets in Allentown, Buffalo's oldest Catholic congregation whose current building was erected in 1885 and still boasts the tallest unreinforced stone church steeple in the United States, as well as St. Stanislaus, Bishop & Martyr Roman Catholic Church, the so-called "Mother Church of Polonia" whose foundation caused a massive and enduring Polish community to gather in the East Side neighborhood of Broadway-Fillmore. St. Stanislaus was once home of one of the largest Roman Catholic congregations in the country, with 20,000 parishioners at its peak, and is still a center of Buffalo Polish culture. Also located in Broadway-Fillmore is St. Adalbert Basilica, a former Polish congregation which closed for regular worship in 2011 but is still open for special events such as weddings and funerals; this was the first church in the U.S. to be named a basilica. Outside of Buffalo, Our Lady of Victory Basilica is a massive marble structure in the neighboring city of Lackawanna that is a testament to the charitable institutions headed by Father Nelson Baker, who is currently being considered by the Vatican for sainthood. Our Lady Help of Christians is a congregation in the suburb of Cheektowaga whose Maria Hilf Chapel was built in 1853 by Alsatian immigrant Joseph Batt; this Nationally Registered Historic Place was (and, to a lesser extent, still is) a destination for religious pilgrims from the local area, who arrive on May 24th of each year in hopes of being healed of various physical ailments.
Protestant churches are far more numerous in Buffalo's suburbs than in the city proper; however, there are a few large and active congregations within Buffalo, especially in Allentown, the Elmwood Village, and Parkside. St. Paul's Episcopal Cathedral, at 125 Pearl St. downtown, is a stunning, 274-foot (83.5m) Gothic sandstone edifice that is the seat of the Episcopal Diocese of Western New York, as well as a Nationally Registered Historic Place and a National Historic Landmark. First Presbyterian Church and Westminster Presbyterian Church, both located in Allentown, are the largest churches in Buffalo of that denomination; the former is located on Symphony Circle and was designed by the prolific local architect E. B. Green. For those of the Lutheran faith, Holy Trinity Lutheran Church, on Main Street north of downtown, is a notable option. There is a large Unitarian Universalist Church at the corner of Elmwood Avenue and West Ferry Street, in the heart of the Elmwood Village.
The Hellenic Orthodox Church of the Annunciation is not only the place of worship for Buffalo's Greek Orthodox population, but is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is well-known as the site of the Buffalo Greek Fest each June. It is located on Delaware Avenue. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints has a location near downtown as well as churches in the suburbs of Amherst, Lancaster, and Orchard Park.
Two longstanding cornerstones of Buffalo's African-American community, the Macedonia Baptist Church and the Durham Memorial A.M.E. Zion Church, are located on or near Michigan Avenue in the traditional heart of Buffalo's black community. The former is better known by its original name, the Michigan Street Baptist Church, and is famous for having been a "station" of the Underground Railroad during the years immediately before the Civil War.
Buffalo's modest-sized Jewish community, long centered on the Near East Side and later in North Buffalo, has largely moved to the suburbs, principally Amherst. Congregation Shir Shalom (Reform), Temple Beth Tzedek (Conservative), and Young Israel (Orthodox) are all located in Amherst. Temple Beth Zion, situated in a boldly modernist building in the heart of the Delaware Avenue Historic District, is the largest Jewish congregation in the area and also one of the oldest and largest congregations of Reform Jews in the United States.
The Jaffarya Islamic Center of Buffalo is located on Transit Road in the hamlet of Swormville, about 20 miles (30km) northeast of the city. The city of Lackawanna, immediately south of Buffalo, is well-known locally for its large community of Muslims who hail mainly from Yemen; the Lackawanna Islamic Mosque is located at 154 Wilkesbarre St. in that city.
Adherents of other religions may be interested in the SGI-USA Buffalo Community Center at 121 W. Tupper St., a Buddhist temple; the Buffalo Zen Center in suburban West Seneca, and the Buffalo Gurdwara Sahib, a Sikh temple at 6569 Main St. in Williamsville.
The nonreligious community may be interested in the fact that the Center for Inquiry, one of the largest secular and skeptical advocacy organizations in the world, has its headquarters in the suburb of Amherst, adjacent to the North Campus of the University of Buffalo. Special events are held periodically throughout the year.
Consulates[ edit ]
Germany (Honorary), The Guaranty Bldg, 140 Pearl St Ste 100, ☎ +1 716 848-1256 ( [email protected] , fax: +1 716 819-4633), [325] . edit
Nearby[ edit ]
East Aurora is a charming village of just over 6,000 citizens located about 25 minutes south and east of Buffalo via State Route 400. A quaint middle- and upper-middle-class suburb today, East Aurora began as a frontier settlement and is historically important for two main reasons: as the site of the Roycroft Community, a colony of printers, furniture makers, metalsmiths, bookbinders, and other artisans founded in 1895 by writer, artist and philosopher Elbert Hubbard that was an important component of the Arts and Crafts Movement of American art in the early 20th Century, and as the longtime home of the Fisher-Price toy company, whose founding in 1930 earned East Aurora the nickname "Toy Town, U.S.A." Though the Toy Town Museum is currently in search of another home after its original facility closed in 2009, the still-active Roycroft Campus boasts popular tours, classes and demonstrations on offer to the public. Visitors to East Aurora may also be interested in the Explore & More Children's Museum which features engaging educational exhibits for children of all ages, Knox Farm State Park, 633 acres (256 ha) of forests, ponds, and meadows that were once the summer estate of wealthy Buffalo businessman Seymour Knox and which now feature guided nature walks, wildlife, hiking and cross-country skiing, and the Millard Fillmore House, a restored historic home operated by the Aurora Historical Society where the future U.S. President lived and practiced law from 1826 until 1830. On weekdays, NFTA Metro Bus #70 — East Aurora Express [326] departs downtown Buffalo for East Aurora at 4:14 PM and 5:08 PM, though those travelling to East Aurora by bus will need to arrange alternate transportation for their return as departures from East Aurora to Buffalo occur in the morning only.
Niagara Falls, New York is a short 30-minute drive up Interstate 190—or a 35-minute bus ride via NFTA Metro Bus #40 or #60—from downtown Buffalo. In comparison with the neon glitz of its counterpart in Ontario, Niagara Falls, New York might seem at first like yet another down-at-the-heels industrial burg of the Rust Belt, with chemical plants and other moribund industrial facilities lining the highway as you approach downtown. Those who look beyond that, though, will come to appreciate charms such as the revitalization of Niagara Falls' Little Italy along Pine Avenue, the attention that is finally being paid to the historic downtown area, the world-class Aquarium of Niagara, and especially the Niagara Reservation State Park adjacent to the falls, which, unlike the cacophonous tourist area of the Canadian side, is understated and even serene, with no hoopla to distract attention away from the main attraction. Of course, Niagara Falls themselves need no introduction as a mecca for honeymooners and other tourists and as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Fans of Niagara Falls, Ontario-style neon glitz need not be completely disappointed, either: the Seneca Niagara Hotel and Casino, a flashy, high-rise affair run by the Seneca Indians, has been in operation in Niagara Falls, New York since 2003.
Clarence is a quaint upper-middle-class suburb of Buffalo, located about 30 minutes north and east of the city via State Route 5 or exit 49 of Interstate 90. Appropriately for the oldest town in Erie County (Clarence was settled in 1799, a few years before Buffalo), Clarence is well-known locally as a paradise for antique shopping. Most of these antique shops are located in Clarence Hollow, a quaint business district centered along Main Street about 15 miles (24km) east of Buffalo. Antique World [327] , which is actually located just over the town line in Newstead, about a mile (1.6km) east of the Hollow, is the largest antique market in and around Clarence.
With a population of 21,165 as of the 2010 Census, Lockport is the county seat of Niagara County, New York, and is located about 25 miles (40km) northeast of Buffalo via Interstate 990 and State Routes 263 and 78. Like Buffalo, Lockport is a historic industrial city that owes its existence to the Erie Canal, which still runs directly through downtown. Specifically, Lockport grew up around a series of five locks located at the site where the canal crosses the steep Niagara Escarpment. Canal-related attractions in Lockport include the Lockport Locks and Erie Canal Cruises along the Erie Canal (including a trip through the locks), a boat tour through the Lockport Cave, and the Lockport Erie Canal Museum. Also of interest to visitors is the Niagara County Historical Society Museum, a large complex whose mission is to retell the rich history of Niagara County. Users of public transportation will note that NFTA Metro Bus #44B — Lockport [328] departs the University Metro Rail Station for downtown Lockport 14 times a day from Monday through Friday, and NFTA MetroLink Route #201 — Lockport Shuttle [329] loops around the city nine times daily from Monday through Friday, serving the downtown area, Lockport Memorial Hospital, the suburban shopping centers along Transit Road south of downtown, and other Lockport destinations.
Lewiston is a quaint and historic village on the Niagara River located about 10 minutes north of Niagara Falls via the Robert Moses Parkway, and 30 minutes north of Buffalo via Interstate 190. Aside from the cute boutiques, restaurants, B&Bs, and historic buildings that line the restored streets of the business district, visitors flock to this village of 2,701 citizens to enjoy Earl W. Brydges Artpark [330] , the only state park in the U.S. devoted to the arts, which also offers hiking, cross-country skiing, and one of the area's foremost venues for the performing arts. Lewiston's riverfront is centered on Water Street Landing, which boasts the Freedom Crossing Monument, marking the spot where many escaped African-American slaves embarked on the last stage of their journey to freedom in Canada, and the Whirlpool Jet Boat, which takes passengers on a thrilling ride through the Class 5 rapids of the Niagara River. Mondays through Fridays, Lewiston is accessible (with considerable difficulty) via NFTA Metro Bus #50B — Main-Niagara [331] , which departs the Portage Road Transportation Center in Niagara Falls six times daily for downtown Lewiston. Visitors to Buffalo interested in traveling to Lewiston by bus should first board NFTA Metro Bus #40 or #60 for Niagara Falls as directed in the "Get Around" section.
Further afield[ edit ]
Calling itself "Western New York's Coaster Capital", Darien Lake [332] is a 980-acre (300ha) theme park resort in rural Genesee County, about 40 minutes east of Buffalo. Darien Lake is hands-down the most popular amusement park for Buffalonians in the summer, as well as a major destination for thrill-seekers from all over Upstate New York, Southern Ontario, and Pennsylvania. Over 40 rides are on offer, including 6 roller coasters and a water park. Also, there is a resort hotel, campground, laser light show, and the Darien Lake Performing Arts Center, one of Western New York's premier venues for live music. From late June through Labor Day, NFTA Metro Bus #97 — Darien Lake Express [333] runs one trip in each direction between downtown Buffalo and Darien Lake. This bus runs seven days a week and drops passengers off at the park's main entrance for a price of $2.50 one-way or $5.00 round-trip (i.e., a surcharge of 50¢ one-way or $1.00 round-trip over the standard NFTA fare.)
The hills south and southeast of Buffalo bear the brunt of the often heavy lake-effect snow that falls between November and January; as such, this is Buffalo's ski country. The closest ski resort to Buffalo is Kissing Bridge [334] . This 700-acre (280ha) facility is located on Glenwood-East Concord Rd. in the town of Colden. An average of 180 inches (450cm) of snow falls annually at Kissing Bridge, creating perfect conditions for the 36 slopes offered there for skiers of all skill levels. These slopes are served by two base lodges, and Kissing Bridge also offers a ski and snowboard shop as well as equipment rental. Adjacent to Kissing Bridge is the Colden Tubing Company, Western New York's premier destination for downhill tubing. Additional ski resorts are located in Chautauqua County and in Ellicottville, discussed below.
The beaches along Lake Erie south of Buffalo are popular summer day trips for locals. Though many are privately owned or restrict admittance to residents of their respective towns, several are accessible to the general public. The most popular of these is Evangola State Park, just before the county line in the town of Brant. Evangola offers not only a natural sandy arc patrolled by lifeguards that is one of Western New York's finest beaches, but also baseball, volleyball, tennis, disc golf, horseshoes, and (by reservation) picnic shelters and campsites. Other public beaches further afield can be found in Chautauqua County, in Silver Creek (Sunset Bay) and Dunkirk (Wright Park and Point Gratiot Park).
Genesee County is located along I-90 about midway between Buffalo and Rochester. Batavia is the largest city in Genesee County and one of the oldest and most historic towns in the area; visitors to Batavia may be interested in Batavia Downs Casino, which features harness racing, slots, and video gaming. Other Genesee County attractions include Darien Lake, described above, as well as the JELL-O Gallery, a kitschy roadside museum dedicated to the gelatin dessert located in the town of Le Roy, where it was invented.
Old Fort Niagara, Youngstown, NY, ☎ +1 716 745-7611, [335] . Daily 9AM-5PM, until 7PM Jul-Aug. Old Fort Niagara is a state park and a National Historic Landmark located 40 minutes north of Buffalo in the village of Youngstown. Fort Niagara is a former trading post and military base built in 1678 by the French; the "French Castle", built in 1726, is the oldest existing structure in the United States between the East Coast and the Southwest. Today, Fort Niagara welcomes 100,000 visitors each year as a state park and historic site, a museum with displays on archaeology and local history, and a living history center where historical reenactments and other events are often held. $12, $8 children. edit
Chautauqua County is located southwest of Buffalo and is easily accessible via Interstate 90. Chautauqua County is full of worthwhile attractions such as sprawling forests, waterfalls, Lake Erie beaches, and the wineries sandwiched between the lake shore and the hills. The Chautauqua Institution is a dry (non-alcoholic) resort community located on the shores of Chautauqua Lake, about halfway between Fredonia and Jamestown , that offers intellectual summer vacations based around performances, lectures and educational workshops in music, arts, dance, theology, philosophy, etc., as well as lodging, dining and attractions steeped in Victorian charm. [336] . Lily Dale is located a few miles (km) south of Fredonia and is famous as a center of the Spiritualist movement; dozens of psychic readers, fortune-tellers, and mediums have set up shop in this small, quaint hamlet, and lectures by such prominent individuals as John Edward, Dr. Wayne Dyer, and Deepak Chopra are frequently held. For winter visitors to Chautauqua County, Peek 'n Peak Resort [337] , at 1405 Old Rd. in the town of Clymer, offers 27 downhill ski slopes, downhill tubing, and ski and snowboard rental. In the summer, two golf courses are on offer to visitors.
Cattaraugus County is located southeast of Buffalo. An expanse of mountainous rural farmland, Cattaraugus County includes several notable sites of interest to the tourist. First and foremost, the resort town of Ellicottville has much to offer the visitor in all four seasons, but is known as mecca for skiers and snowboarders during the winter, with two ski resorts including Holiday Valley, the largest and most popular winter destination in Western New York, and HoliMont, the largest private ski club in North America. Just north of Ellicottville, in the town of East Otto, Griffis Sculpture Park is the oldest sculpture park in the United States, founded in 1966. Adjacent to the border with Pennsylvania is Allegany State Park, the 100-square-mile (263km²) "wilderness playground of Western New York" that offers camping, skiing, hiking, and natural beauty. Near Allegany State Park, in Salamanca, is the Seneca Allegany Hotel and Casino.
New York State's third-largest city, Rochester , is a short drive of 60 to 90 minutes eastward along Interstate 90. Museums, art galleries, street festivals, exciting professional sports, and more are to be had in a perfect combination of big-city amenities and small-town intimacy.
The Finger Lakes region is located between Rochester and Syracuse, about two hours east of Buffalo along Interstate 90. Named for the series of eleven long, slender lakes found across the region, the Finger Lakes region offers natural beauty and small-town charm, but is best-known among locals for its status as the most important wine-producing area in the Eastern U.S. Over 100 wineries are located in the region, many of which offer tours and tastings in season.
North of the Border[ edit ]
All people, including U.S. citizens, are required to produce a passport, passport card, enhanced drivers' license, or NEXUS Card to cross the Canadian border as well as on their return trip to the United States (birth certificates with photo ID are no longer accepted as of 2009 and you may face significant delays if you don't have other documentation). Vehicles may be stopped and searched, but more often travellers will be sent on their way quickly after showing their passports and being questioned briefly about the purpose of their trip and the planned length of their stay (this is especially true of U.S. and Canadian citizens). There are three border crossings in the Buffalo area: the Peace Bridge, by which travellers cross from Buffalo to Fort Erie, Ontario for a toll of $3.00 (payable in either U.S. or Canadian funds), the Rainbow Bridge between Niagara Falls, New York and Niagara Falls, Ontario (toll $3.25 U.S. or Canadian), and the Lewiston-Queenston Bridge a short distance north of Niagara Falls (toll $3.25 U.S. or Canadian). For travellers to most Canadian destinations other than Niagara Falls and Fort Erie, the Lewiston-Queenston Bridge offers the most direct route, but is also the one that is most prone to delays. Also, it is worth mentioning that the Rainbow Bridge can be crossed by pedestrians and bicycles for the rate of 50¢; this also offers excellent views of the Falls. The Peace Bridge can also be crossed on foot (no charge), though in practice this is rarely done. For travellers to Toronto, Greyhound/Greyhound Canada has 12 daily departures from the Buffalo Metropolitan Transportation Center ($20 one-way, no reservations required), while Megabus has six (starts at $1 each way; average is around $17). There's also a single daily Amtrak/VIA train from Buffalo-Exchange Street Station to Toronto via Niagara Falls, although compared to the much more frequent bus service, the train takes longer and is significantly more expensive. For more information about Customs regulations, see the Canadian Border Services Agency website: [338] .
Fort Erie, Ontario is located immediately west of Buffalo and is easily accessible via the Peace Bridge. There are several worthwhile attractions in this small city of about 30,000. Old Fort Erie is a reconstructed British military garrison that was the scene of several battles of the War of 1812. From May to October, Fort Erie Racetrack & Slots offers exciting thoroughbred horse racing including the Prince of Wales Stakes, the second jewel in the Canadian Triple Crown. Games of chance can be enjoyed at Uncle Sam's Bingo Palace and Golden Nugget Bingo. Also on the shores of Lake Erie near town are some of Canada's finest freshwater beaches, such as Crystal Beach, Waverly Beach, and Bay Beach.
Niagara Falls, Ontario is directly across the river from Niagara Falls, New York, and accessible via the Rainbow Bridge. Niagara Falls, Ontario is very different from its U.S. counterpart: the views of the Falls are almost unanimously considered to be better, but rather than the comparatively quiet greenery that abuts the falls on the American side, Niagara Falls, Ontario boasts Clifton Hill, a gaudy tourist area adjacent to the falls that consists of swanky high-rise hotels, a pair of casinos, restaurants, nightclubs, and gimmicky tourist traps such as the Ripley's Believe It Or Not Museum and the Movieland Wax Museum. Though gritty urban streets such as those of Niagara Falls, New York are almost unheard of on the Canadian side, it's often said that the Las Vegas-style neon jungle that has sprouted in Niagara Falls, Ontario detracts from the majesty of the falls themselves. It's considerably quieter outside of the main tourist district, with romantic B&Bs, verdant parkland, and (further north) wineries lining the Niagara Parkway, one of the area's most scenic drives that runs along the Canadian side of the Niagara River from Fort Erie to Niagara-on-the-Lake. Niagara Falls is also home of Marineland [339] , an amusement park popular with Buffalonians and Canadians alike that features exhibits of sea animals such as dolphins and killer whales, about a dozen rides, and a campground.
Niagara-on-the-Lake is located north of Niagara Falls, Ontario at the mouth of the Niagara River, an hour's drive from Buffalo. Niagara-on-the-Lake is rich with history: at the end of the 18th century it served briefly as the capital of Ontario, and it was of strategic military importance during the War of 1812. Today, visitors to Niagara Falls often make side trips to Niagara-on-the-Lake to take in the picture-perfect streets of the town center, whose stone buildings give off the ambience of a prim British village. Wine lovers will note that the town is located in the heart of the Niagara Peninsula wine country, and history buffs can tour restored military sites such as Fort George. Niagara-on-the-Lake is also notable as the home of the long-running Shaw Festival [340] ; each year from April until November, performances of selected plays of George Bernard Shaw or his contemporaries are held in three historic theatres in the town.
The Niagara Peninsula extends between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, immediately west of Buffalo. Aside from the region's fertile farmland and historical importance as a battleground during the War of 1812, the Niagara Peninsula is greatly popular with tourists as Canada's most productive wine-producing region. There are dozens of European-style wineries straddling both sides of the Niagara Escarpment that are open to visitors in season. The unique microclimate of the Niagara Peninsula is particularly suited to producing ice wine, an extremely sweet variety popular as a dessert wine.
Toronto is located about two hours from Buffalo (assuming no significant delays at Customs). With over five and a half million people living in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada's largest city is an exciting and dynamic metropolis that offers all the big-city excitement one could want.
Routes through Buffalo
| i don't know |
Edward Woodstock, 14th Century Prince of Wales, is popularly known by what name? | Edward, The Black Prince
Edward, The Black Prince
Armorial of Plantagenet
Edward of Woodstock, Prince of Wales, KG (15 June 1330 8 June 1376), popularly known as the Black Prince, was the eldest son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault, and father to King Richard II of England. Edward, an effective military leader and popular during his life, died one year before his father and so never ruled as king (becoming the first English Prince of Wales to suffer that fate). The throne passed instead to his son Richard, a minor, upon the death of Edward III.
Life
Edward, Prince of Wales was born on June 15, 1330 at Woodstock Palace in Oxfordshire.
Titles
Edward was created Earl of Chester in 1333, Duke of Cornwall in 1337 (the first creation of an English duke) and finally invested as Prince of Wales in 1343. Edward served as a symbolic regent for periods in 1339, 1340, and 1342 while Edward III was on campaign. He was expected to attend all council meetings, and he performed the negotiations with the papacy about the war in 1337. He was given the lordship of Biscay by Pedro of Castile in 1367.
Marriage and issue
Edward had been raised with his cousin Joan, "The Fair Maid of Kent" (Edward I was Joan's grandfather and Edward's greatgrandfather). Edward gained Innocent VI's papal permission and absolution for this marriage to a bloodrelative (as had Edward III when marrying Philippa of Hainaut, being her second cousin) and married Joan in 10 October 1361 at Windsor Castle, prompting some controversy, mainly because of Joan's chequered marital history and the fact that marriage to an Englishwoman wasted an opportunity to form an alliance with a foreign power.
When in England, Edward's chief residence was at Wallingford Castle in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire).
During this period, he fathered two sons: Edward (27 January 1365 1372), who died at the age of 6; and Richard, who would later rule as Richard II of England.
Adult life
A painted carving on the main gate of Oriel College,
Oxford depicting the emblem of the Prince of Wales
View on chivalry
Edward lived in a century of decline for the knightly ideal of chivalry. The formation of the Order of the Garter, an English royal order of which Edward was a founding member, signified a shift towards patriotism and away from the crusader mentality that characterized England in the previous two centuries. Edward's stance in this evolution is seemingly somewhat divided. Edward displayed obedience to typical chivalric obligations through his pious contributions to Canterbury Cathedral throughout his life.
Edward the Black Prince from an illuminated manuscript
On one hand, after capturing John the Good and his youngest son at Poitiers, he treated them with great respect, at one point giving John leave to return home, and reportedly praying with John at Canterbury Cathedral. Notably, he also allowed a day for preparations before the Battle of Poitiers so that the two sides could discuss the coming battle with one another, and so that the Cardinal of Perigord could plead for peace. Though not agreeing with knightly charges on the battlefield, he also was devoted to tournament jousting.
On the other hand, his chivalric tendencies were overridden by pragmatism on many occasions. The Black Prince's repeated use of the chevauchée strategy (burning and pillaging towns and farms) was not in keeping with contemporary notions of chivalry, but it was quite effective in accomplishing the goals of his campaigns and weakening the unity and economy of France. On the battlefield, pragmatism over chivalry is also demonstrated via the massed use of infantry strongholds, dismounted men at arms, longbowmen, and flank attacks (a revolutionary practice in such a chivalric age). Moreover, he was exceptionally harsh toward and contemptuous of lower classes in society, as indicated by the heavy taxes he levied as Prince of Aquitaine and by the massacres he perpetrated at Limoges and Caen. Edward's behaviour was typical of an increasing number of English knights and nobles during the late Middle Ages who paid less and less attention to the high ideal of chivalry, which would soon influence other countries.
List of major campaigns and their significance
The 1345 Flanders Campaign on the Northern Front, which was of little significance and ended after 3 weeks when one of Edward's allies was murdered.
The Crécy Campaign on the Northern Front, which crippled the French army for 10 years, allowing the siege of Calais to occur with little conventional resistance before the plague set in. Even when France's army did recover, the forces they deployed were about a quarter of that deployed at Crecy (as shown at Poitiers). Normandy came virtually under English control, but a decision was made to focus on northern France, leaving Normandy under the control of England's vassal allies instead.
The Siege of Calais on the Northern Front, during which the inhabitants suffered worst and were reduced to eating dogs, rats, and babies. The siege gave the English personal and vassal control over northern France before the temporary peace due to the Black Death.
The Calais counteroffensive on the Northern Front, after which Calais remained in English hands.
Les Espagnols sur Mer or the Battle of Winchelsea on the English Channel Front, which was a Pyrrhic victory of little significance beyond preventing Spanish raids on Essex.
The Great Raid of 1355 on the AquitaineLanguedoc Front, which crippled southern France economically, and provoked resentment of the French throne among French peasantry. The raid also 'cushioned' the area for conquest, opened up alliances with neighbours in Aquitaine of which that with Charles the Bad of Navarre is most notable, and caused many regions to move towards autonomy from France, as France was not as united as England.
The Aquitaine Conquests on the Aquitaine Front, which brought much firmer control in Aquitaine, much land for resources and many people to fight for Edward.
The Poitiers Campaign on the AquitaineLoire Front, which crippled the French Army for the next 13 years, causing the anarchy and chaos which would inevitably cause the Treaty of Bretigney to be signed in 1360. Following this campaign, there was no French Army leader, there were challenges towards Charles the Wise, and more aristocrats were killed at Crécy and Poitiers than those lost to the Black Death.
The Reims Campaign, following which peace was finally achieved with the Treaty of Bretigny. But, on the same terms, England was left with about a third of France rather than a little under half which they would have received through the Treaty of London. This is due to the failure to take Reims which led to the need for a safe passage out of France. As a result, a lesser treaty was agreed to and Edward III was obliged to drop his claims to the French throne. France was still forced to pay a huge ransom of around 4 times France's gross annual domestic product for John the Good. The ransom paid was, however, a little short of that demanded by the English, and John the Good was not returned to the French. Thus, this campaign yielded mixed results, but was mostly positive for Edward. One must also remember Edward III never actually dropped his claim to the throne, and that about half of France was controlled by the English anyway through many vassals.
The Najera Campaign on the Castilian Front, during which Pedro the Cruel was temporarily saved from a coup, thus confirming Castilian Spanish dedication to the Prince's cause. Later, however, Pedro was murdered. As a result of Pedro's murder, the money the prince put into the war effort became pointless, and Edward was effectively bankrupt. This forced heavy taxes to be levied in Aquitaine to relieve Edward's financial troubles, leading to a vicious cycle of resentment in Aquitaine and vicious repression of this resentment by Edward. Charles the Wise, king of France, was able to take advantage of the resentment against Edward in Aquitaine. However, the prince temporarily became the Lord of Biscay.
The Siege of Limoges in 1370 on the Aquitaine Front, after which the Black Prince is obliged to leave his post for sickness and financial issues, but also because of the cruelty of the siege, which saw the massacre of some 3,000 residents according to the chronicler Froissart. Without the Prince, the English war effort against Charles the Wise and Bertrand Du Guesclin was doomed. The Prince's brother John of Gaunt was not interested with the war in France, being more interested with the War of Succession in Spain.
King Edward III and the prince sail from Sandwich with 400 ships, carrying 4,000 men at arms and 10,000 archers for France, but after six weeks of bad weather and being blown off course they are driven back to England.
Burial
He requested to be buried in the crypt of Canterbury Cathedral rather than next to the shrine, and a chapel was prepared there as a chantry for him and his wife Joan (this is now the French Protestant Chapel, and contains ceiling bosses of her face and of their coats of arms). However, this was overruled after his death and he was buried on the south side of the shrine of Thomas Becket behind the quire. His tomb consists of a bronze effigy beneath a tester depicting the Holy Trinity, with his heraldic achievements hung over the tester. The achievements have now been replaced by replicas, though the originals can still be seen nearby, and the tester was restored in 2006.
The name "Black Prince"
Although Edward is almost always now called the "Black Prince", there is no record of this name being used during his lifetime. He was instead known as Edward of Woodstock, after his place of birth. The "Black Prince" sobriquet "is first found in writing in Richard Grafton's "Chronicle of England" (1568.) (1) Its origin is uncertain; according to tradition, it derived from an ornate black cuirass (piece of body armour) presented to the young prince by Edward III at the battle of Crécy.
It is possible that the name was first coined by French chroniclers in reference to the ruinous military defeats he had inflicted on France or his cruelty in these.
In fiction
Edward was portrayed by Gabriel Byrne in the film Lionheart (1987).
He appears in cameo roles in the popular webcomic Get Medieval.
He also makes appearances in Conan Doyle's historical novels The White Company and Sir Nigel. Edward will be portrayed in the 2007 PlayStation3 and Xbox 360 video game Bladestorm: The Hundred Years' War by Koei.
Edward is one of the main characters in The First Princess of Wales, by Karen Harper. This novel was previously published under the title Sweet Passion's Pain. The story centers on the relationship of Edward and Joan of Kent.
Edward and Joan are supporting characters in The Lady Royal, by Molly Costain Haycraft, a fictional accounting of the life of Edward's sister Isabella.
Edward and Joan also appear in supporting roles in Anya Seton's 1954 novel "Katherine", about Edward's brother John's romance with Katherine Swynford.
Edward, Prince of Wales is the main role played by Errol Flynn in the not so well known film The Dark Avenger (1955). The film was also known as The Warriors in the USA, and The Black Prince in the UK although the latter seems to have been a working title. In Greece it was aired on TV as "The Black Knight"
Edward is sometimes cited as an inspiration for Prince Rhaegar Targaryen, a character in George R. R. Martin's ongoing epic fantasy series A Song of Ice and Fire.
Edward, The Black Prince of Wales, was portrayed by James Purefoy in the 2001 movie "A Knight's Tale". In this film, The Black Prince is shown to compete in jousting events incognito, under the pseudonym "Sir Thomas Coleville". There is no historical reference that shows that Prince Edward ever did such a thing in real life, however.
Pyle in Graham Greene's novel The Quiet American originally had a dog named Prince after The Black Prince. Fowler says to him, 'the one who massacred all the women and children in Limoges .' This is important to the book as it shows how although a Prince is meant to be noble (but wasn't), the Quiet American was not quiet, he actually caused quite a stir and distressed a great many people.
Leeds
The statue of Edward the Black Prince in Leeds City Square
A large 1903 equestrian sculpture of the Prince by Thomas Brock can be seen in Leeds City Square. It was a gift from Colonel Thomas Walter Harding, Lord Mayor of Leeds between 18981899, who personally chose Edward as the subject, feeling that (although the prince had no connection with Leeds) he symbolised the virtues of democracy and chivalry. The choice was probably also a tribute to another Edward, Prince of Wales, who opened Leeds Infirmary in 1867 and the Yorkshire College buildings (now the University of Leeds) in 1885. The tall pedestal displays battle scenes on land and sea, and the moulding above has the names of 14th century politicians, diplomats, churchmen and founders of colleges and schools, all in low relief. The statue is the centrepiece of an array of statues in the square, which include more local people such as Joseph Priestley.
Further reading
Richard Barber, The Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince, ISBN 0851154697
Tuchman, Barbara, A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century, Alfred A. Knopf, New York City, 1978.
Life of the Black Prince by the Herald of Sir John Chandos.
Royal Berkshire History: Edward the Black Prince including images in both civilian and military dress
Guilhem Pepin, 'Towards a new assessment of the Black Prince's principality of Aquitaine: a study of the last years (13691372)', Nottingham Medieval Studies, Vol. L, 2006, pp. 59114.
David Green, "Edward, The Black Prince: Power in Medieval Europe", ISBN 9780582784819
See also
HMS Black Prince, for Royal Navy ships named in his honour.
Black Prince's Ruby which he forced Pedro the Cruel to give to him after the Spanish campaign for his ungratefulness.
A43 Infantry Tank "Black Prince" a British experimental AFV design, essentially a "super Churchill" of which six prototypes were built very late in WWII.
Black Prince Cicada, a common cicada from Australia
Notes
(1) Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1985, "Edward the Black Prince"
Source
| Edward, the Black Prince |
England rugby player Mike Tindell married which member of the British royal family in 2011? | Black Prince Sword | darksword-armory.com
Black Prince Sword
Type XVa, 1370 AD, Medieval Sword
The English Prince Edward of Woodstock, “The Black Prince of Wales”, is well known to scholars of art, history, literature and theater for his chivalrous and occasionally non-chivalrous actions. Although eldest son of King Edward III, The Black Prince was never crowned king – Dead before his father, the crown passed to his son Richard instead.
