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What is the name of the park in San Francisco where, in 1966, the Beatles performed their final official live concert? | 29 August 1966: The Beatles' final concert in Candlestick Park, San Francisco | The Beatles Bible
Ringo Starr
Anthology
The Park's capacity was 42,500, but only 25,000 tickets were sold, leaving large sections of unsold seats. Fans paid between $4.50 and $6.50 for tickets, and The Beatles' fee was around $90,000. The show's promoter was local company Tempo Productions.
The Beatles took 65% of the gross, the city of San Francisco took 15% of paid admissions and were given 50 free tickets. This arrangement, coupled with low ticket sales and other unexpected expenses resulted in a financial loss for Tempo Productions.
Candlestick Park was the home of the baseball team the San Francisco Giants. The stage was located just behind second base on the field, and was five feet high and surrounded by a six-foot high wire fence.
The compère was 'Emperor' Gene Nelson of KYA 1260 AM, and the support acts were, in order of appearance, The Remains, Bobby Hebb, The Cyrkle and The Ronettes. The show began at 8pm.
I was the MC, and, as any Giants fans will know, Candlestick Park in August, at night, was cold, foggy and windy. The funniest thing this night was one of the warm-up acts, Bobby Hebb. He stood up on the stage at Candlestick Park, with the fog, and the wind blowing, and he was singing 'Sunny'! It was tough anyway to work a ballpark as an MC, especially as The Beatles were taking their time to get out. I was trying to entertain a crowd that was shouting, 'Beatles, Beatles, Beatles.'
The dressing room was chaos. There were loads of people there. The press tried to get passes for their kids and the singer Joan Baez was in there. Any local celebrity, who was in town, was in the dressing room. They were having a party in there. They were having a perfectly wonderful time, while I was freezing my buns off on second base!
'Emperor' Gene Nelson
The Beatles Off The Record, Keith Badman
The Beatles took to the stage at 9.27pm, and performed 11 songs: Rock And Roll Music , She's A Woman , If I Needed Someone , Day Tripper , Baby's In Black , I Feel Fine , Yesterday , I Wanna Be Your Man , Nowhere Man , Paperback Writer and Long Tall Sally .
The group knew it was to be their final concert. Recognising its significance, John Lennon and Paul McCartney took a camera onto the stage, with which they took pictures of the crowd, the rest of the group, and themselves at arm's length.
Before one of the last numbers, we actually set up this camera, I think it had a fisheye, a wide-angle lens. We set it up on the amplifier and Ringo came off the drums, and we stood with our backs to the audience and posed for a photograph, because we knew that was the last show.
George Harrison
The Beatles Off The Record, Keith Badman
As The Beatles made their way to Candlestick Park, Paul McCartney asked their press officer Tony Barrow to make a recording of the concert on audio cassette, using a hand-held recorder. The cassette lasted 30 minutes on each side, and, as Barrow didn't flip it during the show, the recording cut off during final song Long Tall Sally .
There was a sort of end of term spirit thing going on, and there was also this kind of feeling amongst all of us around The Beatles, that this might just be the last concert that they will ever do. I remember Paul, casually, at the very last minute, saying, 'Have you got your cassette recorder with you?' and I said, 'Yes, of course.' Paul then said, 'Tape it will you? Tape the show,' which I did, literally just holding the microphone up in the middle of the field. As a personal souvenir of the occasion, it was a very nice thing to have and the only difference was that it wasn't a spectacular occasion. It was nothing like Shea Stadium, there was nothing special about it at all, except that The Beatles did put in extra ad-libs and link material which they hadn't put in before on any other occasion.
Tony Barrow
The Beatles Off The Record, Keith Badman
Barrow gave the original tape of the Candlestick Park concert to McCartney. He also made a single copy, which was kept in a locked drawer in Barrow's office desk. The recording has since become widely circulated on bootlegs, although quite how is not known.
At San Francisco airport, as our plane prepared to take off, Paul's head came over the top of my seat from the row behind: 'Did you get anything on tape?' I passed the cassette recorder back to him: 'I got the lot, except that the tape ran out in the middle of Long Tall Sally.' He asked if I had left the machine running between numbers to get all the announcements and the boys' ad lib remarks. I said: 'It's all there from the guitar feedback before the first number.' Paul was clearly chuffed to have such a unique souvenir of what would prove to be an historic evening - the farewell stage show from the Fab Four.
Back in London I kept the concert cassette under lock and key in a drawer of my office desk, making a single copy for my personal collection and passing the original to Paul for him to keep. Years later my Candlestick Park recording re-appeared in public as a bootleg album. If you hear a bootleg version of the final concert that finishes during Long Tall Sally it must have come either from Paul's copy or mine, but we never did identify the music thief!
Tony Barrow
Barry Tuesday 29 May 2012
Correction.1260 is an AM frequency, not an FM frequency. It was KYA 1260 AM, not FM.
Reply
Andrew Kemp Tuesday 23 October 2012
I’ve listened closely to Paul’s introduction to Long Tall Sally and I think there’s an important part you’ve left out (although you and others may not hear what I hear):
“…And we’d like to ask you to join in and, er, clap, sing, talk, in fact, go home, no, do anything. Anyway, the song is… good night.”
Yep – I think they’re so fed up he even says, a little off mic, “in fact, go home”. The remarks from the stage in this show really show where they were at at this time. Just sick of the screaming and pointlessness of live performing when no one even listened.
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ken murphy Saturday 24 November 2012
I took my wife of 43 years to this concert on our first date. I remember they wore kelly green suits and white socks, which was not cool in those days. You really couldn’t hear them through all the screaming. It also seemed to me that they ended early, maybe fed up with everything. I didn’t realize till the late 90’s that it was their last performance.
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eric plant Thursday 7 February 2013
WHERE WHERE WHERE can I find a pic of the beatles with their backs to the crowd they took onstage???? I’ve seen them in documentaries but can find a single pic online! HELP!!
Matt Monday 18 March 2013
One Of Johns Pictures from Candlestick Park. http://pinterest.com/pin/96405248245372354/
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Tomaji Monday 2 September 2013
It’s weird that Ringo (supposedly) said that about John, when it was GEORGE who said he’d had enough. He hated flying and they almost got killed when an engine caught fire on one flight during that tour. He said, “After this gig, I’m no longer a Beatle”…and that at least got the all thinking about it for sure.
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Brian Monday 14 October 2013
On the one hand, one can be surprised that the final Beatle concert did not sell-out…on the other hand, consider lousy weather, crummy sound system, and the Fab Four performing an 11 song set, I’d say those not attending did not miss much, outside of the historic significance.
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Arthur Silva Friday 2 May 2014
I was 10, My aunt and uncle was leaving for London, mom and dad said my brother and I where going to the airport to say good by, Did not want to go but this is my story, Arrived there to see all these girls screaming, we where following our parents to an area of the airport that was under construction, all first class passengers where there, My aunt and uncle and yes George, Paul, John and Ringo, I wonder if they remember me or even this requirement due to the crowded airport, yes I was the last to see this group together in this country. P.S. Uncle and aunt said they where 4 of the rudest bastards they ever met. (Remember they spent the flight time between states and London together, They where Mr. and Mrs. Jack Hickey) Should would like to shake Paul’s hand as the last to say good by in 1966. Back then the older people didn’t like long hair or load music, and 4 young men who had fame felt they could say and do anything of course, FAME and YOUTH, even today, can cause trouble along with lack of respect for others, as we have seen. P.S. Broke my first ankle wearing Beatle Boots…….Remember……..
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Susan Friday 11 July 2014
I was at that concert too – 11 years old. My father took me and my friend (who got lost in the crowd!) I remember the roar of the crowd, the excitement, the anticipation, wondering when the Beatles were going to come out on the field, and the decoy car that drove around and around on the field–everyone thought the Beatles were going to jump out of the car, and of course they didn’t. The screaming was so loud we couldn’t hear a thing but it didn’t matter. I was madly in love with George at that time. Even seeing the band from a distance was thrilling. I’ll always love my dad for taking me to that concert.
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John Tuesday 5 August 2014
I was there. Fifteen years old…on my first date with a girl named Cheri. My Parents drove us. I still have the ticket stub & the memories. I even stole a kiss off my date.
Years later in 1969, I was in London & made my way to EMI Studios where The Beatles recorded….right on the blvd. Abbey Road. I ended up meeting Paul, George,Ringo & their producer George Martin. I was eighteen… and have to admit…quite a thrill. I remember where I was & the exact moment when I heard The Beatles from a little hand held transistor radio for the first time.
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Ron Nasty Sunday 17 August 2014
According to this article there was a reason only 25,000 of the 42,500 seats were filled. I’m not sure I’ve read this before but, according to Raechel Donahue (wife of the late KYA DJ Tom Donahue, who co-managed Tempo Productions), the City of San Francisco’s Parks and Recreation Department only licensed the show for 25,000 tickets, not allowing any tickets for the bleachers to be sold.
Provided her memory is right, despite the thousands of empty seats, every ticket was sold.
I wonder whether this explains some of the seemingly low attendances at some of 1966 US shows, that local authorities were limiting how many thousands of screaming girls they wanted to cope with?
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Janet Friday 29 August 2014
I was lucky to have a good seat stage right with my two best friends (who are BTW still so) We could see thier facial expressions clearly. The most amazing memory I have is that when Paul sang Yesterday there were only two girls screaming in the intire stadium. We could actually HEAR the music!
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AT Press Monday 1 September 2014
I saw them earlier on the same tour, at Shea Stadium (excuse me, at Che Stadium) in NYC. Yes, the screaming girls…and boys. The Ronettes (not the Shirelles) could have headlined in New York. The Cyrkle began with the intro of “Red Rubber Ball” but turned it into their followup song, “Turn Down Day.” Of course I had no idea that it was the Beatles’ final tour. I was impressed that they attempted to tune their guitars between songs. And that they did their current single, “Paperback Writer,” despite how complex the recorded harmonies were. It’s a night I will remember forever and ever. Thanks, my Fab friends. I still squee when “Please Please Me” comes on the radio!
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Fred Garten Monday 29 September 2014
Hey I stumbled onto this site by chance. To see if their were any interest and value to an old Suite Case full of Teen Magazines, News Paper Clippings, Published Photo’s etc.etc. From a Teen Collector back in the Day. I am truly Blown Away about how to date So Many People are still impacted by this Event.
I had a very close friend recently pass away that was at the Show. She took Very Detailed Notes and wrote a 40 page account off what took place thru her eyes. She had kept all items related to Event from Ticket Stub to the Hand Held AM Radio, Binoculars, etc. As a matter of fact I think she kept every News Article and Magazine ever produced about The Boys. My Friend went on to become a High School English Teacher for 28 years.(as well as other accomplishments ) I am wondering if their is an interest in all this paperwork or even possibly making into a short book for all to enjoy. She would have loved to be able to have shared her account and possibly impact a few people thru her eyes.
Rest in Piece my Friend !
Cheers,
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Marc Tuesday 7 October 2014
I was 12 years old when my mom got tickets for me and my 14 year old brother to go see the Beatles at Candlestick. As soon as the Beatles came out everyone stood up which left me, and all other short people, at a disadvantage. There was a young lady in front of me, about 20 years old, who jumped and screamed for the whole show and she would occasionally turn and apologize to me. Finally a guy behind me grabbed me under the arm pits and hoisted me up so my feet were on the back of my seat. I could see the Beatles. It truly was a crazy day.
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John Sharkey Sunday 15 March 2015
I was there at Candlestick Park on Monday, August 29, 1966 for both shows by the Beatles. I had also been at the two previous shows when the Beatles played the Cow Palace. I was on John’s side of the stage about 20-30 yards back and I could see and hear everything perfectly. What amazed me, besides the hysterics of it all, was the fact that all the house lights were on and you could look around and see everyone. It’s no wonder the people behind couldn’t hear anything except the screaming, but for myself, being up-close was a big help. (I also remember some guy who came from the audience from behind the stage who got onto the stage and stole John’s cap right off his head. What a despicable person!)
The set-up was quite different at Candlestick Park. Although they had a better PA than at the Cow Palace still they were quite far from the audience. It simply wasn’t possible for anyone in the audience to throw anything at them and hit their mark, they were too far away.
On Monday, May 30, 1966 Paperback Writer/Rain was released and as the musical arranger and one of the lead singers for the Syndicate of Sound we taped the songs that afternoon and learned how to play them both so I was quite familiar with the chord progressions, the harmonies, etc. That evening of May 30th we appeared with the Charlatans and the headliners ‘The Lovin’ Spoonful’ at the Greek Amphitheatre (UC Berkeley). We performed both Paperback Writer & Rain along with other songs, including our hit, ‘Little Girl’. When the Beatles played Paperback Writer on Aug. 29th they did not do the same three part harmony opening which they sang on the record. It was close but… I was shocked they did not do the identical version.
After the second show I drove over to the airport where their private plane was sitting on the tarmac and waved to them as they climbed the stairs, turned around and waved back at those of us who were lucky enough to be there to say good-bye. I feel extremely lucky to have been to four (4) live performances by the Beatles. It was an experience I shall never forget. Oh, and BTW, the Grateful Dead were in the audience at Candlestick Park too. John Sharkey 03152015
| Candlestick Park |
For the 2003 film ‘The Italian Job’ actor Jason Statham received driving tuition from which Formula One World Champion? | Audio: The Beatles Play Their Final Concert at Candlestick Park, 1966
Audio: The Beatles Play Their Final Concert at Candlestick Park, 1966
in Music | May 24th, 2014 1 Comment
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Aside from a surprise send-off performance on the roof of their own Apple building in 1969 (which you can see here ), The Beatles played their last official concert on August 29th, 1966 at Candlestick Park in San Francisco before moving on to make their most iconic studio albums, then splitting up three years later. Knowing it would be their final show, the band brought a camera onstage to take photos of the crowd and themselves. Paul McCartney asked the band’s press officer Tony Barrow to record the concert on a hand-held tape recorder. Barrow described the atmosphere as an “end of term spirit,” even if “it wasn’t a spectacular occasion […] nothing like Shea Stadium.” His recollection might seem strange, but we should keep in mind that the band had been touring incessantly, playing massive shows to arenas packed with screaming fans. The Candlestick Park concert by contrast had large sections of empty seats, with only 25,000 tickets sold in a stadium with a 42,500 seat capacity.
Barrow recorded the show, then, as he recalls, made one copy and locked the other away:
Back in London I kept the concert cassette under lock and key in a drawer of my office desk, making a single copy for my personal collection and passing the original to Paul for him to keep. Years later my Candlestick Park recording re-appeared in public as a bootleg album. If you hear a bootleg version of the final concert that finishes during Long Tall Sally it must have come either from Paul’s copy or mine, but we never did identify the music thief!
Whoever it was, we have that person to thank for the recording above. The audio quality is what might be expected from a handheld recorder in a huge stadium concert, but the historic value of the document is inestimable. See the complete tracklist below and read more about that final show at The Beatles Bible .
01. 00:00 “Rock and Roll Music”
02. 01:39 “She’s a Woman”
03. 04:52 “If I Needed Someone”
04. 07:52 “Day Tripper”
05. 10:58 “Baby’s In Black”
06. 13:43 “I Feel Fine”
08. 19:06 “I Wanna Be Your Man”
09. 21:45 “Nowhere Man”
11. 27:19 “Long Tall Sally” (Incomplete)
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In 1692, on the orders of William III, nearly 80 members of which Scottish clan were massacred at Glen Coe? | cairnduff and carnduff website
Scottish History by Ian Kerr
For non-commercial private study and research only
The racial mixture of the populations of the British Isles is highly complex; largely due to the continued movement of significant portions of the population throughout recorded history. The population of Scotland in the 16th and early 17th centuries was made up from the remnants of the early Celtic inhabitants of the British Isles, of Roman invaders and settlers, the Angles, Jutes, Saxon and Viking invaders of the Dark Ages from continental Europe, later Flemings from the Low Countries and the Normans (themselves of Viking origin) who came north after the conquest of England in 1066. The Irish population at the same time was a mix of the early Celts, Picts and other Hibernian invaders plus Viking and other incomers.
The movement of people between Scotland, England and Ireland over the centuries has been driven by a variety of pressures; political, economic, family ties, religious issues and the problems suffered during times of all types of armed conflict and war. There is also a very long history of such movements from the days of the Viking invaders in the Dark Ages of the 5th to 7th centuries up to the times of the potato blight in Ireland of the mid 19th century.
Some movements have sometimes been loosely referred to as clearances; there were several actual clearance campaigns in Scotland and in Ireland, conducted either directly by the English/British Crown or by substantial land-owners on with the tacit support of a benign government. Although history and romantic fiction tend to focus on the Highland Clearances in Scotland, they were effected across the whole of Scotland; evicting, if not wiping out, the resident Highlander, Lowlander or Borderer populations. Similarly, the massive movement of people from Ireland before, during and after the potato blight and consequent famine (the Great Hunger) of the 1840s has attracted much interest; sometimes obscuring substantial but otherwise routine movements at other times.
The "dark romance" of such Celtic evictions obscures the scale of movements of people from other parts of Britain and Europe. There are clearly documented forced migrations of people, especially religious minorities or economically disadvantaged classes, from the south west of England to the Americas and from Kent to Australia. A remarkably similar modern campaign, the forced emigration of orphans from all parts of Great Britain to Australia, only ceased in the 1950s.
Geographical Factors
It should be recalled that the West Coast of Scotland has a mass of sea- lochs and two belts of islands; the Inner and Outer Hebrides. Furthermore, the County Antrim and County Down coasts of Ireland are very close to Scotland, north-west England and the Isle of Man. The local fishing industry, small-scale trading and the historic movements of populations ensured ready movement by sea between what are now seen as separate countries. In times of crisis, famine or war it was sometimes safer to move family and flocks to another safer or more economically attractive residence. Such escapes were often followed within a generation by a return to the original homeland once conditions there had returned to normal. It is understandable that the family histories of many of the surnames represented in Scotland, Ulster and even Northern England are quite confused.
In an extreme example of routine movements, it should be recalled that in the 18th and 19th centuries, the people of St Kilda (some 40 miles into the Atlantic, west of the Outer Hebrides) were prepared to row to Uist or Harris, against prevailing winds and seas, in order to trade their sole produce, the down of the island's sea-birds for use as mattress filling.
The Beginnings
The troubles in Scotland began in the reign of King Henry VIII, who was attempting to wage war on France - Scotland's "auld allie". Henry defeated King James IV at Flodden Field on 9 September 1513. The Scottish Crown fell to a series of young, often infant monarchs, who were under the influence of their Mothers or Regents. The Regents inevitably were the powerful barons of Scotland, who feuded for that power. The disputes between the barons becoming more complicated with religious differences; between Catholic, Presbyterian and Episcopalian (Anglican).
The uneasy peace between the two kingdoms broke down during the Reformation with the rise of Presbyterianism in Scotland and the evolution of Anglican church in England. King James V attempted to assert Scots power, but after defeat in battle, Henry's armies invaded Scotland and beat the Scots at Hadden Rig near Berwick in August 1542. The Scottish Army then mounted a counter-attack at Solway Moss which turned into a rout with the Scottish Army suffering many casualties.
The families of the defeated Scots soldiers were immediately at risk. No sooner than the battle of Solway Moss was over than the retreating Scottish Army found itself beset by Borderers or border reivers - those families who lived in the Border Marches, where neither English or Scottish Crown held sway. The reivers were eager as always to snap up plunder and prisoners, whichever side they belonged to. Some of the Scottish soldiers who escaped were reputedly so reduced by panic and confusion, that they were prepared to surrender to women. The news of Solway Moss was literally a fatal blow to the sick and dejected King James V who died in despair at Falkirk. No sooner was his body cold than the Scotts and Kerrs, down on the English Border, were raiding the royal flocks and farms.
Henry's Rough Wooing
The Scottish crown passed to James' infant daughter Mary, Queen of Scots. Henry VIII sought to gain control over Scotland (and to advance his cause against France) by proposing marriage with his infant son Edward, Prince of Wales under the Treaties of Greenwich of August 1543. The treaties were rejected by the new Scottish Parliament. Henry's response was to loose his English troops upon Scotland with instructions to kill, burn and spoil. The invasions of Scotland in 1544 and 1545, known as Henry's "rough wooing", brought slaughter, burning and indiscriminate extermination wasting southern Scotland and inflicting irreparable damage on the Scottish abbeys and driving the populations away deeper into Scotland or across the sea to Ireland.
The work was entrusted to Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford. By threat and bribe he revived the old English Warden's policy of securing the toughest of the Scottish clans to work in England's interest; the time would come when he could claim that he had turned Dumfries into virtually an English province. In the meantime he managed to control the Scottish reivers' activities to an extent that the old Lord Dacre had not achieved. He played skilfully on the feuds which, as always, were in progress along the line, turning the Armstrongs on to the Kerrs and Scotts who were themselves engaged in their perpetual vendetta.
Henry maintained suzerainty over Scotland until, losing campaigns in France, the English armies were withdrawn from Scotland in 1550.
Religious Ferment - the Reformation
The next 20 years of Reformation in Scotland saw the firm establishment of the Calvinist Church of Scotland (the Presbyterians), although there were still Roman Catholic communities, especially in the Islands and West Highlands, and a significant minority who tended to an Episcopalian Church. This event is focused on the Confession of Faith (later to be revived as the Covenant) and by the Act of Settlement of 1560. Two decades of confusion followed during the attempted Counter-Reformation by Roman Catholic supporters of Mary, Queen of Scots. Mary abdicated in 1567 and Scotland was governed by four disputatious Regents during the childhood of King James VI. Mary was executed at Fotheringay on 8 February 1587 by order of Queen Elizabeth I. James VI succeeded to the English throne on Elizabeth's death on 26 March 1603. James VI and I, as he became after being crowned in London, continued a campaign to bring order to the Borders, begun in the 1590s, and sought to do so by sending some of the Border reivers to serve in the Continental wars.
James VI and I - Highland Clearances
James VI and I, although absent from Scotland for most of his reign, pursued a campaign to bring into order the 'peccant' parts of the realm - the Borders, the Highlands and the Islands. For example, the 7th Earl of Argyll led the pursuit of and violent measures against the MacGregors under a commission of "fire and sword" of 1610. In 1617, Parliament confirmed a Privy Council ordinance of 1603 which abolished the very name of MacGregor. These pressures contributed to the significant number of Scottish (and Irish) emigrants in the first colonial ventures in the North Americas. Some of the Scots settlers established Nova Scotia under the leadership of Sir William Alexander, afterwards Earl of Stirling.
The later years of James VI and I reign saw gradual revelation of his personal adherence to the Roman Catholic church and to more overt support for the reintroduction of the Episcopal Church in Scotland. His persecution of the English Puritans and the Scottish Presbyterians were to create more emigration pressure during the reign of his son Charles I.
Presbyterian Revolution - The National Covenant
Charles I, who claimed to be King of Great Britain, continued his support of the Episcopal Churches in Scotland and England and maintained closer relations with Catholic allies in Europe. Charles was uncompromising in his dealings with the Scottish, as well as the English, Parliaments and with Archbishop Laud, proposed that the Episcopacy be re-introduced in Scotland. The Scottish opposition to this was both general and intense. The Scottish Parliament and Kirk produced the National Covenant on Wednesday 28 February 1635. In an astonishing "avalanche" the Covenant was rapidly distributed throughout Scotland. By years-end, 95% of the Scottish people had bound themselves to the Covenant. The Covenant bound its adherents to "uphold and to defend the true religion" and to oppose all "innovations on the purity and liberty of the gospel". This led to the so- called Bishop's Wars.
The Scottish Parliament seized the royal fortresses and stores, made an alliance with France and sent an army under General Alexander Leslie across the English border early in 1640. The Scots were well prepared; the country was filled with old soldiers who had served Germany in the Thirty Years war who served as the nucleus for untrained levies. Leslie seized Newcastle. King Charles responded by calling his fourth, the so-called Short, English Parliament which was dismissed after 3 weeks.
King Charles having failed to regain power in Scotland, then made a truce with the Scots and called the fifth, or Long, English Parliament which met on 30 November 1640. In 1641, the English Parliament, which was packed with anti-monarchists and libertarians (who became the Puritan Party), presented the King with the Grand Remonstrance which recited all of the acts of tyranny and misgovernment of the previous sixteen years. King Charles attempted to arrest five of the members of Parliament but failed and on 10 January 1642 he left London, never to return, save as a prisoner.
The First English Civil War 1642 - 1649
In 1643, a General Assembly held in Edinburgh accepted the overtures of the English Parliament - the "Solemn League and Covenant". Both parties agreed to preserve the reformed religion in England and Ireland and to suppress all opponents of the League and to preserve peace between England and Scotland. The Presbyterian cause was joined. In 1643, the Scottish Covenanting Army, under Leslie, swept the royal forces before him and advanced to besiege York before playing an important part in the battle of Marston Moor.
Montrose's Venture 1644 - 1645
Montrose, who had refused to have any part in the Solemn League, accepted the King's commission as Lieutenant General, commanding the Royalist Army in Scotland. After defeat at Marston Moor, he returned to Scotland in disguise and raised a small force including some 1,000 wild Irishmen and Islemen commanded by Alistair MacDonald. Montrose led his small force to victory in six battles against the odds and carried fire and sword into the lands of the Campbells. Just when the Lowlands lay before him, Montrose was defeated by Leslie at Philliphaugh. But the Covenanting victory was stained by a horrible massacre of Royalist prisoners, echoing that which has occurred after the Battle of Naseby. The first English Civil War ended with the impeachment, trial by Parliament and execution of King Charles I in 1649
The second English Civil War 1651 - 1652
Immediately after the execution of King Charles I in Whitehall, the Scottish Parliament proclaimed King Charles II as monarch. The King accepted this odd offer which was conditional upon his recognition of Presbyterianism and, arriving from his exile in The Hague, Netherlands, off Garmouth on Spey, he signed both Covenants on 23 June 1649. King Charles II was crowned King of Scotland at Scone early in 1651. Cromwell could not accept this and in July he crossed the Border with 16,000 men, mainly veterans, and a fleet sailed up the east coast. Cromwell seized a tactical advantage at the Battle of Dunbar. In victory he showed no mercy and the few able Scottish survivors were sentenced to exile in the 'Plantations' of Ulster and the Americas.
He then led his Royalist armies in an attempt to regain power in England. This failed with defeat at the Battle of Worcester where Highlanders, following the Royalist cause into England, fell in significant numbers. The Highlander's homelands became forfeit to the victorious Roundhead supporters; their families refugees. King Charles had a long and exiting journey into exile in France.
The Usurpation (Commonwealth and Protectorate) 1649 - 1660
The English Parliament under Cromwell first attempted to treat Scotland as a mere province and attempted to create a Union between the nations during the Barebones Parliament (which contained only 5 Scots members out of 140) with Cromwell as Lord Protector. The Commonwealth and Protectorate broke up as an institution after the death of Oliver Cromwell and the succession of his son Thomas as Lord Protector. The restoration of the Crown in 1662 came as relief to most Scots because they were Royalists at heart and hoped to be permitted to practice their own form of Presbyterianism which emphasised the direct responsibility of every individual to his Maker.
Restoration and the Covenanters 1660 - 1689
King Charles II has sworn at his coronation in Scotland in 1st January 1651 to uphold the Solemn League and Covenant and to establish a Presbyterian Government. The crown was placed on his head by the Marquis of Argyll. Yet, little more than a year after his restoration to the throne, Charles had Argyll executed at the Cross of Edinburgh because Argyll adhered to Presbyterianism.
King Charles II, known to his English subjects as "the Merry Monarch", was wont to say that Presbyterianism was no religion for a gentleman and restored the Episcopacy in Scotland. He quickly developed had a vindictive attitude both to his former enemies and to the Presbyterians in Scotland who had been his allies. In England, the Act of Uniformity 1662, the Conventicle Act of 1664 and the Five Mile Act of 1665 were concerted efforts to persecute those Protestants who failed to accede to the 49 Articles and the Book of Common Prayer. In Scotland, the Act of Proclamation 1662 banished from their manses and parishes all ministers who lacked an episcopal licence. The result was that on 1 November 1662, over 400 ministers came out of their churches and manses. This was followed by the Act of Fines of 1663, designed to punish those revolting clergy. The enforcement of those fines was placed under military control using the newly formed standing Army.
The collection of those fines led to the first military rising of the Covenanters, at St John's Town of Dalry in Galloway on 12 November 1666. A small party of armed Covenanters overpowered some troopers under the command of Sir James Turner who were torturing a Covenanter who would not pay his fine. The Covenanters then marched from Dumfries to Lanark, increasing to some 2,00 in number. At Rullion Green they encountered the superior forces of the Crown under General Dalziel. 1,000 Covenanters who determined to go forward at all costs were disastrously defeated. Over 100 prisoners were taken to be afterwards executed after various degrees of torture at appointed spots all over the country. Other prisoners were subsequently transported as indentured labour to the Americas.
The persecution of the outed clergy and Covenanters, and anyone providing them shelter or support, continued along with heavy fines. By 1677, landowners and masters were required to sign bonds for all persons residing on their land. Their landowners refused to accept this impossible undertaking. The Government loosed upon the south-west, and Ayrshire in particular, the Highland Host - a body of 6,000 Highlanders and 3,000 Lowland militia who lived in free quarters while they extracted the bonds and looted the country. The simmering uprising led to the assassination of Archbishop Sharp, the symbol of the episcopacy and the persecutor of many Covenanters, at Magus Moor near St Andrews on 3rd May 1679.
Following the assassination, a company of Covenanting extremists held a Conventicle in Avondale on 25th May. They prepared a public manifesto, ratified at public meetings and published at Rutherglen on 29th May - a date deliberately chosen as the unpopular public holiday for the King's birthday. General John Graham of Claverhouse ("Bloody Clavers" later Viscount Dundee and "Bonnie Dundee") attempted an attack on the Covenanters at a great Conventicle at Drumclog on Sunday 1st June but was repulsed. This was one of the Covenanter's few military victories.
Three weeks later at Bothwell Brig, the 5,000 strong Covenanter Army was disastrously defeated by a Royal force under Monmouth; 400 being left dead on the field; and 1,500 carried away as prisoners to Edinburgh. There they were confined in the open for five months in Greyfriars Kirkyard. Two ministers were hanged, some other prisoners were executed at Magus Moor. [The names of all Covenanter martyrs are recorded on the National Covenant Memorial in Greyfriars Kirkyard.] 400 prisoners who took a bond not to rise in arms again were released. The remainder were sentenced to be transported to Barbados, but their ship sank off the Orkneys with 200 of the captives battened below hatches.
Monmouth, who was considered by the King as too kindly and lenient, was replaced by James, Duke of York (later King James VII and II). The strict Covenanters, reduced in numbers but not in spirit, continued to resist with increased fervour. Led by the minister Andrew Cargill and by Richard Cameron, a St Andrews graduate, they were known as the Society men" or the Cameronians. [The British Army regiment which bore that name for nearly 300 years, were known as "the Covenanters"; they took their rifles to the Kirk and posted sentries outside. The regiment went into suspended animation in the 1970s, resolved to return should Scotland or the Covenant ever have need of them.]
On 22nd June 1680, the first anniversary of the dark day of Bothwell Brig, the Cameronians assembled at the market Cross at Sanquhar and published a Declaration for the deposing of the Stuart King Charles II. Cameron was killed at Airsmoss a few weeks later. But the Society People continued to harry the authorities.
The period of the Restored Monarchy in Scotland was a period of marked economic and political development. Yet the continued persecution of dissidents drove men to lands abroad where thought was more free. A small Quaker-Scottish colony was established in East New Jersey in the 1660s and in 1684; a Presbyterian settlement in Stuart's Town in South Carolina.
The Glorious Revolution 1688
James VII and II was proclaimed King of Scots on 10 February 1685 but he omitted to take the Coronation oath to defend the Protestant religion. The Indemnity which he published to celebrate his accession omitted all his Covenanting enemies. By 1688, the King's open support of the mass and promotion of Roman Catholics to power and office confirmed the fears of the English and Scots Protestants. The birth of a Prince of Wales in June 1680 [Prince James Frances Edward Stuart - the 'Old Pretender'] convinced the English magnates that James's policy would survive his death. They therefore invited William of Orange, the husband of Queen Mary, to take the English and Scots Crowns. The battles of the "Glorious Revolution" included the Battle of Killiecrankie where "Bonny Dundee" was killed commanding the western clans against the Williamite army. The Revolution ended in King James' final defeat at the Battle of the Boyne achieving what the Covenanters and other dissidents had striven to achieve - the firm establishment of a Protestant Crown for Great Britain. James and his family fled to France where amongst other things they changed the spelling of their name to Stuart.
The Revolution Settlement including the Treaty of Limerick, by which William of Orange became King de jure as well as de facto, was not universally welcome in Scotland. Opposition came from various quarters. The Jacobites, seeking the return of James, were still active; the Episcopalians resented the establishment of the Presbytery; the Cameronians were outraged by the disregard of the Covenant; and disappointed politicians united themselves in the 'Country Party'.
The Massacre of Glencoe
The newly established government promised indemnity to all Scots who would eschew any Stuart loyalties and take the oath of allegiance before 1 January 1692. They clearly hoped that the recalcitrance of the Highland chiefs who sympathised with the deposed Stuarts, would provide a pretext for a crusade against them. MacDonald of Glencoe (the leader of a small branch clan of the Clan Donald), partly through truculence and partly due to bad weather, was a few days late in giving his pledge of allegiance. 'Letters of Fire and Sword' were issued against his small clan also known as MacIans, which had a reputation for thievery, and was hated by the Campbells, who were serving the Crown. On the night of 13 February 1692, thirty-eight MacDonalds, including two women and two children, were treacherously murdered by a party of Campbells which had been quartered in their midst. The few surviving MacDonalds fled over the snow-clad mountains; some to Ulster where they changed their name to McDonnell. This was the source of a long-lived feud between the MacDonalds and the Campbells.
War with France
Another source of friction was that from 1689 to 1697, King William III was at war with France, and France was Scotland's old ally. Scottish money was spent and Scottish lives were lost - the Cameronians, for example, suffered dreadfully at the battle of Steenkerk (in modern Belgium) in 1692 - in a quarrel which was repugnant to Scots sentiment.
The Darien Scheme
William Paterson, a Scot whose claim on history was the foundation of the Bank of England, was less memorable to his own countrymen. In 1693, he set up a company to establish an entrepot on the Ithmus of Darien (now known as Panama) which would command the trade of the two great oceans. Scots put up L400,00 - about half of the national capital available - every Scot who had L5 to spare invested in the Darien scheme. The colony of New Edinburgh was set up in 1698 but fever, dissension and English opposition ruined the venture. The colony was abandoned with great loss of life (over 2,000 men) and capital (over L200,000).
The Scottish distrust of the English was further fuelled by the Act of Union of the Scottish and English Parliaments of 1707; an Act intended to unite the two nations, but all too often to the advantage of the English side. Discontent in Scotland remained wide and deep, being intensified by the ascendancy to the throne of Great Britain of George I, a German from Hanover, while the 'legitimate' Stuart monarch - the 'Old Pretender' or James III, was still extant. Four times over the next three decades it seemed as if the Stuart White Rose would bloom again.
The Jacobite Attempts 1708, 1715, 1719 and 1745
After the punitive shock of Glencoe, the clans tuned their backs to the South, believing that they could continue to live as they always done, despite tax collectors and red-coat garrisons. But the irritations of English rule persisted. While the Hanoverian Kings ruled Britain, there were four attempts by Jacobite forces to restore the Stuart monarchy; the best known being the "Fifteen" and the "Forty-Five".
In 1708, King Louis XIV of France, was anxious to avenge Marlborough's victories in Continental Europe and aware that Scotland was ill-defended. He launched a strong fleet destined for the Firth of Forth, but bad weather, faulty navigation and the arrival of the English ships prevented the invaders from making any landing. A seed had been sown.
With the accession of George I in 1715, the Jacobites had good reason to believe that the Stuart house might be restored through rebellion. The Scots were all tired of the Union. The Earl of Mar raised the Stuart standard at the Braes of Mar in September with the support of a few Scottish nobles, mainly Lowlanders. But he was soon at the head of a force of 12,000 men. By the end of the month he had occupied Inverness and Perth. Yet this venture failed completely. The towns, except for a few, held for the English Crown. The Earl of Sutherland raised the extreme North for the Crown, but no help came from France. Mar dallied at Perth sending aides to attempt to raise the country in Jacobite south-west Scotland and northern England. Mar then advanced on Stirling, engaged in an indecisive battle at Sheriffmuir, before retiring to Perth.
Fortunes ware not reversed by the arrival of the Chevalier, the Old Pretender, who while personally brave was not supportive of the campaign. The Chevalier and Mar slipped off by sea from Montrose in February 1716, leaving their supporters to shift for themselves. The Crown was markedly lenient with leaders of the rebellion, only two being executed. In 1717 an Act of Grace and Free Pardon was offered to all except MacGregors. The Crown's attempt to sell off forfeited estates was singularly unsuccessful; most of the land was returned to Jacobite landlords.
The attempt to raise the Jacobite cause in 1719 was very small in scale. Cardinal Alberoni assisted James Stuart to despatch two Spanish frigates and a force of 300 white-coat soldiers to Eilean Donan Castle on Loch Duich. They met with little support and in June were routed halfway up Glen Shiel and promptly surrendered.
The "Forty-Five" has attracted most interest because of its romance and because it seemed to come very near to success. It was not however, a spontaneous rising of a great part of Scotland but more a major diplomatic play in the greater business of Western Europe. The Jacobites had suffered badly in the 20 years after the Loch Shiel debacle. The Highlands were strongly garrisoned with locally raised regiments, including the Black Watch - regiments which also served with great success abroad. The garrisons were based in strong forts (such as Fort William) linked by new military roads. Overseas things had not gone well for the "King over the Water"; expelled from France by the Peace of Utrecht, he had sought refuge with the Pope at Avignon, then in Rome. George II had succeeded to the English throne in 1727 without any Stuart intervention.
In 1745, King Louis XV prepared an invasion fleet at Dunkerque; which actually failed through bad weather; he commissioned Charles Edward Stuart, son of the Chevalier to conduct a diversionary attack in Scotland. The Young Pretender seized the moment and with but a few ageing companions laded at Arisaig in July 1745. He managed to raise a small army of clansmen, some unwilling recruits brought in by threats of eviction and burning. His force never exceeded 10,000 foot and often was half that number. Before the rebellion was finally crushed, there were more clans hostile to the Young Pretender and more Scotsmen in arms against him than had ever sworn to die with him. His stubborn adherence to the Church of Rome would lose him all but derisory support in the Lowlands and England. The Young Pretender's recruiting also suffered from some unwise actions by Highland chieftains during the previous two decades. They had organised their own clearance campaigns - driving out the crofters and runrig farmers in order to farm the more profitable sheep. Some of those evicted families were involuntarily sent to the Americas as "white slaves" or indentured labour. Resulting in most infertile recruiting ground!
Charles Stuart led his Army into Stirling plain in September, defeating the only government army in Scotland at Prestonpans. Charles occupied Edinburgh, although he failed to capture the castle, and then prepared for the invasion of England. The Jacobite Army advanced unopposed by way of Carlisle, Preston and Manchester reaching Derby on 5 December. But their logistics were desperately over-extended and they had failed to rally more than a small group of Manchester Episcopalians to increase their strength. Charles Edward Stuart found himself facing government Armies advancing from Yorkshire and Staffordshire and learned of a major force being raised for the defence of London. In the absence of a French invasion and the lack of English rising in support, there was little choice but to retreat the way they had come. By 15 January 1746, the Jacobite Army was drawn up at Bannockburn ready to receive an attack from the English force under Hawley. But Hawley remained at Falkirk, so the Jacobites fell on them and put a seasoned army to rout.
Culloden 16 April 1746
At dawn on Wednesday April 16, fewer than 5,000 hungry and exhausted Jacobite troops limped into their battle line on a bleak moor above Culloden House. They stood, faces into a sleeting gale, on ground which no senior officer but Charles believed could be defended. Facing them was an army of 9,000 men under the Duke of Cumberland including Lowland Scots troops and a battalion of Campbells. Winnowed by Cumberland's guns the clansmen at last charged through musketry and grape-shot, slashing their way into three ranks of levelled bayonets. This was the Highlander's only tactic - massed charge into the enemies ranks. Worn down, the stubborn withdrawal turned into a hysterical rout and the English marched forward to take ceremonial possession of the field of victory, bayoneting the Jacobite wounded before them. The Scots lost over 1,000 dead. The long brawl of Scottish history had ended in the terrible blood of its best remembered battle.
Charles Edward Stuart escaped the field of Culloden; while his followers were given over to the brutalities of Cumberland and Hawley, he wandered the Highlands and Islands until 20 September when he made his escape to France from Moidart. His flight was desperate business; he was an embarrassment to the chiefs into whose land he came. The remainder of his life was a sad decline into wife-beating, wine and decay. When the Old Pretender died in 1766, the Pope would not recognise Charles Edward Stuart as King of Scotland. He eventually died without legitimate issue in 1788; however the Stuart claimants continued in a bastard line.
Highland Clearances from 1747
Unlike after the earlier rebellions, the policy of government repression after the "Forty-Five" was inexorable. It began with the extermination of the wounded who still lay on the battlefield and was continued by the imposition of martial law, the shooting and hanging of fugitives, the driving of stock and the burning of house and cottage. The supporters of the Young Chevalier paid heavily for their loyalty to the Jacobite cause, apart from the ravages which the government army and navy which followed Culloden. The prisoners were all tried in England. One hundred and twenty of the prisoners were executed, the officers by the axe, common men by the rope; about 1,150 were banished or transported as slaves to the American plantations. The fate of another 700 men, women and children is unknown, but they probably died in gaol or in the abominable prison hulks anchored in the Thames off Tilbury.
The Highland clearances were then continued by three linked policies; the destruction of the warrior society; the development of hill sheep farming in place of traditional crofting and forestry; and the wasteful expenditure of Highland fighting manpower on government business - fighting English wars overseas.
The Destruction of the Clans
King George II's Fifth Parliament in 1747 passed the Act for the pacification of the Highlands. This was seen by the English as the means of putting to an end the "chronic condition of petty warfare in which the Celtic population of the Highlands lived". The structure of the clan was torn down and the powers of the chiefs taken from them. Rigorous laws were passed against the wearing of tartan, kilt or plaid; the carrying of arms was forbidden, with transportation for a repeated offence. The clansmen dipped their traditional cloth in mud or dye and sewed their kilt into ridiculous breeches. When the proscription of Highland dress was eventually lifted in 1782, few of the common people accepted it. The tartan became the affectation of the anglicised lands, the fancy dress of the Lowlanders and the uniform of the King's Gaelic soldiers. The whole concept of Highland dress was then elaborated by the Victorians who were fascinated with things Scottish.
Five years after Charles Edward Stuart boarded ship for France, kilted fugitives were still being hunted by patrols and British commanders pursuing the policy of fire and sword. Lieutenant Colonel James Wolfe, who later achieved immortality at the Heights of Abraham outside Quebec, is on record as seriously considering the massacre of the MacPhersons.
The Ascendancy of the "four-footed clansman"
The "Forty-Five" altered the economy of the Highlands. The lands owned by the Jacobite rebels were "annexed" by the Crown and redistributed to Government favourites. The new landlords and those chiefs who had remained loyal to the Crown, no longer reckoning their wealth in fighting men. The chiefs began to demand rents from their principal tenants, the "tacksmen" [lease-holders]. The tacksmen's previous main obligation had been to maintain the military strength of the clan and act as officers. Many tacksmen emigrated; those who remained demanded rents from their sub- tenants. Although the net population continued to increase until 1831, the family holdings became smaller and poorer. The introduction of the potato brought some relief, but the ordinary crofter could obtain ready money by going south to work in the harvest, by breeding black cattle which were driven south for sale, or emigrating. Meanwhile the encroaching sheep advanced.
The great Cheviot Sheep, richer in fleece and mutton than any other contemporary breed, was brought to the Highland glens in the aftermath of the "Forty-Five". It was the simple answer to the laird's problems - he had no need to deal with tenants and could contract the tedious business of herding and shearing to Lowland and Northumbrian graziers who were ready to lease his land. The increasing demand for meat during the French wars made mutton more economic than beef and profit supplanted the paternalism of the old chiefs. But before the sheep, the "four-footed clansmen", could take to the hills, the Highland men and women had to go - their townships from the glen and their cattle from the brae. In valleys where once a hundred young swordsmen had once been raised become home for no more than a Border shepherd and his dogs. The true Highlanders took their grief to the slums of Glasgow and the pains of an industrial work-place or to the emigrant ships at Fort William and Greenock.
The indiscriminate and selfish practice of eviction and clearance was seen by later economists as a benevolent plan for the national good. The bewildered Highlander was portrayed by Adam Smith as unproductive, slothful, superstitious and ignorant.
The Loss of Fighting Men
The raising of Highland regiments, upon commissions granted to their chiefs, took sullen and resentful men away from their despoiled glens, and used them in the creation of an imperial Britain. One of the first, mustered by Simon Fraser of Lovat, contained many of the men who had fought at Culloden, and some of them died with James Wolfe on the Heights of Abraham.
During the next fifty years, the Crown drained the Highlands for 27 line regiments and 19 battalions of fencibles [soldiers destined only for home service]. Frasers, MacLeods and Campbells, Macleans, MacDonalds, Camerons and Mackenzies, Gordons, Grants, Rosses and Munros, Atholl men, Sutherlanders and Mackays; all found their destiny wearing the red coat and a belted plaid of government approved tartan. They were raised in the way of the former clan levies; each chief and his tacksmen bringing in a number of his young tenants by persuasion or force. They were a unique and splendid corps. Crime and cowardice were rare, and when they mutinied, as they sometimes did, it was with dignity because the promises made to them by their chiefs had been broken by the government.
In 1757, Prime Minister Pitt established a national Militia and made further use of the "aye-ready" loyalty of the Highland people by enrolling regiments from the Highlands. Between 1757 and 1799, about a dozen Highland regiments were raised, whose performance form a bright page in the annals of the British Army. In the French wars at the turn of the 18th century, the Highlanders supplied the British Army with the equivalent of seven or eight infantry divisions.
The battle honours tell the tale of spilt Scots blood across the world -
in India and the Far East: Plassey 1757; Madras 1758; Mysore 1766 - 1769; Philippine 1762; Gujerat 1780; 2nd Mysore War 1780 - 1783; Third Mysore War 1789 - 1792; Fourth Mysore war 1799; Second Marassa war 1803 - 1805; Assaye 1803; Gurkha war 1814 - 1816; Third Maratha war 1817 - 1818;
in Europe: Minden 1759; Siege of Gibraltar 1779 - 1783; Dutch- English War 1780-1784; Siege of Gibraltar 1801; Saragossa 1808; Vimeiro 1808; Baylen 1808; Corunna 1809; Talevera 1809; Bussaco 1810; Torres Vedras 1810-1811; Salamanca 1812; Vittoria 1813; Ligny, France 1814, Quatre-Bras and Waterloo 1815.
in Africa: Alexandria 1807; Senegal 1809; Cape Colony 1800 - 1814; Mauritius and Reunion 1810;
and in the Americas: Fort Ticonderoga 1758; Plains of Abraham, Quebec 1759; Martinique 1762; West Indies and Cuba 1762; Lexington and Concord 1775; Bunker Hill 1775; Trenton 1776; Princeton 1777; Saratoga 1777; Monmouth 1778; Yorktown 1781; West Indies 1794; Martinique 1809; War of 1812
"Improvement of the Highlands" 1813-1850s
The greed of sheep-rearing land-owners increased and became formalised in the 19th century. Justified in hindsight by such economists as Adam Smith, the British Government set in train a formal 'Policy for the Improvement of the Highlands' in 1813. The policy was to forcibly remove crofting people from the inland valleys and to settle them on the coast. The first great clearances began in 1814, the "Year of the Burning", in Sutherland and Ross. The dispersal lasted until the middle of the century and the sheep empire endured until it was destroyed by competition from the wool and mutton of Australia, where many of the Scottish exiles had fled.
For some years the kelp industry of the isles sustained a large population, and even encouraged immigration. But in the end it decayed and was replaced by sheep. Emigration to the colonies was now regarded by the Government as a noble purpose and supported by government funds and private subscription. [Similar activities took place, albeit on a smaller and less emotive scale, in Kent and Sussex in England, whose salt-marshes and downs were ripe for sheep farming.]
This period saw frequent famines, the worst of which followed the potato blight of 1846 which affected much of rural Scotland as well as Ireland. There were epidemics of cholera, and whole families were found dead in the rotting straw of their huts. In the food riots which followed both blight and pestilence, Highland regiments marched against Highland men and women. These last clearances of all, in Knoidart, were considered the most terrible, since they were intended to remove a vestigial pauper population before it became a Poor law liability for the incoming graziers.
Strathaven, Scotland
The following article was provided by Robert Rockwell Allison. It details the history and the people of the town of Strathaven, Scotland, from which many Allisons originated.
The name of Strathaven is composed of two Celtic words, Strath - a valley or watercourse, and Avon - a river or stream. Saxon influence resulted in the Saxon word Avondale being applied to the present district. The Celtic form was retained for the community which settled on the banks of the Powmillon Burn, while the Saxon word, Avondale, was given to the Parish. The locals pronounce Strathaven as Stra'ven.
The Parish of Avondale, situated in the County of Lanarkshire, measures 14 miles in length and 8 miles in breadth and covers an area of about 38,000 acres. Powmillon Burn has it's source in Cladence Moss four miles north-west of the town and runs through the center of Strathaven at ALLISON Green. Maiden Burn which has it's source on the lands of Carnduff (Cairnduff) joins Powmillon Burn one mile north-west of the town. Avon Water drains the whole of the parish and is joined at intervals by the tributaries, Giel, Calder, Lochar, Kype, Powmillon and a number of smaller streams. There are trout in all these streams and a few grayling. The soil and climate vary slightly over the parish. In the higher ground towards the south-west and north-west, soil is usually dark and covered with heather and bent. At these higher altitudes the air is cooler than on the lower ground on the banks of the Avon Water to the south. Topographically, Strathaven lies almost entirely between the 600 ft. and 700 ft. contour in a shallow depression on land sloping gently southward before falling quite steeply into the valley of Avon Water. The center of town is located on what was once the Common Green, at an elevation of 600 ft. above sea level. Still called Common Green, it is now a small car park surrounded by shops and public buildings.
The village of Strathaven was from early times a self-supporting community. People were probably attracted to the settlement because of St. Mary's Chapel in the grave yard, built about the 11th century and now gone, and for the protection of an early keep or stronghold, which probably occupied the rocky eminence beside the Powmillon Burn. Records exist of a castle having been built on the rocky eminence about the year 1350 by the Flemings or Bairds, who owned large areas of land in Avondale. Some years later the castle passed into the Douglas family, then to the Stewart family and finally to the Hamilton family for the next 300 years, after they purchased the Barony of Avondale in 1611. The castle was a focal point in the village and it's last occupant was Anne 3rd Duchess of Hamilton. During periods of bad harvests she allowed tenants to have back rents. She made a payment to James Hamilton of Middleraw, a farm near Calderbank, now known as Caldermill on the west side of Strathaven, when he accidentally burned John ALLISON's kiln at Over Crewburn farm. Duchess Anne died at Hamilton Palace, October 1716. The castle is now in ruins. Any one wishing more data on the castle, please contact the writer. For readers of Morrison's history of the ALLISON family, I maintain that it was unlikely that a Hamilton settled any MacAllisters on Cairnduff in 1308, as the property was probably owned by either a Fleming or Baird at that time and didn't come into Hamilton hands until 1611.
I believe Strathaven to contain the largest historical concentration of ALLISONS in Scotland. Any ALLISON interested in the family's history in Strathaven and has a copy of Morrison's history of the family, can see how strong an influence they had in the area. (Ref. Morrison pages 19 through 38) All the farms that the ALLISONS owned in the past are still there and their names are shown on the current Landranger series of Ordnance Survey maps of the area, including High Carnduff (Cairnduff), Letham, Kilwakening, Over Crewburn, Couplaw, Heuk, Heuklaw, Muirhead, Letham, Blackmoss and Windyedge. During my first visit to Strathaven, I viewed all these farms and took photos of some. The original High Cairnduff estate has been broken up into many farms, including High Carnduff, Low Carnduff, East Carnduff and West Carnduff.
Dunavon House is situated within the boundary of the town. It was built in 1861 by William ALISON (Morrison #55, p.35), a native of the parish, as his home. In June of 1862 a Mrs. ALISON was living in Dunavon. Dunavon continued in private ownership until 1924 when the house and grounds were purchased by the Parish Council of Avondale for the purpose of extending the burial ground when that became necessary. The house was on lease to a tenant until it was taken over in 1933 and adapted as a children's home. A number of buildings have been erected in the grounds in the past years to accommodate children.
The Ordnance Survey Sheet of Ryeland and Drumclog district shows a field near Coldwakening (Kilwakening) farm, marked with a Site of Antiquities sign and the name "Capurnaum". This is the name of a house that stood here in the days of the Covenanters. Sheriff Aiton, in his account of the Battle of Drumclog, 31 May, 1679, relates how the Covenanters pursued the troops of Claverhouse to Calder Water and how a person named Findlay armed with a pitchfork met Captain Graham (Claverhouse) at a place named Capernaum, near Coldwakening (Kilwakening). He probably would have killed that officer had not another of the Covenanters called to Findlay to strike at the horse and thereby secure both it and the rider. The blow intended for the Captain was spent on the mare and the captain escaped by mounting, with great agility, the horse of his trumpeter who had been killed by the Covenanters. The site of the house was pointed out to the surveyors by Mr. ALISON in 1857, when the first Ordnance Survey of the district was made. He also exposed the foundations of the house for inspection. When the site was visited by Ordnance Survey surveyors in 1955, no trace of the building could be found. The field in which the house stood is now named Capernaum and the name "Capernaum" is believed to have been given to the house by a person who had a preference for Biblical names. A small stone circular structure with a conical roof, called "Trumpeter's Well", is the site where Claverhouse's trumpeter was killed and there it still stands.
The Old Grave Yard came into use in the 10th century. In it are headstones belonging to ALLISONS and two Covenanter's stones c.1679 who gave their lives for their religion. This grave yard was the only burial place for the inhabitants of Strathaven and Avondale for almost 900 tears.
The Town Mill, in earlier times known as Strathaven Mill, belonged to the Duke of Hamilton. As was the general practice in Scotland at that time, his tenants were bound by terms of their lease to have their grain ground there. This obligation was known as thirlage and the astricted tenants paid a portion of the grain ground, known as multure. Among a list of fifty-five farmers who were astricted to Strathaven Mill in the year 1821 are James ALLISON of Lethame, James ALLISON of Couplaw, James ALLISON of Windyedge and Mungo Cochrane, who bought Carnduff from the ALLISON family.
James Wilson, known locally as Pearlie Wilson, was hanged at Glasgow on 30 August, 1820 for his part in the Radical Rising and was buried in the Old Grave Yard on the following day. He was a stocking frame weaver and the inventor of the "purl" stitch. In old Strathaven, the hand loom weavers were numerically the largest body of artisans, closely followed by clock-makers.
Another famous resident of Strathaven was the vaudevillian Harry Lauder who built and lived in his home called Lauder Ha' (Hall) when he wasn't on the stage.
Robert Rockwell Allison
| Macdonald |
In November 2011, a copy of the first issue of Action Comics, featuring the debut of which action hero, sold for 2.6 million dollars? | celtic Flashcards - Cram.com
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[edit] The Military Articles
These articles dealt with the treatment of the disbanded Jacobite army. Under the treaty, Jacobite soldiers had the option to leave for France to continue serving under James II in the Irish Brigade. Some 14,000 Jacobites chose this option and were marched south to Cork where they embarked on ships for France, many of them accompanied by their wives and children. This journey became known as the Flight of the Wild Geese.
The Jacobite soldiers also had the option of joining the Williamite army. 1,000 soldiers chose this option. The Jacobite soldiers thirdly had the option of returning home which some 2,000 soldiers chose.
This treaty had twenty-nine articles, which were agreed upon between Lieutenant-General Ginkle, Commander-in-Chief of the English army, and the Lieutenant-Generals D'usson and de Tesse, Commanders-in-Chief of the Irish army. The articles were signed by D'Usson, Le Chevalier de Tesse, Latour Montfort, Patrick Sarsfield Earl of Lucan, Colonel Nicholas Purcell of Loughmoe, Mark Talbot, Jo Wauchop, Galmoy.
[edit] The Civil Articles
These articles protected the rights of the defeated Jacobites who chose to remain in Ireland, most of whom were Catholics. Their property was not to be confiscated as long as they swore allegiance to William and Mary, and Catholic noblemen were to be allowed to bear arms. William required peace in Ireland and was allied to the Papacy in 1691 within the League of Augsburg.
This Treaty contained thirteen articles which were agreed upon between the Right Honourable Sir Charles Porter, and Thomas Coningsby, Esq., Lords Justices of Ireland, and his Excellency the Baron de Ginkle, Lieutenant General and Commander-in-Chief of the English army, and the Right Honourable Patrick Sarsfield, Earl of Lucan, Percy Viscount Galmoy, Colonel Nicholas Purcell of Loughmoe, Colonel Nicholas Cusack, Sir Toby Butler, Colonel Dillon, and Colonel John Brown. The treaty was signed by Charles Porter, Thomas Coningsby, and Baron de Ginkle, and witnessed by Scavenmoer, H. Mackay, and T. Talmash.
The civil articles were not honoured by the victorious Williamite government for long, as the Papacy again recognized James II as the lawful king of Ireland from 1693. The few Catholics who took the oath in 1691-93 remained protected, including their descendants. Starting in 1695, a series of harsh penal laws were enacted by the Irish parliament to make it difficult for the Irish Catholic gentry who had not taken the oath by 1695 to remain Catholic. These provisions had a consequent effect on the entire Catholic population in Ireland for decades.
United Irishmen
The Society of United Irishmen was founded as a Liberal political organisation in eighteenth century Ireland that sought Parliamentary reform.[1] However it evolved into a revolutionary republican organisation, allied with Revolutionary France. In 1798 it launched the Irish Rebellion of 1798 with the objective of ending British rule over Ireland and founding an independent Irish republic.
Contents
* 5 The United Irishmen and sectarianism
* 6 See also
* 8 External links
[edit] Foundation
During the 1780s, liberal members of the Protestant Ascendancy had promoted expanding the franchise and increasing Catholic and Presbyterian rights in Ireland. This movement was led by the Irish Volunteers and Henry Grattan's parliament; though the movement made headway with several partial Catholic emancipation bills between 1778 and 1784, it stalled thereafter. This frustrated many Irishmen who believed that the Protestant Ascendancy was under the control of Britain and therefore not looking out for Irish interests. Some of these Irishmen became convinced that that Irish Parliament would never accept Parliamentary Reform while still under the control of a Protestant Ascendancy. However, it was an external event that got things underway.
The French Revolution broke out in 1789 and convinced many Irish Presbyterians and members of the Church of Ireland that Catholics were not inherently conservative and incapable of progressive political change as had previously been assumed. Thomas Paine and his Rights of Man were extremely influential in promoting this ideal in Ireland. In September, 1791, Irishman Theobald Wolfe Tone published "Argument on Behalf of the Catholics of Ireland" which maintained that religious division was a tool of the elite to "…(balance) the one party by the other, plunder and laugh at the defeat of both" and put forward the case for unity between Catholic, Protestant and Dissenter. Tone's pamphlet was hugely influential. Tone and friend Thomas Russell became passionate fighters for Catholic Rights. A group of nine Belfast Presbyterians interested in reforming Irish Parliament read Tone's pamphlet and liked his ideas. They invited Tone and Russell to Belfast where the group met on October 14, 1791. At this first meeting, the group, which became known as the United Irishmen, passed the following three resolutions:
1. That the weight of English influence in the Government of this country is so great as to require a cordial union among all the people of Ireland, to maintain that balance which is essential to the preservation of our liberties and the extension of our commerce
2. That the sole constitutional mode by which this influence can be opposed is by a complete and radical reform of the people in Parliament
3. That no reform is just which does not include Irishmen of every religious persuasion.
Except for Theobald Wolfe Tone and Thomas Russell, attendees at the first meeting were Presbyterian; most were involved in the linen trade in Belfast. The men involved were: William Sinclair, Henry Joy McCracken, Samuel Neilson, Henry Haslett, Gilbert McIlveen, William Simms, Robert Simms, Thomas McCabe and Thomas Pearce.[2]
The movement became supporters of the Catholic Committee, who had been working to get Catholic Emancipation bills through Parliament, repeal the remaining Penal Laws and abolish the Tithe laws. This was to remove legal disabilities and was not an endorsement of Catholicism itself, as the United Irishmen's revolutionary allies in France were dechristianizing their new state. Their ultimate goal was to separate religion from politics.
Up to 1792 the Society was in line with Henry Grattan's views, but came to differ with him as to the best method of reform. Grattan followed Edmund Burke and felt that a gradual continuation of reform was the best course. This reform was opposed by the Protestant Ascendancy majority (elected by a few thousand men), and usually by the viceroy who was appointed by the government in London. The Society planned for a democratic system with 300 constituencies where all adult males were enfranchised, and inevitably a break with London.
Wales Acts of Union, 1536-1543
The Act of Union with Wales came about between the years 1536 and 1543 as a result of a series of laws passed in the English Parliament.
Wales had been under the control of the English Kings since the conquests of Edward I and had been ruled as a principality. This meant that some laws were different in Wales to those in England. Following the Battle of Bosworth Field and Henry VII's victory there the links between the two countries became a little stronger. Henry was Welsh and many of his followers were from Wales.
The second Tudor monarch, Henry VIII was concerned that some of the Welsh lords were against his Split with Rome and there was evidence to suggest that some of the marcher Lords were harboring English criminals. To combat this, and to protect the Welsh coast from a French or Spanish invasion, Henry opted to take a firmer grip on the Principality.
The Act of Union, in reality a series of laws, meant that Wales was to be represented in English parliaments. It also meant that English, not Welsh, was to be the first language of the country: a move that is still resented by some Welsh people today.
Gritthth Jones
Did a lot of work trying to get kids to read in English
18c. renaissance: history and literary tradition
WALES
the use of history and literature in the 1800s, a continuation back to the welsh language
Welsh Bible
Look up in History of Wales to get more information...
Cattle Drovers 18th century
WALES
Imagine a huge, slow procession of hundreds of animals being herded along remote mountain tracks by men on sturdy ponies and on foot. It could be half a mile long from front to back, Drovers at workand would include small black cattle with wide horns, sheep, pigs, and even geese all walking in line.
Small, short-legged Welsh corgi dogs would be snapping at the heels of the cattle to keep them moving at a steady pace, and men with sticks would walk alongside to keep them from straying from the track.
This impressive sight was the passing of the drovers, a practice which had been carried out for hundreds of years but which was to end in the Victorian age with the coming of the steam railways. It then became much easier and quicker to load the livestock on to cattle trucks and send them to market by train.
Welsh corgi.
The Welsh corgi was a working dog kept for herding cattle. It worked the herd from behind in a half circle by nipping at the cows heels, rather than covering all sides like a sheepdog. They were nimble and, being very low with short legs, they could avoid kicks from the cattle.
The reason for these long treks across country was to drive animals which had been bought relatively cheaply from farms and from local markets in north and west Wales to the much wealthier English buyers in Hereford, the midlands, and even as far afield as Kent.
The trackways, which over the years became well worn by the hooves of thousands of animals, have since became known as drovers' roads - although hardly any were suitable for even horse-drawn carts at the time. One of the most important of these routes passed from west to east through Abergwesyn, just a few miles to the north of Llanwrtyd.
There are five pages about the work of the drovers. See more on the next page...
When the long procession of cattle, sheep, pigs, geese, ponies, men, and dogs were on their slow march over the hills the local farmers were given plenty of warning that they were coming. There would be the usual noise of herded animals, but the drovers would call and shout loudly when they approached farms or loose grazing livestock ! This was to warn the owners to get their animals safely out of the way, for if they got caught up in the mass of the drove it could be very hard to get them out again.
The route
and Beulah
Section of relief map
The approximate route of one of the most important of the drovers roads from west to east across mid-Wales is shown above. This is a section from a 1905 Ordnance Survey map, with the Sheep flockdrovers route from Tregaron to Abergwesyn and on past Beulah added in white. This track continued on eastwards from Beulah towards Newbridge, which was another important stage along the way to England.
The regular passage of the large gatherings of livestock and the men driving them eastwards had a huge impact on small towns and villages along the way. Their arrival would be noisy, local traders would be busy, and the inns would be full as local people made deals with the drovers for transactions to be carried out further along the route.
This is the second of five pages about the cattle drovers - see more on the next page...
Many drovers were also farmers or inn-keepers as well as dealers in livestock, and none could operate without a licence. Cattle marketOnly men who were householders, were aged over 30, and were married, could apply for a droving licence.
The drovers had to be carefully vetted because they had charge of large numbers of valuable animals, and the livelihood of many farmers and other people in Wales depended upon their skill and honesty.
During their regular journeys to England they were often entrusted with tasks like paying rents owed to landlords living in London, and other transactions not connected with the livestock trade. The drovers, however, were paid well for the demands of the job compared to other agricultural workers. At the height of the trade in the 1840s and 1850s some of the top cattle dealers employed up to 20 drovers each.
Drawing by
Rob Davies
Drover herding cattle
A slow moving procession of men and animals crossing remote areas in the hills was always in danger of being attacked and robbed if large sums of money were being carried.
This led to the setting up of Welsh banks to provide money for buying the animals locally before the long journeys began, and for handling large amounts of cash from the sale of the livestock in England. One of these banks was called the Black Ox Bank because of its links with the drovers trade.
Because of their trading contacts in London and elsewhere in England the drovers were also able to bring news and gossip back to Wales at a time when communications were very poor.
This is the third of five pages on the drovers. There is more about them on the next page...
he cross-country tracks used by the drovers followed the shortest route possible, often over very wild upland country. Even with the building of the earliest proper roads long after they first began to cross Wales with their animals, the drovers still kept to their own trackways.
When turnpike roads were built it became an expensive business to move large numbers of animals through tollgates, but the 'roads' over the hills were free. And these tracks caused less wear on the feet of the livestock than the hard roads of the later years.
As the drovers could be on the move for weeks, they needed places to stop along the way for food and rest for the men and shoeing, grazing and watering for the animals.
It's not much of a road,
but at least it's free !
The Drovers' Arms
on the journey
to England.
There were many inns at intervals along the regular routes to meet the needs of the droving trade. Some were simply part of a farm which provided rooms, food, and ale or cider. There were also drovers' inns, often in very remote locations, which had special enclosures for the different animals, and a blacksmiths forge. The head drovers would sleep overnight in the inns but the younger helpers would stay out to guard the livestock.
The animals were not allowed to be moved on a Sunday, so there was often a lot of noisy activity just after midnight on that day as the drovers got under way again on their long journeys.
This is the fourth of five pages on the cattle drovers - there is more on the next page...
The most valuable animals in the long procession of men, dogs, and livestock were the small Welsh Black cattle. An ancient native breed, they were very hardy and could cope with the poor grazing high in the upland areas. When they reached England they put on weight quickly in the richer pastures.
The drovers' journeys from Wales to England could take up to three weeks and cover hundreds of miles. They Welsh Black cowhad to make sure that the animals arrived in the best possible condition in order to fetch good prices when they were sold.
Progress across country was at a slow but steady walking pace, with regular stops for rest and for grazing.
But the drovers had another way of keeping the livestock in good shape, for many of the animals in the long procession were fitted with specially made shoes !
What ? You mean we're
supposed to WALK all
the way to England ?
Even the geese had protection for their feet. This was done by driving them through a mixture of soft tar and sand , which would form a very hard-wearing coating when it set. Sometimes they also had a metal foot set into the tar like very short stilts !
Drawings by
Rob Davies
The Welsh Black cattle were fitted with curved iron shoes like small horseshoes cut Pigs on the drove in half, with sections either side of the cloven hoof. These special shoes, called 'cues', sometimes had to be replaced on the long journey over very rough ground, and a blacksmith would often travel with the drovers.
The pigs in the procession had little woollen boots with leather soles fitted to each trotter.The remarkable tradition of the Welsh drovers did not last for long after the steam railway arrived in some areas in the 1860s, and the livestock could be carried to market quickly in railway wagons. Some of the drovers tracks continued in use for a while for moving stock to local markets, but today the only reminders of the old routes are in the names of inns and fields.
Compare Welsh Gentry with Peasants
WALES
get more information from the book
Colm Cille, St. Columba
SCOTLAND
Saint Columba (7 December 521 - 9 June 597), sometimes referred to as Columba of Iona, or, in Old Irish, as Colm Cille or Columcille (meaning "Dove of the church") was an outstanding figure among the Gaelic missionary monks who, some of his advocates claim, introduced Christianity to the Kingdom of the Picts during the Early Medieval Period. He was one of the Twelve Apostles of Ireland.[1]
Contents
* 1 Early life in Ireland
* 2 Scotland
* 8 External links
[edit] Early life in Ireland
Columba was born to Fedlimid and Eithne of the Uí Néill clan in Gartan, near Lough Gartan, County Donegal, in Ireland. On his father's side he was great-great-grandson of Niall of the Nine Hostages, an Irish high king of the 5th century.
In early christian Ireland the druidic tradition collapsed, with the spread of the new christian faith. The study of latin learning and christian theology in monasteries flourished. Columba became a pupil at the monastic school at Clonard Abbey, situated on the River Boyne in modern County Meath. During the sixth century, some of the most significant names in the history of Irish christianity studied at the Clonard monastery. It is said that the average number of scholars under instruction at Clonard was 3,000.[2] Twelve students who studied under St. Finian became known as the Twelve Apostles of Ireland, columba was one of these. He became a monk and was ordained as a priest.
Tradition asserts that, sometime around 560, he became involved in a quarrel with Saint Finnian of Moville over a psalter. Columba copied the manuscript at the scriptorium under Saint Finnian, intending to keep the copy. Saint Finnian disputed his right to keep the copy. The dispute eventually led to the pitched Battle of Cúl Dreimhne in 561, during which many men were killed. Columba's copy of the psalter has been traditionally associated with the Cathach of St. Columba. A synod of clerics and scholars threatened to excommunicate him for these deaths, but St. Brendan of Birr spoke on his behalf with the result that he was allowed to go into exile instead. Columba suggested that he would work as a missionary in Scotland to help convert as many people as had been killed in the battle. He exiled himself from Ireland, to return only once again, several years later.
[edit] Scotland
In 563 he traveled to Scotland with twelve companions, where according to his legend he first landed at the southern tip of the Kintyre peninsula, near Southend. However, being still in sight of his native land he moved further north up the west coast of Scotland. In 563 he was granted land on the island of Iona off the west coast of Scotland which became the centre of his evangelising mission to the Picts. However, there is a sense in which he was not leaving his native people, as the Irish Gaels had been colonizing the west coast of Scotland for the previous couple of centuries.[3] Aside from the services he provided guiding the only centre of literacy in the region[citation needed], his reputation as a holy man led to his role as a diplomat among the tribes; there are also many stories of miracles which he performed during his work to convert the Picts. He visited the pagan king Bridei, king of Fortriu, at his base in Inverness, winning the king's respect. He subsequently played a major role in the politics of the country. He was also very energetic in his evangelical work, and, in addition to founding several churches in the Hebrides, he worked to turn his monastery at Iona into a school for missionaries. He was a renowned man of letters, having written several hymns and being credited with having transcribed 300 books. One of the few, if not the only, times he left Scotland after his arrival was toward the end of his life, when he returned to Ireland to found the monastery at Durrow. He died on Iona and was buried in the abbey he created.
Several islands are named after Columba in Scotland - including "Ì Chaluim Chille" (one of the Scottish Gaelic names of Iona), Inchcolm and Eilean Chaluim Chille
[edit] Lasting legacy
Columba is credited as being a leading figure in the revitalization of monasticism, and "[h]is achievements illustrated the importance of the Celtic church in bringing a revival of Christianity to Western Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire".[4]
[edit] Vita Columbae
The main source of information about Columba's life is the Vita Columbae by Adomnán (also known as Eunan), the ninth Abbot of Iona, who died in 704. Both the Vita Columbae and Bede record Columba's visit to Bridei. Whereas Adomnán just tells us that Columba visited Bridei, Bede relates a later, perhaps Pictish tradition, whereby the saint actually converts the Pictish king. Another early source is a poem in praise of Columba, most probably commissioned by Columba's kinsman, the king of the Ui Neill clan. It was almost certainly written within three or four years of Columba's death and is the earliest vernacular poem in European history. It consists of 25 stanzas of four verses of seven syllables each.
The earliest recorded example of the name Arthur in a British document occurs, as Arturius, in Adomnan's vita. There it occurs as the name of a prince among the Scots, the son of Áedán mac Gabráin, king of Dál Riata from AD 574, far from the legendary King Arthur's familiar haunts in the southwest.
The vita of Columba is also the source of the first known reference to a Loch Ness Monster. According to Adomnan, Columba came across a group of Picts who were burying a "poor little man"[5] who had been killed by the monster, and saved a swimmer with the sign of the Cross and the imprecation "You will go no further", at which the beast fled terrified, to the amazement of the assembled Picts who glorified Columba's God. Whether or not this incident is true, Adomnan's text specifically states that the monster was swimming in the River Ness -- the river flowing from the loch -- rather than in Loch Ness itself.
Through the reputation of its venerable founder and its position as a major European center of learning, Columba's Iona became a place of pilgrimage. A network of Celtic high crosses marking processional routes developed around his shrine at Iona.
Columba is historically revered as a warrior saint, and was often invoked for victory in battle. His relics were finally removed in 849 and divided between Alba and Ireland. Relics of Columba were carried before Scottish armies in the reliquary made at Iona in the mid-8th century, called the Brecbennoch. Legend has it that the Brecbennoch, was carried to Bannockburn by the vastly outnumbered Scots army and the intercession to the Saint helped them to victory. It is widely thought that the Monymusk Reliquary is this object.
O Columba spes Scotorum... "O Columba, hope of the Scots" begins a 13th century prayer in the Antiphoner of Inchcolm, the "Iona of the East".
St Columba's feast day is June 9 and with Saint Patrick, March 17, and Saint Brigid, February 1, is one of the three patron saints of Ireland. Prior to the battle of Athelstaneford, he was the sole patron saint of Scotland. He is also venerated within the Orthodox faiths as a saint and Righteous Father.[6]
uNION Of Crowns
SCOTLAND
The Union of the Crowns refers to the accession of James VI, King of Scots, to the throne of the England in March 1603, thus uniting Scotland and England under one monarch. This followed the death of his unmarried and childless cousin, Queen Elizabeth I of England, the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.
The term itself, though now generally accepted, is misleading; for properly speaking this was merely a personal or dynastic union, the Crowns remaining both distinct and separate, despite James's best efforts to create a new "imperial" throne of 'Great Britain'. England and Scotland continued to be independent states, despite sharing a Monarch, until the Acts of Union in 1707 during the reign of the last monarch of the Stuart Dynasty, Queen Anne.
Contents
Scottish Highlands
SCOTLAND
A very mountainous region of Scotland. It has fierce winters with temperatures that can change. Every winter they lose people in the Highlands because it is so cold. The mouttians are very cold and green. There are deep sea locks all throughout the highlands that have sea locks, and land locks and depp running rivers. The land is not particularly arable. The primary grain in the area is oats and barly. Oatcakes are eaten a lot there and can still be cfound there. Men in army carried ground oats and mized it with water, they also called this a girdle. Although Ireland is mostly talked about when he it comes to bad things, Scotland also suffers from the potato farming.
The Highland Line
SCOTLAND
the line where the highlands start and the centrat coorider of gasgo and the borders the different cultures between the highlands and the lowlands
Massacre at Glencoe
SCOTLAND
Symbolic awnser of William of Stratford. Many of the scots will hate William, treaty of Limerick will ot be followed.
The Massacre of Glencoe occurred in Glen Coe, Scotland, in the early morning of 13 February 1692, during the era of the Glorious Revolution and Jacobitism. The massacre began simultaneously in three settlements along the glen—Invercoe, Inverrigan, and Achacon—although the killing took place all over the glen as fleeing MacDonalds were pursued. Thirty-seven MacDonalds from the Clan MacDonald of Glencoe were killed by the guests who had accepted their hospitality, on the grounds that the MacDonalds had not been prompt in pledging allegiance to the new king, William of Orange. Another forty women and children died of exposure after their homes were burned.
Contents
* 6 External links
[edit] Background
In 1688, William, glad to enlist British help in his wars with France, accepted the invitation to take the throne of the Kingdom of England. The Scottish Parliament was more cautious and invited letters from him and James VII (ousted as James II of England). When the arrogant response from James persuaded the Scots to accept William, John Graham, 1st Viscount of Dundee, led Scottish Highlanders in Jacobite uprisings in an attempt to return the throne to King James. Dundee was killed at the Battle of Killiecrankie, and the rising in Scotland suffered inconclusive defeat at the Battle of Dunkeld. On their way home from this battle, the MacIains of Glencoe, a sept of Clan MacDonald, together with their Glengarry cousins, looted the lands of Robert Campbell of Glenlyon and stole his livestock, increasing his problems with gambling debts and forcing him to take an army commission to provide for his family. In his subsequent appeal for compensation, Campbell clearly believed the Glengarry men to be the more culpable, making no mention of Glencoe.
Glencoe, Edwardian painting of the site of the infamous 1692 massacre
Glencoe, Edwardian painting of the site of the infamous 1692 massacre
The Scottish Jacobites were heavily defeated at the Haughs of Cromdale on 1 May 1690, and James was defeated on 1 July 1690 at the Battle of the Boyne in Ireland.
On 27 August 1691, William offered all Highland clans a pardon for their part in the Jacobite Uprising, as long as they took an oath of allegiance before 1 January 1692 in front of a magistrate; if they did not sign, they were threatened with reprisals. The Highland chiefs sent word to James, now in exile in France, asking for his permission to take this oath. James dithered over his decision, convinced that he was close to returning to Britain to reclaim his throne. When it became apparent that this was not going to happen before the deadline, James sent orders back to Scotland authorising the chiefs to take the oath. This message reached its recipients in mid-December, only a few weeks before the deadline in difficult winter conditions. A few managed to comply promptly, and some did not comply. Alastair MacIain, 12th Chief of Glencoe, waited until the last day before setting out to take the oath.
On 31 December 1691, he traveled to Fort William and asked Colonel Hill, the governor, to administer the required oath. Colonel Hill, however, demurred on the grounds that he was not authorized to receive the necessary oath. He instructed MacIain to proceed quickly to Inveraray to make his oath before Sir Colin Campbell, sheriff of Argyll. Colonel Hill gave MacIain a letter of protection and a letter to Sir Colin asking that he receive MacIain's oath since MacIain had come to Colonel Hill within the allotted time. Colonel Hill also reassured MacIain that no action would be taken against him without his having the opportunity to make his case before the king or the king's privy council.
It took MacIain three days to reach Inveraray, partly due to winter weather, partly due to his being detained for a day at Balcardine Castle by the 1st company of the Earl of Argyll's Regiment of Foot, at the command of Captain Drummond, ensuring his lateness. On arrival at Inveraray, he was forced to wait for three days for the arrival of Sir Colin who was absent, spending the New Year with his family across Loch Fyne. Upon his return, Sir Colin reluctantly accepted MacIain's oath.
While MacIain was satisfied that he had satisfied the spirit of the required oath, and therefore did not anticipate any action against himself or his people, some elements within the government saw an opportunity to use his failure to fullfil the letter of the requirement (by missing the deadline) to make an example of the MacDonalds and simultaneously eliminate some enemies at one stroke.
[edit] The massacre
A plot was set in motion which apparently involved John Dalrymple, Master of Stair and Lord Advocate, Sir Thomas Livingstone, commander of the forces in Scotland, and even King William, who signed and countersigned the orders.
In late January or early February 1692, the first and second companies of the Earl of Argyll's Regiment of Foot, around 120 men, under the command of Captain Robert Campbell were billeted on the MacDonalds in Glencoe, who received them in the hospitable tradition of the Highlands. Most of the regiment was recruited from the Argyll estates, but only a minority actually bore the Campbell name. Others, including many of the officers, came from the Lowlands. Captain Campbell was related by marriage to old MacIain himself and so it was natural that he should be billeted at the Chief's own house. Each morning for about two weeks, Captain Campbell visited the home of Alexander MacDonald, MacIain's youngest son, who was married to Campbell's niece, the sister of Rob Roy MacGregor. At this stage, it is not clear that Campbell knew the nature of their mission - ostensibly the purpose of collecting the Cess tax, instituted by the Scots Parliament in 1690. The planning was meticulous enough that they were able to produce legitimate orders to this effect from the very Colonel Hill who had tried to help MacIain complete his oath in the first place, thus dispelling any suspicion the MacDonalds might have felt, although it was also Colonel Hill who issued the orders to begin the massacre two weeks later.
On 12 February 1692, Captain Drummond arrived. Due to his role in ensuring MacIain was late in giving his oath, Drummond would not have been welcomed. As Drummond was captain of the grenadiers, the 1st company of the regiment, he was the ranking officer, yet did not take command. Drummond was bearing the following instructions for Robert Campbell, from his superior officer, a Major Duncanson.
You are hereby ordered to fall upon the Rebels, the McDonalds of Glenco, and putt all to the sword under seventy. you are to have a special care that the old Fox and his sons doe upon no account escape your hands, you are to secure all the avenues that no man escape. This you are to putt in execution at fyve of the clock precisely; and by that time, or very shortly after it, I'll strive to be att you with a stronger party: if I doe not come to you att fyve, you are not to tarry for me, but to fall on. This is by the Kings speciall command, for the good & safty of the Country, that these miscreants be cutt off root and branch. See that this be putt in execution without feud or favour, else you may expect to be dealt with as one not true to King nor Government, nor a man fitt to carry Commissione in the Kings service. Expecting you will not faill in the fullfilling hereof, as you love your selfe, I subscribe these with my hand att Balicholis Feb: 12, 1692
[signed] R. Duncanson
To Capt. Robert Campbell of Glenlyon
Facsimile of orders given to Capt. Robert Campbell by Major Duncanson
Facsimile of orders given to Capt. Robert Campbell by Major Duncanson
He spent the evening playing cards with his unsuspecting victims and upon retiring, wished them goodnight and accepted an invitation to dine with MacIain, the chief, the following day.
Alastair MacIain was killed while trying to rise from his bed by Lt Lindsay and Ensign Lundie but his sons escaped as initially did his wife. In all, 38 men were murdered either in their homes or as they tried to flee the glen. Another 40 women and children died of exposure after their homes were burned. Elsewhere, various members of the two companies found ways of warning their hosts. Some took insubordination further – two lieutenants, Lt Francis Farquhar and Lt Gilbert Kennedy broke their swords rather than carry out their orders. They were arrested and imprisoned, but were exonerated, released and later gave evidence for the prosecution against their superior officers.
In addition to the soldiers who were actually in Glencoe that night, two other detachments each of four hundred men were, according to the plan, to have converged on the escape routes. Both were late in taking up their positions. It is possible that the snowstorm made arrival on time quite difficult – especially for those approaching over the Devil's Staircase from Kinlochleven; it is equally possible that they simply did not want to play any part in what they knew to be a heinous crime.
[edit]
Battle of Culloden Moor, 1746
SCOTLAND
The Battle of Culloden (Scottish Gaelic: Blàr Chùil Lodair) (16 April 1746) was the final clash between the French-supported Jacobites and the Hanoverian British Government in the 1745 Jacobite Rising. It was the last land battle to be fought on mainland Britain. Culloden brought the Jacobite cause—to restore the House of Stuart to the throne of the Kingdom of Great Britain—to a decisive defeat.
The Jacobites — the majority of them Highland Scots, although containing significant numbers of Lowland forces — supported the claim of James Francis Edward Stuart (aka "The Old Pretender") to the throne; the government army, under the Duke of Cumberland, younger son of the Hanoverian sovereign, King George II, supported his father's cause. It too included significant numbers of Highland Scots, as well as Scottish Lowlanders and some English troops.
The aftermath of the battle was brutal and earned the victorious general the name "Butcher" Cumberland. Charles Edward Stuart eventually left Britain and went to Rome, never to attempt to take the throne again. Civil penalties were also severe. New laws attacked the Highlanders' clan system, and Highland dress was outlawed.
Contents
[edit] Background
For further detail see Jacobite Rising.
Charles Edward Stuart, known as Bonnie Prince Charlie or the Young Pretender, successfully raised forces, mainly of Scottish Highland clansmen and defeated the Hanoverian Army stationed in Scotland at the Battle of Prestonpans. The city of Edinburgh was occupied, but the castle held out and most of the Scottish population remained hostile to the rebels. The British government recalled forces from the war with France in Flanders to deal with the rebellion.
After a lengthy wait, Charles persuaded his generals that English Jacobites would stage an uprising in support of his cause. He was convinced that France would launch an invasion of England as well. His army of around 5000 invaded England on November 8, 1745. They advanced through Carlisle and Manchester, to Derby, and a position where they appeared to threaten London. It is often alleged that King George II made plans to decamp to Hanover, but there is absolutely no evidence for this and the king is on record as stating that he'd lead the troops against the rebels himself if they approached London. The Jacobites met only token resistance. There was, however, little support from English Jacobites, and the French invasion fleet was still being assembled. The armies of General George Wade and of William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, were approaching. In addition to the militia, London was defended by nearly 6,000 Foot, 700 Horse and 33 artillery pieces and the Jacobites had (fictitious) reports of a third army closing on them. The Jacobite general Lord George Murray and the Council of War insisted on returning to join their growing force in Scotland. On 6 December 1745, they withdrew, with the Pretender petulantly leaving the command to Murray.
On the long march back to Scotland the Highland Army wore out its boots and demanded all the boots and shoes of the townspeople of Dumfries as well as money and hospitality. The Jacobites reached Glasgow on 25 December. There they reprovisioned, having threatened to sack the city, and were joined by a few thousand new men. They then defeated the forces of General Henry Hawley at the Battle of Falkirk. The Duke of Cumberland arrived in Edinburgh on 30 January, to take over command of the government army from General Hawley. He then marched north along the coast, with the army being supplied by sea. Six weeks were spent at Aberdeen training.
The King's forces continued to pressure Charles. He retired north, losing men and failing to take Stirling Castle or Fort William. But he invested Fort Augustus and Fort George in Invernessshire in early April. Charles now took command again, and insisted on fighting a defensive action.
Hugh (Rose of Kilravock), 16th Baron, entertained the Pretender and the Duke of Cumberland respectively on 14th and 15th April 1746, before the battle of Culloden. On the occasion the Pretender's manners and deportment were described by his host as most engaging. Having walked out with Mr. Rose, before sitting down, he observed several persons engaged in planting trees. He remarked, "How happy, Sir, you must feel, to be thus peaceably employed in adorning your mansion, whilst all the country round is in such commotion." Kilravock was a firm supporter of the house of Hanover; but his adherence was not solicited, nor were his preferences alluded to. Next day, the Duke of Cumberland called at the castle gate, and when Kilravock went to receive him, he bluffly observed, "So you had my cousin Charles here yesterday." Kilravock replied, "What am I to do, I am Scottish", To which Cumberland replied, "you did perfectly right."
[edit] Armies
[edit] Jacobite Army
* Nearly three quarters of the Jacobite army was composed of Scottish Highland clansmen, the majority of them being Roman Catholic, but more than a third being Scottish Episcopalians.
* Around a quarter of the force were Episcopalians from the north-east Scottish Lowlands, north of the River Tay, so that more than half the total was Episcopalian, but the lowland contribution was obscured by their tendency to wear Highland dress as a kind of Jacobite uniform.
* Only 20-25% of the Highlanders were armed with swords, some having spears or axes and the remainder makeshift or captured weapons.
* During the invasion of England about 250 English Episcopalians from Manchester formed a regiment, but were left behind as a rearguard at Carlisle.
* Many of the Jacobites left for home after the Battle of Falkirk, and the army was poorly provisioned and short on rations.
* The Jacobite army which fought at the Battle of Culloden included men from: Clan Stuart (Stewart), Clan MacNeil of Barra, Clan Donnachaidh, Clan MacDonald of Keppoch, Clan MacDonnell of Glengarry, Clan MacDonald of Clan Ranald, Clan Mackinnon, Clan Cameron, Clan Gordon, Clan Fraser, Clan MacGregor, Clan MacLean, Clan MacLeod, Clan MacIntyre, Clan Ogilvy, Clan Chisholm, Clan MacLaren, Clan MacLea, Clan MacBain, Clan Maclachlan, Clan Macnaghten, and Clan Chattan, composed of Clan Davidson, Clan MacGillivray, Clan Macpherson, Clan MacKintosh, Clan MacDuff, and Clan Farquharson.
* At Culloden the Jacobite army was reinforced by 800 men from the Royal Écossais and Irish Brigade Regiments of the French army.
[edit] British Government Army
The British Army under Cumberland, assembled and trained at Aberdeen, was well supplied. It included:
* Three regiments of Scottish horse; Kerr's Dragoons protected the left flank, led by Lord Mark Kerr, chief of Clan Kerr. Possibly also included some German Hanoverians.
* Twelve battalions of foot, two thirds were English and one third was made from Scottish Lowland and Scottish Highland clansmen:
* One battalion and a militia had been largely raised from Clan Campbell Scottish Highlanders.
* James Sinclair, chief of the Highland Clan Sinclair commanded the Royal Scots along with Charles Cathcart.
* Three battalions of Scottish Lowlanders foot soldiers supported the government at Culloden from Clan Cathcart, Clan Colville, Clan Sempill, Clan Kerr and Clan Cunningham (company of artillery). Most of the these clans fought in mixed regiments such as the Royal Scots Regiment of Foot and some were under the name of an English officer such as Barrel's Regiment of Foot.
* Other Highland clans such as the Clan MacKay, Clan Munro, Clan Ross, Clan Sutherland, Clan Gunn and Clan Grant, sided with the government during the uprisings but were assigned other military duties at the time of Culloden and were not present at this battle. The Clan MacKay intercepted and captured gold and supplies to stop them reaching Jacobite leader Bonnie Prince Charlie before the battle commenced and the Clan Ross defended Inverness Castle against the Jacobites. It is often suggested that men from these clans fought for the government at Culloden but there is little if any evidence for this.
[edit] The Battle
Battle of Culloden
Battle of Culloden
The Duke of Cumberland and his army of around 8,811 men arrived at Nairn on 14 April. The Jacobite forces of about 5,400 left their base at Inverness, leaving most of their supplies, and assembled 5 miles (8 km) to the east near Drummossie,[2] around 12 miles (19 km) before Nairn. The Pretender had decided to personally command his forces and took the advice of his adjutant general, Secretary O’Sullivan, who chose to stage a defensive action at Drummossie Moor,[3] a stretch of open moorland enclosed between the walled Culloden[4] enclosures to the North and the walls of Culloden Park to the South. Lord George Murray "did not like the ground" and with other senior officers pointed out the unsuitability of the rough moorland terrain which was highly advantageous to the Duke with the marshy and uneven ground making the famed Highland charge somewhat more difficult while remaining open to Cumberland’s powerful artillery. They had argued for a guerrilla campaign, but the Pretender refused to change his mind.
On 15 April the Government army celebrated Cumberland's birthday, drinking his health at his expense. At the suggestion of Murray the Jacobites tried that evening to repeat the success of Prestonpans by carrying out a night attack on the government army encampment, but the half-starved Highlanders who had only had one biscuit apiece during the day were still 2 miles (3 km) short of Nairn by dawn and had to march back, then dispersed to search for food or fell asleep in ditches and outbuildings. Many of them lay exhausted in the grounds of Culloden House throughout the battle.
Early on 16 April the Government army marched from Nairn, and Jacobite guns sounded the alarm (though not all heard) to bring their troops to form two lines. The front line of exhausted highland foot soldiers had guns in the centre and on the flanks, the second line included their horse regiments, worn out from the night march, and the Scots and Irish regiments of the French army. The weather was very poor with a gale driving sleety rain into the faces of the Jacobites. The Duke's forces arrived around mid day and initially deployed in three lines. Upon observing the ground and rebel dispositions, the Duke thinned his army to two lines, which he extended to his left, their left flank anchored on a low stone wall running along the south end of the field towards Culloden Park. The Duke posted Wolfe's Regiment forward of his left flank, able to enfilade any attack by the Jacobite right wing. Horse Dragoons and Government militia moved round behind the wall to infiltrate the park around the Jacobite flank. The Pretender's artillery, outnumbered some three to one, opened fire first but due to a lack of trained gunners had little impact.
Culloden Battlefield.
Culloden Battlefield.
Over the next twenty minutes Cumberland's superior artillery continued to batter the Jacobite lines, while Charles, moved for safety out of sight of his own forces, waited for the government forces to move. Inexplicably, he left his forces arrayed under the Government fire for over half an hour. Although the marshy terrain minimized casualties, the morale of the Jacobites began to suffer. Several clan leaders, angry at the lack of action, pressured Charles to issue the order to charge. When he was eventually persuaded to issue the order, the McDonalds refused, angry because they had been placed on the left flank overturning their traditional right to take the right flank. The Clan Chattan was first away, but an area of boggy ground in front of them forced them to veer right so that they obstructed the following regiments and the attack was pushed towards the wall. The Highlanders advanced on the left flank of the Government troops but were subjected to several volleys of musket fire and the artillery which had switched from roundshot to grapeshot.
Monument at the site of the battle.
Monument at the site of the battle.
Despite this, a large number of Jacobites reached the Government lines, and for the first time a battle was decided by a direct clash between charging highlanders and formed redcoats equipped with muskets and socket bayonets. The highland charge broke and failed, the few rebels who managed to penetrate Cumberland's first line simply being shot down by the battalions in the second line. The fiercest fighting took place between Barrell's Regiment on the Royal left and Clan Cameron.
While the attack was still in progress, a small number of the Government forces had breached the park wall and the Campbell militia advanced unseen to fire at the right flank of the Jacobite lines. This added to all the other brutal gunfire, and threatened by cavalry the Jacobites were forced to retreat. The Duke ordered in his dragoons to rout the Jacobite forces, but the small contingent of Irish and other regular regiments covered the retreat as the Jacobites withdrew.
In a total of about 60 minutes the Duke was victorious, around 1,250 Jacobites were dead, a similar number were wounded, and 558 prisoners (336 Scots and Irish as well as 222 Frenchmen) were taken. Cumberland had about 52 dead and 259 wounded among his Government forces.
[edit] Aftermath
The aftermath of the battle witnessed the last in a series of efforts by post-Restoration governments to tackle dissent in Scotland. A persecution committed by the Stuart regimes of Charles II and James VII and II inflicted upon the Covenanters, known as The Killing Time, helped provoke the Glorious Revolution. In the reign of William III, the Massacre of Glencoe served as a small-scale, demonstrative act of persecution, following which Scotland was at peace internally. Following the rebellion of 1715, the Hanoverian regime had pursued a mild and indulgent, 'softly softly' approach, but further rebellions took place in 1719 and 1745-6.[5][6][7][8]
After the battle, Lord George Murray's general orders of the previous day fell into Hanoverian hands. Cumberland sent an order, "Officers and men will take notice that the Public orders of the rebels yesterday was to give us no quarter." It was later found that this was untrue, and the 'no quarter' section was nothing but a forgery. With this implicit order the Jacobite wounded and most prisoners were killed with bayonets, pistols and clubs. Indiscriminate killing went on for several days, all men bearing arms were hanged on location, and their womanfolk raped. Families fled from their scorched hovels and were left to starve. In total over 20,000 head of livestock, sheep and goats were driven off and sold at Fort Augustus, where the soldiers split the profits.[9]
Certain higher-ranking prisoners survived to be tried and executed later in Inverness and three 'rebel lords' were taken to London. It was for his insistence that these aristocrats were not pardoned, not for his actions in Scotland, that Cumberland was nicknamed 'Butcher' by some. To most Scots, other Britons and inhabitants of the British colonies he was 'Sweet William', and received, amongst other tokens of thanks, an honorary doctorate from the University of Glasgow and the gift of a house and garden from the Committee of Perth.
Glass slide of Culloden.
Glass slide of Culloden.
The Pretender fled the battlefield and survived for five months in Scotland despite a £30,000 reward for his capture. The Pretender eventually returned to France, making a dramatic if humiliating escape disguised as a "lady's maid" to Flora MacDonald.
Immediately after the battle, Cumberland rode into Inverness, his drawn sword still covered in blood, a symbolic and menacing gesture. The following day, the slaughter continued, when patrols were sent back to the battlefield to kill any survivors. Cumberland emptied the jails of English prisoners, and replaced them with Jacobite sympathisers. A numbers of the prisoners were taken south to England to stand trial for high treason. Trials took place at Berwick upon Tweed, York and London with many Jacobite prisoners being held in hulks on the Thames or in Tilbury Fort where there is a memorial stone. Executions were conducted on the basis of drawing lots on a ratio of about 1 in 20. In total 3,471 Jacobites supporters and others were taken prisoner in the aftermath of Culloden, with 120 of them being executed and 88 dying in prison; 936 transported to the colonies and 121 more "banished". While 1,287 were eventually released or exchanged, the fate of the others is lost to history. As well as dealing out summary justice to his captives Cumberland was equally ruthless, executing 36 deserters from his own forces found amongst the prisoners.
Mass graves of clansmen at Culloden Battlefield.
Mass graves of clansmen at Culloden Battlefield.
By contrast to the ruthless treatment of many captured clansmen, the detachments of Irish soldiers from the French army were permitted to formally surrender and were treated well and eventually returned to France. They were considered as regular soldiers of a foreign ruler and accordingly subject to the normal practices of warfare. The captured Jacobites were regarded as traitors (even if many had had no choice but to follow their clan leaders) and treated accordingly.
The Hanoverian forces' assault on the Jacobite sympathizers continued in the coming months—destroying the clan system with the Act of Proscription disarming them, banning the kilt and the tartan, the Tenures Abolition Act ending the feudal bond of military service and the Heritable Jurisdictions Act removing the virtually sovereign power the chiefs had over their clan. Statute provisions were aimed at proscribing the perceived religion of the Jacobites, Episcopalianism (Catholicism was already banned). Government troops were stationed in the Highlands and built more roads and barracks to better control the region, adding to the Wade roads constructed for Major-General George Wade after the 'Fifteen rising, as well a new fortress at Fort George to the east of Inverness. The proscribed clan dress of kilt and tartan was, at least officially, only permitted in the Highland regiments serving in the British Army.
Scottish Reformation
SCOTLAND
The Scottish Reformation was Scotland's formal break with the Papacy in 1560, and the events surrounding this. It was part of the wider European Protestant Reformation; and in Scotland's case culminated ecclesiastically in the re-establishment of the church along Reformed lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France.
The Reformation Parliament of 1560, which repudiated the pope's authority, forbade the celebration of the mass and approved a Protestant Confession of Faith, was made possible by a revolution against French hegemony. Prior to that, Scotland was under the regime of the regent Mary of Guise, who had governed in the name of her absent daughter Mary Queen of Scots (then also Queen of France).
The Scottish Reformation decisively shaped the Church of Scotland[1] and, through it, all other Presbyterian churches worldwide.
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[edit] Pressure to reform
From the fifteenth century, Renaissance humanism had already encouraged critical theological reflection and calls for ecclesiastical renewal in Scotland. From 1517, Martin Luther's doctrinal ideas were influencing Scots. As early as 1525 Parliament thought it necessary to forbid the importation of Lutheran books, and to suppress 'his heresies or opinions' throughout the realm.[2] However, this attempt was largely unsuccessful.[3]
The Martyrs' Monument at St Andrews, commemorates those executed before the Reformation, including Hamilton and Wishart.
The Martyrs' Monument at St Andrews, commemorates those executed before the Reformation, including Hamilton and Wishart.
In 1528, the nobleman Patrick Hamilton (martyr), influenced by Lutheran theology whilst at the universities of Wittenberg and Marburg, became the first Protestant martyr when he was burned at the stake for heresy, outside St Salvator's College at Saint Andrews. [4] (Hamilton had been spreading his message with the use of Patrick's Places, a short catechism founded on the doctrine of justification by faith[5]). However, the celebration, particularly in printed works, of Hamilton's stance, only served to increase interest in the new ideas. Indeed, the Archbishop of St Andrews was warned against any further such public executions as "the reek of Maister Patrik Hammyltoun has infected as many as it blew upon".[6] Further prosecutions and executions followed in the 1530s and 40s.
The Parliament of Scotland, in 1541, thought it necessary to pass further legislation protecting the honour of the mass, prayer to the Virgin Mary, images of the saints, and the authority of the pope. Private meetings of 'heretics where there errors are spread' were prohibited, informers rewarded, and Protestant sympathisers barred from royal office. All this was testimony to the growing attraction of Protestant ideas.
The cause of reform also enjoyed influential support. At this time, the clergy produced a list for the king of over a hundred landowners disaffected to the church. Such was the strength of sympathisers of reformation that, on the death of James V in 1542, they were able to form a government {under the vacillating Earl of Arran, who at that point favoured an English alliance and reforming causes).
[edit] Reforming Councils
The pre-Reformation Church did respond to some of the criticism[7] being made against it. John Hamilton (the last pre-reformation Archbishop of St Andrews) instigated a series of provincial councils (1549-1559) modelled on the contemporaneous Council of Trent. These blamed the advance of the Protestant heresies on "the corruption of morals and the profane lewdness of life in churchmen of all ranks, together with crass ignorance of literature and of the liberal arts".[8] In 1548, attempts were made to eliminate concubinage, clerical pluralism, clerical trading, and non-residence, and to prohibit unqualified persons from holding church offices. Further, the clergy were enjoined to scriptural reflection and bishops and parsons instructed to preach at least four times a year. Monks were to be sent to university, and theologians appointed for each monastery, college and cathedral. However, in 1552, it was acknowledged that little had been accomplished. Attendance at mass was still sparse and "the inferior clergy of this realm and the prelates have not, for the most part, attained such proficiency in the knowledge of the Holy Scriptures as to be able by their own efforts rightly to instruct the people in the catholic faith and other things necessary to salvation or to convert the erring".[9] The internal reform seemed too little, too late.
[edit] Political Background (1543-59)
Cardinal Beaton, defender of the old faith, and leader of the pro-French faction.
Cardinal Beaton, defender of the old faith, and leader of the pro-French faction.
By 1535, the English king, Henry VIII, had broken with Rome and had been excommunicated. He had also permitted the reading of the Bible in the native tongue. These 'English heresies' were an additional influence on events in Scotland. Ecclesiastical ideas were linked to political manoeuvring. English policy from the 1530s aimed at enticing Scotland away from its traditional ties to France (the 'Auld alliance') and Rome. In the 1540s Henry sought a treaty for the marriage of his infant son Edward to the infant Mary (by then Queen of Scots): the regent, Arran, approved this match in August 1543 (by the Treaties of Greenwich). However, reaction against it in Scotland allowed a coup by Cardinal David Beaton that December. Beaton repudiated the reforming policies, and all consideration of an English marriage for the Queen. The result was Henry's 'Rough Wooing' of 1544-5, which devastated south-east Scotland, and was only halted by the defeat of the invaders at Ancrum Moor in February 1545.
In 1546, Beaton arrested and executed George Wishart,a preacher who came under the influence of John Calvin in Geneva - and had indeed translated the First Helvetic Confession into Scots. Retribution quickly followed. A group of rebels seized Beaton's castle at Saint Andrews, and murdered him. These 'Castelians' (who, after the murder, were joined by a renegade priest, and student of Wishart's, named John Knox[10]) held out in the castle until 1547, when they were forced to surrender to a French squadron and were imprisoned or taken as galley slaves. English forces arrived too late to save them, but nevertheless, having defeated the Scots at Pinkie, occupied south-east Scotland as far north as Dundee. This occupation (1547-49) encouraged the reforming cause; English Bibles circulated freely, and several earls pledged themselves 'to cause the word of God to be taught and preached'.
To counter the English, the Scots secured French help, the price of which was the betrothal of the infant Queen to the French dauphin, the future Francis II; she departed to France in 1548. At this point, "the policy of Henry VIII had failed completely".[11] French ascendancy was made absolute over the next decade. Arran, in 1554, was given the title Duke du Châtellerault and removed from the regency in favour of Mary of Guise (the Queen Mother). During her regency (1554-1559), Frenchmen were put in charge of the treasury, the Great Seal, and the French ambassador sometimes attended the Privy Council.
[edit] Lords of the Congregation
At first Mary of Guise cultivated the now growing number of Protestant preachers. She needed to win support for her pro-French policies, and they could expect no alternative support from England, which had recently come under the rule of the Roman Catholic Mary Tudor. However, the marriage of Mary Queen of Scots to the dauphin in 1558 heightened fears that Scotland would become a French province.
By 1557, a group of Scottish lords (known as 'the Lords of the Congregation') drew up a covenant to 'maintain, set forth, and establish the most blessed Word of God and his Congregation.' This was followed by outbreaks of iconoclasm in 1558-9. At the same time, plans were being drawn up for a Reformed programme of parish worship and preaching, as local communities sought out Protestant ministers. In 1558, the Regent summoned the Protestant preachers to answer for their teaching, but backed down when lairds from the west country threatened to revolt.
[edit] Reformation Crisis (1559-60)
The accession, in England, of the Protestant Queen Elizabeth in 1558 gave fresh hope to the reformers. January 1559 saw the publication of the anonymous Beggars' Summons, which threatened friars with eviction on the grounds that their property belonged to the genuine poor. This was calculated to appeal to the passions of the populace of towns who appeared to have particular complaints against friars.[12] Fearing disorder, the Regent summoned the reformed preachers to appear before her at Stirling on May 10th: insurrection followed. The men of Angus assembled in Dundee to accompany the preachers to Stirling, on May 4th they were joined by Knox recently arrived from France. Here, stirred by Knox's sermons in Perth and Dundee, the mob sacked religious houses (including the tomb of James I). In response, the Regent marched on Perth, but was forced to withdraw and negotiate when another reformed contingent arrived from the west. Among the Regent's ambassadors was the Earl of Argyll and Lord James Stewart (both professed Protestants), however when the Regent went back on her word, by stationing French mercenaries in Perth, both abandoned her and joined the Lords of the Congregation at St Andrews, where they were joined by Knox. Even Edinburgh soon fell to them, as Mary retreated to Dunbar. Chatelherault, at this point, accepted the leadership of the 'Lords of the Congregation' and established a provisional government. However, Mary of Guise was reinforced by professional French troops, and drove the rebels back to Stirling. All seemed lost for the Protestant side until an English fleet arrived in the Firth of Forth, in January 1560, causing the French to retreat to Leith.
The 'blast' rendered Knox unacceptable to Elizabeth, although it had been aimed at her predecessor Mary
The 'blast' rendered Knox unacceptable to Elizabeth, although it had been aimed at her predecessor Mary
Negotiations then began (from which Knox was excluded, his earlier tract The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women rendering him unacceptable to Elizabeth I). The resulting Treaty of Berwick (February) was an agreement between Chatelherault and the English to act jointly to expel the French. However, in June 1560, Mary of Guise died, allowing the Treaty of Edinburgh: a negotiation between France and England, which secured the withdrawal of both French and English troops from Scotland. Although the French commissioners were unwilling to treat with the insurgent Lords of the Congregation, they offered the Scots certain concessions from King Francis and Queen Mary, including the right to summon a parliament according to use and custom. The effect of the treaty was to leave power in the hands of the Protestants.
[edit] Reformation Parliament 1560
The Scots' Parliament met in Edinburgh on July 10 1560. Fourteen earls, six bishops, nineteen lords, twenty one abbots, twenty-two burgh commissioners, and over a hundred lairds claimed right to sit. Parliament then set up a 'committee of the articles' which, after three weeks, recommended a condemnation of transubstantiation, justification by works, indulgences, purgatory, and papal authority. Further it recommended restoring the discipline of the early Church, and redistributing the wealth of the Church to the ministry, schools and the poor. On 17 August, Parliament approved a Reformed Confession of Faith (the Scots Confession), and on 24 August it passed three Acts that destroyed the old faith in Scotland. Under these, all previous acts not in conformity with the confession were annulled; the sacraments were reduced to two (to be performed by reformed preachers alone), and the celebration of the mass was made punishable by a series of penalties (ultimately death). Papal jurisdiction in Scotland was repudiated.
However, aside from approving the confession, parliament showed little interest in plans for the reformation of the church. Significantly, although the traditional functions of the old clergy had been terminated, the clerical estate remained legally intact and, more importantly, in possession of the revenues of the old church. What shape the new church was to take was left open, and indeed was not finally settled until 1689.[13] Moreover, and perhaps unsurprisingly, the Queen declined to endorse even the acts that Parliament had passed, which were not officially ratified until the first parliament of James VI in 1567. Nevertheless, from this point on, Scotland was, in effect, a Protestant state.
Unions of Parliament 1707
SCOTLAND
The Acts of Union were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed in 1706 and 1707 by, respectively, the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland, to put into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union which had been negotiated between the two countries. The Acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland (previously separate states, with separate legislatures but with the same monarch) into a single Kingdom of Great Britain.
The two countries had shared a monarch for about 100 years (since the Union of the Crowns in 1603, when King James VI of Scotland inherited the English throne from his cousin, Queen Elizabeth I). Although described as a Union of Crowns, until 1707 there were in fact two separate Crowns resting on the same head. There had been three attempts in 1606, 1667, and 1689 to unite the two countries by Acts of Parliament, but it was not until the early 18th century that the idea had the will of both political establishments behind them, albeit for rather different reasons.
The Acts took effect on 1 May 1707. On this date, the Scots Parliament and the English Parliament merged to form the Parliament of Great Britain, based in the Palace of Westminster in London, the former home of the English Parliament (the parliaments of England and Scotland were dissolved[citation needed]). Hence, the Acts are referred to as the Union of the Parliaments.
There was an attempt to rename Scotland and England as North and South Britain. This was generally short lived, particularly in "South Britain" - although the name "North Britain" lingered for a while in some institutions. This practice is now rarely, if ever seen.
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[edit] Background
[edit] Previous attempts at union
The first attempt to unite England and Scotland was by King James VI and I. On his accession to the English throne in 1603 King James announced his intention to unite his two realms so that he would not be "guilty of bigamy". The Scottish and English parliaments established a commission to negotiate a union but ultimately abandoned the attempt.
Later in the seventeenth century the Estates of Scotland petitioned a number of times for a union but were rejected by England.
The Solemn League and Covenant sought a forced union of the Church of England into the Church of Scotland, and although the covenant referred repeatedly to union between the three kingdoms, a political union was not spelled out. In the aftermath of the Civil War, in which the Covenanters had fought for the King, Oliver Cromwell conquered Scotland and by force created the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, a brief union which was dissolved by the restoration of King Charles II. Scottish members expelled from Parliament petitioned unsuccessfully for a continuance of the union.
At the Glorious Revolution in 1689, the records of the Scottish Parliament show much discussion of possible union. Nothing was done. Thereafter relations between the English and the Scots deteriorated, largely perhaps through the English stranglehold on Scottish trade and ultimately because of the failure of the Darien Scheme and the popular perception in Scotland that the scheme's failure was the fault of the English.
[edit] The English perspective
The English purpose was to ensure that Scotland would not choose a different monarch from England. The two countries had shared a king for much of the previous century, but the English were concerned that an independent Scotland with a different king, even if he were a Protestant, might make alliances against England. Specifically, England wished to ensure a Protestant Royal Succession. Until the Union of Parliaments, the Scots could choose their monarch in line with the Scottish Act of Security 1704, and it was quite possible for them to choose a Catholic monarch. The English succession was provided for by the English Act of Settlement 1701, which ensured that the King of England would be Protestant.
[edit] The Scottish perspective
In Scotland, it was claimed that union would enable Scotland to recover from the financial disaster wrought by the Darien scheme through English assistance and the lifting of measures put in place through the Alien Act to force the Scottish Parliament into compliance with the Act of Settlement.
The ultimate securing of the treaty in the unicameral Scottish Parliament is sometimes attributed to the weakness and lack of cohesion between the various opposition groups in the House, rather than to the strength of pro-incorporationists[citation needed]. The combined votes of the Court party with a majority of the Squadrone Volante were sufficient to ensure the final passage of the treaty through the House.
Personal financial interests were also involved. Many Commissioners had invested heavily in the Darien Scheme and they believed that they would receive compensation for their losses; Article 14, the Equivalent granted £398,085 10s sterling to Scotland to offset future liability towards the English national debt. In essence, it was also used as a means of compensation for investors in the Darien Scheme.
Even more direct bribery was said to be a factor. £20,000 (£240,000 Scots) was dispatched to Scotland for distribution by the Earl of Glasgow. James Douglas, 2nd Duke of Queensberry, the Queen's Commissioner in Parliament, received £12,325, the majority of the funding. (Other studies suggest that all of this money was properly accounted for as compensation for loss of office, pensions and so forth not outwith the usual run of government. It is perhaps a debate that will never be set to rest.) Robert Burns referred to this:
We were bought and sold for English Gold,
Sic a Parcel of Rogues in a Nation.
Some of the money was used to hire spies, such as Daniel Defoe; his first reports were of vivid descriptions of violent demonstrations against the Union. "A Scots rabble is the worst of its kind," he reported, "for every Scot in favour there is 99 against". Years later John Clerk of Penicuik, originally a leading Unionist, wrote in his memoirs that,
(Defoe) was a spy among us, but not known as such, otherwise the Mob of Edinburgh would pull him to pieces.
Defoe recalls that he was hired by Robert Harley.
The Treaty was not universally popular in Scotland. Many petitions were sent to the Scottish Parliament against Union, and there were massive protests in Edinburgh and several other Scottish burghs on the day it was passed[citation needed], as threats of widespread civil unrest resulted in the imposition of martial law by the Parliament. Sir George Lockhart of Carnwath, a Jacobite and the only member of the Scottish negotiating team who was not pro-incorporation, noted that `The whole nation appears against the Union'. Sir John Clerk of Penicuik, an ardent pro-unionist and Union negotiator, observed that the treaty was `contrary to the inclinations of at least three-fourths of the Kingdom'.
Public opinion against the Treaty as it passed through the Scottish Parliament was voiced through petitions from Scottish localities. Anti-union petitions were received from shires, burghs, presbyteries and parishes. The Convention of Royal Burghs also petitioned against the Union and not one petition in favour of an incorporating union was received by Parliament. On the day the treaty was signed, the carilloner in St Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh, rang the bells in the tune Why should I be so sad on my wedding day?[1]
[edit] The Irish perspective
Ireland, the third of the "sister kingdoms" was not included in the union. It remained a separate kingdom and indeed was legally subordinate to Great Britain until 1784. Ironically, it was in part of Ireland that the first "British nation" can have been said to have been forged, in the mixing of Scottish and English Protestant settlers who peopled Ulster.
Ireland's benefits from the Union of 1707 were few. Its preferential status in trade with England now extended to Scotland. The strengthening of Great Britain improved Ireland's defence against enemies, whether foreign or domestic. Nevertheless, Ireland was left unequal and unrepresented in the Parliament of Great Britain.
In July 1707 each House of the Parliament of Ireland passed a congratulatory address to Queen Anne, praying that "May God put it in your royal heart to add greater strength and lustre to your crown, by a still more comprehensive Union"[2]. The British government did not respond to the invitation and an equal union between Great Britain and Ireland was out of consideration until the 1790's. The union with Ireland finally came about on 1 January 1801.
[edit] Provisions of the Acts
The treaty consisted of 25 articles, 15 of which were economic in nature. In Scotland, each article was voted on separately and several clauses in articles were delegated to specialised subcommittees. Article 1 of the treaty was based on the political principle of an incorporating union and this was secured by a majority of 116 votes to 83 on 4 November 1706. In order to minimise the opposition of the Church of Scotland, an Act was also passed to secure the Presbyterian establishment of the Church, after which the Church stopped its open opposition, although hostility remained at lower levels of the clergy. The treaty as a whole was finally ratified on 16 January 1707 by a majority of 110 votes to 69.[3]
The two Acts incorporated provisions for Scotland to send representative peers from the Peerage of Scotland to sit in the House of Lords. It guaranteed that the Church of Scotland would remain the established church in Scotland, that the Court of Session would "remain in all time coming within Scotland", and that Scots law would "remain in the same force as before". Other provisions included the restatement of the Act of Settlement 1701 and the ban on Roman Catholics from taking the throne. It also created a customs union and monetary union.
The Act provided that any "laws and statutes" that were "contrary to or inconsistent with the terms" of the Act would "cease and become void."
Soon after the Union, the Act 6 Anne c.11 (later infelicitously named "The Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707") united the English and Scottish Privy Councils and decentralised Scottish administration by appointing justices of the peace in each shire to carry out administration. In effect it took the day to day government of Scotland out of the hands of politicians and into those of the College of Justice.
[edit]
Charles Edward Stewart
SCOTLAND
Charles Edward Stuart (31 December 1720 – 31 January 1788) was the exiled Jacobite claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. He is most commonly known in English and Scots as Bonnie Prince Charlie. In Scots Gaelic, his name was Teàrlach Eideard Stiùbhairt.
Charles was the son of James Francis Edward Stuart who was in turn the son of James II and VII, who had been deposed in the Revolution of 1688. The Jacobite movement tried to restore the family to the throne. Charles' mother was James' Polish wife, Maria Clementina Sobieska (1702–1735, granddaughter of the Polish King, John III Sobieski). After his father's death Charles was recognised as Charles III by his supporters; his opponents referred to him as The Young Pretender.
Contents
* 8 External links
[edit] Early life
Charles was born in Rome, Italy, where his father had been given a residence by Pope Clement XI. He spent almost all of his childhood in Rome and Bologna. In 1734 he participated in the French and Spanish siege of Gaeta; this was his first exposure to a military battle.
[edit] The 'Forty-Five'
Main article: The 'Forty-Five'
In December 1743, Charles' father named him Prince Regent, giving him full authority to act in his name. Eighteen months later he led a rising to restore his father to his thrones. Charles raised funds to fit out two ships; the Elisabeth, an old man-of-war of sixty-six guns and a small frigate of sixteen guns named the Doutelle (le Du Teillay) which successfully landed him with seven companions at Eriskay on July 23, 1745. Charles had hoped for support from a French fleet, but this was badly damaged by storms, and he was left to raise an army in Scotland.
Bonnie Prince Charlie Statue in Derby commemorating the prince's visit in December 1745.
Bonnie Prince Charlie Statue in Derby commemorating the prince's visit in December 1745.
The Jacobite cause was still supported by many Highland clans, both Catholic and Protestant, and the Catholic Charles hoped for a warm welcome from these clans to start an insurgency by Jacobites throughout Britain, but there was no immediate response. Charles raised his father's standard at Glenfinnan and there raised a large enough force to enable him to march on the city of Edinburgh, which quickly surrendered. On 21 September 1745 he defeated the only government army in Scotland at the Battle of Prestonpans, and by November was marching south at the head of around 6,000 men. Having taken Carlisle, Charles' army progressed as far as Derby. Here, despite the objections of the Prince, the decision was taken by his council to return to Scotland, largely because of the almost complete lack of the support from English Jacobites that Charles had promised. By now he was pursued by the King George II's son, the Duke of Cumberland, who caught up with him at the Battle of Culloden on 16 April 1746.
Ignoring the advice of his best commander, Lord George Murray, Charles chose to fight on flat, open, marshy ground where his forces would be exposed to superior British firepower. Charles commanded his army from a position behind his lines, where he could not see what was happening. Hoping that Cumberland's army would attack first, he had his men stand exposed to Hanoverian artillery for twenty minutes before finally ordering an attack. The Jacobite attack, charging into the teeth of murderous musket fire and grapeshot fired from the cannons, was uncoordinated and met little success. Only in one place did a group of Jacobites break through the bayonets of the redcoats, but they were shot down by a second line of soldiers, and the survivors fled. Cumberland's troops committed numerous atrocities as they hunted for the defeated Jacobite soldiers, earning him the title "the Butcher" from the Highlanders. Murray managed to lead a group of Jacobites to Ruthven, intending to continue the fight. However Charles, believing himself betrayed, had decided to abandon the Jacobite cause.
Bonnie Prince Charlie's subsequent flight has become the stuff of legend, and is commemorated in the popular folk song "The Skye Boat Song" (lyrics 1884, tune traditional) and also the old Irish song Bímse Buan ar Buairt Gach Ló by Seán Clárach. Assisted by loyal supporters such as Flora MacDonald who helped him escape pursuers on the Isle of Skye by taking him in a small boat disguised as her Irish maid, "Betty Burke",[2][3] he evaded capture and left the country aboard the French frigate L'Heureux, arriving back in France in September. The cause of the Stuarts being lost, the remainder of his life was — with a brief exception — spent in exile.
[edit] Exile
Whilst back in France, Charles had numerous affairs; the one with his cousin Louise de Montbazon resulted in a short-lived son Charles (1748–49). He lived for several years in exile with his Scottish mistress, or common-law wife, Clementina Walkinshaw, whom he met, and may have begun a relationship with, whilst on the '45 campaign. In 1753 the couple had a daughter, Charlotte. Charles's inability to cope with the collapse of the cause led to his heavy drinking and mother and daughter left Charles with James' connivance. Charlotte went on to have three illegitimate children with Ferdinand, an ecclesiastical member of the de Rohan family.
After his defeat, Charles indicated to the remaining supporters of the Jacobite cause in England that, accepting the impossibility of his recovering the English and Scots crowns while he remained a Roman Catholic, he was willing to commit himself to reigning as a Protestant[citation needed]. Accordingly he visited London incognito in 1750 and conformed to the Protestant faith by receiving Anglican communion at the Church of St Mary-le-Strand; a noted centre of Anglican Jacobitism. On Charles's return to France he reverted to Catholic observance.
In 1766 Charles' father died. Until his death James had been recognised as King of England, Scotland, and Ireland by the Pope, as "James III and VIII". But Clement XIII decided not to give the same recognition to Charles.
In 1772 Charles married Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern. They lived first at Rome, but in 1774 moved to Florence where Charles first began to use the title "Count of Albany" as an alias. This title is frequently used for him in European publications; his wife Louise is almost always called "Countess of Albany". In 1780 Louise left Charles. Her claim that Charles had physically abused her is probably accurate, as she had also previously started an adulterous relationship with the Italian poet, Count Vittorio Alfieri. The claims by two nineteenth century charlatans, Charles and John Allen alias John Sobieski Stuart and Charles Edward Stuart, that their father Thomas Allen was a legitimate son of Charles and Louise are without foundation.
In 1783 Charles signed an act of legitimation for his illegitimate daughter Charlotte, his child born in 1753 to Clementina Walkinshaw (later known as Countess von Alberstrof). Charles also gave Charlotte the title "Duchess of Albany" in the peerage of Scotland and the style "Her Royal Highness". But these honours did not give Charlotte any right to the succession to the throne. Charlotte lived with her father at Florence and Rome for the next five years.
Charles died in Rome on 31 January 1788. He was first buried in the Cathedral of Frascati, where his brother Henry Benedict Stuart was bishop. At Henry's death in 1807, Charles's remains were moved to the crypt of Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican where they were laid to rest next to those of his brother and father. When the body of Charles Stuart was transferred to the Saint Peter's Basilica, his "praecordia" were left in Frascati Cathedral: a small urn encloses the heart of Charles, placed beneath the floor below the funerary monument.
Disarming Act 1746
SCOTLAND
This Act received the Royal Assent on August 12, 1746. Its administration was entrusted to Lieut-General Humphry Bland, Commander of the Forces in North Britain. His execution of this duty is the subject of an interesting paper by Mr A. I-I. Millar in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, March 9, 1896. In 1747 the Heritable Jurisdictions Act was passed, which broke up the feudal power of the great landowners. Some amazing instances of feudal tyranny in the Highlands in the first half of the eighteenth century are noted in Captain Burt’s Letters from the North of Scotland, vol. ii., p. 246 et seq. (Ed. 1876.)
An Act for the more effectual disarming the Highlands in Scotland and for more effectually securing the Peace of the said Highlands; and for restraining the Use of the Highland Dress, and for further indemnifying such Persons as have ac/ed in defence of his Majesty’s Person and Government, during the unnatural Rebellion; and for indemnifying the Judges and other Officers of the Court of Justiciary in Scotland, for not performing the Northern Circuit in May, One thousand seven hundred and forty six; and for obliging the Masters and Teachers of Private Schools in Scotland, and Chaplains, Tutors and Governors of Children or Youth, to take the Oaths to His Majesty, His Heirs, or Successors, and to register the same.
WHEREAS by an Act made in the First Year of the Reign of His late Majesty King George the First, of Glorious Memory, intituled, An Act for the more effectual securing the Peace of the Highlands in Scotland, it was enacted, That from and after the First Day of November, which was in the Year of our Lord One thousand seven hundred and sixteen, it should not be lawful for any Person or Persons (except such Persons as are therein mentioned and described) within the Shire of Dunbartain, on the North Side of the Water of Leven, Stirling on the North Side of the River of Forth, Perth, Kincardin, Aberdeen, Inverness, Nairn, Cromarty, Argyle, Forfar, Bamff, Sutherland, Caithness, Elgine, and Ross, to have in his or their Custody, Use, or Bear, Broad Sword or Target, Poignard, Whinger, or Durk, Side Pistol, Gun, or other warlike Weapon, otherwise than in the said Act was directed, under certain Penalties appointed by the said Act; which Act having by Experience been found not sufficient to attain the Ends therein proposed, was further enforced by an Act made in the Eleventh Year of the Reign of his late Majesty, intituled, An Act for more effectual disarming the Highlands in that Part of Great Britain called Scotland; and for the better securing the Peace and Quiet of that Part of the Kingdom: And whereas the said Act of the Eleventh Year of His late Majesty being, so far as it related to the disarming the Highlands, to continue in Force only during the Term of Seven Years, and from thence to the End of the next Session of Parliament, is now expired: And whereas many Persons within the said Bounds and Shires still continue possessed of great Quantities of Arms, and there, with a great Number of such Persons, have lately raised and carried on a most audacious and wicked Rebellion against His Majesty, in favour of a Popish Pretender, and in Prosecution thereof did, in a traiterous and hostile Manner, march into the Southern Parts of this Kingdom, took Possession of Several Towns, raised Contributions upon the Country, and committed many other Disorders, to the Terror and great Loss of His Majesty’s faithful Subjects, until, by the Blessing of God on His Majesty’s Arms, they were subdued Now, for preventing Rebellion, and traiterous Attempts in Time to come, and the other Mischiefs arising from the Possession or Use of Arms, by lawless, wicked, and disaffected Persons inhabiting within the said several Shires and Bounds; be it enacted by the King’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, That from and after the First Day of August, One thousand seven hundred and forty six, it shall be lawful for the respective Lords Lieutenants of the several Shires above recited, and for such other Person or Persons as His Majesty, His Heirs, or Successors shall, by His or Their Sign Manual, from time to time, think fit, to authorise and appoint in that Behalf, to issue or cause to be issued out, Letters of Summons in His Majesty’s Name, and under his or their respective Hands and Seals, directed to such Persons within the said several Shires and Bounds, as he or they, from time to time, shall think fit, thereby commanding and requiring all and every Person and Persons therein named, or inhabiting within the particular Limits therein described, to bring in and deliver up, at a certain Day, in such Summons to be prefixed, and at a certain Place therein to be mentioned, all and singular his and their Arms and warlike Weapons, unto such Lord Lieutenant, or other Person or Persons appointed by His Majesty, His Heirs, or Successors, in that Behalf, as aforesaid, for the Use of His Majesty, His Heirs, or Successors, and to be disposed of in such Manner as His Majesty, His Heirs, or Successors shall appoint ; and if any Person or Persons, in such Summons mentioned by Name, or inhabiting within the Limits therein described, shall, by the Oaths of One or more credible Witness or Witnesses, be convicted of having or bearing any Arms, or warlike Weapons, after the Day prefixed in such Summons, before any One or more of His Majesty’s Justices of the Peace for the Shire or Stewartry where such Offender or Offenders shall reside, or be apprehended, or before the Judge Ordinary, or such other Person or Persons as His Majesty, His Heirs, or Successors shall appoint, in Manner herein after directed, every such Person or Persons so convicted shall forfeit the Sum of Fifteen Pounds Sterling, and shall be committed to Prison until payment of the said Sum; and if any Person or Persons, convicted as aforesaid, shall refuse or neglect to make Payment of the foresaid Sum of Fifteen Pounds Sterling, within the Space of One Calendar Month from the Date of such Conviction, it shall and may be lawful to any one or more of His Majesty’s Justices of the Peace, or to the Judge Ordinary of the Place where such Offender or Offenders is or are imprisoned, in case he or they shall judge such Offender or Offenders fit to serve His Majesty as a Soldier or Soldiers, to cause him or them to be delivered over (as they are hereby impowered and required to do) to such Officer or Officers belonging to the Forces, of His Majesty, His Heirs, or Successors, who shall be appointed from time to time to receive such Men, to serve as Soldiers in any of his Majesty’s Forces in America ; for which Purpose the respective Officers, who shall receive such Men, shall then cause the Articles of War against Mutiny and Desertion to be read to him or them in the Presence of such Justices of the Peace, or Judge Ordinary, who shall so deliver over such Men, who shall cause an Entry or Memorial thereof to be made, together with the Names of the Persons so delivered over, with a Certificate thereof in Writing, under his or their Hands, to be delivered to the Officers appointed to receive such Men; and from and after reading of the said Articles of War, every Person so delivered over to such Officer, to serve as a Soldier as aforesaid, shall be deemed a listed Soldier to all Intents and Purposes, and shall be subject to the Discipline of War ; and in case of Desertion, shall be punished as a Deserter; and in case such Offender or Offenders shall not be judged fit to serve his Majesty as aforesaid, then he or they shall be imprisoned for the space of Six Calendar Months, and also until he or they shall give sufficient Security for his or their good Behaviour for the Space of Two Years from the giving thereof.
II. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That all Persons summoned to deliver up their Arms as aforesaid, who shall, from and after the Time in such Summons prefixed, hide or conceal any Arms, or other warlike Weapons, in any Dwelling-house, Barn, Out-house, Office, or any other House, or in the Fields, or any other Place whatsoever ; and all Persons who shall be accessary or privy to the hiding or concealing of such Arms, and shall be thereof convicted by the Oaths of One or more credible Witness or Witnesses, before any One or more of His Majesty’s Justices of the Peace, Judge Ordinary, or other Person or Persons authorized by His Majesty in Manner above mentioned shall be liable to be fined by the said Justices of the Peace, Judge Ordinary, or other Person authorised by His Majesty, before whom he or they shall be convicted according to their Discretion, in any Sum not exceeding One hundred Pounds Sterling, nor under the Sum of fifteen Pounds Sterling, of lawful Money of Great Britain, and shall be committed to Prison until Payment; and if the Person so convicted, being a Man, shall refuse or neglect to pay the Fine so imposed, within the Space of One Calendar Month from the Date of the said Conviction, he shall, in case he be judged by any One or more Justice or Justices of the Peace, or the Judge Ordinary of the Place where such Offender is imprisoned, fit to serve His Majesty as a Soldier, be delivered over to serve as a Soldier in His Majesty’s Forces in America, in the Manner before directed, with respect to Persons convicted of having or bearing of Arms; and in case such Offender shall not be judged fit to serve His Majesty as aforesaid, then he shall be imprisoned for the ~Space of Six Calendar Months, and also until he shall give sufficient Security for his good Behaviour, for the Space of Two Years from the giving thereof;• and if the Person convicted shall be a Woman, she shall, over and above the foresaid Fine, and Imprisonment till payment, suffer Imprisonment for the Space of Six Calendar Months, within the To/boot/i of the Head Burgh of the Shire or Stewartry within which she is convicted.
III. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That if, after the Day appointed by any Summons for the delivering up of Arms in pursuance of this Act, any Arms or warlike Weapons, shall be found hidden or concealed in any Dwelling-house, Barn, Out-house, Office, or any other House whatsoever, being the Residence or Habitation of or belonging to any of the Persons summoned to deliver up Arms as aforesaid, the Tenant or Possessor of such I )welling-house, or. of the Dwelling-house to which such Barn, Office, or Out-house belongs, being thereof convicted in Manner above mentioned, shall be deemed and taken to be the Haver and Concealer of such Arms, and being thereof convicted in Manner above mentioned, shall suffer the Penalties hereby above enacted against Concealers of Arms, unless such Tenant or Possessor, in whose House, Barn, Out-house, Office, or other House by them possessed, such Arms shall be found concealed, do give Evidence, by his or her making Oath, or otherwise to the Satisfaction of the said Justices of the Peace, Judge Ordinary, or other Person authorized by His Majesty, before whom he or she shall be tried, that such Arms were so concealed and hid without his or her Knowledge, Privity, or Connivance.
IV. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That if any Person who shall have been convicted of any of the above Offences, of bearing, hiding, or concealing Arms, contrary to the Provisions in this Act, shall thereafter presume to commit the like Offence a second Time, that he or she being thereof convicted before any Court of Justiciary, or at the Circuit Courts, shall be liable to be transported to any of His Majesty’s Plantations beyond the Seas, there to remain for the Space of Seven Years.
V. And for the more effectual Execution of this present Act, be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That it shall be lawful to His Majesty, His Heirs, or Successors, by His or Their Sign Manual, from time to time, to authorize and appoint such Persons as he or they shall think proper, to execute all the Powers and Authorities by this Act given to One or more Justice or Justices of the Peace, or to the Judge Ordinary, within their respective Jurisdictions, as to the apprehending, trying, and convicting such Person or Persons who shall be summoned to deliver up their Arms, in pursuance of this Act.
VI. And to the end that every Person or Persons named or concerned in such Summons, may have due Notice thereof, and to prevent all Questions concerning the Legality of such Notice, it is hereby further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That such Summons, notwithstanding the Generality thereof, be deemed sufficient, if it express the Person or Persons that are commanded to deliver up their Weapons, or the Parishes, or the Lands, Limits, and Boundings of the respective Territories and Places, whereof the Inhabitants are to be disarmed as aforesaid; and that it shall be a sufficient and legal Execution or Notice of the said Summons, if it is affixed on the Door of the Parish Church or Parish Churches of the several Parishes within which the Lands (the Inhabitants whereof are to be disarmed) do lie on any Sunday, between the Hours of Ten in the Forenoon, and Two in the Afternoon, Four Days at least before the Day prefixed for the delivering up of the Arms, and on the Market Cross of the Head Burgh of the Shire or Stewartry within which the said Lands lie, Eight Days before the Day appointed for the said Delivery of the Arms; and in case the Person or Persons employed to affix the said Summons on the Doors of the several Parish Churches, or any of them, shall be interrupted, prevented, or forcibly hindered, from affixing the said Summons on the Doors of the said Churches, or any of them, upon Oath thereof made before any of His Majesty’s Justices of the Peace, the Summons affixed on the Market Cross of the said Head Burgh of the Shire or Stewartry as aforesaid, shall be deemed and taken to be a sufficient Notice to all the Persons commanded thereby to deliver up their Arms, within the true Intent and Meaning, and for the Purposes of this Act.
VII. And to the end that there may lie sufficient Evidence of the Execution, or Notice given of the Summons for disarming the several Persons and Districts, as aforesaid, be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That upon the elapsing of the said several Days to be prefixed for the delivering up Arms, the Person or Persons employed to fix the Summons, as above mentioned, on the Market Cross of the Head Burghs of any Shire or Stewartry, shall, before any One of His Majesty’s Justices of the Peace, for the said Shire or Stewartry, make Oath, that he or they did truly execute and give Notice of the same by affixing it as aforesaid; and the Person or Persons employed to affix the said Summons on the Doors of the Parish Church or Parish Churches, shall make Oath in the same Manner, and to the same Effect, or otherwise shall swear that he or they were interrupted, prevented, or forcibly hindered from affixing the said Summons as aforesaid; which Oaths, together with Copies or Duplicates of the Summons, to which they severally relate, shall be delivered to the Sheriff or Steward Clerk of the several Shires or Stewartries, within which the Persons intended to be disarmed do live or reside, who shall enter the same in Books, which he and they is and are hereby required to keep for that Purpose; and the said Books in which the Entries are so made, or Extracts out of the same, under the Hand of the Sheriff or Steward Clerk, shall be deemed and taken to be full and complete Evidence of the Execution of the Summons, in order to the Conviction of the Persons who shall neglect or refuse to comply with the same.
VIII. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That if any such Sheriff or Steward Clerk neglect or refuse to make such Entry as is above mentioned, or shall refuse to exhibit the Books containing such Entries, or to give Extracts of the same, being thereto required by any Person or Persons who shall carry on any Prosecutions, in pursuance of this Act, the Clerk so neglecting or refusing shall forfeit his Office, and shall likewise be fined in the Sum of’ Fifty Pounds Sterling; to be recovered upon a summary Complaint before the Court of Session, for the Use of His Majesty, His Heirs, or Successors.
IX. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That it shall and may be lawful to and for the Lord Lieutenant of any of the Shires aforesaid, or the Person or Persons authorized by His Majesty, His Heirs, or Successors, as aforesaid, to summon the Person or Persons aforesaid to deliver up his or their Arms, in manner above mentioned, or to and for any One Justice of the Peace of the respective Shires above mentioned, or to the Judge Ordinary within their respective Jurisdictions, or to such Person or Persons as shall be authorized by His Majesty, His Heirs, or Successors, for trying Offences against this Act, to authorize and appoint such Person or Persons as they shall think fit, to apprehend all such Person or Persons as may be found within the Limits foresaid, having or wearing any Arms, or warlike Weapons, contrary to Law, and forthwith to carry him or them to some sure Prison, in order to their being proceeded against according to Law.
X. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That it shall and may be lawful to and for His Majesty, His Heirs, and Successors, by Warrant under His or Their Royal Sign Manual, and also to and for the Lord Lieutenant of any of the Shires aforesaid, or the Person or Persons authorized by His Majesty, to summon the Person or Persons aforesaid to deliver up their Arms, or any One or more Justices of the Peace, by Warrant under his or their Hands, to authorize and appoint any Person or Persons to enter into any House or Houses, within the Limits aforesaid, either by Day or by Night, and there to search for and to seize all such Arms as shall be found contrary to the Direction of this Act.
XI. Provided, That if the above mentioned Search shall be made in the Night-Time, that is to say, between Sun setting and Sun rising, it shall be made in the Presence of a Constable, or of some Person particularly to be named for that Purpose in the Warrant for such Search; and if any Persons, to the Number of Five or more, shall at any time assemble together to obstruct the Execution of any Part of this Act, it shall and may be lawful to and for every Lord Lieutenant. Deputy Lieutenant, or Justice of the Peace where such Assembly shall be; and also to and for every Peace Officer within any such Shire, Stewartry, City, Burgh, or Place where such Assembly shall be; and likewise to and for all and every such other Person or Persons, as by His Majesty, His Heirs, or Successors, shall be authorized and appointed in that Behalf as aforesaid, to require the Aid and Assistance of the forces of His Majesty, His Heirs, or Successors, by applying to the Officer commanding the said Forces (who is hereby authorized, impowered, and commanded to give such Aid and Assistance accordingly) to suppress such unlawful Assembly, in order to the putting this Act in due Execution; and also to seize, apprehend, and disarm, and they are hereby required to seize, apprehend, and disarm such Persons so assembled together, and forthwith to carry the Persons so apprehended before One or more of His Majesty’s Justices of the Peace of the Shire or Place where such Persons shall be so apprehended, in order to their being proceeded against, for such their Offences, according to Law; and if the persons so unlawfully assembled, or any of them, or any other Person or Persons summoned to deliver up his or their Arms in pursuance of this Act, shall happen to be killed, maimed or wounded in the dispersing, seizing, and apprehending, or in the endeavouring to disperse, seize, or apprehend, by reason of their resisting the Persons endeavouring to disperse, seize, and apprehend them; then all and every such Lord Lieutenant, Deputy Lieutenant, Justice or Justices of the Peace, or any Peace Officer or Officers, and all and every Person or Persons, authorized and appointed by His Majesty, His Heirs, or Successors, in that Behalf, as aforesaid, and all Persons aiding and assisting to him, them, or any of them, shall be freed, discharged, and indemnified, as well against the King’s Majesty, His Heirs, and Successors, as against all and every other person and persons of, for, or concerning the killing, maiming, or wounding any such Person or Persons so unlawfully assembled, that shall be so killed, maimed, or wounded as aforesaid.
XII. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That if any Action, Civil or Criminal, shall be brought before any Court whatsoever, against any Person or Persons for what he or they shall lawfully do in pursuance or Execution of this Act, such Court shall allow the Defendant the Benefit of the Discharge and Indemnity above provided, and shall further decern the Pursuer to pay to the Defender the full and real Expences that he shall be put to by such Action or Prosecution.
XIII. Provided nevertheless, and be it enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That no Peers of this Realm, nor their Sons, nor any Members of Parliament, nor any Person or Persons, who, by the Act above recited of the First Year of His late Majesty, were allowed to have or carry Arms, shall by virtue of this Act be liable to be summoned to deliver up their Arms, or warlike Weapons ; nor shall this Act, or the above recited Act, be construed to extend to exclude or hinder any Person, whom his Majesty, His Heirs, or Successors, by Licence under His or Their Sign Manual, shall permit to wear Arms, or who shall be licenced to wear Arms, by any Writing or Writings under the Hand and Seal, or Hands and Seals of any Person or Persons authorized by His Majesty, His Heirs, or Successors, or give such Licence from keeping, bearing, or wearing such Arms, and warlike Weapons, as in such Licence or Licences shall for that Purpose be particularly specified.