Since the 16th C. Edward of Woodstock came to be popularly dubbed as “The Black Prince.” A name more recognized for Edward’s legacy, possibly issued from his black (blued) armor. This title may also have come from his temper, lack of mercy and derision towards the lower classes, in spite of his chivalrous beliefs.
The popularity of Edward III’s sword was surely affected when a medieval sword, discovered during the mid 20th century, was identified by Ewart Oakeshott as the medieval Sword of the Black Prince. Thought to have been stolen from Edward’s tomb centuries earlier, The Black Prince sword became one of the most recognizable artifacts of 14th Century.
By the end of the 14th c., as the science of armor advanced, blade design needed to adapt. While a sword could do considerable damage to a man wearing mail from force alone, the advent of plate rendered cutting swords next to useless against an armored foe.
To adapt to this new armor, bladesmiths began to make thrusting swords that were stiff instead of flexible, with diamond cross sections that would reinforce the tip. These swords, engineered to thrust through the gaps in armor, revolutionized medieval warfare techniques during later part of the middle ages.
Authentic in every detail, the Black Prince sword is individually hand forged from 5160 High Carbon Steel and Dual hardened to a Rockwell of 60 at the edge and 48-50 at the core.
Typical of the 14th century, The Black Prince sword has a long needle-like hollow ground diamond shape blade specifically designed to penetrate plate armor with searing strength. Its resilient hollow ground blade provides this sword outstanding thrusting force and a extraordinary balance.
Refined yet of elegant simplicity, the Black Prince sword is in a class by itself. Light, responsive and classically styled, the Black Prince sword delivers what it was designed to do ! Backed by our commitment and reputation for forging some of the most durable swords in the industry, the black prince sword is faithfully crafted from the original and stands as a legacy to the perfection of sword making at the crowning of the 14th century.
Photograph of the original sword:
The Black Prince Sword
Type XVa, 1370 A.D.,
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– Lee O. ~ TN, USA.
5160 High Carbon Steel, Dual Hardened to a Rockwell of 60 at the cutting edge
48-50 At the core
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Which sport is nicknamed ‘Chess on Ice’? | The Curling News: Chess on ice
The Curling News
The official Blog of The Curling News, planet Earth's official voice on curling. Founded in Canada in 1957 and still the definitive authority on the sport today. Subscribe online at www.thecurlingnews.com
Friday, June 22, 2007
Chess on ice.
Bah.
That comparison is something curling has had to deal with since the dawn of time. Much of it (but not all) is rubbish, but we have always wondered what actual chess players think... has anyone ever asked them about the comparison? Do chess players wrinkle their nose in disgust at the mere mention of curling? Has anyone ever offered that “chess is like curling with multiple pieces, physical components and a very different playing surface”?
Doubt it.
Kirsan Ilyumzhinov (photo) is the world chess federation chief, and in a May 31 interview on this website , he was asked about his sport’s endless quest for Olympic inclusion:
Q: Are you still trying to bring chess into the Olympic family?
A: We are working on it every day. You probably know that we opened a FIDE office in Lausanne, getting closer to the IOC headquarters. We work in all the structures of the IOC – committees, IOC associations etc., and ask the IOC to state criteria for an international sports federation to join the Olympic family. They are reluctant to state it, and we keep pressing.
For example, why curling became an Olympic sport? When they applied for the status, they advertised curling as ‘Chess on Ice’. Isn’t it absurd that chess on ice is an Olympic sport, and ‘mere’ chess is not?
Hmm. Sounds like the biggest problem may be that curlers, and curling mandarins, are guilty of using the comparison themselves. A lot.
Ilyumzhinov, by the way, is also president of the Republic of Kalmykia , a Russian subject, and according to various media reports faces persistent accusations of diverting his republic’s resources for his own use, of human rights abuses, and of suppressing media freedom.
Oh, and he apparently claims to have once been abducted by space aliens.
Hey, we don’t write all of this stuff; sometimes we just pass it on ...
Also:
• U.S. curling skips Deb McCormick and Pete Fenson were horsing around – er, bearing around – in Alberta recently and stumbled across a taping of the hunting TV show Canada in the Rough . In no time, the pair were caught on video – Deb fishing, Pete bear hunting – plus both sitting on a bear stakeout, and talking hunting. Oh, and there’s a hot tub scene. Honest.
Will the curlers make the final cut? You can find out this Sunday, on Global Manitoba CKND at 7:30 AM, and on Global Ontario Sunday at 8:00 AM ...
Posted by
| Curling |
In human anatomy, what is the name of the wall that separates the nostrils? | 7 Facts And 3 GIFs: Hellooo Curling : NPR
Potomac Curling Club members (from left) Miriam Terninko, Christopher Richard, Joe Rockenbach and Henrique Kempenich await the arrival of stones to the house during a match Jan. 18 at National Capital Curling Center in Laurel, Md. Jim Tuttle/NPR hide caption
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Jim Tuttle/NPR
Potomac Curling Club members (from left) Miriam Terninko, Christopher Richard, Joe Rockenbach and Henrique Kempenich await the arrival of stones to the house during a match Jan. 18 at National Capital Curling Center in Laurel, Md.
Jim Tuttle/NPR
Most of the sports in the Winter Olympics involve great physical strength or agility. The goals are easy to understand: to go faster, to jump farther or more spectacularly. But one Olympic sport — curling — is as much about strategy and physics as physicality.
Curling is some combination of bowling, bocce ball, billiards and chess — all on ice. Oh, and there's sweeping involved, too, so throw some basic housekeeping into that mix. It's one of those sports people love to mock for not really being a sport. But don't tell that to Kevin White, an instructor at the Potomac Curling Club in a Washington, D.C., suburb where about a dozen newbies like me gathered on a recent weekend for a lesson.
Here are some things I learned:
1. The ice isn't smooth, and the stones are quite specialized.
"It has a textured surface," White says about the ice, "and what we do is we spray water droplets on here to give it what we call a pebbled surface."
Curling brooms, stones and a pair of special shoes belonging to Potomac Curling Club member Joe Rockenbach. Jim Tuttle/NPR hide caption
toggle caption
Jim Tuttle/NPR
Curling brooms, stones and a pair of special shoes belonging to Potomac Curling Club member Joe Rockenbach.
Jim Tuttle/NPR
The pebbled surface helps the stones move on the ice. The stones are smooth and round, and squat like Saturn peaches, with handles on the top.
Article continues after sponsorship
They're also quite specialized, according to instructor Joe Rockenbach: "The rocks are made of granite — a specific type of granite from Scotland. They weigh between 38 and 44 pounds."
2. The idea is to push the stone from one end of the ice to the other, aiming for the center of the "house," which looks like a bull's-eye.
"What do you think we call that? The button," says White. "Ever heard the term 'right on the button?' "
Credit: Jim Tuttle/NPR
But getting the stone right on the button? That's harder than it looks.
3. This is how the curlers start:
Launching the stone involves getting into a low lunge position, pushing off with one foot, sliding on the other, and then when the athlete's body is moving along the ice at the perfect speed, releasing the stone with just the right amount of spin.
Credit: Jim Tuttle/NPR
When done right, it works like a curveball, and the stone curls to the spot the curler is aiming for.
4. Unlike, say, bowling, the fun doesn't stop when the big heavy thing is launched down the ice. That's when the other members of the team start sweeping.
"This is where the 'it feels like a sport' part comes in, and trust me it does," Rockenbach says.
5. A broom is used for sweeping, though it actually looks more like a spongy mop. Sweepers go out ahead of the stone, melting the ice ever so slightly with the friction of the sweeping.
Credit: Jim Tuttle/NPR
Rockenbach says the top-level sweepers can burn 500 calories an hour: "Sweeping accomplishes a couple of things. It can make the rock go farther; it can straighten out the path that the rock is traveling; it can burn calories; it can make you warm."
6. Strategy matters as much as sweeping.
Each round is called an end (yes, this sport has a language all its own .) Each team has four players, and each player throws two stones. The team with the rock closest to the center of the button after all those throws wins the end. Knocking the opposing team's stone out of the house or blocking its path are key parts of the game. This involves intense strategy sessions — and this is where curling really turns into chess on ice.
How many points the winner gets depends on how many stones the winning team has closer to the center than their opponents' nearest stone.
7. After eight (recreation) or 10 (Olympics) ends, the game is over, but the players aren't done.
"The most important rule in curling is the winning team buys the first round after the game is over," says Rockenbach.
The post-game hangout is called "broomstacking," and it's actually really bad form if a player doesn't do it.
That's even true sometimes at the Olympics — which brings us back to that whole argument about whether curling really, truly is a sport.
You can follow NPR's coverage of the Sochi Olympics at our new blog, The Edge .
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The famous Reeperbahn is in which European city? | Death of the Reeperbahn: Hamburg's streets of shame | The Independent
Europe
Death of the Reeperbahn: Hamburg's streets of shame
Times are changing in Germany's most famous red-light district – and the brothels that thrived for decades are closing their doors. Tony Paterson reports on a sexual revolution
Friday 21 March 2008 00:00 BST
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The Independent Online
The inner sanctum of Hamburg's "Mile of Sin" looks as if it has been built to withstand a terrorist attack. Twelve-foot-high barricades block off both ends of the notorious Herbertstrasse brothel and large signs warn visitors: "Under 18s and women – Verboten!" Adult males have to squeeze through narrow doglegs in the barriers just to get into the street.
Past the barricades, about a dozen prostitutes in full pornographic regalia sit perched in narrow shop windows on shiny swivel chairs covered with Playboy towels. They look like kinky Barbie dolls. Each one has a little glass porthole in her window to help her negotiate with clients.
Last Tuesday at around 10pm the only punters on Herbertstrasse were two Asian men enjoying a fit of the giggles. They walked up and stared transfixed at the street's most spectacular exhibit – a full-blown Teutonic dominatrix in knee-high black leather boots, matching corset and a mane of hair that covered surreal breasts. The dominatrix did not bat an eyelid or even look up. She was too engrossed in the novel she was reading.
Controlled and legal prostitution – at least the kind that made Hamburg's Reeperbahn famous and profitable for decades – is dying in what still rates as one of the world's most famous red light districts. And if the scene witnessed on what is reputed to be the area's most titillating street brothel was anything to go by, even its practitioners have become bored with the idea of organised sex for sale.
The message was driven home explicitly less than a week ago with the announcement that Hamburg's oldest brothel is to shut down for good next month having provided an uninterrupted service for its clients for the past 60 years. Hotel Luxor is located in what could be described as the Reeperbahn's heart: a narrow side street called Grosse Freiheit or "Big Freedom". It is the street which was once home to the legendary Star Club that propelled the Beatles to fame. Nowadays it contains the only venue left in the city to feature live sex acts on stage.
Above the main entrance of Hotel Luxor an attempt is made to entice clients with a flickering neon sign that reads: "Pretty woman for happy nights." Upstairs the establishment is reminiscent of an Edwardian brothel: there is a small cocktail bar surrounded by acres of red plush and curtained-off niches with portraits hung on walls and flowers on little tables. A flight of stairs leading to rooms above is fenced off, with a sign saying "private hotel".
In the middle of this sex emporium stands Waltraud Mehrer, a petite woman in her sixties with bobbed blonde hair. She has been Hotel Luxor's madame for the past 21 years: "Yes many people see our closing as a sad development," she said, "But you can't make money by offering real sex on the Reeperbahn any more. I blame it on internet sex , the noisy discos and dance clubs and the popularity of call girl services."
The brothel had its heyday in the 1970s when demand was so high that it stayed open 24 hours a day, seven days a week and employed 12 prostitutes. Nowadays it employs four girls and is open four nights a week. The place will be shut down and put on the market from 1 April. "The only things up and running in the sex trade are the table-dance clubs. The discos on the street have ruined out business," said Ms Mehrer. "Men seem to prefer a hotel room and a call girl to a brothel these days," she added.
The Luxor's demise is reflected in police statistics. In the 1980s Hamburg St Pauli, the district in which the Reeperbahn is located, was home to more than 1,000 prostitutes. Many plied their trade at the district's famous six-storey Eros centre brothel which then counted as one of the biggest in Europe. The fear and spread of Aids forced the brothel to shut down in 1988. Today, Hamburg has fewer than 400 registered women on the game. Table dance clubs, which offer their clients table-top strip-tease and the chance of a quick grope at the stripper for an entrance fee of around €30 (£23) are the nearest equivalent to the city's once thriving brothels. Nowadays the Reeperbahn overflows with supermarkets, tacky discount sex shops offering such bizarre products as a beverage called "Cock a lada", transvestite clubs, cheap eateries and perhaps most significantly 99cent bars which give their teenaged customers the chance to get drunk for as little as €5.
The surge in teenage binge drinking had been accompanied by an alarming increase in violent street crimes, with up to 50 incidents of actual or grievous bodily harm reported in the area each weekend. More than 43 per cent of the perpetrators are under the age of 21. The police and city authorities have responded with CCTV surveillance cameras and last year they imposed a ban on weapons, including knives and baseball bats. Desperate to clamp down on the problem, the city is considering a blanket ban on alcohol being consumed on the Reeperbahn.
Just a few doors up from the doomed Hotel Luxor, drinkers still flock to Gretel and Alfons, a pub that the Beatles used to frequent virtually every night during their sojourn in Hamburg in the early 1960s. The bar is decorated with Beatles memorabilia including a glass case containing pint-sized models of them in their famous collarless suits and a bill which reveals that Paul McCartney only returned to pay the band's outstanding tab in 1998.
Patti, the pub's barmaid, looked back nostalgically to the days of the Fab Four. "Back then this place was the centre of the pop music business. There were loads of clubs which had new live bands playing every night," she said. "Now there are hardly any music clubs any more and the whole area is overrun at the weekends by teenagers who flock to the 99cent bars and get smashed," she added. Her views were echoed by Siggi, the 72-year-old doorman at the Safari club opposite. The club is Hamburg's last "live" establishment and its acts include a rendition of Fred and Wilma Flintstone indulging in Stone Age sex on stage. Siggi, who has worked at clubs on the Reeperbahn since 1951, said: "In the old days, there was no live striptease, only film of nice looking girls naked from the waist up. The whole atmosphere was different," he insisted.
Thirty years ago the venues around Siggi's club included a dance bar/brothel equipped with table telephones which enabled customers to ring up any prostitute they fancied, a miniature circus with a ring, prancing horses and animals that did tricks and perhaps most novel: an act that involved women wrestling in mud with the front row of the audience protected by a large rubber sheet pulled up to the neck. "That was in the Bikini Club," Siggi recalled. "Nowadays the street fills up with drunken kids who go and buy their food at Lidl and then throw up all over the pavement."
The Star Club, which attracted not only the Beatles but the likes of Cream, Chuck Berry and Ray Charles, closed its doors in 1969. The first attempts to cash in on the area's Beatles legacy was made in 2006 when a Hamburg radio station and the city government announced plans for a Beatles Square. Life-sized glass statues of the Beatles standing on a black stone circle in the form of an LP were meant to be a major tourist attraction coupled with a Beatles museum. Two years on the project has simply failed to materialise.
Critics blame Hamburg property developers such as Andreas Fraatz, the grandson of the former red light district "King", Willy Bartels, for the Reeperbahn's demise. Mr Fraatz reflects a trend that began in the 1990s when the city government began gentrifying sections of the St Pauli district. He is behind a €350m development project that includes 300 flats for high income earners and offices for a major advertising agency. He insists that the district's prospects will only improve if prostitution is left to die a natural death and the whole area is taken upmarket.
Few oppose Mr Fratz more vociferously that Karl-Hienz Böttrich-Scholz, an ex-Reeperbahn policeman and head of the St Pauli Preservation Society to which 200 of the district's businessmen belong. He is adamant that the area should stick to its pornographic traditions. "The Reeperbahn is the most important street in the world alongside 5th Avenue," he maintains. "International guests do not come to Hamburg for the seagulls, they come for the Herbertstrasse or to go to the Bums show," he added.
Yet probably the most significant reason for the Reeperbahn's seemingly terminal decline lies about a mile away on the opposite bank of the mud-brown river Elbe. The container port has more lights than the Reeperbahn and is busy round the clock round the year. There are plans to dredge the Elbe to accommodate bigger, deep draft container ships.
People like Siggi remember the Fifties and early Sixties when the streets of the Reeperbahn thronged with sailors because back in those days cargo ships took at least four or five days to unload which allowed their crews a run ashore every night. "These days the turnaround on the container ships is so quick that the crews often don't even get off," said Siggi.
To remind visitors of what those good old days were like, Hamburg has resurrected one of the old, slow-to-unload, cargo ships. The Cap San Diego is a beautiful white painted freighter which is kept in immaculate condition as a museum ship and visited by thousands of tourists each year. To complete the picture, a handful or so have been known to spend the evening on the Reeperbahn – before it disappears completely.
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| Hamburg |
A bevameter is a device used in terramechanics to measure the mechanical properties of what? | Red Light District in Hamburg
By Birge Amondson
Updated October 24, 2016.
No visit of Hamburg is complete without hitting the Reeperbahn, Hamburg's legendary nightlife mile. Located within the district of St. Pauli, it is home to one of Europe's biggest red light districts and is a theme park of neon and the harbor city 's seedy (but largely safe ) underbelly.
What to Expect at the Reeperbahn
The Reeperbahn is the most famous street in Hamburg; you'll find many great bars , restaurants, theatres like the Operettenhaus , and clubs here, along with sex shops, sex museums, erotic theaters, and strip clubs. The place is also overrun with fervent St. Pauli soccer (Fussball) fans during home games at Millerntorstadion.
This eclectic mix makes the Reeperbahn a fascinating place to visit for travelers and locals alike. The district is the second most popular Hamburg attraction after the harbor and attracts all kinds of visitors, from night owls and students to theatergoers and tourists.
Highlights of the Reeperbahn
The lively Reeperbahn is the main thoroughfare of Hamburg's entertainment district, but there are some interesting side streets worth visiting:
continue reading below our video
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Große Freiheit:
In the early 1960s, the Beatles wooed their German audiences in Hamburg and started their career in various music clubs along the street “Große Freiheit” (literally “Great Freedom”).
Some of these clubs still exist, and if you are a fan of the Fab Four, get up and get down in the Indra Club and the Kaiserkeller. You can also visit the newly built Beatles Square at the street corner of Reeperbahn/Große Freiheit.
Spielbudenplatz:
The Spielbudenplatz is the historic core of Hamburg's entertainment district, which started out in the 17th century with acrobats, jugglers, magicians, and wooden booths selling refreshments to sailors.
Today, this street is home to many great theaters, and you can visit one of the oldest wax figure museums of Germany at Panoptikum .
Davidstraße:
Street prostitution is legal at certain times of the day on Davidstraße so you might see the "ladies of the night" waiting for their customers here. Perhaps not surprisingly, at the corner of Reeperbahn and Davidstraße you can find the most famous police station in Germany. The Davidwache provides highly visible police protection 24 hours, and makes the area one of the safest ones in Hamburg.
Herbertstraße:
The most notorious and exclusive street of Hamburg's red light district is Herbertstraße. Just like Amsterdam , prostitutes sit in dimly lit windows and display their "charms" for customers. If you are worried about your tender eyes (or those of your family), know that Herbertstraße is closed off by a wall and minors and females are somewhat Verboten (forbidden). While they may officially enter this street, it is strongly discouraged by the police. Prostitutes here can be hostile to visitors who just "want to look".
Trade is actually down from what it once was. Most business happens in the many strip clubs with fewer than 400 working women still on Herbertstraße (down 50% from a decade ago).
Interesting Facts About the Reeperbahn
The name "Reeperbahn" comes from the old German word "Reep" meaning "heavy rope"; in the 18th century, heavy hempen ropes were produced here for sailing ships in the Hamburg harbor .
John Lennon supposedly said: "I was born in Liverpool, but I grew up in Hamburg."
Tips for your Reeperbahn Visit
The Reeperbahn doesn't come to life before the evening hours. A good time to visit is around 8 or 9 p.m.
It gets very crowded on the weekends. The area is fairly safe thanks to the high police presence, but you should still be cautious and beware of pickpockets.
Most strip clubs charge a cover of €30.
If you are lured into a strip club with a free entry, expect to shell out at least €20 for your first drink.
For a prostitute's services, prices are negotiable but expect to pay around €50 for 15 minutes.
Getting there: Metro Stop "Reeperbahn" or "St. Pauli"
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Pica Pica is the Latin name for which bird? | Pica - Health Tips for parents
Kid's Health
Pica
Many young kids put nonfood items in their mouths at one time or another. They're naturally curious about their environment and might, for instance, eat some dirt out of the sandbox. Kids with pica, however, go beyond this innocent exploration of their surroundings.
About Pica
The word pica comes from the Latin word for magpie, a bird known for its large and indiscriminate appetite.
Pica is most common in people with developmental disabilities, like autism and intellectual disabilities, and in children between the ages of 2 and 3. Pica also may surface in children who've had a brain injury affecting their development. It can also be a problem for some pregnant women, as well as people with epilepsy.
People with pica frequently crave and eat nonfood items such as:
dirt
toothpaste
soap
Pica is an eating disorder that can result in serious health problems, such as lead poisoning and iron-deficiency anemia .
Signs of Pica
Warning signs that a child may have pica include:
eating of nonfood items, despite efforts to restrict it, for a period of at least 1 month or longer
the behavior is considered inappropriate for your child's age or developmental stage
the behavior is not part of a cultural, ethnic, or religious practice
Why Do Some People Eat Nonfood Items?
The specific causes of pica are unknown, but certain conditions and situations can increase a person's risk:
nutritional deficiencies, such as iron or zinc, that may trigger specific cravings (however, the nonfood items craved usually don't supply the minerals lacking in the person's body)
dieting — people who diet may attempt to ease hunger by eating nonfood substances to get a feeling of fullness
malnutrition , especially in developing countries, where people with pica most commonly eat soil or clay
cultural factors — in families, religions, or groups in which eating nonfood substances is a learned practice
parental neglect, lack of supervision, or food deprivation — often seen in children living in poverty
developmental problems, such as mental retardation, autism, other developmental disabilities, or brain abnormalities
mental health conditions, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia
pregnancy, but it's been suggested that pica during pregnancy occurs more frequently in women who exhibited similar practices during their childhood or before pregnancy or who have a history of pica in their family
Eating earth substances such as clay or dirt is a form of pica known as geophagia, which can cause iron deficiency. One theory to explain geophagia is that in some cultures, eating clay or dirt is believed to help relieve nausea (and therefore, morning sickness), control diarrhea, increase salivation, remove toxins, and alter odor or taste perception.
Some people claim to enjoy the taste and texture of dirt or clay or other non-food item, and eat it as part of a daily habit (much like smoking is a daily routine for others). Pica may also be a behavioral response to stress.
Another explanation is that pica is a cultural feature of certain religious rituals, folk medicine, and magical beliefs. For example, some people in various cultures believe that eating dirt will help them incorporate magical spirits into their bodies.
None of these theories, though, explains every form of pica. A doctor must treat each case individually to try to understand what's causing the condition.
When to Call the Doctor
If your child is at risk for pica, talk to your doctor. If your child has consumed a harmful substance, seek medical care immediately. If you think your child has ingested something poisonous, call Poison Control at (800) 222-1222.
A child who continues to consume nonfood items may be at risk for serious health problems, including:
lead poisoning (from eating lead-based paint chips or dirt contaminated with lead)
constipation or diarrhea (from consuming indigestible substances like hair, cloth, etc.)
intestinal obstruction or perforation (from eating objects that could block or injure the intestines)
tooth or mouth injuries (from eating hard substances that could harm the teeth)
parasitic and other infections (from eating dirt, feces, or other infected substances)
Medical emergencies and death can occur if the craved substance is toxic or contaminated with lead or mercury, or if the item forms an indigestible mass blocking the intestines. Pica involving lead-containing substances during pregnancy may be associated with an increase in both maternal and fetal lead levels.
What Will the Doctor Do?
Your doctor will play an important role in helping you manage and prevent pica-related behaviors, educating you on teaching your child about acceptable and unacceptable food substances. The doctor will also work with you on ways to to restrict the nonfood items your child craves (i.e., using child-safety locks and high shelving, and keeping household chemicals and medications out of reach).
Some kids require behavioral intervention and families may need to work with a psychologist or other mental health professional.
Medication may also be prescribed if pica is associated with significant behavioral problems not responding to behavioral treatments.
Your doctor may check for anemia or other nutritional deficiencies. A child who has ingested a potentially harmful substance, such as lead, will be screened for lead and other toxic substances and might undergo stool testing for parasites. In some cases, X-rays or other imaging may be helpful to identify what was eaten or to look for bowel problems, such as an obstruction.
Fortunately, pica usually improves as kids get older. But for individuals with developmental or mental health concerns, pica may continue to be problem. Ongoing treatment and maintaining a safe environment and are key to managing this condition.
Published on: 2016-08-11
| Magpie |
Buzkashi is the national sport of which country? | Magpie FAQ
Magpie FAQ
BirdWatch
Ireland
received more queries about Magpies than any other bird. Some people love them, some people hate them, but everyone seems to have an opinion about them. With this in mind, we have decided to answer some of the most commonly-asked questions about this well-known Irish bird here.
⇒ How did the Magpie get its name?
The term “pie” is derived from French, which itself comes from the Latin word “pica”, meaning black-and-white, or pied. Pie forms the basis of most vernacular names for this species. The modern name became established from about 1600 onwards in the midlands and south of
England
. The species was known as “Piannet” in the north of
England
at that time. Magpie is derived from “Magot Pie”, which first appeared in Shakespeare’s ‘Macbeth’.
The Magpie is known as the “Pie Bavarde” in French, the “Urraca” in Spanish, the “Elster” in German, the “Gazza” in Italian and the “Snag Breac” in Irish.
⇒ What is the scientific name of the Magpie?
The scientific name of the magpie is Pica pica, a reference to its black-and-white plumage.
⇒ What family of birds does the Magpie belong to?
The Magpie is a member of the crow family, the Corvidae. It belongs to the genus Pica, which consists of 3 species:
These species provide a link between the true crows and the jays.
⇒ What does the Magpie look like?
Magpies are familiar birds to most, with their distinctive black-and-white plumage, and they are not easily confused with any other Irish bird. Seen at close range, the black feathers have a metallic sheen, bluish-purple on the body and green on the tail. The tail itself is a very striking feature; it is wedge-shaped and very long (about as long as the body).
⇒ What habitat do Magpies live in?
In
Europe
the Magpie is predominantly a lowland bird of open or lightly wooded country. Magpies prefer areas which provide the opportunity to forage on the ground, nest, roost and find cover. Magpies will inhabit both broad-leaved and coniferous woodland. In the recent past a notable development has been their spread into urban areas, including large cities.
⇒ What are the habits of the Magpie?
The Magpie is a very social and conspicuous bird. It is normally observed in pairs or family parties. However it is not unusual to see small flocks or communal roosts. Some pairs maintain a territory throughout the year while others abandon their territory outside the breeding season. It is not unusual to see non-breeding birds within a pair’s territory; it may well be that they are the offspring of a previous year. They are often seen close to humans and can appear to be quite bold, though always very wary. Magpies have a “confident” demeanour and may be seen strutting about with their tails held high. They will readily take to driving off predators such as birds of prey or domestic cats.
⇒ What do Magpies eat?
Magpies are omnivorous. They feed mainly on the ground, eating a wide range of food, e.g., beetles, seeds, berries, small mammals, small birds and their eggs, nestlings and even reptiles. They may be often observed searching the roads early in the morning for road kill. They will often scavenge around homes, parks etc. searching out scraps.
⇒ What are the breeding habits of the Magpie?
The Magpie is a solitary nester. The nest is a dome of thorny twigs with a side entrance placed high in a tree. The inside is lined with hair, wool, etc. Normally a new nest is built each year, and both partners take part in the building of the nest. Usually 5–7 eggs are laid; these are usually bluish-green and are incubated for up to 3 weeks. The young remain in the nest for a couple of weeks following hatching while being fed by the parents. The fledglings remain close to the nest for a few days. When the Magpies abandon the nest it is frequently used by other species, e.g. Kestrel, Long-eared Owl.
⇒ What is the worldwide range of the Magpie?
The Magpie’s range extends throughout much of the biogeographical region known as the Palearctic. It is found throughout
Europe
, extending eastwards through most of central and southern
Siberia
to the Pacific. There is also an isolated population in SW Arabia.
⇒ What is the history of the Magpie in
Ireland
?
Magpies were apparently first recorded in Wexford in 1676: a report of a flock of a dozen flying in over the sea. Breeding in
Dublin
was first noted in 1852. Magpies have shown a marked increase in numbers over much of the country since the late 1940s. A dramatic fall in the species population in the late 1950s and early 1960s seems to have been the result of certain agricultural chemicals. Following the withdrawal of organochlorine pesticides used as seed dressings, Magpie numbers have increased. There has been a notable spread into urban areas, and they now breed in inner
Dublin
⇒ What is the status of the Magpie in
Ireland
today?
The current Countryside Bird Survey has revealed that the magpie is the 8th most widespread species in the
Republic
of
Ireland
, having been recorded in 85% of the survey’s 1-kilometre squares. However, despite the apparent abundance the average count per survey square is only 5. This is far less than, e.g., the Blackbird with 13 or the Wren and the Swallow with 14.
⇒ Are Magpies destructive towards small birds?
It is true that Magpies will take the eggs and the young of other birds. However this predation is restricted to a relatively short period, and for most of the year they take other foods. A recent survey on urban Magpies showed that eggs and young birds form a small percentage of their diet. It is probably fair to say that Magpies may sometimes be blamed for predation by domestic cats, squirrels or rats, and are often used as scapegoats when the real reason for a local decline in small birds is habitat destruction, the biggest threat of all to our birdlife. Detailed census work has shown no major decline in the populations of small birds that may be attributed to Magpies. A fluctuation in the numbers of small birds is more usually associated with habitat change or severe winters. Normally, predators do not control the numbers of their prey: the predator population cannot increase beyond a level which the prey can support. A partial predator such as the Magpie is unlikely to have any lasting effect on small birds and their hatchlings.
⇒ What is the legal position in relation to the control of Magpie numbers?
Largely because Magpies eat the young of intensively reared gamebirds, the law states that an authorised person may kill them at any time of the year or destroy their nests. An authorised person would be the landowner or someone acting with the permission of the landowner. The use of poison is illegal in most cases and is not recommended as a method of control for Magpies, particularly in suburban circumstances. Care should be taken to ensure that it is indeed Magpies that are occupying a Magpie’s nest that is to be destroyed, as they are often used by other species.
⇒ What effect have control measures on the population of Magpies?
Where Magpies are common, control measures are unlikely to be effective, as new birds will quickly move in to replace those which have been killed. As the main predation of nests takes place when Magpies are feeding young, preventing them from hatching their eggs may better reduce the problem. However, this would only be necessary in very extreme circumstances.
⇒ What may be done in gardens to better protect small birds from Magpies?
In gardens, thick cover provided by dense hedges, bushes and creepers in which small birds nest may diminish the level of Magpie predation. Particularly good are evergreens such as laurel, yew and ivy, especially when they are close to the house.
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In humans, ‘Traumatic auricular haematoma’ is the medical term for which sporting injuty? | Auricular Hematoma Drainage: Overview, Indications, Contraindications
Auricular Hematoma Drainage
Author: Inna Leybell, MD; Chief Editor: Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA more...
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Overview
Overview
Auricular hematoma, shown below, is a complication that results from direct trauma to the anterior auricle and is a common facial injury in wrestlers. [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] Shearing forces to the anterior auricle can lead to separation of the anterior auricular perichondrium from the underlying, tightly adherent cartilage. This may lead to tearing of the perichondrial blood vessels and subsequent hematoma formation.
Auricular hematoma.
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The torn perichondrial vessels compromise the viability of the avascular underlying cartilage. Interestingly, the presence of a subperichondrial hematoma has been found to stimulate new and often asymmetric cartilage to form. [ 4 ] This deformity, which is often referred to as cauliflower ear or wrestler’s ear (shown in the image below), is often considered a badge of honor among wrestlers and rugby players. [ 5 ]
Cauliflower ear.
The goal of treatment is to completely evacuate subperichondrial blood and to prevent its reaccumulation. The mechanism of hematoma drainage has been debated. To date, no randomized controlled trials have addressed this issue. [ 6 ]
Relevant Anatomy
The auricle and external acoustic meatus (or external auditory canal) compose the external ear. The external ear functions to collect and amplify sound, which then gets transmitted to the middle ear. The asymmetric shape of the external auricle introduces delays in the path of sound that assist in sound localization.
The arterial supply of the auricle is composed of the posterior auricular artery, the anterior auricular branch of the superficial temporal artery, and the occipital artery, which also contributes. Veins accompany the corresponding named arteries.
For more information about the relevant anatomy, see Ear Anatomy .
Next:
See the list below:
Tender anterior auricular swelling after trauma, which deforms the normal anatomy of the pinna
Presentation within 7 days after trauma (After 7 days, the formation of granulation tissue may complicate the procedure. At that point, patients should be referred to a specialist.)
Previous
The procedure is contraindicated in the following cases:
Hematomas that are older than 7 days
Recurrent or chronic hematomas (In such cases, open surgical debridement by a specialist is indicated because the hematoma, granulation tissue, or both can be located within the cartilage instead of in the subperichondrial space.)