XIV. And to the end that no Persons may be discouraged from delivering up their Arms, from the Apprehension of the Penalties and Forfeitures which they may have incurred, through their neglecting to comply with the Directions of the said Act of the First Year of His late Majesty’s Reign, be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That from and after the Time of affixing any such Summons as aforesaid, no Person or Persons residing within the Bounds therein mentioned, shall be sued or prosecuted for his or their having, or having had, bearing, or having borne Arms, at any Time before the several Days to be prefixed or limited by Summons as aforesaid, for the respective Persons and Districts to deliver up their Arms ; but if any Person or Persons shall refuse or neglect to deliver up their Arms in Obedience to such Summons as aforesaid, or shall afterwards be found in Arms, he and they shall be liable to the Penalties and Forfeitures of the Statute above recited, as well as to the Penalties of this present Act.
XV. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That One Moiety of the Penalties imposed by this Act with respect to which no other Provision is made, shall be to the Informer or Informers; and the Other Moiety shall be at the Disposal of the Justices of the Peace, Judge Ordinary, or other Person authorized by His Majesty as aforesaid, before whom such Conviction shall happen, provided the same be applied towards the Expence incurred in the Execution of this Act.
XVI. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That the above Provisions in this Act shall continue in Force for Seven Years, and from thence to the End of the next Session of Parliament, and no longer.
XVII. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, ‘I’hat from and after the First Day of August, One thousand seven hundred and forty seven, no Man or Boy, within that part of Great Britain called Scotland, other than such as shall be employed as Officers and Soldiers in His Majesty’s Forces, shall, on any Pretence whatsoever, wear or put on the Clothes commonly called Highland Clothes (that is to say) the Plaid, Philebeg, or little Kilt, Trowse, Shoulder Belts, or any Part whatsoever of what peculiarly belongs to the Highland Garb; and that no Tartan, or party-coloured Plaid or Stuff shall be used for Great Coats, or for Upper Coats; and if any such Person shall presume after the said First Day of August, to wear or put on the aforesaid Garments, or any Part of them, every such Person so offending, being convicted thereof by the Oath of One or more credible Witness or Witnesses before any Court of Justiciary, or any One or more Justices of the Peace for the Shire or Stewartry, or Judge Ordinary of the Place where such Offence shall be committed, shall suffer Imprisonment, without Bail, during the Space of Six Months, and no longer; and being convicted for a second Offence before a Court of Justiciary, or at the Circuits, shall be liable to be transported to any of His Majesty’s Plantations beyond the Seas, there to remain for the Space of Seven Years.
XVIII. And whereas by an Act made in this Session of Parliament, intituled, An Act to indemnify such Persons as have acted in Defence of His Majesty’s Person and Government, and for the Preservation of the publick Peace of this Kingdom during the Time of the present unnatural Rebellion, and Sheriffs and others who have suffered Escapes, occasioned thereby, from vexatious Suits and Prosecutions, it is enacted, That all personal Actions and Suits, Indictments, Informations, and all Molestations, Prosecutions, and Proceedings whatsoever, and Judgments thereupon, if any be, for or by reason of any Matter or Thing advised, commanded, appointed, or done during the Rebellion, until the Thirtieth Day of April, in the Year of our Lord One thousand seven hundred and forty six, in order to suppress the said unnatural Rebellion, or for the Preservation of the publick Peace, or for the Service of Safety to the Government, shall be discharged and made void: And whereas it is also reasonable, that Acts done for the publick Service, since the said Thirtieth Day of April, though not justifiable by the strict Forms of Law, should be justified by Act of Parliament; be it enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That all personal Actions and Suits, Indictments and Informations, which have been or shall be commenced or prosecuted, and all Molestations, Prosecutions, and Proceedings whatsoever, and Judgments thereupon, if any be, for or by reason of any Act, Matter, or Thing advised, commanded, appointed, or done before the Twenty fifth Day of July, in the Year of our Lord One thousand seven hundred and forty six, in order to suppress the said unnatural Rebellion, or for the Preservation of the publick Peace, or for the Safety or Service of the Government, shall be discharged and made void; and that every Person, by whom any such Act, Matter, of Thing shall have been so advised, commanded, appointed, or done for the Purposes aforesaid, or any of them, before the said Five and twentieth Day of July, shall be freed, acquitted, and indemnified, as well against the King’s Majesty, His Heirs, and Successors, as against all and every other Person and Persons ; and that if any Action or Suit hath been Or shall be commenced or prosecuted, within that Part of Great Britain called England, against any Person for any such Act, Matter, or Thing so advised, commanded, appointed, or done for the Purposes aforesaid, or any of them, before the said Twenty fifth Day of July, he or she may plead the General Issue, and give this Act and the special Matter in Evidence; and if the Plaintiff or Plaintiffs shall become nonsuit, or forbear further Prosecution, or suffer Discontinuance ; or if a Verdict pass against such Plaintiff or Plaintiffs, the Defendant or 1)efendants shall recover his, her, or their Double Costs, for which he, she, or they shall have the like Remedy, as in Cases where Costs by Law are given to Defendants; and if such Action or Suit hath been or shall be commenced or prosecuted in that Part of Great Britain called Scotland, the Court, before whom such Action or Suit hath been or shall be commenced or prosecuted, shall allow to the Defender the Benefit of the Discharge and Indemnity above provided, and shall further decern the Pursuer to pay to the Defender the full and real Expences that he or she shall be put to by such Action or Suit.
XIX. And whereas by an Act passed in the Sixth Year of Her late Majesty Queen Anne, intituled, An Act for rendering the Union of the Two Kingdoms more entire and complete; it is, among other Things, enacted, That Circuit Courts shall be holden in that Part of the United Kingdom called Scotland, in Manner, and at the Places mentioned in the said Act: And whereas by the late unnatural Rebellion, the Course of Justice in Scotland has been so interrupted, as rendered it impracticable to give up and transmit Presentments, in such due Time as Prosecutions might thereupon commence, before the Northern Circuit, to be holden in May this present Year, whereby there appeared a Necessity of superseding the said Circuit; be it therefore enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That the Judges of the Court of Justiciary, and all and every other Person and Persons therein concerned, are hereby indemnified for their not performing the said Circuit, as by the forecited Act they were obliged to do; any thing in the same Act, or in any other Law or Statute to the contrary notwithstanding.
XX. And whereas a Doubt hath arisen with respect to the Shire of Dunbartain, what Part thereof was intended to be disarmed by the First recited Act made in the First Year of His late Majesty King George, and intended to be carried into further ‘Execution by the present Act; be it enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That such Parts of the said Shire of Dunbartain as ly upon the East, West, and North Sides of Lochlomond, to the Northward of that Point where the Water of Leven runs from Lochlomond, are and were intended to be disarmed by the aforesaid Act and are comprehended and subject to the Directions of this Act.
XXI. And whereas it is of great Importance to prevent the rising Generation being educated in disaffected or rebellious Principles, and although sufficient Provision is already made by Law for the due Regulation of the Teachers in the Four Universities, and in the publick Schools authorized by Law in the Royal Burghs and Country Parishes in Scotland, it is further necessary, That all Persons who take upon them to officiate as Masters or Teachers in Private Schools, in that Part of Great Britain called Scotland, should give Evidence of their good Affection to His Majesty’s Person and Government; be it therefore enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That from and after the First Day of November, in the Year of our Lord One thousand seven hundred and forty six, it shall not be lawful for any Person in Scotland to keep a Private School for Teaching English, Latin, Greek, or any Pan of Literature, or to officiate as a Master or Teacher in such School, or any School for Literature, other than those in the Universities, or Established in the respective Royal Burghs by Publick Authority, or the Parochial Schools settled according to Law, or the Schools maintained by the Society in Scotland for propagating Christian Knowledge, or by the General Assemblies of the Church of Scotland, or Committees thereof, upon the Bounty granted by His Majesty, until the Situation and Description of such Private Schools be first entered and registered in a Book, which shall be provided and kept for that Purpose by the Clerks of the several Shires, Stewartries, and Burghs in Scotland, together with a Certificate from the proper Officer, of every such Master and Teacher having qualified himself, by taking the Oaths appointed by Law to be taken by Persons in Offices of publick Trust in Scotland; and every such Master and Teacher of a Private School shall be obliged, and is hereby required, as often as Prayers shall be said in such School, to pray, or cause to be prayed for, in express words, His Majesty, His Heirs, and Successors, by Name, and for all the Royal Family; and if any Person shall, from and after the said First Day of November, presume to enter upon, or exercise the Function or Office of a Master or Teacher of any such Private School as shall not have been registered in Manner herein directed, or without having first qualified himself, and caused the Certificate to be registered as above mentioned; or in case he shall neglect to pray for His Majesty by Name, and all the Royal Family, or to cause them to be prayed for as herein directed; or in case he shall resort to, or attend Divine Worship in any Episcopal Meeting-house not allowed by the Law, every Person so offending in any of the Premisses, being thereof lawfully convicted before any Two or more of the Justices of the Peace, or before any other Judge competent of the Place summarily, shall, for the first Offence, suffer Imprisonment for the Space of Six Months; and for the Second, or any subsequent Offence, being thereof lawfully convicted before the Court of Justiciary, or in any of the Circuit Courts, shall be adjudged to be transported, and accordingly shall be transported to some of his Majesty’s Plantations in America for Life; and in case any Person adjudged to be so transported shall return into, or be found in Great Britain, ‘then every such Person shall suffer Imprisonment for Life.
XXII. And be it further enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That if any Parent or Guardian shall put a Child or Children under his care to any Private School that shall not be registered according to the Directions of this Act, or whereof the principal Master or Teacher shall not have registered the Certificate of his having qualified himself as herein directed, every such Parent or Guardian so offending, and being thereof lawfully convicted before any Two or more Justices of Peace, or before any other Judge competent of the Place summarily, shall, for the First Offence be liable to suffer Imprisonment by the Space of Three Months; and for the Second, or any subsequent Offence, being thereof lawfully convicted before the Court of Justiciary, or in any of the Circuit Courts, shall suffer Imprisonment for the Space of Two Years from the Date of such Conviction.
XXIII. And whereas by an Act passed in the Parliament of Scotland, in the Year of our Lord One thousand six hundred and ninety three, all Chaplains in Families, and Governours and Teachers of Children and Youth, were obliged to take the Oaths of Allegiance and Assurance therein directed; and there may be some Doubt, whether by the Laws, as they stand at present, they are obliged to take the Oaths appointed to be taken by Persons in Offices of publick Trust in Scotland: Therefore be it enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That from and after the First Day of November, in the Year of our Lord One thousand seven hundred and forty six, no Person shall exercise the Employment, Function, or Service of a Chaplain, in any Family in that Part of Great Britain. called Scotland, or of a Governor, Tutor, or Teacher of any Child, Children, or Youth, residing in Scotland, or in Parts beyond the Seas, without first qualifying himself, by taking the Oaths, appointed by Law to be taken by Persons in Offices of publick Trust, and causing a Certificate of his having done so to be entered or registered in a Book to be kept for that Purpose by the Clerks of the Shires, Stewartries, or Burghs in Scotland, where such Persons shall reside; or in case of any such Governor, Tutor, or Teacher of any such Child, Children, or Youth, acting in Parts beyond the Seas, then in a Book to be kept for that Purpose by the Clerk of the Shire, Stewartry, or Burgh where the Parent or Guardian of such Child, Children, or Youth shall reside. And if any Person, from and after the said First Day of November, shall presume to exercise the Employment, Function, or Service of Chaplain, in any Family in Scotland, or of a Governor or Teacher of Children or Youth, as aforesaid, without having taken the said Oaths, and caused the Certificate of his having duly taken the same, to be registered, as is above directed; every Person so offending, being thereof lawfully convicted before any Two or more Justices of Peace, or before any other Judge Competent of the Place summarily, shall for the First Offence, suffer Imprisonment by the Space of Six Months; and for the Second, or any subsequent Offence, being thereof lawfully convicted before the Court of Justiciary, or in any of the Circuit Courts, shall be adjudged to be banished from Great Britain for the Space of Seven Years.
XXIV. Provided always, That it shall be lawful for every Chaplain, Schoolmaster, Governour, Tutor, or Teacher of Youth who is of the Communion of the Church of Scotland, instead of the Oath of Abjuration appointed by Law to be taken by Persons in Offices Civil or Military, to take the Oath directed to be taken by Preachers and Expectants in Divinity of the established Church of Scotland, by an Act passed in the Fifth Year of the Reign of King George, the First, intituled, An Act for making more effectual the Laws appointing the Oaths for Security of the Government to be taken by Ministers and Preachers in Churches and Meeting-houses in Scotland; and a Certificate of his having taken that Oath shall, to all Intents and Purposes, be as valid and effectual as the Certificate of his having taken the Oath of Abjuration above mentioned; and he shall be as much deemed to have qualified himself according to Law, as if he had taken the Abjuration appointed to be taken by Persons in Civil Offices.
XXV. And be it further enacted, That from and after the said First Day of November, no Person within Scotland shall keep or entertain any Person or Chaplain in any Family, or as Governor, Tutor, or Teacher of any Child, Children, or Youth, unless the certificate of such Person’s having taken the Oaths to His Majesty be duly registered in Manner above directed; and if any Person shall keep or entertain a Chaplain in his Family, or a Governor, Tutor, or Teacher of any Child, Children, or Youth under his Care, without the Certificate of such Chaplain, Governor, Tutor, or Teacher’s having respectively qualified himself, by taking the Oaths to His Majesty, being duly registered in Manner above mentioned, every such Person so offending, being thereof lawfully convicted before any Two or more of His Majesty’s Justices of Peace, or before any other Judge competent, shall, for the First Offence, suffer Imprisonment by the Space of Six Months; and for the Second, or any subsequent Offence, being thereof lawfully convicted before the Court of Justiciary, or in any of the Circuit Courts in Scotland, shall suffer Imprisonment by the Space of Two Years.
XXVI. And for the better preventing any Private Schools from being held or maintained, or any Chaplain in any Family, or any Governor, Tutor, or Teacher of any Children or Youth, from being employed or entertained contrary to the Directions of this Act, be it further enacted, That the Sheriffs of Shires, and Stewarts of Stewartries, and Magistrates of Burghs in Scotland, shall be obliged, and are hereby required, from time to time, to make diligent Enquiry within their respective Jurisdictions, concerning any Offences that shall be committed against this Act, and cause the same, being the First Offence, to be prosecuted before themselves; and in case of a Second, or subsequent Offence, to give Notice thereof, and of the Evidence for proving the same, to his Majesty’s Advocate for the Time being, who is hereby required to prosecute such Second or subsequent Offences before the Court of Justiciary, or at the Circuit Courts.
Ulster Plantation (James VI/I)
IRLAND
The Plantation of Ulster (Irish: Plandáil Uladh) was a planned process of colonisation which took place in the northern Irish province of Ulster during the early 17th century in the reign of James I of England.
English and Scottish Protestants were settled on land that had been confiscated from Catholic Irish landowners in the counties of Donegal, Coleraine1, Tyrone, Fermanagh, Armagh and Cavan, following the Flight of the Earls in 1607.
The Plantation of Ulster was the biggest and most successful of the Plantations of Ireland. Ulster was planted in this way to prevent further rebellion, having proved itself over the preceding century to be the most resistant of Ireland's provinces to English invasion.
Planning the plantation
Prior to its conquest in the Nine Years War of the 1590s, Ulster had been the most Gaelic part of Ireland, a province existing largely outside English control. An early attempt at plantation on the east coast of Ulster by Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex, in the 1570s had failed (See Plantations of Ireland).
The Nine Years War ended in 1603 with the surrender of the O’Neill and O’Donnell lords to the English crown, following an extremely costly series of campaigns by the English in which they had to counter significant Spanish aid to the Irish. But the situation following the peace was far more propitious for colonisation schemes, and much of the legal groundwork was laid by Sir John Davies, then attorney general of Ireland.
The terms of surrender granted to the rebels in 1603 were generous, with the principal condition that lands formerly contested by feudal right and brehon law be held under English law. However, when Hugh O'Neill and other rebel aristocrats left Ireland in the Flight of the Earls in 1607 to seek Spanish help for a new rebellion, Lord Deputy Arthur Chichester seized their lands and prepared to colonise the province in a fairly modest plantation. This would have included large grants of land to native Irish lords who had sided with the English during the war — for example Niall Garve O'Donnell. However, the plan was interrupted by the rebellion in 1608 of Cahir O’Doherty of Donegal, a former ally of the English. The rebellion was put way down by Wingfield, and after O'Doherty's death his lands at Inishowen were granted out by the state, and eventually escheated to the Crown. It was this episode that prompted Chichester to expand his plans in an effort to expropriate the legal titles of all native landowners in the province.
The Plantation of Ulster was sold to James I - king of England, Scotland and Ireland, as a joint British venture to pacify and civilise Ulster. So at least half of the settlers would be Scots. Six counties were involved in the official plantation — Donegal, Coleraine, Tyrone, Fermanagh and Armagh.
The plan for the plantation was determined by two factors. One was the wish to make sure the settlement could not be destroyed by rebellion as the first Munster Plantation had been. This meant that, rather than settling the Planters in isolated pockets of land confiscated from convicted rebels, all of the land would be confiscated and then redistributed to create concentrations of British settlers around new towns and garrisons. What was more, the new landowners were explicitly banned from taking Irish tenants and had to import them from England and Scotland. The remaining Irish landowners were to be granted one quarter of the land in Ulster and the ordinary Irish population was intended to be relocated to live near garrisons and Protestant churches. Moreover, the Planters were also barred from selling their lands to any Irishman. They would also have to build defences against a possible rebellion or invasion. The settlement was to be completed within three years. In this way, it was hoped that a defensible new community composed entirely of loyal British subjects would be created.
The second major influence on the Plantation was the negotiation between various interest groups on the British side. The principal landowners were to be Undertakers, wealthy men from England and Scotland who undertook to import tenants from their own estates. They were granted around 3000 acres (12 km²) each, on condition that they settle a minimum of 48 adult males (including at least 20 families) who had to be English-speaking and Protestant. However, veterans of the Nine Years War (known as Servitors) led by Arthur Chichester successfully lobbied to be rewarded with land grants of their own. Since these former officers did not have enough private capital to fund the colonisation, their involvement was subsidised by the twelve great guilds, and livery companies from the City of London were coerced into investing in the project. The City of London guilds were also granted land on the west bank of the River Foyle to build their own city (Londonderry, near the older Derry) and lands in County Londonderry. The final major recipient of lands was the Protestant Church of Ireland, which was granted all the churches and lands previously owned by the Roman Catholic church. It was intended that clerics from England and the Pale would convert the native population to Protestantism.
[edit] Plantation in operation
The plantation was a mixed success. At around the time the Plantation of Ulster was planned, the Virginia Plantation at Jamestown in 1607 started. The London guilds planning to fund the Plantation of Ulster switched and backed the London Virginia Company instead. Many British Protestant settlers went to Virginia or New England in the New World rather than Ulster. By the 1630s, there were 20,000 adult male British settlers in Ulster, which meant that the total settler population could have been as high as 80,000. They formed local majorities of the population in the Finn and Foyle valleys (around modern Derry and east Donegal), in north Armagh and in east Tyrone. Moreover, there had also been substantial settlement on officially unplanted lands in south Antrim and north Down, sponsored by the Scottish landowner James Hamilton. What was more, the settler population grew rapidly, as just under half of the planters were women — a very high ratio compared to contemporary Spanish settlement in Latin America or English settlement in Virginia and New England.
Other aspects of the original plan proved unrealistic, however. Because of political uncertainty in Ireland and the risk of attack by the dispossessed Irish, the undertakers had difficulty attracting settlers (especially from England). They were forced to keep Irish tenants, destroying the original plan of segregation between settlers and natives. As a result, the Irish population was neither removed nor Anglicised. In practice, the settlers did not stay on bad land, but clustered around towns and the best land. This meant that, contrary to the terms of the plantation, many British landowners had to take Irish tenants. In 1609, Chichester had 1300 former Irish soldiers deported from Ulster to serve in the Swedish Army, but the province remained plagued with Irish bandits, known as "wood-kerne", who attacked vulnerable settlers.
The attempted conversion of the Irish to Protestantism had mixed effect, if only because the clerics imported were usually all English speakers, whereas the native population were usually monoglot Irish Gaelic speakers. However, ministers chosen to serve in the plantation were required to take a course in the Irish language before ordination, and nearly 10% of those who took up their preferments spoke it fluently2. Of those Catholics who did convert to Protestantism, many made their choice for social and political reasons3.
[edit] Wars of the Three Kingdoms and Ulster Plantation
Further information: Wars of the Three Kingdoms
In the 1640s, the Ulster Plantation was thrown into turmoil by civil wars that raged in Ireland, England, and Scotland. The wars saw Irish rebellion against the planters, twelve years of bloody war, and ultimately the re-conquest of the province by the English parliamentary New Model Army that confirmed English and Protestant dominance in the province.
After 1630, Scottish migration to Ireland waned for a decade. In the 1630s many Scots went home after King Charles I of England forced the Prayer Book of the Church of England on the Church of Ireland, thus compelling the Presbyterian Scots to change their form of worship. 'The Black Oath' was imposed on the Scots in Ulster in 1638, binding them on no account to take up arms against the King. This occurred against the background of the Bishops Wars in Scotland — a Presbyterian uprising against King Charles I. The King subsequently had an army, largely composed of Irish Catholics, raised and sent to Ulster in preparation to invade Scotland. This prompted the English and Scottish Parliaments to threaten to invade Ireland and subdue the Catholics there. This in turn caused Gaelic Irish gentry in Ulster, led by Phelim O'Neill and Rory O'More, to plan a rebellion aimed at taking over the administration in Ireland to pre-empt an anti-Catholic invasion.
On October 23rd, 1641, the native Gaelic Irish Catholics broke out in armed rebellion — the Irish Rebellion of 1641. The natives mobilised in the rebellion turned on the Planter population, massacring about 4000 settlers and expelling about 12,000 more. The initial leader of the rebellion, Phelim O'Neill, had actually been a beneficiary of the Plantation land grants, but most of his supporters' families had been dispossessed and were undoubtedly motivated by the desire to recover their ancestral lands. Many Planter survivors rushed to the seaports and went back to Scotland or England. This massacre and the reprisals which followed permanently soured the relationship between Planter and native communities.
In the summer of 1642, ten thousand Scottish Covenanter soldiers, including some Highlanders, arrived to quell the Irish rebellion. In revenge for the massacres of Protestants, the Scots committed many atrocities against the Catholic population. However, civil war in England and Scotland (the Wars of the Three Kingdoms) broke out before the rebellion could be put down. The Scottish army fought in Ireland until 1650 in the Irish Confederate Wars, and were based in Carrickfergus. Many stayed on in Ireland afterwards with the permission of the Cromwellian authorities. In the northwest of Ulster, the Planters around Derry and east Donegal organised the Lagan Army in self defence. The Protestant forces fought an inconclusive war with the Ulster Catholics led by Owen Roe O'Neill. All sides committed atrocities against civilians in this war, exacerbating the population displacement begun by the Plantation. In addition to fighting the Irish Catholics, the settlers fought each other in 1648-49 over the issues of the English Civil War, the Scottish Presbyterian army siding with the King and the Lagan Army siding with the English Parliament. The New Model Army, along with some of the Ulster Protestants under Charles Coote, defeated both the Scottish forces in Ulster and the Irish Catholics in 1649-50.
As a result, the English Parliamentarians or Cromwellians (after Oliver Cromwell) were generally hostile to Scottish Presbyterians after they re-conquered Ireland from the Catholic Confederates in 1649-53. The main beneficiaries of the postwar Cromwellian Plantation in Ulster were English Protestants like Sir Charles Coote, who had taken the Parliament's side over the King or the Scottish Covenanters in the Civil Wars. The Wars eliminated the last major Catholic landowners in Ulster.
[edit] Ulster Plantation and the Scottish border problem
Most of the Scottish planters came from southwest Scotland, but many also came from the unstable regions along the border with England, and it was thought that moving Borderers (see Border Reivers) to Ireland (particularly to County Fermanagh) would both solve the Border problem and tie down Ulster. This was of particular concern to James VI of Scotland when he became King of England, since he knew Scottish instability could jeopardise his chances of ruling both kingdoms effectively.
Another wave of Scottish immigration to Ireland took place in the 1690s, when tens of thousands of Scots fled a famine in the borders region of Scotland to come to Ulster. It was at this point that Scottish Presbyterians became the majority community in the province. These planters are often referred to as Ulster-Scots.
Despite the fact that Scottish Presbyterians strongly supported the Williamites in the Williamite war in Ireland in the 1690s, they were excluded from power in the postwar settlement by the Anglican Protestant Ascendancy.
As a result, the descendants of the Presbyterian planters played a major part in the 1798 rebellion against British rule. Not all of the Scottish planters were Lowlanders, however, and there is also evidence of Scots from the southwest Highlands settling in Ulster. Many of these would have been Gaelic speakers like the Irish, continuing a centuries-old exchange.
[edit] Legacy
Further information: The Troubles
Even four hundred years later, the Plantation of Ulster remains a controversial topic in Ireland, because it relates directly to The Troubles in Northern Ireland. The present-day partition of Ireland into the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland is largely as a result of the settlement patterns of the Plantations of the 17th century. The descendants of the British Protestant settlers largely favoured a continued link with Britain, whereas the descendants of the native Irish Catholics mostly wanted Irish independence. By 1922, Unionists were in the majority in four of the nine counties of Ulster, although only two of these counties were involved in the Ulster Plantation — the other two were the previous settlements in Antrim and Down. Consequently, following the Anglo-Irish settlement of 1921, these four counties — and two others in which they formed a sizeable minority — remained in the United Kingdom to form Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is the only part of Ireland that is still part of the United Kingdom. Irish nationalists, most of whom are Catholic, identify with the native Irish who were displaced in the Plantation, while Unionists, most of whom are Protestant, identify with the planters. People with Gaelic Irish surnames are still usually Catholic, and those with Scots Gaelic or English surnames usually Protestant. Intermarriage has occurred across the sectarian divide: many Roman Catholics in Northern Ireland are actually descended from the Planters (for example, Gerry Adams, John Hume), and many Protestants from native Irish families (for example, Terence O'Neill, Ronnie Flanagan), as evidenced by their surnames — although of course the surname only denotes one paternal ancestor.
Battle of the Boyne, 1690
IRELAND
The Battle of the Boyne (Irish: Cath na Bóinne) was a turning point in the Williamite claim on the English throne.
The deposed King James VII of Scotland and James II of England and Ireland and his Jacobite supporters were defeated by James' nephew and son-in-law, William III and his supporters. By the invitation of Parliament, William had deposed James in 1688. Both kings acted as commander of their respective armies.
The battle took place on July 1, 1690 (OS) just outside the town of Drogheda on Ireland's east coast. Each army stood on opposing sides of the River Boyne. William's forces easily defeated those of James who led an army of mostly raw recruits. The symbolic importance of this battle has made it one of the best-known battles in British and Irish history and a key part in Irish Protestant folklore. It is still commemorated today, principally by the Orange Institution. As a consequence of the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, the battle is now commemorated on July 12 each year.
Contents
* 5 Commemoration of the battle
o 5.1 "The Twelfth" in Ireland today
o 5.2 The battlefield today
* 6 See also
* 8 External links
[edit] A sectarian battle?
The battle of the Boyne was the decisive encounter in a war that was primarily about James' attempt to regain the thrones of England and Scotland and was the result of Parliament's move to put William on the throne, but is especially widely remembered as a crucial moment in the struggle between Irish Protestant and Catholic interests. However, recent analyses have played down the religious aspect of the conflict. In fact, both armies were religiously mixed; William of Orange's own elite force — the Dutch Blue Guards — had the papal banner with them on that day, many of them being Dutch Catholics. They were part of the League of Augsburg, a cross-Christian alliance designed to stop a French conquest of Europe, supported by the Vatican. The war in Ireland was also the beginning of a long-running but ultimately unsuccessful campaign by James' Jacobite supporters to restore the Stuarts to the British thrones. While most Jacobites in Ireland were indeed Catholics hoping to have their seized lands given back to them, many English and Scottish Jacobites were Protestants and were motivated by loyalty to the principle of monarchy (considering James to have been illegally deposed in a coup) or to the Stuart dynasty in particular, rather than by religion. A handful of British Jacobites fought with James at the Boyne. In addition, some of the French regiments fighting with the Jacobites were composed of German Protestants. In a European context, therefore, the battle was not a religiously motivated one, but part of a complicated political, dynastic and strategic conflict.
In an Irish context, however, the war was a sectarian and ethnic conflict, in many ways a re-run of the Irish Confederate Wars of 50 years earlier. For the Jacobites, the war was fought for Irish sovereignty, religious toleration for Catholicism, and land ownership. The Catholic upper classes had lost almost all their lands after Cromwell's conquest, as well as the right to hold public office, practice their religion, and sit in the Irish Parliament. They saw the Catholic King James as a means of redressing these grievances and securing the autonomy of Ireland from the English Parliament. To these ends, under Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, they had raised an army to restore James to his throne after the Glorious Revolution. By 1690, they controlled all of Ireland except for the province of Ulster. Most of James II's troops at the Boyne were Irish Catholics.
Conversely, for the Williamites, the war was about maintaining Protestant and British rule in Ireland. They feared for both their lives and their property if James and his Catholic supporters were to rule Ireland. In particular, they dreaded a repeat of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, which had been marked by widespread massacres of Protestants. For these reasons, Irish Protestants fought en masse for William III. Many of the Williamite troops at the Boyne, including their very effective irregular cavalry, were Protestants from Ulster, who called themselves "Enniskilleners" and were referred to by contemporaries as "Scots-Irish".
[edit] The competing sides
James VII and II King of England, Scotland and Ireland
James VII and II
King of England, Scotland and Ireland
[edit] Commanders
The opposing armies in the battle were led by the Roman Catholic former King James II of England, Scotland and Ireland and opposing him, his nephew and son-in-law the Protestant William III ("William of Orange") who had deposed James from his English and Scottish thrones in the previous year. James's supporters still controlled much of Ireland and the Irish Parliament. James also enjoyed the support of the French king, Louis XIV, who did not want to see a hostile monarch, such as William, on the throne of England. To support James's restoration, Louis sent 6,000 French troops to Ireland to support the Irish Jacobites. William was already Stadtholder of the Netherlands and was able to call on Dutch and allied troops from continental Europe as well as from Great Britain.
James was a seasoned general who had proven his bravery when fighting for his brother — King Charles II — in Europe, notably at the Battle of the Dunes in 1658. However, recent historians have noted that he was prone to panicking under pressure and to making rash decisions. William was also a seasoned commander and able general, but had yet to win a full battle. Many of his battles ended in bloody stalemates, prompting at least one modern historian to argue that William lacked an ability to manage armies in the thick of conflict. William's success against the French had been reliant upon tactical maneuvers and good diplomacy rather than force. His diplomacy had assembled the League of Augsburg — a multi-national coalition formed to resist French aggression in Europe. From William's point of view, his takeover of power in England and the ensuing campaign in Ireland was just another front in the war against King Louis XIV of France.
James II's subordinate commanders were Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, who was the Lord Deputy of Ireland and James's most powerful supporter in that country; and the French general Lauzun. William's second in command was the Duke of Schomberg, a 75-year-old professional soldier. Born in Heidelberg, Germany, Schomberg had formerly been a Marshal of France, but, being a Huguenot, was compelled to leave his adopted country in 1685 because of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
[edit] Armies
The Williamite army at the Boyne was about 36,000 strong, composed of troops from many countries. Around 20,000 had been in Ireland since 1689, commanded by Schomberg. William himself arrived with 16,000 more in June 1690. William's troops were generally far better trained and equipped than James's. The best Williamite infantry were from Denmark and the Netherlands, professional soldiers equipped with the latest flintlock muskets. There was also a large contingent of French Huguenot troops fighting with the Williamites. William did not have a high opinion of his British troops, with the exception of the Ulster Protestant irregulars who had held Ulster in the previous year. The English and Scottish troops were felt to be politically unreliable, since James had been their legitimate monarch up to a year before. Moreover, they had only been raised recently and had seen little battle action. The Jacobites were 23,500 strong. James had several regiments of French troops, but most of his manpower was provided by Irish Catholics. The Jacobites' Irish cavalry, who were recruited from among the dispossessed Irish gentry, proved themselves to be high calibre troops during the course of the battle. However, the Irish infantry, predominantly peasants who had been pressed into service, were not trained soldiers. They had been hastily trained, poorly equipped, and only a minority of them had functional muskets. In fact, some of them carried only farm implements such as scythes at the Boyne. On top of that, the Jacobite infantry who actually had firearms were all equipped with the obsolete matchlock musket.
[edit] The battle
William had landed in Carrickfergus in Ulster on June 14, 1690 and marched south to take Dublin.It has been argued that the Jacobites should have tried to block this advance in rugged country around Newry, on the present day Irish Republic/Northern Ireland border. However, James only fought a delaying action there and chose instead to place his line of defence on the River Boyne, around 30 miles from Dublin. The Williamites reached the Boyne on 29 June. The day before the battle, William himself had a narrow escape when he was wounded by Jacobite artillery while surveying the fords over which his troops would cross the Boyne.
The battle itself was fought on July 1 for control of a ford on the Boyne at Oldbridge, near Drogheda. William sent about a quarter of his men to cross at a place called Roughgrange, near Slane, about 6 miles from Oldbridge. The Duke of Schomberg's son Meinhardt led this crossing, which Irish dragoons in picquet under Neill O'Neill unsuccessfully opposed. James panicked when he saw that he might be outflanked and sent half his troops, along with most of his cannon, to counter this move. What neither side had realised was that there was a deep ravine at Roughgrange, so that the forces there could not engage each other, but literally sat out the battle. The Williamites there went on a long detour march which, late in the day, almost saw them cut off the Jacobite retreat at the village of Naul.
At the main ford at Oldbridge, William's infantry led by the elite Dutch Blue Guards forced their way across the river, using their superior firepower to slowly drive back the enemy foot-soldiers, but were pinned down when the Jacobite cavalry counter-attacked. Having secured the village of Oldbridge, some Williamite infantry held off successive cavalry attacks with disciplined volley fire while others were driven into the river. William's second-in-command, the Duke of Schomberg and George Walker were killed in this phase of the battle. The Williamites were not able to resume their advance until their own horsemen managed to cross the river and, after being badly mauled, held off the Jacobite cavalry, who retired and regrouped at Donore, where they once again put up stiff resistance before retiring.
The Jacobites retired in good order. William had a chance to trap them as they retreated across the River Nanny at Duleek, but his troops were held up by a successful rear-guard action.
The casualty figures of the battle were quite low for a battle of such a scale — of the 50,000 or so participants, about 2,000 died, three-quarters of whom were Jacobites. The reason for the low death toll was that in contemporary warfare, most of the casualties tended to be inflicted in the pursuit of an already-beaten enemy. This did not happen at the Boyne, as the counter-attacks of the Jacobite cavalry screened the retreat of the rest of their army. The Jacobites were badly demoralised by their defeat, however, and many of the Irish infantrymen deserted. The Williamites triumphantly marched into Dublin two days after the battle. The Jacobite army abandoned the city and marched to Limerick, behind the River Shannon, where they were besieged.
After his defeat, James did not stay in Dublin, but rode with a small escort to Duncannon and returned to exile in France, even though his army left the field relatively unscathed. James's loss of nerve and speedy exit from the battlefield enraged his Irish supporters, who fought on until the Treaty of Limerick in 1691. In Irish folk memory, James was derisively nick-named Seamus a' chaca — a title that translates literally to "Shitty James" or "James the shit."
[edit] Aftermath
The battle was overshadowed in its time in Great Britain by the defeat by the French of an Anglo-Dutch fleet two days later at the Battle of Beachy Head, a far more serious event in the short term; only on the continent was the Boyne treated as a major victory. Its importance lay in the fact that it was the first proper victory for the League of Augsburg, the first-ever alliance between Catholic and Protestant countries, and in achieving it William of Orange and Pope Alexander VIII (the League's prime movers) counteracted the myth, which emanated particularly from Sweden, that such an alliance was blasphemous. Thus the victory motivated more nations to join the alliance and in effect ended the very real danger of a French conquest of Europe.
The Boyne was not without strategic significance for both Great Britain and Ireland, however. It marked the end of James's hope of regaining his throne by military means and virtually assured the triumph of the Glorious Revolution. In Scotland, news of this defeat moved the Highlanders to gradually abandon the Jacobite Rising which Bonnie Dundee had led. In Ireland, the Boyne was the beginning of the Williamite victory over the Jacobites by which British and Protestant dominance over the country was maintained. For this reason, the Boyne is still celebrated by the Protestant Orange Order on the Twelfth of July.
[edit] Commemoration of the battle
Originally, Irish Protestants commemorated the Battle of Aughrim on the 12 July, as symbolising their victory in the Williamite war in Ireland. At Aughrim, which took place a year after the Boyne, virtually all of the Irish Catholic and old English aristocracies (dispossessed of lands to accommodate the plantations under Elizabeth I and Oliver Cromwell) were wiped out. The Boyne, which in the old Julian calendar, took place on 1 July, was treated as less important, third in commemorative value after Aughrim and the anniversary of the Irish Rebellion of 1641 on 23 October. What was celebrated on "The Twelfth" was not William's "victory over Popery at the Battle of the Boyne", but the extermination of the elite of the Catholic Irish at Aughrim, thereby ending the fear of having to surrender the planted lands.
In 1752, the Gregorian calendar was adopted in Ireland, which placed the Boyne on the 12th of July instead of Aughrim. However, even after this date, "The Twelfth" still commemorated Aughrim. But after the Orange Order was founded in 1795 amid sectarian violence in Armagh, the focus of parades on July 12 switched to the Battle of the Boyne. Usually the dates before the introduction of the calendar on 14 September 1752 are mapped in English language histories directly onto the Julian dates without shifting them by 11 days.[1] Being suspicious of anything with Papist connotations, however, rather than shift the anniversary of the Boyne to the new 1 July or celebrate the new anniversary of Aughrim, the Orangemen continued to march on the 12 July which, in New Style dates marked the battle of the Boyne. Despite this, there are also smaller parades and demonstrations on 1 July, the date which maps the old style date of the Boyne to the new style in the usual manner and which also commemorate the massacre of the 36th (Ulster) Division on the first day of the Battle of the Somme in July, 1916.
It has also been suggested that the Boyne was preferred to Aughrim because the Jacobites' rout there allowed the Irish Catholics to be presented as contemptible cowards, whereas at Aughrim they fought bravely and died in great numbers. In the context of a resurgent Irish nationalism from the 1790s onwards, it is argued that the narrative of the Boyne was more comforting for Loyalists in Ireland. The commemoration of the Battle of the Boyne therefore has more to do with the politics of the Unionist community than it has to do with the military significance of the battle itself.
The memory of the battle also has resonance among Irish Nationalists. Most Irish people see the battle as a major step on the road to the complete British colonisation of Ireland. In 1923, IRA members blew up a large monument to the battle on the battlefield site on the Boyne and later destroyed a statue of William III in 1929 that stood outside Trinity College, Dublin in the centre of the Irish capital.
[edit] "The Twelfth" in Ireland today
Main article: The Twelfth
The Battle of the Boyne remains a controversial topic today, especially in Northern Ireland, where Protestants remember it as the great victory over Catholics that resulted in the sovereignty of Parliament and the Protestant monarchy.
In recent years, "The Twelfth" has often been marked by confrontations, as members of the Orange Order attempt to celebrate the date by marching past or through what they see as their traditional route. Some of these areas, however, now have a Nationalist majority who object to marches passing through their areas. This change is mainly due to natural population migrations, whereby rural Irish Catholics have moved to major cities to be closer to potential employers.
Each side thus dresses up the disputes in terms of the other's alleged attempts to repress them; Catholics still see Orange Order marches as provocative attempts to show who is boss, while Protestants insist that they have a right to "walk the Queen's highway" and see any attempt to deny them the right to walk through traditional routes used for centuries as a move to marginalise them and restrict their freedom to celebrate their Protestant identity earned in the Glorious Revolution settlement. Since the start of The Troubles, the celebrations of the battle have been seen as playing a critical role in the awareness of those involved in the Unionist/Nationalist tensions in Northern Ireland.
[edit] The battlefield today
The site of the Battle of the Boyne sprawls over a wide area west of the town of Drogheda. At the eastern edge of Oldbridge, near the scene of the main Williamite crossing and the western edge of Drogheda town, a planning application for over 700 houses is due to be decided on by An Bord Pleanala in March 2008. The current Interpretive Centre dedicated to informing tourists and other visitors about the battle is about 1 mile to the west of the main crossing point. This facility is currently being redeveloped. The battle's other main combat areas (at Duleek, Donore and Plattin - along the Jacobite line of retreat) are marked with tourist information signs.
On 4 April 2007 in a sign of improving relations between Unionist and Nationalist groups, the newly-elected First Minister of Northern Ireland, the Reverend Ian Paisley, was invited to visit the battle site by the Taoiseach (Prime Minister) Bertie Ahern later in the year. Following the invitation, Paisley commented that "such a visit would help to demonstrate how far we have come when we can celebrate and learn from the past so the next generation more clearly understands." On 10 May the visit took place, where Paisley presented the Taoiseach with a Jacobite musket in return for Ahern's gift at the St Andrews talks of a walnut bowl made from a tree from the site. A new tree was also planted in the grounds of Oldbridge House by the two politicians to mark the occasion.[2]
Penal Laws
IRELAND
The Penal Laws were introduced into Ireland in the year 1695 (having been in use in other countries before this). They had a pronounced effect, disenfranchising the majority of the Irish population, who were Roman Catholic or Presbyterian and in favour of the minority established Church of Ireland. Though the laws also affected adherents of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland (who were concentrated in Ulster), their principal victims were members of the Roman Catholic Church, meaning over three quarters of the people on the island. The British had punished the faith of the overwhelming majority of the "mere Irish" (in contemporary English, 'mere' meant 'pure' or 'fully').
The laws were eventually repealed largely due to Irish political agitation organised under Daniel O'Connell in the 1820s, but effects of the laws in terms of sectarianism between Catholics and Protestants can still be seen, particularly in Northern Ireland, today.
Acts of Union 1800
IRELAND
The phrase Act of Union 1800 (or sometimes Act of Union 1801) (Irish: Acht an Aontais 1800) is used to describe two complementary Acts[1] whose official United Kingdom titles are the Union with Ireland Act 1800 (1800 c.67 39 and 40 Geo 3), an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain, and the Act of Union (Ireland) 1800 (1800 c.38 40 Geo 3), an Act of the Parliament of Ireland.
These two Acts merged the Kingdom of Ireland and the unified Kingdom of Great Britain, (being itself a merger of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland under the Act of Union 1707), to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It is important to note that although one act was passed on July 2, 1800 and the other at a later date, they were not made effective until 1 January 1801, which creates confusion as to the actual date of the merger. Prior to these Acts Ireland had been in personal union with England since 1541, when the Protestant Ascendancy dominating Irish Parliament passed the Crown of Ireland Act 1542, proclaiming King Henry VIII of England to be King of Ireland. Both Ireland and England had been in personal union with Scotland since the Union of the Crowns in 1603. Both Acts remain in force (with amendments) in the United Kingdom[2].
In 1707 England and Scotland were united, but Ireland, the third of the three "sister kingdoms" was left out. In July 1707, each House of the Parliament of Ireland passed a congratulatory address to Queen Anne, praying that "May God put it in your royal heart to add greater strength and lustre to your crown, by a still more comprehensive Union"[3]. The British government did not respond to the invitation and an equal union between Great Britain and Ireland was out of consideration until the 1790's. When the union was finally passed in 1800, the British ministry led the way, accepting at last the need for it.
In the Republic of Ireland the Union With Ireland Act 1800 (i.e. the UK/British Act) was not finally repealed until the passing of that country's Statute Law Revision Act 1983.[4] The Act of Union (Ireland) 1800 was repealed in 1962.[5]
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* 6 External links
[edit] The Acts
Each Act had to be passed in the Parliament of Great Britain and the Parliament of Ireland. Contemporary laws excluded all non-Anglicans from membership of the Parliament of Ireland. Over 90% of the Irish population belonged to other faiths - most notably the majority religion Roman Catholicism - and were therefore banned until Catholic Emancipation in and around 1829. Furthermore, until the 1790s, Catholics had even been denied the requisite property rights to vote. So the Irish Parliament was the central institution in what had become known by the 1780s as the Protestant Ascendancy. It was also responsible for a series of anti-Catholic discriminatory laws known as the Penal Laws. It had been given a large measure of independence by the Constitution of 1782, after centuries of being subordinated to the English (and later, British) Parliament. Thus, many members had guarded its autonomy jealously, including Henry Grattan, and had rejected a previous motion for Union in 1799. However, a concerted campaign by the British government overturned this reluctance.
From the perspective of Great Britain, the union was required because of the uncertainty that followed the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and the French Revolution of 1789, which inspired the rebels; if Ireland adopted Catholic Emancipation, willingly or not, a Roman Catholic parliament could break away from Britain and ally with the French, while the same measure within a united kingdom would exclude that possibility. Also the Irish and British parliaments, when creating a regency during King George III's "madness", gave the Prince Regent different powers. These considerations led Great Britain to decide to merge the two kingdoms and their parliaments.
The final passage of the Act in the Irish Parliament was achieved with substantial majorities, achieved in part according to contemporary documents through bribery, namely the awarding of peerages and honours to critics to get their votes.[6] Whereas the first attempt had been defeated in the Irish House of Commons by 109 votes against to 104 for, the second vote in 1800 produced a result of 158 to 115.[7]
The Acts ratified eight articles which had been previously agreed by the British and Irish Parliaments:
* Articles I–IV dealt with the political aspects of the Union which included Ireland having over 100 MPs representing it in the united parliament, meeting in the Palace of Westminster (more than would be proportionate according to population). Ireland gained 100 seats in the House of Commons and 32 seats in the House of Lords: 28 representative peers elected for life, and four clergymen of the (Anglican) Church of Ireland, chosen for each session.
* Article V created a united Protestant church, the United Church of England and Ireland, but confirmed the independence of the Church of Scotland.
* Article VI created a customs union, with the exception that customs duties on certain British and Irish goods passing between the two countries would remain for 10 years (a consequence of having trade depressed by the ongoing war with revolutionary France).
* Article VII stated that Ireland would have to contribute two-seventeenths towards the expenditure of the United Kingdom. The figure was a ratio of Irish to British foreign trade.
* Article VIII formalised the legal and judicial aspects of the Union.
Part of the attraction of the Union for many Irish Catholics was the promise of Catholic Emancipation, thereby allowing Roman Catholic MPs (which had not been allowed in the Irish Parliament). However this was blocked by King George III who argued that emancipating Roman Catholics would breach his Coronation Oath; it was delayed until 1829.
[edit] The Union Flag
The Union Flag.
The Union Flag.
The flag created as a consequence of the merger of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland in 1800 still remains the flag of the United Kingdom. Called the Union Flag (or "Union Jack" when flown on a jackstaff[citation needed]), it combined the flags of England and Scotland with "St Patrick's Cross" to represent Ireland. However, Wales is not included on the Union Flag, as when the original Union Flag was devised Wales was considered an integral part of the Kingdom of England.
Catholic Uprising, 1641
IRELAND
The Irish Rebellion of 1798 (Irish: Éirí Amach 1798), or 1798 rebellion as it is known locally, was an uprising in 1798, lasting several months, against the British dominated Kingdom of Ireland. The United Irishmen, a republican revolutionary group influenced by the ideas of the American and French Revolutions, were the main organising force behind the rebellion.
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* 14 External links
[edit] Background
Since 1691 and the end of the Williamite war, Ireland had been controlled by an Protestant Ascendancy constituting members of the State Church loyal to the British Crown, which governed the majority Roman Catholic native population by a form of institutionalised sectarianism codified in the Penal Laws. As the 18th century progressed, liberal elements among the ruling class were inspired by the example of the American Revolution and sought to form common cause with the Catholic populace to achieve reform and greater autonomy from Britain.
When France joined the American colonists in support of their revolution, London called for volunteers to join militias to defend Ireland against the threat of invasion from France. Many thousands joined the Irish Volunteers who used their new powerful position to force the Crown to grant the landed Ascendancy self-rule and a more independent parliament. In 1793 Catholics with some property were allowed to vote, but could neither be elected nor be appointed as state officials.
Liberals seeking a greater franchise for the people, and an end to religious distinctions in law, were further inspired by the French Revolution that started in 1789.
[edit] Society of United Irishmen
"Equality - It is new strung and shall be heard" United Irish Symbol- Harp without Crown and Cap of Liberty
"Equality -
It is new strung and shall be heard"
United Irish Symbol
- Harp without Crown and Cap of Liberty
Theobald Wolfe Tone - United Irish leader.
Theobald Wolfe Tone - United Irish leader.
The promise of reform inspired a small group of Protestant liberals in Belfast to found the Society of the United Irishmen in 1791. The organisation crossed the religious divide with a membership comprising Roman Catholics, Presbyterians, Methodists, other Protestant "dissenters" groups and even some from the Protestant Ascendancy. The Society openly put forward its policies of further democratic reforms and Catholic emancipation, reforms that the Irish Parliament had little intention of granting and the British government were just as unwilling to enforce, until pressured to do so in 1793. The outbreak of war with France earlier in 1793 following the execution of Louis XVI forced the Society underground and toward armed insurrection with French aid. The avowed intent of the United Irishmen was now to "break the connection with England"; the organisation spread throughout Ireland and had at least 100,000 members by 1797. It linked up with Catholic agrarian resistance groups, known as the Defenders, who had started raiding houses for arms in early 1793.
Despite their growing strength, the United Irish leadership decided to seek military help from the French revolutionary government, and to postpone the rising until French troops landed in Ireland. Theobald Wolfe Tone, leader of the United Irishmen, travelled in exile from America to France to press the case for intervention. These plans seemed to come to fruition when he accompanied a force of 15,000 French troops under General Hoche which arrived off the coast of Ireland at Bantry Bay in December 1796 after eluding the Royal Navy. However unremitting storms, indecisiveness and poor seamanship all combined to prevent invasion, prompting the despairing Wolfe Tone to remark, "England has had its luckiest escape since the Armada."
[edit] Government crackdown and counter-revolution
Arrest of Lord Edward Fitzgerald (George Cruikshank)
Arrest of Lord Edward Fitzgerald (George Cruikshank)
The shaken Establishment responded to widespread disorders by launching a counter-campaign of martial law from 2 March 1797 using tactics that could in modern terms be described as "state terrorism". This included house burnings, torture, pitchcapping and murder, particularly in Ulster as it was the one area of Ireland where large numbers of Catholics and Protestants (mainly Presbyterians) had effected common cause.
However, sectarianism was also recognised as a usefully divisive tool for the British establishment to employ against the many Protestant United Irishmen in Ulster, by the divide and conquer method of colonial dominion, and was officially encouraged by the Government. The aim was to counter the United Irishmen by encouraging the formation of the Orange Order from 1795 by playing on Protestants' fears of the secretive Catholic "Defenders". For example, Brigadier-General C.E. Knox wrote to General Lake (who was responsible for Ulster):"I hope to increase the animosity between Orangemen and United Irishmen. Upon that animosity depends the safety of the centre counties of the North."
The Lord Chancellor of Ireland, John Fitzgibbon wrote in a letter to the Privy Council in June 1798; "In the North nothing will keep the rebels quiet but the conviction that where treason has broken out the rebellion is merely popish". By this he meant that the Presbyterian republicans might not rise if they thought that any rebellion would develop into a Catholic-Protestant conflict.
Loyalists all over Ireland had already organised themselves in support of the Government, and many supplied recruits and vital local intelligence through the foundation of the Orange Order in 1795. The opposition of the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland to the United Irish had been secured by the establishment of Maynooth College in the same year and the church was, with a few individual exceptions, firmly on the side of the Crown throughout the entire period of the rebellion.
Intelligence from informers in the United Irish also swept up much of the United Irish leadership in raids in Dublin in March 1798. A preemptive rising in March in Cahir, County Tipperary broke out in response, but was quickly crushed. Martial law was consequently imposed over much of the country, the unrelenting brutality of which put the United Irish organisation under severe pressure to act before it was too late. By May 1798 Lord Edward FitzGerald and most other leaders of the Dublin rebellion were arrested and the rump United Irish leadership finally decided to launch the rising without French aid, fixing the date of the rising for May 23rd.
[edit] Plan
The initial plan was to take Dublin, with the counties bordering Dublin to then rise to prevent the arrival of reinforcements, whereupon the remainder of the country would rise and tie down other garrisons. The agreed signal for the rest of the country to rise was to be the interception of the outward bound mail coaches from Dublin.
Last minute intelligence from informers however provided details of rebel assembly points at Smithfield and Haymarket, and those places were occupied by a huge force of military barely one hour before rebels were to assemble. Deterred by the preparedness of the military, dismayed groups of rebels slunk away from their intended rallying point, dumping weapons in the surrounding lanes. The plan to intercept the mail coaches miscarried with only the Munster bound coach halted near Naas on the first night.
[edit] Outbreak of the rebellion
The nucleus of the rebellion had imploded but the counties surrounding Dublin rose as planned and the long threatened rising finally began. Surrounding districts of Dublin were first to rise and rebels quickly began to assemble in Wicklow, Meath and Kildare. The first clashes of the rebellion took place just after dawn on 24 May and the fighting quickly spread throughout Leinster with the county of Kildare bearing the brunt of the initial clashes.
Despite the Government successfully beating off almost every rebel attack, all military forces in Kildare were ordered to withdraw to Naas for fear of their isolation and destruction as at Prosperous which temporarily handed control of much of Kildare to the rebels. However, rebel defeats at Naas, Carlow and the hill of Tara, County Meath, effectively ended the rebellion in those counties. News of the rising spread panic and fear among loyalists in Wicklow who responded by massacring rebel suspects held in custody at Dunlavin Green and in Carnew.
[edit] The rebellion spreads
The Battle of New Ross
The Battle of New Ross
In Wicklow large numbers rose but largely operated away from settled areas and engaged in a bloody rural guerrilla war with the military and loyalist forces. General Joseph Holt led up to 1,000 men in the Wicklow Hills forcing the British to commit substantial forces to the area until his capitulation in October.
In the north-east, mostly Presbyterian rebels led by Henry Joy McCracken rose in Antrim on 6 June and briefly held most of the county but the rising there collapsed following defeat at Antrim town. In Down, after initial success at Saintfield, rebels led by Henry Munro were defeated in the longest battle of the rebellion at Ballynahinch.
The rebels had most success in the south-eastern county of Wexford in what has become known as the Wexford rebellion, where they seized control of the county, but a series of bloody defeats at New Ross, Arklow, and Newtownbarry prevented the effective spread of the rebellion beyond the county borders. 20,000 troops eventually poured into Wexford inflicting defeat at the battle of Vinegar Hill on 21 June. The dispersed rebels spread in two columns through the midlands, Kilkenny and finally towards Ulster. The last remnants of these forces fought on until their final defeat on 14 July at the battles of Knightstown Bog, Co. Meath and Ballyboughal, County Dublin.
[edit] Atrocities
Half-Hanging of suspected United Irishmen by Government troops
Half-Hanging of suspected United Irishmen by Government troops
The intimate nature of the conflict meant that the rebellion at times took on the worst characteristics of a civil war, especially in Leinster. Sectarian resentment was fuelled by the remaining Penal Laws still in force and by the ruthless campaign of repression prior to the rising. Rumours of planned massacres by both sides were common in the days before the rising and led to a widespread climate of fear.
[edit] Government
The immediate aftermath of almost every British victory in the rising was marked by the massacre of captured and wounded rebels. The British were responsible for particularly gruesome massacres at Gibbet Rath, New Ross and Enniscorthy, burning rebels alive in the latter two[1]. For those rebels who were taken alive in the aftermath of battle, being regarded as traitors to the Crown, they were not treated as prisoners of war but were executed, usually by hanging.
In addition, countless civilians were murdered by the rampaging military, who also practised gang rape, particularly in County Wexford[2]. Many individual instances of murder were also unofficially carried out by aggressive local Yeomanry Units before, during and after the rebellion as their local knowledge led them to target suspected rebels and "pardoned" rebels were a particular target.[citation needed]
[edit] Rebel
The rebels in turn were guilty of a couple of small-scale atrocities near Saintfield, Co. Antrim and at Rathangan, County Kildare, but the vast majority of rebel atrocities took place in County Wexford at the Vinegar Hill camp, Scullabogue, Wexford bridge and in the vicinity of Gorey. Despite the United Irishmen being an avowedly non-sectarian organisation, the rebel atrocities at times took on a sectarian nature especially where rebel discipline broke down, with Protestantism often being equated with loyalism.
[edit] French landing
"Charge of the 5th Dragoon Guards on the insurgents – a recreant yeoman having deserted to them in uniform is being cut down" - William Sadler (1782-1839)
"Charge of the 5th Dragoon Guards on the insurgents – a recreant yeoman having deserted to them in uniform is being cut down" - William Sadler (1782-1839)
On 22 August, nearly two months after the main uprisings had been defeated, about 1,000 French soldiers under General Humbert landed in the north-west of the country, at Kilcummin in County Mayo. Joined by up to 5,000 local rebels, they inflicted a humiliating defeat (known as the Castlebar races to commemorate the speed of the British retreat) on the British at Castlebar and set up a short-lived "Republic of Connaught", before final defeat at the Battle of Ballinamuck, in County Longford, on 8 September 1798. The French troops who surrendered were repatriated to France in exchange for British prisoners of war; the captured Irish rebels were massacred at the site of the battle. As the historian Guy Beiner demonstrated, this seemingly side-episode of the 1798 Rebellion became a major event in the heritage and collective memory of the West of Ireland and was commonly known in Irish as Bliain na bhFrancach and in English as "The Year of the French".[3]
On 12 October 1798, a larger French force consisting of 3,000 men, and including Wolfe Tone himself, attempted to land in County Donegal near Lough Swilly. They were intercepted by a larger Royal Navy squadron, and finally surrendered after a three hour battle without ever landing in Ireland. As a result of this French involvement, 1798 was often referred to as "The Year of the French". After he was captured at Laird's Hotel in the Main St of Letterkenny, Wolfe Tone was tried by court-martial in Dublin and found guilty. He asked for death by firing squad, but when this was refused, Tone cheated the hangman by slitting his own throat in prison and died a week later.
[edit] Aftermath
"General" Joseph Holt (1799)
"General" Joseph Holt (1799)
Small fragments of the rebel armies of the Summer of 1798 survived for a number of years and waged a form of guerilla or "fugitive" warfare. In County Wicklow, Michael Dwyer led resistance following the surrender of "General" Joseph Holt in Autumn 1798 until the failure of Robert Emmet's rebellion in 1803 final demise of the United Irishmen finally forced the last organised rebel forces under Dwyer to a negotiated surrender. Small pockets of rebel resistance had also survived in Wexford and the last rebel group under James Corocoran was not vanquished until February 1804.
The Act of Union, having been passed in August 1800, came into effect on 1 January 1801 and took away the measure of autonomy granted to Ireland's Protestant Ascendancy. It was passed largely in response to the rebellion and was underpinned by the perception that the rebellion was provoked by the brutish misrule of the Ascendancy as much as the efforts of the United Irishmen.
Religious, if not economic, discrimination against the Catholic majority was gradually abolished after the Act of Union but not before widespread radical mobilisation of the Catholic population under Daniel O'Connell. Discontent at grievances and resentment persisted but resistance to British rule now largely manifested itself along sectarian lines as in the Tithe War of 1831-36. Presbyterian radicalism was effectively tamed or reconciled to British rule by inclusion in a new Protestant Ascendancy, as opposed to a merely Anglican one. The resulting effect was that Irish politics in the 19th century was steered away from the unifying vision of the United Irishmen, encouraged by Unionists, Dublin Castle, and exploited by politicians such as Daniel O’Connell, towards a sectarian model which has largely endured to the present day.
[edit] Legacy of 1798
The 1798 rebellion was probably the most concentrated outbreak of violence in Irish history and resulted in an estimated 15,000-30,000 deaths over the course of three months. Research into casualty figures suggests that a maximum of 2,000 troops and 1,000 civilians died at the hands of the rebels and that the remainder were killed by Government troops and loyalist militias. Atrocities were committed on both sides, the great majority being committed by the government forces but rebel killings of Protestants in Wexford were given much greater emphasis by the victors in the following years, as the loyalist version of events reduced the rebellion to a sectarian Catholic plot to massacre Protestants - a repeat of the Irish Rebellion of 1641.
The aftermath of the rebellion caused a reluctance to speak of it; both to forget horrific experiences of the fighting and fear of the ensuing repression. As a result almost all initial histories of the rebellion were published by loyalists and their versions distorted the role of the Catholic Church in the rebellion. Ironically this distortion was later adopted by the Catholic Church in Ireland as it proved useful in claiming a leadership position in resurgent Irish nationalism from the mid 19th century. Thus the role of few Catholic priests, such as Fr. John Murphy, who took part in the rising, was overemphasised and the secular Enlightenment ideology of the mostly Protestant United Irish leadership deliberately obscured as was the fact that the Catholic Church at the time had actively sided with the British. By centenary of the Rebellion in 1898, conservative Irish nationalists and the Catholic Church would claim that the United Irishmen had been fighting for "Faith and Fatherland", and this version of events is still, to some extent, the lasting popular memory of the rebellion.
At the bi-centenary in 1998, the non-sectarian and democratic nature of the Rebellion was emphasised in official commemorations, reflecting the desire for reconciliation at the time of the Good Friday Agreement which was hoped would end the Troubles in Northern Ireland.
[edit]
Daniel O' Connell
IRELAND
Daniel O'Connell (6 August 1775 – 15 May 1847) (Irish: Dónal Ó Conaill), known as The Liberator, [1], or The Emancipator, [2] was Ireland's predominant political leader in the first half of the nineteenth century. He campaigned for Catholic Emancipation - the right for Catholics to sit in the Westminster Parliament, denied for over 100 years - and Repeal of the Union between Ireland and Great Britain.
He is remembered in Ireland as the founder of a non-violent form of Irish nationalism, and for the channelling of Irish politics by the mobilisation of the Catholic community as a political force, with the help of the clergy.
Contents
* 13 See also
[edit] Early life
O'Connell was born in Carhen, near Caherciveen, County Kerry, to a once-wealthy Roman Catholic family. Under the patronage of his wealthy bachelor uncle, Maurice "Hunting Cap" O'Connell, he studied at Douai in France, and was admitted to Lincoln's Inn in 1794, transferring to Dublin's King's Inns two years later. In his early years, he became acquainted with the pro-democracy radicals of the time, and committed himself to bringing equal rights and religious tolerance to his own country.[citation needed]
O'Connell's Home at Derrynane
O'Connell's Home at Derrynane
While in Dublin studying for the law O'Connell was under his Uncle Maurice's instructions not to become involved in any militia activity. When Wolfe Tone's French invasion fleet entered Bantry Bay in December, 1796, O'Connell found himself in a quandary. Politics was the cause of his unsettlement.[3] Dennis Gwynn in his Daniel O’Connell: The Irish Liberator suggests that the unsettlement was because he was enrolled as a volunteer in defence of Government, yet the Government was intensifying its persecution of the Catholic people of which he was one.[3] He desired to enter Parliament, yet every allowance that the Catholics had been led to anticipate, two years previously, was now flatly vetoed.[3]
As a law student, O'Connell was aware of his own talents, but the higher ranks of the Bar were closed to him. Having read the Jockey Club, as a picture of the governing class in England, and was persuaded by it that, “vice reigns triumphant in the English court at this day. The spirit of liberty shrinks to protect property from the attacks of French innovators. The corrupt higher orders tremble for their vicious enjoyments.”[3] Daniel O'Connell's studies at the time had concentrated upon the legal and political history of Ireland, and the debates of the Historical Society concerned the records of governments, and from this he was to conclude, according to one of his biographers, "in Ireland the whole policy of the Government was to repress the people and to maintain the ascendancy of a privileged and corrupt minority."[3]
On 3 January 1797, he wrote to his uncle saying that he was the last of his colleagues to join a volunteer corps and 'being young, active, healthy and single' he could offer no plausible excuse.[4] Later that month, for the sake of expediency, he joined the Lawyer's Artillery Corps.[5]
On 19 May 1798, O'Connell was called to the Irish Bar and became a barrister. Four days later the United Irishmen staged their rebellion which was put down by the British with great bloodshed. O'Connell did not support the rebellion; he believed that the Irish would have to assert themselves politically rather than by force. He decided to retire to his Kerry home and took part in neither the rebellion nor its repression[citation needed]. For over a decade he went into a fairly quiet period of private law practice in the south of Ireland. He also condemned Robert Emmet's rebellion of 1803. Of Emmet, a Protestant, he wrote: 'A man who could coolly prepare so much bloodshed, so many murders - and such horrors of every kind has ceased to be an object of compassion.'[6]
[edit] Political beliefs and programme
A critic of violent insurrection in Ireland, O'Connell once said that "the altar of liberty totters when it is cemented only with blood," and yet as late as 1841, O’Connell had “whipped his MP’s into line to keep the “Opium War” going in China. The Tories at this time, had proposed a motion of censure over the War, and O’Connell had to call upon his MP’s to support the Whig Government, as a result of this intervention, the Government was saved. [7] The Dublin Corporation had always been reactionary and bigoted against Catholics, and served the established Protestant Ascendancy. O'Connell in an 1815 speech referred to "The Corpo", as it was commonly referred to, as a "beggarly corporation". Its members and leaders were outraged and because O'Connell would not apologize, one of their number, the noted duellist D'Esterre, challenged him. The duel had filled Dublin Castle (from were the British Government administered Ireland) with tense excitement at the prospect that O’Connell would be killed. They regarded O’Connell as “worse than a public nuisance,” and would have welcomed any prospect of seeing him removed at this time.[8] O'Connell met D'Esterre and mortally wounded him, (he was shot in the hip, the bullet then lodging in his stomach), in a duel. His conscience was bitterly sore by the fact that, not only had he killed a man, but left his family almost destitute. O’Connell offered to “share his income” with D’Esterre’s widow, but she declined, but consented to accept an allowance for her daughter, which he regularly paid for more than thirty years until his death. The memory of the duel haunted him for the remainder of his life. [9]
Politically, he focused on parliamentary and populist methods to force change and made regular declarations of his loyalty to the British Crown. He often warned the British Establishment that if they did not reform the governance of Ireland, Irishmen would start to listen to the "counsels of violent men". Successive British governments continued to ignore this advice, long after his death, although he succeeded in extracting by the sheer force of will and the power of the Catholic peasants and clergy much of what he wanted, i.e. eliminating disabilities on Roman Catholics; ensuring that lawfully elected Roman Catholics could serve their constituencies in the British Parliament (until the Irish Parliament was restored); and amending the Oath of Allegiance so as to remove clauses offensive to Roman Catholics who could then take the Oath in good conscience.
Although a native speaker of the Irish language, O'Connell encouraged Irish people to learn English in order to better themselves.
And although he is best known for the campaign for Catholic Emancipation; he also supported similar efforts for Irish Jews. At his insistence, in 1846, the British law “De Judaismo," which prescribed a special dress for Jews, was repealed. O’Connell said: "Ireland has claims on your ancient race, it is the only country that I know of unsullied by any one act of persecution of the Jews".
[edit] Campaigning for Catholic Emancipation
He returned to politics in the 1810s, establishing the Catholic Board in 1811 which campaigned for only Catholic Emancipation, that is, the opportunity for Irish Catholics to become Members of Parliament. O'Connell later in 1823 set up the Catholic Association which embraced other aims to better Irish Catholics, such as: electoral reform, reform of the Church of Ireland, tenant's rights and economic development[10] . The Association was funded by membership dues of one penny per month, a minimal amount designed to attract Catholic peasants. The subscription was highly successful, and the Association raised a large sum of money in its first year. The money was used to campaign for Catholic Emancipation, specifically funding pro-emancipation Members of Parliament (MPs) standing for the British House of Commons.
Statue of Daniel O'Connell outside St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne
Statue of Daniel O'Connell outside St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne
As part of his campaign for Catholic Emancipation, O'Connell stood in a by-election to the British House of Commons in 1828 for County Clare for a seat vacated by William Vesey Fitzgerald, another supporter of the Catholic Association. After O'Connell won the seat, he was unable to take it because Catholics were not allowed to sit in the British Parliament at this time. It was only through a legal loop hole that he was allowed to stand in the first place. It is incorrectly assumed that he didn't take his seat because of his refusal to take an oath to the King as head of the Church of England. The Prime Minister, the Duke of Wellington, and the Home Secretary, Sir Robert Peel, even though they opposed Catholic participation in Parliament , saw that denying O'Connell his seat would cause outrage and could lead to another rebellion or uprising in Ireland which was about 85% Catholic. Peel and Wellington managed to convince George IV that Catholic emancipation and the right of Catholics and Presbyterians and members of all Christian faiths other than the established Church of Ireland to sit in Parliament needed to be passed; and with the help of the Whigs, it became law in 1829. However, this destroyed the trust other Tory MPs had in Peel and Wellington. (Jews and other non-Christians got the right to sit in Parliament in 1858). Michael Doheny, in his The Felon’s Track, says that the very character of Emancipation has assumed an “exaggerated and false guise” and that it is an error to call it emancipation. He went on, that it was neither the first nor the last nor even the most important in the concessions, which are entitled to the name of emancipation, and that no one remembered the men whose exertions “wrung from the reluctant spirit of a far darker time the right of living, of worship, of enjoying property, and exercising the franchise.”[11] Doheny's opinion was, that the penalties of the “penal laws” had been long abolished, and that barbarous code had been compressed into cold and stolid exclusiveness and yet Mr. O’Connell monopolised its entire renown.[11] The view put forward by John Mitchel, also one of the leading members of the Young Ireland movement, in his “Jail Journal”[12] was that there were two distinct movements in Ireland during this period, which were rousing the people, one was the Catholic Relief Agitation (led by O'Connell), which was both open and legal, the other was the secret societies known as the Ribbon and White-boy movements.[13] The first proposed the admission of professional and genteel Catholics to Parliament and to the honours of the professions, all under British law — the other, originating in an utter horror and defiance of British law, contemplated nothing less than a social, and ultimately, a political revolution.[13] According to Mitchel, for fear of the latter, Great Britain with a “very ill grace yielded to the first”. Mitchel agrees that Sir Robert Peel and the Duke of Wellington said they brought in this measure, to avert civil war; but says that “no British statesman ever officially tells the truth, or assigns to any act its real motive.”[13] Their real motive was, according to Mitchel, to buy into the British interests, the landed and educated Catholics, these “Respectable Catholics” would then be contented, and "become West Britons" from that day.[13]
Daniel O'Connell as depicted on the £20 note of Series C Banknote of Ireland
Daniel O'Connell as depicted on the £20 note of Series C Banknote of Ireland
Ironically, considering O'Connell's dedication to peaceful methods of political agitation, his greatest political achievement ushered in a period of violence in Ireland. A flaw in his achievement was that one of the most unpopular features of the Penal Laws remained in the form of the obligation for all working people to support the Anglican Church (i.e., the Church of Ireland) by payments known as Tithes. An initially peaceful campaign of non-payment turned violent in 1831 when the newly founded Irish Constabulary were used to seize property in lieu of payment resulting in the Tithe War of 1831-36. Although opposed to the use of force, O'Connell successfully defended participants in the battle of Carrickshock and all the defendants were successfully acquitted.
In 1841, Daniel O'Connell became the first Roman Catholic Lord Mayor of Dublin since the reign of King James II of England and Ireland and VII of Scotland, who was the last Roman Catholic monarch in the British Isles. As the Lord Mayor, he called out the British Army against striking workers in the capital. Nonetheless O'Connell rejected Sharman Crawford's call for the complete abolition of tithes in 1838, as he felt he could not embarrass the Whigs (the Lichfield house compact secured an alliance between Whigs, radicals and Irish MPs in 1835).
[edit] Campaign for "Repeal of the Union"
The round tower marking O'Connell's grave in Glasnevin Cemetery
The round tower marking O'Connell's grave in Glasnevin Cemetery
O'Connell Monument in Dublin
O'Connell Monument in Dublin
O'Connell campaigned for Repeal of the Act of Union, which in 1801 merged the Parliaments of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In order to campaign for Repeal, O'Connell set up the Repeal Association. He argued for the re-creation of an independent Kingdom of Ireland to govern itself, with Queen Victoria as the Queen of Ireland.
To push for this, he held a series of Monster Meetings throughout much of Ireland outside the Protestant and Unionist-dominated province of Ulster. They were so called because each was attended by around 100,000 people. These rallies concerned the British Government and then-Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel, banned one such proposed monster meeting at Clontarf, County Dublin, just outside Dublin City. This move was made after the biggest monster meeting was held at Tara.
Tara held a lot of significance to the Irish population as it was the old inauguration site of the High Kings of Ireland. Clontarf was symbolic because of its association with the Battle of Clontarf in 1014, when the Irish King and Gaelic imperialist Brian Boru broke Viking power in Ireland. Despite appeals from his supporters, O'Connell refused to defy the authorities and he called off the meeting. This did not prevent him being jailed for sedition, although he was released after 3 months by the British House of Lords. Having deprived himself of his most potent weapon, the monster meeting, O'Connell failed to make any more progress in the campaign for Repeal.
[edit] Death and legacy
The Bank of Ireland, College Green — before 1801 the seat of the Irish Houses of Parliament
The Bank of Ireland, College Green — before 1801 the seat of the Irish Houses of Parliament
O'Connell died of softening of the brain (cerebral softening) in 1847 in Genoa, Italy while on a pilgrimage to Rome at the age of 71, his term in prison having seriously weakened him. According to his dying wish, his heart was buried in Rome and the remainder of his body in Glasnevin Cemetery in Dublin, beneath a round tower. His sons are buried in his crypt.
O'Connell is known in Ireland as "The Liberator" for his success in achieving Catholic Emancipation. O'Connell admired Latin American liberator Simón Bolívar, and one of his sons, Morgan O'Connell, was a volunteer officer in Bolívar's army in 1820, aged 15.[14]
The principal street in the centre of Dublin, previously called Sackville Street, was renamed O'Connell Street in his honour in the early twentieth century after the Irish Free State came into being.[15] His statue (made by the sculptor John Henry Foley, who also designed the sculptures of the Albert Memorial in London) stands at one end of the street, with a statue of Charles Stewart Parnell at the other end.
The main street of Limerick is also named after O'Connell, also with a statue at the end (in the centre of The Crescent). O'Connell Streets also exist in Ennis, Sligo, Clonmel, Melbourne and North Adelaide.
There is a museum commemorating him in Derrynane House, near the village of Derrynane, County Kerry, which was once owned by his family.
[edit] Family
| i don't know |
What was the name of Napoleon I’s second wife? | Napoleon and Josephine
Napoleon and Josephine
By John Schneider Editor of Editor of Napoleonic Literature
Napoleon became a general at a very young age and was put in a position of authority where the generals and almost all other officers he commanded were older than him. He felt that this wasn't a satisfactory situation and concluded that if he married a woman older than himself, he might claim to be older than he actually was and thereby obtain a little more respect from his officers. He also wanted to marry a rich, older woman.
After the battle of Toulon and after saving the Directory from the Paris mob, Napoleon was invited to a party given by one of the Directors, Paul Barras. In effect, Barras was the next best thing to being king of France at the time. Barras envisioned using Napoleon's military talents for his own political and personal benefit. Barras also had at that time a mistress that he wanted to get rid of (Marie-Josephe-Rose de Beauharnais) because he had decided to take her best friend as his new mistress and couldn't afford to keep both. He knew that Napoleon was looking for a wife. He therefore decided to marry his mistress off to Napoleon; however, he didn't tell her this. He just told her that he wanted her to entertain Napoleon at the party and show an interest in him and praise his military skills. Well, this was all Napoleon needed. A beautiful woman fawning over him, apparently well to do, a member of the old aristocracy that had escaped the guillotine, she was older than himself but not too much (he thought), and she displayed keen interest in him (he thought). This, and a little urging from Barras after the party, was all that Napoleon needed to pursue her hand in marriage. Barras assured Napoleon that she had money, that she was a good catch, and that she would make a perfect wife for him.
Napoleon began to pursue Rose. By the way, he didn't like her name so he told her he would call her Josephine. He pursued and pursued and Josephine kept humoring him. Finally, Barras strongly advised her to marry Napoleon. She said she would not. Then Barras told her that he had a new mistress, that he couldn't afford to maintain them both, that she was very expensive to maintain, and that if she didn't marry Napoleon he would stop providing for her and she would, in effect, be thrown out on the street. This was the one thing that Josephine couldn't bear. She was a compulsive spender. Another concern was her two children, Eugene and Hortense. Therefore, she gave in and agreed to marry Napoleon. By the way, she was much older than Napoleon thought and, although she said she was still of child bearing age, knew that she was barren and had been so for some time.
They were married and a few days later Napoleon departed to Italy. He genuinely loved Josephine at this time. She despised him and thought he was a total bore. As soon as he was gone she began playing around on him. As time went on she had a string of lovers, pretended to miss him very much in response to his daily love letters, and did everything in her power to avoid going to join him in Italy as he was constantly urging. She even went so far as to pretend she was pregnant and couldn't travel. All this time she was attending balls and parties and committing adultery. From time to time, when Napoleon begged her to join him, she required Barras' assistance to convince Napoleon that she should not go. During this time some of Napoleon's officers, Murat, for example, had returned to Paris for one reason or another and had occasion to attend one of Josephine's parties or a party that she attended. In Murat's case, Napoleon had sent him back to Paris with the express mission of escorting Josephine to Italy, willingly or unwillingly. This was when Josephine made up the pregnancy story, which Murat "took" back to Napoleon instead of Josephine. While in Paris, Murat also heard all the gossip about Josephine and how she was making a fool out of Napoleon. Finally, it got to the point where Napoleon was getting so edgy that Barras was afraid he would return to France and forget about the Italian Campaign. This didn't suit Barras because he was making a lot of money out of that campaign. So he ordered Josephine to go to Napoleon. She did. Napoleon expected a pregnant Josephine. When she arrived she explained to him that she had had a miscarriage. He was torn with grief over losing his "son."
Anyway, the Italian Campaign was finally over and Napoleon returned to Paris. Josephine had to be good (or at least try to be better) while he was there. Then Napoleon decided to go to Egypt. Barras thought this was a good idea because Napoleon was beginning to become too popular. When he left, Josephine went back to her old ways. Napoleon was still genuinely in love with her and doted over her. On 19 July 1798, while marching toward Cairo in the scorching sun, Bourrienne, Napoleon's Secretary, out of the corner of his eye, noticed Napoleon and Junot walking together. Bourrienne wrote,
"I noticed Bonaparte walking alone with Junot. I was only a short distance away, but I do not know why my eyes fastened on him during that conversation. The general's pale face was paler than ever. His features were suddenly convulsed, a wild look came into his eyes, and several times he struck his head with his fists!
Some fifteen minutes later, he left Junot and came toward me. I had never seen him so distraught, preoccupied. As I went to join him, he burst out with: "You are not genuinely devoted to me, or you would have told me what I have just learned from Junot. There's a true friend for you. Josephine! And I six hundred leagues away! You should have told me! Josephine--this to have deceived me! Damn them, I shall exterminate that whole breed of fops and coxcombs! As for her, divorce! Yes divorce--a public divorce, open scandal! I must write immediately. I know everything. It's your fault, you should have told me!"
Bourrienne reasoned the subject of the conversation between Junot and Napoleon, had no personal knowledge of this himself, and was certain that what Junot had stated to Napoleon must have been exaggerations of the truth. They were not. The fact is that many of Napoleon staff officers were aware of Josephine's activities and it was common knowledge in Paris. Junot, unlike the rest of Napoleon's close friends, never achieved the rank of Marshal of France but stopped at general. It is believed by many historians that Napoleon never forgave Junot for telling him about Josephine and for this reason withheld the rank of Marshal from him.
This information, once he confirmed it, totally destroyed Napoleon's love for Josephine. From this time onward, he never really loved another woman the way he had loved Josephine. When Josephine learned that Napoleon was coming back from Egypt early and that he had found out about her, she panicked. She departed with her daughter, Hortense, to meet Napoleon at the port so that she could persuade him that she had been faithful. But Napoleon landed at another port and got back to Paris ahead of them. When Josephine got back to Paris, she found that Napoleon had arrived ahead of her and had secluded himself in a room in the house. All of a sudden, after all of her affairs, Josephine had finally fallen in love with Napoleon--very deeply. But she was too late. He wouldn't see her until Hortense interceded and begged him to. Basically, he informed Josephine that she had killed his heart and that he could never love again.
They remained husband and wife but from that point onward he was not a faithful husband. Strangely, she had become a faithful wife. The tables had turned. Napoleon had mistress after mistress. Now, although Napoleon didn't live Josephine, he did hold a deep devotion to her two children and he respected her abilities as a hostess and her persuasiveness in getting people to do things for him. He knew that while he was married to Josephine he could not produce a legitimate heir of his own, so eventually, when Hortense and his brother Louis had a son, Napoleon named him his heir.
Now that Napoleon had an heir he felt that he could divorce Josephine. Then, in December 1805, he became Emperor of the French. He brought the pope to Paris to perform the coronation. Shortly after the pope's arrival Josephine accidentally let it slip that she and Napoleon had never had a church wedding, only a civil marriage. In the eyes of the church, therefore, they were not married and had been living in sin all this time. Napoleon was furious. Josephine had trapped him. Now, in order to be crowned Emperor he had to make the marriage respectable first and had to lay aside the design for divorce. Time marches on and so do the French armies, triumphantly across Europe.
Napoleon still wanted an heir of his own blood. Therefore, he began negotiations with the Czar Alexander of Russia to marry his sister. This would serve three purposes:
t
It would create a strong alliance with another major power
It would help to legitimize Napoleon's somewhat shaky claim to royalty, and
It would give Napoleon a young wife whom could bear his heir.
Negotiations soon fell apart. Napoleon's foreign minister, Talleyrand, did not want this alliance and made sure it wouldn't occur by leaking information concerning Napoleon to the Russian Court. The Czar's mother refused to let her daughter enter into the marriage. Therefore, Napoleon turned his sights on Austria. As you know, he arranged to marry Maria-Louisa (whom he renamed Marie Louise because he didn't like her real name), who was the Emperor of Austria's favorite daughter and an Archduchess of Austria. I won't go into Marie Louise except to say that she was not at all that Napoleon had expected. (There are books about her and maybe one of these days you can read about her and how much of a disappointment she was.) Anyway, to marry Marie Louise he first had to divorce Josephine, which he did. However, he had grown to love her again--not the great love he held for her in the beginning--but a respectful love. He insisted that she retain the title of Empress and provided for her and her children.
In 1814, when Napoleon abdicated, Marie-Louise returned to Austria with her father, taking her son with her. Napoleon never saw them again. Josephine continued to love Napoleon and later in the year, as she was dying from diphtheria, Napoleon's name was one of the last words she uttered, if not the last. Hortense and Eugene continued to be faithful to Napoleon.
| Marie Louise |
A cut of silverside beef is from which part of the animal? | Napoleon & Marie Louise : the Emperor's second wife (Book, 2001) [WorldCat.org]
Alan Palmer.
Abstract:
"Archduchesses have always been disastrous for France," Napoleon once remarked, yet in 1810 he married Archduchess Marie Louise, the 18-year-old daughter of his lifelong enemy, the Emperor of Austria. On January 5, 1810, she had read in the newspapers of the act of separation between Napoleon and his wife and wrote to her father, "I must admit, dear Papa, that I am very disturbed by this news." And to her friend Victoria de Poutet she wrote the next day, "I pity the unfortunate woman on whom his choice falls; that will certainly put an end to her fine days." Though their union was politically expedient, Napoleon lived happily and proudly with "my good Louise" until defeat sent him to Elba and she returned to Vienna, eventually becoming the sovereign of an Italian duchy. Alan Palmer gives the first detailed portrait of this extraordinary episode in Europe's history. He traces the changing fortunes of France and Austria through the years of Napoleonic ascendancy and eclipse. By using extracts from Louise's letters and travel diaries, he throws light on the conflicting worlds and torn loyalties that perplexed France's young, and often courageous, Empress. Personal touches are many and amusing, as in Louisa's letters to her mother telling of their travels through sleet and rain and miles and miles of muddy roads. Overnight stops were made at wayside taverns ill-suited for families of distinction -- one evening there was an insect hunt in an infested bedroom, with the Louise claiming that she had swatted the largest bug of all, whom she dubbed "Napoleon." Alan Palmer also examines the controversial years in which their son was raised to manhood in Vienna while Louise, with her secret second family, reigned in Parma as a benevolent Duchess, whose cultural legacy has survived into the 21st century. - Jacket flap.
After Napoleon and his first wife separated, the young daughter of the Emperor of Austria told her friend that she pitied his next wife, unaware that she would be Napoleon's second wife. "By using extracts from Louise's letters and travel diaries, [the author] throws light on the conflicting worlds and torn loyalties that perplexed France's young, and often courageous, empress."--Jacket.
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schema:description ""Archduchesses have always been disastrous for France," Napoleon once remarked, yet in 1810 he married Archduchess Marie Louise, the 18-year-old daughter of his lifelong enemy, the Emperor of Austria. On January 5, 1810, she had read in the newspapers of the act of separation between Napoleon and his wife and wrote to her father, "I must admit, dear Papa, that I am very disturbed by this news." And to her friend Victoria de Poutet she wrote the next day, "I pity the unfortunate woman on whom his choice falls; that will certainly put an end to her fine days." Though their union was politically expedient, Napoleon lived happily and proudly with "my good Louise" until defeat sent him to Elba and she returned to Vienna, eventually becoming the sovereign of an Italian duchy. Alan Palmer gives the first detailed portrait of this extraordinary episode in Europe's history. He traces the changing fortunes of France and Austria through the years of Napoleonic ascendancy and eclipse. By using extracts from Louise's letters and travel diaries, he throws light on the conflicting worlds and torn loyalties that perplexed France's young, and often courageous, Empress. Personal touches are many and amusing, as in Louisa's letters to her mother telling of their travels through sleet and rain and miles and miles of muddy roads. Overnight stops were made at wayside taverns ill-suited for families of distinction -- one evening there was an insect hunt in an infested bedroom, with the Louise claiming that she had swatted the largest bug of all, whom she dubbed "Napoleon." Alan Palmer also examines the controversial years in which their son was raised to manhood in Vienna while Louise, with her secret second family, reigned in Parma as a benevolent Duchess, whose cultural legacy has survived into the 21st century. - Jacket flap."@ en ;
schema:description "After Napoleon and his first wife separated, the young daughter of the Emperor of Austria told her friend that she pitied his next wife, unaware that she would be Napoleon's second wife. "By using extracts from Louise's letters and travel diaries, [the author] throws light on the conflicting worlds and torn loyalties that perplexed France's young, and often courageous, empress."--Jacket."@ en ;
schema:description "Note on proper names -- Map section -- Prologue : 12 December 1791 -- Habsburg and Bourbon -- A Corsican scoundrel named Buonaparte -- Italy and beyond -- The making of empires -- 1805, Milan to Austerlitz -- Almost a Kaunitz -- Making a marriage -- We suit each other perfectly -- The torrent and the sponge -- Write to Papa Francois -- Fickle fortune -- A child no longer -- Apart -- The recluses of Schönbrunn -- Parma and St. Helena -- Viva Maria Luigi -- The good Duchess -- Epilogue : 12 December 1940 -- Genealogy tables."@ en ;
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A megapode is what type of creature? | Megapode - definition of megapode by The Free Dictionary
Megapode - definition of megapode by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/megapode
(mĕg′ə-pōd′)
n.
Any of various large-footed, ground-dwelling birds of the family Megapodiidae, found in Australia, Southeast Asia, and the South Pacific islands, that build mounds or burrows of earth and compost in which to incubate their eggs. Also called mound builder.
[From Megapodius, type genus : mega- + New Latin -podius, masculine of -podium, -pod.]
megapode
(ˈmɛɡəˌpəʊd)
n
(Animals) any ground-living gallinaceous bird of the family Megapodiidae, of Australia, New Guinea, and adjacent islands. Their eggs incubate in mounds of sand, rotting vegetation, etc, by natural heat. Also called: mound-builder or moundbird See also brush turkey , mallee fowl
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
leipoa , Leipoa ocellata , lowan , mallee fowl - Australian mound bird; incubates eggs naturally in sandy mounds
Alectura lathami , brush turkey - black megapode of wooded regions of Australia and New Guinea
Macrocephalon maleo , maleo - Celebes megapode that lays eggs in holes in sandy beaches
Translations
megápodo
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References in classic literature ?
He ate out of a sense of necessity and duty, and cared little for what he ate, save for one thing: the eggs of the megapodes that were, in season, laid in his private, personal, strictly tabooed megapode laying-yard.
The relationship between animal foraging and nutrient patchiness in south-west Australian woodland soils
The Navy prepared an environmental impact statement (EIS) to consider the impact on migratory birds, consulted with the FWS under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (15) to assess the effects on the protected Micronesian megapode, and identified and implemented mitigation measures to avoid and minimize adverse impacts.
"Excuse me, sir, do you have a permit for that bomb?" (military installations and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act)
Spreading east from Wallace's Line, Wallacea is a sort of no-man's land between Asian and Australian realms, the exclusive home of many strange creatures like the dragons of Komodo, the dwarf buffalos of Sulawesi, and the megapode birds of the Moluccas.
| Bird |
Who was the first British monarch to voluntarily abdicate? | Seacology Island Environment Blog: Island Species Archives
Indonesia marine reserve update: "There were so many fish our heads were spinning"
By Henry Jones on October 26, 2011 10:48 AM | Permalink
We just got this GLOWING update via email from our field rep in Indonesia about the 99,000-acre marine reserve off the coast of Daram Island. (Seacology is funding the construction of a community center in nearby Fafanlap village in exchange for their support of the reserve)
It was so great we just had to share:
The last time I dived this site was with the Seacology trip in 2007 and while it was spectacular four years ago, the reef has exploded with fish life since then. For the first time we saw schools of Napoleon wrasse, blacktip sharks and aggregations of big grouper, all of which seem to have been locally extinct on most Indonesian reefs for over a decade. There were so many fish on this dive that our heads were spinning. I was emphatically pointing one way and Mark was emphatically pointing another way the whole dive. I came out of that dive exhilarated and full of joy and hope that other reefs in the Misool area, with continued protection, will also look like Fafanlap in just a few short years. If they do, I can foresee that S.E. Misool will have THE best diving in the world, hands down.
Saving Haiti's dying reefs: "It's probably the worst overfishing I've seen anywhere in the world"
By Henry Jones on September 8, 2011 2:28 PM | Permalink
This Times article about Haiti's dying reefs I think illustrates an important point about marine conservation efforts: it's not necessarily a case of environmentalism-vs-industry. You need to protect reef habitats in order to prevent the kind of " Tragedy of the Commons " scenario we're seeing unfolding in Haiti, where over-fishing continues even when it's obvious it's bad for everyone in the long run.
In Haiti 54,000 fishermen rely on the ocean for their livelihood... [and in] recent decades, as their usual catches of Nassau groupers and snappers have dwindled and disappeared, many of them have subsisted by netting and spearing small reef fish that keep coral clean of algae. Now those too are almost gone, and the algae have taken over....
Pierre Guy LaFontant, Haiti's director general of fisheries, acknowledged that overfishing was a problem and said that officials were receptive to the idea of establishing protected waters. But if the government cannot enforce its existing fishing regulations, can fishermen be persuaded to abide by an invisible line in the water?
But of course it's not as simple as just protecting and waiting, since these Haitian fishermen have basic short-term needs that can't easily be put on hold.
Henry Hilaire, who has fished for 36 years, gathered nets from a sailboat with several other Haitians in waters that Reef Check hopes will eventually be protected.... Mr. Hilaire pulled two small fish, each about five inches long, from his basket. "It's really too young to keep," he said, but "circumstances are such that if we didn't keep them, we'd go hungry."....
They're desperate, trying to survive, so how do you tell them not to fish here?" asked Romain Louis, 37, a literature teacher hoping to become part of the eco-diver team.
Mr. Louis suggested that the fishermen would need an incentive... "Maybe, if these fishermen got a trade-off, they'd stop fishing on overfished reefs."
The whole article is worth a read... As bad as things are for Haiti's coral reefs, it's good to know that conservation efforts are beginning.
Animal Round-Up: Banjar Anyar edition
By Henry Jones on August 16, 2011 9:48 AM | Permalink
Seacology is funding the construction of a new community center in Banjar Anyar, a small village on Indonesia's island of Bali. Part of the agreement is that the good pepole of Banjar Anyar continue to serve as the guardians of the surrounding Batukahu Forest.
So what kinds of creatures are being protected? Here's a quick tour of some of Batukahu Forest's residents:
Health Care for Thresher Sharks
By Carynne McIver on April 1, 2011 11:29 AM | Permalink
Within the animal kingdom, sharks are known for their sharp teeth , and their increasingly threatened conservation status due to the popularity of shark fin soup . But now, a study suggests that sharks are also unique for the importance they place on good hygiene and healthcare!
Scientists at Bangor University in Wales have observed thresher sharks (seen in image below) visiting shallow coral reef ecosystems near the Philippines for what appear to be full-body cleanings . Upon arriving at the reef, the sharks slow down and swim in a small circle, apparently to attract the cleaner wrasse , a small fish with excellent shark-grooming skills.
One scientist describes the process as "a bit like a surgery...The sharks come in with cuts and scrapes where they might have scabs and these are treated by the cleaner wrasse, which remove dead tissue from the wound area and any parasites from the skin." The sharks remain for their cleaning for up to 45 minutes, swimming in small circles near the reef.
This shark medical care is just another example of the often surprising interactions between different species within an ecosystem. Unfortunately, with threats to sharks on the rise, sometimes a trip to the cleaner wrasse may have a tragic ending. The shallow reefs where these cleanings take place are often shared by fishermen, who either hunt the sharks (or, more brutally, remove only their fins), or use dynamite or hooks on other marine species, inadvertently killing the sharks along with them. These practices, along with irresponsible tourists who hurt the reefs while observing the sharks, also cause immense harm to the cleaner wrasse fish and all other species who depend on the coral reef.
Seacology has many projects that work to protect the sharks, fish, and other wildlife in the coral reefs of the Philippines and other areas around the world.
Image courtesy of NOAA
Old Mother Albatross
By Carynne McIver on March 11, 2011 3:08 PM | Permalink
Many animal species are known for the intense labors they undergo for the sake of their offspring. Sea turtles travel for thousands miles to lay their eggs on the same beaches where they hatched. Male Emperor Penguins spend two months without food while incubating their eggs in the frigid Antarctic winter. A recent discovery adds another bird--the albatross--to the ranks of these determined parents.
The oldest known bird in the Northern Hemisphere is an albatross--a large seabird known for their massive wingspan (some can be up to 11 feet wide!). Recently, scientists made a surprising discovery about this ancient bird, appropriately named Wisdom: At the age of 60, rather than considering retirement, she is the proud mother of a new baby albatross!
Albatross lay only one egg a year, but scientists estimate that Wisdom has already raised at least 30 chicks in her lifetime. Many take a year off between parenting, and most albatross mate for life. Below, Wisdom is pictured with her newest baby.
Meet an Island Species: The Micronesian Megapode
By Carynne McIver on March 4, 2011 1:08 PM | Permalink
Islands cover a tiny fraction of the planet's surface, but are home to over half of all extinctions. In this series, we'll introduce you to some of the rare and fascinating animals found on islands.
Unless you are an ornithologist, the word "megapode" might conjure images of a transformer-like creature in your mind. In reality, megapodes, or "incubator birds," are chicken-like birds who are the only type of birds to use something other than their body heat to incubate their eggs. Instead, they bury their eggs under large mounds of sand or decaying vegetation, using geothermal or volcanic heat to warm the eggs. The picture below shows a megapode standing atop his huge incubator mound. Imagine starting your life under a pile of volcanic-heated compost!
Read on for more information about these unique birds.
Seacology Teams Up With Undercurrent To Save Whale Sharks!
By Carynne McIver on October 22, 2010 4:02 PM | Permalink
The world's largest living species of fish, whale sharks are internationally recognized as vulnerable, facing threats from commercial fishing and habitat destruction. In the summer months, as many as 300 whale sharks gather north of Isla Mujeres, off Cancun, and farther north near Holbox, Mexico. These gentle giants are welcoming to human visitors, and many divers have experienced the thrill of swimming with them . Trouble is, several times a week, huge cargo ships travel through congregation sites, sometimes striking the slow-moving creatures. Currently, there are no demarcation buoys to create shipping lanes and warn ship captains to stay clear because of the vulnerable whale sharks. Seacology is working with local guides to deploy a series of state-of-the-art demarcation buoys complete with GPS transponders that will warn ships to stay clear. Once these buoys are deployed, official navigation charts would also denote the area as a whale shark reserve.
Seacology has teamed up with Undercurrent , a leading dive magazine, to help protect the whale sharks that make their home around Mexico. Undercurrent subscribers have already contributed nearly $6,000 toward the $45,000 needed for the buoy project, and the local tour operators, hotels, and other businesses in the area will be donating up to half the cost, as long as Seacology can raise the rest. Now, for every dollar you give to this project, Undercurrent subscriber Elaine Mathews of Long Beach, California, will match it with a dollar of her own, up to $5000. That's right; your tax-deductible contribution will be doubled. Please help protect these gentle giants, by donating to Seacology . Be sure to note that your tax-deductible donation is for the whale shark buoy project. Remember, every dollar you give will be doubled, thanks to the generosity of Elaine Mathews' matching gift. Please donate now to help save the whale sharks!
Whale Sharks In Mexico
By Duane Silverstein on August 12, 2010 10:35 AM | Permalink
Next time you are in Mexico and someone asks you to play with dominoes, you may be in for a very large surprise. Due to the many white spots that mark their gray bodies, in Mexico the common nickname for whale sharks is "dominoes." Indeed these gentle giants do resemble dominoes - very, very large ones, that is. At up to 48 feet in length and weighing up to 25 tons, whale sharks, or Rhincodon Typus as they are known to scientists, are the world's largest fish. Despite their enormous size, comparatively little is known about them. One of the reasons for this is that there are not large numbers of them left in the oceans and for much of the year they are solitary animals.
Less than ten years ago, marine biologists discovered that during the months of June to September the world's largest aggregation of whale sharks takes place off the coast of Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. In recent years they can be found north of Isla Mujeres, a small island just off the coast of Cancun. A smaller number can also be found off of Holbox Island near the northern tip of the Yucatan Peninsula. Whale Sharks are listed on the International Union of the Conservation of Nature's (IUCN's) Red List of Vulnerable Species, meaning their future is in danger.
Madagascar's Silky Sifakas
By Carynne McIver on March 26, 2010 12:50 PM | Permalink
Worldwide, islands harbor some of our planet's most rare and fascinating species. The island of Madagascar, located off the eastern coast of Africa, is no exception. With abundant biodiversity, the island provides a home to 8 plant families, 4 bird families, and 5 primate families that are endemic, or found nowhere else on earth. One of Madagascar's most famed endemic species is the lemur, a small primate found in the island's forests.
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Pozole is a soup or stew which originated in which country? | Texas, The Lone Star State: Posole (Pozole)
Cerveza marca Budweiser
30 May 1926, New York Times, pg. XX9:
In northern Yucatan he found Indians putting out bowls of posole (a drink made or corn) as offerings to the Wind God.
December 1934, National Geographic Magazine, pg. 784, col. 2:
Outside, several persons lay dozing, while an old woman stirred a caldron of boiling corn called pozole.
24 December 1936, Port Arthur (TX) News, pg. 14, col. 2:
Bob Cooper and the Missus delighted a few friends Tuesday night with a chili, tamale and posole supper, which, according to the gourmands attending, was not only “um-yah-yah” but scrumptious delectable and fit for the Duke of Windsor.
November 1937, Scientific Monthly, pg. 465:
Mayas generally drink pozole, which consists of raw corn meal in cold water.
14 October 1938, Oakland (CA) Tribune, editorial pg., col. 3:
The noon day consisted of pozole, a gruel to which meat, beans, peas, lentils or garbanzos, were added according to the seasons of the year.
17 November 1938, Albuquerque (NM) Journal, pg. 6, col. 3:
Supper with posole, a native New Mexican delicacy as the chief menu item, will be served by the University of New Mexico Dames Club for their husbands on Dec. 3 in the Parent-Teacher Association building at the Stronghurst county school.
9 February 1941, Washington Post, pg. ?:
In Guadalajara the native dish is “pozole,” made with corn, meat and chili sauce.
31 May 1942, New York Times, “Fiery Dishes of the Southwest,” pg. D5:
Posole, made with hominy which is simmered all day long with fresh ham hocks, until the meat falls off the bones and disintegrates in the broth, calls for many hours of slow cooking. Chili, onions and garlic are finally added to garnish the dish when served. Albondigas are miniscule, peppery meatballs rolled in blue cornmeal and boiled for hours and hours, until a thick soup is formed. “Angel’s Dream”—the natives call it chiles rellenos—is huge peppers stuffed with chopped chicken and cheese, then dipped in a batter and deep-fried to a crispy brown.
23 July 1950, Washington Post, pg. 59:
Pozole soup, traditional around Guadalajara, is a hog’s head soup with cacahuazintle, dried sweet corn with dark blue or black kernels.
Posted by Barry Popik
| Mexico |
In January 1994, US President Bill Clinton and which Russian President signed a series of treaties known as the ‘Kremlin Accords’? | 1000+ images about Mex soups on Pinterest | Caldo de res, Caldo de pollo and Pozole rojo
Mexican Albondigas Soup from @thesensiblemom. Garnish with cilantro, serve with a splash of lime or lemon juice and hot corn tortillas for dipping and rice to spoon directly into soup. Which Mexican recipes bring back memories for you? #VivaLaMorena #shop
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If a cavity in the human body is ‘infundibulum’, what shape is it? | Fallopian Tube
Home > Female Reproductive System > Female Reproductive Organs of the Lower Torso > Fallopian Tube
Fallopian Tube
The Fallopian tubes, also known as the uterine tubes, are a pair of 4-inch (10 cm) long narrow tubes connecting the ovaries to the uterus. Ova (egg cells) are carried to the uterus through the fallopian tubes following ovulation. The ova may also be fertilized while in the Fallopian tubes if sperm is present following sexual intercourse.
The Fallopian tubes are located in the pelvic cavity extending laterally from the corners of the superior edge of the uterus and passing superior to the ovaries....
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Full Fallopian Tube Description
[Continued from above] . . . The broad ligament of the uterus and suspensory ligaments support the Fallopian tubes and hold them in place relative to the uterus and ovaries. Each Fallopian tube begins as a very narrow tube at the uterus and gradually widens as it extends towards the ovary. The isthmus of the Fallopian tubes is the narrowest and thickest walled region of the fallopian tube bordering on the uterus. From the isthmus the Fallopian tube widens into the ampulla, which makes up the bulk of its length. Finally, the Fallopian tube widens greatly into the funnel-shaped infundibulum before ending superior and lateral to the ovary. Many finger-like projections known as fimbriae extend from the infundibulum to reach the surface of the ovary.
Being continuous with the uterus, the Fallopian tubes contain many of the same tissue layers as the womb. The thin, outermost covering of the Fallopian tubes, the serosa, is made of a serous membrane of simple squamous epithelial tissue supported by areolar connective tissue. Thin serous fluid secreted from the serosa lubricates the Fallopian tubes and protects them from friction with neighboring organs. Deep to the serosa is the muscularis layer that contains the visceral muscle tissue responsible for movement of the Fallopian tubes. The innermost layer, the mucosa, lines the hollow lumen and is mostly made of ciliated columnar epithelial tissue.
The Fallopian tubes are far from passive tubes in the female reproductive system; on the contrary, they play an extremely active role in the process of fertilization. Just prior to ovulation, smooth muscle tissue in the fimbriae responds to the changing levels of female sex hormones and begins producing slow, steady contractions. These contractions result in the sweeping of the surface of the ovary by the fimbriae in anticipation of the release of the ova. Once the ovum is released, the fimbriae pick it up and carry it into the infundibulum. Next, cilia in the mucosal lining and peristaltic waves of the muscularis carry the ovum through the infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus toward the uterus. Sperm deposited into the vagina during sexual intercourse may enter the Fallopian tubes from the uterus and fertilize the ovum as it travels toward the womb.
Prepared by Tim Taylor, Anatomy and Physiology Instructor
| funnel shaped |
The 2003 documentary drama ‘Touching the Void’ recounts the story of two mountaineers on which mountain range? | Female Reproductive System - Anatomy Pictures and Information
Female Reproductive System
Home > Female Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, mammary glands and breasts. These organs are involved in the production and transportation of gametes and the production of sex hormones. The female reproductive system also facilitates the fertilization of ova by sperm and supports the development of offspring during pregnancy and infancy....
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Full Female Reproductive System Description
[Continued from above] . . .
Female Reproductive System Anatomy
Ovaries
The ovaries are a pair of small glands about the size and shape of almonds, located on the left and right sides of the pelvic body cavity lateral to the superior portion of the uterus. Ovaries produce female sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone as well as ova (commonly called "eggs"), the female gametes. Ova are produced from oocyte cells that slowly develop throughout a woman’s early life and reach maturity after puberty. Each month during ovulation, a mature ovum is released. The ovum travels from the ovary to the fallopian tube, where it may be fertilized before reaching the uterus.
Fallopian Tubes
The fallopian tubes are a pair of muscular tubes that extend from the left and right superior corners of the uterus to the edge of the ovaries. The fallopian tubes end in a funnel-shaped structure called the infundibulum, which is covered with small finger-like projections called fimbriae. The fimbriae swipe over the outside of the ovaries to pick up released ova and carry them into the infundibulum for transport to the uterus. The inside of each fallopian tube is covered in cilia that work with the smooth muscle of the tube to carry the ovum to the uterus.
Uterus
The uterus is a hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ located posterior and superior to the urinary bladder. Connected to the two fallopian tubes on its superior end and to the vagina (via the cervix ) on its inferior end, the uterus is also known as the womb, as it surrounds and supports the developing fetus during pregnancy. The inner lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium , provides support to the embryo during early development. The visceral muscles of the uterus contract during childbirth to push the fetus through the birth canal.
Vagina
The vagina is an elastic, muscular tube that connects the cervix of the uterus to the exterior of the body. It is located inferior to the uterus and posterior to the urinary bladder . The vagina functions as the receptacle for the penis during sexual intercourse and carries sperm to the uterus and fallopian tubes. It also serves as the birth canal by stretching to allow delivery of the fetus during childbirth. During menstruation, the menstrual flow exits the body via the vagina.
Vulva
The vulva is the collective name for the external female genitalia located in the pubic region of the body. The vulva surrounds the external ends of the urethral opening and the vagina and includes the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, and clitoris. The mons pubis, or pubic mound, is a raised layer of adipose tissue between the skin and the pubic bone that provides cushioning to the vulva. The inferior portion of the mons pubis splits into left and right halves called the labia majora . The mons pubis and labia majora are covered with pubic hairs. Inside of the labia majora are smaller, hairless folds of skin called the labia minora that surround the vaginal and urethral openings. On the superior end of the labia minora is a small mass of erectile tissue known as the clitoris that contains many nerve endings for sensing sexual pleasure.
Breasts and Mammary Glands
The breasts are specialized organs of the female body that contain mammary glands, milk ducts, and adipose tissue. The two breasts are located on the left and right sides of the thoracic region of the body. In the center of each breast is a highly pigmented nipple that releases milk when stimulated. The areola, a thickened, highly pigmented band of skin that surrounds the nipple, protects the underlying tissues during breastfeeding. The mammary glands are a special type of sudoriferous glands that have been modified to produce milk to feed infants. Within each breast, 15 to 20 clusters of mammary glands become active during pregnancy and remain active until milk is no longer needed. The milk passes through milk ducts on its way to the nipple, where it exits the body.
Female Reproductive System Physiology
The Reproductive Cycle
The female reproductive cycle is the process of producing an ovum and readying the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum to begin pregnancy . If an ovum is produced but not fertilized and implanted in the uterine wall, the reproductive cycle resets itself through menstruation. The entire reproductive cycle takes about 28 days on average, but may be as short as 24 days or as long as 36 days for some women.
Oogenesis and Ovulation
Under the influence of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH), the ovaries produce a mature ovum in a process known as ovulation. By about 14 days into the reproductive cycle, an oocyte reaches maturity and is released as an ovum. Although the ovaries begin to mature many oocytes each month, usually only one ovum per cycle is released.
Fertilization
Once the mature ovum is released from the ovary, the fimbriae catch the egg and direct it down the fallopian tube to the uterus. It takes about a week for the ovum to travel to the uterus. If sperm are able to reach and penetrate the ovum, the ovum becomes a fertilized zygote containing a full complement of DNA. After a two-week period of rapid cell division known as the germinal period of development, the zygote forms an embryo. The embryo will then implant itself into the uterine wall and develop there during pregnancy.
Menstruation
While the ovum matures and travels through the fallopian tube, the endometrium grows and develops in preparation for the embryo. If the ovum is not fertilized in time or if it fails to implant into the endometrium, the arteries of the uterus constrict to cut off blood flow to the endometrium. The lack of blood flow causes cell death in the endometrium and the eventual shedding of tissue in a process known as menstruation. In a normal menstrual cycle, this shedding begins around day 28 and continues into the first few days of the new reproductive cycle.
Pregnancy
If the ovum is fertilized by a sperm cell, the fertilized embryo will implant itself into the endometrium and begin to form an amniotic cavity, umbilical cord, and placenta. For the first 8 weeks, the embryo will develop almost all of the tissues and organs present in the adult before entering the fetal period of development during weeks 9 through 38. During the fetal period, the fetus grows larger and more complex until it is ready to be born.
Lactation
Lactation is the production and release of milk to feed an infant. The production of milk begins prior to birth under the control of the hormone prolactin. Prolactin is produced in response to the suckling of an infant on the nipple, so milk is produced as long as active breastfeeding occurs. As soon as an infant is weaned, prolactin and milk production end soon after. The release of milk by the nipples is known as the “milk-letdown reflex” and is controlled by the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin is also produced in response to infant suckling so that milk is only released when an infant is actively feeding.
Prepared by Tim Taylor, Anatomy and Physiology Instructor
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What was the title of The Beatles first single for EMI, released in 1962? | 50 Years Ago: EMI Prepares for Release of First Beatles Single – beatle.net
by dvt | posted in: 50 Years Ago , Trivia | 0
In mid-September 1962, EMI scheduled the release of the Beatles first single for October 5. By this time George Martin had determined that a Lennon-McCartney original, “Love Me Do,” would be the group’s debut disc.
Although EMI initially pressed only a few thousand copies of the single for distribution to record stores, the company devoted a full page of its weekly two-page new releases ad to the disc in the September 27, 1962, Record Retailer (shown above). This unprecedented move was most likely done to curry favor with Beatles manager Brian Epstein, who was an important customer of EMI through his NEMS record stores. While EMI was not willing to risk the cost of a large press run on an untested group, the full-page trade magazine ad, complete with pictures of the members of the group, was a way for EMI to demonstrate to Brian its support of the Beatles without incurring additional expenses.
EMI prepared approximately 250 promotional copies of the Beatles first single for pre-release distribution to selected media and radio stations. This so-called demonstration record has white labels with black print and a large red A on the Love Me Do side. The arrival of the disc at Brian’s NEMS office should have been a red-letter day for the aspiring manager, but instead Brian exploded in red-faced rage when he noticed that Paul’s last name was misspelled in the songwriters credit as “McArtney.” When he called EMI to complain about the error, he was told that the labels of the commercial copies would have the correct spelling. This failed to calm him down and he curtly replied, “Not the point, journalists and producers and deejays have the wrong name on their copies.” While Brian was understandably upset over the spelling error, the mistake made what was destined to be a highly collectible disc even more desirable.
Not willing to rely entirely on EMI to promote the Beatles, Brian hired a Liverpool native who wrote liner notes for a major record company to prepare a press kit for the Beatles. This individual also wrote record reviews for a Liverpool newspaper. This week’s trivia questions are about this person.
Who did Brian Epstein hire to prepare the first Beatles press kit?
What record company did this person write liner notes for?
What newspaper did this person write record reviews for?
What pen name did he use for his Off The Record column in the newspaper?
| Love Me Do |
Aulophobia is the irrational fear of which musical instrument? | The Story of the Beatles' First Single, 'Love Me Do'
REDDIT
Fox Photos, Getty Images
Not all cultural revolutions take place overnight. Some begin with little fanfare and take a while to gather steam. That’s exactly what happened on Oct. 5, 1962, when the Beatles released their first single, “Love Me Do,” in the U.K.
Written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney a few years earlier, “Love Me Do” was one of four songs the Beatles performed during their successful audition for George Martin several months earlier and slated for their debut single. However, Martin was dissatisfied with drummer Pete Best, who was subsequently fired.
His replacement, Ringo Starr , had barely had time to rehearse with the band by the time of their first session on Sept. 4. Martin asked that they re-record the song a week later with studio musician Andy White on drums. Starr played the tambourine. Still, the version with Starr behind the kit was chosen by their label, EMI, as the single, with White’s version used for the U.S. release in the spring of 1964.
Though it hardly ranks as one of their best songs, “Love Me Do” is noted for Lennon’s harmonica part, inspired by Delbert McClinton’s playing on Bruce Channel’s “Hey Baby,” a big hit that summer. It also resulted in an added bonus. With no overdubbing, Lennon’s harmonica playing meant that McCartney had to sing the a capella title line at the end of the verse by himself. Nerves caused McCartney’s voice to shake, which only made the girls scream even more.
“Love Me Do” reached No. 17 on the U.K. charts, an unspectacular but respectable spot for an unknown group from Liverpool. But it was their second single, “Please Please Me,” released in January 1963, that rocketed up the charts and kicked off the phenomenon that became known as Beatlemania.
Beatles Albums Ranked Worst to Best
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What colour is Swiss cartoon character ‘Globi’? | Swiss "Mickey Mouse" turns 75 - SWI swissinfo.ch
Swiss "Mickey Mouse" turns 75
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Jul 23, 2007 - 15:29
Globi, the blue parrot with the big heart, is one of Switzerland's most famous cartoon characters. This year he celebrates his 75th birthday.
The Swiss creation has moved with the times, becoming more politically correct and environmentally aware, but he has yet to fly across the country's borders.
Globi – with his blue feathers, yellow beak, distinctive red and black checked trousers and jauntily placed beret – shows no signs of slowing down, despite his advanced years.
The star of 75 books still accounts for annual sales of around 80,000 classic cartoon volumes and 40,000 educational books.
"Globi is almost as old as Mickey Mouse. Every child grows up with Globi because the grandparents or parents did," Gisela Klinkenberg, head of the Globi publishing house, told swissinfo.
"If they have children of their own, Globi comes out again, so it goes from generation to generation – and it's been doing that since 1932."
According to the very first Globi comic strip – in black and white and showing a somewhat rounder parrot minus the hat – Globi ended up in Switzerland by accident.
After hatching in the Sahara, he takes to the skies and spying a party he dives downwards – only to fall on his beak in the middle of rural Switzerland. The rest, as they say, is history...
Appeal to children
The reality is more mundane. Globi was created by Globus, a Swiss chain of department stores, for its 25th anniversary in 1932. The aim was to appeal to children – and it worked.
At first a human-sized Globi would appear at events and he had a comic strip in the Globus magazine. Then due to popular demand the first book appeared in 1935.
This led nine years later to the creation of the Globi publishing house. The millionth book was sold in 1948.
Globi's adventures, in German, although nine have also been translated into French, have seen the psittacine star travel the world, go into space and appear on the silver screen.
But he has not forgotten his adopted home: he has also met Swiss folk hero William Tell, worked as a farmer and done his military service.
Globi's appearance may have moved with the times – he is now taller and slimmer – but his character has remained the same, "He was always very helpful and curious and interested in a lot of things and he still is," said Klinkenberg.
Ruffled feathers
But Globi has not always been flying so high. In the 1970s some of the books came under fire for showing racist stereotypes – such as the black Africans in the first book, "Globi's journey around the world".
He was accused of being sexist and violent. All offending editions have since been withdrawn or changed.
"Globi had to change in the 1970s," Klinkenberg admitted. "He didn't have the same adventures or regard people and cultures in the same way as he did in the 1940s and 1950s."
These days Globi is more politically correct and has become very interested in environmental issues.
In his latest adventure, Globi helps a baby rhinoceros settle back into the wild in Africa. He has also made a foray into educational books, so children can study cooking or German with Globi – and presumably repeat what they learn parrot fashion.
Fans can also buy T-shirts, pyjamas and even Globi (non-alcoholic) champagne.
Patriotic parrot
However, despite all this domestic success the little blue parrot has not managed to spread his wings abroad.
Klinkenberg thinks this might be because Globi was born around the Second World War, when the borders were closed.
She explained a few attempts were made in the post-war period to crack the United States market, but Globi did not catch on.
The small publishing firm, which Globus recently sold to the Orell Füssli publishing house, has therefore decided to focus on the Swiss market.
"We have a lot of ideas for new adventures, also for the series where children can learn things like gardening and first aid," Klinkenberg said.
"We think that if this all goes well, then Globi can stay just the way as he is."
swissinfo, Isobel Leybold-Johnson
1932: Globi created for Globus's 25th anniversary.
1935: First book "Globi's journey around the world".
1944: Globi publishing house formed.
1946: First book in French.
1948: Millionth book sold.
1970s: Globi criticised for out-dated attitudes.
1997: 65th anniversary. "Globi at the post office" published, a bestseller. Globi stamp issued.
2000: Globi product line expanded.
2007: 75th anniversary. Globi publishing house sold to Orell Füssli. 75th book "Globi among the rhinos" issued.
Creating Globi
The task of creating Globi in 1932 fell to the newly appointed head of Globus's publicity, Ignatius Karl Schiele, and illustrator Robert Lips.
At first they wanted to name their creation Kimbukku, but there were objections. As Globus was popularly known in Swiss-German as Gloobi, they decided to name the parrot Globi.
Globi is now written and illustrated by a team.
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Swiss "Mickey Mouse" turns 75 Isobel Leybold-Johnson Jul 23, 2007 - 15:29 Globi, the blue parrot with the big heart, is one of Switzerland's most famous cartoon characters. This year he celebrates his 75th birthday. The Swiss creation has moved with the times, becoming more politically correct and environmentally aware, but he has yet to fly across the country's borders. Globi – with his blue feathers, yellow beak, distinctive red and black checked trousers and jauntily placed beret – shows no signs of slowing down, despite his advanced years. The star of 75 books still accounts for annual sales of around 80,000 classic cartoon volumes and 40,000 educational books. "Globi is almost as old as Mickey Mouse. Every child grows up with Globi because the grandparents or parents did," Gisela Klinkenberg, head of the Globi publishing house, told swissinfo. "If they have children of their own, Globi comes out again, so it goes from generation to generation – and it's been doing that since 1932." According to the very first Globi comic strip – in black and white and showing a somewhat rounder parrot minus the hat – Globi ended up in Switzerland by accident. After hatching in the Sahara, he takes to the skies and spying a party he dives downwards – only to fall on his beak in the middle of rural Switzerland. The rest, as they say, is history... Appeal to children The reality is more mundane. Globi was created by Globus, a Swiss chain of department stores, for its 25th anniversary in 1932. The aim was to appeal to children – and it worked. At first a human-sized Globi would appear at events and he had a comic strip in the Globus magazine. Then due to popular demand the first book appeared in 1935. This led nine years later to the creation of the Globi publishing house. The millionth book was sold in 1948. Globi's adventures, in German, although nine have also been translated into French, have seen the psittacine star travel the world, go into space and appear on the silver screen. But he has not forgotten his adopted home: he has also met Swiss folk hero William Tell, worked as a farmer and done his military service. Globi's appearance may have moved with the times – he is now taller and slimmer – but his character has remained the same, "He was always very helpful and curious and interested in a lot of things and he still is," said Klinkenberg. Ruffled feathers But Globi has not always been flying so high. In the 1970s some of the books came under fire for showing racist stereotypes – such as the black Africans in the first book, "Globi's journey around the world". He was accused of being sexist and violent. All offending editions have since been withdrawn or changed. "Globi had to change in the 1970s," Klinkenberg admitted. "He didn't have the same adventures or regard people and cultures in the same way as he did in the 1940s and 1950s." These days Globi is more politically correct and has become very interested in environmental issues. In his latest adventure, Globi helps a baby rhinoceros settle back into the wild in Africa. He has also made a foray into educational books, so children can study cooking or German with Globi – and presumably repeat what they learn parrot fashion. Fans can also buy T-shirts, pyjamas and even Globi (non-alcoholic) champagne. Patriotic parrot However, despite all this domestic success the little blue parrot has not managed to spread his wings abroad. Klinkenberg thinks this might be because Globi was born around the Second World War, when the borders were closed. She explained a few attempts were made in the post-war period to crack the United States market, but Globi did not catch on. The small publishing firm, which Globus recently sold to the Orell Füssli publishing house, has therefore decided to focus on the Swiss market. "We have a lot of ideas for new adventures, also for the series where children can learn things like gardening and first aid," Klinkenberg said. "We think that if this all goes well, then Globi can stay just the way as he is." swissinfo, Isobel Leybold-Johnson Key facts 1932: Globi created for Globus's 25th anniversary. 1935: First book "Globi's journey around the world". 1944: Globi publishing house formed. 1946: First book in French. 1948: Millionth book sold. 1970s: Globi criticised for out-dated attitudes. 1997: 65th anniversary. "Globi at the post office" published, a bestseller. Globi stamp issued. 2000: Globi product line expanded. 2007: 75th anniversary. Globi publishing house sold to Orell Füssli. 75th book "Globi among the rhinos" issued. Creating Globi The task of creating Globi in 1932 fell to the newly appointed head of Globus's publicity, Ignatius Karl Schiele, and illustrator Robert Lips. At first they wanted to name their creation Kimbukku, but there were objections. As Globus was popularly known in Swiss-German as Gloobi, they decided to name the parrot Globi. Globi is now written and illustrated by a team.
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Who became British Foreign Secretary in May 2010? | Cartoon Cheese - TV Tropes
Cartoon Cheese
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Orangey-yellow? Check. Wedge-shaped? Check. Holes? Check. Pursued by mice? Check. Yep, that's Cartoon Cheese.
There are hundreds of varieties of cheese in real life, in several distinct "cheese families." Not bad for what is, bluntly put, spoiled (and sometimes moldy) milk. However, regardless of anything else, almost all cartoon cheese has three main traits, plus an occasional fourth:
It's orange or yellow, like Wisconsin Cheddar. (And that cheddar isn't even that color naturally. The yellow color comes from annatto, a dye.)
It's full of holes, like Swiss or Jarlsberg. (For the curious, it wasn't until May 2015 that dairy scientists discovered that the holes in Swiss cheese are caused by tiny bits of hay in the milk.)
It almost always comes in "wedge" form, as if it were cut from a cheese wheel, like Gouda, and not in block or cube form, like Havarti. Occasionally, the full wheel may be shown.
Less commonly, it has a very strong odor (producing wavy 'scent lines' ). It may even stink, like Limburger.
Cheese which is not this strange amalgam of traits (well, at least the first three) is almost never present, except sometimes incidentally as a sandwich ingredient. The most likely trait to get skipped is the "stinky" part. Orange-yellow cheese that's full of holes is still everywhere. Cheez Whiz doesn't show up too often, perhaps because animators fear viewers will mistake it for mustard.
Of course, in addition to Swiss and Limburger just being funny, there's a practical reason behind this trope as well, which is based on the Rule of Perception . In a cartoon, a large, nondescript block of something yellow or white could be just about anything. A bar of gold? Butter? Lard? A white brick? Giving cheese these distinct traits helps identify to the audience that "Yes! This is cheese you're looking at." Of course, this works best if you don't name the cheese in question.
Commonly seen as part of a Level Ate .
Examples:
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Anime & Manga
Doraemon has conveniently held this kind of cheese. This trope is international. This is most likely due to American (especially Disney) influence in early anime.
Comic Books
When Superboy meets Super-Mouse, the latter is seen juggling with this kind of cheese.
Swiss cheese features frequently in Ast�rix in Switzerland, for obvious reasons.
Corsican Cheese manifests extreme Number Four characteristics and is used to sink a ship in Asterix in Corsica.
Mortadelo y Filem�n has a painful aversion: An elderly woman mistakes a bar of soap for a piece of cheese that looks just like the soap (rectangular, not like a wedge) and gives it to Filemón , who unknowingly eats it...
In Violine , Klaas, Violine's pet mouse, thinks of this kind of cheese when first meeting her.
Comic Strips
This is the type of cheese that shows up most often in Garfield — with one exception. Since Garfield likes mice and doesn't want to harm them (and would be too lazy to do so even if he did), Jon has to put out traps baited with cheese. The chunks of cheese in the traps are not round or wedged, but appear almost featureless (perhaps the most approximate shape would be "semicircle").
Live-Action TV
In The Muppet Show , Gonzo auditions with Yolanda, the dancing cheese. Gonzo just clicks his heels a bit, and the cheese does the fancy steps. Wedge of circular round? Check. Yellow? Partial check
◊
. (He refers to "her" as a Gorgonzola.)
An episode of Family Matters had Urkel create a Mortal Kombat style video game with one character based on himself. One attack the character had was to yell "Have some CHEESE!" while throwing Cartoon Cheese at the opponent. Subverted, however, in another episode in which he annoyed Carl by showing a slideshow of all his favorite cheeses - some of which look nothing like stereotypical cheese. ("A bodacious Brie!")
On the competition show Fake Off, the team chosen to act out disaster-movie themes depicted the story of three mice whose pursuit of a piece of Cartoon Cheese was repeatedly interrupted by an earthquake, a shark's fin, a tyannosaurus and an Alien Abduction (of the cheese).
Sports
Green Bay Packers fans wear cheeseheads which are wedge-shaped, yellow like Cheddar, and holey like Swiss.
Video Games
The Stinky Cheese Wedge in Banjo-Tooie is exactly what it sounds like: A giant piece of cheese, yellow and full of holes. It serves as part of the level.
One Mario Kart racetrack is composed of nothing but this sort of cheese. Even the ground!
Cheese Dreams features as its protagonist a sentient moon made of this stuff. More of it ( hopefully not originally sentient ) can be seen in liquefied form powering the mouselike antagonists' spaceship.
Rare aversion: Except for the first game, the cheese in most Creatures games is a white wedge-shaped cheese, as is common for real-world cheeses.
The first puzzle in Sam & Max Save the World involves getting some Swiss cheese to bribe Jimmy Two-Teeth. The problem is that the generic cheese Max bought is solid, and the solution is to have Sam whip out his huge revolver and plug it full of holes himself. According to the easy-to-trick Jimmy, generic cheese + holes = Swiss, which hews close enough to this trope to count.
James Pond 3: Operation Starfi5h was set on the moon, which is of course made entirely out of this kind of cheese. Interestingly, although most of the area names are puns on many different cheese varieties, all the levels are the same bright-yellow-holey stuff.
In the NES game The Addams Family , it's a health bonus.
In a low-budget Expert Software game compilation, Cheesy Pursuit and Maze Race both have many kinds of cartoon cheese.
The original Perfect Dark for the N64 had small chunks of this type of cheese hidden in each level as an Easter Egg .
And the Xbox 360 DLC version too.
In at least one entry of the The Incredible Machine series, you can use this cheese to lure Mort the mouse. Or just as a dead weight. It's also the kind of cheese Sid E. Mouse eats in Sid And Als Incredible Toons .
In The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion , cheese comes in either cheese wheels (that are missing a wedge) or wedges that seem to be cut from a wheel. Both are pale yellow. In one quest this trope is played 100% straight when you steal a bright orange cheese wedge with holes and use the smell to summon rats from miles around.
The cheese wedges that will summon Gold Mice in Luigi's Mansion .
In Dungeons of Dredmor , at first you might think, looking at the wide variety of cheeses available in the dungeons (havarti, brie, blue, gouda, smoked applewood cheddar, parmigiano reggiano...), that this trope is averted . Nope! Amongst all the different kinds of unique cheeses, there is one cheese known simply as "Cheese". It's yellow-orange and wedge-shaped, with holes in it.
Most forms of bait in the Facebook game MouseHunt come in Cartoon Cheese -style wedges, even fantastical ones with crystals, seaweed, bits of metal or other weird stuff embedded in them.
Web Comics
Shows up on Jimmy Two-Shoes , during the Zombie Apocalypse episode.
Justified in the Ed, Edd 'n' Eddy episode "Stuck in Ed". Rolf was drilling holes in a cheese wheel.
Phineas and Ferb built the CHEESETOPIA in the episode Remains of a Platypus, guess which shape and form it had?
The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius : Jimmy Neutron once built the Cheese-Ray (which kept being brought up through the series) which turned items into yellow hole-filled cheese.
On Family Guy , Peter and friends joined the police academy. When Peter performed a practice rectal search on Quagmire, a block of cartoon cheese was one of the many, many objects to fall out of Quagmire's ass.
In Ratz , the cheese is explicitly Gouda, but it's shown holier than usual.
Real Life
Emmentaler cheese is probably the closest thing to Cartoon Cheese in real life. It's the Swiss cheese after which so-called "Swiss cheese" is named, it comes in wheels, and it's full of holes. It's not as bright a shade of yellow as in cartoons, however, and has a pretty mild taste & smell.
In Sweden, this type of cheese (1 (yellow), 2, and 3 together) is a very common type.
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Which US golfer’s first names are Eldrick Tont? | Eldrick Tont ‘Tiger’ Woods - The Express Tribune
The Express Tribune
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His recognition as one of the greatest golfers of all time can be seen by the 11 PGA Player of the Year awards and nine Vardon Trophy honours to his name. PHOTO: AFP/FILE
“I play for myself and my family. That’s it. That’s what my father always said to me and that’s what I’ve always done.”
He was six months old when he started imitating his father’s swing and just two when he appeared on the Bob Hope show to display his already considerable golfing skills.
Born Eldrick Tont Woods, he was nicknamed Tiger by his old man Earl, a Vietnam War veteran, after a Vietnamese soldier friend of his.
A true sporting phenomenon and one of the most recognisable faces in the world, Tiger Woods left his mark at an early age to change the golfing landscape. His interest did not wane as time passed by.
By the age of six, he was able to reach the greens from the tees, while even making a couple of holes-in-one. The most successful amateur golfer in the history of the sport, it was in 1982 at the World 10-and-Under Championship that Woods won his first competition, outshooting boys three and four years older than him. In 1987, he entered as many as two dozen youth tournaments, winning them all.
In 1989, Woods participated in his first major tournament Big I, and then went on to become the US Junior Amateur champion at the age of 15. He was the youngest person to achieve the feat, till Jim Liu broke his record in 2010. However, the American is the only one to have won it three consecutive times on the last hole (1991-1993).
Woods was always being readied up for something else under the shadow of his parents’ constant support and guidance. “We’ve been training Tiger to take his place in society since he was born,” Earl had said.
However, he was just getting started. It was during his adolescent years that he became obsessed with Jack Nicklaus, whilst going on to win two back-to-back USGA Junior Championships (1991-1992) and the 1994 US Amateur Championship, a victory which helped Woods qualify for the 1995 Masters, the mother of all American golf tournaments.
In 1996, he turned pro and immediately signed endorsement deals worth $40 million from Nike and $20 million from Titleist.
Woods may have lost the man who moulded his brilliant mind by drilling it on the mental game as early as the age of four, but the child prodigy has never stopped trying to make Earl proud. It went hand-in-glove when just two months after his father passed away, Woods paid tribute to him by achieving a career high at the 135th British Open Championship in July 2006 by ‘thinking his way around the golf course’. Woods was ruthless as ever at the Royal Liverpool.
For all but a single swing at the 16th hole of the opening round, Woods disregarded his preferred driver. Instead, he utilised 3-woods and 2-irons off the tee, which resulted in greater accuracy.
However, when Chris DiMarco miraculously holed a 50-foot par putt on the 14th hole to reduce Wood’s three-stroke lead to one, Woods went into terminator mode. The American stayed calm against a charging opponent and a gallery-full of distracting clickers, just the way Earl had taught his son, and birdied the next three holes to finish 18-under 270, just a stroke off his own Open record total. He hit almost 86% of all fairways, leading to three eagles, 19 birdies, 43 pars and only seven bogeys for the week.
The only thing that caught him in the end was his memory of Earl.
In a mixture of sorrow and gratification, Woods screamed out ‘Yes!’ after winning his 11th major championship, and buried his head in the shoulder of his caddie Steve Williams, sobbing uncontrollably and then going into the arms of his wife Elin; winning without his father and his trusted driver.
“He would have been very proud, very proud,” he said. “He was always on my case about thinking my way around the golf course and not letting emotions get the better of you, because it’s so very easy to do in this sport. He was very adamant that I play like that my entire career.”
Woods has been inextricably linked with Nicklaus, ‘The Golden Bear’, setting his game around one main aim: overcoming the great golfer’s record of 18 majors, as he came in second with his 14. Nicklaus once said Woods has everything it takes to beat his golf record. However, as the competition continues to improve and his back problems plague him, the chances have greatly diminished.
He may never reach his goal but the world number one has accolades worthy of a lifetime. His 12-stroke winning margin at the Masters made Woods a global sensation at the age of 21. He shelved up three more ‘Major’ tournaments in 2000, and soon held all four Majors at the same time, an achievement that became known as the ‘Tiger Slam’. Woods is among the five players to have reached the milestone.
He has also won 79 official PGA Tour events, second only to Sam Snead, and six ahead of Nicklaus with 73 wins, and his scoring average in 2000 is the lowest in PGA Tour history.
His recognition as one of the greatest golfers of all time can be seen by the 11 PGA Player of the Year awards and nine Vardon Trophy honours to his name. Moreover, Woods holds the record for the most consecutive weeks at number one (281, from June 12, 2005 to October 30, 2010), as well as the highest amount of time spent at number one; a total of 682 weeks.
It is his ruthless will to continue to improve that has made Woods the man he is today.
“The greatest thing about tomorrow is, I will be better than I am today. And that’s how I look at my life. I will be a better golfer, I will be a better person, I will be a better father, I will be a better husband, I will be a better friend. That’s the beauty of tomorrow.”
Published in The Express Tribune, May 14th, 2014.
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| Tiger Woods |
How many triple-word squares are there on a standard Scrabble board? | Tiger Woods - Biography - IMDb
Tiger Woods
Biography
Showing all 64 items
Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (1) | Trade Mark (1) | Trivia (49) | Personal Quotes (8)
Overview (4)
6' (1.83 m)
Mini Bio (1)
At age 21, Tiger Woods became the youngest Masters champ and the first golfer since Jerry Pate in 1976 to win in the first major he played. In 1997, Woods took the lead at the Augusta golf classic and then put on a golf clinic never seen before. He fired a 3-under-par 69 and broke the tournament 72-hole record with an unbelievable 18-under 270. The 12-stroke margin of victory was the largest in Masters history. Woods was chosen as the Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year and ESPY Male Athlete of the Year in 1997. He was also one of the most accomplished amateur golfers in history, winning six USGA national championships, an NCAA title during his two years at Stanford University, and an unprecedented three consecutive U.S. Amateur Championships. He finished first on the PGA Tour five times in 1999. More importantly, Woods opened wide a door of society in becoming the first African American, as well as the first Asian American, to win a major. Woods was granted dual citizenship by the Thai government (his mother, Kultida, is of half Thai and one quarter Chinese, descent) in 1997 prior to playing in the Asian Honda Classic. Woods has captured the hearts and imaginations of even non-golf fans around the world. Affable and good looking, he became an international star and a prime endorser of golfing equipment and apparel. Born Eldrick Woods on December 30, 1975, in Cypress, California, his distinctive nickname "Tiger" came from his father Earl's Green Beret army past. "Tiger" had been the moniker of a South Vietnamese officer who saved Earl's life on several occasions. As a child, Woods was one of junior golf's most accomplished players. He putted against Bob Hope on The Mike Douglas Show (1961) at the improbable age of 2, shot 48 for nine holes at age 3, and was featured in "Golf Digest" at age 5. Woods won several major youth titles in southern California. He won three straight U.S. Amateur titles in 1994, 1995 and 1996 after winning three consecutive U.S. Junior Amateur titles in 1991, 1992 and 1993. He turned professional in the summer of 1996, and the game of golf hasn't been the same since. Sense of humor intact, Woods once observed, "Hockey is a sport for white men. Basketball is a sport for black men. Golf is a sport for white men dressed like black pimps".
- IMDb Mini Biography By: Vicki McClure Davidson
Spouse (1)
( 5 October 2004 - 23 August 2010) (divorced) (2 children)
Trade Mark (1)
During the final round (which is usually on Sundays) he almost always wears a red Nike t-shirt and a black Nike baseball cap
Trivia (49)
Attended Stanford University but left before graduating in order to pursue his golfing career.
Nicknamed Tiger after a Vietnamese soldier and friend of his father, Vuong Dang Phong, to whom his father had also given that nickname.
His father, Earl Woods , was a retired lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army. His mother, Kultida Woods , is a native of Thailand. Tiger's father was born in Manhattan, Kansas, to African-American parents, Miles Woods and Maude Carter. Tiger's maternal grandfather was Thai, while Tiger's maternal grandmother had a Dutch father and a Chinese mother.
Named Golf Digest Player of the Year (1991 and 1992), Golf World Player of the Year (1992 and 1993), Golfweek National Amateur of the Year (1992), Golf World Man of the Year (1994), and Fred Haskins and Jack Nicklaus College Player of the Year awards (1996.)
Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year in 1996 and 2000, making him the first athlete to win the award twice.
6/15/97: Became the youngest #1 golfer ever at the age of 21 years and 24 weeks in his 42nd week as a professional.
Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year in 1997, 1999, 2000 and 2006.
An only child, although Earl had children from a previous marriage.
Tiger Woods Foundation promotes parental responsibility and involvement in the lives of children.
1999: Underwent laser eye surgery and now endorses TLC Laser Eye Centers.
His nickname on the Stanford golf team was Urkel.
His mother made the Tiger club cover in his bag with the words "Love from Mom" in Thai stitched on it.
Wears a red shirt on the final day of every tournament because his mother feels that it is a "power color" for him.
Has won at least one World Golf Championships event every year since 1999 (54% winning rate).
2000: Signed a five-year, $100-million endorsement contract with Nike. As of 5/03 it remains the largest endorsement deal ever signed by an athlete.
Has his own line of golf watches.
Won the American Express Championship six times between 1999 and 2007.
Enjoys working out, boating, water sports, fishing and car racing.
October 2004: Married long-time girlfriend, Swedish model Elin Nordegren .
The popular Nike TV commercial with him doing the "ball trick" was basically his creation. It was a routine Tiger would do at times when he was hitting balls or practicing just to goof off. Nike took the idea and turned it into an advertisement. No special effects or computer work was used, Tiger did the trick completely on his own, all in one take.
Next-door neighbor in Florida of Mark O'Mera , another professional golfer and a fellow Masters champion like Woods. Tiger and Mark have a close friendship. Woods also has a close friendship with golfing legend Jack Nicklaus , a man who has dubbed Woods "the greatest golfer of all time.".
Woods graduated from Western High School (Anaheim, Ca) in 1994 at age 18, and was voted "Most Likely to Succeed" among the graduating class.
7/17/05: "Tiger Tames Augusta National" (becoming the first black winner of the Masters golf tournament on 13 April 1997) was ranked #2 in TV Guide's list of the "25 Most Awesome Sports Moments (of the last 15 years)".
2006: Was #5 on the annual Forbes magazine Celebrity 100 list.
July 2006: At the age of 30, he won his third British Open, his 11th Major Championship. The win moved him to second place on the all-time major championship list (tied with Walter Hagen ) and seven behind Jack Nicklaus , who has the record at 18.
Good friends with fellow golfer Darren Clarke .
Tiger and his wife, Elin Nordegren , are expecting their first child in the summer of 2007.
Has two half-brothers, Earl Jr. and Kevin, and a half-sister, Royce.
January 2006: Purchased a $39-million property in Jupiter, FL, which became his primary residence.
Good friends with tennis superstar Roger Federer and New York Yankees shortstop Derek Jeter .
6/18/07: Tiger and Elin Nordegren became the parents of a girl, Sam Alexis Woods, in Orlando, FL.
In 2006, he donated $9,500,000 to the Tiger Woods Learning Center, Earl D.Woods Sr. Scholarship Fund, and other Tiger Woods Foundation programs.
In 2007, Forbes Magazine estimated his 2006 earnings to be $100 million, largely the result of a lucrative advertising deal with Nike, Buick, and other brands.
In 2004, it was reported that he was worth an estimated $295 million.
Ranked #2 in the 2008 Forbes The Celebrity 100 list.