Previous
Anesthesia
See the list below:
Local anesthesia with lidocaine 1% with or without epinephrine can be infiltrated directly into the area to be incised.
Many authors advocate the use of the lidocaine without the presence of a vasoconstrictive agent such as epinephrine. However, some literature supports the safety of vasoconstrictive agents in areas such as the nose or pinna.
Alternatively, an auricular block can be performed. For more information, see Ear Anesthesia .
Previous
Syringe, 3 mL, with a 23- or 27-gauge (ga) needle for anesthesia
Syringe, 10 mL, with a 18- or 20-ga needle (if performing needle aspiration)
Lidocaine 1% (with or without epinephrine)
Scalpel, No. 15
Irrigation set-up (syringe, normal saline)
Compression dressing materials
Simple compression dressing, as shown in the image below: dry cotton, Vaseline gauze, 4 x 4 plain gauze, secondary dressing wrap (eg, Kling), scissors
Supplies needed to make a simple compression dressing.
Specialized compression dressing (to be made in a specialist's office; not described here): dental rolls (or cotton bolsters, silicone splints, or plaster mold), nylon or Prolene suture on straight needle
Previous
Place patient in the lateral decubitus position on the unaffected side.
Previous
Preparation
See the list below:
Cleanse the skin with povidone iodine, ChloraPrep (chlorhexidine gluconate 2% and isopropyl alcohol 70%), or another cleanser.
Anesthetize the area with lidocaine 1% or perform an auricular block. (For more information, see Ear Anesthesia .)
Choose the technique
Technique 1 - Needle aspiration
Although still widely used, this method is no longer recommended by many sources because of hematoma reaccumulation. The aspiration is often inadequate and the hematoma requires additional management. [ 7 ] Some sources recommend primary needle aspiration followed by the incision method, if reaccumulation occurs.
Use an 18- or 20-ga needle to aspirate blood from the most fluctuant or full area.
Technique 2 - Incision and drainage
Incise the edge of hematoma along the natural skin folds using a No. 15 scalpel. A small (5 mm) incision is often all that is necessary.
Gently separate the skin and perichondrium from the hematoma and cartilage and completely express or suction out the hematoma, as shown below. Be careful not to damage the perichondrium.
Auricular hematoma incision and drainage.
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Irrigate the pocket with normal saline with an 18-ga angiocatheter.
Optional step: Leave a small drain in the incision. This allows the wound to drain but also predisposes to infection. If a drain is placed, the patient should always be given antibiotics upon discharge. The drain should be removed in 24 hours if no significant bleeding occurs.
Reapproximate the perichondrium to the cartilage.
Compression dressing
Apply digital pressure for 5-10 minutes, and then apply compression dressing. A simple dressing is inadequate, as the hematoma is likely to reaccumulate.
Compression dressing can be applied noninvasively (more applicable in the ED) or surgically. Noninvasive methods include a simple compression dressing or, if available, application of silicone splints or plaster mold to the medial and lateral aspects of the auricle, as shown below.
Ear splint.
Surgical dressing involves securing cotton bolsters, buttons, or thermoplastic splints [ 8 ] with through and through sutures to the medial and lateral aspects of the auricle.
A simple compression dressing can be quickly made as follows:
Place dry cotton into the external canal, as shown below.
Compression dressing: Dry cotton in external canal.
Fill all external auricular crevices with either moist gauze (soaked in saline) or Vaseline gauze, as depicted in the image below.
Compression dressing: Vaseline gauze in anterior pinna.
Place 3-4 layers of gauze behind the ear as a posterior gauze pack. Prior to placement, cut out a V-shaped section of gauze so that the gauze fits snugly behind the ear, as shown below.
Compression dressing: Gauze behind pinna.
Cover the packed anterior ear as shown below, with multiple layers of fluffed gauze.
Compression dressing: Gauze applied to anterior ear.
Bandage the fluffed gauze into place with Kling or an elastic bandage, as shown in the image below.
Compression dressing: Bandaging dressing into place.
Specialized compression dressings, such as a silicone splint or dental rolls sewn onto the anterior and posterior pinna, can also be made, though such dressings are normally prepared and applied by a specialist.
Aftercare
See the list below:
The ear must be reexamined for hematoma reoccurrence every 24 hours for several days.
Aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or anticoagulants should be discontinued or avoided for several days to prevent continuing bleeding.
Recommendations indicate that, upon discharge, patients should receive antibiotics that cover common skin flora for 7-10 days. Patients whose immune systems are compromised should receive antibiotic prophylaxis covering both Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas species.
If infections suspicious for Pseudomonas species are discovered during follow-up, the patient should be admitted to the hospital for open drainage and intravenous antibiotics.
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| Cauliflower ear |
Amarillo is Spanish for which colour? | Ear hematoma | definition of ear hematoma by Medical dictionary
Ear hematoma | definition of ear hematoma by Medical dictionary
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ear+hematoma
Related to ear hematoma: auricular hematoma
ear
[ēr]
the organ of hearing and equilibrium . (See Plates.) It is made up of the outer (external) ear, the middle ear, and the inner (internal) ear.
The outer ear consists of the auricle or pinna and the external acoustic meatus . The auricle collects sound waves and directs them to the external acoustic meatus; from there the waves travel through the external auditory canal to the eardrum ( tympanic membrane ).
The middle ear is separated from the outer ear by the eardrum. It contains the three ossicles , the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup), so called because of their resemblance to these objects. These three small bones form a chain across the middle ear from the eardrum to the oval window. The stapes causes a membrane in the oval window to vibrate, and the vibrations are transmitted to the inner ear. The middle ear is connected to the nasopharynx by the eustachian tube , through which the air pressure in the middle ear is equalized with the air pressure in the nose and throat. The middle ear is also connected with the cells in the mastoid bone just behind the outer ear. Two muscles attached to the ossicles contract when loud noises strike the tympanic membrane, limiting its vibration and thus protecting it and the inner ear from damage.
The inner ear (or labyrinth ) contains the cochlea , as well as the nerves that transmit sound to the brain. It also contains the semicircular canals , which are essential to the sense of equilibrium .
When a sound strikes the ear it causes the tympanic membrane to vibrate. The ossicles function as levers, amplifying the motion of the tympanic membrane, and passing the vibrations on to the cochlea. From there the vestibulocochlear (eighth cranial) nerve transmits the vibrations, translated into nerve impulses, to the auditory center in the brain.
Diseases of the Ear. Infections and inflammations of the ear include otomycosis , a fungal infection of the outer ear; otitis media , infection of the middle ear; and mastoiditis , an infection of the mastoid cells. deafness may result from infection or from other causes such as old age, injury to the ear, hereditary factors, or conditions such as otosclerosis . Disorders of equilibrium may be caused by imperfect functioning of the semicircular canals or from labyrinthitis , an inflammation of the inner ear. M enière's disease , believed to result from dilatation of the lymphatic channels in the cochlea, may also cause disturbances in balance.
Surgery of the Ear. Surgical procedures on the ear usually are indicated for chronic infection or hearing loss. An exception is myringotomy , incision of the tympanic membrane, which is sometimes necessary to relieve pressure behind the eardrum and allow for drainage from an inflammatory process in the middle ear. Surgical procedures involving plastic reconstruction of the small bones of the middle ear are extremely delicate and have been made possible by the development of special instruments and technical equipment. stapedectomy and tympanoplasty are examples of this type of surgery, which has done much to preserve hearing that would otherwise be lost as a result of infectious destruction or sclerosis. Inner ear implants are now being performed to improve hearing in patients who have severe sensorineural hearing loss. Other surgical techniques for sensorineural hearing loss are in the developmental stage.
Patient Care. Care following surgery of the ear is aimed at preventing infection and promoting the comfort of the patient. Since the ear is so close to the brain, it is extremely important to avoid introducing pathogenic organisms into the operative site. The external ear and surrounding skin must be kept scrupulously clean. If the patient's hair is long it should be braided or arranged so that it does not come in contact with the patient's ear and side of the face. Aseptic technique must be used in all procedures carried out immediately before and after surgery.
The patient should be instructed to avoid nose blowing, especially after surgery, when there is a possibility that such an action can alter pressure within the ear. Observation of the patient after surgery of the ear includes assessing function of the facial nerve; evidence of dysfunction could include inability to wrinkle the forehead, close the eyes, pucker the lips, or bare the teeth. Any sign of facial nerve damage should be reported to the surgeon. vertigo is another common occurrence after surgery of the ear; it is usually only temporary and will subside as the operative site heals. The patient with vertigo requires special protective measures such as side rails and support when out of bed, so as to avoid falls or other accidental injuries.
Most surgeons prefer that the dressings around the ear not be changed during the immediate postoperative period. Should excessive drainage require more dressings, these can be applied over the basic dressing. Any drainage should be noted and recorded, with excessive drainage reported immediately to the surgeon. (See also care of the patient with hearing loss .)
Anatomical features of the external ear. From Ignatavicius and Workman, 2002.
Structures of the middle ear.
beach ear otitis externa caused by irritation from ocean water and other beach conditions.
cauliflower ear a thickened and deformed ear caused by accumulation of fluid and blood clots in the tissue after repeated injury; it is most often seen in boxers, for whom it is almost an occupational hazard. The ear will not recover its normal shape but can be restored to normal by plastic surgery.
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Which monarch won the Battle of the Boyne in 1690? | Battle of the Boyne, 1690
Battle of the Boyne, 1690
Battle of the Boyne, 1690
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The War of the two Kings
In 1685 King James II, a Catholic, became the King of England following the death of his brother Charles II. The English wanted a Protestant king and were determined to get rid of King James II. They invited the Protestant prince William of Orange of the Netherlands to take the throne. William was married to King James II's eldest daughter Mary Stuart. King James refused to give up his throne or to carry out reforms that William requested. However in 1689, William of Orange and Mary were crowned the monarchs of England. William was now king of Ireland too.
Most Irish people wanted to get the throne back for James II. They decided to help King James, and a war began in Ireland.
Patrick Sarsfield, First Earl of Lucan
Courtesy of 'The History of County Dublin, 1906'.
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Fighting broke out in Ireland and also in Scotland, where James was from. The people who fought for King James were known as ‘Jacobites’. The people who supported William were known as 'Williamites'. King James went to France and Ireland to get support from Catholics. James was not popular with the Protestant Irish because he removed many of them from positions of power. Many Protestants did not at first wish to support Prince William but they disliked the way James took away their power.
Fighting broke out in many places in Ireland. In 1689, the city of Derry was placed under siege by the army of King James because the soldiers there were not loyal to James and would not let his army enter the city. The siege lasted for over one hundred days causing terrible suffering to the civilians of the city. The supporters of King William eventually won and the siege was ended.
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1690
In June 1690, William of Orange landed in Carickfergus. He brought a large army with him. His army was made up of Dutch, French, Irish, Scottish and Italian soldiers and many others. William marched south towards Dublin . However, King James also had an army in Ireland at the time. Some of James’ army were Irish but others were English, Scots and French. The French King, Louis XIV gave soldiers to James as he wanted James to be king of England.
William’s army fought King James II at the Battle of the Boyne in July 1690. The leader of James’ army was Patrick Sarsfield. William of Orange won the battle and also captured the cities of Dublin and Cork. King James left Ireland for France.
| William III of England |
Harold Matson and Elliot Handler founded which toys and games company in 1945? | 6/12/2006 • Military History
It would be difficult to find a battle more indelibly etched into the folk memory of a people than the Battle of the Boyne, which remains as meaningful to Irish Protestants today as it was to their forefathers in 1690. Each year on July 12, thousands of Orangemen march to the sound of tin whistles, accordions and booming lambeg drums to honor the ‘glorious and immortal memory’ of William III, Prince of Orange and King of England. On the day of the Orange Parade, countless street murals throughout Northern Ireland depict ‘King Billy,’ as he is affectionately known to the Protestants, heroically crossing the Boyne River on his beautiful white mare.
William himself would have been surprised to learn that he had become a folk hero to so many Protestant Irishmen. To him, the entire conflict in Ireland was but an irritating sideshow to his main interests on the European Continent. The Dutch prince had accepted the invitation to come to England and preserve the Protestant religion from the Catholic designs of the Stuart King James II because he saw England as a useful ally in his principal struggle against King Louis XIV of France.
Indeed, much of William’s life was spent either at war or preparing for war against France’s ‘Sun King,’ whose great ambition was to make himself supreme monarch of Europe. Biographer Nesca A. Robb described William’s obsession with thwarting Louis at every turn as ‘the governing passion of his whole life.’ Even when barely into adulthood, William began to see France as a threat to the prosperity, religion and political freedom of his homeland, the United Provinces of the Netherlands. Louis, on the other hand, came to regard the Dutch prince as his greatest enemy.
Most of William’s contemporaries, friend and foe alike, found his life to be one of the great success stories of the 17th century. Willem, Prince of Orange and Count of Nassau, was born on November 14, 1650. His father, Willem II, had died of smallpox just eight days before his birth. The leaders of the Netherlands had long distrusted Orange power and influence, which had dominated the government for the previous 70 years. Consequently, upon Willem II’s sudden death, the five leading Dutch provinces did not appoint a successor, instead governing the United Provinces collectively from 1650 to 1672 as a republic. In 1653, Jan de Witt became the dominant figure in the Dutch republic.
During that period, young Willem was cared for under various guardianships. Being a member of the House of Orange filled the youngster with a sense of the greatness of his family tradition. His guardians groomed him for leadership. At age 2 1/2, Willem had his own court. By age 4, he was making public appearances and, five years later, he began to appear alone in public. His education included a thorough grounding in military theory and instruction in his responsibilities as a future military leader.
As a child of state, Willem was surrounded by men who distrusted him and were determined to prevent his rise to power. That hostile situation schooled him from a very early age to be politically astute, to trust his instincts and to be his own best counsel.
On April 29, 1672, 21-year-old Willem was thrust into the European military arena when Louis XIV invaded the Netherlands. The Dutch had to face not just the military might of France, but of England, which sought revenge for the humiliating destruction of the English fleet at the Medway near London by the Dutch navy in 1667, and had therefore agreed to an alliance with Louis. It was a time of dire crisis for the Netherlands as the French crossed the Rhine River on June 14, and seized Utrecht on June 20. A few days later, the French were outside Amsterdam, and the Dutch government was suing for peace. Louisâ terms proved to be too exorbitant for the Dutch, who in desperation broke open their dikes and flooded the countryside, bogging down the French army. In August, the people rose in a stormy rebellion against their own government that soon swept the country. On August 27, Jan de Witt was overthrown and murdered, resulting in Prince Willem III being chosen as captain general and stadholder at the head of the government.
At that time, Louis, ignoring the advice of his best generals, dispersed his forces against the Dutch and their German allies, while waiting for the winter to freeze the flooded Netherlands and restore mobility to his army. Willem, meanwhile, found allies among fellow heads of state who were becoming fearful of Louisâ growing power–the Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, King Charles II of Spain, and Elector Friedrich Wilhelm of Brandenburg.
In September 1672, Willem tried to take advantage of the dispersal of French forces with a series of raids, most notable at Chareroi, but none succeeded. The advent of winter in December brought a French offensive under Franois-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg, which threatened to take Leyden and the Hague, until an unexpected thaw turned the marshy ground into a boggy quagmire, forcing him to withdraw to Utrecht. Louis II, Prince de Cond, suffered similar problems when he tried to take Amsterdam. While Dutch troops held on behind their flooded polders (lands reclaimed from the sea), their navy, under the formidable Admiral Michael A. de Ruyter, repeatedly defeated the English and French fleets off the coast.
In June 1673, King Louis, in personal command of a 40,000-man army, invaded the Netherlands and, aided by his chief engineer, Sbastien le Prestre de Vauban, briefly besieged and took the Dutch fortress at Maastricht on June 29. Willem’s allies, however, forced Louis to commit his forces to other fronts, such as the Franche-Comt, Alsace and the Rhineland. Meanwhile, growing public opposition to the war in England helped Willem convince the English government to withdraw from the conflict with the signing of the Treaty of Westminster on February 19, 1674.
Throughout the summer of 1677, Willem and the duc de Luxembourg carried on a campaign of maneuver that was generally advantageous to the French, but in which neither side struck a decisive blow. Although he had been confronted time and again by superior forces and more experienced generals, the tenacious Willem managed to thwart French war objectives against his country. Finally, informed by his financial minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, that the war was becoming a disastrous burden on the French treasury, Louis agreed to negotiate an end to hostilities. The Dutch States General agreed–over the objections of the still-bellicose Prince of Orange.
The Dutch War ended, for the time being at least, with the Treaty of Nijmegen on August 10, 1678, but the next decade was a tense period in the history of the Netherlands. Relations between Willem and many Dutch leaders worsened because the prince was determined to resist the aggressive designs of Louis XIV, while most of his countrymen desired peace. That situation changed on February 6, 1685, when King Charles II of England died and his brother, James Stuart, Duke of York, acceded to the throne as James II. In 1673, James had converted to Catholicism and that, as well as his friendship with King Louis, threatened to revive the Anglo-French alliance. Most English, who were overwhelmingly Protestant, disliked James but were willing to put up with him, expecting his daughter Mary to become queen after he died. Not only was Mary a Protestant, but in November 1677, she had married her cousin, Prince Willem of Orange.
Encouraged by the presence of a Catholic on the English throne, on October 18, 1685, King Louis repealed the Edict of Nantes, which had guaranteed freedom of worship to French Protestants, or Huguenots. As a result, some 50,000 Huguenot families left France. Another consequence was a revived fear of France among the Protestant princes of Germany, which Willem exploited by forging a new coalition against Louis, the League of Augsburg–also known as the Grand Alliance–on July 9, 1686.
Then, in 1688, James had a son by his second wife, causing concern throughout England that a Catholic Stuart dynasty would become permanent. In July of that year, a group of prominent Englishmen invited Willem and Mary to come over with an army and help the people rise against King James. The Netherlands government gave its blessing to the enterprise, and Prince Willem of Orange, backed by a 15,000-man army, sailed off to become King William of England.
William landed at Torbay on November 5, 1688, and marched slowly through the country, gaining followers as he went, while support for King James withered away. James fled to France on December 11, and in January 1689, a specially called Parliament declared that James had abdicated, and offered the throne to William and Mary. Although the English made an attempt to appoint Mary the sole English monarch, she rejected the proposal. William, too, had no intention of being his wife’s consort, stating that if that was all England could do for him after he had saved the country, then he would go back to the Netherlands ‘and meddle no more in their affairs.’ The two were declared joint sovereigns–King William III and Queen Mary II–on February 13. To confirm his claim to the throne, on April 21 William promised to obey the Declaration of Rights (later called the Bill or Rights), which assured the English people of certain basic rights while making it illegal for the king to keep a standing army, levy taxes without Parliament’s approval or become a Roman Catholic. The pragmatic William was willing to let Parliament limit his power in return for its support against France.
Meanwhile, James was not about to give up his kingdom without a fight. He still had considerable support among the Catholics of Ireland, and he looked upon that island as a stepping stone to the recovery of his throne. He landed there in March 1689, and William declared war on Louis XIV the following May.
Initial opposition to Jamesâ invasion was nonexistent, and he marched into Dublin on March 24–the first English monarch to visit the Irish capital since Richard II almost 300 years earlier. Within a month, however, English power in Ireland had been reduced to Londonderry and Enniskillen. Those cities managed to withstand a 105-day siege and gave William time to raise a large army.
In August 1689, 10,000 soldiers under the command of William’s most trusted officer, Marshal Frederick Herman Schomberg, landed unopposed at Groomsport, in County Down. The army’s composition reflected the international character of the war then engulfing the European continent. William’s troops included not only English and Dutch soldiers, but Danish mercenaries and French Huguenots–the latter including the 75-year-old Schomberg himself. Jamesâ Jacobite supporters were reinforced by a 6,000-man French brigade commanded by Antonin Nompar de Caumont, comte de Lauzun, although one of its six battalions was made up of Walloons and two of Protestant Germans who until recently had been French prisoners of war.
William soon became disillusioned with the lethargic way Schomberg was handling the campaign, and he wrote several letters to the marshal, urging him to attack the Jacobites, as Jamesâ supporters called themselves (after the Latin term for James, Jacobus). Instead of taking the initiative, however, Schomberg gave excuses, making much of the strength of Jamesâ army, and complaining about the weather, disease and lack of medicine.
On June 14, 1690, a frustrated William, determined to take personal charge of the Irish campaign, landed at Carrickfergus with 36,000 troops, to an enthusiastic welcome from the townspeople. Along the way, bonfires lit up the hills of Antrim and Down, spreading the news of the king’s arrival. William remained in Belfast for five days while Schomberg advised caution. Then, impatient to end the Irish nuisance, William organized his troops and set out southward to seek out and engage the Jacobites.
James remained elusive for a time, but finally, on June 29, he halted his army near the Boyne River, a few miles from Drogheda, indicating his intention to stand and fight. The next morning, William gazed down from the high ground into the Boyne Valley and surveyed the Jacobitesâ tents lining the south bank. ‘I am glad to see you gentlemen,’ he is reported to have said. ‘If you escape me now, the fault will be mine.’
While his troops made camp, William and his officers rode down to the north bank to get a better assessment of the enemy–during which they stopped to sit down for a picnic lunch. Some of Jamesâ officers spotted the king, wearing his Star of Garter, and could not believe their good fortune. They quickly brought up and mounted two cannons behind a clump of bushes. As William and his entourage mounted their horses, the Jacobites fired two shots. The first struck the horse of Prince George of Hesse, while the second ripped through the sleeve of William’s uniform.
William slumped over on the neck of his horse. His followers gasped in horror, while Jacobites across the river shouted joyfully. News of William’s apparent death spread through the Jacobite camp with lightning speed and James dispatched messengers to France to convey the good news to King Louis. For 48 hours, the Jacobites celebrated. Some staged a mock funeral, while others made a dummy of straw and wax, christened it the ‘Prince of Orange’ and shot at it all night long.
To paraphrase future humorist Mark Twain, however, reports of William’s death proved to be greatly exaggerated. He had merely suffered a slight shoulder injury. Within a few hours of the incident, he was riding along the ranks of his army, waving his right arm to show that he was all right. That brush with death only stiffened his determination to engage his adversaries–he had waited long enough. At 9 a.m. on June 30, he called a council of war and informed his officers that they would attack the enemy the next morning.
The battle began on July 1 (later altered to July 12 when England changed from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar in 1752), when William’s Blue Dutch Guards crossed the Boyne. The Jacobites fired at them, but fled when the Guards reached the south bank. The Danes and Huguenots then tried to cross, but were driven back into the river. The battle’s outcome remained much in doubt, but William’s troops held firm and repulsed three charges by Jamesâ cavalry.
As the Jacobite horsemen attacked once more, William came up on the left wing, having forded the river a mile downstream at Drybridge, and struggled to the south bank through the marshy ground. Unable to use his right arm, he drew his sword with his left and addressed the Inniskilling Cavalry with the exhortation, ‘Men of Enniskillen, what will you do for me?’ They replied by following him without hesitation to a hill at Donore, where they became embroiled in an engagement so confused that on several occasions Williamite units found themselves fighting one another.
William’s bravery proved to be a decisive factor in the battle’s outcome. One bullet had grazed his leg, tearing away a piece of his boot, but he refused to leave the field. At one point, one of William’s men failed to recognize him and pointed a gun at his head. William pushed the weapon way and chided the officer, saying, ‘What, do you not know your own friends?’
Less fortunate was Marshal Schomberg, who upon seeing the Williamite foothold on the south bank endangered near the village of Oldbridge, personally led his fellow Huguenots to reinforce them, only to be hacked twice by sabers and fatally shot in the back–by one of his own panicky troops or by a deserter to the Jacobite side, depending on whose account one reads.
At about 2 p.m., a messenger brought James the news that Williamsâ forces had secured Oldbridge and the right wing of the Jacobite army was defeated. James still had not committed the main part of his army, which he had held in readiness for what he thought would be the main Williamite effort at Rosnaree. At that point, however, he also became aware that Williamite dragoons, commanded by Marshal Schomberg’s son, Count Meinhard Schomberg, were flanking him to the south. His friend Lauzun persuaded him to withdraw to Dublin before that dragoon force cut off his escape route. His army followed in disarray, leaving behind its baggage and artillery. Continuing his flight to the south coast, where a squadron of French frigates awaited him, James sailed to France. He would never set foot in the British Isles again. On July 6, William entered Dublin in triumph.
William’s victory at the Boyne was less than overwhelming, but the outcome of the Irish campaign was no longer in doubt. Spain and Austria, William’s partners in the Grand Alliance against Louis XIV, rejoiced upon learning of it. Illustrated brochures of the battle circulated in many parts of Europe. In Ireland itself, William’s victory was to have importance that reached well beyond the politics of the day and enshrined his name in its history and folklore.
William remained in Ireland until late August, but the Jacobites reorganized and fought on under the leadership of Colonel Patrick Sarsfield, Earl of Lucan. Bitterly disappointed at his failure to break the back of Jacobite resistance, William returned to England. The subordinates he left behind to conduct the war did not finally defeat their stubborn opponents until the fall of 1891. The Pacification of Limerick, signed on October 13, 1691, provided for an honorable settlement, guaranteeing the rights and property of the Irish Catholics in return for their sworn loyalty to King William and Queen Mary. Although the treaty was ratified by the English Parliament, its liberal terms were rejected by the Protestant Irish, who enacted a harshly anti-Catholic Penal Code of their own, which drove Sarsfield and a multitude of other Irish Jacobites out of the country and into service with the French army.
William’s war against Louis XIV dragged on, with neither king able to gain the upper hand. Finally, a stalemated peace came in the form of the Treaty of Ryswyck, signed by France, England, Spain, the Netherlands and the German principalities between September 20 and October 30, 1697. During the last years of his life, William became concerned with the possibility that the death of the childless Spanish King Charles II might lead to the accession of a French Bourbon to the Spanish throne, thus bringing Spain, her prosperous colonial empire and the Spanish Netherlands under French influence. That fear became a reality in 1700, on March 13, Charlesâ will revealed that Philip of Anjou, Louisâ second grandson, had been declared the heir to the Spanish throne; and Charles died on November 1 of 1700. Louis continued to aggravate relations with William by sheltering James II and, after Jamesâ death in 1701, recognizing his son as the rightful heir to the English throne.
While England and the Netherlands prepared for another war, French forces occupied the Spanish Netherlands, which were also claimed by the counterclaimant to the Spanish throne, Emperor Leopold I, in March 1701. With France and Austria at war, King William III again showed his immense diplomatic skill by negotiating another Grand Alliance against Louis XIV on September 7, 1701. This alliance involved Austria, England, the Netherlands, Prussia, most of the other German states and later, Portugal. William was not destined to long outlive the man he had deposed, however, nor would he see England launch the all-out campaign against France that had been his life-long ambition. While riding at Hampton Court in London on March 19, 1702, he was thrown from his horse and died at age 51.
Assessing William III’s place in history has led to much controversy over the years. One of his biographers, Nesca A. Robb, has said that ‘it may be the force of his living personality, as well as a measure of his greatness, that he can still arouse passionate hero worship and passionate animosity.’
William was a soldier king, one of the last European monarchs to lead his troops into battle. He is not regarded as an outstanding strategist, but it should be noted that he constantly had to face Louisâ generals, some of whom were the greatest military geniuses of the century, and who commanded larger armies than William could muster. William proved adapt at the diplomatic aspect of warfare, particularly in his organization of effective alliances against France. This would prompt British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to later say of William that ‘perhaps he has never been surpassed in the sagacity, patience, and discretion of statecraft.’
It was as an English monarch that William left his greatest mark on history. By coming to England and accepting the crown, he made possible the Glorious Revolution, which led to great changes in English politics and society, and paved the way for many of the freedoms enjoyed by Britishers–and Americans–today.
As for his impact on his native Netherlands, it is true that he saved the republic in 1672 and transformed the Dutch army into one of the world’s best fighting forces. It is also true, however, that his obsessive fight with Louis XIV drained the Netherlands financially and that in the years following his death, that once-formidable Dutch naval and commercial power declined to second-rate status.
Ironically, it is in Ireland, which least interested him and where he spent the least amount of time, that ‘King Billy,’ whether loved or hated, is best remembered today.
This article was written by Ron Chepesiuk and originally published in the June 2001 issue of Military History magazine. For more great articles be sure to subscribe to Military History magazine today!
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The AEX is the stock exchange in which European city? | AEX Quote - AEX-Index - Bloomberg Markets
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The AEX-Index is a free-float adjusted market capitalization weighted index of the leading Dutch stocks traded on the Amsterdam Exchange. The index was adjusted to the Dutch Guilder fixing rate. The old value as of 12/31/98 was 1186.38 and the new value at start of trading on 1/4/99 was 538.36, after conversion. HP and GP can be adjusted back to Dutch Guilders by typing NLG.
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Which band released a 2000 album entitled ‘Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water’? | Euronext
Euronext
Including: Bonds, Derivatives, ETPs, Equities
Derivatives
Euronext makes irrevocable cash offer to acquire LCH.Clearnet SA
Euronext has made an irrevocable all-cash offer to LCH.Clearnet Group Limited (“LCH.Clearnet Group”) and London Stock Exchange Group plc (“LSEG”) to acquire LCH.Clearnet SA (“Clearnet”), in relation to which terms and conditions have been agreed. Clearnet has commenced a period of consultation with its works council during which LSEG and LCH.Clearnet Group have granted exclusivity to Euronext
Strategic combination to strengthen Euronext at the heart of the Eurozone capital markets:
-Strengthening long-term control of clearing activities for Euronext’s markets, while enhancing our ability to innovate
-Improving Euronext’s business diversification (post-trade revenue to represent approximately 30% of Euronext’s pro forma revenue)
-Providing substantial growth opportunities in Fixed Income and CDS
-Acquisition price of €510m (subject to a closing adjustment and including excess capital [1] ) for 100% of Clearnet
-Expected pre-tax operating cost synergies of €13m and additional opportunities for revenue synergies
Completion of the contemplated transaction is subject to various conditions including:
-Closing of the merger between Deutsche Börse AG (“DB”) and LSEG
-Euronext shareholder approval
-Customary regulatory and anti-trust approvals and other consents
-Completion of the works council consultation process of Clearnet
Irrespective of the completion of the contemplated transaction, Euronext remains committed to delivering the best long-term solution for its post-trade activities, in the interests of its clients and shareholders
Amsterdam, Brussels, Lisbon, London and Paris – 3 January 2017 – Euronext, the leading pan-European exchange in the Eurozone, has signed a binding offer and been granted exclusivity to acquire 100% of the share capital and voting rights of Clearnet. Clearnet is a leading, multi-asset, Eurozone-based Central Counterparty (CCP) serving Euronext’s markets, pan-European electronic trading platforms and OTC markets, with gross income of €137m and profit after tax of €36m in 2015, and shareholders’ equity of €301m [2] . Together, Euronext and Clearnet will deliver a powerful multi-asset CCP based in the Eurozone.
This transaction will strengthen the long-standing relationship between Euronext and Clearnet, and cement the strategic future of Clearnet within the Eurozone. It will create a compelling value proposition for customers based on capital efficiencies, product innovation and execution certainty.
Stéphane Boujnah, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Managing Board of Euronext said: “The potential acquisition of Clearnet represents an opportunity for Euronext to achieve revenue growth and diversification. We will be in a position to provide our existing and future clients with a pan-European, fully integrated trading and post-trade platform. Euronext remains committed to delivering the best long-term solution for its post-trade activities in the interests of its clients and shareholders, irrespective of whether the acquisition of Clearnet is completed. We are looking forward to further strengthening our role as the leading integrated market platform of the Eurozone, powering pan-European capital markets to finance the real economy.”
As the transaction is contingent on, among other things, completion of the DB / LSEG merger, which remains under review by the European Commission and other authorities, Euronext continues to explore options for derivatives clearing after the expiry of the cash equities and derivatives clearing agreements with Clearnet in December 2018.
Transaction highlights
The contemplated acquisition of Clearnet will allow Euronext to create one of the leading market infrastructure groups in the Eurozone and significantly diversify its revenue mix. It will also accelerate Euronext’s growth by boosting the achievement of its ambitions in derivatives, by enhancing its ability to pursue growth initiatives and by adding new and fast growing Fixed Income and CDS asset classes.
The contemplated transaction is expected to generate significant cost synergies, the majority of which are anticipated to be delivered by 2020:
Annual pre-tax operating cost synergies are expected to amount to circa €13 million per year [3] (on a gross basis), primarily driven by IT savings and operational efficiencies. These are expected to be mostly delivered by 2020 and fully delivered in 2022;
One-off costs related to transaction expenses, the carve-out and integration of Clearnet and the implementation of the cost optimisation plan are estimated at circa €40 million;
Additional revenue synergies have also been identified resulting from the launch of trading in new products, in particular targeted at the clients of Clearnet’s Fixed Income and CDSClear businesses, and clearing related to additional Euronext products.
With Clearnet, Euronext will onboard a proven management team with an extensive track record and expertise in clearing and risk management; one which has delivered significant growth and diversification of revenues through product innovation and customer focus.
The purchase price of €510 million, which will be subject to a closing adjustment for any change in surplus regulatory capital, will be funded through a combination of debt facilities and existing cash.