Announced that he and his wife, Elin Nordegren , are expecting their second child in late winter [September 2, 2008].
Son, Charlie Axel, born February 8, 2009.
Has said that Caddyshack (1980) is one of his all time favorite movies. He even played Bill Murray 's character "Carl Spackler" in a American Express TV commercial.
Coached from ages 4-10 by Rudy Duran .
High school boyfriend of Dina Parr . He broke up with her during his sophomore year at Stanford.
California Interscholastic Federation Southern Section Golf Champion 1991, 1993, 1994. He had starred for the high school's golf team under coach Don Crosby.
His ex-wife Elin, was awarded $100 million following their divorce in 2010. After the Tiger Woods infidelity scandal in 2010, several companies re-evaluated their relationships with him. Companies such as Accenture, Gatorade, AT&T and General Motors completely ended their sponsorship deals, while Gillette suspended advertisements featuring Woods. TAG Heuer officially ended their deal with Woods when his contract expired in August 2011. A December 2009 study estimated that the shareholder loss caused by Woods' affairs to be between $5 billion and $12 billion.
(October 5) Amid armed security guards, married fiancée Elin Nordegren in a sunset ceremony at the Barbados resort Sandy Lane before approximately 200 family and friends. [2004]
Proposes to Swedish girlfriend Elin Nordegren . [November 2003]
Won his 11th Major Championship and third British Open. [July 2006]
Returns to golf at The Masters after a hiatus from the sport lasting nearly five months [April 2010]
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In which 1966 Alfred Hitchcock film did Julie Andrews star with Paul Newman? | Torn Curtain (1966) - IMDb
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An American scientist publicly defects to East Germany as part of a cloak and dagger mission to find the solution for a formula resin before planning an escape back to the West.
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A French intelligence agent becomes embroiled in the Cold War politics first with uncovering the events leading up to the 1962 Cuban Missle Crisis, and then back to France to break up an international Russian spy ring.
Director: Alfred Hitchcock
Lighthearted suspense film about a phony psychic/con artist and her taxi driver/private investigator boyfriend who encounter a pair of serial kidnappers while trailing a missing heir in California.
Director: Alfred Hitchcock
Mark marries Marnie although she is a habitual thief and has serious psychological problems, and tries to help her confront and resolve them.
Director: Alfred Hitchcock
A serial murderer is strangling women with a necktie. The London police have a suspect, but he is the wrong man.
Director: Alfred Hitchcock
The trouble with Harry is that he's dead, and everyone seems to have a different idea of what needs to be done with his body...
Director: Alfred Hitchcock
A family vacationing in Morocco accidentally stumble on to an assassination plot and the conspirators are determined to prevent them from interfering.
Director: Alfred Hitchcock
True story of an innocent man mistaken for a criminal.
Director: Alfred Hitchcock
Aircraft factory worker Barry Kane goes on the run across the United States when he is wrongly accused of starting a fire that killed his best friend.
Director: Alfred Hitchcock
A priest who comes under suspicion for murder cannot clear his name without breaking the seal of the confessional.
Director: Alfred Hitchcock
A young woman discovers her visiting uncle may not be the man he seems to be.
Director: Alfred Hitchcock
A struggling actress tries to help a friend prove his innocence when he's accused of murdering the husband of a high society entertainer.
Director: Alfred Hitchcock
When a reformed jewel thief is suspected of returning to his former occupation, he must ferret out the real thief in order to prove his innocence.
Director: Alfred Hitchcock
Edit
Storyline
Professor Michael Armstrong is heading to Copenhagen to attend a physics conference accompanied by his assistant-fiancée Sarah Sherman. Once arrived however, Michael informs her that he may be staying for awhile and she should return home. She follows him and realizes he's actually heading to East Germany, behind the Iron Curtain. She follows him there and is shocked when he announces that he's defecting to the East after the US government canceled his research project. In fact, Michael is there to obtain information from a renowned East German scientist. Once the information is obtained, he and Sarah now have to make their way back to the West. Written by garykmcd
Suspense! Azione! Sorpresa! [Suspense! Action! Surprise!] See more »
Genres:
July 1966 (UK) See more »
Also Known As:
This was Alfred Hitchcock 's fiftieth film. See more »
Goofs
When Professor Michael Armstrong (Paul Newman) is writing the address on a piece of paper in the beginning of the movie he writes: Kobenavn. The actual spelling is: Kobenhavn. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
Professor Karl Manfred : Are they ever going to get the heating fixed?
Norwegian crewman: They are working at it, Professor. Perhaps some of you scientists would like to give us a helping hand!
Francesca da Rimini, Op. 32
(1876) (uncredited)
Better Than What It Was Made Out to Be
9 September 2000 | by ([email protected])
(Manchester, Tennessee) – See all my reviews
Hitchcock's 50th movie, Torn Curtain, is considered by many experts to be a major disappointment, but I didn't see it that way. It is not one of Hitch's top 10, but it is still a very good movie. Both Paul Newman and Julie Andrews give fine performances and I loved Ludwig Donath, who was excellent. The scene in which Professor Armstrong murders Gromek is classic Hitchcock, and the blackboard scene between Newman and Donath is great, too. I think that this movie suffers from the fact that the 2 main stars were really mismatched for Hitch. There is a story that Hitchcock along with his wife insisted that Newman drink wine with them. Newman refused, wanting a beer instead and he wanted to drink it from the can! This request mortified Hitch and his wife. Needless to say those 2 had their differences. As for Andrews, she was suffering from "Keanu Reeves" syndrome. "Keanu Reeves" syndrome is when an actor or actress is hugely successful in a role and then is never taken seriously in any other role, especially something radically different, e.g. Reeves as Ted in Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure was never taken seriously in movies like Speed, Point Break, etc. The same for Andrews who was coming off Mary Poppins and The Sound of Music. This is unfair, but it is true. I feel that if this movie was remade with 2 people who were more suited to the roles, then this become a masterpiece.
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| Torn Curtain |
What does each angle of a regular octagon measure in degrees? | Paul Newman Julie Andrews "Torn Curtain" 1966 LP Signed Autograph Color Photos Hitchcock - Guaranteed Autographs
Home > Actors > Newman, Paul Julie Andrews "Torn Curtain" 1966 LP Signed Autograph Color Photos Hitchcock
Paul Newman Julie Andrews "Torn Curtain" 1966 LP Signed Autograph Color Photos Hitchcock
Newman, Paul Julie Andrews "Torn Curtain" 1966 LP Signed Autograph Color Photos Hitchcock
Item# nepajuantcu1
Price: $199.00
Product Description
Original Soundtrack-"Torn Curtain"(Decca DL 9155)-LP. This vintage LP features the 1966 Alfred Hitchcock Movie-"Torn Curtain". The movie stars Paul Newman and Julie Andrews and they are featured on the front cover in original color scenes.A double agent has to contend with enemies on both sides of the political fence as well as the woman he loves in this thriller directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Prof. Michael Armstrong (Paul Newman) is an gifted American physicist who, at the height of the Cold War, decides to defect to East Germany. To his surprise, his fianc�e, fellow scientist Sarah Sherman (Julie Andrews) follows him, and she soon discovers Armstrong is no traitor, but acting as a secret undercover agent. As Armstrong attempts to ingratiate himself with political and scientific factions in East Germany, Gromek (Wolfgang Kieling) becomes his guide, though Armstrong is aware he's a government agent assigned to trail him, and as he tries to shake Gromek, Armstrong realizes his new "friend" knows what his real agenda happens to be. Torn Curtain was one of the rare Hitchcock films from his "classic" era which did not feature a score by Bernard Herrman; due to objections from his studio, Hitchcock removed Herrman from the project, though excerpts from the score he had begun were included as a bonus on the film's DVD release in 2002. The LP has been autographed on the front cover by Julie Andrews and Paul Newman..................... CONDITION OF VINYL,COVER AND AUTOGRAPHS IS VG..........
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Which US singer released a 2000 album entitled ‘Music’? | Sia | New Music And Songs |
Sia
About Sia
In a career filled with ups and downs, Sia Furler has been an in-demand guest vocalist; a quirky singer/songwriter; a hitmaker for the likes of Rihanna and Beyoncé, and more popular than ever as an artist in her own right in the 2010s. Although raised in Australia, Furler rose to fame after moving to the U.K., where she worked as a guest vocalist for several groups -- including the electronica duo Zero 7 -- and released her own solo albums. Born in 1975, she first performed on the Adelaide jazz circuit during the '90s as a vocalist for the band Crisp. An attempt to launch a solo career in 1997 didn't pan out, though, and she eventually hopped on a plane to London. While there, she landed a gig as a backup singer for Jamiroquai and inked a solo contract with DancePool, a sublabel of Sony.
Sia released her first single, "Taken for Granted," in early 2000. Although the song only peaked at number 100 on the Australian charts, it rose to number ten in the U.K. and increased European demand for her debut album, Healing Is Difficult, which followed in 2001. At the same time, a string of big names in the British music scene began asking for Sia's services; offers from Zero 7 and William Orbit ensued. Although some projects only called for Sia to sing on one song, her association with Zero 7 proved to be a recurring event. She ultimately remained with Zero 7 for three albums, serving as the group's go-to vocalist while also furthering her own career with solo releases like Colour the Small One and Some People Have Real Problems.
Meanwhile, Sia also began building an audience in America. One of the songs from Colour the Small One, "Breathe Me," gained attention when it was used in the elaborate final scene of the Six Feet Under series, and the resulting buzz allowed her to enjoy a successful stateside tour. That tour was documented on her first live release, Lady Croissant, in 2007. By the following year, Sia's American audience had increased to the point that Some People Have Real Problems, her third album, debuted at number 26.
Zero 7 began working on another album in 2009, but Sia had already shifted most of her attention to furthering her own career, and the band hired another singer in her place. Working alongside bassist Sam Dixon, she boosted her songwriting cred by writing several songs for Christina Aguilera, who put the songs on her 2010 release, Bionic. Sia also continued writing songs for herself, and We Are Born marked her most upbeat album to date in 2010. It also went on to become very successful, charting around the world and going to number two in Australia.
But Sia, whose shy and withdrawn personality was at odds with her public persona, began to struggle with the pressures of fame. She became addicted to alcohol and drugs and almost committed suicide before a phone call from a friend persuaded her to enter rehab instead. She spent the next few years out of the spotlight, continuing her parallel career as a backroom songwriter for the likes of Madonna, Britney Spears, Beyoncé, Celine Dion, and Rihanna, for whom she wrote the worldwide number one smash hit "Diamonds." In 2013, she started on a new album, working once again with producer Greg Kurstin.
Wary of another breakdown, she eventually negotiated a near-unprecedented contract with RCA stipulating that she would not have to tour or do press; her first public appearance to promote the album on The Ellen DeGeneres Show saw her perform her new single, "Chandelier," with her back to the audience. The album, entitled 1000 Forms of Fear, arrived in July 2014. It promptly hit number one in several countries, including the U.S. and Australia. Furler and Kurstin also reworked existing music and wrote three new songs for the 2014 adaptation of the Broadway musical Annie; one of their new compositions, "Opportunity," was nominated at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards for Best Original Song. At the 77th Annual Grammy Awards, "Chandelier" scored nominations for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Pop Solo Performance, and Best Music Video. Empowered by the acclaim 1000 Forms of Fear earned, Sia began work on its follow-up in early 2015. Late that year, the singles "Alive" -- which Furler co-wrote with Adele -- and "Bird Set Free" heralded the January 2016 release of This Is Acting, a pop-oriented set of songs rejected by artists such as Katy Perry, Rihanna, and Adele. In July, "Cheap Thrills" -- the second official single that was originally intended for Rihanna -- became Sia's first Billboard 100 chart-topper. ~ Andrew Leahey & David Peter Wesolowski, Rovi
| Madonna |
Omonia, Enosis and Anorthosis are football clubs in which European country? | Sia | New Music And Songs |
Sia
About Sia
In a career filled with ups and downs, Sia Furler has been an in-demand guest vocalist; a quirky singer/songwriter; a hitmaker for the likes of Rihanna and Beyoncé, and more popular than ever as an artist in her own right in the 2010s. Although raised in Australia, Furler rose to fame after moving to the U.K., where she worked as a guest vocalist for several groups -- including the electronica duo Zero 7 -- and released her own solo albums. Born in 1975, she first performed on the Adelaide jazz circuit during the '90s as a vocalist for the band Crisp. An attempt to launch a solo career in 1997 didn't pan out, though, and she eventually hopped on a plane to London. While there, she landed a gig as a backup singer for Jamiroquai and inked a solo contract with DancePool, a sublabel of Sony.
Sia released her first single, "Taken for Granted," in early 2000. Although the song only peaked at number 100 on the Australian charts, it rose to number ten in the U.K. and increased European demand for her debut album, Healing Is Difficult, which followed in 2001. At the same time, a string of big names in the British music scene began asking for Sia's services; offers from Zero 7 and William Orbit ensued. Although some projects only called for Sia to sing on one song, her association with Zero 7 proved to be a recurring event. She ultimately remained with Zero 7 for three albums, serving as the group's go-to vocalist while also furthering her own career with solo releases like Colour the Small One and Some People Have Real Problems.
Meanwhile, Sia also began building an audience in America. One of the songs from Colour the Small One, "Breathe Me," gained attention when it was used in the elaborate final scene of the Six Feet Under series, and the resulting buzz allowed her to enjoy a successful stateside tour. That tour was documented on her first live release, Lady Croissant, in 2007. By the following year, Sia's American audience had increased to the point that Some People Have Real Problems, her third album, debuted at number 26.
Zero 7 began working on another album in 2009, but Sia had already shifted most of her attention to furthering her own career, and the band hired another singer in her place. Working alongside bassist Sam Dixon, she boosted her songwriting cred by writing several songs for Christina Aguilera, who put the songs on her 2010 release, Bionic. Sia also continued writing songs for herself, and We Are Born marked her most upbeat album to date in 2010. It also went on to become very successful, charting around the world and going to number two in Australia.
But Sia, whose shy and withdrawn personality was at odds with her public persona, began to struggle with the pressures of fame. She became addicted to alcohol and drugs and almost committed suicide before a phone call from a friend persuaded her to enter rehab instead. She spent the next few years out of the spotlight, continuing her parallel career as a backroom songwriter for the likes of Madonna, Britney Spears, Beyoncé, Celine Dion, and Rihanna, for whom she wrote the worldwide number one smash hit "Diamonds." In 2013, she started on a new album, working once again with producer Greg Kurstin.
Wary of another breakdown, she eventually negotiated a near-unprecedented contract with RCA stipulating that she would not have to tour or do press; her first public appearance to promote the album on The Ellen DeGeneres Show saw her perform her new single, "Chandelier," with her back to the audience. The album, entitled 1000 Forms of Fear, arrived in July 2014. It promptly hit number one in several countries, including the U.S. and Australia. Furler and Kurstin also reworked existing music and wrote three new songs for the 2014 adaptation of the Broadway musical Annie; one of their new compositions, "Opportunity," was nominated at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards for Best Original Song. At the 77th Annual Grammy Awards, "Chandelier" scored nominations for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Pop Solo Performance, and Best Music Video. Empowered by the acclaim 1000 Forms of Fear earned, Sia began work on its follow-up in early 2015. Late that year, the singles "Alive" -- which Furler co-wrote with Adele -- and "Bird Set Free" heralded the January 2016 release of This Is Acting, a pop-oriented set of songs rejected by artists such as Katy Perry, Rihanna, and Adele. In July, "Cheap Thrills" -- the second official single that was originally intended for Rihanna -- became Sia's first Billboard 100 chart-topper. ~ Andrew Leahey & David Peter Wesolowski, Rovi
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What does a pluviometer measure? | What does pluviometer mean? definition and meaning (Free English Language Dictionary)
pluviometer; rain gage ; rain gauge ; udometer
Hypernyms ("pluviometer" is a kind of...):
gage ; gauge (a measuring instrument for measuring and indicating a quantity such as the thickness of wire or the amount of rain etc.)
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"Let sleeping dogs lie." (Dutch proverb)
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| Rain |
Meadowhall Retail Park is in which English city? | Measuring Weather with Tools - National Geographic Society
Measuring Weather with Tools
How do you measure weather?
This lists the logos of programs or partners of NG Education which have provided or contributed the content on this page. Program
Tips & Modifications
Modification
To make this activity more hands-on, and to help your kinesthetic learners, obtain examples of the actual instruments from the school science lab or other teachers. Allow students to touch and examine them.
1. Activate prior knowledge about instruments used to measure weather.
Ask: What instruments do you or your family members use to measure weather? What instruments do scientists use to measure weather? Students will likely be able to name a thermometer, but they may not be able to name any other instruments that measure weather. Explain to students that there are many more tools scientists use to measure weather. They even use their eyes as important instruments for measuring visibility and making observations.
2. Discuss the photo gallery of instruments that measure weather.
Display the photo gallery Instruments That Measure Weather. Cover the names of the instruments and the captions with a piece of blank paper. Describe what each instrument is and how it works, without stating what it measures. Have students raise their hands to tell what “weather ingredient” the instrument measures. For example:
Display the photo of an anemometer . Point out that it is a stick with a rotating x on the top. At the tips of the x are little cups that catch moving air. When the air moves a lot, the cups spin the x around quickly. Elicit from students that the instrument measures wind.
Display the photo of a snow/ rain gauge . Point out that the tall cylinder is left out in the weather and fills with snow or water. Elicit from students that the instrument measures rain or snow.
Display the photo of a thermometer . Point out that the long, thin tube is filled with mercury. Heat makes the mercury expand and it rises up the tube. Elicit from students that the instrument measures hot and cold temperatures.
Display the photo of a barometer . Point out that it looks like a thermometer, but it moves up when the air is lighter and down when it is heavier. Elicit from students that the instrument measures air pressure .
Continue with the remaining photos.
3. Have small groups create decks of cards.
Divide students into small groups. Distribute one copy of the worksheet Instruments That Measure Weather to each group. Have the group cut apart the cards to create a deck for their group.
4. Have small groups match illustrations and descriptions.
Make sure each group has a full set of 9 description cards and a full set of 9 illustration cards. Have each group mix or shuffle each set of cards and then arrange the cards so they can see all of both sets. Ask students to look at all of the illustrations of instruments that measure weather. Have each group choose one student to start the activity. The starting student will read the clues on the back of a card. The student who thinks they see the matching illustration will give it to the starting student and explain why they think it is a match. The matched pair is set aside. Then the student to the left reads the clues on the back of another card, and play continues around the circle until all illustrated cards have a matching description. After all groups are done, have a whole-class discussion to check groups’ answers. (Instrument 1: thermometer; Instrument 2: barometer; Instrument 3: anemometer; Instrument 4: rain/snow gauge; Instrument 5: sling psychrometer ; Instrument 6: wind vane ; Instrument 7: weather satellite ; Instrument 8: observations; Instrument 9: visibility)
5. Have students make connections to weather on other planets.
After a couple of rounds of play, refocus students. Have a whole-class discussion about the questions below. In between each, allow students time to discuss the question in their small groups and then report back to the whole class. Ask:
What weather ingredient(s) do you think would be important to measure on another planet?
Which instrument would give you the best measurement of your chosen weather ingredient?
Informal Assessment
Have students play the card game a second time as an assessment activity after teaching about weather instruments.
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| i don't know |
Arbor, Bullet Sinker, Reaper and Wobbler are all terms used in which sport? | Fishing Terminology
Fishing Terminology
10845 Comment
1. Characteristics of rod flexibility.
2. Characteristics of lure movement when retrieved.
Adams
A very productive and world famous all-purpose dry fly pattern.
Adult
The final phase of an insect's life cycle, most often occurring above water for aquatic insects.
Alphabet lures
Wide-body crankbaits that were originally fashioned from wood. Modern examples include Bomber Model A and the Cotton Cordell Big O.
Amateur
Fisherman who is less experienced than his partner. Normally a term used in Pro/Am style tournaments. Also describes angler who does not earn his living fishing.
Anchor buoy
Usually a red plastic ball of at least 24 inches in diameter, with a large ring attached. Hook the ring on the anchor rope and heave the buoy overboard. Drive the boat upwind or upcurrent. Presto! The anchor is pulled up quickly to the buoy using horsepower instead of human power.
Arbor
The "bottom" of a reel's spool (what you tie the line onto). A spool with a small diameter arbor holds more line than the same size spool with a larger diameter arbor.
Artificial Reef
Any material sunk offshore for the express purpose of attracting fish. Old boats, concrete culverts, metal pipe, the list is endless. Most states now require a permit before dumping because non-practical material was being used, objects that rusted quickly, polluted or were a hazard to shrimpnets.
Attractor patterns
Bright, bold flies that do not imitate any insect in particular, but many insects in general. Attractor patterns often provoke a trout's tendency to strike.
B
Backing
Small diameter braided line loaded onto a fly reel underneath/behind the actual fly line. It serves to fill the reel and add line capacity when fighting long-running fish.
Backing down
Driving the boat backwards (in reverse) while pursuing a fish.
Baetis
A small, widely occurring mayfly also referred to as a Blue Winged Olive.
Bait seine
A large, rectangular shaped net for gathering baitfish from a rearing pond. One person is stationed at each end, and each person holds the net taught as they move from one end of the pond to the other.
Baitcaster
Most common style of reel used in bass fishing, typically round or oval shaped and somewhat open construction. Also known as level wind reels.
Balao
Pronounced "bally-hoo," this is the popular offshore bait used for trolling, most often for billfish. The bait of choice for sailfish for many years. A pricey bait when used for other saltwater species.
Ball bearings
Small metal balls added to the mechanical mechanism of high-quality reels to make the retrieve smoother. Normally the more ball bearings a reel has the higher quality.
Balsa
Type of wood several lures are manufactured from. This wood is very light, yet highly buoyant. Gives the lure great action. Examples include Bagley's Balsa B, and Rapala Minnows.
Beads
Glass, or plastic beads added to a Carolina Rig to enhance the noise, and protect the knot.
Beds
Circular areas in the lake bottom that bass clear out in which to lay their eggs during the spawn. "The bass are on the beds" refers to the fish actively spawning.
Bell sinker
Rounded conical shaped weight with a tie-on loop at the top. Also referred to as a Dipsy sinker.
Belly
The 'fat' section of a tapered fly line.
Belly strip
A strip of belly meat from a baitfish. Cut and trimmed in a streamlined fashion, it can be trolled behind the boat, where it flutters in a fashion enticing to gamefish.
Billfish
Any of several species of pelagic fish, including sailfish, spearfish, blue, black or white marlin, and swordfish.
Blood knot
A common knot used to join two pieces of leader together. Most often used in hand-tied fly-fishing leaders.
Bottom fish
Fish that spend most of their lives on bottom, such as cod, snapper, and grouper.
Brackish
Water that is mostly fresh, with some salt. The far ends of tidal creeks are mostly brackish, supporting sometimes fresh and saltwater fish.
Braided channel
Usually found on freestone rivers, braided channels are ever-changing smaller channels that together constitute the course of the entire river.
Brass
A metal alloy mainly composed of copper and zinc. Used in low-friction gears on fishing reels because of it's corrosion resistance and on bass fishing sinkers in conjunction with glass beads to create noise.
Brook trout
A member of the char family. Native to Northeastern North America. Requires cooler, purer waters than most "trout."
Bullet Sinker
A bullet-shaped sliding sinker popular for rigging plastic worms.
Bump-troll
Keeping a trolled bait mostly in one spot, by pointing the boat into the current/wind and "bumping" the engines in and out of gear, to hold position.
Butt seat
A seat that is shaped in a sort of half moon design, which anglers often use to lean against while fishing. Also known as "Bike" seats.
Bycatch
Non-targeted sea life caught by commercial fishermen. Tuna longlines have a bycatch of turtles or mahi-mahi, for instance. Shrimp nets have a bycatch of at least a hundred species of fish and crab, discarded overboard.
C
Caddis
A general name for the dozens of subspecies of caddis flies found in trout streams all over the world. Also known as a "sedge," they are characterized by a tent-like wing. Caddis have four stages of development, from egg to larva to pupa to adult.
Cape
Also referred to as a "neck," the cape consists of skin from a chicken's head and neck that yields "hackles." Dry fly hackle comes from a rooster cape; wet fly hackle from a hen cape.
Carolina rig
A rigging method designed to present a soft plastic lure along the contour of the bottom. This rig consists of a main line with a heavy sinker, bead, then swivel. The swivel has a leader (1-6ft) to which a plastic lure is tied. Best lures include lizards, centipedes and French fries.
Cast net
A circular net thrown by hand. The outer perimeter is lined with lead weights. Great for catching shrimp and baitfish.
Catch-and-release
Term that refers to releasing the fish you catch so that they can live to fight another day, and thus insuring a productive fishery.
Centipede
Four-inch straight plastic worm used for Carolina rigs.
cfs
Abbreviation for "cubic feet per second," the term is a means of measuring the flow of a stream. A small stream might carry 40 cfs and offer good trout fishing, while a large river like the Colorado might reach 30,000 cfs in the Grand Canyon during flood stage.
Char
A trout-like species of fish whose subspecies include brook trout, Dolly Vardens, and arctic char, among others.
Charger
Device used to charge the boaters trolling motor batteries.
Chine
The "running edge" of a boat. The chine is the edge made by the joining of the bottom and the sides of a boat.
Chugger
A general term for any number of floating lipless topwater lures that "push" water. Some have cupped faces, while other are rounded.
Chum
Chopped up fish, shellfish or even animal parts (for sharks), dropped overboard to attract gamefish.
Chum bag
A mesh bag left hanging overboard, filled with chum. Trollers sometimes drag the bag alongside the boat. Smaller bags can be trolled deep while attached to downrigger balls.
Chunk
Plastic or pork trailer commonly used on jigs.
Cigar minnows
A yellow-tailed member of the scad family, sold most often as frozen bait in five-pound boxes, caught along the Florida Panhandle. Widely regarded for their firm texture and appeal to offshore fish. Cigar minnows can also be caught on tiny fly hooks, called Sabiki Rigs.
Circle hook
Hook with a decreasing radius bend design, originally used by commercial fishermen because it requires no hookset. If a fish swallows the bait and swims away, increasing tension will pull the hook back out through the throat without sticking until it lodges in the corner of the jaw. Many sport fishermen now use this hook because bait-caught fish may be safely released with almost zero mortality.
Clacker
A metal device added to certain brand buzzbait in order to make additional noise.
Classic
Better known as The BASS Masters Classic, the year-end championship of bass fishing. This is where the top 45 anglers meet to crown a world champion angler.
Clicker cork
A thin Styrofoam cork, 3 inches long, mounted on an 8-inch wire. Yanking on it produces a clicking sound that imitates shrimp snapping their tails underwater. These corks are great for suspending a plastic shrimptail jig above a grass bottom, and below troublesome floating grass.
Clinch knot
Very popular knot for tying directly to lures, flies or bait hooks.
Clouser minnow
A very popular all-species streamer design. It utilizes metal barbell eyes to cause the fly to ride with the hook point on top, reducing hang-ups.
Clown
Now a wide range a lure colors, the original clown color sported red, pink and blue airbrushed spots over a white and yellow background and was employed by steelhead anglers.
Coastal pelagic
An offshore fish that migrates along the coastline, but isn't a true, ocean-going pelagic. Examples are kingfish, Spanish mackerel, cobia.
Colorado Blade
Lobe shaped spinner blade design.
Cover
General reference to physical features above and below the water surface that fish relate to. Boat docks, submerged timber, weedbeds, brushpiles and boulder fields are all examples of cover. Cover may provide relief from the view of predators, or from bright sunlight, or merely a hiding/resting place. In general, many fish such as bass prefer relating to cover or structure, over free-swimming in open water.
Crankbait
A plastic or wooden lure with a diving bill, that dives downward when retrieved or "cranked."
Crawfish
Small fresh water crustaceans similar to lobsters only smaller. A favorite food of bass. Also describes a reddish color used in all sorts of lures.
Crimp sleeve
Used rather than a knot to create a loop in larger monofilament or wire leaders. Sleeves are sold by size, according to the diameter of the leader material being crimped.
Cross chop
Wind-driven waves and ocean swell colliding from two directions. Also caused by waves bouncing off a seawall and going back out, colliding with incoming waves.
Cul de Canard
French for "butt of the duck." These downy feathers come from around the oil gland of ducks and geese. When the oil is removed, these feathers resist absorbing water, making them useful for tying certain types of flies.
Culling
Refers to releasing a smaller fish when you have a limit and have now caught a larger fish that will weed out one of the smaller ones. "This big fish will cull that small one" is a phrase heard on The Bassmasters TV show often.
Culprit worm
Although there are several similar worms, Culprit is the manufacturer of the original ribbon tail plastic worm, thus it is often referred to as a "Culprit" style worm.
Cut
A narrow body of water cutting through land. For instance, a boat cut gouged through a barrier island, for boater access.
Cut bait
Fish cut into chunks to fit the hook.
Cuttbow
a rainbow/cutthroat hybrid, the cuttbow has both the rainbow's stripe and a cutthroat's "slash" under its jaw.
Cutthroat trout
A native to many Rocky Mountain rivers, the cutthroat has a crimson "slash" under its jaw and black spots concentrated near the tail.
Cutting board
Plywood surrounded by a lip of wood, sealed and painted. Or just an old piece of plywood. Used for cutting bait, and preventing knife cuts on expensive boat gunnels.
D
Deep-drop
Bottom fishing in deep water, from 500 to 1,100 feet and sometimes deeper. Usually, a sash (window) weight is required to reach bottom. Circle hooks are a necessity.
Delta
Sediment deposited at the mouth of a major river, pushing shallow water offshore, as in the Mississippi Delta.
Do-nothing rig
Western, clear water technique generally applied in deep water and on light line. Consists of main line with a small brass sinker, then a bead, and light wire hook. Baits are usually small 4-inch worms. The rig is dropped to desired depth and then just slightly jiggled or left to "do nothing."
Dock lines
Ropes used to moor the boat.
Doormat
Large flounder, roughly the length and weight of a doormat.
Double haul
A casting technique where the angler pumps the fly line with the non-casting hand on the forward and backward segments of the cast. The pumping motion accelerates the line and gives the cast additional length. Double hauling is an essential technique for long casting.
Double Taper Fly Line
A tapered fly line that has the belly in the middle and tapers down at both ends. When one end is worn out, the line can be "flipped," and the other end used. Double taper lines have the advantages of being easier to roll cast at distance, easier to mend at distance, and easier to accurately do a "pickup and laydown" at distance than with a weight forward line.
Downrigger
Used to slow troll most commonly for kingfish and grouper. Standard equipment on the kingfish tournament boats.
Downrigger ball
Cannonball-shaped device with a fin, used to keep a trolled bait far beneath the boat.
Downstream drift
The act of allowing the fly to drift past the fisherman and rise to the surface on the river below him, particularly on a nymph drift.
Drag
1. The mechanism in a fishing reel that produces friction when a fish is pulling line from the reel.
2. An unnatural drift of a dry fly, due to current acting on a taut leader.
Dredging
Retrieving a crankbait so that it continually digs or dredges up the bottom. This causes reflex strikes from fish.
Drift anchor
Used most commonly in windy areas, by fishermen who drift all day. This anchor is more of an underwater kite that slows the boat's drift in order to thoroughly fish a productive area.
Drift boat
Also known as a Mackenzie river dory, it's a river fishing craft ranging between 14 and 18 feet long with a flat bottom, upswept prow and rigid hull.
Drift fishing
Taking advantage of current or wind to move a boat through a targeted fishing area with minimum use of motor power.
Drift sock
A large sock shaped like airport wind socks. This is dropped over the side of the boat to help control the boat in rough water.
Drip bag
Very similar to an IV drip bag used by doctors, this device releases a constant drip of pogey oil over the side, attracting fish.
Drop shot rig
Japanese designed technique in which the main line is tied to a sinker. The lure is tied to a leader which is tied above the sinker. This allows the lure to sit a the exact depth of suspended fish.
Dropper
The secondary fly tied on the leader somewhere between the lead fly and the fly line.
Dry fly
A pattern designed to imitate an adult insect, floating on top of the water.
Dubbing
A fly-tying technique that involves creating a yarn by applying a raw material directly onto the fly tying thread. Animal furs and various synthetics can be employed.
E
Eddy
A place adjacent to the main current where water "stacks" up, slows and reverses direction. Eddies provide excellent places for fish to hold with very little effort, while insects and other food items are swept in as if on a conveyor belt.
Egg Sinker
A sliding sinker shaped like an egg. Generally, the main line is threaded though the hole in the sinker, then a barrel swivel attached below it. A leader is tied below the swivel. When fished with a slack line, the fish can move off with the bait without feeling the sinker dragging along.
Electronics
Commonly refers to the depth finders, and fish locaters used by anglers.
Emerger
The stage of an aquatic insect's life cycle when it rises to the surface, sheds its nymphal shuck, and "emerges" as a winged insect.
Estuary
The transitional area in a river's delta where the flow is dissipated and tidal surge becomes an influence. These nutrient rich areas support diverse ecosystems and provide habit and nursery grounds for fish and a wide range of other organisms.
Evening hatch
F
FADs
Fish Attracting Devices were first used centuries ago. Any large, floating object like a tree that attracts pelagic fish. Some are anchored; others are allowed to drift.
False casting
The act of aerializing fly line in preparation for delivering the actual cast.
Fan Casting
Systematically covering the water by visualizing numbers on a clock, making casts to each number in a fan like pattern.
Fathom
Six feet of depth. Many nautical charts are marked in fathoms, not feet.
Felt soles
Most wading shoes for flyfishing are soled with thick felt for good traction on slick rocks.
Ferrule
The joint where different sections of a rod fit together.
Fiberglass
A material made from extremely fine fibers of glass. When woven into a cloth, it can be used to fabricate boat hulls and fishing rods. Fiberglass has been surpassed in popularity by graphite for rod manufacturing; however, it is still employed in big game saltwater rods for strength and in crankbait rods for its flexibility.
Finesse
Commonly refers to slowing down and using smaller lures, line, and rods. Also a style of small lures used for this technique.
Finning
The wasteful, immoral practice of removing sharks' fins, dumping the carcass (often while still alive), and selling the dried product for Asian soup.
Fire tiger
Color scheme that involves a lure with green back, chartreuse sides, orange belly and black vertical lines on the sides.
Fish pass
A cut dredged through a barrier island, created to allow better fish traffic and tidal flushing.
Flats
Very shallow water, easy to wade, usually with a sand bottom. This water is so thin, anglers equipped with polarized glasses can visually spot and cast to various fish, such as bonefish, redfish and tarpon.
Flies
Artificial imitations of the aquatic and terrestrial insects found in and near trout streams. Flies are tied of many and various materials, such as feathers, fur, thread, tinsel, and even space-age materials. Patterns imitating minnows, baitfish and other fish and crustacean species are also called "flies."
Flipping
A short line bass fishing technique developed for penetrating heavy cover. A fixed length of line is managed by the rod and by the off hand. An underhand swing delivers the jig or worm quietly and much more accurately than a conventional cast.
Flipping stick
A heavy-action casting rod, between seven- and eight-feet long, employed specifically in the technique of flipping.
Float tube
A one-man fishing floatation device for lake and slow river fishing that looks like an inner tube covered with a cloth mesh liner, seat, and back rest.
Floatant
Substance applied to a dry fly to resist water absorbsion.
Floater
Style of lure that floats rather than sinks at rest. Example wooden crankbaits.
Floating worm
Plastic worm used to catch spawning bass that actually floats on top of the water. Common colors include pink, yellow, and sherbert.
Florida rig
A worm sinker that has a metal cork screw in the base so that the angler can screw in the worm. This keeps the sinker and worm together and reduces tangles.
Fluorocarbon
A material composed of a bond between fluorine and carbon atoms. Fishing line manufactured of this material can take a lot of damage without losing strength, as opposed to monofilament, which is compromised by even the smallest nick. In addition, it has a faster sink rate for it's diameter than mono. The raw material has a lower light refraction index than water. This has lead manufacturers to claim that fluorocarbon is less visible than monofilament.
Fly pattern
Generic term for "version" or "variation" when referring to artificial flies.
Flying bridge
A permanent raised steering platform on an offshore sportfishing boat. From this elevated platform, the captain has a better view of everything, including the trolling baits and any approaching fish.
Flying gaff
A long handled gaff with a detachable head tied to a rope.
Football head
Design refers to the shape of certain jigs that resemble a football mounted side ways. Normally used in very rocky locations.
Freestone river
A natural river with an undammed channel that allows free movement of stones rolling down the river course over time.
French fry
Soft-plastic worm about 4 inches long. Resembles a crinkle-cut French fry. Used often on Carolina Rigs.
Frog
Soft, tough plastic lure that swims on top of the water. Often used in thick, scummy areas.
A steel hook on a handle used for landing fish.
Gear ratio
The number of times a reel spool (conventional) or rotor (spinning) revolves for every full turn of the handle.
German brown trout
A native of the European continent, the brown trout has a golden sheen and black and orange speckles with white rings around them.
Golden rule
Gold color aluminum measuring device used in tournaments to measure bass in order to easily determine the length of the fish.
GPS
Global Positioning Satellite, device used to accurately determine your location with in feet. Handy for finding your way on unfamiliar lakes.
Grand slam
Some notable angling achievement, usually three popular species of fish from a certain area. A flats grand slam would be a tarpon, permit and bonefish. A billfish grand slam would be a sailfish, blue marlin and white marlin.
Graphite
A carbon material produced as a by-product of oil refinement. Popular in the production of fishing rods because of its strength to weight ratio and density, which results in enhanced sensitivity.
Grass
Vegetation catch-all phrase. Refers to green plants growing in the water. Bass are attracted to the grass, which is home to prey.
Green Drake
A large, green-bodied mayfly found in many trout streams, a particular favorite food for trout.
Grinder
A device used to grind chum before tossing it overboard.
Grub
Small curl tail lure made of soft plastic.
Guides
Feathers from around the head and neck of a bird and used to tie fishing flies.
Hair jig
A type of jig dressed with any number of types of animal or synthetic hair.
Headboat
A government fisheries term for partyboat. Basically a fishing boat for hire that carries more than six people. The average is more like 30 anglers, and sometimes more than 100. With that many lines, you mostly fish straight down with heavy tackle for bottom fish.
High sticking
1. In general angling, a term for holding the rod too high when fighting a fish. The rod butt rod should never be at a narrower angle than 90 degrees in relation to the line direction when lifting on a fish. It's inefficient, and it shifts pressure from the butt to the tip, resulting in the majority of rod breakage.
2. In fly fishing, a nymphing technique in which the rod is held high during the drift to reduce drag and maintain maximum contact with the fly.
Hone
To sharpen hooks or knives with a stone.
Hoppers
A good-sized live shrimp sold at the marinas, usually a white shrimp.
Hula grub
Soft plastic curly-tailed grub, with a soft skirt type feature at the head of the grub.
Hump
Section of the lake bottom that rises vertically toward the surface, or is shallower than the area around it. A submerged island would be considered a hump.
The suggested knot for tying a fly to the leader or tippet.
In-line
Commonly refers to in-line spinners where the blade, body, and hook are all in a straight line. Example is a typical Mepp's spinner.
Incoming tide
Water pushing inshore, generally caused by the moon's gravity pull. A strong wind blowing out to sea can somewhat negate an incoming tide, however.
Indiana blade
Refers to a teardrop shaped blade used on spinnerbaits.
Indicator species
A species of plants or animals that suffers when pollution or environmental stress begins, thus indicating environmental degradation.
Inlet
A natural pass between ocean and bay. Unjettied inlets are more hazardous to boat traffic, because of shifting sandbars that can be a hazard. Most inlets are now jettied with granite rocks, to protect against erosion and to save dredging costs.
Inshore
A nebulous term that means perhaps within sight of land. "Let's head inshore" means moving the boat from offshore back towards land.
J
Jack plate
Device attached to the transom of a bass boat that allows the outboard motor to be mounted farther back and higher that originally. Improves performance. Example, Rite Hite Jackplate. Also used for shallow-running flats boats. This device jacks the motor straight up and down, without tilting the lower unit, even while running.
Jacobson downdrift
Feeding slack into the line as the fly emerges downstream to imitate an emerging insect.
Jerkbait
There are two types: soft and hard. The soft style is similar to a baitfish profile and rigged with a large worm hook. Example: Slug-Go. Hard jerkbaits resemble more of a minnow baitfish. Examples are a Rapala or Smithwick Rogue. Both style lures are fished by twitching or jerking the lure forward, hence the name.
Jetty
A manmade peninsula constructed of large chunk rock or chunked concrete. Jetties are built as a shield to protect harbors from wave action and wind. An incidental benefit is jetties provide habitat for many marine organisms, including fish.
Jigging
A vertical presentation where a lure is worked up and down (rather than laterally) through the water column.
Jitterbug
K
Keel guard
Handy device that is glued to the keel of a bass boat, so that it can be beached without damage to the bottom of the boat.
Keeper
Legal size bass. Example: In Missouri bass must be 15 inches long in order to be a keeper.
Kicker
Larger, heavier bass that really helps out the total weight of a tournament angler's catch. Example; "I had a limit of 2-pounders, but was lucky and caught a 5 pound kicker."
Kite rig
Fishing a bait with a kite. Fishing kites are different from land kites, usually flat and square. The live bait skips around on the surface, without the telltale line being visible. Used mostly on sailfish, but effective on other species.
Found mostly in the Pacific, lagoons are shallow, protected areas usually ringed by coral reef.
Larva
The second, or "worm" phase of an insect's life cycle.
Lead fly
The primary fly tied on the end of a fly line.
Leader
1. In conventional fishing, the very terminal end of your line, where the fish does business. It can be wire where needed for toothy critters, or a mere gossamer thread when fooling wary trout.
2. In fly fishing, the clear tapered monofilament leader distances your highly visible fly line from the fish, and also dissipates the energy at the end of cast.
Leadhead
Slang term for a lead head jig.
Leading
(pronounced "leeding") The act of keeping the rod tip and strike indicator downstream of the drifting nymph.
Leech
A bloodsucking worm that trout love to eat.
Lever drag
A mechanism that actuates drag adjustment through a lever on top of the reel, rather than by a rotating a drag star on the handle main shaft (star drag). Lever drags were first introduced on big game reels and have recently been added to lighter application reels.
Limit
Legal limit of bass, or other fish. Tournament normally use five-bass limits per angler.
Line memory
The characteristic of fishing line to have coils in it when it comes off the reel, due to being coiled up while on the spool of the reel. Braided lines have less memory than extruded lines like monofilament.
Line weight
Fly lines are assigned a "weight" number according to how much the front thirty feet of line weighs in grains. Between certain bracketed grain weights, numbers are assigned. If your rod says "6 weight" or "#6" you will need a 6 weight line, or your outfit will not cast properly. This weight assignment does not refer to pound test.
Lipless crankbait
Shad-shaped crankbait that has no visible diving lip. The line attaches to the top of the lure. Example; Rat-L-Trap.
Lit up
Pelagic fish such as the marlins, sailfish and wahoo have a tendency to "light up" with neon, powder blue colors when excited or hooked.
Live bottom
Rocky bottom, sometimes very flat, where sponges and corals can find something solid to grow on. This attracts various bottom fish, such as grouper.
Lizard
Soft plastic lures similar to a salamder. Used for Carolina Rigs, and fishing shallow water in the spring.
Locators
Common nickname for depthfinders since they will often display images of fish as they pass over them.
Longliner
As seen in the movie, The Perfect Storm, longliners are commercial fishing boats with a huge spool of heavy monofilament line on their back deck, up to 40 miles long. Used mostly for targeting tuna and swordfish.
Loop
Reference to the "U shape" in a fly line as it unrolls at the end of the cast. A narrow "U shape" is referred to as a "tight loop, while a fat "U shape" is referred to as an open loop.
Lunker
Big or large-size bass. Also known as Hawg or monster.
Lunker Lure
Original designer of the buzzbait. Many anglers still refer to all buzzbaits as "Lunker Lures."
Lure retrievers
M
Mangroves
The only trees that grow in salt water. Mangroves protect tropical coastlines from storm surges, and their extensive root system attracts a variety of shallow water gamefish.
Matching the hatch
Choosing the fly pattern that imitates the insects that are hatching nearby.
Mayfly
The most beautiful of aquatic insects, the mayfly is characterized by an upswept wing and long, delicate two- or three-stranded tail. The mayfly goes through three stages -- egg, nymph, and adult -- then metamorphoses once again from a sub-imago adult to a spinner.
Mending
Various techniques of managing the fly line to control the presentation of the fly. Most mends are imparted while the line is on the water, which involves adding or removing slack. Slack is added at key points to enable a "dead drift." Other mends remove slack at key points to control the "swing" of a fly in the current.
Merging currents
A dead spot of calm water created where two currents come together.
Midge
A very small species of aquatic insects found in trout streams. Many species of midges hatch into adults in the middle of winter. They have four stages of development, from egg to larva to pupa to adult.
Mojo rig
Technique similar to a Carolina Rig except that it is rigged on a spinning rod. Thus it is a finesse-type method. The sinkers are cylindrical or pencil-shaped to come through rocks without snagging.
Mono leader
Leader made of monofilament. Mono leaders are of course heavier grade than the line on your reel. Standard mono leader for huge marlin, for instance, is 300-pound test, while line on the reel seldom exceeds 80-pound test.
Monofilament
Common reference to a synthetic polymer fishing line extruded as a single filament.
Motor fish
When fishing over a tiny spot that is deep, it is more practical to keep the engine running, attempting to "hover" the boat over the spot. For instance, the tiny rocks in the Gulf of Mexico, no bigger than a car, are often 200 feet deep. Anchoring here is impractical and time-consuming. Instead, you motor over the boat, while a couple of anglers drop their baits down.
Muds
Created by a bottom-grubbing school of fish. For instance, a school of bonefish rooting on the bottom will gradually muddy the water in a large patch, easily visible on a sunny day.
Mysis
A family of small freshwater shrimp found in cold, clean mountain lakes, reservoirs and their tailwaters. Because of their abundance and protein content, fish that key on them as a food source record phenomenal growth. Mysis are an indicator of clean, healthy water conditions.
Some crusty old fisherman who has survived many storms offshore, and seen many fish.
Organizers
Clear plastic tackle boxes that can be taken out or added to a boat or tackle bag. Example; Plano Stowaway boxes.
Outgoing tide
Water flowing back out, often a good time to fish the inlets that drain the bays into the Gulf or Ocean.
Outrigger
Long metal or fiberglass poles, used for trolling baits far to the sides of a boat.
Overhand cast
Reference to a cast made with the rod moving through a vertical plane.
Oyster bar
Not a dockside eating establishment! A real oyster bar is a shallow reef, often exposed at low tide, made up of countless oysters. Good for fishing, though easy to snag bottom. Hazardous to bare skin, fiberglass boats and propellers.
Charter vessel carrying more than six fishermen. The norm is 30 to 100 people.
Pass
Same as an inlet, a natural water passage between the bays and ocean.
Patch reef
A patch of coral reef inshore of the main reef line. For instance, most of the Florida Keys' main reef is a half-dozen miles offshore. But the patch reefs are small, isolated, and scattered anywhere between dry land and the deeper water.
Pattern
A generic name for the recipe to tie a fly.
Pawl
Part of a mechanism in fishing reels. Basically, it is a ratchet part that engages the notch between the teeth of a gear. Pawl systems are used in anti-reverse and clicker systems of some reels.
Pegging
Method of worm fishing where the slip sinker has an object like a toothpick stuck into it to keep the sinker from sliding up the line.
Pelagic
True, ocean-going fish that roam the deep water.
Phytoplankton
Macroscopic "buglike" creatures, smaller than the head of a pin, that are found in rivers and lakes.
Piano wire
Single-strand fishing leader that closely resembles the wire inside your piano.
Pier rats
Crusty fishermen who spend many hours and days on the big surf piers, waiting (and often sleeping out there) until the fish begin biting. These people have the art of pier fishing down to a science, with their own customs.
Pinfish trap
A small wire box designed to be left at the marina or under a moored boat, and baited with fish scraps. Live pinfish make an excellent bait.
Pistol grip
Rod featuring a short rubber or cork handle similar to that of a pistol. These type rods are good for close range, accurate casting.
Pitching
Method of longer-range flipping, where the lure is tossed in an underhand motion very close to the water's surface.
Plane
Term describing when a boat gets onto the surface of the lake, rather than being in the water the boat in planning on top of the water.
Planer boards
Devices used in trolling to run lines out to lateral positions away from each side of the boat. Planers keep multiple trolling lines separated to avoid tangles and to cover a wider area.
Plankton
A general term for microscopic organisms at the base of the food chain. This can include everything from adult one-celled organisms to juvenile stages of various fish and mollusks. Because they are subject to wind and current, they are often concentrated in huge clouds, making them forage for everything from minnows to large filter-feeding animals like whales.
Plastics
In general, lures manufactured from flexible vinyl and polycarbonate derivatives.
Pocket water
Where fast current rushes around boulders and other obstructions, creating pockets of calmer water.
Pogey
Menhaden shad. Famous for their oil content, they make the best saltwater chum. Also a must for live-trolling in Atlantic kingfish tournaments. Frequently caught with castnets. Their dense schools underwater are frequently betrayed along the beachfront by dive-bombing pelicans.
Pogey Oil
Rich, golden oil from menhaden, also called pogey, makes the ideal chum in salt water for many gamefish. It makes a slick on the water. Available in coastal tackle stores.
Polarized glasses
A very necessary part of a fly fisherman's kit. By virtue of a "grille" of tiny bars sandwiched between two layers of glass, polarized glasses eliminate glare reflected from water and allow a fisherman to see into the water.
Popper
Topwater lure that makes a popping, or spitting commotion when retrieved. Example; Rebel Pop-R.
Popping cork
A Styrofoam cork with the top shaped to make it gurgle when yanked. The noise is supposed to imitate sounds of fish feeding on top, thereby attracting the attention of gamefish.
Pork chunk
Trailer for jigs or spinnerbaits made originally from pork rinds.
Presentation
The act of delivering a fly to a fish.
Priest
A short, wooden club used for subduing wild fish thrashing in the boat.
Professional
Angler who makes his/her living from fishing tournaments.
Professional overrun
Fancy nickname for backlash or bird's nest in baitcasting reels.
Prop
Common term for the propeller of a trolling or outboard motor.
Prop bait
Topwater lure with a metal propeller on one or both ends. Example; Luhr-Jensen Wood Chopper.
Pumpkinseed
Light brownish color used often in soft plastic lures. Very natural hue.
Pupa
The third phase of an insect's life cycle, when wings are beginning to grow.
Push pole
A long, 20-foot pole made of wood or graphite, used for silently pushing the boat across the flats, easing within casting ranger of various fish, such as bonefish.
Q
Qualifier
One or series of tournaments that must be fished in order to make it to a fish-off. Example; B.A.S.S. Invitational tournaments are qualifiers for the BASS Masters Classic.
R
Rainbow trout
A beautiful trout species characterized by a brilliant pink stripe running lengthways down its side. The rainbow is a silvery fish and has black spots.
Rat-L-Trap
Original type of lipless crankbait. Thus, most anglers refer to all similar lures by this name.
Rattles
Glass or metal noisemakers added to lures in order to help bass find the lure easier.
Re-spool
To replace the old line on a reel with new line.
Reach cast
A cast with a built-in mend accomplished by extending the arm and placing the line upstream of where it would have landed with a normal cast.
Reaper
Soft plastic lure that resembles a leach. Popular on the west coast.
Red reel
The common baitcasting reel used back in the 1960s was the red Ambassadeur reel. The reel has changed colors and owners since then, but was the basic model that jumped countless saltwater anglers into serious fishing.
Redd
A spawning bed for trout, identifiable by a hollow of clean gravel in a mild current.
Reds
No, the Russians aren't coming. Red is simply short for redfish.
Reflex strikes
Drawing a bite from fish that have no intention of feeding. Example; by bumping the crankbait into the stump (where the bass was hiding) the angler triggered the fish into a reflex strike even though it had just eaten a crawfish.
Retrieval
The act of bringing in slack line (also called "stripping" by many fly fishermen.)
Reverse cast
The nymphing cast made by casting across the body on the "off" hand side of the stream. (For a right-handed fisherman, the right side of the stream. For a left-handed fisherman, the left bank.) Also called the "Western roll cast."
Ribbon tail
Style of plastic worm that has a long ribbon type tail that ripples when the worm is retrieved.
Ribbonfish
A long, flat, silvery fish many people mistake for an eel, easily three feet long and sometimes up to five feet long. Long, sharp teeth are wicked, and they'll chomp through a 40-pound mono leader. Highly esteemed bait in the kingfish tournaments, ribbonfish must be rigged with multiple hooks because of their length.
Riffle
Where the current rolls over a rocky bar and then slows down.
Rig hook
A steel pipe, eight feet long, one inch in diameter, shaped like a candy cane. The curved end is about two feet across, and slips over various protrusions on offshore production platforms. The hook is attached to a 30-foot rope, which is attached to the boat. The rope can be stuffed through the pipe, and knotted at the end. A shock cord should be added.
Ring worm
Brand of plastic worm that features rings or ribs over the outside of the body. The texture is believed to feel soft and lifelike to fish.
Rip tide
On the beach, this is the water that flows back offshore, after the waves have piled so much water next to the sand. Unfortunate swimmers have found themselves in this narrow but strong flow. Savvy surf fishermen drop their baits in these same spots, where gamefish like pompano and redfish congregate.
Rocket launcher
A rack of tubes designed to hold five or six fishing rods in a boat, easily accessible and protective from damage in rough seas -- though not from corrosive salt spray.
Rod belt
A leather or (in more modern times) a plastic belt that fits around an angler's waist while fighting a fish. The belt socket keeps the rod butt snug, and saves weary arm muscles and that lower back during a long fight.
Roughfish
Undesired and often nuisance fish that have no gamefish qualities. Examples; Carp, gar.
Run
A smooth, deep glide of water that usually follows a riffle.
Run & Gun
Method of fishing where the angler is only attempting to catch those aggressive fish that will quickly strike the lures cast. Then the angler "runs" or motors to the next spot and quickly fishes it, repeating the process numerous times.
Multi-fly rig used to catch live bait.
Salt marsh
Often made up of spartina grass, a salt marsh is just that, filled with crabs, shrimp and juvenile saltwater fish. These are fish factories, certainly worth protecting.
Sargassum weed
A species of offshore seaweed, yellow in color, with tiny float bladders. This stuff provides the only cover offshore for small fish, who seek its shelter from bigger predators.
Scent
Liquid attractant added to lures to increase strikes or to allow the fish to smell a natural odor thus hold onto the lure longer.
Scud
a fly fisher's term for a freshwater shrimp, usually found in spring creeks and clean ponds and rivers, sizes 8-18, green, gray, black and sometimes orange in color.
Sculpin
A large family of bottom-dwelling fishes found in both fresh and saltwater. The most common reference is to smaller varieties inhabiting freshwater streams, which are important forage for gamefish.
Seam
A transitional zone between a faster main current and slower current in a stream. Important as a holding area for feeding fish.
Sedge
Another name for caddis flies.
Shad
Natural baitfish prey of bass. Common throughout the U.S.
Shock leader
A short but heavy piece of monofilament, attached to the hook, designed to take the shock of a hard strike. And the resulting abrasion from sharp teeth or bottom scraping.
Short strike
Term referring to a fish hitting a bait or lure short of where the hook is positioned resulting in a missed hookset.
Sight fishing
Method of angling, where fishermen can actually see the fish they are attempting to catch. Requires clear water.
Silver eels
Slang for ribbonfish, which are not really eels.
Single haul
The act of pulling on the flyline with the off hand to increase line speed during either the front cast or backcast. A "double haul" is the same thing applied on both the front cast and backcast.
Sinking tips
Fly lines that are weighted in the tips to sink the fly in deep water.
Skirt
Silicone, rubber, or plastic material fashioned around a spinnerbait or similar lure to create the body.
Skunked
To catch zero fish or keepers. A bad day on the water.
Slack tide
No tidal movement, usually that period between incoming and outgoing tides. Not a good time to fish.
Slick
Caused by digested fish products or fish oil. Caused by gamefish regurgitating or cutting up baitfish below, a slick may betray the location of a feeding school of bluefish or trout, for instance.
Smoker
A fast strike from a bigger fish, that "smokes" the reel while pulling out a quantity of line. Smoker kings are the big ones that can "smoke" a reel, taking line at high speed.
Snapper weight
Your standard lead weight of 16 ounces, used for many years on the Gulf Coast, especially on partyboats, for offshore bottom fishing.
Snelled flies
Old-fashioned flies that came attached with a short, thick leader with a loop knot.
Sound
A large protected bay, usually on the Atlantic coast.
Spank equals Spook
Disturbing the water with an overly aggressive cast will spook the fish you hope to catch.
Spawn
The period when fish are reproducing.
Specks
Slang for saltwater seatrout, a spotted fish found from Virginia to Texas.
Speed trolling
Trolling plastic billfish baits up to 20 miles an hour.
Spider jig
Soft-plastic grub with tentacles or skirt at forward end.
Spider weight
Lead weight used by surf fishermen to anchor their baits in a strong current. This weight has copper wire legs on it, that dig into the sand.
Spike-it
Liquid lure dye available in several colors. Simply dip plastic lure into jar, remove, and lure now has chartreuse or other color tail.
Spincast reel
Reel featuring push button spool release. Example; Zebco 33.
Spinner
The last phase of a mayfly's life, the spinner dances above the water until it mates and the female lays eggs, whereupon the spinners die.
Spinner fall
When mayfly spinners, after having successfully mated and laid their eggs, die en masse.
Spinnerbait
Lure that consists of a wire attached to a lead head type body. This lure normally has a rubber skirt, and one or more type of metal blades on the non-hook arm. These resemble baitfish when retrieved.
Spinning (reel)
Style of reel that allows easy casting of small lures. Best described as the type of reel that mounts under the rod for best balance.
Split cane rod
An old-fashioned bamboo fly rod made by gluing together long strips of cane in hexagonal fashion. The cross-section of a split cane rod would look like a pie cut into six slices, though the periphery is six-sided or eight-sided.
Split-shotting
Another method of finesse fishing. This technique involves pinching a small lead split shot sinker a foot or more above a small worm, then slowly dragging this on the bottom.
Spook
Topwater lure formally known as a Zara Spook. Resembles a cigar.
Spoon
A flat, curved or concave metal lure that planes or wobbles while retrieved or trolled. Some spoon designs also lend themselves to a vertical jigging presentation.
Spring creek
A creek whose flow comes from underground springs. Spring creeks are typically small, clear, and challenging to fish.
Spring runoff
The time of year when the snow melts and runs into the rivers, swelling the trout streams with a great volume of water.
Spring tide
High tides caused by seasonal lunar influence.
Square bill
Style of crankbait known for their small square diving bills. Excellent lures to retrieve through trees, stumps, rocks. Example; Bagley B-III or Luhr-Jensen Speed Trap.
Standing waves
Waves that hardly move, racing against an oncoming current. For instance, waves from offshore that encounter a strong, outgoing tide at the jetties, with their speeds matched.
Standup tackle
Short rod and stout reel, hooked up to a harness that the angler wears. The harness offers good back support and helps support the heavy tackle.
Star drag
Reference to the star-shaped drag tension adjustment mechanism conveniently located beneath the handle on a conventional reel.
Stick bait
Hard-plastic lure that imitates an injured minnow. Lures may float or suspend depending on construction. Example; Rapala Husky Jerk.
Stinger hook
A trailing hook designed to catch short-striking fish. For instance, a slow-trolled live bait would have a stinger hook back near its tail. The nose hook tows the bait, while the stinger hook guards against short-strikes.
Stingray leggings
Design borrows from snake leggings. Popularized by gulf coast wade fishermen to turn aside strikes from stingrays.
Stonefly
One of the major species of aquatic insects found in a trout stream. Stoneflies have three phases of development, from egg to nymph to adult, and may live underwater as long as four years before hatching to an adult winged insect. Stonefly nymphs often crawl out of the river to hatch out of their nymphal shucks on rocks.
Streamer
A fly tied to resemble a leech, minnow or sculpin.
Strike indicators
Little "bobbers" made of foam, cork or yarn that indicate when a fish has eaten the fly tied on the line below it by a change in movement and the drift.
Stringer
Method of retaining fish catch, whereby fish are stored on a length of cord or chains with snaps. Fish remain in the water, in theory keeping the catch fresher. Not popular where snapping turtles, crabs, sharks or alligators are common.
Stripping
Act of retrieving fly line by hand.
Structure
Reference to bottom contours and submerged natural and manmade features, such as old road beds and dropoffs. These features serve as travel routes and habitat for fish.
Superlines
Strong braided-type lines made from modern materials. Example; Berkley Fireline.
Surf rod
Long rods designed to cast and manage line while fishing in surf.
Surgeon's knot
A double overhand knot designed to join two pieces of line or leader together. Most commonly used by fly anglers to connect leader and tippet.
Suspend
When bass are neither relating to the bottom of the lake, nor actively feeding near the surface. The fish are staging in the middle zone of water. This happens frequently in summer, when fish get inactive. Also describes lures that are made to stay in or at a certain depth when the retrieve is stopped.
Swells
Offshore waves that may be generated thousands of miles away. Usually easier to navigate than wave chop, which is steeper and much more frequent. Swells generally become a problem when they near land, as their height increases.
Swim bait
Soft plastic lure that resembles a baitfish. Normally a life-size copy of a bluegill, shad, or trout. Example; Castaic lure.
Swivel
T
T-top
Center console boats need shade, and the t-top is supported directly by the console itself. Anglers can fight fish from all quarters of the boat, without the top getting in their way.
Tailing fish
In shallow water, fish often reveal their location when they tip down to feed from the bottom and their tail breaks the surface.
Tailing loop
The result of a fly casting error, where the unrolling casting loop crosses itself, often resulting in a fouled cast.
Tailwater
A section of river that's immediately below a dam.
Take
The act of a fishing eating (taking) a bait or lure. Fly fisherman's terminology for "getting a bite."
Taper
Reference to the designed variation in diameter along the length of a fly line or fly leader; because the line (rather than the lure) is what is actually cast in fly fishing, the taper is important in how energy is stored and released during the cast. Examples include Double Taper or Weight Forward taper fly line.
Ten to Two
The casting motion whereby the position of the rod tip is compared to the hands of a clock.
Terrestrials
Insect species whose life cycle occurs on land, such as beetles and grasshoppers.
Thermocline
Depth of lake where the lowest level of useable oxygen and cooler water temperatures meet. Bass will rarely be found below this level.
Thirty second rule
After 30 seconds out of the water, trout have little chance of surviving if released.
Thorax
Reference to the chest part of an insect, where vital organs are stored and legs and wings emanate from. Also the same respective part of an artificial fly.
Three-way swivel
An in-line swivel with a third station at 90 degrees, which allows attachment of a "dropper" line perpendicular to the main line.
Tide rip
Two abutting currents running opposite directions as a result of tide flow and structure contour. These features concentrate organisms from every level of the food chain, including predatory gamefish.
Tippet
Common reference to the very "tip" section of a fly leader or to the level leader material used to is re-built the thin tip of a fly leader. Fish are caught and flies re-tied to this section.
Titanium
A corrosion-resistant metal alloy, featuring the highest strength-to-weight ratio of any metal. Often combined with steel by fishing tackle manufactures to manufacture rod guides or lure components.
Tourist trout
Saltwater hardhead catfish get little respect, and they've been called this and much, much worse. Especially after poking one of their poisonous fins into some angler who has a limited vocabulary.
Trailer
A fishing term referring to an attractor component added to the trailing hook of a lure. Most commonly familiar to bass fishermen who add soft plastic or pork rind trailers to spinnerbaits, jigs or spoons.
Transom
The surface that forms the stern (back) of a boat.
Trolling motor
Smaller electric motor used for low speed trolling or boat positioning while fishing. Often secondary to a larger primary motor.
Trolling plug
Saltwater trolling plugs have stout hooks and a big lip for deep diving. Designed for kingfish, wahoo, tuna and, on Florida's Coastal Bend area on the Gulf, for gag grouper.
Tube lures
Soft plastic lures that are hollow inside the body. The end of the lure is like a soft skirt with tentacles. Used on light lead head jigs and with a slip sinker.
Tuna tower
Elevated driving platform that allows a better view of surrounding water in rolling seas. Also gives the captain a better view of the trolling spread to detect gamefish approaching a lure.
Turnover
1. Mixing of a lake's water layers in early spring.
2. The unrolling of a fly line at the end of a cast.
Twist-on
Fishermen refer to any underwater plant as vegetation or "grass."
Vest
Fishing vests are basically tackle storage systems designed to be worn rather than carried.
Vise
Stand clamp that holds the hook securely while tying materials to it. Although generally associated with tying flies, a vise serves equally well for tying jigs or attractor materials to trailer hooks or other lures.
W
Wacky worm
Rigging method for straight body worm, where the hook goes through the middle of the worm and is left exposed. Looks stupid but works well on spawning fish.
Wade belt
A wide plastic belt with various items attached, like a PVC rod holder, needlenose pliers in sheath, and a stringer attachment.
Wade fish
To wade through the water after fish. The lack of boating mobility is made up for by the contemplative nature of being partially submerged in the elements. Catching one fish wading is worth 5 or more from a boat, because you've really earned it.
Walk the dog
Retrieve method used for fishing topwater lures. Accomplished by twitching the rod tip downward several times. Used mostly with spook lures.
Watermelon
Refers to a hook with a large opening or gap between the shank and point. This enables the angler to hook a bigger percentage of fish.
Weedguard
A stiff plastic or metal wire that protects the jig or lure from becoming snagged.
Weedline
In salt water, normally made up of floating yellow sargassum weed, created when two offshore currents flow together. A solid weedline is a unique environment, inhabited with all sorts of small of juvenile fish and the predators that feed on them.
Weight forward fly line
A fly line with the thickest diameter in the first 20 or 30 feet of the line to give it weight for casting.
Wide-gap hook
Refers to a hook with a large opening or gap between the shank and point. This enables the angler to hook a bigger percentage of fish.
Willowleaf
A blade design used on spinnerbaits that resembles a half moon.
Wing case
The structure on an aquatic insect or artificial nymph that holds the undeveloped wings on the back of the immature insect.
Wire leader
Any of several kinds of leader with steel content.
Wreck fishing
Fishing over sunken shipwrecks, usually for bottomfish but not always. Coastal pelagic fish often school above the wrecks at mid-depth or even at the surface.
Z
Zebra mussel
An exotic mussel that has infested U.S. water and threatens our fisheries. Looks like zebra stripe little clams, and they attach to boats, trailers, docks, etc. Use care when boating in areas with this creature. Inspect your boat and trailer prior to launching in another body of water.
Zipper worm
New style of plastic worm that features a flat body with ridges that look similar to a zipper on clothing. Very popular on the west coast.