Following the acquisition, Euronext will retain strong financing capabilities, with pro forma leverage [4] remaining below peers (1.3x pro forma LTM as of June 2016) and solid deleveraging prospects.
The transaction is expected to be double-digit accretive to Euronext’s earnings from the first full year post completion, excluding integration costs and before synergies. The Return On Capital Employed (“ROCE”) is expected to be higher than Euronext’s cost of capital from the first full year post completion.
An Extraordinary General Meeting (“EGM”) of Euronext’s shareholders will be held to approve the transaction and will be convened for mid-February 2017.
The Managing Board and the Supervisory Board of Euronext have unanimously approved the transaction and will unanimously recommend that Euronext shareholders vote in favour of the transaction at the EGM. The Reference Shareholders of Euronext [5] support the acquisition of Clearnet by Euronext and will vote in favour of the transaction at the EGM.
Transaction timetable and requirements
The transaction is subject to various conditions:
DB and LSEG merger closing 6
Regulatory approvals
Euronext college of regulators’ approval
Euronext shareholder approval
Anti-trust approvals in France and Portugal
Other consents
Subject to the satisfaction of these conditions and completion of the required works council consultation process of Clearnet, the transaction is expected to close towards the end of Q2 2017, concurrent with closing of the DB / LSEG merger.
Rothschild is acting as sole financial adviser to Euronext on this transaction.
About Clearnet
Clearnet is an EMIR-authorised CCP, a 100% subsidiary of LCH.Clearnet Group, founded following the merger of the London Clearing House and Clearnet SA in 2013. Clearnet generated gross income of €137m, EBITDA of €65m and profit after tax of €36m in 2015, and had shareholders’ equity of €301mn June 2016. Clearnet has 189 employees and is headquartered in Paris with branches in Amsterdam and Brussels as well as a representative office in Porto.
Clearnet’s business encompasses four asset classes:
Fixed Income (34% of 2015 revenue): Clearing services for cash and repo transactions across French, Italian and Spanish Government bond markets.
CDS (17% of 2015 revenue): Clearing services for a broad range of European and US single name CDS as well as credit indices. Clearnet has the broadest coverage of indices (99 instruments) and single names (478 instruments) of any credit derivatives CCP globally.
Listed Derivatives & Commodities (20% of 2015 revenue): Clearing of a broad range of futures and options contracts covering single name equities, indices, commodities and currency derivatives. Clearnet currently clears all Euronext derivatives and commodities markets.
Cash Equities (29% of 2015 revenue): Clearing services for equities, ETFs and exchange traded bonds and warrants. Clearnet clears cash equities of Euronext, Equiduct and Bourse du Luxembourg.
Note: The financials of Clearnet reflect the scope of the transaction and are IFRS unaudited numbers
[1] The EMIR capital requirement of Clearnet as of June 2016 was €123m. Any distribution of excess capital would require prior approval by the relevant regulatory and supervision authorities
[2] As of June 2016
[3] Excluding additional IT-related recurring capital expenditure savings of €2m
[4] Net debt / EBITDA
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What colour is the bird on the Twitter website logo? | Use Twitter & Facebook logos on your website, legally. - Web Propelled
Home > Blog > Use Twitter & Facebook logos on your website, legally.
Use Twitter & Facebook logos on your website, legally.
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In the design & build processes when creating a website there are a number of considerations that have to be made, and in this modern world of ‘Social Media’ one of those is now: ‘How & where might it work best to integrate social media’. One of the most obvious solutions to this is to provide an obvious visual link through to the related social media accounts, using an icon, but how can that be made to fit well with the overall design of the site? Therein can lie a problem, & one which can land individuals & small businesses in a spot of bother.
The Facebook & Twitter logos are ubiquitous. You can see them all over the place, so it’s no surprise that many people consider them effectively ‘free to use’. ‘They’re getting free publicity, of course I can just drop it into my site… but it’s a bit garish blue with the yellows of my website so I’ve made it yellow instead’. Erm, well there you invite in legal proceedings from Twitter or Facebook, & I don’t know if you’d noticed but they’re rather big organisations with rather a lot of clout.
Yes, their logos are ‘free to use’ in a sense. They do want the publicity, & for the same reason you may want to use the logo: because as people see it all over the place it’s instantly recognisable as representing their service. But for a similar reason it is supremely important to them that they control ‘it’, that recognisable logo, & not just where it’s used but how it appears. Whether it’s in the colour they want associated with the brand, whether they want it to appear glossy, whether they want the corners to have a soft & approachable roundedness etc.
The Twitter ‘Logo & Brand’ info provides you with quite specific guidance on how you’re allowed to use their logos, & states outright that “by using the Twitter marks you agree to follow the above [display policy] as well as our Terms of Service and all Twitter rules and policies”. Fancy changing the colour of the bird? Sorry, no can do. Want a speech bubble coming from the birds mouth to contain your latest tweet? Nope, sorry not allowed.
In the Facebook Brand Resource Centre you’ll find similar useful guidance on the right ways to use their brand items. Want to use the full word ‘Facebook’ logo? Nu-uh, you’ll need special permission for that. Want to tweet that recognisable ‘Thumb Up’ ‘Like’ button so it reads ‘Like Us On Facebook’. Nope, forbidden I’m afraid, that’s their design & they’re within their rights to control its use.
The first thought of many in response to this will be I’m sure ‘oh come on Geoff, I’m just a teeny tiny little one-person business run from my own home, they’ll not notice & they’ll not much care’. Admittedly there’s every chance that smaller operations wont be spotted in a hurry. Don’t think because you’re not a mega-global-corp you’re invisible to the attentions of their sizeable legal teams though. Developer of a free little WordPress plugin ‘Social Media Widget’ Brian Freytag certainly knows about their legal teams, both Twitter & Facebook applying pressure to get his use of their icons amended.
So when putting a Twitter or Facebook logo into your website do yourself a favour & avoid the temptation to go sprucing it up without checking through brand terms of usage, respecting their design is the least you can do. Besides you WANT the logo to appear exactly how it does elsewhere, what good is making use of their icon anyway if it doesn’t catch the users eye & instantly say ‘Ooh, I can ‘Like’ this page on Facebook?
| Blue |
What type of fashion items are ‘Mary Janes’? | Social Media Colours – Hex and RGB Colours of the Web
Home » Colour • Design • Reference » Social Media Colours – Hex and RGB Colours of the Web
Social Media Colours – Hex and RGB Colours of the Web
Nick Georgiou Colour , Design , Reference December 28 2012 48 Comments
These are the colours that define the social web in 2015. Most of the colours come directly from the logos of their respective brands. To see more colours from the same website, click “more (name) colours”. If we have missed any social media colours, please let us know in the comments.
Update: Does your brand have its own specific colours? Put your brand guidelines in the cloud with Brandware .
Hex: #ff6600
RGB: 255, 102, 0
Have we missed a website you want included? Please let us know in the comments below!
Updates
Updated Twitter Blue and added Spotify Green, GitHub Black, Behance Blue and RSS Orange.
1 September, 2015
Adde a full Instagram Colour Palette .
31 August, 2015
Corrected Instagram Blue and LinkedIn Blue. Added WhatsApp Green and Dropbox Blue.
9 July, 2014
Added Vine Green and Snapchat Yellow.
17 January, 2013
Added colour for Quora Burgundy.
29 December, 2012
Fixed the colours for Twitter Blue, Google+ Red, Vimeo Green, Linkedin Blue, Instagram Blue, Flickr Pink, Tumblr and Foursquare. Sources were cited for Facebook Blue, Twitter Blue, Google+ Red, YouTube Red, Vimeo Green, Linkedin Blue, Instagram Blue, Pinterest Red, Flickr Pink, Tumblr Dark Turquoise and Foursquare Logo Blue.
Sources
Twitter Blue was eye-dropped from the flat Twitter logo . Credit: Forrest Corbett
Google+ Red was selected from the <h1> color and gradient in the sign up button.
YouTube Red was selected from the bottom-border of the tabs on pages such as http://www.youtube.com/sports . According to YouTube , the single-colour logo can only be black or white—there is no red option.
Linkedin Blue was selected from the 2 colour reverse logo on LinkedIn . Credit: Forrest Corbett
Instagram Blue was selected from the color of the logo on Instagram
Flickr Pink was eye-dropped from the Flickr logo and the <a> color.
Tumblr Dark Turquoise was taken from the background-color of Tumblr .
Foursquare Logo Blue was taken from the Foursquare Brandbook
Pinterest Red was eye-dropped from the Pinterest logo .
Quora Burgundy was eye-dropped from the Quora logo Credit: Shannon Young .
Snapchat Yellow was selected from the Snapchat stylesheet
Vine Green was selected from the Vine stylesheet
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Which word comes after Swindon, Ipswich and Huddersfield in the names of three English football clubs? | Championship fixtures 2015-2016: Every game of the new English football season | Daily Mail Online
Championship fixtures 2015-2016: Every game of the new English football season
Queens Park Rangers kick off life in the Championship against Charlton
Paul Clement begins managerial life at Derby by travelling to Bolton
Middlesbrough start their promotion quest against Preston
Relegated sides Hull and Burnley meet in pick of Boxing Day fixtures
comments
Relegated Queens Park Rangers begin their quest to return to the top flight with a trip to London neighbours Charlton Athletic, while Burnley travel to Leeds United on their opening day of their return to the Championship.
Two relegated sides in Hull City and Burnley will then meet in the traditional Boxing Day fixture in one of the stand-out games of the new Championship season.
Hull begin their season at home to Huddersfield while Middlesbrough, who missed out on promotion in the play-off final last season will start their attempt to go one better away at Preston.
So, can Boro go one place better this season? Or will the likes of newly-relegated teams Hull, Burnley and QPR bounce back up to the Premier League at the first attempt?
Jamie Mackie has returned to QPR as the west London club look to bounce straight back to the top flight
August 8
Cardiff City v Huddersfield Town
Charlton Athletic v Rotherham United
Fulham v Blackburn Rovers
Middlesbrough v Milton Keynes Dons
Preston North End v Derby County
Queens Park Rangers v Nottingham Forest
Reading v Ipswich Town
Birmingham City v Nottingham Forest
Bolton Wanderers v Sheffield Wednesday
Brighton v Rotherham United
Burnley v Milton Keynes Dons
Cardiff City v Hull City
Charlton Athletic v Huddersfield Town
Fulham v Wolverhampton
Leeds United v Ipswich Town
Middlesbrough v Brentford
Preston North End v Bristol City
Queens Park Rangers v Blackburn Rovers
Reading v Derby County
Blackburn Rovers v Charlton Athletic
Brentford v Preston North End
Bristol City v Reading
Huddersfield Town v Bolton Wanderers
Hull City v Queens Park Rangers
Ipswich Town v Birmingham City
Milton Keynes Dons v Leeds United
Nottingham Forest v Middlesbrough
Rotherham United v Cardiff City
Sheffield Wednesday v Fulham
Cardiff City v Charlton Athletic
Fulham v Queens Park Rangers
Huddersfield Town v Nottingham Forest
Hull City v Blackburn Rovers
Ipswich Town v Bristol City
Middlesbrough v Leeds United
Milton Keynes Dons v Derby County
Preston North End v Wolverhampton
October 3
Blackburn Rovers v Ipswich Town
Brighton v Cardiff City
Bristol City v Milton Keynes Dons
Charlton Athletic v Fulham
Leeds United v Birmingham City
Nottingham Forest v Hull City
Queens Park Rangers v Bolton Wanderers
Reading v Middlesbrough
Sheffield Wednesday v Preston North End
Wolverhampton v Huddersfield Town
Birmingham City v Queens Park Rangers
Brentford v Rotherham United
Bristol City v Nottingham Forest
Burnley v Bolton Wanderers
Ipswich Town v Huddersfield Town
Leeds United v Brighton
Milton Keynes Dons v Blackburn Rovers
Preston North End v Cardiff City
Reading v Charlton Athletic
Sheffield Wednesday v Hull City
October 20
Blackburn Rovers v Derby County
Bolton Wanderers v Birmingham City
Brighton v Bristol City
Charlton Athletic v Preston North End
Fulham v Leeds United
Huddersfield Town v Milton Keynes Dons
Hull City v Ipswich Town
Nottingham Forest v Burnley
Queens Park Rangers v Sheffield Wednesday
Rotherham United v Reading
Bolton Wanderers v Bristol City
Brighton v Milton Keynes Dons
Cardiff City v Reading
Charlton Athletic v Sheffield Wednesday
Fulham v Birmingham City
Huddersfield Town v Leeds United
Hull City v Middlesbrough
Nottingham Forest v Derby County
Queens Park Rangers v Preston North End
Rotherham United v Ipswich Town
Wolverhampton v Burnley
Birmingham City v Charlton Athletic
Brentford v Nottingham Forest
Bristol City v Hull City
Burnley v Brighton
Derby County v Cardiff City
Ipswich Town v Wolverhampton
Leeds United v Rotherham United
Middlesbrough v Queens Park Rangers
Milton Keynes Dons v Fulham
Preston North End v Blackburn Rovers
Reading v Bolton Wanderers
Sheffield Wednesday v Huddersfield Town
November 28
Blackburn Rovers v Sheffield Wednesday
Bolton Wanderers v Brentford
Charlton Athletic v Ipswich Town
Fulham v Preston North End
Huddersfield Town v Middlesbrough
Hull City v Derby County
Nottingham Forest v Reading
Queens Park Rangers v Leeds United
Rotherham United v Bristol City
Wolverhampton v Milton Keynes Dons
December 5
Birmingham City v Huddersfield Town
Bolton Wanderers v Cardiff City
Brentford v Milton Keynes Dons
Brighton v Charlton Athletic
Bristol City v Blackburn Rovers
Burnley v Preston North End
Ipswich Town v Middlesbrough
Leeds United v Hull City
Nottingham Forest v Fulham
Reading v Queens Park Rangers
Rotherham United v Wolverhampton
Sheffield Wednesday v Derby County
December 12
Blackburn Rovers v Rotherham United
Cardiff City v Sheffield Wednesday
Charlton Athletic v Leeds United
Derby County v Brighton
Huddersfield Town v Bristol City
Hull City v Bolton Wanderers
Middlesbrough v Birmingham City
Milton Keynes Dons v Ipswich Town
Preston North End v Reading
Queens Park Rangers v Burnley
Wolverhampton v Nottingham Forest
Blackburn Rovers v Nottingham Forest
Cardiff City v Brentford
Charlton Athletic v Bolton Wanderers
Derby County v Bristol City
Fulham v Ipswich Town
Huddersfield Town v Rotherham United
Hull City v Reading
Milton Keynes Dons v Sheffield Wednesday
Preston North End v Birmingham City
Queens Park Rangers v Brighton
Wolverhampton v Leeds United
Birmingham City v Cardiff City
Bolton Wanderers v Fulham
Bolton Wanderers v Huddersfield Town
Brighton v Wolverhampton
Cardiff City v Blackburn Rovers
Charlton Athletic v Nottingham Forest
Fulham v Sheffield Wednesday
Leeds United v Milton Keynes Dons
Middlesbrough v Derby County
Preston North End v Rotherham United
Queens Park Rangers v Hull City
Reading v Bristol City
Blackburn Rovers v Queens Park Rangers
Brentford v Middlesbrough
Bristol City v Preston North End
Derby County v Reading
Huddersfield Town v Charlton Athletic
Hull City v Cardiff City
Ipswich Town v Leeds United
Milton Keynes Dons v Burnley
Nottingham Forest v Birmingham City
Rotherham United v Brighton
Sheffield Wednesday v Bolton Wanderers
Wolverhampton v Fulham
Birmingham City v Sheffield Wednesday
Bolton Wanderers v Rotherham United
Brighton v Brentford
Cardiff City v Milton Keynes Dons
Charlton Athletic v Bristol City
Fulham v Derby County
Leeds United v Nottingham Forest
Middlesbrough v Blackburn Rovers
Preston North End v Huddersfield Town
Queens Park Rangers v Ipswich Town
Reading v Wolverhampton
Blackburn Rovers v Hull City
Brighton v Bolton Wanderers
Bristol City v Ipswich Town
Charlton Athletic v Cardiff City
Derby County v Milton Keynes Dons
Leeds United v Middlesbrough
Nottingham Forest v Huddersfield Town
Queens Park Rangers v Fulham
Reading v Burnley
Rotherham United v Birmingham City
Sheffield Wednesday v Brentford
Wolverhampton v Preston North End
February 20
Birmingham City v Leeds United
Bolton Wanderers v Queens Park Rangers
Brentford v Derby County
Bristol City v Bolton Wanderers
Burnley v Wolverhampton
Derby County v Nottingham Forest
Ipswich Town v Rotherham United
Leeds United v Huddersfield Town
Middlesbrough v Hull City
Milton Keynes Dons v Brighton
Preston North End v Queens Park Rangers
Reading v Cardiff City
Sheffield Wednesday v Charlton Athletic
April 2
Blackburn Rovers v Preston North End
Bolton Wanderers v Reading
Cardiff City v Derby County
Charlton Athletic v Birmingham City
Fulham v Milton Keynes Dons
Huddersfield Town v Sheffield Wednesday
Hull City v Bristol City
Nottingham Forest v Brentford
Queens Park Rangers v Middlesbrough
Rotherham United v Leeds United
Wolverhampton v Ipswich Town
Bristol City v Rotherham United
Burnley v Cardiff City
Derby County v Hull City
Ipswich Town v Charlton Athletic
Leeds United v Queens Park Rangers
Middlesbrough v Huddersfield Town
Milton Keynes Dons v Wolverhampton
Preston North End v Fulham
Reading v Nottingham Forest
Sheffield Wednesday v Blackburn Rovers
April 9
Bristol City v Sheffield Wednesday
Burnley v Leeds United
Derby County v Bolton Wanderers
Fulham v Cardiff City
Huddersfield Town v Hull City
Ipswich Town v Brentford
Middlesbrough v Preston North End
Milton Keynes Dons v Rotherham United
Nottingham Forest v Brighton
Queens Park Rangers v Charlton Athletic
Reading v Birmingham City
| Town |
Which is the only county in Britain to have two separate coastlines? | 125 years of the Football League and the top flight - which team comes top? | Football | theguardian.com
125 years of the Football League and the top flight - which team comes top?
Which teams have the upper hand after a century and a quarter of football?
• More data journalism and data visualisations from the Guardian
Preston North End, unbeaten in 22 games 1888. Photograph: Howard Barlow
Today exactly 125 years ago, The English Football League was founded at the Royal Hotel in Manchester, becoming the first national football league in the world. Twelve teams started into the first season on September 8 1888, which would produce Preston North End as their very first champions.
We've crunched the numbers of all 113 top flight seasons (1888-1892: Football League, 1892-1992: First Division, 1992-today: Premier League ). Eleven seasons had been suspended during the first and second world wars.
Since the foundation of the Football League, a total of 64 teams have played at least one season in the respective top flight of English football. Everton, one of the twelve founding members, is currently playing its 110th season in the top league, having missed only four for two spells in the second division. It is topping the list of most seasons played in the top flight.
23 teams have been crowned champions at least once, Manchester United (19 titles), Liverpool (18) and Arsenal (13) being the most successful collectors of silverware.
If we combine the two metrics – championships won and seasons played in the top league – we can calculate an efficiency index in winning tropies when in the race. Which puts Huddersfield Town right in the top group along the above serial winners.
From a geographical perspective, London might have been and still be the city with by far the most teams, but its the North-Western cities that picked up most of the trophies to date. Our map shows how the 113 championship trophies have been spread across the country.
Over all 113 completed seasons, the average number of goals scored is just above three per game. It has been the highest in the very beginning, at 4.63 in the second season. After being at a steady low for the past fourty years, average goals scored per game have been rising again in the past three seasons. They are now – at a current 2.83 goals per game – on course to finish higher than in any other season since 1967-68.
Finally, if we count every single game played in England's top league since it was founded towards one table, this is what it would look like as of April 14 2013. Points are counted as they were awarded at the time, so two points for a win until 1981, three afterwards (did you know that the initial idea of the founders was to award points for wins only, so that it would make no difference if you drew or lost a game?).
What can you do with this data?
Data summary
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In humans, what is the medical term for night blindness, the inability to see in dim light or at night? | Night blindness | definition of night blindness by Medical dictionary
Night blindness | definition of night blindness by Medical dictionary
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/night+blindness
night blindness
inability or a reduced ability to see in dim light; the eyes not only see more poorly in dim light, but are slower to adjust from brightness to dimness. Called also nyctalopia .
Depending on its brightness, light is perceived by either of two sets of visual cells located in the retina of the eye. One set, the cones, perceive bright light primarily; the other set, the rods, perceive dim light primarily. Dim light produces a change in a pigment called rhodopsin in the rods. This change causes nerve impulses to travel to the brain, where they register as visual impressions. Night blindness occurs when the rods lack rhodopsin.
One cause of night blindness is a deficiency of vitamin A—the primary source of rhodopsin. The defect in vision usually can be cured by proper diet plus therapeutic doses of the deficient vitamin.
In the elderly, there is sometimes a diminution of rhodopsin, with resulting night blindness. Other losses in vision may follow. Diminished blood supply to the eyes is thought to be a cause of this form of the condition. Treatment generally is only of limited effectiveness.
Night blindness sometimes accompanies glaucoma.
nyc·ta·lo·pi·a
(nik-tă-lō'pē-ă),
Decreased ability to see in reduced illumination. Seen in patients with impaired rod function; often associated with a deficiency of vitamin A.
2. Retinitis pigmentosa , see there.
3. Nyctalopia Defective vision in ↓ illumination, often implying defective rod function with delayed dark adaptation and perceptual threshold; it is either congenital and stationary with myopia and degeneration of the disc–eg, retinitis pigmentosa, hereditary optic atrophy or progressive and acquired with retinal, choroidal or vitrioretinal degeneration–eg, cataract, glaucoma, optic atrophy, retinal degeneration and, the 'classic' cause of nyctalopia, vitamin A deficiency.
nyc·ta·lo·pi·a
(nik'tă-lō'pē-ă)
Decreased ability to see in reduced illumination. Seen in patients with impaired rod function; often associated with a deficiency of vitamin A.
[nyct- + G. alaos, obscure, + ōps, eye]
blindness
(blind'nes)
Inability to see. The leading causes of blindness in the U.S. are age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.
Blindness may be caused by diseases of the lens, retina, or other eye structures; diseases of the optic nerve; or lesions of the visual cortex or pathways of the brain. A small number of infants are born blind, but far more people become blind during life. In the U.S., blindness due to infection is rare, but worldwide diseases like trachoma and onchocerciasis are relatively common causes of severe visual impairment. In malnourished people, vitamin A deficiency is an important cause of blindness.
A variety of free services are available for the blind and physically handicapped. Talking Books Topics, published bimonthly in large-print, cassette, and disc formats, is distributed free to the blind and physically handicapped who participate in the Library of Congress free reading program. It lists recorded books and magazines available through a national network of cooperating libraries and provides news of developments and activities in library services. Subscription requests may be sent to Talking Books Topics, CMLS, P.O. Box 9150, Melbourne, FL 32902-9150.
amnesic color blindness
Alexia.
night blindness
Moderately reduced to severely defective vision in dim light. Night blindness (nyctalopia) occurs in many people with no objectively discernible eye disorder, but is common in short-sighted people, in those with vitamin A deficiency and in the early stages of degenerative diseases of the RETINA including RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA .
night blindness
see VITAMIN A .
hemeralopia
Term used to mean either night blindness in which there is a partial or total inability to see in the dark associated with a loss of rod function or vitamin A deficiency; or day blindness in which there is reduced vision in daylight while vision is normal in the dark. Syn. nyctalopia (this term is only synonymous with night blindness); night sight (this term is only synonymous with day blindness). See girate atrophy; congenital stationary night blindness ; choroideremia ; Oguchi's disease ; retinitis pigmentosa .
night blindness
inability or a reduced ability to see in dim light. In night blindness, the eyes not only see more poorly in dim light, but are slower to adjust from brightness to dimness. It is a sign of hypovitaminosis A and early progressive retinal atrophy. Testing for night blindness entails construction of an obstacle race and putting an animal through it at dusk. Difficult to interpret results.
congenital night blindness
occurs in Appaloosa horses. There is a retinal defect which is detectable by electroretinography.
| Nyctalopia |
Rosaria, Mendoza and Salta are all cities in which South American country? | night blindness facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about night blindness
Several different conditions and diseases can cause night blindness. These include:
Cataracts . This condition is characterized by a cloudiness of the lens.
Congenital night blindness. This is an inherited, stable disease in which persons suffer from night blindness. Recent advances in gene mapping have identified several mutations responsible for this form of night blindness.
Liver conditions. Reduced night vision can be linked to poor liver functioning, due to a variety of conditions, which impairs vitamin A metabolism.
Macular degeneration . Degeneration of the macula retinae, a specialized region of the retina, can cause night blindness.
Retinitis pigmentosa. This is an inherited eye disease in which there is progressive deterioration of the photopigments of the photoreceptors, eventually resulting in blindness. The rods are destroyed early in the course of disease resulting in night blindness. Night blindness in children may be an early indicator of retinitis pigmentosa. Recent genetic studies have identified mutations related to retinitis pigmentosa on human chromosome 19.
Vitamin A deficiency. Night blindness is commonly caused by a deficiency in vitamin A, in fact, it is one of the first indicators of vitamin A deficiency.
Xerophthalmia. This condition is characterized by dryness of the conjunctiva (the membrane that covers the eyelids and exposed surface of the eye) and cornea, light sensitivity, and night blindness. It is caused by vitamin A deficiency. Xerophthalmia rarely occurs in countries with adequate supplies of milk products.
Zinc deficiency. Zinc is a mineral that is necessary for vitamin A to improve vision.
Diagnosis
Night blindness can be diagnosed and treated by an ophthalmologist, a physician who specializes in eye disorders. Opticians can only dispense eye glasses but optometrists may be able to diagnose and treat vision problems.
Diagnosis begins with a detailed medical history regarding the night blindness. Questions include: severity of night blindness, when night blindness began, did it occur gradually or suddenly, etc. An eye examination is performed. A slit lamp examination, in which a narrow beam of intense light is used to examine the internal components of the eye, may also be performed. Additional testing may be performed based upon the results of these standard tests.
Treatment
Changes in vision should never be taken lightly. Because night blindness can be a symptom of a serious disease, an ophthalmologist should be consulted before a person embarks on self treatment.
Persons who experience night blindness should not drive during the evening or at night. Additional safety precautions should be taken. Alternative remedies may be effective at reducing night blindness, particularly when caused by a vitamin A deficiency.
Food remedies and supplements
Because night blindness can be caused by a vitamin A deficiency, supplementation with vitamin A, or eating foods rich in vitamin A, may help reduce symptoms. Vitamin A was found to slow the progression of retinitis pigmentosa. Foods rich in vitamin A include dairy products, egg yolks, fish liver oil, and liver. Pregnant women should consult a physician before taking vitamin A supplements because of the link between this vitamin and birth defects.
Vitamin A in humans is primarily obtained by conversion of beta-carotene, a pigment found in fruits and vegetables. Food sources for beta-carotene include apricots, asparagus, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cantaloupe, carrots, cherries, kale, lettuce, mango, mustard greens, papaya, peaches, pumpkin, red cabbage, seaweed, spinach, sweet potatoes, watermelon, winter squash, and yams.
Zinc is necessary to transport vitamin A from the liver to the retina, so zinc supplementation (up to 25 mg daily) may help improve night vision. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) helps to increase rhodopsin levels and lines the photoreceptor cells of the retina. DHA is converted from omega-3 fatty acids , both of which are found in certain fish oils. The suggested daily dose of DHA (from fish oils) is 500–1000 mg.
Herbal remedies
Herbals which may improve night vision include:
bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus )
matrimony vine (Lycii fructus, kou chi tza) berries
passionflower (Passiflora incarnata )
Queen Anne's lace (Daucus carota sativas )
rose (Rosa species) flower eye wash
yellow dock (Rumex crispus ) leaves
Colored light therapy
One researcher found that some persons have reduced levels of photocurrent transmission (transmission of light signals from the eye to the brain) which can cause, among other things, night blindness. Colored light therapy , in which colored light stimulates the brain, can reduce night blindness caused by this photocurrent deficit. In colored light therapy, patients look at a device that cycles through 11 wave bands of color. Treatment involves 25–30 sessions over a period of four to six weeks.
Allopathic treatment
Night blindness caused by vitamin A deficiency will be treated with vitamin A supplements. Night vision devices are available which collect and magnify tiny amounts of light to help persons with night blindness see as well as they can during daylight.
Vitamin A supplementation may slow the progress of retinitis pigmentosa. There is no cure for retinitis pigmentosa or macular degeneration, but there are treatments, including laser surgery and the drug thalidomide, which slow down the growth of blood vessels. Cataracts require surgery.
Expected results
Vitamin A can effectively treat night blindness in persons who have a deficiency of this nutrient.
Prevention
Vitamin A may prevent night blindness and slow the progression of eye conditions, such as macular degeneration, which cause night blindness. Wearing sunglasses during the day can prevent eye damage.
Resources
PERIODICALS
Ramser, J., G. Wen, Y. Demirci, et al. "A Complete Gene Catalogue of Human Xp11.4 Harboring Disease Loci for Diabetes Mellitus Type I, Mental Retardation and Retinal Disturbances." American Journal of Human Genetics 69 (October 2001): 655.
Vithana, E. N., L. Abu-Safieh, M. J. Allen, et al. "A Human Homologue of Yeast Pre mRNA-Splicing Gene, PRP31, Underlies Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa on Chromosome 19q13.4 (RP11)." American Journal of Human Genetics 69 (October 2001): 229.
ORGANIZATIONS
The Foundation Fighting Blindness. 11435 Cronhill Drive, Owings Mills, MD 21117-2220. (888) 394-3937. [email protected] <http://www.blindness.org> .
OTHER
Haas, Elston M. "Vitamin A." HealthWorld Online. [cited October 2002]. <http://www.healthy.net/hwlibrarybooks/haas/vitamins/avit.htm> .
Belinda Rowland
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Who became US President in March 1801? | Thomas Jefferson is elected - Feb 17, 1801 - HISTORY.com
Thomas Jefferson is elected
Publisher
A+E Networks
On this day in 1801, Thomas Jefferson is elected the third president of the United States. The election constitutes the first peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another in the United States.
By 1800, when he decided to run for president, Thomas Jefferson possessed impressive political credentials and was well-suited to the presidency. In addition to drafting the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson had served in two Continental Congresses, as minister to France, as secretary of state under George Washington and as John Adams’ vice president.
Vicious partisan warfare characterized the campaign of 1800 between Democratic-Republicans Jefferson and Aaron Burr and Federalists John Adams, Charles C. Pinckney and John Jay. The election highlighted the ongoing battle between Democratic-Republican supporters of the French, who were embroiled in their own bloody revolution, and the pro-British Federalists who wanted to implement English-style policies in American government. The Federalists abhorred the French revolutionaries’ overzealous use of the guillotine and as a result were less forgiving in their foreign policy toward the French. They advocated a strong centralized government, a standing military and financial support of emerging industries. In contrast, Jefferson’s Republicans preferred limited government, unadulterated states’ rights and a primarily agrarian economy. They feared that Federalists would abandon revolutionary ideals and revert to the English monarchical tradition. As secretary of state under Washington, Jefferson opposed Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton’s proposal to increase military expenditures and resigned when Washington supported the leading Federalist’s plan for a national bank.
After a bloodless but ugly campaign in which candidates and influential supporters on both sides used the press, often anonymously, as a forum to fire slanderous volleys at each other, the then-laborious and confusing process of voting began in April 1800. Individual states scheduled elections at different times and although Jefferson and Burr ran on the same ticket, as president and vice president respectively, the Constitution still demanded votes for each individual to be counted separately. As a result, by the end of January 1801, Jefferson and Burr emerged tied at 73 electoral votes apiece. Adams came in third at 65 votes.
This unintended result sent the final vote to the House of Representatives. Sticklers in the Federalist-controlled House of Representatives insisted on following the Constitution’s flawed rules and refused to elect Jefferson and Burr together on the same ticket. The highly influential Federalist Alexander Hamilton, who mistrusted Jefferson but hated Burr more, persuaded the House to vote against Burr, whom he called the most unfit manfor the office of president. (This accusation and others led Burr to challenge Hamilton to a duel in 1804 that resulted in Hamilton’s death.) Two weeks before the scheduled inauguration, Jefferson emerged victorious and Burr was confirmed as his vice president.
A contingent of sword-bearing soldiers escorted the new president to his inauguration on March 4, 1801, illustrating the contentious nature of the election and the victors’ fear of reprisal. In his inaugural address, Jefferson sought to heal political differences by graciously declaring We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.
As president, Jefferson made some concessions to his opponents, including taking Hamilton’s advice to strengthen the American Navy. In 1801, Jefferson sent naval squadrons and Marines to suppress Barbary piracy against American shipping. He reduced the national debt by one-third, acquired the Louisiana Territory, and his sponsorship of the Lewis and Clark expedition opened the west to exploration and settlement. Jefferson’s first term ended in relative stability and prosperity, and in 1804 he was overwhelmingly elected to a second term.
The flawed voting system that was so problematic in the election of 1800 was later improved by the 12th Amendment, which was ratified in 1804.