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All you need to know about “FISHING” November 1, 2012 Compiled by: Darseet Garasia All you need to know about “FISHING” Darseet Garasia Page 1 All you need to know about “FISHING” Fishing Rods & Reels In determining a fishing rod and reel one must consider the species you are fishing for along with the type of lure or live bait to be used. For instance your rod and reel set-up should match the fishing presentation. If you're pursuing panfish using light lures or small minnows your outfit should be lightweight for casting and detecting bites, not a heavy baitcaster for pike or bass. There are five main basic categories of fishing rod and reel combinations, and within each there are multiple sub-categories of specialty types of outfits used for specific fishing applications, for example Walleye fisherman use rod and reel set-ups for slip bobber, slip sinker, jigging and trolling. Bass fisherman carry pitchin', flippin', crank baiting, and soft plastics combo's. Muskie anglers have bucktail, jerk bait and top water outfits. In short, fishing rods and reels have come a long way over time, with new space age materials having been developed for rod construction making them longer and much lighter as well as reels with multiple ball bearings and one piece alloy and graphite frames. Fishing Rod & Reel Combinations: SPINCASTING: This is the preferred set-up for the inexperienced angler. Spincasting outfits are excellent in teaching the beginning angler and children the mechanics of casting. The spin cast reel is mounted above the rod with the reel spool enclosed with a nose cone cover, this prevents line snarling and backlash's that are associated with bait casting reels. Casting is a simple task, the angler presses and holds down a button on the rear of the reel, this disengages the line pick-up pin, upon the forward cast the line comes off the spool. Once the crank handle is turned the pick-up pin is engaged retrieving the line on the spool. Spincast reels have low gear ratios as a result of the size of the spool, which makes it difficult to fish lures that require a fast retrieve such as: inline spinners, spinner baits and buzz baits. When purchasing a spincast reel consider selecting models with anti reverse and smooth drag system versus the inexpensive all plastic models with sticky drags that result in broken line. For rods buy fiberglass their durable will hold up from abuse. Darseet Garasia Page 2 All you need to know about “FISHING” SPINNING: Spinning reels where commercially introduced in 1948 by Mitchell Reel Company of France. The design was of a fixed spool reel mounted below the fishing rod with a mechanical pick-up (wire bail) used to retrieve the fishing line. The anti reverse feature prevents the crank handle from rotating while fighting a fish allowing the angler to use the drag. In casting a spinning reel the angler opens the bail, grasping the line with the forefinger, then using a backward snap of the rod followed by a forward cast, the line is drawn off the fixed non rotating spool and not against a rotating spool such as a bait casting reel. Because of this lighter lures can be used where the weight of the lure does not have to pull against a rotating spool. Spinning rods have large fishing line guides to minimize line friction upon casting. Spinning outfits operate best using fairly light weight limp flexible monofilament fishing lines and are used for bluegills, crappies, perch and walleyes. BAITCASTING: Baitcasting outfits are excellent for many kinds of fishing, and come in a wide variety of options and types: Round and Low Profile, High and Low Retrieve Speed along with anti-reverse handles and line drags designed to slow runs by large and powerful gamefish. Baitcasting outfits are considered the standard when using heavier lures fishing bass, pike and muskie. All bait casting reels are mounted above the rod, when casting the angler moves the rod backward then snapping it forward, the line is pulled off the reel by the weight of the lure. In the early years of bait casting reels the angler used their thumb to control the amount of line travel as well as to prevent the spool overrun or backlash. Today all quality bait casting reels have a spool tension feature for adjusting the centrifugal brake, and or a magnetic 'cast control' to reduce spool overrun during a cast and resultant line snare called a birds nest. For successful casting the most important setting is the casting brake. (The casting brake is the small knob located in the center under the reel handle side) To set the cast control, tie on your lure and reel it to the tip of your rod. Tighten the knob until it feels snug. Push the casting release button. Your lure should not move. Hold the rod at the 2 o’clock position and slowly turn the knob counter clockwise until the lure starts to fall. Let the lure hit the ground and watch the spool. The Darseet Garasia Page 3 All you need to know about “FISHING” spool should not spin more than one revolution after the lure hit’s the ground. If it spins more than one revolution, tighten the cast control knob and repeat the procedure. If the spool does not spin after the lure hit’s the ground, the cast control is set too tight. Loosen the knob and repeat the procedure. Baitcasting reels offer the angler a wide variety of fishing line options ranging from the new super lines (Braided Low Stretch) to copolymer "Fluorocarbon" and nylon monofilament. Baitcasting rods have also evolved from the older 5-6 foot pool cue rods to 7-9 foot lengths used today allowing increased casting distance and accuracy. Overall bait casting outfits are best suited for the experienced angler, they can be intimidating but you can learn with a little time and effort. In learning the casting technique we recommend practicing on land with a plastic casting plug. TROLLING: The term trolling not only reflects the type of equipment, but a commonly used method of fishing. Trolling is a form of angling where lines with hook-rigged lures are dragged behind a boat to entice fish to bite. Trolling outfits are very similar to bait casting set-ups, as the trolling reels are mounted above the rod. Trolling rods range from long and limber for downriggers and planer boards to stiff for large crank baits. The spool line capacity on trolling reels is greater than bait casting reels to accommodate heavier fishing line that is used for long line big water trolling. All trolling reels have three basic features: star drag (Line Braking System) on the reel handle for fighting large game fish, an on/off line release lever and a line out alarm (Clicker) other options are a line counter allowing the angler to replicate the amount of line used on successful fish catching patterns. Trolling can be as simple as just letting line off the reel with an attached lure known as flat lining or using rigging systems such as a downriggers, planer/trolling boards and dipsey divers. ( See our trolling section for more rigging information). Trolling reels are designed to offer the most versatility when it comes to fishing line options. Inland freshwater anglers use monofilament and lead core for walleyes and salmon, Muskie & Pike anglers use low stretch braided super lines for trolling large plugs and spinners. Coastal saltwater anglers use wire lines made of stainless steel, titanium or a combination of metal alloys to prevent toothy fish from severing the line. Trolling is a productive fish catching technique by presenting multiple lures covering a lot of water, it is also illegal in some area’s of the country so please check your local fishing regulations. FLYCASTING: The art of fly fishing has been documented going back for hundreds of years dating to ancient times, Darseet Garasia Page 4 All you need to know about “FISHING” countless articles have been written regarding legendary trout stream fishing or for European salmon. The angling method of fly fishing is casting a fly or streamer consisting of a hook tied with fur,feathers, foam, or other lightweight materials to mimic insects, minnows and other aquatic creatures. The fly lure is non-weighted for which the fly rod uses the weight of the fly line in casting the fly lure. Fly lines are available in a variety of forms varying from tapered sections (double-tapered, weight-forward, shooting-head) level (even through out) as well as floating and sinking types, attached on the end of the fly line is a leader of monofilament or fluorocarbon fishing line called a tippet in whichthe fly lure is tied to. Fly rods are long, thin, flexible fishing rods originally made of split bamboo, but now are constructed from man made composite materials (fiberglass, carbon/graphite and boron/graphite) ranging from 6ft to 14ft in length. The fly line, not the lure, determines casting. Fly rods are sized (matched) by the weight of the fly line from size #0 rods for the smallest freshwater trout and panfish up to and including #16 rods for large saltwater game fish. Fly fishing reels are mounted below the rod with the basic design of line storage. Early fly reels often had no drag systems just a clicker that was used to keep the reel from overrunning the line when pulled from the spool, the angler used their hand as a line brake known as palming when fighting a fish. Newer fly reels have incorporated disc type drag that allows the angler the adjustment range using the combination of the rod and reel to control large game fish in powerful runs. There are several types of casts in fly fishing, the most common is the forward cast. The angler starts by stripping line off the reel with one hand while whipping the rod in a series of back a forth motions over the shoulder. The correct angle is 10 o' clock to 2 o' clock. The main objective is to load the rod with stored energy then transmit that energy to the fly line allowing the angler the acceptable amount of casting distance. The goal is to present the fly lure in such a way that the line lands smoothly on the water’s surface and appears natural. Other casting techniques are false casting, used to cast a fly lure without landing on the water, others are single and double haul cast, roll cast side, or curve cast and the tuck cast. If you're considering fly fishing we highly recommend that you seek professional guidance by visiting your local fly fishing pro shop in selecting the rod, reel and fly lures as well as receiving lessons on casting. Fishing Reel Features: In selecting the right reel for your style of fishing there are literally thousands of different reels on the market today to choose from. For the less experienced angler this can be somewhat confusing. Before we compare the features of fishing reels here are some pointers that will help you determine a list of requirements for the best type of reel to use. First, what kind of fish will you be catching? What is the average size, and angling technique? Will you be casting lures using live bait or trolling. What pound test line is best suited for the fishing application. These answers will narrow down your search and aid in purchasing the proper reel. As a general guideline the lighter the line and smaller the game fish the best reel choice for the novice anglers and children is a spincast reel. For the more proficient caster using the same set-up a spinning reel is best. As the targeted species gets larger requiring heavier line and lures a conventional reel or bait caster will be the better choice. For the best performance from your reel, the reel must be balanced with your rod. If you use a reel that weighs too much for the rod it will feel butt heavy. You will have problems casting and it will take away the sensitivity from the rod tip in feeling a fish strike. Conversely, a reel that is too light for a rod will make it feel tip heavy, by fishing for a length of time your wrist will tire by trying to hold the rod upward.For a properly balanced outfit hold the rod with the reel attached on the fore grip (the handle above the reel) by using a few fingers, the rod should sway back and forth and stay somewhat horizontal not completely moving forward or backward, if not change reel sizes or rod length to achieve a balanced outfit. Darseet Garasia Page 5 All you need to know about “FISHING” Listed below are the features and components that make up fishing reels, many of them are universal and found on all types of reels, these descriptions will help you identify and understand the ideal reel for your angling needs. ANTI REVERSE: The anti reverse function on fishing reels is so the handle does not turn backwards when the line is pulled from the reel as the drag is used. Spinning reels have an anti reverse on/off lever that will allow the angler the choice of engaging the drag or back reeling when fighting a fish. Most baitcasting reels today have anti reverse as a standard feature. High quality reels that feature the number of bearings on models followed with a single number such as 7+1 indicates a anti reverse bearing which with tighter machining tolerances provides the angler with a "no play in handle" giving the angler complete control during stop and go retrieves and solid hook sets. For larger game fish some bait casting and trolling reels use a additional anti reverse gear along with the bearing this adds security if the bearing can not handle the strain of hard running fish. BALL BEARINGS: All conventional fishing reels contain either ball bearings or bushings built within the reel to operate the spool smoothly. It is the generally thought that the greater amount of bearings in a reel the smoother the operation and the higher the cost. But one must consider that the amount of bearings does not necessarily mean that the reel is smoother than others with less. Reel companies only list the total number of bearings for the reel, not the type or quality of the bearings. In other words a 2 ball bearing reel machined with tight tolerances and high quality factory sealed stainless steel bearings will perform longer and smoother than a reel with 6 ball bearings made of brass. The deciding factor when it comes to purchasing a new reel should not be limited to just the number of bearings but the overall performance, (smooth cranking, machining & bearing qualities ) as comparing to other reels in determining which is the smoothest. CASTING CONTROLS: (BAITCASTING) All quality baitcasting reels come with built in casting control systems that help determine how fast the spool is spinning when casting. These systems are centrifugal and magnetic, depending on the model some have one some have both and are either externally adjustable or internal. The centrifugal casting control is located on the reel handle side and his adjusted by turning the knob forward or backward. The magnetic control braking system is located on the other side with a numbered position dial to increase or decrease the amount of magnetic force applied to the spool. This is the fine tuning feature found on more expensive reels that works with a internal transfer braking mechanism, at the beginning of a cast (with the increased RPM‘s) this mechanism rotates out towards the braking magnets to slow the spool which helps reduce backlashing. While no bait casting reel is considered backlash free even with all of the casting features to help control the spool casting speed. It is still advisable to apply light thumb pressure on the spool in order to prevent a backlash. DRAG: All types of fishing reels have a drag system. The drag feature is a tension setting applied to the spool of the reel, think of it as a clutch or line braking system. The drag uses a set of multiple disc washers that compress when pressure is increased or relaxed when decreased. The concept of the drag is letting the line unwind in a controlled manner off the reel when a fish pulls so hard that the line is in danger of breaking. The drag should be set tight enough for a hook set, but loose enough to come off of the fishing reel easily. Baitcasting/Trolling/Spincast reels use a star-shaped wheel located on the reel handle called a star drag, adjustments are made by turning the wheel to the proper tension. Spinning reels have two types of drags - front drag and a rear drag. Front drags are generally smoother than a rear drag. The front Darseet Garasia Page 6 All you need to know about “FISHING” drag features larger, multiple disc drag washers on the spool that offer a higher level of performance and durability. The rear drag uses applied pressure on the drive shaft. Rear drag spinning reels may offer convenience and ease of use, but they normally don’t stand up to big fish and demanding conditions like front drag reel models. Lever drags are a available feature on high end (expensive) trolling and baitcasting reels. Lever drags allows the tension to be adjusted in more precise smaller increments which supplies a smoother fish fighting performance. As a rule always check your drag before your first cast.Pull the line with your hand, if you have a decent amount of resistance, you should be fine. In cases where you hook a exceptional sized fish the drag should be adjusted (increased) as you feel the size of the fish. Another tip to reduce reel maintenance; when storing your reels for a extended amount of time, back off the drag tension setting. Leaving drag settings tight will cause the drag washers to become flat reducing the tension ability. GEAR RATIOS: All reel manufactures list the gear ratio on their products. The gear ratio refers to how many revolutions the spool of the reel makes per one complete turn of the reel handle. For instance a high speed reel with a 6:1 ratio will make 6 revolutions versus a low speed reel at 3:1 with 3 revolutions per each turn of the reel handle. Generally low speed reels are best suited for lures that require a slow presentation and greater cranking power such as crank baits for bass and pike, and large muskie baits. High speed reels are better for working lures quickly when the angler seeks speed for "burning" bucktails, spinnerbaits, and lipless crank baits. Reels with the range of 5.1 are the best compromise if purchasing a single reel. Another alternative is a two speed reel that the angler can shift from high speed to low speed with a simple push or pull of a button. LEVEL WIND: Found on most baitcasting and trolling reels as the name implies, the level wind feature automatically places the line evenly or level across on the spool upon retrieving the line. On low profile and smaller round baitcasting reels the line guide will remain in its' position when casting, on larger round bait casting reels the line guide will follow the line when casting. This offers the angler the convenience of not manually guiding the line on the spool, which if not properly done will usually pile up in the center of the spool. LINE CAPACITY: Printed on the reel or it's package is a guideline of the amount of fishing line that the spool of the reel will hold. This chart is based on the use of monofilament line and will look like this: 8/(175) 10/(155) 12/(130) the first number is the lb test followed by the amount of yards. This indicates the line rating set by the manufacturer for 8-12 lb test line to work correctly without either stressing parts or making it difficult to use. By varying the pound test line on the reel such as placing 40lb on a reel rated for 8lb-12lb will give you an inadequate amount of line due to the increased line thickness making the reel difficult to cast as well as increasing the stress and eventual failure on the drag (By setting the drag too tight) With the advent of new fishing lines with increased lb test and reduced diameters we still recommend that you follow guideline placed on the reel by the reel company. LINE COUNTERS: This reel feature is found exclusively on trolling reels. It allows a reference by which anglers can consistently return a bait to the same depth or distance from the boat when flat line trolling or rigging (Downriggers, Dipsey Divers and Trolling Boards) There are two types of reel line counters, Analog and Digital. Analog line counters resemble car odometers, clicking off numbers as the spool revolves. Digital line counters provide the same line usage reading as the analog but can also be programmed for Darseet Garasia Page 7 All you need to know about “FISHING” differences in line thickness accounting for impressive accuracy. Line counters are also very useful on how much line is left on your reel after a fish makes a run. LINE OUT ALARM: This feature is a audible alarm alerting the angler of a fish strike also known as a clicker or bait alarm. A simple on-off switch is used in the free spool mode. Always disengage the clicker when retrieving or casting. Line out alarms are available on baitcasting and spinning reels. They are mainly used for presenting live/cut bait on the ocean and freshwater muskie fishing using suckers. ON / OFF FREE SPOOL LEVER: On trolling reels there is a simple on/off lever that when switched on engages the reel for retrieving the line, when switched off it is in free spool allowing the angler to let the line run off the reel using a bait or lure. Always keep your thumb on the free spool to control the amount of line released to prevent a backlash. REEL HOUSINGS AND FRAMES: Most reel housings and frames are constructed of either aluminum (die-cast or forged) or graphite. Each of these materials has its advantages and disadvantages, reels made of anodized aluminum are generally stronger and more durable than the graphite models, however, they are heavier. Graphite-bodied reels are light and corrosion resistant, yet they normally don’t offer the same strength and durability as die-cast or forged aluminum fishing reels. Due to the nature of a spinning reel's design, their bodies are composed of multiple pieces. Many conventional baitcasting reels are also constructed in the same fashion; however, some manufacturers have introduced one-piece graphite frames. This design increases the overall integrity and strength of the reel, while maintaining the lighter weight. SPOOLS: When selecting a reel the material type and design of the spool should be a point of consideration. There are two common materials used, machined anodized aluminum and graphite. Of the two the anodized aluminum spool offers greater strength and durability than graphite spools, which can break or crack under torque. On many baitcasting aluminum spools holes have been drilled in to reduce the weight while increasing casting distance. For big water heavy duty fishing large baitcasting and trolling spools are made from metal, using bronze or stainless steel that will offer the strength and capacity required for specialty lines such as heavy dacron or wire used for trolling. Spinning reels today feature a "skirted" spool that overlaps the reel frame, preventing the line to become entangled with in the reel housing. Other skirted spinning reel spool options offers a choice of a standard spool, or a shallower, elongated "long cast" spool design. In theory, the newer long-cast spool design allows for reduced line friction, resulting in greater casting distance. FISHING RODS: Fishing Rods have evolved over the years, from the early days using natural materials with fixed fishing lines such as sticks, bamboo and cane poles to rods using steel or fiberglass to the rods of today using graphite or composites of graphite, fiberglass, boron and carbon. With this development of the rod materials came the specialty rods, rods designed for a fishing technique or lure such as jigging, jerkbait, worm, pitchin, flippin, crank baits, trolling, top water etc… the specialty rods are a specific tool, used and developed by tournament and pro anglers, for the recreational angler the catch rate will not increase based on having a specialty rod or rods, but place a specialty rod in the hands of an experienced fisherman in presenting a certain bait or lure and with their knowledge of fishing it will give them the edge in catching more fish. Darseet Garasia Page 8 All you need to know about “FISHING” As the old cliché states: "You get what you pay for" For the recreational angler we recommend spending as much as your budget allows, the better the rod the more sensitive it will be, the more responsive it will be, you will be able to cast farther feel structure, rocks, weeds and the most important feel fish strikes. Part of being a better angler is the ability to place your lure/bait exactly where you want it, often as quietly as possible, and a good rod will definitely help you accomplish this. With the numerous rod selections available today here’s a few suggested basic rod buying tips that will cover multiple fishing presentations. 5‘-6"-6‘-0" Spincast Rod Power: Light Action: Soft Lure Weight Test Line Rating 4lb-8lb Fishing: Panfish (Crappies Perch Bluegills) and Walleye. Spooled with 6lb test. Good combo set-up for children and novice anglers for easy casting and bobber fishing. 7‘-0" Spinning Rod Power: Light Action: Soft Lure Weight 1/32 - 1/8oz Test line rating 4lb-6lb Fishing: Panfish (Crappies Perch Bluegills) and early season Walleye spooled with 4lb test monofilament for Float(Bobbers) with live-bait, small jigs and light lures 1/16-1/8oz. 7’-0" Spinning Rod Power: Medium Light-Medium Action: Moderate Lure Weight 1/8 - 3/8oz Test Line rating 8lb-12lb Fishing: Walleye and Bass spooled with 8lb test monofilament for live bait and soft plastic bottom rigs, jigs, tubes and mid weight lures 1/8-3/8oz. 6’-6"-7’-0" Baitcasting Rod Power: Medium-Medium Heavy Action: Fast Lure Weight 3/8 - 1 oz Test line rating 10lb-17lb Fishing: Bass and Northern Pike spooled with 12lb-15lb test monofilament with a leader primarily for heavier artificial lures 3/8-1oz (spoons, crankbaits, inline spinners, spinner baits, topwater) Length: 7’-0" Type: Baitcasting Rod Power: Extra Heavy Action: Fast Lure Weight: 1-3oz Test line rating: 25lb + Fishing: Northern Pike and Muskies spooled with 50lb-80lb braided line with a leader for presenting heavy lures 1oz and up ( inline spinners, spinner baits, jerk baits, gliders, crank baits, top water) Darseet Garasia Page 9 All you need to know about “FISHING” ROD MATERIALS: Fiberglass: Fiberglass rods have been popular since the 1950’s taking over the era of steel rods, in terms of performance and features fiberglass does lack the sensitivity of the newer rods today made from graphite and weighs more, but is noted for it’s toughness and soft/moderate action. Some anglers use fiberglass when fishing crank baits for the slow action and muskie anglers use fiberglass in cold weather for quick strike rig sucker fishing where the rod sensitivity is not required but the toughness (setting the hook especially in very cold weather and not breaking the rod) is needed. Fiberglass is also a very good choice for children starting out in fishing where durability is an issue. GRAPHITE: Graphite rod building started in the 1970’s and has continued to this day. Most all quality rods today are built using graphite and have become the preferred choice for rod blank builders. The benefits of graphite rods are many, they're extremely light, sensitive and flexible, which is vital for light biting fish, along with being strong and powerful to handle larger game fish. In marketing graphite rods a few common terms have been developed to associate the quality of the rod. The first is "modulus graphite rating", graphite comes in what looks like sheets of cloth, the cloth is measured to determine the amount and stiffness to weight of modulus fibers. If your shopping for a new rod don’t base your decision solely on the modulus rating, the higher the rating the better the rod. For high performance rods the combination of fiber strength, resin toughness with the amount of fiber, resin and cross-scrim construction (overlapping layers to achieve exceptional strength and action) are more important than the modulus count or rating. Rods with high graphite modulus ratings tend to be brittle and need to have a secondary chemical added on the blank to increase the strain/strength rate. This is called a composite blank. The other term that rod companies use to identify a blank style is IM with a following number such as IM6 or 7 and currently up to 10. The IM rated rods are not regulated by industry standards or an indication of quality but rather a trade name for particular graphite produced by the Hexcel Corporation. Since some rod companies use the IM designation ratings to refer to their rod blanks that are not supplied by Hexcel, at least you can compare the rods built by the same manufacturer, being assured that the higher the IM ranking the higher the graphite quality of the rod. ROD RATINGS: ACTION / POWER Action refers to the flex characteristics of a rod, in other words how much the rod bends when you put pressure on the tip and how far the rod flexes. Action ranges from extra fast where just the tip flexes to slow or softer where the majority of the rod flexes. Fast action rods are the best choice when the fishing technique requires the sensitivity of feeling light biting fish or when fishing for large game fish in heavy cover and weeds where the key is to setting the hook fast with just a snap of the wrist moving the fish’s head up and away. For instance, fast action light rods are used for jigs, soft plastic worms or twitching minnow/shad shaped crank baits for bass and walleye. Heavier fast action rods are used for Muskies & Pike in burning bucktails, walking top water lures or a cadence retrieve on gliders and jerkbaits. The moderate action rod is the most common choice due to the versatility of fishing applications, in casting a moderate action rod it will bend for about half of it’s length which will provide more casting distance and still have the capability for a adequate hookset. Ideal for slip bobbers/floats live bait for walleye fishing because the fish is less likely to feel resistance from the soft tip and drop the bait, along with reaction lures such as crank baits, spinner baits and spoons for bass and pike Darseet Garasia Page 10 All you need to know about “FISHING” where the slower action will not pull the lure out of the fish’s mouth. Slow or Soft Action rods will bend starting in the lower third using nearly the entire rod providing the most flexibility. Because of this parabolic action the angler is using the rod as a shock absorber in fighting the fish, this allows the use of very light line. These rods are used for panfish especially for the paper thin mouths on crappies so the hook is not ripped clear on hooksets, and are also popular for drift fishing spawn sac’s on trout and salmon streams. POWER: A rod’s power describes how much a rod will flex under a load also referred as a rod’s "backbone". The thickness and type of rod material will determine this, power ratings are usually described as heavy, medium heavy, medium, light, etc… some rod companies use a numerical system 1-10 with 1=Ultra Light-10= Extra Heavy. The rod’s power rating is closely related to the suggested line strength. It is important to follow the line test guideline limits printed on the rod since a heavy power rod will snap light lines too easily and heavy lines can snap a light rod. Another factor to consider is the fishing presentation, muskie, pike, and bass in weeds and cover will require a strong power rod using heavier line, on open water where hard to see light line is used for walleyes and crappies use a lighter power rod. Quite often anglers get confused with rod power ratings and action. As a example the power rating is listed on the rod, the flex of the rod is considered the action. ROD LINE GUIDES: These are the circular loops affixed to the rod and run the length of the rod blank, The concept is simple, keeping the line from touching the rod, this offers a smooth surface for the line to pass over. The technology of rod guide designs has improved dramatically over the years from the old metal guides and the classic agate inserts of earlier rods. Most of the new guides today are made of two parts: a metal frame (stainless) attached to the rod blank and some form of a insert (inner ring) using Ceramic, Alconite, Silicon Carbide or Hardloy. Some rods use line guides made of all stainless steel wire instead of inserts, these guides are lighter reducing the overall rod weight, but they are not as smooth as rods using inserts. The newest line guide introduced is made from titanium wire, which will spring back even if they're bent flat unlike the stainless guide that will break. The overall purpose of the rod line guides manufactured today is to provide less friction along with reducing the line fray and wear in the guides during the cast. Less friction means longer casts and less heat, and heat definitely doesn’t help when it comes to fishing lines. The total amount of line guides on a rod are a important feature as well, the higher amount of guides the better, as they ensure distance on the cast, and when fighting a fish the energy/ stress on the rod is dispersed though out the entire rod blank. Depending of the rod power rating line guides are available in two different styles, single and double foot. Single foot guides adds less weight on the rod and help retain sensitivity, these are used for mainly ultra light to medium power rods. The double foot line guides are used when sensitivity is not required but strength is as they are wrapped twice on the rod blank. These are found on heavy to extra heavy power rods used for larger game fish. HANDLE / REEL SEATS: The combination of a quality rod handle and reel seat are as important as the rod blank itself. The reel seat is where the reel is attached to the rod and constructed of graphite and aluminum or both. Graphite is lighter and more sensitive, while aluminum is stronger. Some reel seats offer a cutout that allows direct finger contact on the rod blank for greater sensitivity. The rod handle is also referred to as "grips" and are located below and above the reel seat. Cork is the preferred choice on rod handles as it is lightweight, durable, and transmits rod vibrations even when wet better than synthetic materials using EVA foam. There are varying grades of cork based on the rod’s cost, the higher the rod price the better quality of cork used. Another alternative is cork tape to achieve the look of cork. Composite cork is made by combining a mixture of cork particles and resin, this combination is more durable than using straight cork. Darseet Garasia Page 11 All you need to know about “FISHING” Fishing Line & Leaders Fishing line is by far the utmost important fishing equipment component for anglers, as the line is the direct connection between the fisherman and the fish. Using the proper line in presenting lures or live bait, upon hooking a fish and landing the fish is the key to a successful catch. Yet many anglers are not aware about the new types of lines available today each with it’s own special use and qualities including stretch, flexibility, knot strength, visibility, breaking strength, diameter and abrasion resistance. Modern day fishing lines are made entirely from artificial materials including nylon, polyethylene, dacron, spectra, dyneema, polyvinyl chloride, wire, and lead. The manufacturing of fishing lines vary from using a extrusion process, melting and mixing of polymers which is formed into a strand through a die forming monofilament, fluorocarbon or copolymer fishing line. Braided line is made by braiding or weaving man-made materials such as fibers of dacron, dyneema, spectra. Wire line used on copper and stainless steel are also braided forming stranded lines Thermally fused lines are made of dyneema/spectra that is twined or clustered together to form a single line. No brand of line is perfect for all fishing conditions. In choosing the best line for the type of fish being targeted one must consider many factors, the size and species of fish along with the type of fishing presentation and the most important matching the line to the tackle (rod-reel-lure-bait) used. Understanding each of the line types and when to use them will increase one’s fishing success. Here is a breakdown of each fishing line by type: Monofilament: In 1935 nylon was discovered by DuPont, made public in 1938 as a new invention, this created a group of synthetic super polymers that are commonly used in textile manufacturing today. In 1939 DuPont began making nylon monofilament fishing line that was primitive by today’s standards (stiff and heavy) as braided line was considered still the popular choice by anglers. Over the next two decades improvements where made (added flexibility, uniform quality and thinner diameter) which increased the popularity with the fishing community. Today monofilament is the most commonly used fishing line accounting most of the line sold today. It Darseet Garasia Page 12 All you need to know about “FISHING” offers the angler versatility, as it is available in a selection of colors: red, yellow, green, blue, clear and fluorescent along with degrees of flexibility, stiffness and abrasion resistant qualities. It can be spooled on spinning, baitcasting and spincast reels. Monofilament is best used on shallower water presentations than deepwater fishing due to it’s high stretch and water absorption factors resulting in loose knots and lack of sensitivity. Walleye and bass anglers use colored mono line when fishing jigs and soft plastic’s to detect strikes by watching the line, conversely live bait fisherman like thin flexible translucent mono for a natural presentation, on discolored water they favor fluorescent, on clearer water clear or green is preferred. For casting lures around cover and rocky area’s abrasion resistant lower stretch clear line is recommended. With all of the options monofilament offers there are some line maintenance to follow, All monofilament have a memory, which means if the line is stored on a reel for a extended amount of time it will form to the shape around the reel spool. When this occurs in casting it will come off the reel in loops or coils. The other is the combination of sun or heat, storing your rod & reel outfit in a garage / shed over the hot summer months or leaving it outside exposed to the heat sun will deteriorate the line making it weak and brittle, if the line has developed a chalky type film it is time to be replaced. Finally in buying monofilament line stay with the known recognized brands than the cheap off brands bulk spools, as the cheaper brands don’t receive the quality control, proper additives and attention during the manufacturing process as the premium grade lines receive. Fluorocarbon: Fluorocarbon fishing leaders originated in Japan, where the Japanese are extremely detailed about the presentation of their bait. The Japanese fish under heavy pressured conditions and make every attempt to make their presentations as real and lifelike as possible. They pride themselves on their ability to do this, and willingly spend more money to do so. Ultimately, U.S. anglers began using fluorocarbon leaders, primarily in saltwater and fly fishing applications, for the same reason the Japanese were using it – low visibility. It caught on when anglers reported catching more fish with it. However, leaders are stiff and very expensive. Now, application of fishing line technologies has produced more flexible fluorocarbon at affordable prices. Fluorocarbon is a polymer consisting of fluorine, a common element that is chemically bonded with carbon, another common element, to create a polymer that can be formed by molding, extrusion or other heat processes thus the name fluorocarbon. It is inert, so it resists deterioration by the sun and most chemicals found on fishing boats such as, gasoline, battery acid or DEET (common ingredient found in insect repellents). A density of 1.6, meaning it is heavier than water and sinks, which will enable lures to dive deeper and faster than monofilament fishing lines. Abrasion resistant against rocks, docks, logs etc. It is also almost invisible underwater with a light refractive index of 1.42 the same as water, the light passes through the line not reflecting back. Non-absorbing, because fluorocarbon does not absorb water, it will not weaken or increase in stretch like monofilament fishing lines Darseet Garasia Page 13 All you need to know about “FISHING” Stretch resistance – fluorocarbon stretches slower and less than monofilament, particularly when compared to wet mono making it much more sensitive The popularity of fluorocarbon line used by anglers today is evident by the features listed above. Fluorocarbon offer’s the best advantage in clear water situations where fish are heavily pressured or slow to bite in finesse situations. Copolymer: In the mid 1980’s copolymer fishing line was introduced. The process called copolymerization, is a combination of two or more nylon monomers to create a copolymer during the extrusion. The outcome of this resulted in a material that has additional benefits than monofilament. Copolymer fishing line features are smaller line diameters, abrasion resistant, have a lower stretch factor, high tensile strength, higher impact and greater shock resistance. Over the years new formulas have been added notably the addition of fluorocarbon which adds invisibility stealth factor to the line. Braided: During the industrial period from the early 1900’s modern machinery was developed to manufacture braided fishing lines, this was considered the first commercial fishing line made in quantity. Silk was the common used material with many maintenance issues, after a day of fishing silk lines had to be unspooled off the reel, washed and hung up to dry in order to prevent dry rot. Over the wars years two new synthetic fibers were developed and employed as fishing line, first Rayon considered at that time a artificial silk, then Dacron a polymer fiber know as polyester. The invention of braided fishing line was also instrumental in the development as a coated or wrapped component of specialty fishing lines such as fly lines, lead core trolling lines and for ice fishing tip up lines. Braided lines are extremely strong, very abrasion resistant, low stretch and absorbs less water allowing greater sensitivity even when wet unlike monofilament. It also has no memory so it won’t come off your reel in coils and it doesn’t weaken from direct sunlight. Dacron braided line is still made today but with the advancements of monofilament along with the introduction of the new hybrid lines it has decreased in popularity by anglers and now primarily used for deep water trolling along with backing on fly reels. In the early 1990s fishing line companies began adding new man made fibers to their braiding process such as Dyneema, and Spectra this created a new category of braided lines referred as " Super Braids - Multifilament" ( by combining multiple fibers together during the process of braiding) the new synthetic fibers are thread like thin, very strong, pliable but yet abrasion resistant and have little stretch. The common factor of all of the new super braids today is to provide the angler with the smallest diameter (ultrathin -microdiameter) with the highest break strength. The benefits of the super braids are numerous, in casting artificial lures they dive deeper and faster with longer casts due to the thin diameter, with the low stretch it telegraphs strikes instantly to the rod tip for a immediate hook set, along with the high break strength it is the primary line used by fisherman targeting big fish such as Muskie, Pike, Stripers, Catfish and Saltwater anglers. In spooling super braids on reels you have two options to prevent line slipping, better casting and less backlashes. If you choose to spool your reel entirely with a super braid tie the line on the reel arbor, wrap a piece of electrical tape over the line and complete the spooling with tension applied, the other option is using monofilament as a line backing spooled on the reel arbor first and tied using a uni-knot to the super braid also applying tension upon spooling. (The lb test of mono should match the diameter of the super braid for uniformity and tying) Using a line backing conserves line usage as well as filling the spool, take in to account that super braids have small line diameters and the line filling amounts listed on the reel are based on monofilament diameters. Use the lb/yards amount listed on your reel as Darseet Garasia Page 14 All you need to know about “FISHING” a guide for spooling the super braid; for instance if a 50lb super braid has the diameter equivalent of 12lb mono and the line capacity on the reel is 175 yds/12lb with the filler spool at 150 yards you will need to add approximately 20 yards of mono backing. As with all fishing lines the proper amount to fill a reel spool is within 1/8 of a inch from the top of the spool rim. Fused: With the popularity of the new super braids incorporating the many features that Dyneema and Spectra micro fibers achieve: ultra thin diameter, low stretch and high tensile strength. Innovative fishing line companies realized this and introduced a new manufacturing process called fusion. Fused line are multiple layers of microfilament gel spun polyethylene fibers fused/twined together to produce a single strand of line. The end results are a high performance line, ultra thin, superior strength, very sensitive with good abrasion resistance. Fly Line: Today’s fly lines consist of two components the inner core and outer coating. The inner core is made from a braid or monofilament line, the core determines the line strength, stretch and stiffness, The outer coating is wrapped around the core in a thick water proof sheath, often of PVC polyvinyl chloride. Imbedded in the outer core will determine the classification of floating or sinking line. Floating line has encased micro bubbles allowing the line to float, sinking line has impregnated density micro particles such as powdered tungsten to weigh the line for a controlled sink rate. Almost all fly lines are made in such a way so they have a taper that helps the casting process and presenting the fly lure for the angler. Fly line tapers have four major categories: Weight Forward , Double Taper Shooting Taper and Level. Of the four, two are the most popular Weight Forward and Double Tapered. In order to spool a fly reel properly there are a set of steps to follow along with a knowledge of basic fishing knots. First the fly line backing (The fly reel instructions will provide the suggested amount of backing) which is usually composed of braided Dacron using 20-30lb test, this is secured to the reel spool by using a Arbor Knot. As most fly lines today are under a 100 yards this will ensure a adequate reserve in case of a run by large game fish as well as filling the spool to the proper capacity. The next step is the main fly line this is connected to the backing using a Albright Knot. Since the line backing (Dacron) and the fly line (plastic) are different materials the Albright Knot will slide easily through the line guides. The final steps are attaching the leader (typically tapered) of monofilament or fluorocarbon using a nail knot which provides a clean and straight connection from the fly line, and next is the tippet the section of monofilament between your fly and leader. Being that the leader and the tippet are two similar diameters a Double Surgeons knot is suitable. Finally the fly lure is attached to the tippet using a Improved Clinch Knot. As you assemble the fly line set-up make sure you moisten all the knots when drawing them tight slowly, always test each knot by giving a good hard pull, this will reduce the chance of knot failure. Be sure to replace leaders and tippets as they show any wear or abrasion. Fly Line Maintenance: Fly lines do have a life span, even with all of the new fly line technology prevalent today. With out proper care and maintenance a fly line (dependent on use) will only last one season or less. Here’s a few tips and pointers to extend the life of your fly line. Cleaning your fly line: All leading fly line manufacturers build a lubricant inside of the outer coating. Line performance, however, depends on the condition of the coating. The coating is slightly porous, it slowly releases the lubricant, keeping the line slick and floating. From casting the fly line will pick up suspended particulate in the water such as algae and dirt from stripping the line when your fishing from the shore. Darseet Garasia Page 15 All you need to know about “FISHING” This clogs the line pores preventing the lubricant from doing it's job as the line will not float as well or slide through the rod guides easily. This can be remedied by cleaning your fly line with a clean damp cloth and some mild soap, by wiping down the amount of line you use on a cast. Always keep your fly line away from direct contact with insect repellants (Deet) suntan lotions, and any type chemicals or solvents, fuel or excessive heat. Never cast without a leader, avoid stepping on the stripped line and always check your reel for pinched line between the spool and the reel frame. In storing your fly line on your reel if it develops line memory and comes off in coils simply remove the line and slowly give it a stretch, it should revert back to perform perfectly. Fly Line Selections: For the beginning fly fishing angler there are a multitude line choices available today which can be confusing to say the least. Floating or sinking, the weight of line and the numerous different taper configurations. The fly line, not the lure size determines the rated fly rod and reel set-up. Your best bet in the selection process of a fly rod outfit is first to research the fishing presentation and species you are fishing for most of the time and match the recommended set-up. Fortunately fly fishing tackle manufactures have adapted a universal numerical measurement scale to classify fly line weight to the specific rod and type of fly fishing. The scale ranges from 1-14 with 1 the lightest to 14 the heaviest. With this information any good fly fishing pro shop will be able to assist you in setting up your fly fishing outfit. For instance if you intend to fish mainly for sunfish on ponds or small streams for trout a five or six weight line and rod would be the choice if you target pike and bass using larger fly lures or streamers you should consider a eight or nine weight rod. Using the correct fly line matched to the rod is critical for proper fly casting, if you use too heavy of line this will cause "overloading" causing the leader to turn over and bounce back to the angler, too light of line will inhibit the rod to load and will not be able to flex in the casting process causing short non controlled cast. Lead Core (Weighted Trolling Line) Lead Core line came on to the fishing scene during the 1970’s as weighted trolling line. This allowed Salmon, Lake Trout, Steelhead and Walleye anglers the ability to use light weight shallow running lures such as spoons, balsa and plastic minnow lures to reach depths were the fish are present. Lead Core is constructed of two components, the inner wire made of soft pliable lead and the outer sheath of nylon braid which is color coated every ten yards for metering purposes referred as the term colors. Recently a new environmentally safe non lead line was introduced using a metal alloy wire in lieu of lead. Weighted trolling lines are available in 100 - 200 yard spools ranging from 12lb to 45 lb test ratings. The amount of weighted trolling line spooled on your reel is totally dependent on the species of fish you are targeting by the depth required, as a example Great Lakes walleye anglers may use 30 yards of weighted line or three colors were as a salmon angler may spool the entire 200 yards or twenty colors. The approximate rule dependent on the lb test is every two yards of weighted line will sink one foot. The only reel type to be used for weighted trolling line is a conventional level wind trolling reel, the line capacity is based on the species ( smaller for walleyes larger for salmon). In spooling the reel a line backing should always be used this also helps to fill the reel to the proper line amount. The most popular line backing used today is the super braids which is tied to the weighted line using a Albright knot, after the weighted line is spooled a monofilament/fluorocarbon leader is tied using a Uni-knot.( Note: When tying backing or a leader to lead core remove the inner wire) This entire line set-up is referred as "segmented" which when properly used places the weighted line and lure at the feeding depth of fish. Trolling weighted (lead core) line is a technical presentation requiring a level of expertise and knowledge. If your considering using this trolling technique your success would be best served if you research the fishery and species before purchasing the proper equipment. Darseet Garasia Page 16 All you need to know about “FISHING” Wire: Wire is another trolling line option especially if your fishing presentation requires to go very deep. Wire lines come in a variety of choices, solid and stranded. Solid wire know as Monel is a metal nickel copper alloy which will go deeper than stranded based on the ultra thin line diameter and weight. Stranded offers many versions made of stainless steel or copper, in cable-laid wire, 49 strand, three and seven strand wire some of these come with vinyl coatings used mainly as leader material. One of most popular wire line for freshwater fishing is the seven stranded six wrapped or braided around one. Copper seven strand is utilized as a alternative to lead core where as the weight of copper is double than lead core this achieves the same depth of lead core with only half the amount of line. The advantages of using wire line are numerous when compared to other conventional lines such as braided or monofilament, wire line with the weight and the ultra low diameter cuts through the water easily getting deeper using less line, it also has very low line stretch thus telegraphing fish strikes as they happen. Getting set-up with a wire line outfit requires all special equipment, reels are trolling level wind with a metal or stainless steel spool to accommodate wire line, rods require hardened line guides that wire won't cut along with a roller tip or all line guides using rollers. We highly recommend if you're looking to use wire as a trolling outfit, go to a pro shop that specializes in wire line rods and reels. One of the most common problems in using wire starts with correctly spooling the backing and wire on the reel to the proper level. Fishing wire with the proper knowledge and set-up will add another dimension to your arsenal increasing your catch rate. Tip-Up Line: (Backing) Tip Up’s are a fishing tool used for ice fishing, tip up’s are built from plastic or wood which lay on the ice, underneath the tip up the reel is submerged in the water. On the reel most ice fishing anglers use a line backing of 20lb to 40lb test to fill the spool, then attach various different types of leader materials, such as seven strand wire, coated wire, monofilament or fluorocarbon. The line backing on tip ups are waterproofed by either coating a braid using Teflon or plastic vinyl wrapped over a braid. The purpose behind the waterproof backing is not to let the line to freeze on the reel, upon a strike allowing a fish to run with the bait (free spool) until the angler set’s the hook. Also with the heavier lb test it is easier to handle in cold weather and are less prone to tangle on the ice. Line Maintenance / Spooling your reel: Line replacement is highly important yet often neglected, this is commonly overlooked as some angler's feel the existing line on the reel is sufficient. In writing this we can attest to the numerous times trophy fish where lost due to line breakage, in asking when the line was changed the response was similar "never" or "years ago". Line degradation is caused by numerous different effects, some are environmental such as exposed to sunlight and heat for a extended amount of time other's are physical, line scraping across rocks, logs, docks or other lake structure. For practical purposes most line wear occurs in the first few feet from your lure or bait, periodically check this by running your line between your fingers, if you feel any nicks, frays or twists remove that section of line and retie. All fishing line needs to be replaced at one point, as fishing line becomes wet and dry over time it eventually breaks down and wears out. Depending on the amount of fishing you do will determine line changing frequency, tournament anglers and pro guides replace line daily, other fisherman that spend a lot of time on the water replace line weekly or monthly. As a general rule fishing line should be at least respooled annually. Filling A Revolving-Spool Reel: Baitcasting and trolling reels are the easiest to spool up, especially if you ask a friend to help you. Just Darseet Garasia Page 17 All you need to know about “FISHING” remember to maintain a moderate, consistent tension on the line at all times (by gently pinching the line between your thumb and forefinger) to avoid loose wraps that might cause tangling later. 1)Insert a pencil into the supply spool to allow the fishing line to feed smoothly off the spool. Have someone hold each end of the pencil while you turn the reel handle. Your helper should maintain slight inward pressure on the supply spool to prevent it from overrunning, and to keep proper tension on the line. 2) Fill the reel within 1/4-inch of the outer rim of the revolving spool. Don't overfill. Filling A Spinning Reel: Because the spool of a spinning reel does not rotate, you should use this method to prevent putting a twist in the line. 1. Pull old line off reel through line guides until you have enough room on spool for new line. If this is a new reel or if you wish to completely place new line on the spool your reel use an arbor knot to tie your line onto the spool. 2. If your leaving existing line always leave some line from spool through rod guides and past end of rod to tie new line to. 3. Tie new line to end of old line with a blood knot or a uni-knot 4. Lay spool of new line of floor so line comes off spool just like it goes on reel spool 5. Hold line tight with hand not turning reel handle just above reel 6. Reel line onto reel slowly, making sure it is spooled firmly 7. After about 12 turns allow some slack between the supply spool of line and your rod to be sure you are not getting line twist. If the line is twisting flip the supply spool over. Check this periodically because spinning reels automatically put twist in your line. Filling a Closed-Faced Spin-Cast Reel Fill a closed-faced spin-cast reel the same way you would a spinning reel, except remember to thread the line through the hole in the front of the reel. Spin-cast reels do not hold very much line, so remove the reel cover partway every now and then to make sure you do not overfill the enclosed spool. Leaders: Using a proper leader can be the difference between a successful fishing trip and one that ends up so to speak in the tank. Yes, they are that important. Leaders are often one of the most overlooked pieces of equipment that we use. Leaders are the segment of material attached between the fishing line and the lure or bait. It is what connects you and your equipment to the lure and hopefully with some luck, your catch. Leaders are made of a variety of materials today such as: single strand wire, seven strand wire, coated or uncoated, stainless steel wire, titanium, hard monofilament, and fluorocarbon. They are also availible in various lengths and sizes as well. Some are ready to tie onto your mainline and clip on a lure and start fishing, where other applications may require you to tie it onto your mainline or attach or tie your own lure on. You must use the right application for the right type of fishing you will be doing. Darseet Garasia Page 18 All you need to know about “FISHING” Obviously you dont want to use a large musky leader to go walleye fishing nor do you want to bring a small walleye or pike leader to use when you are after trophy musky. Your leader can be the strongest or the weakest link in your set up, so you must give just as important care in choosing the correct leader for the job at hand as you would determining which lure to use. Most tackle shops will carry a variety of leaders to choose from. Always be sure to consider what the weight limit or pound test is on the leader you may be using. A rule of thumb to go by is to always remember the lighter leader you use the higher your risk of being bit off or having leader failure can be. Not to say using a light leader is wrong, however just understand that you may have to be willing to accept the consequences. Once you determine what pound test you are going to go with, consider the hardware that is on the leader. Some leaders are tied, some are crimped, some are both. This pretty much boils down to personal preferance, and in time you will figure out what you are most comfortable using. Take a look at the swivels, make sure they move freely and that they apear to be large enough or small enough to handle the task at hand. Same care to be given when choosing a proper snap. Consider the size lure you will be using and make sure the snap doesnt open and close too easily. The last thing you want is for it to come open on that trophy fish of a lifetime. If there is too much to choose from and you simply cannot figure it out ask a store employee for a hand and they can help you make the right selection. So the next time you are ready to go fishing and need to run into your local sporting goods supply to just grab some leaders, take a few extra minutes to do an inspection of what you are purchasing. It might make the difference between a smiling photo or going home disapointed. Darseet Garasia Page 19 All you need to know about “FISHING” Fishing Knots Your fishing line is only as strong as the knot used to tie it. Over time all knots start to weaken in some degree. The ability to tie a correct knot will save you from losing lures, bait as well as a fish. Listed below are good choices to learn and a few tips: Always moisten the knot before snugging it up. This reduces the heat from friction that causes slight abrasions when you pull it tight. When tying a knot give it a smooth strong pull to complete it on your lure, hook or leader. Don’t be timid about testing it with a couple good pulls. Better to know your knot is tied correctly than losing a big fish. Always leave a little extra line before clipping the tag end after completing your knot some knots slip slightly. By leaving a little tag is good insurance that your knot is tied correctly. Always retie your knot before a new trip and check your knot frequently when fishing, all knots will weaken with use. Arbor Knot Improved Clinch Knot Spider Hitch Palomar Knot Dropper Loop Knot Albright Knot Float Stop Knot Surgeon's Knot Uni-to-Uni Knot Snell Knot Nail Knot Trilene Knot Blood Knot Darseet Garasia Page 20 All you need to know about “FISHING” Arbor Knot What it does: Its primary use is to attach fishing line to the arbor/spool of a fishing reel. Why is it useful: It secures the fishing line on your reel arbor/spool How to tie it: 1. An arbor knot is tied by first passing the line around the reel arbor. 2. The tag end is then tied in an overhand knot around the running line. 3. Finally, an overhand knot is tied in the tag end. When tightened, the overhand knot in the tag end jams against the overhand knot tied around the running line Improved Clinch Knot What It Does: Ties a medium- to heavy-weight line to a lure, swivel, or hook. Why It's Useful: Compared to a regular clinch knot, it's much less likely to break when you've got a bigger fish on the line. In fact, given that it only takes a few seconds more to tie an Improved Clinch knot, there's no reason to tie a regular clinch knot on anything but the lightest line. How to Tie It: 1. Pass the line through the eye of hook, swivel or lure. Double back and wrap the end 5 times around the standing line. 2. Holding the coils in place, thread end of line through the first loop above the eye, then through the big loop. 3. Hold the tag end and standing line while coils are pulled up, making sure the coils do not overlap each other. Slide tight against the eye and clip the end. Darseet Garasia Page 21 All you need to know about “FISHING” Spider Hitch What It Does: Doubles a line for added strength. Why It's Useful: Almost as strong (retaining over 80% of line strength) and much faster & easier than a Bimini Twist. The one downside is that the knot could cut the line if not tightened perfectly. How To Tie It: 1. Double the line, then form a loop, holding it between your thumb and forefinger. 2. Wrap the doubled end 5 times around your thumb and the loop, taking care not to let go. 3. Pass the end through the loop. 4. Pull the loop slowly and steadily so thewound sectionslides naturally off the thumb. Then pull on both ends to tighten knot. Again, the knot must be perfectly tightened (no overlapping coils!) or it will cut itself. Darseet Garasia Page 22 All you need to know about “FISHING” Surgeon's Knot What It Does: Securely ties together a line and a leader of very different diameters. Why it's Useful: Strong, relatively simple to tie, and less likely than most knots to damage the thinner of the two lines. How to Tie It: 1. Align the line and leader end-to-end, parallel to each other, with 6" to 8" of overlap. 2. Tie both lines in an overhand knot, as if they were a single piece of line, and pull the entire leader through the loop. 3. Without closing the loop, wrap both the tag end of line and leader around the loop again. 4. Pull both lines and both endstogether until theknot becomes tight. Clip closely to avoid getting caught in guides. Darseet Garasia Page 23 All you need to know about “FISHING” Palomar Knot What It Does: Attaches a hook or other terminal tackle to your line. Why It's Useful: Among the strongest knots for its purpose, the Palomar is also fairly easy to tie. How to Tie It: 1. Double four inches of line into a loop and pass it through the eye of your hook. 2 & 3. Allow the hook to dangle, and tie a loose over hand knot in the doubled line, being careful NOT to twist the lines or tighten the knot. 4. Pull the line by its looped end far enough to pass it over the hook, swivel or lure. 5.Pulling at both ends of the line, tighten the knot. Clip off the tag end. Darseet Garasia Page 24 All you need to know about “FISHING” Dropper Loop Knot What It Does: Creates a loop in a line while maintaining most of the line's strength. Why It's Useful: Used to attach a second leader, lure, or fly to a line. How to Tie It: 1. Make a circular loop in the line. 2. Wrap one end through the loop. 3. Where each end meets the loop, make3 to 5 twists as shown then - without letting the twists unravel - pull the loopthrough the hole between the two sets of twists. 4.While holding the dropper loop in place (do not pull on the loop - just be sure it doesn't come out) pull on both ends of the line to bring the wraps together. Darseet Garasia Page 25 All you need to know about “FISHING” 5. You now have a loop to which you may attach a bait, fly, or leader using another kind of knot. Albright Knot What It Does: Joins two lines (line & leader) of vastly different diameters. Why It's Useful: Creates a much smaller and smoother connection than a Surgeon's Knot without sacrificing strenght.The Albright is far less likely to get caught in guides than a Surgeon's Knot. That said, it's also considerably more difficult to tie. How to Tie It: 1. Start by doubling back a couple of inches ofthe heavierline and hold the loop with your left thumb and forefinger. Runabout 10 inches of thethinner line through theloop. 2.While holding the loop, pinch thethinner linebetween your left thumb and forefinger (without letting go of the loop), and use your right hand to wrap the tag end of thelighter line back over both strands of the heavier line as well as the lighter line itself. Start next to your fingers and working toward the loop, wrapping it fairly tightly 8 to 12 times. 3.Push the tag end of thelighter linethrough the loop on the opposite side from where it originally ran it through the loop, so both strands of the lighter lineexit on the same side of the loop. Pull the standingend of the lighter line to remove the loop you were holding between your leftthumb and index finger. Pull both ends of the lighter line. 4. Pull gently on both ends of the heavier,loopedline with your left hand, while sliding the knot back towards the loop with your right (but not all the way off). 5. Moisten the knot, then pull as tight as possible onboth strands of the heavy line with your left hand and both strands of the light line with your right hand. 6. Clip off the tag end of the fly line and the backing. Darseet Garasia Page 26 All you need to know about “FISHING” Float Stop Knot What it Does: Creates a barrier to stop a float from sliding past a certain point on a line. Why it's Useful: Prevents a float from running up a line - essential for controlling your presentation when float fishing. Use about 5 inches of nylon, of the same diameter as the line the float is on. How to Tie It: 1. Wrap the line to be knotted 2 or 3 times around the line with the float. 2.Take either end of the line being knotted and wrap them twice around each other, as if you're tying a Suregon's Knot. 3.Pull ends to tighten. Uni-to-Uni Knot What it does: Ties two lines together, or else a braided line to a monofilament leader.If usingsoft monofilament, just be aware that a braided line could potentially cut the leader. This can beprevented (or at least slowed down) by using a loop for your free end on the braided line and otherwise tying the knot as described below. Why it's useful: Highly versatile, the Uni-knot and variants like the Uni-to-Uni knot can be used for everything from tying hooks to light line, to joining linesof vastly differenttest strength (up to 10x different in some cases).Uni-knots also provide an unbeatable100 % knot strength in most cases. Darseet Garasia Page 27 All you need to know about “FISHING” How to Tie It: 1. Overlap the two linesby roughly 6".With one end, form aloop and pinch it between your thumb and forefinger, withaninch or two sticking out past your fingers. 2.Wrap the end six times aroundboth lines, passing through the large loop on the finalpass. 3. Pull the end to tighten the knot. 4. Repeatsteps1-3 withthe end of the other line. 5. Pull both ends to get the knots tighter, then trim if necessary. Darseet Garasia Page 28 All you need to know about “FISHING” Snell Knot What it does: Connects a leader to a baited hook. Why it's useful: Strong, reliable, and simple to tie. Just note that you can only use the Snell knot with a leader. How to Tie It: 1. Pass one end of the leader throungh the eye of the hook so that it sticks outone or two inches past the eye, towards the barb.Pinch the hook and leader endtogether between your leftthumb and index finger right where it exits the eye, make a large loop, then hold the loop down so that enough is sticking out to wrap several times around the leader and hook shank. 2. Wrap the end tightly around the leader and hook shank7 or 8times, towards the barb. On the final wrap, pass the end back through the looped leader, so that it points towards the barb. 3. Grasping the end near the barb and the end on the other side of the eyelet, slowly pull the leader until it is almost tight. Slide the loops up against the eye, then grip the short end with pliers and completely tighten the knot. Trim the end hanging towards the barb. Nail Knot What it does: Used to attach leader butt to fly line or to attach backing to fly line Why it's useful: The most popular knot for attaching leaders and leader but to fly line, the nail knot has a very smooth, low profile that allows it to slide easily through guides. Though it doesn't necessarily require a nail, you will need a tube of comparably narrow diameter to tie it (e.g., a particularly thin ballpoint pen). The nail knot is moderately complex, and not recommended for big fish as it relies on the fly line's coating for strength, but few other knots give you this smooth a connection. How to Tie It: 1.Hold the nail/tube and the end of the fly line between the left thumb and forefinger ofyour lefthand (with roughly 2"of the fly line and the tube sticking out). Take the heavier end of your leader in yourright hand and form a 2" loop around the nail and fly line. Pinch the loop down with your left hand, then wrap the leader 5 more times around the line, leader, and nail. Do it Darseet Garasia Page 29 All you need to know about “FISHING” tightly, so that the loops butt up against each other, and be sure to leave 1/2 to 3/4" of the end sticking out. 2.Grab all the loops with your left hand, then carefully slide the end of the leader back into the opening, running alongside the nail. Then carefully remove the nail. 3. Pull gently on both ends of the leader (don't pull the fly line!) to partially tighten the knot. Moisten, check the wraps to be sure they're smooth, then fully tighten the knot by pulling on the leader until it "bites" into the fly line. Finally, "seat" the knot with one hard pull on the fly line. Trim the ends, and you're done. Trilene Knot What it does: The Trilene Knot can be used to join line to swivels, snaps, hooks and lures. Why it's useful: Easy to tie and very strong, the Trilene Knot resists slippage better than most simple knots. How to tie it: 1. Thread the line through the eye of the hook or lure, then double back through the eye a second time. 2.Holding the hook or lure in your left hand, and the standing line in your right hand,wrap the tag end around the standing line 6 times, then pass the end through the loopcreated where you doubled back in step 1. 3. Pull gently on the tag end and the standing line to tighten, moistening it with water while you do so to lubricate the line (allowingthe loopsto slide together more easily). Trim tag end to 1/8 inch, and you're done. Darseet Garasia Page 30 All you need to know about “FISHING” Blood Knot What it does: The blood knot is used for joining two lines of similar thicknesses. Why it�s useful: An easy knot with a relatively low profile, a blood knot can run smoothly through rod line guides, whereas other comparably strong knots might get stuck. However, be advised that a blood knot will reduce overall line strength by around 40%. How to tie it: 1. Cross over the ends of the lines by 6-8 inches and twist one of the lines 5 times (or more) around the other. 2. Bring the end back through the opening between the two lines, then repeat with steps 1 and 2 with the other end of the same line. 3. Make sure the ends are pointing in opposite directions after you pass them through the opening, then pull. 4. Trim the ends, and there you have it� a blood knot. Darseet Garasia Page 31 All you need to know about “FISHING” Fishing with Hooks, Sinkers, Bobbers & Basic Rigging With all of the advancements made today in the fishing world with “new lifelike fancy expensive lures that flash and swim on their own” sometimes just a plain ol' hook, weight and bobber with a hunk of worm, minnow or leech will catch more fish. One of the biggest mistakes made by the novice angler is over rigging, using too large of a hook, heavier than needed weight with a oversized bobber presenting a unnatural look, reduces the ability to detect fish strikes in their fishing presentation. The best application is to select the lightest possible terminal tackle suitable for the condition and the species of fish. In this section we will review Terminal Tackle: Hooks, Weights, Bobbers (Floats) and Swivels. How they are used and properly rigged for a successful set-up. Carry your Terminal Tackle Get organized with a rig box with small compartments. That way you can find the appropriate hook, weight, bobber for most fishing situations. Fishing Hooks As a rule, use the smallest hook possible. Small hooks allows the live-bait presentation to look natural. Small hooks also penetrate quicker than larger hooks upon the fish strike. Always test your hook for sharpness. Sharp hook points will catch more fish than dull hooks. To test your hook simply draw the hook point across your fingernail, a sharp hook will leave a light scratch and digs in to your nail. A dull hook will skate across your nail with out digging in. When necessary touch up the hook point by using a hook file or sharpening stone, simply draw the hook sharpener against the point of your hook a few times (parallel to the shank) on the bottom, and then take a couple of quick strokes to each side of the hook Don’t be misled that new hooks out of the box are always sharp especially the cheap hooks that are made of soft poor quality steel. Even high quality hooks will dull over time and use by hitting rocks and debris in the water. Another option is to use chemically sharpened hooks. Many quality hook manufactures offer a line of hooks that are made of higher grade steel and then dipped in a chemical bath which gives the hook a super sharp hook point. These hooks can be expensive compared to conventional hooks, but the advantage is a super sharp hook right out of the package. The bottom line is always use a sharp hook. Hook Sizes When it comes to hook sizes it tends to be little confusing. There is no standard when it comes to classifying a hook size, generally when a single number is used such as size 12 verses a size 8 the higher the number the smaller the hook. The classification system ranges from 1 largest to 32 smallest. To make it more Darseet Garasia Page 32 All you need to know about “FISHING” confusing hooks that are sized using a fraction type, for example 5/0 ( pronounced five - aught) compared to a 1/0 the sizing system is reversed so the higher the number the larger the hook. 1/0 is the smallest up to the largest hook at 19/0 The Anatomy of a Fish Hook The parts fish hook are referred as: It’s point- the sharp end that penetrates the fish's mouth or flesh; the barb - the projection extending backwards from the point, that secures the fish from unhooking; the eye - the end of the hook that is connected to the fishing line or lure; the bend and shank - that portion of the hook that connects the point and the eye; and the gap - the distance between the shank and the point. Popular Common Hook Types: Aberdeen Light wire long shank hook, perfect for Panfish, Crappie and light biting Walleyes under a slip bobber or attached bobber rig. The light wire limits excessive puncturing on minnows which helps them live longer on the hook, the long shank allows the angler easy removal of the hook from panfish that tends to swallow the bait. Bait Holder The bait holder hook is one of the most popular live bait hook styles today, the additional barbs on the shank holds the bait more effectively, such as night crawlers leeches and red worms. Darseet Garasia Page 33 All you need to know about “FISHING” Circle Circle hooks are a excellent choice for live bait catch and release anglers. Upon a fish swallowing your bait, the inward bend of the hook point allows the hook to slide along the inside of the fish’s throat until it reaches the mouth. A sharp pulling hook set is not required, just maintain tension and the fish will hook itself in the corner of the mouth as the fish moves away. The lip hook rate using a circle hook is about 95% it also reduces the mortality rate of fish to be released to fight another day. Very popular hook for Catfish, Sturgeon and Muskies anglers. Egg Commonly called salmon egg hook, designed with a turned up eye and offset bend, so the hook rides upward along with the placement of a barb on the shank which holds the bait. The salmon egg hook is used primarily for drift fishing along current by using natural or imitation salmon eggs, spawn sacs, worms and grubs for Salmon and Trout. Octopus The extra gap and rounded shape of Octopus hooks are very popular and used for most species of fish. The Octopus is ideal for rigging cut bait for Catfish or Salmon, minnows for Bass, Pike and Walleyes and are good choice for building crawler harnesses. They are available in a assortment of painted or metallic colors. Rotating A special compound curve on the offset/rotating hook automatically turns when a fish bites on the bait. Darseet Garasia Page 34 All you need to know about “FISHING” The sweeping rotational curve places the point in position for penetration from any angle. The offset/ rotating hook twists, holds bait better and hooks fish better. Treble Treble hooks are a single eye of three hooks fused together with three shanks evenly spaced. The treble is mainly used on artificial lures and spoons attached by using a split ring. Treble hooks today comes in a assortment of colors as well as feathers tied on as a trailer/teaser hook on lures. Weedless The weedless hook has a light wire wrapped on the shank formed in a loop that covers the point of the hook. This allows the hook to be fished in weeds logs, trees, stumps, rocks and lily pads. Upon a fish striking the bait the wire compresses exposing the hook point. Offset/Worm Worm hooks are used for fishing soft plastic's lures. The front bend on a worm hook is used to lock lures such as worms and lizards from moving down the shank by simply inserting the hook point into the head of the lure down about a 1/4 inch. Bring the hook point out of the lure, and pull the shaft of the hook through until the eye is at the head, turn the hook straight and insert the hook point into the body, adjust the eye so it is just inside the lure. Used on Texas and Carolina Rigs. Darseet Garasia Page 35 All you need to know about “FISHING” Texas Rig The Texas rig is adaptable to all types of soft plastics from worms to lizards and grubs that can be fished in extremely dense vegetation and brush. No bass fishing arsenal is complete without knowledge and how to fish the Texas rig. Considered a finesse technique not a search bait such as inline spinner crank bait or spinner bait. The Texas rig is adaptable to all kinds of soft plastics from worms to lizards and grubs that can be fished in extremely dense vegetation and brush. The presentation is placement as close to cover (weeds, logs) as possible. When casting or flipping try to let the rig enter the water with as little noise as possible and keep some controlled slack in the line, watch your line as well as many fish will strike the rig on the fall. If you don�t get a bite, let the rig rest on the bottom and then begin to retrieve in a very slow, jerk pause motion. Always keep little tension on the line because learning this technique is a lot about learning to differentiate between the feel of the bottom and the feel of a fish. In setting the hook use a forceful snap of the rod ensuring the embeded hook point travels through the body of the soft plastic bait. Suggested Tackle Rods 6-6 - 7 foot medium heavy fast action bait casting. Reel: Low profile bait casting reel 6:3:1 gear ratio, thumb bar line release medium line capacity. Line: 10 lb to 14 lb testlow stretch monofilament. What you need for a Texas Rig Assortment of Bullet Sinkers (Lead Brass or Steel) 1/8 - 3/16 - 1/4 oz for shallow water or 4" to 6" soft plastic's 3/8 - 1/2- 3/4 -1 oz for deeper water or larger 6"+ soft plastic's Offset Worm Hooks 1/0-2/0 Small Soft Plastic's 3/0 - 4/0 - 5/0 Larger Soft Plastic's Soft Plastic Lures Worms /Lizards/Grubs/Crawfish How to Rig Thread the Bullet Sinker on the line making sure the nose of the sinker faces the rod tip. Tie on the hook using a Palmor or a Improved Clinch Knot Optional: Plastic or Glass Bead between the weight and hook. To make the weight stationary peg the bullet with a piece of toothpick, or use a screw in bullet weight. Insert the hook about 3/8" through the nose of the soft plastic bait, pushing hook completely through. Darseet Garasia Page 36 All you need to know about “FISHING” Embed the offset portion on the upper shank of the hook into the nose of the soft plastic, this locks the soft plastic lure on the hook Insert the point of the hook back into the soft plastic making sure the bait hangs straight. Insert the point of the hook into the body of the bait. This makes it weedless. It is a good idea to push the hook through a couple of times to make a small hole or channel in the plastic. This will help insure a good hook set. Fishing Weights (Sinkers) Fishing weights (sinkers) are made from two basic materials lead and steel. The two types of sinkers are: attached on the line by pinching, twisted on using rubber insert or tied directly to your line (Bottom Bouncers / Bead Chain Sinkers). The other is sliding: which allows the fishing line to slide or pass through the weight from a hole or a eyelet. The same principle applies in using sinkers for your set-up use the lightest possible sinker in order to detect fish strikes. Popular Common Sinkers / Weights Types: Split Shot Pinches easily onto your line where you want to set depth at. Removes just as easy by pinching the other end. Used for live bait and lures. Split Shot Rig This is about as basic as you can get on a rig. The nice thing is, you don't have to retie any knots to change the sinker position on the line; just pinch it on and off. This is about as basic as you can get on a rig. The nice thing is, you don't have to retie any knots to change the sinker position on the line; just pinch it on and off. Fishing with the split shot rig is considered a finesse technique by adding a split shot sinker in front of your live bait offering, using line 4-8lb test on a light to medium light spinning rod and reel set-up. Unlike the other rigs mentioned Texas, Carolina and the sliding sinker rig that are primarily fished on the bottom, the split shot rig gently moves downward after a cast, until it reaches the bottom thus requiring patience to fish it correctly. Darseet Garasia Page 37 All you need to know about “FISHING” There is no wrong way to fish this rig, it is excellent for open water covering vertical structure, steep breaklines sloping banks and bluffs where fish suspend, it is also surprisingly good in light timber using a weedless hook and a light split shot where the weight isn�t heavy enough to pull it down into the branches. The split-shot rig is also effective around floating boat docks, where fish often hang under. The placement of the split shot is more versatile and adjustable than most anglers think. The general consensus is position the split shot 18 inches above the hook, which gives the bait adequate freedom of movement. But by placing it closer to the bait like within a 12" or less the bait will react more like a jig, giving a pronounced action. Conversely by placing the split shot 3 feet or more up the line will minimize the action of the live bait. As a finesse technique this will require the angler to keep alert while using this rig, watch the line after the cast for any subtle changes or sideway movement a twitch means you have a bite, upon engaging the reel beginning the retrieve keep the bait moving on a semi-tight line leaving a little slack. Avoid keeping the line too tight this will take away the natural presentation of the bait. If the slack in the line tightens or you feel a slight tick you have a bite, make a easy sweep upward to set the hook and keep the pressure on the fish. Tackle Suggestions Rod: 6-6 to 7-0 foot-Light to Medium Light/ Medium Action Spinning Reel: Light Spinning balanced with the rod Line" 4-8 lb test monofilament What you need for a split shot rig Weight/Sinkers All fishing shops and discount stores sells split shots, purchase the assortment pack that comes in a round case for a selection of sizes and weight. Split shots come in standard round once pinched on your line they can be difficult to pry open to remove or reusable which features tiny wings that you can pinch between the thumb and forefinger to remove or move on the line which we recommend to start out with. Hooks Use the smallest hook possible to maintain the natural action of the live bait. Rigging minnows and leeches use a octopus hook size #4-#6-#8. Size #4 for larger minnows and night crawlers. Panfish use Aberdeen light wire hooks size #6-#8 Tip Add a split shot in front of a floating crankbait or a rigged soft plastic bait. Different size shot change the lure's sink rate and you can vary retrieve speeds to produce an enticing "up and down" action. Tie on your lure of choice, then add one or two split shot sinkers starting about 1 foot above the lure. The closer the weight is to the bait the more precise your casting will be. This finesse technique is used for shallow water or clear water fish that have been seeing a lot of action. To add depth to your lure for trolling add a split shot or for increased depth add a rubber core sinker. How to Rig Tie a hook on the line using a Improved Clinch Knot. Add split shot Darseet Garasia Page 38 All you need to know about “FISHING” Stream Rig The stream rig also known as a drift rig are used commonly by steelhead, salmon and walleye anglers in certain situations, such as in small streams with light current or when drift fishing in relatively shallow water. The stream rig also known as a drift rig are used commonly by steelhead, salmon and walleye anglers in certain situations, such as in small streams with light current or when drift fishing in relatively shallow water. The stream rig is very similar to the three way rig with the exception of the sinker dropper line which uses a series of split shots instead of a casting (bell) sinker. This allow the angler not to lose the entire rig if hung up, by applying pressure pulls the split shot off the dropper saving the hook and swivel. Fishing the stream rig takes some finesse and can be difficult for the new angler to pick-up. The basic presentation of the rig is relatively simple, but requires a very light touch and feel to detect what is the bottom and what is a fish. The rig is cast upstream in the current and allowed to sink to the bottom. The key here is to have enough weight attached to let the rig to bounce along the current, slowly towards the angler as it moves downstream. Some fish are caught in this portion of the drift where the rig is bouncing, but most bites occur at the bottom end of the drift when it is quartering (The swing) back through the current towards the angler. At this point the rig is moving slower than the dead drift portion of the drift and more fish are apt to see and strike the bait quartering than coming straight at them. As the split shots on the rig and bait ticks along the bottom, this is where the angler must pay close attention to differentiate between the feel of the bottom and the feel of a fish. Any bump, twitch or pulling sensation can be a fish. If you're unsure ... set the hook. After a while, you'll develop a 'sense' of what is bottom and what is a fish. Suggested Tackle: The basic rod and reel set-up for fishing the stream rig is light for the sensitivity, many anglers prefer longer light, soft action spinning rods with 4-8lb test line for drift fishing. 8� to 10 foot drift rods are common. The long soft action rods will bend starting in the lower third using nearly the entire rod providing the most flexibility. Because of this parabolic action the angler is using the rod as a shock absorber in fighting the fish in the current this allows the use of light line. What you need for a stream rig Weight/Sinkers An assortment of split shots sizes 3/0-7-5 for light current 2-3-4 for faster current. All fishing shops and discount stores sells split shots, purchase the assortment pack that comes in a round Darseet Garasia Page 39 All you need to know about “FISHING” case for a selection of sizes and weight or the individual packs . Split shots come in standard round once pinched on your line they can be difficult to pry open to remove or reusable which features tiny wings that you can pinch between the thumb and forefinger to remove or move on the line which we recommend to start out with. Hooks Use the smallest hook possible to maintain the natural action of the live bait. Popular hooks for walleye, steelhead and salmon are octopus and egg styles size #6-#8 for salmon eggs, spawn sac�s and small minnows. Size #4 for larger minnows and night crawlers and cut bait. Three way swivel The three way swivel used should be of good quality and as small as possible size 8-6 How to Rig Tie the main line to one eye of the three way swivel. Add/tie the drop lines, one at 6 to 10 inches and the other at 24 to 30 inches to the other two eyes on the swivel. Tie the hook to the longer drop line (24/30") and the split shots to the other at (6/10") For all knots use the Improved Clinch Knot. Add the appropriate amount of split shots to the sinker dropper line. Rubber Core Attach to line thorugh the slot in the sinker and twisting the inner rubber core around line to secure it. Used when heavier weight is required. Darseet Garasia Page 40 All you need to know about “FISHING” Drop Shot Many tackle companies manufacture designed drop shot weights, round or rectangular of lead or tungsten and come with a tie on clip on the top. The weights range from 1/8oz to 1/2oz. Drop Shot Rig The drop-shot rig is a finesse technique that has been made popular by the bass fishing community, walleye and panfish anglers as well are now using the drop shot with many successes. The drop-shot rig is a finesse technique that has been made popular by the bass fishing community, walleye and panfish anglers as well are now using the drop shot with many successes. It is especially good for suspended fish that requires vertical placement of the bait in front of active fish. The drop shot is a way of tying your hook up the line and putting the lead on the bottom. Fishing the drop shot is simple, cast or drop the rig straight down over the side of the boat, when the line goes slack reel up until the line is tight with the weight on the bottom, now shake the rod gently, you just want your bait to wiggle. A bite can be a subtle tug, a side way movement or just pressure on the line. Set the hook using a upward sweeping motion. Suggested Tackle : As a finesse rig the drop shot is best fished on light line and spinning outfits. Rod: Light fast action 6'-6" to 7' foot Reels: Light Spinning balanced to the rod Line: 6-8 lb monofilament What you need for a Drop Shot Rig Weight/Sinkers Many tackle companies manufacture designed drop shot weights, round or rectangular of lead or tungstenthat come with a tie on clip on the top. The weights range from 1/8 to1/2 oz. The most Darseet Garasia Page 41 All you need to know about “FISHING” common weights used are 3/16 - 3/8 oz. Another alternative is a casting sinker a bell shaped sinker with a tie on swivel molded on the top. Hooks There are many specialized drop shot hooks on the market, but any small hooks will work. For rigging small soft plastic�s use a 1/0 or 2/0 offset worm hook. Live bait minnows and leeches use a octopus hook size #6-#8. Panfish use Aberdeen light wire hooks size #6-#8 Lures/Live bait Bait versatility is advantage of the drop shot rig. In rigging small soft plastic�s if you're fishing open water run the hook thru it�s nose with the hook exposed, if there is cover in the area you can rig it Texas style making it weedless (See Texas Rig above) Live Bait hook the minnow through it�s mouth, leeches through its sucker. How to Rig The drop shot rig is a easy rig to tie as long as you become comfortable with the knot used for the hook. The Palomar Knot . We recommend first time users to practice tying this rig at home before heading out on the water. As a reference you should print out a copy of our knot instructions as a guide. Just Click Here . To tie a drop shot rig determine how far off the bottom you want your bait to be 18 to 36 inches, make a loop at that length and pass the line through the hook eye from the point side. Allow the hook to dangle, and tie a loose over hand knot in the doubled line, being careful not to twist the lines or tighten the knot. Pull the line by its looped end far enough to pass it over the hook Pulling at both ends of the line, tighten the knot. Leaving one end connected to the rod and the other tag end to tie on the drop shot weight using a Improved Clinch Knot . Be sure the hook rides horizontally from the line. Bottom Bouncer The bottom bouncer is an effective rigging tool while trolling or drifting presenting the lure/bait rig above snag laced bottom of small rocks, logs, over mud/sand flats, or open basins. A weighted wire feeler arm minimizes hang-ups while riding upright across underwater structure deflecting snags. Bottom bouncers are weighted L-shaped piece of heavy wire using live bait, crawler harness or floating spinner rigs attached to the non weighted arm via a snap swivel. The bottom bouncer can be as light a1/2 oz up 3 ounces. This is all attached to your rod, by tying the line to the eye at the intersection of the two wire arms of the bouncer. The bottom bouncer is an effective rigging tool while trolling or drifting presenting the lure/bait rig above snag laced bottom of small rocks, logs, over mud/sand flats, or open basins. A weighted wire feeler arm minimizes hang-ups while riding upright across underwater structure deflecting snags. Using a bottom bouncer is a search technique by covering a lot of water efficiently (trolling or drifting) in seeking active feeding fish especially walleyes that tend to related to bottom Darseet Garasia Page 42 All you need to know about “FISHING” structure. Fishing a bottom bouncer, the angler casts or releases the line allowing the rig to sink to the bottom, engage the reel to tighten line as close to a 45 degree angle from the boat, this guarantees frequent bottom contact, control and feel. You do not want the line to be vertical, by having the 45 angle provides enough distance for the bouncer to work correctly and gives it enough distance from the boat not to spook the fish. When you feel a bite ( a subtle tap, twitch or pressure on the line) lean the rod tip forward slightly and use the rod in a sweeping overhead motion away from the fish in setting the hook this helps eliminating any slack line ensuring a good hookset. Bait Walker The Bait Walker is a trade name for a similar rig only smaller in overall size. The weight is located on the bottom tip of the lower arm than in the middle on a bottom bouncer. The weight design is tapered, rounded and has a concave flat top which makes the bait walker feel like a keel sinker providing little resistance as it rides across the bottom, excellent for trolling in preventing line twist. Another feature is the selection of weight options 1/4 oz up to 10 ounces allowing the angler the versatility to use the lightest presentation, small floating crank baits and flutter spoons for walleye and bass down to reaching the depths for lake trout. Suggested Tackle: Rods 6�-6" to 7"-0" Medium-Power Medium action casting rod with a long handle for rod holder placement. Reels: Medium-capacity baitcasting reel. Line: 10-14 pound test low stretch monofilament. What you need for a bottom bouncer Weight Sizes Most all fishing shops and large discount stores sells bottom bouncers, the key to a proper presentation is using the correct weight. Weight selection depends on a combination of depth and speed. Recommended Bottom Bouncer Weights: 1/2- to 1-ounce for under 15 feet. 1 1/2- to 2-ounces for 15 to 20 feet. 2 1/2- to 3-ounces for 30- to 40-foot depths. Hooks/Rigs/Lures With the hundreds of rigging options that the bottom bouncer offers it is impossible to list all by types for each species and fishing conditions that you may encounter. For live bait there are prerigged: live bait snells, floating snells, bladed worm harnesses and minnow rigs sold in shops that vary in leader lengths from 12 to 30 inches, these all attach to the bottom bouncer snap from a pre tied loop on the end of the leader. Artificial lures are all so used with good success, floating crank baits, (use shallow to mid range running lures) or light weight trolling (flutter) spoons are also popular. Colors/Blades The same basic fish attracting principles applies when it comes to color selection on blades or lures; use hot orange, yellow, or chartreuse for darker water, nickel, silver, or non-fluorescent colors for clear water; and copper, gold, or neutral colors for conditions in between. Typically the blade sizes and types on pre rigged worm harnesses and minnow rigs are Indiana and Colorado blades sizes #3-#4-#5. The Indiana spins tighter to the rig than the Colorado Darseet Garasia Page 43 All you need to know about “FISHING” producing less of a thump, conversely a broad blade such as the Colorado will rotate at a greater outward angle from the rig producing a lift, greater thump and more vibration. As you can see, fishing a bottom bouncer presents numerous bait rigging questions: Type of live bait (minnow, night crawler or leech), rig blade color and type, artificial lures, colors, spoons - straight or jointed crankbaits, and length of leader. You would be best served before heading out to do a little research with the local sport shop or local fishing guides in finding out the correct bait rigging set-up for the waters you�re fishing. How to Rig Tie the bottom bouncer on the center eye at the intersection of the two wire arms of the bouncer using a Improved Clinch Knot. Attach the appropriate rig to the top arm snap swivel. Bead Chain / Trolling Great for trolling lighter lures with out having to use lead core line or downriggers Darseet Garasia Page 44 All you need to know about “FISHING” Bank Similar to the walking sinker but comes in heavier weights 1oz-6oz Squared edge design helps you keep your bait where you want it. Bullet As the name implies it is shaped like a Bullet used on Texas rigs in front of the worm, lizards or on Carolina rigs, with it’s pointed nose it slides easily through the weeds or wood with out getting snagged. Weight Sizes 1/8 oz to 1 oz. Carolina Rig The Carolina rig is a popular and effective way to rig for bass. Just about any soft plastic can be used when Carolina rigging. The Carolina rig is a popular and effective way to rig for bass. Just about any soft plastic can be used when Carolina rigging. It is a successful method of soft plastic bait presentation in all depths of water, its only limitation is certain types of cover that you are trying to move it through. For example areas of extreme weeds or brush don�t lend themselves to the usage of a Carolina rig. Areas were the bottom is made up of rocks and boulders that are very close together is another area where the rig is sure to get caught up. Fishing with a Carolina rig you can see why they are so effective as the rig is drawn across the bottom the soft plastic bait will move side to side upward and downward bumping weeds and bouncing off rocks. Cast and retrieve slow is the key for a successful presentation. A bite on a Carolina rig can be a subtle tap, twitch or pressure on the line in setting the hook use a forceful snap of the rod ensuring the embeded hook point travels through the body of the soft plastic bait. The Carolina rig is basically a modified Texas rig with a few additions and similar to a sliding sinker bottom rig used for walleyes. Suggested Tackle Rods 6-6 1/2- 7 foot medium heavy fast action bait casting. Darseet Garasia Page 45 All you need to know about “FISHING” Reel: Low profile bait casting reel 6:3:1 gear ratio, thumb bar line release medium line capacity. Line: 10lb to 14 lb low stretch monofilament. What you need for a Carolina Rig Assortment of Sinkers Types Bullet or Egg (Lead, Brass or Steel) 1/8 - 3/16 - 1/4 oz for shallow water or 4" to 6" soft plastic's 3/8 - 1/2 - 3/4 - 1 oz for deeper water or larger 6"+ soft plastic's Swivels The swivels used should be of good quality and as small as possible. The general function of the swivel is as a stopper for the weight rather than keeping out line twist. Sizes 5-6-7 Are large enough to stop the sliding weight. Offset Worm Hooks 1/0-2/0 - Small Soft Plastic's 3/0-4/0 - 5/0 Larger Soft Plastic's Lures Just about any type of soft plastic baits How to Rig Determine the leader length, 18" to 36" is the most common, the general rule is 18 inches of leader per 10 feet of water. Tie your hook on to the leader on the other end tie on your swivel using a Palomar or Improved Clinch Knotfor both. Slip on the sinker on your main line, if your using a bullet weight be sure the point is facing the rod tip. Then slip on a glass bead, this adds sound that attracts bass and acts as a insulator protecting the knot from the banging of the weight. Tie on the leader to the other side of the swivel using a Palomar or Improved Clinch Knot . In rigging your soft plastic�s on the hook use the same procedure as the Texas Rig above. Casting All around general sinker used on many rigs, the top loop makes it easy to tie on or let the weight slide up and down the line. Weight Sizes 1/8 oz to 1 oz. Darseet Garasia Page 46 All you need to know about “FISHING” Three Way Rig The three way rig receives its name from the main swivel used on the rig. It is also recognized as the wolf river rig. The three way rig receives its name from the main swivel used on the rig. It is also recognized as the wolf river rig. Unlike the sliding sinker bottom rig three-ways don�t slip, so you don�t feed line upon a bite, they are a fixed bottom rig mainly used on river systems to place the bait at a set distance off the bottom. The three way is used from a stationary position, anchored in a boat or from a shoreline. The bite indicator is your rod tip the key to sense a strike is to have no excess line between the three-way and the rod. River currents creates drag on the line which reduces sensitivity and control. In other words you do not want to have a bow in your line from the rod to the rig. Tighten up the line as much as possible to have a direct line from the rod to the rig. When you see a bite the tip of the rod will twitch, simply drop the rod tip towards the rig allowing it to collapse the rig back to the fish, as the slack of the line tightens, its time to set the hook using the upward sweeping motion of the rod. Suggested Tackle: Rod/Reel/Line Set-ups: White Bass/Stripers & Walleye 6�-6" to 7�0" Medium/Fast Action Spinning Rod and Reel with 10lb monofilament test line. Catfish 6�-6" to 7�-0" Medium/Fast Action Baitcasting with 20lb to 30lb monofilament test line. Trolling Options With the depth control of the three way rig some innovative anglers use this rig for a trolling presentation. Floating crank baits are a superb way to use the three way rig on rivers. They wiggle and wobble in the current, troll upstream they vibrate madly go downstream move along slightly faster than the current to make the lure wiggle, experiment to find what the fish prefer. The set-up for this is simple, instead of the hook add a snap or tie directly on a floating crank bait, free spool the line over the side of the boat until the sinker reaches the bottom, release as much for the desired length from the boat, engage your reel keeping your finger on the line. As the sinker bounces along the bottom the crank bait will ride about 20 inches above. This set-up is excellent for river walleyes and white bass. What you need for a three way rig Weight/Sinkers The weight of the sinkers used on rivers is a totally dependent of the current speed and type of live bait. The most common used is a casting (bell) type sinker ranging in weight sizes of 1/23/4-1 oz. For rivers with extreme current, bank and pyramid sinkers are rigged with weight sizes Darseet Garasia Page 47 All you need to know about “FISHING” starting from 1 oz up to 8 ounces. You�re best bet is to check with the local sport shop or a local fishing guide in finding the correct type and weight for the proper set-up. Hooks White Bass/Stripers Walleye size #4-#6 Octopus/Aberdeen Hooks/Floating Jigs size 4 Catfish size 1/0-2/0 Circle/Octopus Hooks Swivel A three way marine brass swivel size 4 How to Rig Tie the main line to one eye of the three way swivel, add/tie the drop lines. one at 12 to 18 inches and the other at 24 to 36 inches to the other two eyes on the swivel. Tie the hook to the longer drop line (24/36") and the sinker to the other at (12/18") For all knots use the Improved Clinch Knot. Tip: If you fish in area�s with a lot of snags, reduce the drop line pound test for the sinker than the main line or hook line, this way if the sinker gets hung up, the lighter dropper line with the sinker breaks with out loosing the entire rig. Disc Used in fast water currents lays flat on the bottom where snags are a problem. Weight Sizes 1/2 oz to 4 oz. Egg The egg sinker is used on multiple rigs, as a sliding sinker or pegged to function as a stationary weight. Weight Sizes 1/8 oz to 1 oz. Flat Also known as a No Roll this flat sliding sinker planes right to the bottom and hold for use in heavy current. Weight Sizes 1oz to 8 oz Darseet Garasia Page 48 All you need to know about “FISHING” Pyramid Great sinker for fishing swift rivers and heavy surf that have a soft bottom (mud and sand) the corners dig in keeping the weight stationary. Weight Sizes 1 oz to 8 oz. Walking A very popular walleye angler sinker. A rectangular sinker with rounded outside edges a top eye for the line with the bottom slightly wider and larger in size than top, holding more weight. The bottom is also rounded and bent upwards. This allows the sinker to “walk” on the bottom over rocks and rubble reducing the chance of snagging. The semi-flat design also prevents it from rolling in faster currents. Weight Sizes 1/8 oz to 1 1/2 oz. Sliding Sinker Bottom Rig The sliding sinker bottom rig is the most popular and versatile rig for live bait fishing. Dependent on what part of the country your from and the species of fish you’re targeting it has many names the most common is the trade name Lindy Rig. The sliding sinker bottom rig is the most popular and versatile rig for live bait fishing. Dependent on what part of the country your from and the species of fish you�re targeting it has many names the most common is the Lindy Rig a trade name, others include: Live Bait Rig, Slip Rig, River Rig, Catfish Rig, Walleye Rig, Walking Sinker Rig and Sturgeon Rig. The basic rig is simple; weight/sinker - swivel/stop - leader - hook - floating jig- or crawler/minnow rigs all used for live bait. The fishing presentation allows the sinker to rest on the water bottom with the bait suspended above. This feature prevents the a fish from feeling the weight as the line passes through the sinker. Darseet Garasia Page 49 All you need to know about “FISHING” Suggested Tackle Rod: Walleye: 6�-6" - 7�- 0" Foot -Light to Medium Light Power Spinning / Fast action Rod: Large Catfish: 6�-6" to 7�-0" Foot -Medium Heavy Power Bait Casting / Fast action Reel: Walleye: Light spinning balanced tothe rod Reel: Large Line capacity Bait Casting. Line: Walleye 6lb-8lb test low visibility monofilament. Line: Large Catfish 20lb to 30lb test low stretch monofilament. Fishing from a Boat When casting the sliding sinker bottom rig allow the rig to sink to the bottom, reel up the line until it is tight, this brings the sinker up to the swivel/stop. Slowly retrieve the rig along the bottom, when a fish bites the live bait it usually pulls the line the opposite way of the sinker telegraphed by a small tug or twitch on your line. Open the free spool on your reel allowing the fish to swim away on a free line after grabbing the bait. Walleye and catfish are notorious for picking up bait and dropping it as soon as they feel resistance. After a few seconds engage the reel bring the line tight and set the hook. River Fishing In fishing rivers with current from a boat anchored or from a shoreline as a set line, the basic principles apply the same. Cast the rig and reel up the line until it is tight. Set the rod in a rod holder. Watch the rod tip closely as this will be the bite indicator. When the rod tip twitches, open the free spool on your reel, wait a few seconds, engage the reel and set the hook using a sweeping motion of the rod. This technique is highly successful for catfish and sturgeon on river systems. Controlled Drifting or Trolling When front trolling, back trolling or on a controlled drift, release or cast allowing as much line out until it is at the desired distance from your boat. Leave the reel in free spool and use your finger to stop and hold the line. As the boat moves the line will become tight once the sinker reaches the bottom. While holding your rod periodically give it a small pump keeping your finger on the line, this adds action to your bait, as the slack line becomes tight, feel for bites as many times this acts as a trigger for a following fish. If you feel a twitch or a tap release you�re finger give it a few seconds engage the reel bringing the line tight slowly and set the hook. What you need for a sliding sinker bottom rig With the hundreds of options that this rig offers it is impossible to list all by types for each species and fishing conditions that you may encounter. But here are some general guidelines to follow: Weight/Sinkers Any type of sliding sinker will work for this rig. As a general rule you�ll need a 1/8 of an ounce for every 10 feet of depth for lake systems that have minimal of current.Start with few a 1/8 -1/4 and 1/2 ounce sinkers this will cover most lake fishing techniques. Walking sinkers are the most generally used and work the best over rocks and along mud bottoms. Use a bullet sinker when weeds are present. Bullet sinkers will slide through the weeds better as the taper head will not pick up bits of vegetation and floating debris. Recommended Sliding Sinker Weights 1/8 oz. for 6-10 feet of water 1/4 oz. for 10-15 feet of water 1/2 oz. for 15-25 feet of water 3/4 oz. for 25-35 feet of water 1 oz. for 35 feet and deeper The weight of the sinkers used on rivers is a totally dependent of the current speed and type of live bait. Egg, no roll, disc, casting, and pyramid sinkers are all used for river rigging ranging in Darseet Garasia Page 50 All you need to know about “FISHING” weights from a 1/8 to 8 ounces. You�re best bet is to check with the local sport shop or a local fishing guide in finding the correct type and weight for the proper set-up. Hooks The octopus hook is the most widely used on this rig as a single hook or pre-rigged on a crawler/minnow rig harness, all quality hook manufactures produces them in various sizes and colors. For small minnow and leeches use size #6-#8 for walleye crappie and bass. Size #4 for larger minnows and night crawlers for walleye northern pike and trout. Catfish and sturgeon sizes range from 1 to 6/0. Other hooking options include floating jigs sized by the hook #4-#6. Crawler and minnow prerigged harnesses with single or double blades work extremely well in stained or murky water by producing a loud blade vibrations helping the fish locate your bait. Swivels The swivels used should be of good quality and as small as possible. The general function of the swivel is as a stopper for the weight rather than keeping out line twist. Be sure the swivel is large enough to stop the sliding weight. Live Bait All live bait will work on this rig. How to Rig Begin with making the leader, we recommend using fluorocarbon monofilament as the leader material, it is invisible in the water and abrasion resistant and has low stretch. This can be purchased at quality sport shops as 10 to 20 yard spools. Start with cutting the length of leaders at 24-to-36 inches use 6 to 8 lb test for walleye and bass - 8lb to 10lb for light catfish & pike - 20lb for medium catfish -Large catfish & sturgeon 30 to 40lb test. Note: Length of leader and size of hook will vary based on the fishing conditions. Tie the hook on one end using a Improved Clinch Knot tie the other end to the swivel using the same knot Thread the sinker onto your fishing line. For the walking sinker make sure the bent bottom end is facing towards the rig or away from the rod tip. Bullet sinkers face the tapered end towards the rod tip. Egg, no roll, disc, casting, and pyramid sinkers have no preference. After slipping the sinker on your line tie to the open end of the swivel on the leader using the Improved Clinch Knot. Once tied, the slip sinker should be above the swivel and move freely. Swivels Swivels are a simple but yet important part on your fishing gear when it comes to rigging. The swivel keeps your line from twisting, acts as a weight stop on your line along with spreading bottom rigs ( 3way swivel) for proper presentations. Swivels are also used as a component on a leader to attach your line. Barrel Darseet Garasia Page 51 All you need to know about “FISHING” Ball Bearing Three Way Snap Swivel Fishing Bobbers (Floats) Fishing with a bobbers is one the most common and simple set-ups. The bobber or float presents the bait at a pre set depth and acts as a strike indicator when a fish bites. There are a variety colors, shapes and size bobbers available today, lighted or glow for night time fishing, slip bobbers that the fishing line passes through for deep water fishing and the fixed bobber that uses a spring lock or snap for shallow water fishing. Popular Common Bobbers (Floats) 1. Round Attached 2. Lighted Slip 3. Weighted Spring Attached 4. Glow Slip 5. Slip 6. Antenna Slip 7. Shy/Light Bite Slip 8. Waggler Slip 9. Large Bait Slip Darseet Garasia Page 52 All you need to know about “FISHING” Sliding Slip Bobber Rig The slip bobber can be fished at any depth, it is designed to move (slide) up and down the line and will not interfere with casting or landing a fish. Many anglers began their first fishing experience using a red and white bobber rig off a dock or boat for panfish. While the basic bobber set-up is simple we have witnessed over the years many anglers over-rig this set-up by using a extremely large hook, connected to a pike leader attached to a tennis ball sized bobber. Unfortunately they never received guidance or advice for the correct presentation, but at least they are fishing. To properly fish a attached bobber or slip bobber rig the key is to use the smallest and lightest tackle in order to present the live bait as natural as possible, and to detect a bite from your bobber. By doing this your success and catch rate will increase dramatically. For a bobber or float to work properly, there has to be some point to hold the bobber from movement on the line to float. Conventional round bobbers achieve this by attaching directly to a fixed point on the line using a snap, cigar shaped floats use a spring that is pulled back with the line inserted into a slot, by releasing the spring, will hold the line. The attached to line bobbers will work but are limited to very shallow water a few feet or so, in other words the amount of line from the attached bobber to your hook should be shorter than you�re rod length. Using a bobber to hook length longer than the rod will restrict your casting ability and the fish landing as the attached bobber stops the line at the rod tip hampering your efforts to net the fish, especially large ones. The slip bobber can be fished at any depth, it's design has a hollow tube through it and will slide freely from the hook or bottom weight to the stop. The stop point on the line is called a bobber stop, this can be purchased at a store as rubber pellets, small vinyl strips and dacron knots on a tube, or can be tied by the angler using this knot ( Stop Knot ) The bobber stop when used correctly is small enough to pass through the rod guides and reel mechanisms when retrieved or cast, but is large enough to stop the bead on a slip bobber. Thus the angler using slip bobbers can fish at any depth, only limited by the depth of the water and the amount of line on the reel. Darseet Garasia Page 53 All you need to know about “FISHING” Fishing a slip bobber is an effective way to catch almost any species of fish. To began, the slip bobber rig should be balanced with the correct amount of weight including the live bait. The bobber/float should only be large enough to hold your bait and float upright in the water, that way it will be sensitive to any type of bite. If your bobber lays flat on the surface, you�re probably on the bottom or need additional weight. Adjust the bobber stop upward or add weight. Setting the correct depth is critical for successful slip bobbering. Start at 6" to 12" inches off the bottom and adjust the bobber stop upward from there. Walleyes and perch relate to bottom structure, bluegills, crappies and bass often suspend higher. An inexpensive tool to use in setting the correct depth off the bottom is a ice fishing depth finder, a alligator clip attached to a lead weight. These can purchased at any fishing shop for under two dollars. Clip the depth finder on the hook release the line until reaches the bottom, set/slide the bobber stop accordingly. Upon setting the proper depth and weight balance on the slip bobber. It�s time to fish. Once reeled up the slip bobber should rest above the split shot with the bobber stop on your reel. After the cast wait for the bait to sink and the bobber to go upright before reeling in any slack line. Keep alert for any movements, up, down, sideways, indicating a bite, if the bobber goes flat on the water, this means a fish has taken your bait and is swimming upward eliminating the weight that kept the bobber upright. In setting the hook reel in any slack line, use the rod in a sweeping overhead motion away from the fish this helps ensuring a good hookset. Suggested Tackle: Any light rod & reel set-up will work but we suggest a longer rod in aiding longer casts and setting the hook. Rod - 7' to 8' foot plus, light with medium action spinning rod. Reel - Any good quality spinning reel balanced to the rod with a smooth drag. Line - 4 - 8 pound test monofilament. What you need for a slip bobber rig/bobber Type of Floats/Bobbers There are variations in styles and types of floats. Matching the live bait, larger bait requires a larger float or a fishing presentation such asdrifting a float over a flat or fishing a targeted piece of structure, rock pile, hump or crib. For night fishing there are LED lithium battery tipped lighted floats. You should have variety of floats enabling to fish in various situations and conditions. Round Basic Bobber The round attached bobber comes in a rainbow of colors made of hard plastic or Styrofoam that have a spring clip on the bottom attaching to the line. Fishing with attached bobber limit�s the amount of line to a few feet for shallow water. Great for kids who fish off a dock. The best bobber size is about 1 inch or equal to a quarter for small worms. Pear Shaped Slip Float These are the most common, made of Styrofoam or balsa, easy to cast, and will work in waves or still water conditions. They come in a variety of sizes to match the live bait, smaller for leeches and worms larger for minnows. Cigar Shaped Slip Floats For light biting fish, these have a thinner profile and offer the least resistance on a bite. Easily cast and best used when fishing calm water over structure. Made of Styrofoam or balsa Pencil Slip Float This is the lightest and thinnest float used to detect a bite, often referred as a shy bite or a waggler float. A popular float in Europe for light biting fish. Made of balsa. Oval Slip Floats A larger float used for larger minnows small suckers and red tail chubs. They are a good choice Darseet Garasia Page 54 All you need to know about “FISHING” for (drifting) covering an expanse of water as the increased profile will drift along pushed from the wind and waves. Made of Styrofoam or balsa. Bobber Stops/Stop Knots There are three common types of bobber stops that are sold in shops. Rubber pellets that come attached to a fine wire loop, they attach by running the line through the loop and pull the stop onto the line. Vinyl/Plastic strips that have small holes that you weave the line through and the Dacron knot stop that come on a small tube which is threaded onto the line, the knot is pushed off the tube to the line then tighten, the tag ends are trimmed off. All three come with stop beads if the hole on the float is too large for the stop. The Dacron stop is the most universally used as well as the easiest to adjust on monofilament just wet the line and slide the stop to the proper setting. Weight/Sinkers Proper weighting and placement are the utmost important when using a slip bobber. Start by placing the split shot 8 to 12 inches from the hook, if more than one split shot is used always place the smaller split shot closest to the hook, this will allow your bait to appear more natural. Each size and type of slip bobber will require different sized split shot weights. The correct weight and placement will keep your line vertical through the water allowing the float to indicate even the lightest bite. All fishing shops and discount stores sells split shots, purchase the assortment pack that comes in a round case for a selection of sizes and weight. Split shots come in standard round once pinched on your line they can be difficult to pry open to remove or reusable which features tiny wings that you can pinch between the thumb and forefinger to remove or move on the line which we recommend to start out with. Hooks Use the smallest hook possible to maintain the natural action of the live bait. The Octopus hook is the most commonly used although circle hooks are equally effective. Sizes #6 and #8 for worms and leeches, size #4 for minnows for walleyes and bass. Crappies and bluegills try a gold Aberdeen long shank hook size #6 or#8 tipped with a small minnow or redworm. Another option is using a jig 1/64 to 1/8 ounce this offers color to the bait as well as a horizontal presentation. Try this for early and mid season walleyes. Live bait Worms, leeches, minnows. Minnows are the favorite during the spring and fall seasons with leeches and worm/night crawlers used during warmer summer months. How to rig a slip bobber Began by threading the stop knot tube on the line Push the stop knot off the tube onto the line toward the rod tip and remove tube. Pull the loose tag ends of the knot semi-tight to be adjustable. Trim off the tag ends close to the knot. Thread on the bead and slip float, be sure the top of the float is facing the rod tip. Pinch on a split shot below the float and tie on the hook on using a Improved Clinch Knot. Tip Add a small barrel swivel above the split shot using lighter line than the main line. For instance the main line is 8lb use 4lb or 6lb test from the swivel down to the hook. If you get snagged and Darseet Garasia Page 55 All you need to know about “FISHING” had to break the line, you would only lose the hook and split shot by breaking the lighter line. This keeps the float as the swivel acts as a stop on your main line. It saves you time not chasing a floating bobber. Fishing with Live Bait With all of the innovative and high tech features that artificial lures currently have, fishing with live bait still produces over 50% of freshwater game fish caught in North America. Dependent on the time of the year and water temperatures or when fishing slows down live bait is definitely the preferred choice for a successful catch. Most live bait are purchased at a local Sport Shop or for a rewarding experience can be caught by yourself. Whether you buy or catch your bait it should always be kept fresh and lively, active fresh minnows, worms and leeches catch fish, it will also save you money by learning how to keep your bait alive. The following are the most popular live bait used, types of containers and care for inland freshwater fishing. Fishing with Bait Fish To most anglers the word minnow means a small fish used for bait. Minnows are apart of a fish family that includes over 250 species in North America. The most commonly used and commercially sold minnows are Fatheads, Chubs, Shiners and Suckers. Fathead Fatheads are the most popular and universal of baitfish and are commonly used as forage for game fish. The fathead minnow is a fresh water fish, native to most states. They generally reach 2 to 3 inches in length and have a life span of two to three years. Fathead minnows are sometimes called "tuffy", "ruby red", or "blackhead." They come in two different colors, black and rosy red (orange). Fatheads feed on small organic organisms, and their maximum length seldom exceed three inches in size thus making them one of the best forage fish available for bass, bluegill, walleye, and crappie to feed on. Spawning begins when the water temperature reaches 50 to 55 degrees Fahrenheit and repeats monthly until water cools down in the fall. In Northern States, the fathead minnow inhabits boggy, stained colored lakes, ponds and slow moving streams. In Southern states it lives in silt or mud bottomed lakes ponds and slow moving rivers. Chub (Creek Chub) Darseet Garasia Page 56 All you need to know about “FISHING” Creek chubs are a main forage item for many predators, such as walleyes, brown trout, northern pike, largemouth bass, and smallmouth bass. Because they often school in lakes, loons, kingfishers, and mergansers also commonly eat them. Little creek chubs even have to watch out for bigger creek chubs. The creek chub is one of the "Big Three" native minnows (the other two are common shiner and hornyhead chub). Males sometimes attain lengths of 10"-12" and weigh up to 12 oz. Females reach about 7"-8" weigh up to 8-10 oz. Creek chubs can live for 7-8 years although few make it past 5. Hornyhead Chub ( Red Tail Chub) The hornyhead chub, also known as the redtail chub, is olive brown on the back, silvery on the sides, and creamy below. At the base of the tail, which is red, young fish have a distinct spot. This spot becomes less distinct with age. Adult males reach a length of about 6 to 9 inches (females are smaller). Spawning occurs from late May through June. The male constructs a nest carrying small rocks in his mouth to the spawning site. The finished nest is a small mound of stones 1-3 feet in diameter and a few inches high. The eggs are deposited into a small depression opened by the male in the nest. The hornyhead feeds primarily on insect larvae, but eats other small animals, such as earthworms and crustaceans; some algae is also eaten. It is used as a popular baitfish for walleyes and northern pike. Common Shiner Common shiners average about 2 1/2 to 4 inches long; some reach 8 inches. Their color is basically silvery with a dusky back. In comparison with similar species, the head, eyes, and mouth of the common shiner seem noticeably large. Their native range is Midwest and Eastern States. It inhabits both warm and coldwater streams and may be found in the same cooler waters as trout. Common shiners spawn in spring. Gravel in riffles is often used for spawning, but they commonly spawn over the nest of a creek chub, river chub some males excavate their own small nests. The common shiner feeds at or just below the water surface primarily on insects. Because it is common and readily caught it is important forage fish for many game fish as a popular bait minnow, especially in the Northern States for ice fishing. Also known as Silver Shiner, Redfin Shiner, Creek Shiner, Eastern Shiner. Golden Shiner The golden shiner are found throughout the U.S. with the exception of a few upper Western States. Young golden shiners are silvery with a dark band on the side as they mature the band fades developing a golden color with a dark bronze brown back. Golden shiners live in clear, weedy, quiet, shallow sections of lakes, ponds, and occasionally rivers. Both young and adult fish show schooling patterns in shallow depths no greater than 2-3 ft. Golden shiners spawn over an extended period from May to July. Eggs are released, fertilized and allowed to settle into vegetation while mating fish continue to swim. They have been observed using active nests of largemouth bass to deposit their own eggs. This behavior is quite remarkable since largemouth bass are know to feed heavily on them. Also known as Roach, American Roach and Pond Shiner Darseet Garasia Page 57 All you need to know about “FISHING” Mud Minnow The upper part of the body is olive-brown in color, mottled throughout, with up to 14 indistinct brown vertical bars on the sides and a prominent dark vertical bar located at the base of the tail. The belly is yellow to white and fins are brownish, large scales, and they can tolerate low oxygen levels. Central Mudminnows occur in quiet areas of streams, sloughs, swamps and other wetlands over mud and debris and often found in dense vegetation. They tolerate low oxygen levels and extreme water temperatures. Used extensively as a bait minnow where plentiful. Preferred bait for many walleye anglers because of its hardiness. Also known as Mississippi mud minnow, Mudfish and Dogfish Suckers Suckers are found in nearly all types of waters with 80 species native to North America. The most common used for bait is the White Sucker. White suckers are usually about 10-20 inches long and weigh 1-2 pounds, some unusual specimens weighing as much as 8 pounds. Their color is olive brown, and they have a cylindrical shape. The white sucker is widely distributed through out most of the U.S. water systems. Although the white sucker is found in a wide variety of water conditions, these fish typically inhabit lakes and reservoirs that have tributary streams. White suckers feed on a variety of invertebrates found among stream and lake substrates. Young white suckers are used as bait for walleyes and northern pike, larger suckers for muskies. The white sucker goes by a number of other names, like common sucker, coarse-scaled sucker, brook sucker, gray sucker, mud sucker, sucker, mullet, black mullet, slender sucker, june sucker and white horse. Care and Keeping of Baitfish When fishing with minnows and suckers having fresh lively bait can make a world of difference in getting a bite. The action of a struggling minnow/sucker on a hook with a natural scent will draw attention of nearby fish even enticing neutral or negative mood fish to a reactionary strike. Here’s a few pointers in keeping your live bait alive long enough to be useful especially during the summer months 1. Keep them Cool…..Nothing kills minnows and suckers quicker than extreme heat. Keep your bait bucket in the shade and out of direct sunlight. Warm water greatly reduces the oxygen content. Small amounts of ice can be added periodically, but do not overload the ice or the temperature drop will shock the fish and kill them. 2. Changing the Water….. If the water in your bait container turns cloudy because of ammonia being released (waste) by the baitfish or they are at the top gasping for air the water needs to be changed. If you're on a lake or river make sure you temper the water in the minnow bucket to the same temperature as the water system you're fishing by adding small amounts of water rather than submerging the entire bucket. Rapid change in temperature will send the baitfish into shock and they eventually die. In adding or changing water from a city tap use a de-chlorinator to remove the chlorine, a few drops goes a long way. Most bait shops or your local pet store have chlorine removers in a liquid. Water from a well or bottled water requires no de-chlorinator. Note: (VHS) Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia is a deadly fish virus and a invasive species that is Darseet Garasia Page 58 All you need to know about “FISHING” threatening many game fish in North American water systems. Before fishing with live minnows and suckers, please check your Local Sport Shop / State Department of Natural Resources fishing regulations concerning the use, transport and disposal of baitfish including the use of water from bait containers. Please support and follow all regulations in helping the DNR stop this threat. 3. Proper amount of bait…. Over crowding of minnows or suckers in a bait container will immediately reduce the amount of available oxygen, and increase the toxic ammonia level from their waste. If you over fill your container with minnows by the time you get to your destination from the bait shop probably and 1/3 or more of your bait will be dead floating on the top. Here is a recommended guide line based on minnow sizes and a standard sized minnow bucket at 8 quart capacity. Small ( Crappie Fathead Minnows) 3/4"- 1" Standard 8 Qt 6 dozen Medium ( Fathead’s, Small Chubs & Shiners) 2"-3 1/2" Standard 8 Qt 4-5 dozen Large ( Chubs, Suckers & Shiners) 3 1/2" - and Up Standard 8 Qt 1-1 1/2 dozen Large Suckers 10" -18" Recommended 5 gallon bucket or larger 2-3 suckers Rigging Baitfish There are three basic options to bait a minnow on a hook. The first is in the mouth insert the point of the hook under the lower lip and push the hook through the top lip, the hook shank will be facing forward with the tip of the hook facing up. This allows the baitfish to look natural as it swims forward. Lip hooked baitfish are used tipped on a jig or live bait rigs; sliding weight bottom rig, bottom bouncers, drop shot rig or on a float/bobber set-up. By hooking the baitfish through the lips will keep the water from circulating into the gills and it will eventually die. Check your bait often. Lip hooked baitfish also work well on preserved baits. The second option is hooking the baitfish through it’s back in front of the dorsal fin, be careful to pierce only the skin and not through the spine. Using this method the baitfish will keep it alive for a longer time. This hooking technique is used when stationary fishing, a floating/bobber set-up or for ice fishing hooking a baitfish on a tip-up. Darseet Garasia Page 59 All you need to know about “FISHING” The final option is hooking through the tail for free-line fishing. Insert the hook tip at the fleshy base of the tail and run it through, ending with the hook tip and shaft facing rearward. Use a simple split shot and hook rig cast the minnow gently and let it sink and drift while it swims freely. Fishing Baitfish Containers The basic angling tool in keeping and transporting live baitfish to your fishing spot is the minnow bucket. Years back galvanized steel bait buckets were used and are still found in many tackle shops. Today the traditional minnow bucket is still used only made from hard plastic. There are other styles and options available to make your fishing more efficient and convenient. Here's a quick overview to choosing the right style of bucket for the different ways you may fish. Standard Two Bucket Design The traditional lift out bait bucket has a outer hard plastic bucket with a inner liner that fits inside. The inner bucket has a floating cover with a snap open door the bottom is perforated like a strainer. This lets the angler to select bait from the liner by lifting out of the outer bucket draining the water. It is also useful when stationary fishing in keeping bait fresh and lively by placing the inner bucket liner in the lake or off a dock as a holding container. Other features now include notches, holes and clips for holding dip nets, air hoses, aerators and pliers. Trolling Buckets Trolling style buckets are ideal when trolling as they pull easily behind boat or in current when wading. The weighted keel design keeps the bucket from rolling over and positions the self closing bait door floating face up for easy access to your bait. The trolling bucket constantly aerates the bait as it moves through the water. Darseet Garasia Page 60 All you need to know about “FISHING” Plastic Insulated Buckets By combining a foam liner and the durability of a molded plastic outer bucket you have the best portable container for baitfish. The inner liner keeps baitfish cool during the warm months it also reduces freezing of water in colder temperatures. For storing baitfish for several days add a battery powered aerator keeping the water oxygenated. The water should be periodically checked and changed, over time the foam liner should be cleaned from residue build up with a fine grit sandpaper and rinsed with plain water using no soap or cleaners. Styrofoam Buckets For the seasoned angler we can bet that you have a collection of Styrofoam buckets in your garage or fishing shed. They do come in handy when you need a extra bucket or forgot to bring yours along to the bait shop. Foam buckets do a excellent job of keeping baitfish alive in heat or cold they insulate well and keep the water temperature consistent. The drawbacks are they are fragile and changing water, with the solid lid design trying to pour out water with baitfish inside can be a tricky in not losing bait. *Tip* For ice fishing foam buckets work very well in keeping the water from freezing but the lid in colder weather tends to freeze to the bucket. To eliminate freezing lids, apply a thin layer of Vaseline around the outer edge of the lid and bucket. Aerators Darseet Garasia Page 61 All you need to know about “FISHING” Buying an aerator will quickly pay for itself by reducing the mortality rate of your baitfish along with keeping your bait fresh and lively. Portable aerators use batteries from sizes from AA to D cells and have clips for attaching to bait bucket lids with air hoses and air stones. Other upgraded options include adapters to hook up to a 12 volt battery, a built in light helpful for low light and night time fishing and low and high output oxygen level adjustment controls. Gentle aeration is the key, smaller bubbles carry more oxygen, you do not want your baitfish churning around your bucket in waves. The other consideration is sound, remember you will be listening to the humming of the pump while fishing, invest in a high quality aerator that markets itself as whisper operation or quiet bubbles, in the long run you will be glad you did. Anglers that will store baitfish for an extended period of time in a cooler or a baitfish tank should look at buying a plug in aerator rather than replacing batteries. This allows you to keep baitfish alive for days in your garage, porch or fishing cottage. Some tackle companies sells 110 volt air pump systems or you can visit your local pet shop and buy the components; air pump, hose and stone and save money. *Tip* If your using a plug in aerator always keep the pump above the water line so water can't siphon back if a power failure occurs. As a pump operates, it will vibrate and move around, secure the pump so it does not fall off into the water, we can attest for this first hand, pump failure will result in a bucket of dead minnows. Fishing with Night Crawlers & Red Worms The earthworm is the most widely used bait for freshwater fishing and is one of easiest natural bait to collect and keep. There are hundreds of species of earthworms in North America, all have the same general shape but differ in size and color. The most common and popular worms used for bait are: Night Crawlers and Red Worms. Night Crawlers For years the night crawler has been the leading live bait choice among the majority of anglers. The night crawler is deadly and irresistible to most large game fish when used as live bait on a crawler harness, any type of hook/weight rig, tipped on jig or under a bobber set-up for walleye, largemouth and smallmouth bass, trout, catfish, and sturgeon. Using a small piece of a night crawler you can have fun catching perch, bluegill, rock bass and other Panfish as well. *Tip* To make a night crawler more visible and enticing to fish inject them with small amounts of air, this allows the bait to float off the bottom when using weighted bottom rig. Bait shops sell worm air injectors, a small bottle with a needle and a protective cap. Darseet Garasia Page 62 All you need to know about “FISHING” Night crawlers are easy to keep and sold at all bait shops, some gas stations and sporting goods section at discount stores. Many anglers prefer to collect their own bait by yanking night crawlers out of their holes in the backyard. If you're night crawler hunting the best time is evening after a hard spring or summer rain, it can be as simple as picking them off the street, especially the ones that have low curbs with grass parkways, darker streets are more productive than well lit ones as they are light sensitive. Searching in grass under leaves and rocks where the soil is moist use a flashlight and cover the lens with red cellophane, night crawlers for some reason can feel white light, shine a flashlight directly on a night crawler and they will slide very quickly back into their hole. Night crawler picking is fun on a warm summer evening after a rain, just bring a container and get plenty of bait for free. Red Worms Red worms also known as leaf worms, garden worms and red wigglers. They are very popular live bait for game fish that prefer smaller worms, such as panfish, bluegill, perch and trout. Red worms are hardy and not as sensitive to temperature as the common night crawler. They are also very active when placed on a hook as they wiggle attracting and catching fish. Red worms are especially effective when it comes to bait stealers, small mouthed sunfish that nibble at the bait, to increase the catch thread a red worm on a hook and leave the hook point uncovered. *Tip* Most youngsters are taught how to fish by starting out with hook, weight, bobber and carton of red worms off of a dock or from shore. If your looking to set-up your child with rod and reel here's a recommendation: Buy a quality 5 1/2 ft spin cast ( closed faced combo) light action spooled with 6lb test, this will be better and easier for kids than the short brightly colored fishing outfits that are available. For rigging purchase a package of size 8 aberdeen long shank hooks a pack of BB sized split shots and a few bobbers that attach to the line about the overall size of a quarter, the smaller bobber is intended to suspend your bait in the water and alert when to set the hook. Using a larger bobber the harder it will be to set the hook and detect a bite. To complete the set-up tie on the hook using a clinch knot above about 6-10 inches place a spilt shot or two then attach the bobber. Worm Care & Storage Night crawlers and red worms are stored refrigerated in bait shops as they require a dark and cooler environment to survive. When fishing with earthworms for the day they should always be kept in the shade and out of direct sunlight especially when it‘s very warm. Nothing smells worse than a container of sun baked worms. After your day on the water to keep your bait fresh either put them in a cooler with ice, place the container on top you don’t want to drown your bait in the cooler water or place the container in a refrigerator. Darseet Garasia Page 63 All you need to know about “FISHING” For keeping worms in a good condition for a extended period of time you should consider buying a portable worm carrier. Most containers made of a insulated material that will maintain a cool moist environment that worms enjoy. Some models can be dipped into water to aid in keeping them moist others have external ice pack holders for hot days. To get at the worms easily many have two access doors that you can flip the container over when they burrow to the bottom, make sure the container has a snug fitting lockable doors. Another choice is what material to store them in. We recommend buying commercially made worm bedding available at most tackle shops. The cellulose organic based bedding makes temperature and moisture regulation easier. Many worm containers have kits with bedding included just follow the instructions on the package. Fishing with Leeches Leeches are the most plentiful of all the baits. They can be left in a container of water for a long time without food. Walleyes love leeches almost all year round and they are classified as universal bait for walleyes. Fish eat many types of leeches, but only the ribbon leech is widely used as bait. The color of a ribbon leeches varies from pure black to light brown and some have a brown or olive background with many black spots. Leeches are easy to keep alive. They are not as sensitive to temperature changes as minnows, and they require relatively little oxygen. Leeches can be kept alive until fall, even without food, but they should be allowed to clean themselves. Anglers can keep the bait "cleaner" by rinsing the leeches on a daily basis and storing them in fresh, clean water in a cool place. The summer is the best time to fish with leeches; by mid-summer most of the adult leeches have deposited cocoons and die off. Also, in the summer time the leech will wiggle more below a bobber than a worm. When drifting or trolling, anglers will catch suspended walleyes on floating jigheads and slip sinker rigs. About Fishing Lures For the beginning angler, walking into a bait and tackle shop for the first time can be overwhelming because of the huge selection of lures by type, color and sizes. Many just buy a tackle box and fill it with a random assortment of lures and hope through trial and error one works, others just purchase a lure or two and use it all day. When building a tackle selection one must consider the species of fish you're targeting along with the season you're fishing in. Expert fishermen understand seasonal locations of fish and the proper presentation, meaning the choice of lure and how to retrieve it. This builds confidence knowing how to fish the proper lure at the proper depth to maximize your catch rate, and catching fish is the quickest way to gain confidence. When buying lures to cover multiple fishing presentations select a few of each type and color by using these factors listed below. Darseet Garasia Page 64 All you need to know about “FISHING” Depth Depth is a major factor in lure selection. There are three categories or lure types, surface, sub-surface and deep. Let's start with Spring, when most gamefish move into the shallow water to spawn and seek food. Surface lures and shallow running lures are the best choice. During the Summer months fish move to deeper water where deep running lures and jigs are used. When fall arrives fish tend to move back to shallower water sub-surface and surface lures will be effective. Cover Species such as largemouth bass and northern pike will be related to weeds throughout the year. When fishing thick weeds and brush use a lure with a weed guard (weedless) to prevent snagging. Always have a few surface lures on hand as well when fishing around cover especially during the early morning and evening hours. Level of Fish Activity The gamefish level of activity determines the size and action of the lure. For instance water temperature affects fish more than and other elements, and weather conditions play a major role, such as when a cold front arrives. Cold water reduces the fish activity and it is best to downsize your lure and present your lure slowly. For muskies and northern pike use lures such as jerk baits and gliders with a pause between in your retrieve, walleyes use jigging spoons twitched and paused along with small jigs tiped with live bait crawled on the bottom will work well. During warm stable weather as the fish's metabolism is active they feed readily. This is the best time to be on the water to fish, inline spinners, spinner baits, spoons and crank baits with fast retrieves will move and catch fish. Lure Colors, Light & Water Clarity Many articles have been written and theories discussed about lure color and how the water clarity affects the colors. All water acts as a light filter depending on the clarity, (clear or stained) and depth of the lure. It has been a general rule of thumb that lighter colored lures work the best in clear water in stained or murky water fluorescent colored are favored. The other cliché is light color on bright days and dark colors on overcast days no matter what the water color is. But this does not explain why dark colors such as purple or black worms for largemouth bass works so well on clear water on a bright day. Lure Sizes Sizing of lures is also apart of the proper presentation. Here is a recommended chart for length of lures for various game fish. Crappies, Perch, Bluegills-1-2" River Trout-1-3" White Bass-1-3" Smallmouth Bass-2-5" Largemouth Bass-2-6" Walleyes-3-6" Salmon, Lake Trout-3-7" Muskies, Northern Pike-4-12" Fishing Plugs & Crankbaits Fishing Spinners Fishing Spoons Fishing Jigs Page 65 Darseet Garasia All you need to know about “FISHING” Fishing Soft Plastics Fishing Plugs & Crankbaits Fishing with Surface Lures, Minnow Baits, Crankbaits & Creatures The word "Plug" was used many years ago to describe a lure that was handcarved from a block of wood, but most modern day plugs are made from hollow plastic or molded plastic. Many avid anglers still consider wooden plugs the best lure having better action than similar ones made from plastic. A few lure manufacturers still use wood in making lure bodies, mainly balsa, some hardwoods and pine. Most plugs replicate some type of baitfish but some types of plugs resemble mice, crayfish, insects, frogs, and snakes that fish prey on. Plugs attract fish by there action and flash, producing sounds that draws the attention of game fish. It may be the vibration of a minnow bait swimming through the water, or the splash pop and gurgle of a surface plug or just the sound of hooks clicking the lure body. Many new plastic plugs today have internal chambers filled with shot producing a rattling sound that attracts fish. There are two category of plugs Surface (Topwater) and Subsurface (Diving). Listed below is a reference guide to help you identify the common types of plugs and how they are used: Surface Lures: (Topwater) There is nothing more exciting to see a fish strike a surface lure. Surface lures work especially well when fish are shallow and the water temperature is 60 degrees or warmer. The water should be relatively calm otherwise the fish do not notice the action. The best hours to fish surface lures are generally early in the morning and at dusk into the evening. But there has been fish caught on surface lures in the middle of the day. For lure colors a very good universal color is black, it works well on all water types clear, stained or dark. Black provides the best silhouette against the sky as the fish looks upward towards the water surface. Other colors will work as well dependent on the forage in the water system such as Orange/Yellow for Perch, Green/White for Frogs, and White/Blue/Chrome for Shad and Shiners. Crawlers Darseet Garasia Page 66 All you need to know about “FISHING” Crawlers produce a plopping/gurgling sound, used on calm water with a steady slow retrieve. (Left) This crawler, also known as a creeper, has wings mounted on the side that will swim across the water. (Right) A large face plate will make this crawler body move back and forth producing a wake on the surface. Chuggers Chuggers have an indented cup on the face of the lure, it catches water when the lure is jerked over the surface producing a popping/chugging sound. A favorite of bass anglers for many years. Center Rotating Blade Commonly know as a Globe, this has been a favorite surface lure for muskie anglers for many years. The center blade rotates upon the retrieve producing a bubble trail. Rotating Tail The tail section rotates creating a plopping noise from the blade attached. The tail rotating lures works well on calm water to slight chop. Commonly used for fishing pike and muskies. Surface Wobbler Darseet Garasia Page 67 All you need to know about “FISHING” The jointed surface wobbler creates a clicking sound as the lure rocks back and forth when retrieved, and the tail prop adds a wake. Work this lure slow on calm water in the evening. Propeller The propeller lure has props on the nose and tail or on the tail, this topwater lure is versatile, run it slow with a straight retrieve, pop it using a stop and go method, or buzz it across the water to trigger aggressive feeding fish. Excellent lure for new anglers to experience top water fishing. Also know as Propbait or Topper Bait. Stickbait The stickbait has no lip or propellers, they also have no built in wobble. The angler must supply lure action through a series of short sharp cadence pulls upon the retrieve creating the side to side action known as "walk the dog" on the surface. Also known as torpedo lure. Flaptail The flaptail rocks back and forth while the brass blade on the tail slaps the water with a plopping sound. The retrieve is very slow allowing the bait to work. Used on calm water. Darseet Garasia Page 68 All you need to know about “FISHING” Subsurface Plugs (Diving, Floating, Sinking) There are two categories of subsurface plugs, both have floating or sinking models. The first are diving lures that dive with attached plastic/metal lips or dive based on the lure body design such as cupped, pointed head or a flattened curved forehead, all have a side to side wiggle action as they travel through the water, these are commonly known as crankbaits. The second group of plugs refer to the action of the lure provided by the angler in the retrieve. These are classified as gliders, jerkbaits and twitch baits, the action of the each lure is achieved through a series of cadence pulls, strong jerks, or short stop and go techniques. Diving lures will catch fish in any type of water calm or rough any time of the day. In selecting lures with a lip attached to the nose of the lure the angle of lip will determine the running depth of the lure, for instance a deep running lure will have a elongated lip attached approximately 90 degrees horizontal from the nose which acts as a diving plane forcing the lure downward. Mid range divers will have a lip set at a 45 degree angle. Shallow running lures will have lip placed vertically off of the nose creating a water resistance forcing the lure to run shallow. Diving lures will run at depths from just under the surface at 1 foot to 20 feet or greater. All lure companies provide the running/diving depth of each lure on their box or packaging. It is wise to have a few of each to cover the fishing situations you could encounter. The deep runners are classified as 10 feet plus, mid range 5-10 feet and shallow are 1-3 feet. Floating Minnow (Crankbait) This is the most popular type and the most versatile crankbait lure designed to Darseet Garasia Page 69 All you need to know about “FISHING” imitate a thin bodied baitfish. For shallow lures running at 1-3 feet as a floater this will maintain the shallow depth. Anglers who use midrange running lures have a few more options. In casting the angler can pop the lure along the surface or crank it a few feet down to 5 to 8 feet with a straight retrieve. For trolling using a midrange lip off of downrigger or lead core line the lure will maintain the set depth. When casting deep running lures this allows the angler to bounce lures off of deep structure (bottom bouncing) such as rocks or wood with out getting snagged by letting the lure just float up after making contact. Floating Shad/Perch (Crankbait) Similar to the floating minnow style with a diving lip. These lures imitate the forage of shad and perch with a wider or fatter body style. Made from balsa wood and hollow plastic with and with out internal chambers filled with shot to produce a loud rattle. Floating Lipless (Crankbait) The series of lures shown above have been made for many years, timed tested and still today catch many fish. The lure body design to dive is based on a cupped, or a flattened curved forehead all have a side to side wobble action as they travel through the water. Vibrating (Crankbait) Darseet Garasia Page 70 All you need to know about “FISHING” These thin bodied lures do not have a diving lip and are attached to the line with the eye on top of the head, resulting in a tight wiggle. All vibrating lures have internal chambers filled with shot to produce a loud rattle. Most are sinking models but some do float at rest. Sinking (Crankbait) Also known as a countdown this lure is weighted to sink horizontally. When fish suspend over 10 feet at a specific depth the sinking lure is a very good option to use. The angler simply cast the lure and count’s down at a rate of 1 foot per second to the specified depth and retrieves the lure. The sinking lure uses a midrange lip to maintain the depth until the end of the retrieve. Neutrally Buoyant (Crankbait) Also referred as a suspending lure or a jerk bait. The lure is designed using an internal weight system or a weighted tape to achieve neutral buoyancy. The presentation is an erratic jerk pause type of retrieve, when stopped the lure will remain suspended and motionless in the water. Very good lure for finicky fish that follows and don’t bite. Darseet Garasia Page 71 All you need to know about “FISHING” Floating (Trolling Plugs) These are designed and used primarily for trolling as they are relatively too light to cast. Generally most trolling plugs float at rest and dive based on the flattened forehead that creates a wide erratic wobble through the water. To achieve the depth required for a successful controlled trolling depth anglers use a online diving plane (Dipsey Diver) or attached to an line release on a downrigger. Floating (Jerkbait) These are large elongated plugs intended for fishing muskies and pike. They float at rest and dive when given a strong jerk or pull then float upward to the surface. Many have a metal tail that can be bent to change the action and depth setting. Sinking (Gliders & Twitch) Gliders and Twitch baits are lipless and sink, the action of each lure is in part provided by the angler. The Twitch bait (Top) is retrieved with a series of short taps of the rod or twitches which gives the lure a erratic motion, up down side to side action. The Glider (Bottom) is retrieved using timed cadence short pulls causing the lure to glide side to side or a underwater walk the dog action Darseet Garasia Page 72 All you need to know about “FISHING” creating a dart and flash of the lure. Creatures Freshwater game fish are predatory by nature there also opportunistic and will take advantage of any food source presented to them to fill their feeding needs. Other than baitfish they will also feed on crawfish, frogs, water snakes, swimming rodents, amphibians and insects. The above photo shows lures that imitate each type. Lure Colors Crankbaits are available in a spectrum of colors and finishes, painted, foil, chrome, prism, glass, photo and holographic finishes. In building your lure assortment the best is to mimic the dominant forage in the waters your fishing. Here’s a simple guideline of basic successful colors: Open Water Suspended Forage: Shad, Shiners, Ciscoes, Alewives, Smelt Black, Green, Blue, Purple top with Silver sides Black top with White sides All Silver Chrome or White Structure Orientated Forage: Perch, Suckers, Crawfish, Minnows Black top with Gold sides (Sucker) Black top with Silver sides (Minnow) Black top with Orange sides (Perch-Crawfish) Black top with Green sides with Bars (Perch) Brown top Orange or Red sides (Crawfish) Fluorescent Colors For dark, stained or muddy waters the hot colors work effective, here’s a few top producers. Dark Green top Chartreuse sides orange belly ( Firetiger ) Blue top Chartreuse sides orange belly ( Parrot ) Orange top & sides Chartreuse belly (Hot Tiger ) Red Head Chartreuse Body ( Clown ) Fishing Spinners InLine, Spinnerbaits,Buzzbaits, Livebait Spinners Darseet Garasia Page 73 All you need to know about “FISHING” Spinners refers to a family of fishing lures that have a metal shaped blade(s) attached to the wire of the lure. When the lure is in motion the blade spins creating varying degrees of flash and vibration that mimics small fish. Spinners will catch all types of game fish. Fish can see the flash of the revolving blade in clear or stained water, in dark or murky water they will use their lateral-line to feel the vibration from the turning blade. Spinners are relatively easy to use, they will catch fish with a simple straight retrieve, and when a fish strikes a spinner usually it will usually hook itself. Spinners have four basic designs, first is the standard inline that have a blade or blades that rotate around a straight wire using a clevis, most all inline spinners have a weight on the wire to make the spinner heavy enough to cast. Second are spinnerbaits, this spinner is shaped like an open safety pin. They will have a lead head molded on the lower arm and a spinner attached on the upper arm using a swivel, some models have multiple blades that are attached on the upper arm using a clevis and a bead stop. Third are buzzbaits, they are similar to a spinnerbait or a inline spinner but have a specially designed rotating propeller for surface fishing. Fourth are live bait spinners that use night crawlers or minnows on a hook or a series of hooks with a spinner blade in front of the live bait. Understanding Blade Styles The main fish attracting component of a spinner is the blade. The type of blade and shape will determine the depth and sound (the thump) of a spinner upon retrieve. All blades have a different amount of resistance as it travels through the water. A broad blade such as the Colorado will rotate at a greater outward angle from the wire shaft producing a lift and thump compared to a narrow willow blade which will run tighter to the shaft and spin faster producing less sound. 