Related Videos
| Thomas Jefferson |
The ‘Fashoda Incident’ of 1898 was the climax of imperial territorial disputes between the Britain and France in which country? | Presidents of the United States (POTUS)
Inscriptions and quotations in the John Adams Building of the Library of Congress. Photographs of this building of the Library of Congress are included.
Points of Interest:
The Adams' were the first residents of the White House. They moved in in November 1800 while the paint was still wet. Mrs. Adams would hang her laundry in the East Room to dry.
Adams was one of three presidents not to attend the inauguration of his successor. Not only was Adams disappointed in losing to
Jefferson , he was also grieving the death of his son Charles.
Adams was the great-great-grandson of John and Priscilla Alden, Pilgrims who landed at Plymouth Rock in 1620.
The only presidents to sign the Declaration of Independence Adams and
Jefferson both died on its 50th anniversary, July 4, 1826. Adams' dying words were "Thomas Jefferson survives". Jefferson, however, had passed on a few hours earlier.
Previous President:
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Which American author’s last two words on his deathbed were ‘Moose’ and ‘Indian’? | dying words of famous people - famous last words
Last Words, death bed statements . . .
Thomas Jefferson--still survives...
~~ John Adams, US President, d. July 4, 1826
(Actually, Jefferson had died earlier that same day.)
This is the last of earth! I am content.
~~ John Quincy Adams, US President, d. February 21, 1848
See in what peace a Christian can die.
~~ Joseph Addison, writer, d. June 17, 1719
Is it not meningitis?
~~ Louisa M. Alcott, writer, d. 1888
Waiting are they? Waiting are they? Well--let 'em wait.
In response to an attending doctor who attempted to comfort him by saying, "General, I fear the angels are waiting for you."
~~ Ethan Allen, American Revolutionary general, d. 1789
Am I dying or is this my birthday?
When she woke briefly during her last illness and found all her family around her bedside.
~~ Lady Nancy Astor, d. 1964
Nothing, but death.
When asked by her sister, Cassandra, if there was anything she wanted.
~~ Jane Austen, writer, d. July 18, 1817
Codeine . . . bourbon.
~~ Tallulah Bankhead, actress, d. December 12, 1968
How were the receipts today at Madison Square Garden?
~~ P. T. Barnum, entrepreneur, d. 1891
I can't sleep.
~~ James M. Barrie, author, d. 1937
Is everybody happy? I want everybody to be happy. I know I'm happy.
~~ Ethel Barrymore, actress, d. June 18, 1959
Die? I should say not, dear fellow. No Barrymore would allow such a conventional thing to happen to him.
~~ John Barrymore, actor, d. May 29, 1942
I am ready to die for my Lord, that in my blood the Church may obtain liberty and peace.
~~ Thomas à Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, d.1170
Now comes the mystery.
~~ Henry Ward Beecher, evangelist, d. March 8, 1887
In her new book The Most Famous Man in America, author Debby Applegate writes on page 466 that Beecher's last words in fact were, "You were saying that I could not recover." Ms. Applegate has not been able to confirm the traditional version of Beecher's last words.
Friends applaud, the comedy is finished.
~~ Ludwig van Beethoven, composer, d. March 26, 1827
I should never have switched from Scotch to Martinis.
~~ Humphrey Bogart, actor, d. January 14, 1957
Josephine...
~~ Napoleon Bonaparte, French Emperor, May 5, 1821
I am about to -- or I am going to -- die: either expression is correct.
~~ Dominique Bouhours, French grammarian, d. 1702
Ah, that tastes nice. Thank you.
~~ Johannes Brahms, composer, d. April 3, 1897
Oh, I am not going to die, am I? He will not separate us, we have been so happy.
Spoken to her husband of 9 months, Rev. Arthur Nicholls.
~~ Charlotte Bronte, writer, d. March 31, 1855
Beautiful.
In reply to her husband who had asked how she felt.
~~ Elizabeth Barrett Browning, writer, d. June 28, 1861
Now I shall go to sleep. Goodnight.
~~ Lord George Byron, writer, d. 1824
Et tu, Brute?
~~ Gaius Julius Caesar, Roman Emperor, d. 44 BC
I am still alive!
Stabbed to death by his own guards - (as reported by Roman historian Tacitus)
~~ Gaius Caligula, Roman Emperor, d.41 AD
Don't let poor Nelly (his mistress, Nell Gwynne) starve.
~~ Charles II, King of England and Scotland, d. 1685
Ay Jesus.
~~ Charles V, King of France, d. 1380
I am dying. I haven't drunk champagne for a long time.
~~ Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, writer, d. July 1, 1904
The earth is suffocating . . . Swear to make them cut me open, so that I won't be buried alive.
Dying of tuberculosis.
~~ Frederic Chopin, composer, d. October 16, 1849
I'm bored with it all.
Before slipping into a coma. He died 9 days later.
~~ Winston Churchill, statesman, d. January 24, 1965
This time it will be a long one.
~~ Georges Clemenceau, French premier, d. 1929
I have tried so hard to do the right.
~~ Grover Cleveland, US President, d. 1908
That was the best ice-cream soda I ever tasted.
~~ Lou Costello, comedian, d. March 3, 1959
Goodnight my darlings, I'll see you tomorrow.
~~ Noel Coward, writer, d. 1973
Damn it . . . Don't you dare ask God to help me.
To her housekeeper, who had begun to pray aloud.
~~ Joan Crawford, actress, d. May 10, 1977
That was a great game of golf, fellers.
~~ Harry Lillis "Bing" Crosby, singer / actor, d. October 14, 1977
I am not the least afraid to die.
~~ Charles Darwin, d. April 19, 1882
My God. What's happened?
~~ Diana (Spencer), Princess of Wales, d. August 31, 1997
I must go in, the fog is rising.
~~ Emily Dickinson, poet, d. 1886
Do you hear the rain? Do you hear the rain?
Minutes before her plane crashed.
~~ Jessica Dubroff, seven-year-old pilot, d. 1996
Adieu, mes amis. Je vais la gloire.
(Farewell, my friends! I go to glory!)
~~ Isadora Duncan, dancer, d. 1927
Please know that I am quite aware of the hazards. Women must try to do things as men have tried. When they fail, their failure must be but a challenge to others.
Last letter to her husband before her last flight.
KHAQQ calling Itasca. We must be on you, but cannot see you. Gas is running low.
Last radio communiqu� before her disappearance.
~~ Amelia Earhart, d. 1937
It is very beautiful over there.
~~ Thomas Alva Edison, inventor, d. October 18, 1931
No, I shall not give in. I shall go on. I shall work to the end.
~~ Edward VII, King of Britain, d. 1910
All my possessions for a moment of time.
~~ Elizabeth I, Queen of England, d. 1603
I've never felt better.
~~ Douglas Fairbanks, Sr., actor, d. December 12, 1939
I'd hate to die twice. It's so boring.
~~ Richard Feynman, physicist, d. 1988
I've had a hell of a lot of fun and I've enjoyed every minute of it.
~~ Errol Flynn, actor, d. October 14, 1959
A dying man can do nothing easy.
~~ Benjamin Franklin, statesman, d. April 17, 1790
Come my little one, and give me your hand.
Spoken to his daughter, Ottilie.
~~ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, writer, d. March 22, 1832
I know you have come to kill me. Shoot coward, you are only going to kill a man.
Facing his assassin, Mario Teran, a Bolivian soldier.
~~ Ernesto "Che" Guevara, d. October 9, 1967
Yes, it's tough, but not as tough as doing comedy.
When asked if he thought dying was tough.
~~ Edmund Gwenn, actor, d. September 6, 1959
God will pardon me, that's his line of work.
~~ Heinrich Heine, poet, d. February 15, 1856
Turn up the lights, I don't want to go home in the dark.
~~ O. Henry (William Sidney Porter), writer, d. June 4, 1910
All is lost. Monks, monks, monks!
~~ Henry VIII, King of England, d. 1547
I am about to take my last voyage, a great leap in the dark.
~~ Thomas Hobbes, writer, d. 1679
I see black light.
~~ Victor Hugo, writer, d. May 22, 1885
Oh, do not cry - be good children and we will all meet in heaven.
~~ Andrew Jackson, US President, d. 1845
Let us cross over the river and sit in the shade of the trees.
Killed in error by his own troops at the battle of Chancellorsville during the US Civil War.
~~ General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson, d. 1863
Is it the Fourth?
~~ Thomas Jefferson, US President, d. July 4, 1826
Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit.
From Luke 23:46
~~ James Joyce, writer, d. 1941
Why not? Yeah.
~~ Timothy Leary, d. May 31, 1996
Now I have finished with all earthly business, and high time too. Yes, yes, my dear child, now comes death.
~~ Franz Leher, composer, d. October 24, 1948
A King should die standing.
~~ Louis XVIII, King of France, d. 1824
Why do you weep. Did you think I was immortal?
~~ Louis XIV, King of France, d. 1715
I am a Queen, but I have not the power to move my arms.
~~ Louise, Queen of Prussia, d. 1820
Too late for fruit, too soon for flowers.
~~ Walter De La Mare, writer, d. 1956
Let's cool it brothers . . .
Spoken to his assassins, 3 men who shot him 16 times.
~~ Malcolm X, Black leader, d. 1966
Go on, get out - last words are for fools who haven't said enough.
To his housekeeper, who urged him to tell her his last words so she could write them down for posterity.
~~ Karl Marx, revolutionary, d. 1883
I forgive everybody. I pray that everybody may also forgive me, and my blood which is about to be shed will bring peace to Mexico. Long live Mexico! Long Live Independence!
~~ Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, (Archduke Maximilian of Austria), d. June 11, 1867
Nothing matters. Nothing matters.
~~ Louis B. Mayer, film producer, d. October 29, 1957
It's all been very interesting.
~~ Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, writer, d. 1762
I knew it. I knew it. Born in a hotel room - and God damn it - died in a hotel room.
~~ Eugene O'Neill, writer, d. November 27, 1953
Good-bye . . . why am I hemorrhaging?
~~ Boris Pasternak, writer, d. 1959
Get my swan costume ready.
~~ Anna Pavlova, ballerina, d. 1931
I am curious to see what happens in the next world to one who dies unshriven.
Giving his reasons for refusing to see a priest as he lay dying.
~~ Pietro Perugino, Italian painter, d. 1523
Lord help my poor soul.
~~ Edgar Allan Poe, writer, d. October 7, 1849
I love you Sarah. For all eternity, I love you.
Spoken to his wife.
~~ James K. Polk, US President, d. 1849
Here am I, dying of a hundred good symptoms.
~~ Alexander Pope, writer, d. May 30, 1744
I owe much; I have nothing; the rest I leave to the poor.
~~ Fran�ois Rabelais, writer, d. 1553
I have a terrific headache.
He died of a cerebral hemorrhage.
~~ Franklin Delano Roosevelt, US President, d. 1945
Put out the light.
~~ Theodore Roosevelt, US President, d. 1919
They couldn't hit an elephant at this dist. . . .
Killed in battle during US Civil War.
~~ General John Sedgwick, Union Commander, d. 1864
Sister, you're trying to keep me alive as an old curiosity, but I'm done, I'm finished, I'm going to die.
Spoken to his nurse.
~~ George Bernard Shaw, playwright, d. November 2, 1950
I've had eighteen straight whiskies, I think that's the record . . .
~~ Dylan Thomas, poet, d. 1953
Moose . . . Indian . . .
~~ Henry David Thoreau, writer, d. May 6, 1862
God bless... God damn.
~~ James Thurber, humorist, d. 1961
I feel here that this time they have succeeded.
~~ Leon Trotsky, Russian revolutionary, d. 1940
Don't worry chief, it will be alright.
~~ Rudolph Valentino, actor, d. August 23, 1926
Woe is me. Me thinks I'm turning into a god.
~~ Vespasian, Roman Emperor, d. 79 AD
Don't let it end like this. Tell them I said something.
~~ Pancho Villa, Mexican revolutionary, d. 1923
I have offended God and mankind because my work did not reach the quality it should have.
~~ Leonardo da Vinci, artist, d. 1519
I die hard but am not afraid to go.
~~ George Washington, US President, d. December 14, 1799
Go away. I'm all right.
~~ H. G. Wells, novelist, d. 1946
Either that wallpaper goes, or I do.
~~ Oscar Wilde, writer, d. November 30, 1900
I am ready.
~~ Woodrow Wilson, US President, d. 1924
Curtain! Fast music! Light! Ready for the last finale! Great! The show looks good, the show looks good!
~~ Florenz Ziegfeld, showman, d. July 22, 1932
| Henry David Thoreau |
In which year did Barbados join The Commonwealth? | Henry David Thoreau
Henry David Thoreau
"...it represents Henry just as he was
in that summer...", said Eben J. Loomis
of this 1854 portrait of Thoreau
(by Samuel Worcester Rowse)
Biography
Henry David Thoreau was a complex man of many talents who worked hard to shape his craft and his life, seeing little difference between them. Born in 1817 , one of his first memories was of staying awake at night "looking through the stars to see if I could see God behind them." One might say he never stopped looking into nature for ultimate Truth.
Henry grew up very close to his older brother John, who taught school to help pay for Henry's tuition at Harvard. While there, Henry read a small book by his Concord neighbor, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nature , and in a sense he never finished exploring its ideas -- although always definitely on his own terms, just as he explored everything! He and his brother taught school for a while but in 1842, John cut himself while shaving and died of lockjaw in his brother's arms, an untimely death which traumatized the 25 year old Henry. He worked for several years as a surveyor
and making pencils
with his father, but at the age of 28 in 1845, wanting to write his first book, he went to Walden pond and built his cabin on land owned by Emerson
While at Walden, Thoreau did an incredible amount of reading and writing, yet he also spent much time "sauntering" in nature. He gave a lecture and was imprisoned briefly for not paying his poll tax, but mostly he wrote a book as a memorial to a river trip he had taken with his brother, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers
.
After two years (and two months), Thoreau returned to Concord -- a bare two miles away which he had visited frequently during his stay at the pond, having completed his experiment in living and his book. Unfortunately, few people were interested in purchasing his book, so he spent the next nine years, surveying and making pencils at times but primarily writing and rewriting (creating seven full drafts) Walden before trying to publish it. He supported himself by surveying and making a few lectures, often on his experience at Walden pond.
Many readers mistake Henry's tone in Walden and other works, thinking he was a cranky hermit. That was far from the case, as one of his young neighbors and Edward Emerson attest. He found greater joy in his daily life than most people ever would.
He traveled often, to the Maine woods and to Cape Cod several times, and was particularly interested in the frontier and Indians. He opposed the government for waging the Mexican war (to extend slavery) eloquently in Resistance to Civil Government, based on his brief experience in jail; he lectured against slavery in an abolitionist lecture, Slavery in Massachusetts. He even supported John Brown's efforts to end slavery after meeting him in Concord, as in A Plea for Captain John Brown.
Thoreau died of tuberculosis in 1862, at the age of 44. His last words were said to be "Moose" and "Indian." Not only did he leave his two books and numerous essays, but he also left a huge Journal
, published later in 20 volumes, which may have been his major work-in-progress. Many memorials were penned by his friends, including Emerson's eulogy and Louisa May Alcott's poem, "Thoreau's Flute."
Over the years, Thoreau's reputation has been strong, although he is often cast into roles -- the hermit in the wilderness, the prophet of passive resistance (so dear to Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King) -- that he would have surely seen as somewhat alien. His work is so rich, and so full of the complex contradictions that he explored, that his readers keep reshaping his image to fit their own needs. Perhaps he would have appreciated that, for he seems to have wanted most to use words to force his readers to rethink their own lives creatively, different though they may be, even as he spent his life rethinking his, always asking questions, always looking to nature for greater intensity and meaning for his life.
Ann Woodlief
| i don't know |
The Pasig and Marikina Rivers are in which Asian country? | Pasig-Marikina River Channel Improvement Project (Phase III) | Our Work | JICA
Pasig-Marikina River Channel Improvement Project (Phase III)
Information Disclosure under new Guidelines
Projects classified as Category A, B, or FI
Pasig-Marikina River Channel Improvement Project (Phase III)
Country, Site
The Republic of the Philippines, Metro Manila
Project Outline
The objective of the Project is to mitigate flood damage in Metro Manila caused by channel overflow of the Pasig-Marikina River by implementing river channel improvement works.
Category
A
Reason of Categorization
The project is likely to have significant adverse impact due to its characteristic under the JICA guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations (April, 2010).
| Philippines |
In religion, what are the Zoroastrian books of Sacred Texts called? | Pasig River
Pasig River
0 m (0 ft)
- coordinates
570 km2 (220 sq mi)
A drainage map of the Pasig- Marikina River system
The Pasig River ( Filipino : Ilog Pasig and Spanish : Río Pásig) is a river in the Philippines that connects Laguna de Bay to Manila Bay . Stretching for 25 kilometres (15.5 mi), it bisects the Philippine capital of Manila and its surrounding urban area into northern and southern halves. Its major tributaries are the Marikina River and San Juan River .
The Pasig River is technically a tidal estuary , as the flow direction depends upon the water level difference between Manila Bay and Laguna de Bay. During the dry season , the water level in Laguna de Bay is low with the river's flow direction dependent on the tides. During the wet season , when the water level of Laguna de Bay is high, the flow is reversed towards Manila Bay.
The Pasig River used to be an important transport route and source of water for Spanish Manila . Due to negligence and industrial development, the river has become very polluted and is considered dead (i.e., unable to sustain life) by ecologists . The Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission (PRRC), which was established to oversee rehabilitation efforts for the river, is supported by private sector organisations such as the Clean and Green Foundation, Inc. that introduced the Piso para sa Pasig (Filipino: "A peso for the Pasig") campaign in the 1990s.
Contents
Geography[ edit ]
The Pasig River winds generally north-westward for some 25 kilometres (15.5 mi) from the Laguna de Bay , the largest lake in the Philippines, to Manila Bay , in the southern part of the island of Luzon . From the lake, the river runs between Taguig and Taytay, Rizal , before entering Pasig . This portion of the Pasig River, to the confluence with the Marikina River tributary, is known as the Napindan River or Napindan Channel.
From there, the Pasig forms flows through Pasig until its confluence with the Taguig River , From here, it forms the border between Mandaluyong to the north and Makati to the south.. The river then sharply turns northeast, where it has become the border between Mandaluyong and Manila before turning again westward, joining its other major tributary, the San Juan River , and then following a sinuous path through the center of Manila before emptying into the bay.
The whole river and most portions of its tributaries lie entirely within Metro Manila , the metropolitan region of the capital. Isla de Convalecencia , the only island dividing the Pasig River, can be found in Manila and it is where the Hospicio de San Jose is located.
Tributaries and canals[ edit ]
One major river that drains Laguna de Bay is the Taguig River , which enters into Taguig before becoming the Pateros River; it is the border between the municipalities of Pateros and Makati City. Pateros River then enters the confluence where the Napindan Channel and Marikina River meet. The Marikina River is the larger of the two major tributaries of the Pasig River, and it flows southward from the mountains of Rizal and cuts through the Marikina Valley . The San Juan River drains the plateau on which Quezon City stands; its major tributary is Diliman Creek.
Within the city of Manila, various esteros (canals) criss-cross through the city and connect with the Tullahan River in the north and the Parañaque River to the west.
See also: List of crossings of the Pasig River
A total of 19 bridges cross the Pasig. The first bridge from the source at Laguna de Bay is the Napindan Bridge, followed by the Arsenio Jimenez Bridge to its west. Crossing the Napindan Channel in Pasig is the Bambang Bridge. The newest bridge, opened in February 2015, is the Buting-Sumilang Bridge that connects barangays Buting and Smiling in Pasig. [1]
The next bridge downstream is the C-5 Road ( Felix Manalo ) Bridge connecting the cities of Makati and Pasig. The Guadalupe Bridge between Makati and Mandaluyong carries Epifanio de los Santos Avenue , the major artery of Metro Manila, as well as the MRT-3 line from Guadalupe Station to Boni Station . The Estrella–Pantaleon and Makati - Mandaluyong Bridges likewise connect the two cities downstream, with the latter forming the end of Makati Avenue .
The easternmost crossing in the City of Manila is Lambingan Bridge in the district of Santa Ana , followed by the Padre Zamora (Pandacan) Bridge connecting Pandacan and Santa Mesa districts, and carries the southern line of the Philippine National Railways . The Mabini Bridge (formerly Nagtahan Bridge) provides a crossing for Nagtahan Avenue, part of C-2 Road . Ayala Bridge carries Ayala Boulevard, and connects the Isla de Convalecencia to both banks of the Pasig.
Further downstream are the Quezon Bridge from Quiapo to Ermita , the LRT-1 bridge from Central Terminal Station to Carriedo Station , MacArthur Bridge from Santa Cruz to Ermita, and the Jones Bridge from Binondo to Ermita. The last bridge near the mouth of the Pasig is the Roxas Bridge (formerly called Del Pan Bridge) from Tondo to the Port Area .
The future expressway bridge is the Metro Manila Skyway . Skyway stage 3 serves as a connection road from North Luzon Expressway in Balintawak, Quezon City to South Luzon Expressway in Buendia, Makati City . The expressway bridge will be built within the city of Manila serves as a solution to heavy traffic along EDSA. The project is expected to be finish by 2019.
Landmarks[ edit ]
The growth of Manila along the banks of the Pasig River has made it a focal point for development and historical events. The foremost landmark on the banks of the river is the walled district of Intramuros , located near the mouth of the river on its southern bank. It was built by the Spanish colonial government in the 16th century. Further upstream is the Hospicio de San Jose , an orphanage located on Pasig's sole island, the Isla de Convalescencia. On the northern bank stands Malacañan Palace , the official residence of the President of the Philippines . Also on Pasig River's northern bank and within the Manila district of Sta. Mesa is the main campus of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines .
In Makati City, along the southern bank of Pasig, is the former Sta. Ana Race Track (under development as Circuit Makati ) and the Rockwell Commercial Center, a high-end office and commercial area containing the Power Plant Mall. At the confluence of the Pasig and Marikina rivers is the Napindan Hydraulic Control Structure, which regulates the flow of water from the Napindan Channel.
Geology[ edit ]
A landsat image of Manila Bay - Laguna de Bay area; Pasig River can be seen on the right.
The Pasig River's main watershed is concentrated in the plains between Manila Bay and Laguna de Bay . The watershed of the Marikina River tributary mostly occupies the Marikina Valley, which was formed by the Marikina Fault Line . The Manggahan Floodway is an artificially constructed waterway that aims to reduce the flooding in the Marikina Valley during the rainy season, by bringing excess water to the Laguna de Bay.
Tidal flows[ edit ]
The Pasig River is technically considered a tidal estuary. Toward the end of the summer or dry season (April and May), the water level in Laguna de Bay reaches to a minimum of 10.5 meters. During times of high tide , the water level in the lake may drop below that of Manila Bay's, resulting in a reverse flow of seawater from the bay into the lake. This results in increased pollution and salinity levels in Laguna de Bay at this time of the year. [2]
Flooding[ edit ]
The Pasig River is vulnerable to flooding in times of very heavy rainfall, with the Marikina River tributary the main source of the floodwater. The Manggahan Floodway was constructed to divert excess floodwater from the Marikina River into the Laguna de Bay, which serves as a temporary reservoir. By design, the Manggahan Floodway is capable of handling 2,400 cubic meters per second of water flow, with the actual flow being about 2,000 cubic meters per second. To complement the floodway, the Napindan Hydraulic Control System (NHCS) was built in 1983 at the confluence of the Marikina River and the Napindan Channel to regulate the flow of water between the Pasig River and the lake. [3]
History[ edit ]
The Laguna de Bay was a Pasig River steamer operated by a Spanish company, and was a type of vessel immortalized in José Rizal 's novels. It is shown here after its conversion into an American gunboat . The modification of civilian vessels for war by fitting artillery pieces had previously been practiced by the Philippine and Spanish navies. The modern counterparts of the Pasig steamers are the Pasig water buses.
The Pasig River in 1899.
A PRRC perspective sketch design of the Pasig River in "the future".
Before the mass urbanization of Manila, the Pasig River served as an important means of transport; it was the city's lifeline and center of economic activity. Some of the most prominent kingdoms in early Philippine history , including the kingdoms of Namayan , Maynila , and Tondo grew up along the banks of the river, drawing their life and source of wealth from it. When the Spanish established Manila as the capital of their colonial properties in the Far East, they built the walled city of Intramuros on the southern bank of Pasig River near its mouth. According to Meranau Pasig is Pasig also, Kapamasig
(e.g.Pasig kanu! angkanu de khaanod!).
Main article: Pollution of the Pasig River
After World War II , massive population growth, infrastructure construction, and the dispersal of economic activities to Manila's suburbs left the river neglected. The banks of the river attracted informal settlers and the remaining factories dumped their wastes into the river, making it effectively a huge sewer system. Industrialization had already polluted the river. [4]
In the 1930s, observers noticed the increasing pollution of the river, as fish migration from Laguna de Bay diminished. People ceased using the river's water for laundering in the 1960s, and ferry transport declined. By the 1970s, the river started to emanate offensive smells, and in the 1980s, fishing in the river was prohibited. By the 1990s, the Pasig River was considered biologically dead [4]
Main article: Pasig river rehabilitation
Efforts to revive the river began in December 1989 with the help of Danish authorities. The Pasig River Rehabilitation Program (PRRP) was established, with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources as the main agency with the coordination of the Danish International Development Assistance (DANIDA). [5]
In 1999, President Joseph Estrada signed Executive Order No. 54 establishing the PRRC to replace the old PRRP with additional expanded powers such as managing of wastes and resettling of squatters. [5]
In 2010, the TV network ABS-CBN and Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission headed by ABS-CBN Foundation-Bantay Kalikasan Director Gina Lopez - currently serving as a chairperson of PRRC - launched a fun run fund-raising activity called "Run for the Pasig River" held every month of October. The proceeds from the fun run will serve as a fund for the "Kapit-bisig para sa Ilog Pasig" (Collaborate for Pasig River) rehabilitation project of Pasig River.
Pasig River with the Old Post Office Building
Pasig River at dusk
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The Duke of Monmouth, who was executed in 1685 after leading a rebellion against King James II, was the illegitimate son of which monarch? | ExecutedToday.com » 1685: James Scott, Duke of Monmouth
1685: James Scott, Duke of Monmouth
July 15th, 2008 Headsman
On this date in 1685, the haughty Duke of Monmouth mounted the scaffold at London’s Tower Hill to suffer beheading for treason, and tipped the headsman with the words, “Here are six guineas for you and do not hack me as you did my Lord Russell . I have heard you struck him four or five times; If you strike me twice, I cannot promise you not to stir.”*
Upon this tart public reminder of his recent and infamous failure of craft, the eponymous executioner Jack Ketch quite came apart.
Monmouth, certainly, would have appreciated the advance that would bring the guillotine . Beheading by a free-swinging axe was a ghoulishly inexact procedure : bad aim, insufficient force, an untimely flinch, or the tough neck muscles of a grizzled campaigner regularly complicated the process. Jack Ketch is sometimes reported a sadist, and sometimes a professional hangman so rarely summoned to give a nobleman the chop that he simply lacked proficiency. Either way, he’d been on the job for a generation by this time: his reputation for infelicity with the blade preceded him.
Historical fiction from the perspective of the Duke of Monmouth.
Monmouth , an illegitimate son of King Charles II, had cause to dread Ketch’s offices for the rebellious culmination of a long power struggle with his uncle, the future King James II.
The personal contest between these men for the throne of England was the echo of the decades-old struggles straining the English polity — the Reformation and the reach of royal authority .
As it became known that the king’s brother James had gone from Catholic sympathizer to Catholic convert, Protestants began maneuvering to keep him from inheriting the crown. For three years, Parliament pushed the Exclusion Bill , which would have excluded James from succession.**
Favor among the bill’s supporters settled on the Protestant playboy Monmouth — politically convenient rumors that he was actually a legitimate child began circulating. “Weak, bad, and beautiful,” this unfriendly-to-Monmouth free book has him; whatever he was, his allies in the House of Commons were handily outmaneuvered. The Exclusion measures failed, and in 1685, James II began his reign as England’s last Roman Catholic monarch.
Monmouth’s hopes had been raised, however, and he proceeded to invade England at Dorset with a somewhat ragtag army that was routed by the Protestant royal troops who remained loyal to James at the Battle of Sedgemoor — not quite the last battle fought on English soil, but the last consequential one (the last fought with pitchforks makes a livelier distinction). Monmouth was caught trying to get away in a shepherd’s disguise . Other fugitives of his cause were hunted mercilessly .
The defeated duke was reputedly not above begging the sovereign for his life; obviously, that didn’t work out. But his cause was a popular one, nearing reverence among some commoners. Jack Ketch may have had a case of the butterflies even before the duke undressed him … and as it turns out, Ketch almost left the scaffold worse than his victim.
Here is the scene in Macaulay’s words :
The hangman addressed himself to his office. But he had been disconcerted by what the Duke had said. The first blow inflicted only a slight wound. The Duke struggled, rose from the block, and looked reproachfully at the executioner. The head sank down once more. The stroke was repeated again and again; but still the neck was not severed, and the body continued to move. Yells of rage and horror rose from the crowd. Ketch flung down the axe with a curse. ‘I cannot do it,’ he said; ‘my heart fails me.’ ‘Take up the axe, man,’ cried the sheriff. ‘Fling him over the rails,’ roared the mob. At length the axe was taken up. Two more blows extinguished the last remains of life; but a knife was used to separate the head from the shoulders. The crowd was wrought up to such an ecstasy of rage that the executioner was in danger of being torn in pieces, and was conveyed away under a strong guard.
In the meantime many handkerchiefs were dipped in the Duke’s blood; for, by a large part of the multitude he was regarded as a martyr who had died for the Protestant religion.
Just the sort of soil for posthumous tall tales — that his execution was bogus and he was in hiding to return again, or had been packed off to France to become the Man in the Iron Mask . One possibly better-founded legend is that his head was set back upon its stump to sit him for what must have been a pungent portrait .
Protestant opponents of James were much thicker on the ground than the Duke’s own person, of course. They soon succeeded where Monmouth had failed.
* Slightly different versions of this address from the Duke to the executioner are recorded. Macaulay omits the “if you strike me twice” clause but adds “My servant will give you some more gold if you do the work well”; a more polite (barely) construction suggests “Do not serve me as you did my Lord Russell.”
** The factions in this dispute — the “Petitioners” (supporting the bill) and the “Abhorrers” (supporting the king) — evolved into the Whig and Tory political parties.
| Charles II |
Who was the host of the first two series of the UK television panel game show ‘Odd One In’? | The Battle of Sedgemoor
The Battle of Sedgemoor
Westonzoyland, Somerset
rebel troops under James, Duke of Monmouth vs. a royal army led by Lord Feversham
James, Duke of Monmouth was an illegitimate son of Charles II. Charles heaped honours upon James, and made him a Duke. The Protestant Monmouth became a figurehead for those opposed to the Catholic James, Duke of York.
When Charles died in February, 1685, Monmouth was in Holland. Though he personally seems to have had very little ambition to seize the crown, he was persuade by his Protestant advisors, notably the Earl of Argyll, to launch an invasion in the west country while Argyll landed in Scotland.
Against his better judgment Monmouth took ship for England and landed in Lyme Regis on June 11. His small band of 83 men soon swelled to 3000 as volunteers flocked to his cause.
Such a large percentage of Monmouth's followers were poor farmers and peasants that the rising later became known as The Pitchfork Rebellion, though in truth many volunteers were turned away because they lacked adequate arms.
At Taunton, Monmouth was declared King of England for the first time, and with nearly 8000 ill-equipped men he marched on Bristol.
Monmouth abandoned his plan to take Bristol after only token opposition led by Lord Churchill's cavalry. The Duke marched his men rather aimlessly south to Bridgwater, pursued by Lord Feversham.
Many of Monmouth's supporters must have deserted at this point, especially after news came that Argyll had been caught and executed in Scotland. In despair, Monmouth ordered a surprise attack on the royal army under cover of darkness.
The Battle
The rebel forces moved out of Bridgwater at 11pm under strict orders for silence. Any man who made a noise was to be stabbed immediately by his neighbor.
Monmouth's surprise advance might have worked, but he was undone when a sentinel (or perhaps a traitor in Monmouth's ranks) fired a pistol when the rebels were still a mile from the royal camp, and the element of surprise was gone.
Desperate now, Monmouth sent his cavalry ahead to engage the enemy as quickly as possible, and his foot soldiers followed as quickly as they could. The main body of the cavalry crumpled quickly in the face of heavy fire by the alerted defenders.
Feversham sent his own horsemen to flank Monmouth's men, and at first light the royal troops attacked the rebels on three sides. Though Monmouth's untrained volunteers fought bravely, they were doomed from the start.
Perhaps 1300 rebels were killed in the battle and the pursuit that followed, and another 500 were captured and held in the Westonzoyland church. The royal losses may have been as low as 200 men.
The Results
Monmouth was captured and imprisoned in the Tower of London. After a trial which was little more than a formality he was executed. His followers were brutally suppressed, in part by the infamous Judge Jeffries, who presided over peremptory trials of rebels and their sympathizers. So ferocious were the reprisals that Jeffries' court became known as the Bloody Assizes.
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‘Ocimum citriodorum’ is the Latin name for which herb? | Basil, Lemon (Ocimum citriodorum) Seeds
Customer Reviews
This sale is for 50 Lemon Basil (Ocimum citridorum) seeds packed into airtight and water tight glass vials complete with organic cotton and silica beads for excellent long term storage in the freezer. Use some seed this season and save the rest for next year and year after year. Seed saved this way can and usually does last decades. Ocimum citriodorum is known as Lemon basil, Thai lemon basil or Lao basil. The herb is grown primarily in northeastern Africa and southern Asia for its strong fragrant lemon scent, and is used in cooking. Lemon basil stems can grow to 1-3' tall. It has white flowers in late summer to early fall. The leaves are similar to basil leaves, but tend to be narrower. Seeds form on the plant after flowering and dry on the plant. Lemon basil is a popular herb in Arabic, Indonesian, Lao, Persian and Thai cuisine. We use this herb in medicinal teas for a truly amazing lemon flavor...just excellent. Also used on baked salmon at home to impart both the lemon and basil flavors.
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Slivovitz is a type of brandy made from which fruit? | Ocimum × citriodorum 'Pesto Perpetuo' - Plant Finder
Plant Finder
Tried and Trouble-free Recommended by 2 Professionals
Common Name: basil
Height: 1.00 to 2.00 feet
Spread: 0.75 to 1.50 feet
Bloom Time: Non-flowering
Garden locations
Culture
Grow in St. Louis as an annual. Set starter plants of this patented basil ('Pesto Perpetuo' is non-flowering and does not produce seed) in the ground after last spring frost date. Plants are very sensitive to frost. Plants are best grown in moderately rich, humusy, medium moisture, well-drained soils in full sun. They thrive in warm, sunny, sheltered sites with some tolerance for light afternoon shade. Consistent and regular moisture throughout the growing season is required. Pinch out growing tips to encourage bushy growth.
Noteworthy Characteristics
Genus name comes from the Greek name okimon for an aromatic herb, possibly this one.
Specific epithet means lemon-scented.
‘Pesto Perpetuo’ is a non-flowering, columnar basil that features aromatic, lime green leaves variegated with thin white margins. It was discovered in 2004 as a sport of Ocimum x citriodorum 'Lesbos'. It typically grows in an upright, bushy mound to 1-2' tall on square stems clad with opposite, ovate leaves (to 2" long). 'Pesto Perpetuo' is valued not only for its aromatic leaves but also for its ornamental foliage. For culinary purposes, leaves are used either fresh or dried to flavor a variety of food preparations, including not only classic pesto sauce, but also vegetable dishes, meat dishes, stews, soups and marinades. Fresh variegated leaves are attractive as garnishes. Fresh leaves may also be frozen for later use. Dried leaves are often used as an ingredient in potpourris. For ornamental purposes, the variegated foliage of this non-flowering annual makes this basil an extremely attractive foliage plant for garden areas and containers. 'Pesto Perpetuo' is listed as a cultivar of either O. basilicum or O. x citriodorum. U.S. Plant Patent PP16,260 was issued on February 15, 2006.
Problems
No serious insect or disease problems. Japanese beetles may attack the foliage. Watch for aphids.
Garden Uses
Mass in herb gardens, border fronts, mixed gardens or rock gardens. Also effective as an edger. Good container plant. Variegated leaves of 'Pesto Perpetuo' have substantial ornamental value.
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How many countries border Turkey? | What countries border Turkey? | Reference.com
What countries border Turkey?
A:
Quick Answer
Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq and Syria. Bulgaria and Greece border each other as well to the northwest of Turkey. Armenia is in-between Georgia and Azerbaijan to the east of Turkey. Iran is just south of Azerbaijan and next to Iraq.
Full Answer
Syria is next to Iraq and southeast of Turkey. Turkey is bordered by three seas: the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the southwest. Turkey's total land area is 780,580 square kilometers, making it slightly larger than the state of Texas. Turkey has 7,200 kilometers of coastline.
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Amychophobia is the abnormal fear of being what? | Political Map of Turkey | Turkey Provinces Map
World Map / Turkey Map / Political Map of Turkey
Political Map of Turkey
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Disclaimer : All efforts have been made to make this image accurate. However Compare Infobase Limited,its directors and employees do not own any responsibility for the correctness or authenticity of the same.
The Republic of Turkey is located in Eurasia, on the Anatolian peninsula and East Thrace. Turkey's location on the edge of Western Asia and Southeastern Europe makes it an important gateway between the two continents.
Turkey borders a total of eight countries, some in Europe and others in Asia: Bulgaria, Greece, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. The capital of Turkey is Ankara, which is located in northwestern Turkey, is only the second largest city, after Istanbul. Istanbul, which is located in the west, straddling the Bosphorus, was the capital of Turkey before it became a republic.
Turkey is divided into 81 provinces, each headquartered in its capital, known as the central district. Most provinces are named for their central district. The most populous provinces in Turkey are Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Bursa, and Andana.
Province
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A sophomore is a student in which year of university? | Sophomore year: College grows up | Unigo
Sophomore year: College grows up
Sophomore year: College grows up
College Sophomore
05/05/2015
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Sophomore year is an awkward stage of college. You’re not the baby freshman, and you’re not the king or queen of campus, as the juniors and seniors are. Instead, you’re in a collegiate pubescent phase in which your college identity is still developing.
The second year of college is a time when your social life and academic life could dramatically change as you get more involved in your college and its town.
While some students decide to take their college adventure off campus after freshman year, many stay on campus for sophomore year. In colleges where students switch dorms each year, this could mean a new social circle. Although embracing this new group of floor-mates is exciting, it often means that some freshman-year friends will be left behind.
Sophomore year is also a time when you will have to make decisions that could shape the rest of your college experience. By participating in an array of clubs and programs that you may have been reluctant to join freshman year, you are developing a social network that could stick with you for the rest of your life.
“For me, sophomore year meant getting involved in Greek Life, service, and applying for study abroad. Greek Life and service has helped me get involved much more,” Laura Mitchell, a sophomore at Saint Joseph’s University, stated in an e-mail.
Whether it’s Greek Life, religious groups, student government, or another organization, exploring your school’s extracurricular options as a sophomore will not only provide an opportunity to meet people with similar interests, but it may also give you an inside track for moving up within the club or group as you progress through your college career.
Academically, sophomore year is much different from your first year at school. The professors cut the umbilical cord and expect you to have adapted to the college workload. No more mandatory meetings with your academic advisor, and no more easy breaks from professors on papers you write.
Mitchell stated that sophomore year is much harder than freshman year.
“Classes seem to never end with work,” she said. “Freshman year was a joke, especially with easy starter classes.”
Those days of taking all introductory classes packed with facts you remember from high school lessons are over. Sophomore year is when you study your selected major more in-depth.
If you don’t have a major by sophomore year or if you’re unsure about that philosophy major you declared as a freshman, sophomore year is the time to decide what you want to study – that is, if you have plans to graduate in four years.
If you’re considering a minor, you will want to look into what you must do to complete it successfully. You don’t want to have to put your cap and gown on hold because you completed your major but still want to finish the minor you had your heart set on.
Sophomore year is also when students start looking into study abroad programs. If you’re thinking about going to China, Europe, or anywhere else outside the States, you’ll have to look into where you want to go, as well as when—and most importantly, how you plan on paying for it.
Although sophomore year may not be the most glorious of the four years, it could in many ways be the most important, both academically and socially. Don’t fall into a sophomore slump: Live it up, because after sophomore year you are already halfway done with school – and those last two years will seem to go even faster than the first two.
Discussion
| Second year |
How many stars are on the logo of car manufacturer Subaru? | The Sophomore Slump - The New York Times
The New York Times
Education Life |The Sophomore Slump
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Continue reading the main story
Pity the sophomore. You are feted as a freshman, but no one seems to care that you’re back on campus. Quirky first-year seminars have been replaced by large foundation classes, making you doubt that major in econ or bio. You’re not high enough up the totem pole to do fun stuff like join a research team or lead student organizations. With the newness of college gone, malaise sets in.
The “sophomore slump” helps explain the findings of a 2012 report by the Education Advisory Board — that 6 percent of students at state flagship campuses leave in their second year. It may also explain why a quarter of sophomores in a 2012 survey by the consulting firm Noel-Levitz reported not being energized by their classes or feeling at home on their campus.
Dissatisfaction with how college is going is in itself not a bad thing, says David Shein, dean of studies at Bard College. “Whether it comes off as a slump depends on how you handle it.”
Photo
Credit Nicole Fineman
GET WITH THE PROGRAM
Some colleges are trying to make sophomores feel less like overlooked middle children. This year, Ohio State University is piloting a program to increase sophomore-faculty interaction. One thousand sophomores are living in dorms visited regularly by faculty mentors, who help them set goals and plan an educational experience like studying abroad or interning, for which $2,000 stipends are available.
Purdue University recently announced its fourth sophomore-only “learning community.” Starting next fall, 20 second-year students interested in statistics will live together, take classes together and work on a full-year research project, and earn a $9,400 stipend. (The other communities focus on leadership and science and technology research.) “Sophomores struggle with academic engagement, and a learning community allows a student to explore a topic out of the classroom with faculty members,” says Jared Tippets, Purdue’s director of Student Success.
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STUDY AROUND
Big decisions loom sophomore year: what are you going to major in and, by extension, do with your life? Angst about committing to one path, and rejecting others, can cast a pall over the second year.
Photo
Credit Nicole Fineman
“We enter college with all of these dreams about what we’re going to be, and we have to put some of those to rest in the second year,” says Molly A. Schaller, a University of Dayton professor who studies the second-year slump. “Even if it was Mom and Dad’s dream, it feels like a loss.”
Often, struggling with a second-year course indicates that a career in the subject is not meant to be. But not always. Dr. Shein of Bard poses the question: “Are you struggling because you like the material but you’re having difficulty with some of the components, or are you not engaged with it?”
If it’s the former, tutoring in your weak skills could get you back on track. If you’re bored with what you’re studying, Dr. Schaller says, “redouble your efforts to figure out where you fit in.” Meet with professors, try different classes, get involved with new clubs.
Photo
Credit Nicole Fineman
Above all, she says, don’t settle for a major because you haven’t explored enough to find what you really like.
CHANGE UP FRIENDS
Not everyone falls in with lifelong friends as a freshman, but in the strange social universe of college, it’s socially taboo to jettison students you hung out with in the first year.
That doesn’t mean you’re stuck with people you don’t click with, says Andrew Wilson, senior associate dean for external relations in the office of campus life at Emory University.
While a confrontational end to relationships isn’t acceptable, Dr. Wilson says, “friendships can also dissolve in a nebulous, unstructured way. It’s fairly easy to fade away from people if you aren’t feeling connected to them. Blame your schedule.”
Dr. Wilson should know about such things. For many years he oversaw the Second Year at Emory program, which places advisers in residence halls and organizes dinners with faculty members and workshops on goal-setting for sophomores. And the focus of his research: college friendships.
A version of this article appears in print on November 3, 2013, on Page ED6 of Education Life with the headline: College Can Really Drag The Second Year. What To Do About The Sophomore Slump?. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe
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In cooking, 160 degrees Celsius is equivalent to which gas mark? | Temperature, weight and volume conversions for cooks - Wiki
Simple culinary conversions?
Conversion tables of measurable unit commonly used by cooks in the kitchen.
The values in these conversion tables are only approximate and have been rounded up or down for clarity.
Always stick to either metric or imperial measurements in the same recipe.
100's of our ingredients pages now have (US) cup to weight conversion tables to, so if you need to know how much a cup of parsley weighs, just enter Parsley in the search box hit return. The cup to weight calculations are at the bottom of every ingredient page.
Oven Temperature
Oven temperatures can be in degrees Celsius (International) -- previously Centigrade, degrees Fahrenheit (in the USA) or by gas mark (UK). This table provides a rough guide to conversion between the ranges.
For fan assisted ovens , use a setting of 20° Celsius (36° Fahrenheit) less than the recipe calls for. Cooking times can probably be reduced by 10 minutes for every hour of cooking time.
The fan oven temperatures on the right are the equivalent to all of the left hand values.
Centigrade
2 kg
Note on cup measurements.
In 'modern' recipes, use of the cup measure appears mainly in American recipes. Even here in the UK, there are 2 standards. The Commonwealth or Imperial cup measurement is 1/2 pint though in practice it is only commonly used in historic/old recipes. If your recipe uses cups as the 'base' measurement for all ingredients, then you should be OK. If you are uncertain, err on the side of caution (play it safe). In general, it is easy to add a little more of an ingredient - it is much harder (impossible??) to take it away again after adding it. Wikipedia article on cup measures
Spoon measures
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Canis Lupus Familiaris is the scientific name for which animal? | Oven Temperatures And Conversions - Recipe - Cooks.com
Home > Recipes > International > Oven Temperatures And Conversions
OVEN TEMPERATURES AND CONVERSIONS
Here are some common equivalents when converting International recipes.
250 degrees F = 130 degrees C or Gas mark 1/2
275 degrees F = 140 degrees C or Gas mark 1
300 degrees F = 150 degrees C or Gas mark 2
325 degrees F = 160 degrees C or Gas mark 3
350 degrees F = 180 degrees C or Gas mark 4
375 degrees F = 190 degrees C or Gas mark 5
400 degrees F = 200 degrees C or Gas mark 6
425 degrees F = 220 degrees C or Gas mark 7
450 degrees F = 230 degrees C or Gas mark 8
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Rating: 4.6 / 5 - Reviews: 16
Nov 3, 10:16 PM
Kathryn Alchin (Australia) says:
Thank you for the above farenheight to celcius conversion, but I would love a conventional oven to microwave oven conversion. I have a 1000w microwave and need to know the comparison to alter conventional oven recipes to cook in a microwave oven. Love the cooks.com site.
Aug 10, 1:11 AM
Eva (Hungary) says:
Thank you so much for the above. I felt completely lost when I realised my mum's new gas oven has numbers on the dial rather than temperature marks, but now it all makes sense. :)
Aug 16, 9:02 PM
Anshu Pande (Mexico) says:
Thank you so much. You changed the way I saw oven. Baking has never been so perfect. Glad I found it!
Aug 12, 7:57 AM
Sarah (United Kingdom) says:
This is perfect! Now I can follow tutorials that involve using my gas oven and actually know what I'm doing ;)
Dec 2, 4:42 PM
Tharena (United Kingdom) says:
This is the best website ever!! This has helped my with my boyfriends new oven :) I'm really glad I found this website!
Jan 16, 11:52 AM
D. Nelson (United Kingdom) says:
Thank you, as I have just made an American pound cake, and couldn't convert the 300�F into gas mark. Bless you!
Jan 25, 5:38 AM
G. Milsom (United Kingdom) says:
This conversion chart was very helpful and is exactly what I wanted. Thanks for your help!
Jan 31, 3:18 PM
Nattalie (United Kingdom) says:
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In the US, how many Ivy League universities are there? | Ivy League Colleges in the United States | eHow
Ivy League Colleges in the United States
Arts Quad, Cornell University image by alstealth from Fotolia.com
There are eight Ivy League colleges in the United States, all of which are located in the northeastern corner of the country. These private institutions are highly regarded for their excellence in academics. Though known for social elitism, the Ivy League schools regularly are ranked among the best colleges in the world.
Harvard
The oldest college in the U.S. (est. 1639), Harvard has produced numerous American presidents, great thinkers and writers, and famous cultural figures. Harvard is one of the hardest schools in which to get accepted.
Harvard University
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How much money, in pounds sterling and US dollars, does each player receive from the bank at the beginning of a game of Monopoly? | The History Of The Ivy League - Best College Reviews
The History Of The Ivy League
Ivy League schools are considered to be the most prestigious of all colleges in the United States. These schools are primarily located in the Northeastern part of the country. There are eight total colleges that are considered to be Ivy League. These schools are Brown, Harvard, Cornell, Princeton, Dartmouth, Yale, and Columbia universities and the University of Pennsylvania. Of all institutions of higher learning, these elite schools are considered to be the most outstanding and the most sought-after in terms of acceptance and graduation.
How the Ivy League Was Formed
The term “Ivy League” came about in 1954, when the NCAA athletic conference for Division I was formed. At the time, the elitism of these schools was really due to their prestige in the realm of sports like basketball. Although the term “Ivy League” was not created until the 1950s, many of these schools were in existence as far back as 1636, when John Harvard became the first benefactor of Harvard University. This school is located in the Boston, Massachusetts, area. Yale was formed in 1702 by a benefactor by the name of Elihu Yale. Yale is located in the state of Connecticut in the town of New Haven. In 1746, the New Jersey school of Princeton was founded and was originally simply named the College of New Jersey. The fourth-oldest university in America is the University of Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1740 by famous founding father Benjamin Franklin. Brown University, founded in 1746, is located in Providence, Rhode Island. The smallest Ivy League school, Dartmouth, was established in 1769 in Hanover, New Hampshire. It received a large endowment of several billion dollars. In 1754, Columbia University began thanks to King George II of England. It is located in New York City. And finally, Cornell University got its start in 1865 thanks to two benefactors named Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White. This school is located in Ithaca, New York.
History of Brown University
Rivalries
Although this group of elite schools is considered to be part of one big league of the elite, there have been plenty of internal rivalries over the years. Princeton and the University of Pennsylvania have been longtime basketball rivals. Cornell and Harvard have been hockey rivals for many years, and Harvard and Penn have beenlong time football rivals. Many other Ivy League schools have had serious sports rivalries as well. The Yale and Princeton rivalry is considered the country’s second-oldest college rivalry behind Lehigh University and Lafayette College. The sports that these colleges play were so popular that some teams began playing games in New York City so spectators could come from far away and watch the games. The popularity of both the athletes who played and the college team rivalries brought in a good deal of attention to the schools as well as revenue from ticket sales. There have also been academic rivalries between schools. Mostly, these rivalries are a matter of opinion in terms of which school has the most honor graduates, which schools offer the most prestigious scholarships, and what famous graduates have come from each school.
Cornell vs. Harvard
Accomplishments and Cultural Impacts
Each Ivy League college has its own unique accomplishments that make it important. All carry a certain reputation with them, and each school has programs that excel primarily in the medical and law fields, making them some of the most sought-after schools in the world. Their admissions process is very selective, which helps the schools ensure that they only accept the best and brightest. Many famous people have graduated from Ivy League schools, including recent presidents George W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and Barack Obama. This prestige leads many to believe that these colleges are only for the wealthy and elite. Often, companies look for Ivy League graduates as potential employees, usually preferred by law firms, medical facilities, and large corporations. It has long been coveted to have earned a degree from an Ivy League school. Today, there are other competitors that some claim to be just as good as their Ivy counterparts. Some of these well-known schools include Duke University, Johns Hopkins, MIT, Vanderbilt, and Georgetown University, to name a few. The Ivy League schools are still excellent in both academia and in sports, and they have left a legacy of higher education with an exceptional track record and reputation to go along with them.
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Which English football club is nicknamed ‘The Tykes’? | Tykes | FOOTBALL FASHION.ORG
FOOTBALL FASHION.ORG
May 24, 2010 | Football Fashion Staff
Barnsley Football Club is an English soccer team, based in Barnsley, South Yorkshire, and nicknamed the Tykes. Barnsley FC currently campaigns in the English Football League Championship where they recently completed the 2009/10 season in 18th place.
Earlier today, Barnsley revealed its new Lotto home kit for the 2010/11 Championship season. According to the Tykes’ website, “the 2010/2011 home kit has many innovative design features to make supporters stand out from the crowd, including a new collar design featuring the club name together with a distinctive white flash across the front and back.”
The Lotto shirt design template used for Barnley’s 10/11 home kit has been around since last year and was used for Fiorentina’s 09/10 kits among others.
| Barnsley F.C. |
For which 1976 film was actor Peter Finch awarded a posthumous Academy Award for Best Actor in Leading Role? | With 'Friday Night Tykes,' Reality TV Trains Its Eye On Youth Football
With 'Friday Night Tykes,' Reality TV Trains Its Eye On Youth Football
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A loyal reader emailed me a promo for a show called "Friday Night Tykes," and before I clicked on it, I thought he was just getting around to seeing Funny or Die's "Little Knockers," a youth football parody of HBO's inside-an-NFL-team reality series "Hard Knocks."
Alas, "Friday Night Tykes" is an actual reality series , scheduled to begin Jan. 14, 2014, on Esquire TV.
The description of the show:
In America, football is king… and nowhere is football bigger than in Texas. With exclusive access to the 8 to 9 year-old Rookies division of the Texas Youth Football Association, this 10-part docuseries follows five teams on and off the field throughout the 2013 season. Throughout, coaches and parents offer insight into why they believe football is important, what motivates them as individuals, and what valuable lessons they believe the children learn from their discipline and dedication.
Oh, it's a docuseries, not a reality TV show. Presumably, this term is being used to separate "Friday Night Tykes" (whose title appeared in the January 2013 Texas Monthly about a different youth football league ) from more outwardly child-exploitative dreck like TLC's "Toddlers & Tiaras," a not-docuseries about pageant mothers and their little girls dancing in disturbingly adult outfits and mannerisms. (And perhaps to separate it from the possible upcoming reality series in which Kentucky basketball mothers go nuts, er, show their love to their sons .)
By calling it a docuseries, Esquire TV must be assuring us no Honey Boo Boo (her new season premieres Jan. 16!) or other ridiculously cute-ish name will be spinning off from "Friday Night Tykes."
If one does, it can't be called "Boobie," because that name was taken in the real " Friday Night Lights."
Also, the term docuseries is also supposed to make you feel less creepy about watching small children, as well as allow you as a viewer (and the filmmakers) to reserve judgement on all involved, or at least not watch a camera used explicitly to point and laugh. That way, the enterprise comes off more like child sports-focused documentaries such as "The Short Game," a look at 7-year-old world championship golfers that premiered in December on .
Certainly, I get that there is money to be made in the inherent drama of adults sending children out for high-stakes games -- not the actual game being played on the field, but the one that is supposed to result in a scholarship or pro career. I have not seen an advance copy of "Friday Night Tykes," so I can't sit in judgement of it as some sort of child exploitation.
But the promo clip's accentuation of the intensity of coaches and parents tells me that if you find their conduct shocking, and if you feel cameras trained on youth football players are the first time they have been exploited by adults, you haven't read my docublog very closely .
| i don't know |
Which playing card is known as ‘Spadille’? | Rules of Card games: L'Hombre
Danish l'Hombre Union
Historical background
L'Hombre was developed in Spain in the early 17th century, as a variation of an earlier four player game, also called Hombre. The three player version, which in Spain was originally called Hombre Renegado spread rapidly across Europe and during the 17th and 18th centuries became the premier card game, occupying a position of prestige similar to Bridge today. It was variously known as Hombre, Ombre or L'Hombre, and over the years it acquired many variations, of increasing complexity. Its popularity was eclipsed in the late 18th century by a new four player variant Quadrille, which was in turn displaced by Whist , Boston and eventually Bridge .
Although L'Hombre died out in other parts of Europe, it remained popular in Denmark right up to the 21st century. It is played mostly in Jutland and on the island of Funen, and is organised by the L'Hombre union . Versions of the game have also survived in Spain itself, where it is known as El Tresillo , in the Faroes and in Iceland, and in Peru and Bolivia, where it is known as Rocambor.
L'Hombre was one of the first games to introduce bidding, through which one player becomes the declarer, trying to make a contract, with the other players cooperating to prevent him. The declarer was originally called Hombre (i.e. the man). It was from L'Hombre that the idea of bidding was adopted into other card games such as Tarot , Skat and Boston.
An excellent account of the early history of L'Hombre (from which some of the above information is taken) can be found in a series of three articles by Thierry Depaulis in The Playing-Card (Journal of the International Playing-Card Society). They are entitled "Ombre et Lumière. Un Peu de Lumière sur L'Hombre" and appeared in Vol XV, No 4, pp 101-110, Vol XVI, No 1, pp 10-18, and Vol XVI, No 2, pp 44-53.
General Description
L'Hombre is a three-handed trick taking game. It is also quite often played by four people, but there are still only 3 active players in each hand; the player opposite the dealer sits out. A deck of 40 cards is used. Each active player is dealt 9 cards and the remaining 13 form the talon. Each hand begins with an auction. The winner of the bidding becomes the declarer, and plays alone against the other two players (defenders) in partnership.
The final bid by declarer determines the contract. Declarer plays either a game contract, where his objective is to take more tricks than either defender, or a nolo contract, where his objective is not to take any tricks at all.
When the contract is known, the players take turns exchanging cards with the talon, subject to restrictions particular to each contract.
Afterwards, nine tricks are played. However, as soon as the outcome of the contract is clear, declarer will face his hand and make a statement to that effect.
After the play, immediate payment is made in the form of tokens. In general, the amount of payment increases with the rank of the contract. When declarer makes his contract, the defenders each pay declarer; when the contract fails, declarer pays each defender.
The general direction of rotation in the game is counter-clockwise.
The following detailed description of the game is based on the rules as played in the author's family. By comparison with other players' rules, it seems reasonable to describe this version of the game as "pure" or "minimal".
Strictly, the version described here is called "Rasle L'Hombre". The Danish L'Hombre literature also describes Pot L'Hombre, in which most of the payments are made to and from a pot, rather than between the players, but few if any people now play this way.
Terminology
Like many card games, L'Hombre has a particular terminology. When played in Denmark, a mixture of Danish, French, and Spanish terms are used. In this presentation, equivalent English terms have been substituted for Danish terms, but French and Spanish terms have been left as used in Denmark.
The Cards
L'Hombre is played with a deck of 40 cards in the four standard suits. From a standard deck of 52 cards, the 8s, 9s, and 10s are not used.
Ranking of Cards
The ranking of the cards depends on the type of contract.
Nolo contracts
In nolo contracts, there is no trump suit. The black suits and the red suits are ranked differently as follows:
Black:
In the auction at his turn, a player has the following choice of call:
pass
A player that passes drops out of the auction and gives up his chance of becoming declarer.
bid
A player may make any bid that outranks any bid previously made in the auction.
self
A player may equal a bid previously made in the auction by a player who is after him in rotation (Fh can call self over any other player; Mh can call self over Bh).
The first half of the auction takes place only between Fh and Mh. Fh calls first, and Mh and Fh then take turns calling until their part of the auction is settled (when both have called, and at least one of them has passed). Then Bh enters the auction, which continues with players taking turns until the entire auction is settled. If all three players simply passed, the hand is a wash-out, no play is made, and the turn to deal proceeds to Fh. If at least one bid was made, the auction ends when two players have passed. The player who prevailed in the auction becomes declarer, and the final bid determines the contract.
A sample auction might go
Fh: game
Nolo contract. Declarer (only) exchanges with the talon. Rate 2, 1, 1, ...
Grand Tourné.
Like tourné, but the bidder must have been dealt spadille and basta. The custom is for the bidder to show the two cards as he bids. Rate 2, 1.
Solo.
Game contract. Declarer plays his hand as dealt; the defenders exchange cards with the talon. Rate 2, 1.
Pure Nolo ranks equal to Spade Solo.
Pure Nolo is a nolo contract. Neither declarer nor the defenders exchange cards.
Spade Solo is like Solo, with spades as trumps.
The first of these two bids made in an auction outranks the other. Rate 3, 2.
Nolo Ouvert.
Like Pure Nolo, but when declarer plays his first card, he also faces his hand for both defenders to see. He continues to play his own cards at his turn. Rate 5, 3.
Following the auction, the winner defines the contract. For Simple Game and Solo, he needs to name the trump suit. For Tourné and Grand Tourné, he faces the top card of the talon to determine the trump suit. As a special rule, a player who has won the auction for a bid of Simple Game may define a contract of Spade Game, Tourné, or Simple Nolo at this time. Also, it is usually tolerated that a declarer who won a Solo Contract defines his contract as Spade Solo.
Exchanging Cards with the Talon
Declarer has the right to exchange cards with the talon when playing low level contracts (including Grand Tourné). The defenders are allowed to exchange cards against game contracts, but not against nolo contracts.
Declarer always exchanges first (if the contract allows it), then each of the defenders exchanges, in rotation.
At his turn, a player may exchange as many of the cards in his hand as he wishes, from none at all up to the number of (remaining) cards in the talon. The player first discards (face down) all the cards he wishes to exchange; then he picks up an equal number of replacement cards in order from the top of the talon, so that he again has nine cards. It is a principle of the game that each player remains responsible for the correct procedure. A player who fouls up the exchange procedure is deemed to have lost the contract and pays accordingly; a defender also pays what the other defender owes declarer.
Any cards from the talon that are not used for exchange are left face down for the remainder of the deal.
The Play
Play is counter-clockwise. No matter who is the declarer, forehand always leads to the first trick.
A trick is won by the highest card of the suit led, unless it contains a trump, in which case the highest trump wins it. The winner of a trick leads to the next.
Players must follow suit if they can, playing any card they wish from the suit led. A player with no card of the suit led may play any card, including a trump. Note that in game contracts, spadille and basta belong to the trump suit, not to the suits marked on them.
In game contracts, the obligation to follow suit does not apply fully to the matadors (the spadille, manille and basta). When a trump is led, the holder of a matador need not play it, unless a higher matador was led to the trick, and he has no other trumps. It follows that spadille can never be forced out. For instance, suppose the manille (second highest trump) is led. If the next player has the spadille and no other trumps he need not play the spadille, but may play any card. If the second player had the basta and no other trump, he would have to play the basta, because it is lower than the manille. If the second player had S K 4 of trumps, he would have to play a trump, because although his S cannot be forced out, his other trumps do not enjoy this privilege. If the trump 4 is led, the second player plays the spadille, and the third player's only trump is the basto, the third player does not have to play the basto but can throw a card of another suit. In this case the spadille was not led to the trick but played second, so does not draw the basto.
In game contracts, each player keeps track of the tricks he has won; in nolo contracts, the defenders keep track of declarer's tricks and no one keeps track of the defenders' tricks.
In the great majority of contracts, play continues only until the fate of contract is clear. For game contracts, four outcomes are possible:
win
Declarer takes more tricks than either opponent. This happens as soon as declarer has five tricks, or if the tricks are divided 4-3-2 (4 to declarer). Play ends immediately when it is obvious that declarer will win (but see Tout ).
bête
Declarer takes exactly as many tricks as the defender with most tricks. This happens when the tricks 4-4-1 or 3-3-3.
kodille
The declarer has fewer tricks than one or both of the defenders.
Tout
Declarer takes all nine tricks. Declarer must announce his intention to take all tricks at the latest as he wins the fifth trick. Leading to the sixth trick is always understood as a try for tout. (Tries for Tout are extremely rare).
For nolo contracts, the outcomes are defined as follows:
win
Declarer takes one trick.
kodille
Declarer takes two or more tricks. For Pure Nolo and Nolo Ouvert, play ends when declarer takes his second trick. For Simple Nolo, however, any subsequent tricks also count.
Scoring
After the fate of each contract is known, payment in tokens is effected immediately.
win
Declarer receives a number of tokens from each of the other players, depending on the contract. The number of tokens is 1 for simple games (including tourné), 2 for Nolo, Grand Tourné, and Solo, 3 for Pure Nolo and Spade Solo, and 5 for Nolo Ouvert.
bête
Declarer pays the appropriate number of tokens to each of the other players. The rate for each contract is exactly as for winning.
kodille
Declarer pays the other players as for a bête, plus an additional penalty. The extra penalty is 1 token for low contracts, 2 for Pure Nolo and Spade Solo, and 3 for Nolo Ouvert. For Simple Nolo, the penalty is 1 extra token for each trick in excess of one won by declarer (for example if the declarer in a Simple Nolo takes 4 tricks he pays 5 (2+3) to each defender).
Tout
If declarer wins an announced Tout, he receives one additional token from each of the other players. If fails to win an announced Tout, he pays a token to each of the other players, but he still receives payment for winning the game.
Abandoning the Hand after the Exchange
In game contracts (other than Solo and Spade Solo), declarer has the right to abandon the hand provided that he has not yet played to the first trick. He does this by paying for bête and facing his hand. This option is, of course, exercised when declarer's exchange was so disappointing that the risk of kodille outweighs the chances of winning.
Jargon, Customs, Conventions
When a declarer holds four or more of the top cards of the trump suit, it is customary to describe him as holding that many matadors. For instance, with diamonds as trumps, the hand
D: S 7 B A K Q 3 S: - H: 2 6 C: -
would be said to hold 6 matadors. In spite of this custom, the special exemptions from following suit still only extends to the trumps that outrank the king.
Similarly, a solid holding of top trumps, but lacking Spadille, is described as a number of faux-matadors.
There is a custom that any player holding 9 matadors (possibly after an exchange) receives a special prize of 2 Danish Kroner from everybody in the room, regardless whether they participate in the game. This custom is now very symbolic after a century of inflation, but until recently you could read accounts of players holding 9 matadors in local newspapers. In fact at the beginning of May 1997, the Danish newspapers carried the story that the former Foreign Minister Uffe Ellemann-Jensen had recently held 9 matadors in clubs while playing l'Hombre privately. The 2 kroner per person were promptly paid.
When defending a game contract, it makes a considerable difference how the defenders divide the tricks among them. If the defenders take five tricks, a 5-0 distribution yields kodille, a 4-1 distribution yields bête, and a 3-2 distribution yields a win for declarer. It is therefore good strategy to play in such a way that one defender takes as many tricks as possible. The negotiation between the defenders as to who should be the stronger takes place during the exchange of cards with the talon. For simple games, declarer has usually left around 8 cards in the talon. The convention is that when the first defender exchanges at most one or two cards, thus ensuring that his partner can exchange as many as he could need, he is signalling that he expects to be the weak defender. Conversely, if he determines that his cards merit that he try to be the strong defender, he will exchange freely.
When exchanging freely for a game contract, declarer and a strong defender usually retain only trumps and kings; declarer may sometimes retain a king-queen pair of a side suit. A weak defender (last in hand) will usually try for a void in a side suit. Most tricks in game contracts are won by trumps or side suit kings.
In nolo contracts, the defenders try to give declarer a trick. This requires both that a defender has a low card in a suit, and usually that his partner is void in that suit, so that he does not overtake declarer. Usually, therefore, defense starts with one defender cashing a long suit, hoping that his partner will become void in the suit and be able to discard in another suit, or simply to pave the way for an attack in that same suit. As an extreme example, in a nolo game where the diamonds are distributed so that one defender has K Q 7, the other has 2 3, and declarer has 4 5 6, the successful defense is to cash the K and Q, then to trap declarer with the 7. In order for the defenders to determine when to play the 7 in cases like this, the following carding convention has been developed: the defender following suit starts with his second lowest card, continues with higher cards, and finally plays his lowest card to signal that he is now void. In the example, the defender will follow with the 2 on the first trick and with the 3 on the second trick; his partner will then know from the high-low sequence that he has no more diamonds.
Because defence is inherently more difficult that declarer play, the card requirements for successful contracts are fairly modest. If, for a game contract, you would exchange only two cards with the talon, you should usually be playing Solo.
Simple nolo is usually a fair chance on a hand that exchanges only one card, while exchanging 3 or more cards is normally against the odds.
Because there are 11 trumps in black suits but 12 in red suits, black-suited game contracts win on hands that appear slightly weaker than similar red-suited hands.
For game contracts, all cards from the talon are usually used. Hence, it can usually be assumed that all the trumps participate in the play of the cards, and the players can take advantage of exact counting. In side suits, counting is somewhat pointless.
A declarer exchanging from a side suit with K Q J will sometimes discard the K and Q. A subsequent play of the J can mislead the weaker defender who might not play a trump on the J because he expects his partner to beat it.
A defender exchanging only a few cards usually is best off by trying to make himiself void in a side suit.
Cards from the talon that are not used are said to "sleep".
During an evening's play, all contracts except Nolo Ouvert are usually played. Nolo Ouvert is played once every 5-10 evenings. Tout is rare; the author has never seen an attempted Tout.
Accommodating four players.
Usually only three players are active at a time. The player opposite the dealer sits out, and when two decks are in use, he shuffles the idle deck, leaving it on his left (which is the right of the next dealer).
The fourth player participates in the payment after the play as though he were a defender.
If the contract becomes Simple Nolo, the fourth player must join the contract and participate in the play. After declarer has exchanged cards, the dealer picks up all 13 idle cards (the remaining talon and declarer's discards). Of these 13 cards, he discards four, thus obtaining a hand of 9 cards. At this point he may abandon his hand for bête, but if he plays to the first trick, his fate is scored as if he was a second declarer; he and declarer settle their accounts independently of each other, each counting as a defender against the other.
Avoiding the wash-out
Usually wash-outs are not tolerated. The simplest avoidance scheme, which is the tradition in the author's family, is the rule that any player holding Spadille must bid at least once, and that the dealer must bid if the two other players pass. In this way, a dealer who is forced to bid a poor hand has the consolation that Spadille is in the talon. In such cases, the dealer will often play tourné, at least ensuring that one additional trump will be obtained from the talon.
Kaske
Kaske is a technique for avoiding wash-outs which, although playable, appears to have gone out of fashion. If all three players pass, each player in turn may bid "kaske". If the auction is won by a kaske bid, the declarer takes eight cards from the talon and looks at them. He then chooses one of his own original nine cards to supplement the eight cards; but he also has the option to discard all nine of his original cards and take a ninth from the talon. Based on these nine cards, he names a trump suit. The defenders then exchange with the remaining five or four cards in the talon, and a (simple) game contract is played and scored normally.
Mort
Another possible method for avoiding wash-outs, useful only when there are four players , is as follows: After three passes, the fourth player picks up all 13 cards from the talon and discards four cards. He then names a trump suit and plays as declarer against three defenders, who cannot exchange any cards, since the talon is already used up. The rate is as for Simple Game. Since there are three defenders, declarer can win on the trick distributions like 3-2-2-2 and 4-3-1-1.
When playing with both kaske and mort, mort comes into effect only after all three players have passed the right to kaske.
Variations on Contracts and Bids
Several types of additional contracts and associated bids are played in some circles. The variations on contracts mentioned here are all rated and scored in ranges comparable to Grand Tourne or Simple Nolo. Those who play with them need to agree in advance (or fight during play) on the ranking of the bids and the scores involved.
Grand
This is L'Hombre's equivalent of No Trumps at bridge . Only spadille and basta count as trumps. Both declarer and defenders exchange cards with the talon. Declarer must exchange at least five cards, and a win requires at least five tricks.
Grandissimo
This is like Grand, but the declarer does not exchange any cards. This contract is to Grand what Solo is to simple Game.
Grand Tourne on assorted features
Some players allow Grand Tourne to be bid on holdings other than two black aces. The specific holdings allowed vary widely; many of them must be considered wildly gambling and would seem to undermine the original idea of bidding in the game. Some of the combinations seen are:
two red aces
one red and one black ace
three (or four aces) - scoring an additional bonus
the 7 of diamonds
Once you open this bag of variations, there is no limit to the holdings that you can agree should qualify for a Grand Tourne.
Variations on Simple Nolo
Sometimes multiple declarers are allowed at Simple Nolo. Once declarer has exchanged cards, a defender (or both) may declare that they are joining the Simple Nolo, exchange cards, and proceed as declarers. At the end of the play, each declarer settles his account with the two other players independently. In a four-person game, the fourth player still needs to join the game.
There are numerous other variations on simple nolo, all of which seem to remove much of the traditional style of the game.
defenders may also exchange
competitive bidding: to win the contract you must pledge to exchange more cards than your competitor.
declarer may pick up one more card than he discarded, and then discard an extra card, but afterwards he must play as in Nolo Ouvert.
declarer may repeat his exchange at the price of bete.
all three players exchange and each pay the others for tricks scored in excess of three.
mort-nolo; i..e. a mort may (or even must) be played as a nolo.
Bonus for taking the first five tricks
A declarer in a game contract may declare that he intends to take the first five tricks before he plays to the first trick. If he succeeds, he scores an additional token; if he fails he loses a token to each player. The outcome of the five-tricks declaration is independent of the outcome of the contract.
Defenders take 4 tricks each
One trick to declarer and four to each defender is a generally treated as a kodille result. However, a known variant is to count this result as bête, and some even play it as a win for the declarer.
Danish l'Hombre Union
Here is the home page of the Dansk l'Hombre Union , which contains tournament rules (in Danish), and club and contact information.
| Ace of spades |
The line ‘It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done’ is from which novel by Charles Dickens? | Spade | Define Spade at Dictionary.com
(informal) in spades, in an extreme or emphatic way
Word Origin
C16: from Italian spada sword, used as an emblem on playing cards, from Latin spatha, from Greek spathē blade, broadsword
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for spade
Expand
n.
"tool for digging," Old English spadu, from Proto-Germanic *spadon (cf. Old Frisian spada, Middle Dutch spade, Old Saxon spado, Middle Low German spade, German Spaten), from PIE *spe- "long, flat piece of wood" (cf. Greek spathe "wooden blade, paddle," Old English spon "chip of wood, splinter," Old Norse spann "shingle, chip").
To call a spade a spade "use blunt language, call things by right names" (1540s) translates a Greek proverb (known to Lucian), ten skaphen skaphen legein "to call a bowl a bowl," but Erasmus mistook Greek skaphe "trough, bowl" for a derivative of the stem of skaptein "to dig," and the mistake has stuck.
"figure on playing cards," 1590s, probably from Italian spade, plural of spada "sword, spade," from Latin spatha "broad, flat weapon or tool," from Greek spathe "broad blade" (see spade (n.1)). Phrase in spades "in abundance" first recorded 1929 (Damon Runyon), probably from bridge, where spades are the highest-ranking suit.
The invitations to the musicale came sliding in by pairs and threes and spade flushes. [O.Henry, "Cabbages & Kings," 1904]
Derogatory meaning "black person" is 1928, from the color of the playing card symbol.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
Slang definitions & phrases for spade
Expand
spade
noun
A black person: The spades inhabited Harlem and let the ofays have Wall Street to themselves
[1928+; fr the color of the playing-card symbol and fr the phrase black as the ace of spades]
The Dictionary of American Slang, Fourth Edition by Barbara Ann Kipfer, PhD. and Robert L. Chapman, Ph.D.
Copyright (C) 2007 by HarperCollins Publishers.
| i don't know |
Mount Sodom lies along which body of water? | Dead Sea « See The Holy Land
Israel/Jordan/West Bank
Bathers by the shore of the Dead Sea (© Tom Callinan / Seetheholyland.net)
The Dead Sea, which shimmers like a blue mirror under all-day sunshine, is one of the most unusual bodies of water in the world.
It is set in the lowest dry land on earth, so it has no outlet. It is so loaded with minerals that no fish can live in it. It is so dense that bathers can lie back on its surface and read a newspaper.
The Dead Sea is located about 25km east of Jerusalem , along the border between Israel and Jordan. About half of it is actually in Jordanian territory.
The ancient Hebrews called this body of water the Sea of Salt. Other ancient names include the Sea of Solitude, the Sea of Arabah and the Asphalt Sea. The Crusaders called it the Sea of Satan.
The Dead Sea’s therapeutic qualities attracted Herod the Great . Its minerals and sticky black mud provided balms for Egyptian mummies and cosmetics for Cleopatra.
Now its health resorts treat psoriasis and arthritis, its skin-care products are marketed worldwide, and its industrial evaporation pans harvest potash and other minerals.
Wicked cities were destroyed
Pillar of salt, on Jordanian side of Dead Sea, known as Lot’s Wife (© Visitjordan.com)
The region has many biblical connections. Here, though their locations are unknown, the wicked cities of Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed by God with “sulphur and fire” and Lot’s wife was turned into a pillar of salt for looking back at the destruction (Genesis 19:24-26). Among the salt encrustations around the sea is an unusual column at the southern end called Lot’s Wife (though it is 20 metres high).
On the eastern side, the highest peak visible is Mount Nebo , where Moses glimpsed the Promised Land . Further south stands the fortress of Machaerus , where Herod Antipas imprisoned and then executed John the Baptist.
On the western side, from north to south, are Qumran , where the Dead Sea Scrolls were found; Ein Gedi, where David hid from King Saul in a cave (and cut off a corner of the king’s cloak when he entered the cave to relieve himself); and Herod the Great’s fortress of Masada .
Evaporation concentrates the minerals
Afloat in the Dead Sea (David Niblack)
The Dead Sea is 67km long, 18km across at its widest point, and 420 metres below sea level.
Because it has no exit, water is lost only through evaporation, which leaves behind the minerals. The Dead Sea is nearly 10 times as salty as the open seas. The high concentration of minerals (predominantly magnesium chloride) provides the buoyancy that keeps bathers suspended — as well as a bitter taste.
A low promontory of land called el-Lisan (“the tongue”) projects across the sea from the east, dividing the southern third from the northern section.
At one time the Dead Sea covered four times as much land as it did in 2006, when its surface was falling by up to a metre a year.
Much of the water that once flowed into the Dead Sea is being diverted for drinking water and agriculture purposes, so there is not enough to offset the high evaporation rate.
Rescue proposals to prevent the sea drying up have included canals to bring water from the Mediterranean Sea or the Red Sea.
If the Dead Sea becomes rejuvenated with fresh water, this could fulfil a prophecy in Ezekiel 47:8-10, that it will “become fresh . . . and there will be very many fish”.
In December 2013, representatives of Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority agreed on a long-term desalination project in which brine would be piped about 180 kilometres from Aqaba, Jordan, to replenish the Dead Sea.
Related sites:
God destroys Sodom and Gomorrah: Genesis 19:24-26
Prophesy that the Dead Sea will become fresh: Ezekiel 47:8-10
Seashore scene at the Dead Sea (© Tom Callinan / Seetheholyland.net)
Afloat in the Dead Sea (David Niblack)
Bathers by the shore of the Dead Sea (© Tom Callinan / Seetheholyland.net)
Different poses in the Dead Sea (Seetheholyland.net)
Dead Sea promenade (© Israel Ministry of Tourism)
Sticky black mud from the Dead Sea is believed to have therapeutic qualities (Seetheholyland.net)
Lot’s Cave, on Jordanian side of Dead Sea (© Visitjordan.com)
Salt deposits in the south of the Dead Sea (© Israel Ministry of Tourism)
Mount Sodom at the southern end of the Dead Sea (© Israel Ministry of Tourism)
Salt deposits on shore of the Dead Sea (© Israel Ministry of Tourism)
Dead Sea from Masada (Seetheholyland.net)
Salt formations on the shore of the Dead Sea (© Israel Ministry of Tourism)
Dead Sea salt ponds seen from Mount Sodom (© Israel Ministry of Tourism)
Pillar of salt, on Jordanian side of Dead Sea, known as Lot’s Wife (© Visitjordan.com)
Anonymous: “The Dead Sea”, Holy Land, summer 2005
Charlesworth, James H.: The Millennium Guide for Pilgrims to the Holy Land (BIBAL Press, 2000)
Dyer, Charles H., and Hatteberg, Gregory A.: The New Christian Traveler’s Guide to the Holy Land (Moody, 2006)
Freeman-Grenville, G. S. P.: The Holy Land: A Pilgrim’s Guide to Israel, Jordan and the Sinai (Continuum Publishing, 1996)
Frumkin, Amos: “How Lot’s Wife Became a Pillar of Salt”, Biblical Archaeology Review, May/June 2009
Kershner, Isabel: “A Rare Middle East Agreement, on Water”, New York Times, December 9, 2013
Martin, James: A Pilgrim’s Guide to the Holy Land (Westminster Press, 1978)
Murphy-O’Connor, Jerome: The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700 (Oxford University Press, 2005)
Walker, Peter: In the Steps of Jesus (Zondervan, 2006)
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Lorenzo, Tubal and Jessica are all characters in which Shakespeare play? | Where is the Dead Sea | Dead Sea Information and Tours
Home » Where is the Dead Sea
Where is the Dead Sea
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The Dead Sea is on the Israeli Jordanian border in the Jordan Rift Valley in the Middle East. This iconic body of water runs from north to south 67km in length and between 6km and 18km in width at the widest point. The sea’s main water source is the Jordan River but most of the water that runs into the sea is evaporated by the harsh hot weather in this region. The Dead Sea is the lowest point on Earth at 400 meters below sea level, it lies in a deep basin where the atmosphere is dry and the surrounding land arid. The evaporation of the water is what causes the high concentration of the remaining minerals and salts. There is no outgoing flow of water at the south end of the Dead Sea.
To the east of the Dead Sea are the Kingdom of Jordan and the Mountains of Moab. To the north is the ancient city of Jericho and the West Bank and a little further north (about 24km and an hour’s drive) is Jerusalem. To the west are the Judean Hills, and 25km west is the city of Arad, a further 45km in a westerly direction will bring you to Beer Sheva. On the southwestern side is the 210 meter high rock salt Mount Sodom and to the south, if you keep driving through the Negev Desert, you will reach the Red Sea and the city of Eilat in Israel and Aqaba, Jordan. It is about a 2 hour drive from the Dead Sea to Eilat.
Places close to the Dead Sea
Mount Masada and its 1st century mountain top fortress are situated southwest of the Dead Sea on the edge of the Judean Desert. On the shores of the sea you can find Ein Gedi where one of the most popular Dead Sea beaches is and Ein Bokek which has the highest concentration of hotels along the sea. Ein Gedi kibbutz and nature reserve is a desert oasis, close to the water where there are also natural springs, waterfalls, hiking trails and a small hotel. The Nahal David trail and the Nahal Arugot trail are popular walking trails within the Ein Gedi reserve. The Qumran caves where the Dead Sea scrolls were discovered are also nearby. Another interesting site in the area is the Flour Cave, an underground tunnel system created in the limestone that has been eroded by water over the years. The Flour Cave is west of Mount Sodom.
Reaching the Dead Sea
To get to the Dead Sea from Jerusalem one would take the northern exit from the city through the French Hill neighborhood and head towards Maale Adumim along highway number 1. From Tel-Aviv the best route is through Arad and then from Arad follow the 30km twisting road through the mountains which will bring you to Ein Bokek. Tours regularly leave for the Dead Sea on this route which takes about 30 minutes before you see the first signs of the sea and in about an hour you reach Ein Gedi.
The prices for one day tours start at approximately $100USD and for a 2 day tour the price usually includes a stay in a tourist class hotel and doesn’t include spa treatments. 2 day tour prices start from approximately $260USD.
What to take with you on a Dead Sea tour
Most important is to take your bathing suit and a towel so that you can go into the water. Also remember to take water, sun glasses, sun screen and a hat as you will be in one of Israel’s hottest areas.
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Who was the father of King Edward VI of England? | About Edward VI TUDOR (King of England)
See him at The King Gallery
For more than a quarter century King Henry VIII had desperately wanted a son, and Edward's birth caused great rejoicing. The prince was baptized in a splendorous cermony in the chapel oh Hampton Court palace. But Queen Jane soon fell ill with childbed fever, and on Oct 24 she died.
Edward was initially placed in the care of Margaret Bryan , "lady mistress" of the prince's household. She was succeeded by Blanche Herbert, Lady Troy. The formal royal household established around Edward was, at first, under Sir William Sidney, and later Sir Richard Page, stepfather of Edward Seymour 's wife, Anne Stanhope . Henry demanded exacting standards of security and cleanliness in his son's household, stressing that Edward was "this whole realm's most precious jewel". Visitors described the prince, who was lavishly provided with toys and comforts, including his own troupe of minstrels, as a contented child. Until the age of six Edward was raised "among the women", as he put it later in his Chronicle; his nurse, Mother Jack, and other servants as Mrs. Penne. Sybil Penne became the chief nurse in the household of the Prince in Oct 1538 and remained in that post until 1544. During that time Henry took two wives in quick succession, but both marriages ended badly; Anne of Cleves was discarded because the King found her ugly, and Catherine Howard was executed for adultery. In 1543 Henry married Catherine Parr , who became a loving stepmother to Edward and his older half sisters, Mary and Elizabeth . She was a highly learned woman who personally oversaw Prince Edward's education.
Edward's tutors taught him geography, government, history, French, German, Greek, and Latin. He was also given lessons in etiquette, fencing, horseback riding, music and other gentlemanly pursuits. The King arranged for a privileged group of fourteen well-born children to share his education, and thus envolved an exclusive palace school. Edward�s companion included Henry Brandon, the young Duke of Suffolk; Henry, Lord Hastings ; Robert Dudley ; Henry Sidney ; and possibly even another cousin, Lady Jane Grey . The Prince favorite companion seems to have been Barnaby Fitzpatick , a cousin of the Earl of Ormonde (when Edward became King Barnaby was appointed to the unenviable port of royal whipping boy, which meant that he had to suffer the punishments that their governors would not dare to administer to the Lord�s Anointed, their sovereign).
Although Edward was serious and studious, at times he displayed a savage temper. Reginald Pole , later Archbishop of Canterbury, heard from people that, in front of his tutors, the young King, in a fit of anger, tore a living falcon into four pieces.
Because Elizabeth was only four years his senior, Edward was naturally closer to her than to Mary . His letters to her were warm and affectionate.
Henry VIII died in 1547 and his nine-year-old son became King Edward VI. A council was appointed by his father to rule during his minority. But Edward's uncle, the Edward Seymour, lord Hertford ( Jane Seymour 's brother), wanted to be Protector of the country and the King.
He entrusted Sir William Paget with the safe-keeping of King Henry �s will, and had no intention of showing it to anyone else until he had taken possession of the person of the new King and brought him to London. Hertford wasted no time; he left Whitehall with Sir Anthony Browne and galloped to Ashdrige, where Edward was staying. They decided that it would be better to take the Prince to Enfield so that he could be with his sister Elizabeth when the news of their father�s death was broken to them. Hertford announced the death of their royal father in the presence chamber of Enfield, and made formal obeisance on his knees to Edward as King. Both children burst into uncontrollable sobs, which were so heart-rending that their servants were soon crying too. So long did their lamentations continue that the Earl and his attendants became concerned, but at lenght Edward and Elizabeth calmed themselves. Already a change was taking place, as both became conscious of their altered roles in life. Never again would they be so close.
On 17 Feb 1547 Edward VI was knighted by Hertford , who was himself created Duke of Somerset and Earl Marshall (an office vacant as a result of the Duke of Norfolk imprisonment). At the same time, John Dudley, Viscount Lisle , was created Earl of Warwick.
Somerset 's brother, Lord High Admiral Thomas Seymour , was jealous of Somerset and schemed to put himself in power.
Edward had been easing the Admiral out of his life and when the Admiral tried for a late-night visit (armed with a pistol of all things) he shot the King's small dog. That was it for Seymour . Very few in the world would forgive the murder of a beloved pet.
Thomas Seymour played Edward VI for a fool, counting on the young king's continuing good will and the fact that he was a favoured uncle. Edward was showing signs of becoming independent and more self-reliant; he was the King and he knew it.
Edward VI was moving from child to man, and was starting to see things in that light. For Thomas ' part, he was so busy trying to undermine his older brother that he never realized that the King himself would prove his undoing.
The Admiral was arrested and charged with treason. Somerset hesitated to sign his brother's death warrant, so Edward gave the council permission to have his uncle beheaded. Somerset himself later fell from the king's favor and lost his role as Protector. John Dudley, Earl of Warwick , took control of the King and council, and eventually Somerset , like his brother, was arrested and charged with treason. Under pressure from Dudley , now Duke of Northumberland, fourteen-year-old Edward signed Somerset 's death warrant. Somerset was executed in 1552. From the entries in his Journal, Edward VI uncles' deaths was merely Royal business as usual.
Edward VIs journal was not a real dairy in the sense people look upon one. It was an intellectual exercise devised by John Cheke . Sir John would go over every entry and check it for errors, so the young King would not put his real feelings in it. He did once disarmn Northumberland with a very sarcastic remark concerning Northumberlands role in his uncles execution. It is also recored that he and Archbishop Cramner had many dicussions as to why herittics needed to be burned, he was against it.
Even given that the journal was an intellectual/scholastic exercise, Edward still saw the need for things to be done, and did not waste a lot of energy in regret. Mary was better at this than Elizabeth , once Mary had decided on a course of action. She might not be happy about it, but once decided, she went forward. Elizabeth was the most emotional of the three. A prime example was the execution of her cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots .
By this time Edward had completed his education and was participating in council meetings. It was decided that the King would take charge of the country at age sixteen. This was bad news for his sister Mary , an ardent Catholic who refused to cooperate with Edward's religious reforms. However, Edward got along well with his other sister, Elizabeth , a moderate Protestant.
Unlike his father, Edward displayed little interest in sports, preferring intellectual pastimes. He was a king not only born but educated to rule. Even Erasmus would have approved so perfect an education for a Christian prince. Richard Cox and John Cheke became his tutors, and from them he learnt not only languages but biblical piety. Other princes received ideal educations and learnt nothing, but here was a prince who prepared himself with great discipline for what he saw as the divine obligation of his kingship. He studied history. Its lessons must be put into practice; so he took notes upon English rule in France in Henry VI's reign. He studied geography. He knew all the ports and havens in England, France and Scotland, and the favourable winds and tides for entering them, for a king needed strategic information. He learnt the names and religion of every magistrate, the better to govern. But above all, he knew the scriptures. Edward's youthful passion was to hear sermons, and as he listened he took notes, especially when the preachers touched upon the duties of kings.
Edward suffered a bout of smallpox in Apr 1552, and from that time his health declined. By the next spring it was obvious that the King was dying of consumption (tuberculosis). His father's will had specified that Mary should become Queen if Edward died without children, but Northumberland had different ideas. He persuaded Edward to name the Protestant Jane Grey as his successor ( see his will ). Lady Jane was the granddaughter of Henry VIII 's sister Mary ; she was also Northumberland 's daughter-in-law, and through her Northumberland hoped to rule England.
On 6 Jul 1553 Edward whispered his last prayer and died. He was fifteen years old.
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What nationality was painter Frida Kahlo? | Edward VI, King of England « The Freelance History Writer
July 3, 2015 By Susan Abernethy in 16th Century , Medieval History , Renaissance , Tudor History Tags: Archbishop of Canterbury , Book of Common Prayer , Catherine of Aragon , Charles Brandon , Duke of Cornwall , Duke of Northumberland , Duke of Somerset , Earl of Warwick , Edward Seymour , Elisabeth of Valois , Elizabeth of York , Elizabeth Tudor , Hampton Court Palace , Jane Seymour , John Dudley , Katherine Parr , King Edward VI , King Henri II of France , King Henry VII , King Henry VIII , Lady Jane Grey , Marie de Guise , Mary Queen of Scots , Mary Tudor , medieval history , Thomas Baron Seymour of Sudeley , Thomas Cranmer , Thomas Seymour , Treaty of Greenwich , Tudor history , Westminster Abbey 5 Comments
King Edward VI by William Scrots, c. 1551
It’s always an interesting exercise as an historian to contemplate the “what ifs” of history. Edward VI of England is just one of those cases. Would he have been the epitome of a Protestant humanist, ruling with a velvet touch? Or would he have become a tyrant like his father? What if he had married Mary Queen of Scots? He certainly showed a lot of promise but he didn’t live long enough for us to find out.
Edward was born on October 12, 1537 at Hampton Court Palace. He was the only surviving legitimate son of the legendary Henry VIII of England. His mother was Jane Seymour , Henry’s third wife. Henry wept with joy as he held his long-awaited son. At eight o’clock the morning of his birth, a “Te Deum” was sung in all the parish churches of London and an official procession was made at St. Paul’s Cathedral in the presence of many notables, including the French ambassador. The bells of the city rang until ten in the evening while bonfires were lit and the guns of the Tower sounded. Wine flowed.
On the 15th of October, Edward was christened in the royal chapel at Hampton Court which had recently been redecorated by the king. Standing as godfathers were Archbishop Cranmer and the Duke of Norfolk. Edward’s half-sister Princess Mary was named godmother. Henry’s friend Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk served as godfather at the confirmation which followed the christening. Edward’s other half-sister, the Princess Elizabeth, brought the baptismal chrism as she was carried to the ceremony by Edward Seymour, Queen Jane’s brother. Jane’s other brother Thomas held the canopy over the baby’s head. At the baptism, Edward was proclaimed duke of Cornwall. After the ceremony, he was taken to his mother’s chamber where Jane and the king gave him a formal blessing.
After giving birth, Jane seemed to recover for a few days but then fell gravely ill with a fever. She died twelve days after giving birth. Henry was devastated by her death but at least he had the male heir for which he had basically torn England apart to get.
Edward was given his own household establishment which was dominated by women such as the lady mistress, rockers and wet nurses. Henry was deathly afraid of illness and Edward was moved to different houses and protected and sheltered as much as possible to avoid infection. When Edward was four years old, he began his studies, being taught by two of the best tutors Cambridge had to offer. His studies were interrupted in the fall of 1541 when he fell ill with malaria which he caught at Hampton Court. His life hung in the balance for days but he did eventually recover.
King Edward VI as a child by Hans Holbein the Younger
The Treaty of Greenwich was brokered in July of 1543 between Scotland and England which included a provision for Edward’s betrothal to the seven month old Mary Queen of Scots . That same month, King Henry married his sixth and last wife, Katherine Parr . This marriage would have a significant impact on Edward’s emotional and educational life. Katherine brought all of Henry’s children together under one roof and they lived as an intimate family. Edward had a very warm affection for Katherine, calling her his “dearest mother”.
When King Henry left England to invade France in July of 1544, he named Katherine his regent-general and she was given charge of Edward’s household. All new servants and tutors were named and Edward began in earnest rigorous lessons in the Protestant religion, scripture, and the classics. He was on his way to receiving the finest humanist education of a prince of his era. Edward was joined in the classroom by other young noble boys, studying books of Cato, Erasmus, Cicero, Herodotus, and Plutarch, some of Aesop’s fables, biblical texts and “Vives Satellium” in Latin which had been written for his sister Mary. He excelled at rhetoric and was instructed in mathematics and astronomy. He began learning French in 1546 and was showing great progress in the language by 1550-51.
King Henry VIII died on January 28, 1547. Edward’s uncle, Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, took him to Enfield where the Princess Elizabeth was living. He informed the two children of their father’s death and they hugged each other, sobbing. Edward was now king. The Succession Act of 1536 had permitted Henry to make provisions in his will to appoint guardians in the event his heir was a minor. His will named a group of executors with an additional council to assist them.
However, on January 31, the executors chose to name the Earl of Hertford as Protector of the Realm and by March a new council of twenty-six was named. Following this, many of the council were elevated to higher titles and some were given new titles. The Earl of Hertford was granted the title of Duke of Somerset. Also, crown land was distributed to many along with other handouts. Somerset’s younger brother Thomas, Baron Seymour of Sudeley wasn’t happy with these events. He had to be bought off with crown lands, made a privy councilor and named Lord Admiral.
Edward rode by horse to London and arrived on January 31. On February 1, the king sat in his presence chamber on his chair of state as nobles gathered around him. They knelt before him one by one, kissing his hand and saying “God save your grace”. King Henry’s will was read aloud and the executor’s stated they had named Somerset as Protector. Somerset gave a short speech, asking for the council’s assistance. They all agreed with one voice. They all shouted “God save the King” and Edward doffed his cap in acknowledgement.
After King Henry’s funeral and burial, plans commenced for Edward’s coronation. On the afternoon of February 19, Edward left the Tower of London to process to Westminster Palace. He rode on horseback dressed in a gown of cloth of gold with a sable lined cape. Underneath he wore a jerkin and cape of white velvet embroidered with Venetian silver decorated with rubies, diamonds and pearls in lovers’ knots. The horse was also covered in crimson satin embroidered with pearls and gold.
Followed and surrounded by many members of his household and notables, Edward progressed along streets lined with merchants and the people with houses draped in tapestries, banners and streamers. They stopped along the route to witness pageants. It took the procession four hours to reach Westminster. Very early the next day, Edward went by river to Whitehall where he put on his parliament robes of crimson velvet. The entire party went on foot to Westminster Abbey where Edward was crowned and anointed. That evening there was a ceremonial banquet in Westminster Hall.
The Treaty of Greenwich was never ratified by Scotland and stability was hard to come by. Armed conflict was ongoing. Both nations were preparing for hostilities and in September, Somerset led an army to a great victory at Pinkie on September 10. However, the English couldn’t gain the upper hand and by January 1548, the Scots were discussing a marriage between their queen and the French dauphin.
Engraving of King Edward VI listening to Hugh Latimer preaching
In June of 1548, a large expeditionary force from France landed in Scotland and besieged Haddington while negotiating a marriage agreement which was finalized on July 7. Mary was spirited away to France to be brought up at court until she reached marriageable age. Somerset’s government was planning another offensive in Scotland for the summer of 1549 but there was much economic instability and rebellion in England during that summer. Edward’s government was always short of funds. Also, the new Book of Common Prayer had been distributed to all the churches, causing confusion and unrest among the people. There was strong resistance to religious change. In August, King Henri II of France declared war on England and besieged Boulogne. But the English strongly resisted. A peace treaty was brokered on March 28, 1550 and Boulogne was surrendered to the French.
We don’t know how Edward felt about the loss of his bride or if he endorsed the Scottish campaigns but from his diary, we know he enjoyed hearing about the exploits of his troops. Somerset’s power as Protector was strengthened after his victory at Pinkie but he was facing some opposition. Edward complained in his diary that his uncle dealt harshly with him and kept him in financial straits. His other uncle, Thomas, Baron Sudeley had protested the fact that his brother had all the power. In past cases, when there were two uncles, it was the custom for both to have a role in the regency. Sudeley was attempting to gain the king’s confidence by gaining access to his chambers and giving him money. Edward may have felt Sudeley would have been easier to deal with than Somerset but he never endorsed him to any position of power.
Sudeley was gaining the confidence of some of the nobles and the men on the council. He assembled weapons and men and fortified the castle at Holt. Somerset controlled production of letters in Edward’s hand. Sudeley was trying to get a letter ending Somerset’s governorship and giving it to him. In August of 1548, Edward’s chamber was secured to keep Sudeley away. Shortly after this, he tried to enter Edward’s bedroom at St. James Palace and found the door locked. He shot the king’s barking dog. Edward stood in the doorway in his nightshirt, obviously frightened.
When Sudeley’s wife, the former queen Katherine Parr died in September of 1548 after giving birth to a daughter, Sudeley began conspiring to marry the king’s sister Elizabeth. On January 17, 1549, Sudeley was arrested, interrogated and attainted by Act of Parliament. He was executed on March 19.
There was more agrarian unrest in the kingdom in the summer of 1549. Somerset was now in trouble. His handling of foreign affairs and the local rebellions had not been swift or effective. In October he withdrew to Windsor taking Edward with him. The other councilors reminded Somerset his power was given to him by them and by October 11, Somerset was separated from the king and put under guard. He was interrogated in the Tower and charged with twenty-nine articles. As Edward explained, they included ambition, vainglory, entering into rash wars, and negligence in holding onto Boulogne, enriching himself with his treasure and following his own opinion.
Due to maneuvering on the council, Somerset was released from prison in February 1550 and given a free pardon by Edward. By April he was back on the council. However, the leadership of the government had been taken over by John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, and later Duke of Northumberland. Edward was now greatly under his influence. Edward did nothing without Northumberland’s guidance. In July of 1551, Edward was betrothed to Elisabeth of Valois, eldest daughter of King Henri II of France.
Edward was beginning to mature and while he didn’t take control of his government, he was being educated and was able to grasp the inner workings so that when he came of age, he would be able to rule with the familiarity he needed. During Northumberland’s tenure, there were bad harvests and outbreaks of disease. In-fighting broke out between him and Somerset. In October of 1551, Somerset was arrested and he was tried by his peers in December. He was found guilty and beheaded on January 22, 1552. We don’t know how Edward felt about the loss of his uncle and mentor.
Northumberland concluded the military endeavors started by Somerset by ending the war with Scotland and brokering peace with France. He abandoned the monetary policy of debasement of the coinage, curbed government spending and managed to liquidate England’s overseas debt. Working with William Cecil, he enhanced and streamlined the procedures of the council. He may also have worked with the king conspiring to bypass Princess Mary as his heir and putting Lady Jane Grey on the throne in the event of the king’s death.
Edward’s court was sumptuous and full of pomp and circumstance. Edward dressed in luxurious clothes and had a penchant for buying expensive jewels. Ambassadors noted the intricate courtly rituals . In October of 1551, Marie de Guise , the Scottish regent planned to visit her daughter, Mary Queen of Scots in France. On the way she came to London where Edward put on a show to impress her. She dined with him at Hampton Court.
Edward was exasperated with his sister Mary. She was Catherine of Aragon’s daughter and had been brought up as a staunch Catholic. When the new Book of Common Prayer was released, Mary refused to conform to it. Edward and his government pressured her to the point where she wanted to escape from the kingdom. All efforts to relieve her failed. In March of 1551, Mary and Edward met privately. The meeting did not go well. However, Mary continued to hear Mass even though some of her household were arrested and removed for doing so.
In February of 1553, Edward fell ill with a cold. His health degenerated into a lethal infection. There are various explanations for his final illness . He met with his sister Mary again in March but was wracked with a cough during the meeting. On June 21, he ordered his new “Devise” be authenticated under letters patent, naming his Protestant cousin Jane Grey as his heir and successor. On July 6, at Greenwich Palace, between eight and nine o’clock in the evening, Edward died in the arms of Sir Henry Sidney saying “I am faint; Lord have mercy upon me, and take my spirit”. Sidney said the king surrendered his spirit in great sweetness. All of his promise died with him. He was buried in the Tudor mausoleum, the Lady Chapel in Westminster Abbey, beside his grandparents, Henry VII and Elizabeth of York .
Further reading: “Edward VI: The Lost King of England” by Chris Skidmore, “Edward VI” by Jennifer Loach, “The Boy King Edward VI and Protestant Reformation” by Diarmaid Macculloch, “The Tudors: The Complete Story of England’s Most Notorious Dynasty” by G.J. Meyer, entry on King Edward VI in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography written by Dale Hoak
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How many points are scored for a penalty goal in a game of rugby league? | BBC SPORT | Rugby League | Laws & Equipment | How to score points
How to score points
There are four main ways to score in rugby league:
Try - four points
A try is worth four points - the maximum number of points you can score in one go in rugby league.
It is scored when a player puts the ball on the ground with "downward pressure" (very important) inside the opposition's in-goal area between the try line and dead ball line.
If a defender makes an offence while the opposition are about to score a try, then the referee can award a penalty kick in front of the posts after the conversion kick.
This means the opposition can score eight points if they are successful in scoring the try, the goal kick and the penalty kick.
But if the try was not scored because of the offence, the referee will award a penalty try in front of the posts, as well as the extra penalty kick.
Goal kick - two points
A team is awarded a goal kick after a try has been scored. The team has the chance to "convert" the kick at goal for two further points.
The kick is taken from a point level with where the try was scored.
The kick is successful if the ball goes between the opposition's goalposts and above the crossbar.
Penalty - two points
The referee will award a penalty when an offence has occurred.
A player can punt, drop kick or take a place kick anywhere behind where the offence took place.
They also have the choice of kicking for goal or for touch.
A kick for goal is worth two points if successful.
But to be successful, the ball has to go through the opposition's goalposts, above the crossbar.
Two touch judges will raise their flags if the penalty is successfully kicked.
If the team who gave away the penalty argue or commit further offences, the referee will punish them by taking the penalty 10 metres forward towards their goal-line.
The team kicking also gets a new set of six tackles to play with.
Play is re-started by placing the ball on the ground 10 metres into the field of play, parallel to where the ball went out to touch.
Teams can kick in any direction even backwards if they want to find space for a set play.
Drop goal - one point
A drop goal can be a spectacular way of scoring. If successful it will add one point to a team's score.
A drop goal is scored when a player kicks the ball from hand through the opposition's goal posts, above the crossbar.
However, the ball must touch the ground between being dropped and kicked.
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Salta International Airport is in which South American country? | Game Play & Scoring | What is Rugby?
Game Play & Scoring
Game Play & Scoring
Goal
The goal of rugby is to move the ball forward by running with the ball or kicking. The team which scores the most points (see below), wins the game.
Play
A match begins with a kick-off from mid-field which must travel at least 10 metres. Play is continuous and free-flowing. There are no “downs”, no designated offensive and defensive teams, no blocking and no automatic “turn-overs” of posession. The ball usually marks the offside line.
The ball may be advanced by running or kicking. Passing with the hands cannot be forward but can be lateral or backward. Players without the ball cannot be tackled or interfered with in any way (this includes a player who has just kicked the ball).
When a player is tackled to the ground, the ball must be released and the player must move a way from it; play continues without stoppage. A “ruck” or informal scrum (see below) forms over a tackled player without stoppage of play.
Scoring
Their are 4 ways in which a team may score points in rugby:
Try – Five points when the ball is touched to the ground (“grounded”) in the opponents end zone.
Conversion – Two points for a kick through the uprights after a try is scored. The kick is taken on a line (parallel to the touch-line; see above) which passes through the place where the ball was grounded. Thus, grounding the ball “between the posts” makes for an easier conversion attempt than if the ball is grounded near the side-line.
Drop Goal – Three points for ‘drop kicking’ the ball through the opponent’s uprights at anytime during play.
Penalty Kick – Three points for place-kicking the ball through the opponent’s uprights following an infraction by the opposition. Penalty kicks must be taken from the point of the infraction.
Further Reading
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‘Verdant’ relates to which colour? | Verdant | Definition of Verdant by Merriam-Webster
5 Better Ways to Say 'Green'
Did You Know?
English speakers have been using "verdant" as a ripe synonym of "green" since the late 16th century, and as a descriptive term for inexperienced or naive people since the 1820s. (By contrast, the more experienced "green" has colored our language since well before the 12th century, and was first applied to inexperienced people in the 1540s.) "Verdant" is derived from the Old French word for "green," vert, which in turn is from Latin virērē, meaning "to be green." Today, "vert" is used in English as a word for green forest vegetation and the heraldic color green. Another descendant of "virere" is the adjective virescent, meaning "beginning to be green."
Origin and Etymology of verdant
contracted from Medieval French verdoyant, from present participle of verdoyer “to be green, turn green,” going back to Old French verdoier, from verd, vert “green” (going back to Latin viridis, from a base *wir-, whence virēre “to show green growth, be green” of uncertain origin) + -oier, factitive verb suffix, going back to Latin -idiāre, originally representing variant pronunciation (or spelling variant) of -izāre -ize ◆Latin viridis and virēre have been linked to Lithuanian visti “to multiply, breed,” veisti “to breed, rear,” as well as to Old English wīse “sprout, stalk,” Old High German wisa “meadow,” though the semantic connections are vague enough to make this a very tenuous hypothesis.
First Known Use: 1581
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Monte Rosa is the highest mountain in which European country? | Verdancy | Define Verdancy at Dictionary.com
verdantly, adverb
Word Origin
C16: from Old French verdoyant, from verdoyer to become green, from Old French verd green, from Latin viridis, from virēre to be green
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for verdancy
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verdant
adj.
1580s, "green," from Middle French virdeant "becoming green," present participle of Old French verdeiier "become green," from Vulgar Latin *viridiare "grow green, make green," from Latin viridis "green" (see verdure ). Related: Verdantly.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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On a QWERTY keyboard, which letter lies between X and V? | Why are the keys in the keypad not arranged in alphabetical order? - Quora
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QWERTY was concocted back in the 1870s to mechanically separate the common letter pairs that used to frequently jam on the originally alphabetically ordered typewriter layouts.
Here's what that original layout looked like:
Despite being much faster to learn and easier to use, this semi-alphabetic layout would often jam (note the position of the T, H & S keys) when users typed too quickly. As anyone who's used a typewriter will tell you, even one single jam or simple typo, would require unjamming the keys, ripping out the old paper, washing the ink off your fingers, inserting a new sheet, and starting all over again.
So - without worrying about ergonomics or suability - they just started moving keys around until the number of jams dropped to an "acceptable" level.
History disagrees with Shisrail's answer below. This logical, intuitive alphabetic keyboard WAS fast. Too fast for its own good, in fact.
If QWERTY was so easy, why did 100s of typing schools pop up all over the world? Why did people have to enrol for a minimum of a year to get their speed and accuracy to even a basic level? Why does it take most people months of lessons and 100s of hours of practice (or even years of self-teaching) to master this confusing letter order?
Is QWERTY logical? Yes... but only from a mechanical engineer's perspective.
Intuitive? No freakin' way.
For most people, the learning curve for QWERTY is so slow and frustrating, once you've mastered it, the thought of relearning another layout would be considered a fate worse than death.
But guess what? Quietly, stealthily, the entire planet DID adopt an alphabetic keyboard. And we all mastered it in just a few minutes. Here's a picture of the keyboard that more people on the planet use than any other:
Written Dec 1, 2012
The current layout is inherited from typewriters, where keys were arranged to prevent jamming. This explains why keys are not in the proper sequence as the alphabets, as well as why they are arranged on diagonal columns (to give space for the levers).
Contrary to the popular belief, the QWERTY keyboard was NOT designed to slow typists.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWE... and http://home.earthlink.net/~dcreh... provide further details.
1878 Typewriter Patent Drawing, featuring the QWERTY Keyboard. Years after its introduction, it was considered important enough to include in a patent.
Written Nov 21, 2015
There is a good historical reason for this. In early days of typewriter (in mid 19th century) the keys were arranged lexicographically. The earliest popular design had only 2 rows with 13 characters each. However this arrangement caused 2 major problems :
The type bars of the most commonly used combination letters of the alphabet (like TH and ST) was positioned close together, so when the keys were hit right after the other in rapid successions, the metallic arms / type bars responsible for creating an impression on paper would jam.
In early typewriters printing point was located beneath the paper carriage, invisible to the operator - which forced the operator to raise the carriage in case of collision / mishaps between typebars.
Print on paper was due to Ink ribbon placed between typebar and paper. The typebar collides with paper with ink ribbon in between. If the frequently used keys are placed together - certain portions of ribbon (like st) would dry out relatively earlier - causing relative fade prints in those letters. This problem was quickly resolved with better quality ink ribbon - which caused internal diffusion of ink and ink quality was always evenly distributed throughout the ribbon.
So as Mayank Bhura suggested, a frequency study was conducted and multiple designs were made to ensure the bars won't collide. Some early designs similar to qwerty :
Here is a patented design which gained some popularity -
Within a decade or two Qwerty became very popular. The Qwerty design isn't perfect. For example only one vowel 'A' is in the home row even though 40% of words contain it. There number of other statistical flaws. But still it allowed people to type faster.
When modern keyboard came into picture - Qwerty design was continued. However, the modern keyword don't face any problems like typebar mishap. However, once modern keyboard came into picture it faced a lot of resistance for Qwerty lovers.
One serious competition came from the Dvorak design - which was developed in 1940s.
Tests have proved that Dvorak is faster than Qwerty. It is especially popular among programmers who use a lot of non-alphabetical characters like punctuations and numbers too. Medically, Qwerty causes a lot of stress on fingers too. Also since most of the users are right handed - the Dvorak keyboard was optimised such that right handed people works more than left handed.
Contemporary Keyboard designs are much more elegant. Some even have 2 different parts to provide an optimal slope for fast typing.
Updated Dec 17
During my college, one of the my professors told me regarding this. He was a lecturer of Computer Science.
First of all, these keys (pattern) appeared first on the typewriters, not on a computer key board. The reason lies in how typewriters works, let's have a look.
In typewriters (manual, not electronic), in order to type any alphabet, we hit a key. A chain of mechanical systems works in a manner, that with every hit one of the type bars rise up and strikes to the ribbon; behind which paper is there and the type bar leaves an impression of embossed alphabet on the paper. By the time we hit other alphabet, type bar come back to its original position.
In very initial stage, typewriters had alphabets in the original sequence. Some what like this:
The problem with this pattern was, that it was easy to remember and to use. People were able to type fast and hence, begin typing very fast. So fast, that type bars did not get much time to come back to original position and type bars started to stuck with each other. We should keep in mind that initial typewriters did not had excellent technology.
To resolve this issue, few intelligent people ( Sholes and Glidden) worked and created a complex pattern of alphabets. This pattern was not that easy to remember and typing with same give enough time to type bar to reach its original position.
Later on same pattern was adapted in computers and commonly known as QWERTY.
QWERTY - Wikipedia
Initially even computers did not has as good RAM as today. I remember computers with 128 mb or 256 mb of RAM (in early 90s). May be, that ram might not be good enough to cope up with typing speed, if old unjumbled
pattern of alphabets were used.
You can see, typing number is not a problem, as a word has certain spelling and that spelling applies universally for that word. Therefore, we get in to habit of remembering and using same spelling, which makes typing faster. But, numbers may differ every time also they are not that frequently used.
Therefore, we have numbers in a single line in typewriters. However, on a computer keyboard, numbers are written in format of calculator. As, computer as a machine is also used for calculating.
There was a time, when it was a matter of debate that computer should have numerals in calculator format (starting from bottom line) or phone format (starting from top line). At that time, facilities like online fax were in place.
Calculator format:
| C |
How many Concorde planes were built? | The Maltron Letter Layout Advantage
The Maltron Letter Layout Advantage
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The Maltron Letter Layout
You have probably noticed that many of our dual-hand keyboards are available with the Maltron letter layout as an alternative to QWERTY. The Maltron letter layout was developed by us as an alternative to the QWERTY layout, which was designed to slow down the typist to avoid jamming the mechanism on early typewriter keyboards. Consequently, the QWERTY letter layout that we all know (and love?!) is by design incredibly inefficient and forces unnecessary strain and movement of the hands and fingers.
The Dvorak keyboard layout goes some way towards addressing this issue and is certainly an improvement over QWERTY,
but the Maltron layout goes a big step further.
The Maltron letter layout is based on extensive frequency of use (fou) analysis, and places the most used letters and functions where the fingers and thumbs may easily and comfortably reach them. For anyone used to QWERTY (or Dvorak), the Maltron layout is a radical change, and will require some retraining. However, this can usually be achieved within just a few weeks.
A free Maltron layout training course is available under the Training section of this website.
You will wonder how you ever managed to type using QWERTY, but don't take our word for it; have a look at some testimonials under "General Info" on the main menu above.
Combined with the highly ergonomic shape of our 3D keyboards, you will have the ultimate in typing comfort.
You can read an in-depth paper on Maltron keyboard development here .
11
Table 1: Maltron and Qwerty Comparison
The above table shows the great difference in number of words and length that result in the optimisation of the frequency of use for the Maltron keyboard layout over the traditional Qwerty keyboard layout.
The first four rows show substantially greater number of words possible from the Maltron letter layout. The last three rows show how few words can be made with the Maltron layout without the use of the home row or full width of the keyboard compared to the Qwerty layout. With the Qwerty layout the left hand has a greater loading than the right hand.
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Who played the title role in the 1968 film ‘Witchfinder General’? | The Conqueror Worm (1968) - IMDb
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A young soldier seeks to put an end to the evils caused by a vicious witch hunter.
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Title: The Conqueror Worm (1968)
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1 win & 1 nomination. See more awards »
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Horror thriller set in 17th century England about the children of a village slowly converting into a coven of devil worshipers.
Director: Piers Haggard
A European prince terrorizes the local peasantry while using his castle as a refuge against the "Red Death" plague that stalks the land.
Director: Roger Corman
A man's obsession with his dead wife drives a wedge between him and his new bride.
Director: Roger Corman
Charles Dexter Ward arrives at a small village to visit the house he inherited from his ancestor who died there 100 years ago.
Director: Roger Corman
Upon entering his fiancée's family mansion, a man discovers a savage family curse and fears that his future brother-in-law has entombed his bride-to-be prematurely.
Director: Roger Corman
In the sixteenth century, Francis Barnard travels to Spain to clarify the strange circumstances of his sister's death after she had married the son of a cruel Spanish Inquisitor.
Director: Roger Corman
Three tales of terror involve a grieving widower and the daughter he abandoned; a drunkard and his wife's black cat; and a hypnotist who prolongs the moment of a man's death.
Director: Roger Corman
A Shakespearean actor takes poetic revenge on the critics who denied him recognition.
Director: Douglas Hickox
Aristocrat Julian Markham keeps his disfigured brother, Sir Edward, locked in a tower of his house. Sir Edward occasionally escapes and causes havoc around the town.
Director: Gordon Hessler
A doctor, scientist, organist, and biblical scholar, Anton Phibes, seeks revenge on the nine doctors he considers responsible for his wife's death.
Director: Robert Fuest
When a disease turns all of humanity into the living dead, the last man on earth becomes a reluctant vampire hunter.
Directors: Ubaldo Ragona, Sidney Salkow
Stars: Vincent Price, Franca Bettoia, Emma Danieli
Edit
Storyline
England is torn in civil strife as the Royalists battle the Parliamentary Party for control. This conflict distracts people from rational thought and allows unscrupulous men to gain local power by exploiting village superstitions. One of these men is Matthew Hopkins, who tours the land offering his services as a persecutor of witches. Aided by his sadistic accomplice John Stearne, he travels from city to city and wrenches confessions from "witches" in order to line his pockets and gain sexual favors. When Hopkins persecutes a priest, he incurs the wrath of Richard Marshall, who is engaged to the priest's niece. Risking treason by leaving his military duties, Marshall relentlessly pursues the evil Hopkins and his minion Stearne. Written by Ed Sutton <[email protected]>
He'll hang, burn and mutilate you. He's the... witchfinder general See more »
Genres:
May 1968 (UK) See more »
Also Known As:
The Conqueror Worm See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
The real Matthew Hopkins was only in his mid 20s in 1645 and he died before he was 30. Vincent Price's character is middle-aged, like the actor himself. Hopkins and Stearne executed more than 300 people, mainly women, during their two or three years of 'witch hunting'. Considering that 500 people in total were executed for witchcraft in England between the late 15th and late 18th centuries, it means that Hopkins was responsible for two thirds of these executions during a period of three years. See more »
Goofs
When Stearne is captured by the Cavalry Troopers, one asks another if a pikeman is required in his platoon. In fact, only the infantry used pikes. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
[United States Conqueror Worm versions]
Matthew Hopkins : [voiceover] LO! 't is a gala night/Within the lonesome latter years./An angel throng, bewinged, bedight/In veils, and drowned in tears,/Sit in a theatre to see/A play of hopes and fears,/While the orchestra breathes fitfully/The music of the spheres."
| Vincent Price |
In which UK town is Priory Railway Station? | Vincent Price Classic Witchfinder General Getting a Remake - iHorror
You are at: Horror Movie News » Recent Posts » Vincent Price Classic Witchfinder General Getting a Remake
Vincent Price Classic Witchfinder General Getting a Remake
News
While remakes have been a reality in Hollywood since the early days of film, the last few decades have brought horror fans an absolute torrent of them, sometimes begging the question of what classic genre films won’t end up getting remade at some point. The latest title to scratch off the “will this get remade” score card is Witchfinder General, a 1968 British offering from the legendary American International Pictures that starred the iconic Vincent Price. The film was based on a 1966 novel of the same name, although it once went under the name The Conqueror Worm in the United States.
Supplying Price with arguably one of his most memorable villainous roles – and one of his most seriously played to boot – Witchfinder General has gone on to develop quite the reputation in the decades since its release, and has also proved influential on future films exploring similar subject matter. Spearheading a remake of Witchfinder General is eclectic director Nicolas Winding Refn, helmer of “love them or hate them” films like Drive, Only God Forgives, and the upcoming arthouse horror flick The Neon Demon. Refn will be sticking to the producer position on Witchfinder General though, similar to how he’s currently producing a remake of William Lustig’s 80’s slasher Maniac Cop.
There’s no word yet on who will actually direct Witchfinder General’s remake, or who will take over the lead role, but whoever gets the latter job will definitely have big shoes to fill. Price is a legend for a reason, and the new actor who plays Matthew Hopkins is well advised to try and make the role his own if he hopes to succeed in escaping from his predecessor’s long shadow.
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The sartorius muscle is found in which part of the human body? | Sartorius Muscle - Anatomy Pictures and Information
Home > Muscular System > Muscles of the Leg and Foot > Sartorius Muscle
Sartorius Muscle
The sartorius muscle is the longest muscle in the entire human body. It is a long, thin, band-like muscle found in the anterior region of the thigh. The sartorius functions as an important flexor and rotator of the thigh at the hip joint.
The sartorius muscle arises from the anterior superior iliac spine on the lateral edge of the hip bone. From the lateral hip, it descends obliquely across the hip joint and thigh, running medially and inferiorly toward the medial edge of the knee. At the knee, the sartorius turns more laterally as it descends to insert on the medial side of the tibia in the lower leg....
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Full Sartorius Muscle Description
[Continued from above] . . .
The sartorius muscle is so long that it crosses and acts upon both the hip and knee joints. Acting on the hip joint, the sartorius works as a flexor, abductor, and lateral rotator of the thigh with the assistance of the other major muscles of the hip. At the knee joint the sartorius helps to flex the leg. Combining all of these functions into one movement, the sartorius pulls the foot and ankle toward knee of the opposite leg. The action of the sartorius is used in many situations, such as crossing the legs so that the ankle rests on the knee of the opposite leg; sitting cross-legged; or looking at the sole of one’s foot. In fact, the name sartorius (from the Latin word for “tailor”) and its nickname, the “tailor’s muscle,” are derived from the common motion of tailors crossing their legs to sit while working.
Prepared by Tim Taylor, Anatomy and Physiology Instructor
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During which month of the year is the British Open Golf Championship held? | Sartorius | Definition of Sartorius by Merriam-Webster
\-ē-ˌī\ play
: a muscle that arises from the anterior superior iliac spine, crosses the front of the thigh obliquely to insert on the upper part of the inner surface of the tibia, is the longest muscle in the human body, and acts to flex, abduct, and rotate the thigh laterally at the hip joint and to flex the leg at the knee joint and to rotate it medially in a way that enables one to sit with the heel of one leg on the knee of the opposite leg
Illustration of sartorius
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Who became British Prime Minister in June 1970? | BBC ON THIS DAY | 19 | 1970: Shock election win for Heath
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1970: Shock election win for Heath
Edward Heath has become the new British prime minister after a surprise victory for the Conservatives in the general election.
The result has confounded all opinion polls conducted before yesterday's election which had predicted a comfortable win for Labour.
But with all 630 seats now declared the Conservatives have won 330 seats, giving them a majority of 30. Labour have won 287 seats.
The new prime minister, Edward Richard George Heath, who has led the Conservative party since 1965, has pledged to "restore honesty to government and integrity to politics" and bring to an end what he referred to as "six long years of hard labour".
New style of government
The outgoing prime minister, Harold Wilson, refused to admit defeat until the last minute.
But just after 1400 hrs today, when the Conservatives reached the required majority of 316 seats, he requested an audience with the Queen to tender his resignation.
Shortly afterwards the Queen invited Mr Heath to Buckingham Palace where she asked him to form a new administration.
Edward Heath was born in Broadstairs on 9 July 1916 and was educated at Oxford university, before becoming MP for Bexley in 1950.
A confirmed bachelor, he has a passion for yachting and classical music.
Throughout the past three weeks, during which all the party leaders have toured the length and breadth of Britain on their arduous election campaign trails, Edward Heath, 53, has consistently offered the British people a new style of government.
As well as his commitment to European unity, he has promised to reduce taxes, cut down on wild-cat strikes by updating the law on industrial relations, and give more help to the poor, the old and the sick by concentrating government subsidies on those that need them most.
As he arrived at Downing Street this evening he was given a rapturous welcome. Huge crowds, who had gathered throughout the afternoon, sang "For he's a jolly good fellow" and shouted "Good old Ted."
In an interview with the BBC, the defeated Harold Wilson said he had always admired Edward Heath although he had not agreed with many of his election tactics, including the Conservatives' attempt to "drag sterling into the campaign."
Devaluation of the pound has remained a controversial issue for both the main parties.
But Mr Wilson said Mr Heath would now have the strongest economic position any prime minister had taken over in living memory.
He suggested the low turn-out of voters - just 70% - may have contributed to his defeat: "We were up against something that no-one foresaw. (...) It was a low poll and a low poll is going to count against us. All the signs were of a high poll."
Mr Wilson and his family left Downing Street via a back door this afternoon and went to Chequers, the Prime Minister's country seat, where they will remain until they find alternative accommodation in London.
In Context
Edward Heath remained prime minister until 1974. <br>
During his four years at Downing Street he brought in the Industrial Relations Act, which caused conflict with the trade unions. <br>
In 1972, two miners' strikes resulted in power shortages. The government reduced the working week to three days as part of several measures to reduce electricity use. <br>
Edward Heath was finally forced to give in to the miners' demands. <br>
In 1973 Mr Heath achieved his long-held ambition to lead Britain into the European Community after many years of campaigning on pro-European issues. <br>
But his fortunes were lost in 1974 when he lost two general elections - one in February and one in October. Harold Wilson took power over a minority government in February and therefore called another election later in the year in which he won a tiny majority. <br>
In 1975, with Conservative confidence dented by his failures to win the elections, he was forced to resign as leader. <br>
He was replaced by the first woman ever to head a political party in Britain, Margaret Thatcher. <br>
Mr Heath refused to serve in Mrs Thatcher's shadow cabinet and years later continued to express disapproval of many of her policies. <br>
He died in 2005.<br>
| Edward Heath |
What colour ‘Onions’ is the title of a 1962 hit for Booker T and the MG’s? | Margaret Thatcher - British History - HISTORY.com
Margaret Thatcher
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Introduction
Margaret Thatcher (1925-2013), the United Kingdom’s first and thus far only female prime minister, served from 1979 until 1990. During her time in office, she reduced the influence of trade unions, privatized certain industries, scaled back public benefits and changed the terms of political debate, much like her friend and ideological ally, U.S. President Ronald Reagan. Nicknamed the “Iron Lady,” she opposed Soviet communism and fought a war to maintain control of the Falkland Islands. The longest-serving British prime minister of the 20th century, Thatcher was eventually pressured into resigning by members of her own Conservative Party
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Margaret Thatcher: The Early Years
Margaret Hilda Roberts, later Margaret Thatcher, was born on October 13, 1925, in Grantham, a small town in Lincolnshire, England. Her parents, Alfred and Beatrice, were middle-class shopkeepers and devout Methodists. Alfred was also a politician, serving as a town council member for 16 years before becoming an alderman in 1943 and mayor of Grantham from 1945 to 1946.
Did You Know?
In 2007 Margaret Thatcher became the first living ex-prime minister in British history to be honored with a statue in the Houses of Parliament. It stands opposite a statue of Winston Churchill in the lobby of the House of Commons.
Thatcher matriculated at Oxford University in 1943, during the height of World War II . While there she studied chemistry and joined the Oxford Union Conservative Association, becoming president of the organization in 1946. After graduation she worked as a research chemist, but her real interest was politics. In 1950 she ran for parliament in the Labour-dominated constituency of Dartford, using the slogan “Vote Right to Keep What’s Left.” She lost that year and again in 1951, but received more votes than previous Conservative Party candidates.
Margaret Thatcher Enters Parliament
In December 1951 Margaret married Denis Thatcher, a wealthy businessman. Less than two years later she gave birth to twins, Carol and Mark. Meanwhile, she was studying for the bar exams, which she passed in early 1954. She then spent the next few years practicing law and looking for a winnable constituency.
Thatcher ran for parliament once more in 1959—this time in the Conservative-dominated constituency of Finchley—and easily won the seat. The first bill she introduced affirmed the right of the media to cover local government meetings. Speaking about the bill in her maiden speech, she focused not on freedom of the press but instead on the need to limit wasteful government expenditures—a common theme throughout her political career.
By 1961 Thatcher had accepted an invitation to become parliamentary undersecretary in the Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance. She then steadily moved up the ministerial ranks, becoming secretary of state for education and science when the Conservatives retook power in 1970. The following year she was demonized by her Labour Party opponents as “Thatcher the milk snatcher” when she eliminated a free milk program for schoolchildren. Nonetheless, she was able to keep her job, and in 1975, with the Conservatives back in the opposition, she defeated former Prime Minister Edward Heath to take over leadership of the party.
Margaret Thatcher as Prime Minister
Thatcher was now one of the most powerful women in the world. She rejected the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes, who advocated deficit spending during periods of high unemployment, instead preferring the monetarist approach of Chicago economist Milton Friedman. At her first conference speech, she chastised the Labour Party on economic grounds, saying, “A man’s right to work as he will, to spend what he earns, to own property, to have the state as servant and not as master—these are the British inheritance.” Soon after, she attacked the Soviet Union as “bent on world dominance.” A Soviet army newspaper responded by calling her “the Iron Lady,” a nickname she immediately embraced.
The Conservatives, helped out by a “winter of discontent” in which numerous unions went on strike, won the 1979 election, and Thatcher became prime minister. During her first term, the government lowered direct taxes while increasing taxes on spending, sold off public housing, put in austerity measures and made other reforms, even as rising inflation and unemployment caused Thatcher’s popularity to temporarily wane. In April 1982 Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, a sparsely populated British colony located 300 miles from Argentina and 8,000 miles from the United Kingdom. Thatcher dispatched troops to the area. On May 2, a British submarine controversially sank an Argentine cruiser that was outside of an official exclusion zone, killing over 300 people on board. Later in the month, British troops landed near San Carlos Bay in East Falkland and, despite persistent air attacks, were able to capture the capital of Port Stanley and end the fighting.
The war and an improving economy propelled Thatcher to a second term in 1983. This time around, her government took on the trade unions, requiring them to hold a secret ballot before any work stoppage and refusing to make any concessions during a yearlong miners’ strike. In what became a key part of her legacy, Thatcher also privatized British Telecom, British Gas, British Airways, Rolls-Royce and a number of other state-owned companies.
On the foreign policy front, Thatcher often found herself allied with U.S. President Ronald Reagan , whom she later described as “the supreme architect of the West’s Cold War victory.” Her relationship with her own continent’s leaders was more complicated, particularly since she believed the Europe Union should be a free-trade area rather than a political endeavor. “That such an unnecessary and irrational project as building a European superstate was ever embarked upon will seem in future years to be perhaps the greatest folly of the modern era,” she wrote in her 2002 book “Statecraft.” In Asia, meanwhile, she negotiated the eventual transfer of Hong Kong to the Chinese. In Africa she had a mixed record, facilitating the end of white minority rule in Zimbabwe but opposing sanctions against apartheid South Africa.
Margaret Thatcher’s Fall From Power
After Thatcher was elected to a third term in 1987, her government lowered income tax rates to a postwar low. It also pushed through an unpopular “community charge” that was met with street protests and high levels of nonpayment. On November 14, 1990, former Defense Minister Michael Heseltine challenged her for leadership of the party, partly due to differences of opinion on the European Union. Thatcher won the first ballot but by too small of a margin for outright victory. That night, her cabinet members visited her one by one and urged her to resign. She officially stepped down on November 28 after helping to assure that John Major and not Heseltine would replace her.
Thatcher remained in parliament until 1992, at which time she entered the largely ceremonial House of Lords and began to write her memoirs. Though she stopped appearing in public after suffering a series of small strokes in the early 2000s, her influence remained strong. In fact, many of her free market policies have since been adopted, not only by Conservatives, but also by Labour Party leaders like Tony Blair. In 2011, the former prime minister was the subject of an award-winning (and controversial) biographical film, “The Iron Lady,” which depicted her political rise and fall. Margaret Thatcher died on April 8, 2013, at the age of 87.
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