1.Colorado 2.Indiana 3.Indiana Fluted 4.Turtle Back 5.French 6.Inline 7.Willow From the image above the Colorado will run the highest in the water producing the most vibration. The Indiana, Fluted, Turtle Back and French are intermediate styles running at mid range depth levels used for slow to medium retrieves in light river current or lakes. The Inline and Willow run the deepest as they spin tightest to the wire shaft. These are good for fast retrieves in swift conditions, and deeper water presentations. In using spinnerbait’s the willow blade is a good choice around vegetation and cover as they revolve tight to the upper arm catching less floating debris and weeds. Darseet Garasia Page 74 All you need to know about “FISHING” Blade Sizes The sizes of spinner blades are based on a numerical system starting with 0 or 0/0, the smallest for stream trout spinners, size 3-4-5 for bass and pike up to the 7-8 for muskies along with the new popular magnum 10. The larger the blade size the more water resistance and vibration when compared to the same shape in a smaller version. Multiple Bladed Spinners Many of the spinners today offer double blade options. The inline spinner that has two blades is commonly referred as a bulger which rides high in the water even breaking (bulging) the surface when retrieved rapidly. Spinnerbaits that have 2 blades in "tandem" provide more flash which gives the image of schools of bait fish. Blade Colors There are countless blade finishes, colors and combinations for spinners today on the market, the most common are metallic hues with silver, gold and copper which provides a flash to sight-feeding predators in clear or stained water. Painted blades flash less but create more underwater contrast. They can be particularly effective during low-light conditions or in murkier water. Spinner Tails, Skirts and Dressings Tying materials to the tail of a inline spinner or silicone skirts on spinner baits adds a realistic appearance and increases the profile of the lure as it swims through the water. The dressed tail also provides lift and resistance enabling the angler to retrieve the lure at a slower rate. Years back traditional hook dressings on spinners have been animal hair (deer hair, squirrel tails and "marabou" from chickens) with a few feathers as attractors especially red. With the advancement of synthetics materials such as flashabou and silicone skirts adds a fluttering flash in different incandescent or solid colors increasing the total flash profile of the spinner. Spinner bait skirts over the years also evolved from the solid living rubber colors to silicone skirts because of all the available molded-in patterns, metal flakes, and incandescent colors. Depending on personal preferences and fishing conditions many anglers prefer to use an undressed spinner for speed and depth relying on the blade flash and vibration as the only attractors. Other options are soft plastic tail dressings such as an imitation minnow or tailed grub. Soft plastics are also used on traditional dressed spinners tails to change the appearance, profile and action of the lure, these are known as trailers. Listed below is a reference guide to help you identify the common types of spinners and how they are used: Darseet Garasia Page 75 All you need to know about “FISHING” Types of Spinners: Inline The traditional inline spinner shown in three variations (Top) French Blade Dressed Deer Hair Tail (Middle) French Blade Plain Undressed (Bottom) Willow Blade Soft Plastic Imitation Minnow Tail. Double Bladed Inline By combining two blades together adds vibration and lift upon the retrieve for shallow water. Shown with double Colorado blades and marabou tail that pulses in the water, also known as a "Bulger" Flash Inline Darseet Garasia Page 76 All you need to know about “FISHING” With the popularity of synthetic material used for spinner tails adds additional flash to the profile (body) of the lure. The top is tied with flashabou (tinsel) the bottom is a round silicone glitter skirt, both tails pulsates and sparkle upon the retrieve Magnum Double Blade Inline Similar to the double bladed inline only with larger spinner blades (size 9-13) providing maximum vibration and lift. Very popular lure for muskies. Spinnerbaits Versatility is what spinnerbaits are all about. With the open safety pin, weighted head and single hook design that runs vertical, it can be fished in and through vegetation (weedless) Slow rolled over cover, allowing it to sink, the blades will helicopter down to deeper water. Used for all gamefish. Darseet Garasia Page 77 All you need to know about “FISHING” Magnum Spinnerbaits A beefed up version of the spinner bait for big pike and muskies. The magnum spinner bait comes in 1 oz and up to 6 oz’s using large blades for increased vibration and large body profiles for big fish. Buzzbaits Buzzbaits resemble either a standard spinnerbait or inline spinner with the exception of a rotating propeller blade replacing a flat blade. Buzzbaits are a topwater spinner and must be retrieved rapidly to produce a loud clacking sound as they move across the surface. Excellent lure for bass and pike. Darseet Garasia Page 78 All you need to know about “FISHING” Live Bait Spinners By combining the vibration and flash of a spinner blade and the attraction of live bait, these produce an effective fish catching combination for most all species of game fish. The (top) is a weight forward spinner that is tipped with a night crawler, this spinner is cast and retrieved, primarily used on the Great Lakes for walleyes also known as the trade name erie dearie. The (middle) is a crawler harness with multiple hooks (2 or 3) and is also tipped with a night crawler, this spinner is rigged on bottom bouncers and sliding sinker rigs, for trolling of drifting. A single hook version is also used for minnows. The (bottom) is a strip on an old time fishing rig also called Prescott Spinner. Made from stiff wire with a rotating blade on front. The wire is slid through a minnow attaching a double hook on the end loop. Fishing Spoons The metal fishing spoon lure was believed to be first used back in the 1840's. Spoons are a simple design, an oblong shape, concave on one side that catches water producing a wobble and light reflecting flash imitating a fleeing or crippled bait fish. Because spoons appeal mainly to the sense of sight they work best on clear or lightly stained water conditions. The long standing popularity of spoons results from ease of use as a fish usually will hook itself when it grabs a spoon. Spoons work best for larger predators such as northern pike, largemouth bass, muskies, walleye, salmon and trout. The action of a spoon is based on it's shape and thickness. A long spoon will display a wider side to side wobble than a shorter spoon. A deep concave spoon will also produce a wider wobble than a flatter spoon. Thin spoons used for trolling have an erratic wobble compared to thick spoons but thick spoons have advantages as well, the extra weight casts better, sinks faster and will run deeper than thinner spoons. There are five types of spoons: Casting, trolling, weedless, jigging and the surface spoon. Spoons are stamped, forged or molded from brass, copper, steel, lead, plastic or wood. Most are painted on one side with a polished metallic surface on at other side to reflect the sunlight making the spoon visible. Some spoons have a hammered or rippled finish that transmits light in multiple directions such as baitfish scales scatter light. Darseet Garasia Page 79 All you need to know about “FISHING” When casting or trolling a spoon the speed is critical for success, if fished too slow or too fast the spoon will not wobble properly, you should experiment to find the precise speed for each spoon to perform its best. When casting a spoon anglers will cast 10 to 20 feet beyond the area they believe the fish are and retrieve through the strike zone. For flat line trolling from behind a boat the speed and amount of line out should be the main consideration, as well as in using depth control rigging such as downriggers and dipsey divers. Rod Action with Spoons Dependent on the species you're targeting, small spoons for stream trout, larger spoons for bass, pike and salmon or vertical jigging for walleyes the preferred choice when casting/jigging spoons is a stiff tipped fast action rod. Ultra sensitive, soft action rods are not recommended as they do not telegraph the fish strike as quickly a fast action rod will accomplish. Your success in using spoons is to immediately set the hook upon feeling a fish bite. Spoons & Leaders Anglers using casting, weedless or trolling spoons should attach their lines via a leader with a ball bearing swivel and snap or a combination snap ball bearing swivel.This allows freedom of movement for the spoon and will keep the fishing line twist to a minimum. For surface and jigging spoons the best is to tie directly to the eyelet or snap. Both will work better without too much play at the lure line connection. Spoon Attractors The main fish attracting component on a spoon is the flash, some spoons have additional attractors placed on the spoon or are added by the angler, they are: Clickers: Two small willow spinners on split rings located the end of spoon for vibration and noise. Flippers: A small oblong piece of plastic (red or yellow) for added color attached on the split ring and hook. Trailers: For added color and profile Feathers / Tied Tail / Soft Plastic or Pork Rind. Spoon Colors If you ever had the opportunity to open Grand Pa’s old metal tackle box it would be safe to say you would find quite a few of the traditional red and white casting spoons that where popular back in the 1940’s - 50’s. Following the same path as crank bait lure companies spoon manufactures have over the years introduced hundreds of new colors patterns and finishes using prism, holographic, glow and glitter all to enhance vibrant colors and flash of spoons. In selecting spoon colors to build your tackle assortment, the choices can be overwhelming but some colors have been tried and true over the years. For casting spoons in clear or slighty stained water the classic colors of red and white with nickel back, black and white with nickel back, yellow five of diamonds in red with brass back, and combinations of nickel/silver - gold/brass are your best bet. On stained or darker water use, firetiger with brass back or orange/yellow and nickel combinations. For trolling spoons on the Great Lakes the universal best color is all silver or gold with including combinations of purple, blue or green hues to mimic the forage of alewives, ciscoes, and smelt. Many Charter Captains on the Great Lakes use spoons as their main lure presentation and usually have a couple hundred on board in multiple color patterns (some with creative color names) and size variations to accommodate all fishing conditions. Each body of water or river system fish will have a tendency to favor a specific color. If you're going to fish an unfamiliar water system and spoons are a part of your lure selection, it would be best to do research with local guides or the fishing pro shop for that lake or river. Darseet Garasia Page 80 All you need to know about “FISHING” Listed below is a reference guide to help you identify the common types of spoons and how they are used: Traditional Casting Spoons Stamped metal casting spoons are also known as Traditional or Canadian spoons. All display the distinctive back and forth wobble action as they run underwater based on their oval shaped cupped bodies. Casting spoon sizes range from ultra light 1/36 ounce for panfish up to over 3 ounces for big muskies, pike and lake trout. The most popular sizes are 1/4-3/4 ounce used for bass, walleyes and pike. All casting spoons have either a treble or a single (siwash) hook attached with a spilt ring which allows the hook to swing freely as the spoon wobbles. Trolling Spoons Trolling spoons are much thinner and lighter than casting spoons, a typical 3" trolling spoon only weighs about a 1/8 ounce which makes them too light for casting.. They are designed to be fished using a depth control trolling system such as off a downrigger or diving plane. With the wide fluttering action they are an excellent lure choice for salmon, trout, walleyes or other open water species. Weedless Spoons When fishing in thick cover, aquatic weeds, wood and logs, you can't beat using a weedless spoon to Darseet Garasia Page 81 All you need to know about “FISHING” provoke a fish strike. Most feature a single hook design welded on the body with a wire guard to prevent most snags. Experiment with different retrieve methods. Try twitching and pausing letting the spoon settle into open holes. Or straight retrieve over and through the cover. Tip the hook with a trailer for added attraction using a soft plastic grub or pork rind. Weedless spoons come in 1/4 ounce up to 11/8 ounce. Surface Spoons When conditions are right during the summer months, large predator fish like bass, pike and muskies will take refuge in thick cover. This is an ideal situation for using surface spoons. When cast over heavy matted vegetation the spoon floats with the hook riding upward avoiding being caught up on snags. Most surface spoons are made from plastic's with a few in wood with having an added attractor, mainly rubber skirts. When fishing surface spoons point the rod tip directly at the spoon whether you're retrieving straight or using a jerk pause method. Upon a fish strike, never set the hook until you feel the pressure of the fish, then set the hook. As with all surface lures fish have a tendency to miss the lure, keep the lure moving even if the fish misses usually they will come back to strike again. Jigging Spoons When you locate a deep water school of fish such as walleye or bass on your electronics, one of the best presentations to reach them is vertically jigging. Jigging spoons are made of metal or tungsten, are flat, thick and heavy and flash when jigged. They are designed to get down quickly reaching the deep water holding fish. When fishing jigging spoons all of the action is applied by the angler using short jerks to encourage strikes, but keep in mind many strikes happen on the fall of the jigging spoon as well. Keep awatch on your line as it falls, if it stops or twitches set the hook. The best tackle for jigging spoons is low stretch line of 12-20 lbs with a medium to medium heavy fast action rod. Darseet Garasia Page 82 All you need to know about “FISHING” Fishing Jigs Many pro anglers feel jigs are the most versatile and productive of all artificial lures. They will work for a wide variety of species in almost any type of conditions. Jigs, with the exception of floating jigs, are weighted by melting a metal substance into a liquid and pouring it in a mold which shapes the head and collar. Most jig heads are made of lead which gives the lure its weight. Another popular metal material for weighting jig heads is tungsten, which is heavier than lead and environmentally friendly. Jigs are a rather simple design and come in wide selection of shapes, colors and weights, each for a specific fishing presentation from the smallest at 1/100th oz for ice fishing up to 2oz for Stripers and Muskies. The most common weight sizes for inland freshwater fishing are 1/64, 1/32, 1/16, 1/8, 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, and 3/4 ounces. Jig Hooks The most common hooks used on jigs are the strong wire O'Shaughnessy or light wire Aberdeen. A jig hook is bent on the shank before the eye about 60 to 90 degrees, the bend in the hook will determine the eye placement on the jig and how it rides through the water. The hook shank length has varying applications, short shank hooks are mainly used for live minnows, longer shank hooks are favored for rigging soft-plastic grubs, tubes, worm or lizard bodies. Hook wire diameter is also a consideration, light wire hooks are often used in fishing around brush piles and cribs as they will bend and pull free when snagged, they're also a good choice when fishing for Panfish and crappies with soft mouths as the light wire will penetrate quickly upon the hook set. Strong wire hooks perform well in weedy and rocky areas for bass and northern pike when you need to horse a fish out from cover. Color of jig hooks includes bronze, black and gold, with the most recent popular color red marketed as blood or bleeding hooks. Jig Collars The jig collar is positioned directly behind the jig head. Barbed collars have a small hook to attach and hold soft plastic baits stopping them from sliding down the hook other collar designs include screw locks or wire holders to hold plastic baits. Straight collars are used to tie dressings or attach on the jig such as hair, feathers, tinsel, living rubber and silicone skirts. Jig Colors When choosing jig head colors one must consider the fishing conditions and type of water, clear, stained or dark. Jig heads are available in natural, fluorescent, metallic, two tone and glow finishes. In stocking your jig box start out with handful of basic colors: black, brown, white, yellow, pink and red for clear to stained water, with fluorescent chartreuse, green,orange and glow for dark water. Experiment and try various colors until you find the color choice for the day. Jig Weights The main consideration when selecting which jig to use is its weight. Your selection should be based Darseet Garasia Page 83 All you need to know about “FISHING” on type of fish and water depth. When on the water the same steps should be taken with considering water current speed and wind velocity while fishing. Your jig must be heavy enough to reach the desired depth, but not so heavy that it sinks too rapidly. Fish prefer a slow drifting down bait than one that just plummets toward the bottom. As a general rule use 1/8 oz for every 10 feet of water. If you're fishing in fast current such as rivers additional weight is required to reach the bottom. Wind also has the same affect as fast currents, by increasing the water resistance on the line and lure, which make it more difficult to reach the desired depth. A suggested jig weight guide line per species: Panfish and Crappies 1/32 - 1/16 - 1/8 oz. River Trout and Salmon 1/16- 1/8 - 1/4 oz Walleyes and Bass 1/16 - 1/8 - 3/8 - 1/2 oz. Northern Pike and Muskies 3/4 - 1 - 1 1/2 oz. Lake Trout and Stripers 3/4 - 1 - 1 1/2 - 2 oz. Jigs Dressed Many jigs are dressed by adding hair, feathers, tinsel, soft plastic, silicone or rubber skirts to the molded hook shank, it adds bulk and profile reducing the sink rate in replicating forage such as crawfish, leeches, minnows and amphibians. Here are some common type of dressed jigs: Listed below is a reference guide to help you identify the common types of jigs and how they are used: Bass Jigs These are also known as flipping jigs and are a very popular lure for largemouth and small mouth bass. Bass jigs will feature a low profile stand-up head design from 1/8 oz to 3/4 oz, the lighter weights are excellent for finesse fishing smallmouths, the heavier weights are used cover fishing largemouths in weeds and for flipping (an underhand toss of the jig to a specific area). Most all bass jigs will have some type of weed guard (strands of fiber or plastic) along with an internal rattle. The body dressing is usually a silicone or living rubber skirt with some tied with hair. As the jig enters the water the dressing pulsates upon the drop and will quiver as the jig is hopped along the bottom. A widely used addition to the bass jig is a split tail trailer to replicate claws of a crawfish. Until recently the use of pork rind were the standard trailer thus the phrase "Jig & Pig" was born. With the many advancements of colors and impregnated scents in soft plastics today, they're becoming the popular choice with many anglers. Darseet Garasia Page 84 All you need to know about “FISHING” Tied Dressing Jigs Depending on their size dressed jigs can be used for most all species including: panfish, crappies, bass, stripers, northern pike, walleyes, and lake trout. The dressing material is tied to the jig collar to form a body they include: bucktail hair, marabou, mylar and tinsel which provides a mimicking life like action in the water of minnows and other aquatic life. Dressed jigs also holds fish scent well and can be tipped with live bait as an added attractant. Soft Plastic Dressed Jigs Fishing with soft plastic jigs bodies gives the angler countless choices of options from colors, scents, shapes to types: grubs, reapers, worms, tubes, lizards, crawfish, leeches and minnow bodies. By far the most used when fishing a jig and plastic combination is the curly tail grub. This presentation will be successful for any freshwater game fish, straight retrieved or trolled the tail vibrations resembles a baitfish, when using a split tailed grub or tube hopped along the bottom with short snaps replicates a crawfish. Jigs tipped with reaper flat tail will imitate a leech swimming through the water. The subtle action of a paddle tail on minnow bodies mimics a baitfish when retrieved. Recently many new soft plastic baits have evolved by incorporating the jig head into the body of the bait, making the bait feel more natural when the fish strikes. With these new soft plastic baits life like patterns and holographic colors have been introduced to imitate the realistic look and flash of baitfish. Live Bait Jigs Fishing with live bait jigged slowly at times of the year can be a deadly presentation especially when the water temperature is colder and the fishes metabolic rate reduces making them reluctant to chase faster moving lures. Rigging techniques for live bait are simple, always hook the bait, minnows, worms and leeches through the head or snout. Darseet Garasia Page 85 All you need to know about “FISHING” Jigs designed for live bait have no collar hook required to hold soft plastic's, they include: Round head, swimming, wobble, propeller, stand up floating and weedless. For using live minnows the preferred choice is a short shank round and floating head with the option of a stinger hook attachment for short striking fish. Other live bait jig options are spinner blades mounted underneath the head to produce added vibration and flash. Floating Jigs As the name of this jig implies they float. Floating jigs come in two types hard bodied and soft bodied, both require using weights or a form of rigging such as: sliding sinker, bottom bouncer or simple split shot rig. Floating jigs are used for live bait and are a great choice when presenting the bait just off the bottom on lakes and rivers. Weedless Jigs Weedless jigs are an excellent choice when fishing live bait in cover, the guard prevents getting snagged on weeds and brush. The hook guard is made of trimable plastic bristles, wire or a plastic V shape and are anchored in the jig head facing upwards towards and covering the hook point allowing the jig to ride over and through underwater obstructions. Fishing with Jigs Jigs can be a highly effective fishing presentation when the proper set-up (rod, reel, line and jig) is Darseet Garasia Page 86 All you need to know about “FISHING” used. Unlike a spoon or inline spinner, when a fish strikes the lure and hooks itself, a jig bite most often is very light as the fish inhales the bait usually on the fall when the jig is settling towards the bottom. To detect strikes more easily jigs should be fished with stiff (fast action) sensitive rod with enough flex to cast your jig along with using the lightest possible line for the species and fishing conditions. This will help you feel the bite on the retrieve or when the jig is sinking by keeping the line taut. Many expert anglers use the fishing line as a strike indicator, when the jig sinks they watch the line for any subtle twitches signaling a strike or if the line stops indicating a fish is moving upward with the jig. To optimize the visual of fishing line jig fisherman prefer to use fluorescent colored line over clear monofilament and wear polarized sunglasses improving the line visibility even more. Suggested Rod & Reel Set-ups Panfish (Bluegills Crappies and Perch) Ultra light action spinning rod and reel spooled with 2-4lb test line Walleyes Light to medium light action spinning rod and reel spooled with 4-6lb test line Bass (Finesse) Medium light to medium spinning action rod and reel spooled with 8-10lb test line (Heavy Cover) Medium to medium heavy action bait casting rod and reel spooled with 12-17lb test line Northern Pike Medium to medium heavy action bait casting rod and reel spooled with 12-20lb test line Darseet Garasia Page 87 All you need to know about “FISHING” Fishing Soft Plastics The evolution of soft plastic baits has greatly advanced over the years virtually giving anglers a wide variety and selection for all game fish. Soft plastics offer many advantages over hard bodied lures such as crank baits and spoons that does not have the soft texture as real food. When a fish strikes a soft plastic bait it feels natural so fish will mouth it longer giving the angler extra time to set the hook. In making soft bait’s the plastic is heated into a liquid form then poured in a mold to replicate the shape, grub, worm, baitfish, crawfish, lizard, frogs, and insects. During the bait making process additional ingredients can be added to appeal to the fish’s senses such as, scents, layered colors, metal flakes, and flavors. Other significant details of soft baits today in manufacturing is to add life like realistic features like crescent rings on worms and grubs, floating claws on crawfish, web feet and feelers on amphibians, holographic and translucent flash on shad and minnow baits replicating the scales of baitfish. Other benefits in fishing with soft plastics are rigging the hook, the point can be buried into the body of the bait where it cannot snag underwater obstructions such as dense weeds, rocks, brush and logs, but yet the hook will penetrate through the soft bait when you set the hook. Another is scents, they can be treated with bottled-paste attractants or purchase them already molded in. Soft plastic’s will hold scents much longer than hard bodied lures that wash off quickly. Fishing set-ups with Soft Plastic’s In casting or vertical jigging the smallest soft plastic lures for panfish and crappies use ultra light spinning gear spooled with 4-6lb test monofilament. Species such as walleyes and smallmouth bass with a mid sized plastic’s use a medium light to medium spinning gear with 6-8lb test monofilament. In using larger plastic’s with hooks buried into the bait that requires a strong hook set for large mouth bass and northern pike use medium to medium heavy bait casting gear spooled with 14 to 20lb test low stretch monofilament line. For muskies that have the largest plastic’s up to and over 1lb use heavy to extra heavy bait casting gear spooled with 50 to 80lb low stretch abrasion resistance braided line. Many rod manufactures specializes in making powerful fast action rods dedicated for soft plastic fishing. The popular use by anglers of soft plastics has skyrocketed over the years by the increased number of new products introduced annually by lure companies this is evident with fishing tackle pro shops in store displays, catalog pages for online and print buyers guides. As a reference listed below are a few of the most commonly used soft plastics in order to help you identify each type. Darseet Garasia Page 88 All you need to know about “FISHING” Worms The invention of the plastic worm spawned more variations of soft plastic baits than any other in fishing lure history. Grubs, jerk worms, crawfish, tubes, lizards, swim/baitfish all where developed based on the introduction of the soft plastic worm technology back in 1949 by a Ohio luremaker. Worms come in sizes from a few inches for trout and panfish up to 12 inches for bass and pike. The types ( floating and sinking) and the colors of worms made today are in hundreds of thousands with the multitude of color variations and scents. The main fish attracting action components of worms are the texture (ringed, ribbed or smooth) affecting the sink rate and the tail (ribbon, twister, paddle, or straight) which provides vibrations when the worm is moved. In rigging a worm, there are two options pre-rigged with a hook or series of hooks, or using a Texas rig the most common, Carolina rig, wacky rig and the drop shot rig. Grubs Fishing with soft plastic grubs has been a longtime favorite among anglers for all species. Grubs are composed of soft plastic round body either ringed, ribbed or smooth, combined with single curly tail, double curly split tail, paddle tail, or straight tails for various actions. Grubs come in various lengths from 1" up to 12" and hundreds of colors combinations. The most common use for grubs is tipped on a jig, or as a trailer on a inline spinners and spinner baits. Grubs are also popular to fish using a drop shot rig, split shot rig and Carolina rigs. Darseet Garasia Page 89 All you need to know about “FISHING” Baitfish Soft plastic baitfish come in numerous sizes and colors to mimic forage fish. Determine what baitfish are in the waters you’re fishing and select a profile size and color to match, for a natural presentation. Usually the smaller the better. Many soft plastic baitfish baits feature a paddle tail that wiggles when retrieved, but others have curly tails and forked tails that give them swimming action. Fishing soft plastic baitfish imitations are a excellent choice jigged along the bottom or brought in on a straight retrieve. Tubes Tubes are rounded hollow soft plastic bodied bait open ended with a series of tentacles on the base. The main body is usually smooth but some have a ribbed exterior. The interior hollow design works well with holding liquid or paste scents. Tubes range in sizes from 1"-2" for crappies and panfish 3"-6" for largemouth and smallmouth bass up to 14" for big pike and muskies. Most often tubes are rigged using a weighted tube jig placed within the tube’s body or to make a tube weedless anglers use a wide gap hook threading it through the nose and securing the hook into the body on the outer wall of the tube. Upon casting a tube it will display a spiral action on the fall with the tentacles undulating providing a injured baitfish look, in jigging the tube off the bottom it will appear as a crawfish imitation especially good for feeding smallmouth bass. Tubes can be rigged as bait using a Texas Rig, Carolina Rig, or on a drop shot rig. Darseet Garasia Page 90 All you need to know about “FISHING” Crawfish The soft plastic crawfish or crawdad is a deadly on bass when presented along rocky bottom area’s. The main feature of a imitation crawfish is the pinchers when tipped on a jig it gives the bait a realistic defensive posture by raising it's claws that sends bass a signal to feed. Crawfish soft plastic’s are available from craw trailers to the highly detailed featuring pinchers, antennae, legs, abdomen and tail. Lizards Fishing with a lizard in the early season especially during the bass spawn is particularly effective, as bass absolutely hate lizards. Various lizards have a reputation as bass bed robbers, they will raid a nest and eat the bass eggs even before the bass guardian has a chance to react. Lizards come is a wide variety of colors, scents, ribbed, smooth, floating and sinking. The most common fishing techniques are similar to fishing plastic worms, using Texas and Carolina rigs or tipped on a jig for flipping and pitching. Darseet Garasia Page 91 All you need to know about “FISHING” Leeches & Reapers Leeches and reapers are a basic variation of a soft plastic grub, rounded head and body leading to a soft thin membrane sides. The smaller reapers resemble a leech while the larger reapers mimic baitfish. The sizes start from 3" for walleye and bass up to 12" for pike and muskies. Most anglers rig a leech/reaper tipped on a jig head inserting the hook through the head or use a split shot rig and a single hook. Reapers are a good bait to use on waters that receive a high amount of angling pressure. Frogs Using a floating soft plastic frog around the lily pads for bass is exhilarating as the bass comes out of the water and engulfs your lure. The advantages of soft-plastic surface frogs are, they are weedless with the hooks positioned against the body, they feel natural with their soft spongy body, so the bass will hang on to the lure longer giving more time for the angler to set the hook. The best fishing tip we can offer while using a top water frog is fish slow. After a cast let the frog sit until the ripples subside now pop or twitch the frog once or twice, then let the frog sit for a few seconds and repeat. To change up the presentation upon reaching weed pocket or opening let the frog sit and just barely twitch the frog so just the legs quiver. Summertime bass laying in the weeds aren’t active most of the time, but can be enticed by a easy meal. Darseet Garasia Page 92 All you need to know about “FISHING” Magnum From the 1950’s through the 1970’s the soft plastic bait industry was focused on worms and grubs used for bass. That changed in the 1980’s when small basement lure companies started producing larger soft plastic lures designed for pike and muskies. This spawned a revolution in the 1990’s regarding the soft plastic lure market as larger companies began taking notice and adding larger soft plastic baits to there product line. Today there are hundreds of variations, colors, combinations of hard bodied soft tail baits, some even weighing 1 lb and 15 inches in length. Fishing with super sized soft plastic’s opened a new chapter and presentation for pike and muskies anglers through out the world. Darseet Garasia Page 93 All you need to know about “FISHING” Fishing Tackle Boxes for Storage When people think of sport fishing, they automatically think of rods, reels, lures, and live bait. Having an organized tackle box is as important fishing tool as you’re rod and reel set-up. Organize all of your lures, baits and terminal tackle in one easy-to-find location will enable you to become a more efficient angler. Today. tackle boxes and soft bags come in every size and shape imaginable, leaving the beginning angler a vast array of choices in finding one which is right for them. Starting you’re tackle box can seem challenging, but if you stick to the basics, you'll be able to get started with no problems. In the decision process of which tackle box suits you’re needs, consider the purchase of expensive fishing lures and gear as an investment, which requires proper care and storage to be used for years to come. We have witnessed the unfortunate experience of anglers lack of maintenance and care of their tackle only to find the condition poor and unusable upon a preparation for a trip or on the water. It only takes a few necessary minutes to ensure proper care and storage. Follow these storage maintenance quick steps to ensure that your gear will be ready to go again when you are: Air Out the Tackle Box Upon return from a fishing trip open the tackle box allowing the lures to dry. Hang the wet inline spinners with hair or hard baits on the side of the box to dry. If you’re caught in rain and have puddles on water in the box remove all tackle, wipe out all water, let the lures dry and replace. Rust on hooks diminishes the strength of the hook and reduces the sharpness, rusty hooks also stains the beautiful paint finish of lures. Soft Plastics and Biodegradable Baits: With the popularity of fishing with soft plastics and biodegradable baits we recommend for storing use the containers or bags they were sold in, as many of today’s soft baits come with scents impregnated into there bodies. When using soft baits for trailers ( a soft bait attached to a hook on a inline spinner, spinner bait, dressed jig or a spoon) remove after use. Soft plastics through heat, sun or a chemical reaction have a tendency to melt on the hook affecting the paint of a spoon or the dressing on a spinner or jig. Biodegradable baits if left on will shrink onto the hook the has to be cutoff. Darseet Garasia Page 94 All you need to know about “FISHING” Off Season Tips It is a wise practice every year before the new fishing season or you’re first trip to re-spool new fishing line and grease the reels. It’s also time to wipe clean and organize the tackle box. Replace any rusty hooks, and split rings on lures, go through and organize the terminal tackle, hooks, sinkers and bobbers. Time to add new lures you heard or read about for the upcoming season as well. Once you start to enjoy fishing more regularly, you will find out the most productive lures and the one’s that are not. Over time you will build a collection of successful lures learning what methods and presentations work for each species of fish. Fishing Tackle Box Features In selecting a tackle box, consider these aspects before buying: Size 1. The size and function of your tackle box should largely depend on your intended use. Muskie and Northern Pike fisherman will require a larger box to hold lure from 6 inches and up, while panfish anglers require a smaller box to hold terminal tackle and smaller lures. The other consideration is where you fish; from a boat, or shoreline, weight and mobility should be a factor. A large drawer type or hanging box is best suited for a boat where as the soft sided carry all is best used for shoreline river fisherman or fly-in trips. Durability 2. After organizing you’re tackle box the last thing you don’t want is the box opening on you spilling your tackle and lures out on the boat, dock or in the water. A tackle box should be able to handle the wear and tear of fishing and be strong. When buying a new box test the latch, make sure it closes tight. Tackle boxes with metal latches hold better than all plastic. Water Resistance 3. Most tackle boxes are made of materials that is water resistance. Check to see where the box closes and if water can still in. Any moisture left unchecked can create mold and rust on the hooks. Some of the higher priced tackle boxes come with watertight covers, ventilation and water drainage ports to remove any water that snuck in. Extra Space 4. Consider having a extra storage area for gear other than lures, leaders and terminal tackle etc. It’s nice to have and you don’t forget the release tools (pliers, jaw spreaders and bolt cutters) as well as head lamps for night fishing, hook sharpener and extra reels or line spools when the need occurs. Fishing Tackle Box Types There are numerous kinds of tackle boxes, each having its own special advantages and design features. Here is a description of the most common types of tackle boxes Darseet Garasia Page 95 All you need to know about “FISHING” Trunk-Tray Type Box: The trunk type tray box is the most popular and is usually the first anglers box or received as a gift. This box has a long hinge cover when opened one two or three trays that accordion outward over the lid which lays flat. Dependent on the size the lower half of the trunk-tray box generally is deep enough for extra storage. Many anglers own several of these types set-up for species specific fishing presentations. Trunk tray boxes are usually smaller, fit well into limited areas and are light weight allowing the angler mobility and quick access to there gear and lures. Hip-Roof Type Box: The hip-roof type of box is a modified trunk-tray box, when opened both sides have tackle trays that also accordion outward leaving a large bottom compartment for additional storage. Hip-roofed boxes provides a large amount of organized storage with multiple compartmented trays giving the angler easy access and visibility to their tackle once opened. Many anglers use the hip-roof tackle box as their home storage and use smaller trunk tray boxes for day trips. However for long trips or if you wish to take along you’re complete tackle selection the hip roof box are great. Darseet Garasia Page 96 All you need to know about “FISHING” Drawer Type Box: Drawer type boxes are a good choice when fishing from a boat, where space is limited, it sits vertically and the drawers slide out. They also are good for wet weather fishing with the exception of opening the drawers everything will stay dry. From organizing your tackle, drawers can be identified by lure type so you know before opening the drawer. Extra storage is a plus on drawer type boxes with a large cover storage or a single bottom drawer, for storing reels, release tools, trolling tools (dodgers, flashers and dipsey divers) hook sharpeners, flashlights etc… As with all large tackle boxes some anglers prefer to use the drawer type box as their home storage, and have smaller specialty utility boxes for day to day trips. Satchel Type Box: These briefcase type boxes come in a variety of styles and sizes, from one- to two-sided openers. Satchels are versatile from small lightweight models that carry a dozen of lures or panfish terminal tackle up to larger models that handle dozens of larger lures. The see through sides allow you to identify lures instantly. They make excellent tackle boxes in putting together separate lures and gear for a day on a lake or river trips. Darseet Garasia Page 97 All you need to know about “FISHING” Soft Side Type: Soft side bags are becoming the most popular tackle storage systems in the fishing world today. They are lightweight, waterproof and give the angle total flexibility to hold a variety of plastic utility boxes along with having numerous storage pockets for extra reels fishing tools and a camera. The convenience that soft side bags offer the angler is take only the boxes you need for that day. If you’re crappie fishing no need to take the pike or bass gear. Now you can build component boxes per each species: panfish - bass & pike - trout and muskie and use the soft side bag as the carry-all. When making a decision to purchase a soft side bag bigger is better. Depending on the dimensions of the bag, utility boxes can number anywhere from two to six or more, while two may work for panfish and crappies, having six to eight will be more versatile for bass, pike and muskies. Make sure the shoulder straps are padded, this helps when carrying to the boat or along the shore. Check to see if the straps and handles have reinforced stitching providing toughness and strength. A sturdy waterproof material is mandatory that resists punctures and tears. Hanging Type Box: The hanging box has become popular by Muskie anglers as the box of choice for storing extra large lures. The interior features a set of removable dividers or a grid of square compartments made of colored plastic or clear polycarbonate (Lexan) with slots to hang lures by the rear hook. This makes it easy for easy access, view color selection, eliminates tangled hooks and allows wet lures to dry. The exterior case are available in waterproof plastic, tightly woven padded material or clear uv-resistant polycarbonate (Lexan). The design of hanging type box also works well for Great Lakes trolling spoons,Walleye crankbaits, Bass spinnerbaits, and with foam tubes inserts ideal for wrapping crawler harnesses, live bait rigs or snells with storage for bottom bouncers and bait walkers. The hanging box are available from magnum boat boxes, small portable over the shoulder carry on and boat seat slip over pedestal types. Darseet Garasia Page 98 All you need to know about “FISHING” Fishing Glossary We have assembled definitions on common and not so common types of fishing words, phrases and terms used in written fishing reports, articles, publications as well as online fishing discussion forums. A Active Fish Fish that are striking and feeding actively. Adaptation Biological adjustments to the fish environment. Adipose Fin A small fleshy fin on a salmon's back between the dorsal fin and the tail. All members of the salmon family have them. Algae A aquatic plant organism. Alkalinity Measurement of the percentage of acid neutralizing bases. Alley Area’s in weed beds that lack weed growth. Anadromous Fish that live most of their adult life in saltwater but spawn in freshwater. Anal Fin A single fin located beneath the tail near the vent. Angler Any person who fishes with a rod and reel or cane pole. Angling Sport fishing for enjoyment, catching one fish at a time using a hook. Anti -Reverse Reel locking system that prevents back reeling. Aerator Powered air infusion pump adding oxygen to water. Auger Used for ice fishing to drill holes through the ice. Augers come in gas powered or manual back power. Darseet Garasia Page 99 All you need to know about “FISHING” B Backlash Overrun of fishing line from reel spool when casting. Backing Line Baitcasting / Trolling /Reels Monofilament line tied between dacron or the new super braided lines to prevent line slippage. Fly Reels Nylon or dacron line tied between the fly line and the reel to act as additional line if a longer length than the flyline is required to play a fish. Bag Limit State Natural Resource Department set limit on number of game fish caught daily. Bail The metal semi circular bar located on a open faced spinning reel that retrieves fishing line. Bait Casting A type of reel mounted on the top of the rod with a level wind revolving spool. Bait Fish Main forage feed for game fish. Bait Restrictions Limitations to the type of bait sport anglers may use. Ball The weight attached to a downrigger cable for depth controlled trolling. Bar A lake structure consisting of a long hump or ridge. Barb The spur found on the point of fish hooks. Basic Fish Needs Security, food and reproduction area’s. Bay A shoreline major indentation on any type of water system. Belly Roll A action using minnow or glider type lure by rolling exposing the belly flash. Bite When a fish strikes or takes your bait / lure also known as a hit and strike. Darseet Garasia Page 100 All you need to know about “FISHING” Blades Main fish attracting component found on inline spinners, spinner baits, buzz baits, tail spinners. Blade Baits Weighted flat metal lures used for vertical jigging. Blank Description for a unfinished fishing rod with out guides or handle. Bobber The bobber also known as a slip, cork or float serves two angling functions: A surface strike indicator and a controlled depth presentation using live bait or lure. Bobbin Tool for holding a spool of thread while tying flies, inline spinner and spinner bait tails which allows the thread to be dispensed with a controlled tension. Boga Grip Trade name for a fish landing, handling and weighting tool. Bottom Bouncer A fishing rig made of stiff metal wire with a weight and formed as a number 7. Used to present live bait or artificial lures on the bottom minimizing snagging on structure. Break / Break Line Description of abrupt change in depth, bottom type, weeds, or water clarity. Bream Term used for Bluegill / Sunfish. Bronzeback Term for Small Mouth Bass. Brushline The inside/outside edge of a brushpile. Brushpile Structure either manmade or by nature consists of downed trees, limbs and brush. Bucket mouth Term for Large Mouth Bass. Bucktail A inline spinner tied with Deer, Squirrel hair or Synthetic dressings on hook. Bulger Inline spinner with two blades also referred as twin blade and double blade. Bullet Weight A lead or steel slip sinker shaped as a bullet. Mainly used in front of soft plastic lures: worms, lizards and crawfish for bass. Darseet Garasia Page 101 All you need to know about “FISHING” Bumping The act of making contact using artificial lures such as crank baits or jigs on lake structure (logs/rocks) or the lake bottom to entice a strike. Buzzbait Similar to the spinner bait used on the surface with a propeller replacing the blade. Buzzing A type of fast or quick straight line retrieve, also called ripping, burning and bulging. Lures used buzz baits, spinner baits, inline spinners and surface lures. C Cabbage A common name for the submerged aquatic plant from the Potamogeton species. Carolina Rig A fishing rig used to present the lure on the bottom. The set-up is first a barrel slip weight typically ½ oz or more is threaded on the line then a swivel is tied as a weight stop, on the other end of the swivel a leader is tied from 16” to 34” to the lure. To add sound place a glass bead behind the weight before the swivel this will click upon the weight hitting the bead. Carrying Capacity The number of species a specific areas habitat can support. Catch and Release Sport angling for fish and releasing them back immediately. Some areas allow sport angling, but require release of fish, in these areas, specific types of tackle is required. Caudal Fin The tail fin. Channels The bed of a river or stream also found on flowages and impoundment lakes. Chromer Term used for steelhead or a rainbow trout. Chugger Surface lure with a cupped mouth creating a splash when pulled. Clarity Refers to the amount of visibility of viewing underwater objects or your lure. Cold Front Refers to a weather condition when a high clear sky front moves in dropping the temperature. Darseet Garasia Page 102 All you need to know about “FISHING” Contact Point A term used to regarding any lake structure that provides fishing action. Such as a bar, rock pile or weed edge. Controlled Drift Known also as drift fishing, when a trolling motor, oars or drift sock is used to control a drift along structure or direction. Colors Term used for number of color segments of lead core line. Coontail A common name for submerged aquatic plant from the Hornwort species. Count Down A fishing technique by counting down a lure to fish a specific depth. Count Down Lures Weighted lures than sink approximately one foot per second. Cove A small indentation on a shoreline. Cover General term used describing any type of lake structure natural or manmade that game fish relate too. Crankbait Refers to a minnow imitating lure with a diving lip or lipless. Creatures General term used for fishing with soft plastics imitating: Lizards, Crawfish, Water Dogs, Frogs and Tadpoles. Creel Fish basket or personal fish carrier used to carry fish when fishing on or near shore. Creeper Surface lure straight or jointed with metal wings mounted on sides that provides a unique plopping sound. Used on calm water. Crib A manmade underwater fish shelter, constructed from logs 6’ x 6’ square with brush inside. Placed on ice in winter for positioning. Crimp On Fastening sleeve used on steel and nylon leaders. Cross Lock A type of snap tied directly to fishing line or as a component on a leader. Darseet Garasia Page 103 All you need to know about “FISHING” Crustacean ( Crayfish ) A aquatic animal with a segmented body and outer shell. Crystal Flash Trade name for a synthetic stringy material used in many streamer, fly and inline spinner hook dressing to add flash and color. D Dabbling A fishing technique in which the angler works the lure up and down “Dabbling” in the same spot for a period of time. Daily catch and possession limits Daily catch limits is the amount of fish, by species, that can be caught in one day. Possession limits refer to how many an angler may have in possession while in the field or during transport. Deer Hair Body hair from deer which is used in many fly, inline spinner dressings to supply body and floatation. Depthfinder A electronic device using sonar that measures the depth of water, shows bottom type, structure. weeds, and suspended fish. Also known as a Fish finder, Graph, Flasher or LCD (Liquid Crystal Display). Downrigger Used specifically for constant trolling depth. The downrigger is a winch-type mechanism that feeds cable off a rotating reel through a guide system along an extension arm. A weight is attached to the end of the cable and the line release is attached to the weight. The fishing line from an independent rod is attached to the release mechanisms on the downrigger cable. By lowering the weight (ball), you can drop the line down to the desired depth. A footage counter is connected to the reel unit to indicate the specific amount of cable that has been released. At the desired depth the reel is locked into place. Disgorger A hook removing device that removes deeply embedded hooks from fish. Dipsy Diver The dipsy diver is a circular trolling diving device attached to the fishing line that will enable to send lures down to a set depth and out to the side of your boat. Dodger A fishing rig component for trolling made from metal or plastic in numerous colors. The dodger is flat attractor with bent edges that sways back and forth to mimic a feeding salmon. Tied directly on the fishing line above a trolling fly or squid. Dorsal Fin The large single fin located along the back of fish. Darseet Garasia Page 104 All you need to know about “FISHING” Drag A braking device on fishing reels that allow line to feed out preventing breakage when the reel is engaged playing a fish. Drop Off A sudden vertical drop in water depth. Drop Shot A fishing rig used primarily for bass fishing. A hook tied directly to the line using a palomar knot leaving a tag end for the bell weight attachment. The hook is usually 16 to 24 inches above the weight and hangs at 90 degrees with the hook point up rigged with soft plastic worms or grubs. Drift Sock Used for controlled drifting or trolling is in effect a underwater parachute when deployed slows the boat drift rate or trolling speed. Also known as boat brakes, wind fighters, boat-positioners, currentcompensators, and sea anchors. E Ecosystem A complex ecological community or environment that contains organisms (eg, plants, animals, bacteria) interacting with one another forming a functioning whole. Edge Effect Where two habitat types join together resulting in increased diversity for vegetation and wildlife. Epilimnion The upper, wind-mixed layer of a thermally stratified lake. This water is turbulently mixed throughout at least some portion of the day and because of its exposure, can freely exchange dissolved gases such as Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide with the atmosphere. Erie Dearie A trade name for a weight forward spinner blade with single hook using a night crawler. Mainly used on Lake Erie. Esox Term used for describing a Muskie / Musky. Ethics Personal code of conduct based on respect for one's self, others, and your surroundings. Estuary The mouth of a river where fresh water meets and mixes with salt water. Eutrophication The process by which lakes and streams are enriched by nutrients, and the resulting increase in plant and algae. The extent to which this process has occurred is reflected in a lake's trophic classification: oligotrophic (nutrient poor), mesotrophic (moderately productive), and eutrophic (very productive and fertile). Darseet Garasia Page 105 All you need to know about “FISHING” Eyes Term used for describing a Walleye. F Fan Cast Systematic series of casts covering a specific area. Farm Pond Manmade body of water. Fatheads A commercially sold minnow as live bait used for most gamefish. Feeder Creek Tributary to a stream or river. Feeding Cycles / Times Best fishing times of the day or night associated with the positioning of the sun and moon and are related to a solunar chart for major and minor feeding periods; Sunrise, Sunset. Fillet Removal of bones and skin from flesh of fish to prepare for cooking. Figure 8 Technique used on triggering fish to bite upon the completion of a cast. The figure eight is drawing a sideways eight in the water with your rod tip. Finesse Fishing A fishing technique by using very light tackle. Fish Hair Synthetic hair used in tying streamers and flies. Flat Underwater area with lack of structure. Flat Lining A trolling presentation by releasing line and lure off the back of the boat. Flasher A fishing rig component for trolling made from metal or plastic in numerous colors. The flasher is flat attractor with bent edges that rotates 360 degrees to mimic a feeding salmon. Tied directly on the fishing line above a trolling fly or squid. Flipping A underhand casting technique placing a lure to a precise spot in a quite manner. Darseet Garasia Page 106 All you need to know about “FISHING” Flipping Stick A type of rod designed and used for flipping, 7-8 feet long Float A term also for bobber, used as a strike indicator for live bait fishing. Floatant Material applied to flies and leaders in order to cause them to float on the surface of the water. Typically sold in liquid or paste form, although dry shake crystals have recently been found on the market. Floating Jig A jig hook wrapped with a floating material of hollow plastic or foam. Used with a weight to present live bait off the bottom. Florida Rig Similar to a Texas rig for Bass with the weight attached (screwed on) to the lure Flashabou Commercial name for a colorful synthetic filament material used in fly tying for adding flash to streamers, inline spinners as well spinner baits. Floss Material for tying flies. Flowage A water system developed by the use of a dam for flood control. Low lying area’s, existing lakes and rivers are generally used to develop a flowage. Fly Great Lakes Fly’s Tied using synthetic materials for color and flash. Used behind flashers and dodgers to represent salmon and trout forage. Fly Fishing Fly’s and Streamers An artificial lure hand tied using natural animal hair and feathers to mimic insects, larva and other stream forage. Fly Casting The process of casting a fly line out onto the water. Fly Line A weighted line which is cast out onto the water to deliver the fly to the desired location. Can be found in many densities and tapers. Floating Line A fly line design to float on the surface of the water along its entire length. Typically used for dry fly fishing and shallow water nymphing. Forceps A surgical tool used to remove hooks from fish. Darseet Garasia Page 107 All you need to know about “FISHING” Fluorocarbon A type on monofilament (clear) fishing line or leader material. Forage Any type of indigenous food for game fish, minnows, crawfish, frogs, mayfly larve nymphs and zooplankton. FOW Abbreviation for "feet of water." Front Any weather system that has a effect in changing temperature, rain, wind and barometric pressure. Fry Life stage of fish still very young. Full Core Ten colors or a full, standard 100-yard spool of lead core line. G Game Fish Fish that are fished for as sport and subject to regulations of take. Gear Ratio Measurement of number of times a reel spool revolves for each turn of the handle. Gills The lungs of a fish, as water flows across the gills the oxygen within them diffuses into the fishes blood and is carried though out of the body. Gill Net A net either pulled behind a boat or set from shore with floats on top and weights on the bottom to make it hold it upright in the water. As fish swim into the net they are caught on there gill plates. Gill Plate A bony protective flap that covers the gills. Glider Term used to describe a Muskie / Northern Pike type minnow lipless lure. A glider travels through the water on a horizontal plane moving side to side by using a cadence pull retrieve. GPS (GPS) Global Positioning System is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense. The GPS system make it possible for people with ground receivers to pinpoint their geographic location in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day. There are no subscription fees or setup charges to use GPS. Darseet Garasia Page 108 All you need to know about “FISHING” Graph Term used to describe a paper recorded depth finder. Grayline A depth finder feature that allows the angler to distinguish between hard and soft bottom content, also helps separate fish and important structures on or near the bottom from the actual bottom. Greaser A term used for a Lake Trout. Grubs A short soft plastic worm with a swimming/curlytail used on jigs, or plain hooks. Grubs comes in hundreds of colors and shapes. H Habitat The area where organisms live. Must provide adequate food, water, shelter and space. Hard Mono A type of leader material made from monofilament line. Hatchery A facility where fish and raised for stocking. Half Core Five colors or "half" of a standard 100-yard spool of lead core trolling line. Hawg Term used for large fish. Head Lamps A battery powered flashlight type attachment on your hat or headgear for night fishing. Holding Area Term used for structure that habitually holds game fish. Holographic Type of flash finish on lures in manufacturing or added by using lure finish tape. Honey Hole Term used for area that constantly produces fish. Hook Hard wire formed into semi circle with sharpened point and barbed. Hook Cutters Tool used to cut hooks from fish for releasing. Also called bolt cutters. Darseet Garasia Page 109 All you need to know about “FISHING” Horizontal Movement Distance of migrating fish movements remaining at the same depth. Hump Underwater area higher than the surrounding area. Hypolimnion The bottom, and most dense layer of a stratified lake. It is typically the coldest layer in the summer and warmest in the winter. It is isolated from wind mixing and typically too dark for much plant photosynthesis to occur. Hypothermia The rapid and abnormal chilling of the body. I Ichthyology Study of fish, their classification, structures, habits and history. Inactive Fish Game fish that are non feeding caused by weather / temperature changes, or fluctuations in water levels. Inline Spinner Straight wire lure with blade (s) a weighted body and hook dressed or undressed. Inside Bend Term for the inside curve of structure also called inside turn. Invasive Species A species is regarded as invasive if it has been introduced by human action to a location, area, or region where it did not previously occur naturally. Invertebrate An animal without a backbone, such as insects. Isolated Structure Stand alone fish attracting structure can be a hump, downed tree, brush pile or crib. J Jaw Spreaders A catch and release tool made from hard wire coiled to hold the mouth of a fish open in removing lures or hooks. Mainly used for large game fish Muskie, Northern Pike. Darseet Garasia Page 110 All you need to know about “FISHING” Jerk Bait The name jerk bait refers to the retrieve the angler uses by short pulls or jerks. There are two categories of jerk baits soft plastic’s jerks and hard minnow type jerks. Soft plastic’s jerks are used primarily for bass. Hard jerks are used for most all species including the larger jerk baits for Muskie and Northern Pike. Jig A hook with molded weight attached in lead or steel. Jigs come plain undressed or dressed with hair, marabou, rubber skirts and soft plastic’s. Jig-N-Pig A bass lure using a jig dressed with a rubber skirt and a pork rind or plastic trailer attached to the hook to mimic a crayfish. Jointed Lures Any lure that has a single or multiple pieces that are joined together. K Keeper Term used for game fish that exceeds the minimum set size limit. L Lake Modifications Environmental elements on water systems that causes changes. Ice and wave erosion, droughts and flooding. Lake Zones Categories used to describing water zones: Shallow, Deep, Open Water, First and Second Break lines and Basin. Laydowns A log or tree that has fallen into the water caused from beavers, erosion or wind. Lateral line A system of sense organs in fish: a series of pores or canals running along a line on each side of the body and on the head; detects pressure changes, including vibrations, in the water. Larva Sub surface stage of development of an aquatic insect. Leader General The leader is the connection between the main fishing line and the lure. Made from steel wire, nylon Darseet Garasia Page 111 All you need to know about “FISHING” or heavy monofilament the purpose is to minimize bite off’s from game fish. The components of a leader is a snap - wire/nylon/mono and a swivel. Fly Fishing Section of line used between the flyline and the tippet. Often purchased as a tapered section, but can be assembled by tying successively smaller diameter sections of monofilament. Lead Core Line Lead covered braided line colored every ten yards for metering purposes. Comes in 100/200 yard spools used for depth controlled trolling. Leeches A commercially sold live bait known as ribbon leech not the blood sucking variety. Used for most game fish when available during the fishing season. Lentic Still water systems such as lakes and reservoirs Life Vest Personal floatation devices (PFD) to be worn while boating to keep person afloat if overboard. Limiting Factor A biological limitation to a self-sustaining fish population. Light Intensity Refers to the amount of sunlight that can be measured at certain depths of the water column. Line Guides Rod rings in which the line is held on a fishing rod. Line Releases Used on planer boards and downrigger weights, releases hold the fishing line until a strike from a fish. Clip on and tension held are the most popular. Lindy Rig Trade name for a popular live bait bottom rig using a walking sinker a line stop with a length of line attached to a hook or floating jig head. Lipless Crankbaits Minnow or shad type lures, fishing line is attached directly to the lure. Action is a tight vibrating wobble, some have internal rattles. Live well Aerated storage compartments found on boats for keeping the caught fish alive. Lotic Moving water systems such as streams and rivers. Logjam A collection of downed trees usually found by shore, bays or backwaters on rivers caused by current. Darseet Garasia Page 112 All you need to know about “FISHING” Lunker Term used for large fish caught. Lure Any artificial bait used to attract and catch fish. M Marabou Used for hook dressing on fly’s, inline spinners and spinner baits. Marabou used today comes from young turkey feathers dyed in many colors. Maximum Size Limit A fishing regulation which protects larger fish. Fish at or above stated size must be released. Metalimnion The middle or transitional zone between the well mixed epilimnion and the colder hypolimnion layers in a stratified lake. This layer contains the thermocline but is loosely defined depending on the shape of the temperature profile. Minimum Size Limit A fishing regulation which protect smaller fish. Fish not meeting the minimum size must be released. Migration Patterns Established patterns or paths that game fish use moving one area to another Minnow Bucket A metal or plastic live bait container for minnows. Perforated floating bait buckets can be dropped over the side of a boat or dock to allow a constant flow of fresh water. For solid bait buckets, a batterypowered aerator will keep bait alive all day. Minnow Trap Minnow traps are cylindrical, double-ended wire or plastic mesh funnels that narrow in the middle. They work on the principle that a small fish will swim into the trap to find food and is unable to find the way out. Minnow traps are baited with a sticky mix of oatmeal or cornmeal rolled into a golf-ballsized clump. The ball slowly breaks up providing fresh bait for long periods. Suspend the trap near a dock, on a stream, or at the head of a pool where the current slows. Milfoil A common name for submerged aquatic plant from the Myriophyllum species. Known as a invasive plant species Mono Abbreviation for monofilament line. Moon Phases Moon times or phases are considered by anglers best fishing times when the fish are feeding. There are four phases of the lunar cycle, the best is three days prior and after the new of full moon. The first and second quarter of the moon is rated as good fishing. Darseet Garasia Page 113 All you need to know about “FISHING” Mud Minnow A commercially sold minnow as live bait used on most game fish. N Night Bite Term for active fishing at night. Night Crawler A earth worm used as live bait, used on most game fish Neutrally Buoyant In context used to describe a suspending crank bait, upon stopping the retrieve the bait will remain at that water level. Nets Nets serve multiple purposes for fishing, landing fish, bait nets and as floating live wells. O Off Color Refers to water color such as stained or dark water. Outside Bend Term for the outside curve of structure also called outside turn. Oxbow U shaped bend in a creek or river. P Paper Mouth A term for crappie. Pattern A repetitive series of location and presentations that consistently produces fish. Pectoral Fin The paired fins located just behind the gills along the abdomen. Their function is to help the fish stop and turn. Pegging Placing a tooth pick in slip weights in order to fasten to the line. Darseet Garasia Page 114 All you need to know about “FISHING” PFD Abbreviation for Personal Floatation Device or Life Jacket. PH A measurement for liquids to determine acidity or alkaline. A rating of 0 to 14 is used, water with less than 7 is acidic. PH Meter A meter to measure acidity or alkaline. Pick-Up Term for soft bite or lite hit from a game fish. Pit Old mine that filled with water. Pitching A fishing technique by under handing a lure to a designated spot or area. Pixels Found on LCD liquid crystal depth finder display screens. A pixel is short for picture element a single point in a graphic image. LCD’s display the water below by dividing the screen into thousands of pixels, arranged in rows and columns The pixels are so close together that they appear connected. In purchasing a LCD depth finder the higher number of pixels the better screen resolution and clearer images. Planer Boards Used for trolling, planer boards are flat made from plastic or a dense floating foam with a beveled edge. They are attached to the fishing line by the use of a line release ( clip on / tension clip). Using planer boards allows the angler to run mutltiple lines by planning the boards off each side of the boat. Upon a fish strike the board will release to play the fish. On Great Lakes rigging a single release is used and a snap, keeping the board on the line. Plankton Small or microscopic plants and animals that float or drift in great numbers especially at or near the surface, and serve as food for fish and other larger game fish. Pocket Small opening in weeds or indentation on a shoreline. Point A outcropping or finger of land projecting into a water system. Polarized Sunglasses Polarized sunglasses reduces glare from the sun and allows the angler to view into the water. They work on the principle blocking the horizontal polarized light reflections by the vertically oriented polarizers in the lenses. Polarized lenses may also react adversely with liquid crystal displays LCDs depth finders in reading the display screen. Poppers Surface lure with a cupped mouth creating a splash when popped. Used for flying fishing and bass. Darseet Garasia Page 115 All you need to know about “FISHING” Pork Rind Made from pig skin pork rind attach as trailers to lures for added action. Post Front The weather after cold front moves through bringing clear blue bird skies and cooler temperatures. Presentation A term encompassing all elements in catching fish. Lure types and color, water depth, structure, retrieve or trolling technique which makes a successful presentation. Prism Type of flash finish on lures in manufacturing or added by using lure finish tape. Q Quick Strike Rigs A fishing rig of multiple hooks placed on live bait in order to set the hook upon a strike of a fish. Used primarily for ice fishing and muskie fishing with suckers. R Rattles Small metal balls used on inside of lures to create sound. Red Tail Chub A commercially sold minnow as live bait for Northern Pike and Walleyes. Red Worms A earth worm mainly used as bait for sunfish and perch. Reef Any submerged structure protruding off the bottom, natural such as rock piles or sand that vary in size and depth. An artificial reef is man made built for the purpose of promoting a underwater ecosystem in areas of generally a featureless bottom. Reservoir A type of water system that is developed by the use of a dam. Ripple Tail Type of flat tail made on soft plastic lures that ripple or undulate in the water. Also called curly tail, swimming tail, squirmin tail, and squirrelly tail. Riprap A man made stretch of boulders and rocks to prevent land erosion attracting many game fish. Found mainly on reservoirs, impoundment and flowages. Darseet Garasia Page 116 All you need to know about “FISHING” Rosy Reds A commercially sold minnow as live bait available in the winter months for ice fishing. Rough Fish Fish not considered sport fish and generally not regulated. Rubber Core Sinker A type of elongated sinker with a rubber core to attach ( twist on ) fishing line. S Saddle Lake structure that narrows and opens to a wide area. Sanctuary Area’s where fish are protected by the state Natural Resource Department. Scents Also known as fish formulas and attractants are marketed as sprays, liquids and jellies applied to lures to mask the human odor and attract game fish. Scents also are impregnated in manufacturing of soft plastic lures. Scents come in numerous different flavors or odors ranging from forage scents, crawfish, shad, minnow to spices, fruits and vegetables, salt, anise, cherry and garlic. Scoop Made in metal or plastic, a handle with a strainer type scoop to clean ice fishing holes. Search Lures Lures used in a quick presentation such as fan casting a areain order tofind aggressive fish, inline spinners, crank baits, and spinner baits are generally used. Seine A net laid out in a circle around a school of bait fish. After the school is surrounded, the bottom of the net is drawn shut to trap the fish. Seven Strand Leader A type of leader material using seven strand flexible wire. Shad Tail A type of tail on a lure that shakes back and forth. Used on soft plastic lures. Short Strike Term for missed fish or short bite. Single Strand Leader A leader component made from a single steel hard wire, used for Muskie and Northern Pike on jerk baits and gliders Darseet Garasia Page 117 All you need to know about “FISHING” Sinking Line A flyline design to sink below the surface of the water for getting a wet fly or streamer down deeper. Can be found with different sink rates for different fishing styles Sinkers Any type of weight used for fishing rigs, made from lead or steel. Size Limits Fishing regulations which limits anglers to keep fish based upon size. Ski Short term used for describing a Muskie / Musky. Slider A trolling rig by attaching multiple fishing lines to a single down rigger cable and weight by using sliding releases. Slip Bobber A fishing rig component that uses a float/bobbermade of wood or dense foam around a hollow tube, in which the fishing line slips through to a line knot/stop above the weight and hook. The slip bobber is used for deep water live bait presentations mainly for walleyes and crappies and panfish. Slip Sinker Any sinker that fishing line passes through. A slip sinker rig is well suited when still fishing the bottom for light biting fish such as walleyes. Once they take in the bait they can pull the line through the sinker eye not feeling any resistance which would cause them to spit out the bait. Slit Refers to the lake bottom content also known as muck. Slot Limit Fishing regulation which requires release of fish within a listed size range (or slot). Slough A narrow stretch of water such as a creek of stream off a lake or river system. Slow Roll A fishing retrieve by slow rolling a spinner bait or weedless spoon over cover, weeds, wood, rocks or on the bottom. Snap A rigging component used to connect the lure from a leader or directly to the fishing line. Snubbers Used on trolling rigs from the Dipsy Diver to the leader. A snubber is a length of surgical tubing with a swivel attached at both ends. Inside the tubing is a coiled piece of heavy line. When a fish strikes a trolled lure, the snubber stretches out to absorb the impact and then retracts. Soft Plastic’s A category classification of any lure made from soft plastic’s. Darseet Garasia Page 118 All you need to know about “FISHING” Soft Tail Lures Hard bodied lures incorporating a soft plastic swimming or shad tail. Spawning Reproductive activity of fish; the act of releasing eggs into the water by female fish for fertilization by male fish. Spawn Sac’s A effective bait used for Salmon, Steelhead and Trout when spawning occurs in streams and rivers. Spawn Sac’s are made from fish egg’s or roe tied together in using a fine mesh netting. Used as bait on a drift fishing bottom rig. Spincaster A closed face spinning fishing reel mounted on the top of a rod employing a push button release for casting. Spinner Bait A safety pin styled lead head wire blade (s) lure with a single hook dressed with rubber skirt hair or soft plastic’s. Spinning Reel A open faced reel mounted underneath the rod. The line is retrieved in a spinning fashion over the bail. Splash Tail A surface lure with a bell shaped metal tail attached on the end that flaps side to side also known as a flap tail. Split Ring A lure component (wired ring) connecting the hooks to the lure. Split Shot Type of round weight made from lead or steel that is pinched on fishing line. Split Shotting A finesse rig by using a small split shot above a single light wired hook using live bait or small soft plastic’s. Spoons Considered one of oldest lures used in fishing, spoons are made from metal with hooks attached, virtually used for all game fish with thousands of varieties and colors. Spring Fed Water system that is supplied water through a underground spring. Spud A ice fishing metal chisel to clean frozen over holes. Usual lengths approximately 4 to 5 feet. Stained Water Refers to water color caused by minerals tree roots or drainage. Stick Bait Darseet Garasia Page 119 All you need to know about “FISHING” A lipless slender plug or topwater lure that is given action by the angler manipulating the rod and reel, making the bait go back-and-forth to resemble a wounded baitfish, which is called "walking the dog." Stick-Ups Any above surface stationary structure such as tree stumps or limbs, old bridge pilings and fence posts. Stinger Hook Additional hook added to a lure or jig as called trailer hook. Stink Bait Home made or commercially bought stink baits are concoctions of ingredients that produces a unique aroma that attract catfish and carp. Stragglers Term used when a school of fish move and a few stay behind. Stringer A steel or nylon cable with or without snap hooks to keep fish. Strip On’s A old time fishing rig also called Prescott Spinner. Made from stiff wire with a rotating blade on front. The wire is slid through a minnow attaching a double hook on the end loop. Structure Underwater structure is basically all solid objects rising from the bottom of a lake or river that isn't part of the actual bottom as in tree’s, brush piles, cribs and rocks which creates habitats for feeding fish. Suckers A commercially sold minnow as live bait for Northern Pike, Walleyes and Muskies. Suspending Lures In context used to describe a suspending crank bait, upon stopping the retrieve the bait will suspend at that water level. Also called Neutrally Buoyant Lure. Suspended Fish Fish that relate to open water away from structure. Swimming Lures Any type of lures that are designed to swim as a baitfish by providing a wobble, vibrate or wiggle motion. Swivel A rigging component with many uses. Swivels acts as a line stop and rigging connectors for bottom rigs also connects the fishing line to a leader to prevent line twist. T Darseet Garasia Page 120 All you need to know about “FISHING” Tackle Box A container that stores fishing equipment in a organized manner for transporting and protecting the tackle from the weather elements. Tail Gunner A muskie rig by attaching a combination of a single hook, snap swivel and blade to a soft plastic lure or live sucker to add attraction and color. Tail Spinners A tear drop weighted head jig with a blade mounted on the tail used for vertical jigging. Taper Underwater structure gently slopes downward. Terminal Tackle A category classification for rigging components such as: hooks, weights swivels, snaps, split rings, and bobber stops. Terrestrial Term used to describe land-based insects which are often food for fish. Test A measurement of fishing line strength as stated on the label. Texas Rig A weedless bottom rig used on soft plastic lures. To rig a bullet weight is threaded on the line then a hook is tied. To make the rig weedless insert the hook about 3/8 of a inch in the front of the lure, push the hook to the eye, turn the hook and insert the point back into the lure with out exposing the point of the hook. Used on soft plastic worms, crawfish and lizards. Thermocline During the summer months lakes stratify into layers. These are areas underwater where warmer layers of water meet cooler layers, this is the themocline and where fish are often active. Generally, baitfish hang just above the thermocline, while larger game fish are found suspended in or just below it. Thumper Tail Lure A jointed surface lure with a rotating rear section using a metal cupped tail blade. Tinsel A metallic filament used in lure tying to provide flash and color on great lakes flies, inland stream flies as well as bucktails. Tippet The monofilament section of the fly rig between the leader and the fly. Tip Down Used for ice fishing a tip down is made of wood or plastic, shaped as a H with a base. The function of a tip down is a rod holder and a strike indicator. The ice fishing rod is held on a tip down balancing on a pivot rod at a 45 degree angle upward maintaining depth control of the bait. Upon a fish strike the rod will follow a downward motion indicating a fish strike. Darseet Garasia Page 121 All you need to know about “FISHING” Tip-Up Used for ice fishing a tip up is a set rig using a cross piece of plastic or wood with a spring loaded wire and flag attached. Centered on the cross piece is a metal tube filled with anti freeze attached to a reel on the bottom and a trip bar on top. The tip up rig is placed over a ice fishing hole on the cross piece with the metal tube turned vertically and placed in to the water. The amount of line used is held by the trip rod using the metal wire with the flag. Upon a fish strike the reel will turn moving the trip rod releasing the flag. Topper Lure A straight top water lure with propellers in front and back. Topwater Lure Any lure that floats on the water also known as a surface lure. Torpedo Lure A top water lure shaped as a cigar or torpedo. The retrieve used is “Walk the Dog” using short cadence snaps making the lure move side to side. Trailer Hook Additional hook added to a lure or jig as called stinger hook. Transition A term used when describing changing of water bottom conditions such as hard to soft, weeds to rocks etc… Also used in fish migration context. Treble Hook A three pronged hook used on most all lures. Tributary A stream that flows into a larger stream. Triggering The act of causing a fish to bite / strike a lure or live bait. Trolling A fishing method where fishing lines are pulled behind a boat to attract and catch fish. Trolling Board A trolling board are either single ordouble in make up. They are drawn through the water by a connecting line from the boat or mast to the board itself unlike a planer board that is connected to the fishing line. Trolling boards allows the angler to run multiple rod set-ups by placing sliding releases on the connecting line. Trolling Motor A electric small fishing motor powered by marine batteries, mounted on the bow or stern. Used for controlled drifting / casting and boat positioning. Tubes A hollow bodied soft plastic lure tipped with tentacles, rigged with a jig or hook inside. Used for all game fish. Darseet Garasia Page 122 All you need to know about “FISHING” Turnover Fall cooling and spring warming of surface water act to make density uniform throughout the water column. This allows wind and wave action to mix the entire lake. Mixing allows bottom waters to contact the atmosphere, raising the water's oxygen content. However, warming may occur too rapidly in the spring for mixing to be effective, especially in small sheltered lakes. Twitching A fishing retrieve, the act of popping a minnow type lure on the surface to sub surface creating a erratic motion of a distressed baitfish. V Vertical Movement Up and down movement of fish through water columns also a fishing technique by jigging. Vise The tool used to hold a hooks or lures in place while tying or building lures. Vest A piece of clothing used to hold various tools, fly boxes and other equipment while fishing. W Waders Protective outer clothing used to keep the fisherman dry when standing or float-tubing in water. Typically made of neoprene, nylon, or a Gore-Tex-like material. Can be insulated to supply warmth. Walk the Dog A fishing retrieve used on the surface by snapping a torpedo type lure with short cadence snaps to move the lure side to side. Walking Sinker Used on bottom rigs made from lead or steel The walking sinker is designed to pivot on it's heel and let the line slide through the eye. It's shape also prevents it from rolling and the streamlined shape resists snags. Waxworms The wax worm is the larvae of the wax moth, the larvae are milky white or light tan about 3/4" in length. Favorite bait for panfish used year round. Waypoint A GPS term for location, spot, or destination (latitude/longitude) that can be stored in memory to be recalled and used at a later time for navigation purposes. Darseet Garasia Page 123 All you need to know about “FISHING” Weedless A term used to describe making a lure, jig or hook minimize snagging on weeds or wood by using a wire, fiber or plastic guards over the hook. Weedline A weed line or weed edge is caused by a change in depth, or transition of the bottom type. Wire Line Used for deep water trolling, wire line is available in single wire or stranded made of copper and nickel-copper alloy and stainless steel. Wobbler A international term used to describe a jointed plug or crank bait. Wolf River Bait Rig Popular river bottom fishing rig named after the river it is used on. The basic components are a bell sinker with a length of line to a three way swivel connecting to the rod and a short leader to the hook. Worm’n A bass fishing technique using a soft plastic worm, lizard or crawfish, Cast drop and drag slowly. Worm Harness A fishing rig using a leader with multiple single hooks for night crawlers along with a combination of blades and or floats. Z Zooplankton Small or microscopic animals that float or drift in great numbers in water, especially at or near the surface, and serve as food for fish and other larger organisms. Darseet Garasia Page 124 All you need to know about “FISHING” Darseet Garasia Page 125 All you need to know about “FISHING” Darseet Garasia Page 126
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Which former English cricketer is known by the nickname ‘Bumble’? | When Tommo brought a tear to Bumble's eye - Telegraph
When Tommo brought a tear to Bumble's eye
Top bloke all round: David Lloyd
By Robert Philip
In pics: England squad | Australia squad
As a player, he was described by John Arlott as being 'one of the bravest and finest close fieldsmen in the world and a brilliant stroke-maker', averaging 42.46 in his brief international career of nine Tests.
As a coach, his outspokenness caused much spluttering and spilled gin within the confines of Lord's but he was instrumental in the introduction of central contracts which have transformed England from whipping boys into Ashes winners.
As a broadcaster, he has just been voted 'Most Popular Cricket Commentator of the Year' by the readers of Wisden magazine. Over the coming months he will bring his own unique brand of pithy northern humour to the Sky Sports coverage of the Ashes series.
But you can best judge a man by the loyalty and affection he inspires in his friends. Mention his name to Ian Botham, Bob Willis, Mike Atherton or just about anyone in the world of cricket from Australia to Antigua and the reaction will be the same. "Bumble? Top bloke…"
Having spent a few hours in David Lloyd's company (the nickname, incidentally, came from his resemblance to one of Michael Bentine's friendly little aliens in his children's TV series The Bumblies) I can think of no more apposite portrait; top bloke, indeed.
Lloyd's fascination with the Ashes dates back to 1958 when, as an 11-year-old, he followed the fortunes of Colin Cowdrey and co Down Under on the wireless of the family home in Water Street, Accrington. "Although my first love was football, as I grew older I knew I'd never be good enough to become a professional," recalls Bumble. "As a lad, I followed every Ashes series so I saw cricket as my escape. Remember the old Animals song, We Gotta Get Out Of This Place?, well, cricket was my way out of Water Street. My parents were hard-working, lovely people, but it was a tough upbringing."
When Lloyd did get out of the place, he found himself in an even tougher neighbourhood at the WACA, Perth, in December 1974 when he made his Ashes debut in the second Test. Pummelled into defeat by the fearsome bowling of Jeff Thomson and Dennis Lillee in the opening match which Lloyd missed through injury, England restored Bumble as opener and he quickly found himself joined at the wicket by the 42-year-old Cowdrey, who had been sitting with his feet up at home when he received an SOS (Save Our Skins) from the England selectors.
With Thomson firing down leather rockets, Lloyd took the veteran aside and muttered: "You stay up that end against Max Walker because it's all going off down this end." A gesture Cowdrey would later describe "as the most generous act I have ever known in cricket". "Don't forget, they were eight-ball overs in those days," adds Lloyd, "and five of them were bouncers so there were only three balls you could have a dart at. You'd be in there for an hour and then you'd glance up at the scoreboard to see you'd made six."
After making a heroic 49 in his first knock, Lloyd was making dogged progress in the second innings when Thomson caught him 'full on' in the most tender part of the anatomy.
"We wore little pink plastic boxes at the time which were totally unsuitable for the job," he explained. "It cracked open and what I had inside fired through before the box snapped shut again like a guillotine coming down. Even after 32 years, I lose my voice just thinking about it. There's retired hurt and then there's retired hurt…"
Mike Denness and Tony Greig batted through to the end of day's play, thereby allowing Lloyd to nurse his injured 'pride', but there was more embarrassment to come later that night. "As the junior members of the two teams, Tommo and I were commanded to attend a movie premiere of Barry McKenzie Holds His Own, a sentiment very close to my own heart, I have to say. I was still feeling a bit tender down under so Tommo had to carry me into the cinema like a sack of coal."
Lloyd averaged a defiant 26 during the 'Lillee-Thomson Series' before a neck injury sustained while fielding not only prevented him playing in the sixth and final match but brought an end to his Test career. "I was never the same again. But what everyone forgets is that the '74 series was a cracking Ashes. OK, we lost 4-1, but Australia beat the West Indies of Viv Richards, Clive Lloyd and Gordon Greenidge 5-1 the following winter. We didn't have anything to frighten Australia with, it was pea-shooters against heavy artillery.
"Australia were a great, great team. They had the best captain I've ever known in Greg Chappell – what a leader of men; uncompromising on the field but totally fair. I'd known Greg and a number of others from my time in the Lancashire League and they were honest as the day's long, thoroughly nice blokes who'd give you heaps and take heaps as well. That's why I always shared a beer with them in the Aussie dressing room after each day's play."
Lloyd did make a fleeting return to international cricket in 1980 when, as he puts it: "Beefy was appointed captain for about three weeks. I'd got hundreds in the Benson & Hedges zonal matches against the might of Minor Counties North and Scotland. Everyone else's matches had been rained off – it was a rotten May that year – and with the one-day series against the West Indies coming up I thought, 'Bloody 'ell, they're going to pick me'. What can I say? Malcolm Marshall breaks my arm and Beefy being Beefy says, 'You let me down there, Bumble...' To which I replied, 'Well, you should never have picked me in the first place."
When his playing career finally finished in 1983, Lloyd became an umpire before serving as England coach from 1996-99, since when he has become an incisive yet always wryly amusing commentator. So, how does he rate England's chances in the 2006-7 Ashes series? "First of all, if it's half as good as last summer's Ashes it will be a classic. I don't believe the propaganda coming out of Australia that England have everything to lose. Ricky Ponting has put it about that all the pressure is on England but I think it's on Australia – 100 per cent.
"Playing in front of their own people in their own back yard, all those great players – Ponting, Shane Warne, Glenn McGrath, Justin Langer, Matthew Hayden – don't want to be members of a team which loses two Ashes series in a row. The last series will be remembered a century from now and the Aussies will still be hurting that they're the ones who will forever be remembered as the losers."
Llloyd admits, however, that Marcus Trescothick's return to these shores will not help England's cause when the phoney war ends on Thursday with the start of the first Test. "It was staggering news and let's be honest here, a massive blow. Everybody thought that he was back on track and looking forward to touring Australia. I am surprised that Marcus was allowed to get so far but obviously the medical people thought he was right.
"The England dressing room will have been left absolutely reeling at this news and the situation calls for Andrew Flintoff to get hold of the team to say 'we've managed without Trescothick before so let's get down to business'. I think Alastair Cook will move up to open. Before this all happened, I thought that maybe Ian Bell or Paul Collingwood wouldn't play in the first Test. But now damage limitation means that they will probably move up one in the order with Cook opening the batting."
Given Warne's exploits on English wickets last summer, Lloyd believes it would make good sense for the Australians to prepare spinning pitches this time round.
"We couldn't cope with Warne last time but we've got a flippin' trump card in Monty [Panesar]. He is bloody good, a great talent. He looks ungainly in the field; he's painting by numbers as a fieldsman and a Rembrandt with a ball in his hand. He took eight wickets against Pakistan at Old Trafford in July and who did he get out? Inzamam-Ul-Haq, Younis Khan and Mohammad Yousuf. That'll do for me.
"Ricky Ponting says they're going to target Monty, I hope he does because Monty will bowl them out no bother. He's a match winner. If England bat first and make 450, it should be over to you, Monty. He's also a lovely level-headed lad, when I spoke to him before he left for Oz he told me 'Last year I was handing in my university dissertation and this year Ricky Ponting's talking about me'. Sad thing is, he [England coach Duncan Fletcher] ain't going to pick him, is he? I think he'll go for Ashley Giles instead."
Whatever the personnel chosen and whatever the outcome, Lloyd will tell it like it is in his own inimitable manner which will ensure that no one will be spared his waspish wit. Not even those nearest and dearest to him can escape his withering comments when he deems it justified.
Take his wife, Diana, who works at Old Trafford where Bumble was captain of Lancashire for many a long year. "Cricket daft, she is. She's even got her own bat and pads. She's only got buckles on them, not those strap around things. She keeps them in the back of the car in case someone might be a man short and she's called upon to play."
Is she good? "Diana? She's roobish, absolute roobish…!"
Aye, he's a top bloke our Bumble.
| David Lloyd |
Felinology is the study of which animal? | The Best of Bumble: 10 Great Clips of Commentator David Lloyd in Action | Bleacher Report
The Best of Bumble: 10 Great Clips of Commentator David Lloyd in Action
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Lancastrian legend: David "Bumble" Lloyd
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David “Bumble” Lloyd’s unmistakable dulcet tones have been heard on British TV screens for the past decade and more, and so to celebrate the quirky Lancastrian’s broadcasting career to date, we take a look back at some of the commentator’s most memorable clips.
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During England's tour of South Africa in 2009-10, Lloyd managed to become distracted while commentating on the action by the appearance in the crowd of a young lady in a bikini attempting to eat a rather large sausage. This had predictably funny consequences alongside co-commentator Mike Atherton.
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The excitement and drama of the climax to India's match against South Africa at the World T20 in 2007 proved all too much for "Bumble", who first thought that India fast bowler Shanthakumaran Sreesanth had clean bowled the hosts' wicketkeeper Mark Boucher, before then announcing that actually the ball had gone for four, and then finally claiming it was a no-ball!!
In fact, Lloyd had been right the first time around as the Proteas batsman had indeed been bowled!
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In a Test match between England and West Indies at Lord's in May 2007, the tourists' big-hitting opener Chris Gayle took a nasty blow in the nether regions from the home team's paceman Steve Harmison, producing the inevitable reaction from the crowd of much laughter and sniggering.
However Lloyd, who was commentating at the time with former West Indies captain Jimmy Adams, was quick to sympathise with Gayle after himself having been struck an equally painful, and now infamous, knock to the same amidships region by Australia fast bowler Dennis Lillee on England's 1974/75 Ashes tour Down Under.
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Who was the first poet to win a Pulitzer Prize posthumously? | Sylvia Plath - Poet | Academy of American Poets
Academy of American Poets
The Academy of American Poets is the largest membership-based nonprofit organization fostering an appreciation for contemporary poetry and supporting American poets. For over three generations, the Academy has connected millions of people to great poetry through programs such as National Poetry Month, the largest literary celebration in the world; Poets.org, the Academy’s popular website; American Poets, a biannual literary journal; and an annual series of poetry readings and special events. Since its founding, the Academy has awarded more money to poets than any other organization.
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1932-1963 , Boston , MA , United States
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read poems by this poet
Sylvia Plath was born on October 27, 1932, in Boston, Massachusetts. Her mother, Aurelia Schober, was a master’s student at Boston University when she met Plath’s father, Otto Plath, who was her professor. They were married in January of 1932. Otto taught both German and biology, with a focus on apiology, the study of bees.
In 1940, when Plath was eight years old, her father died as a result of complications from diabetes. He had been a strict father, and both his authoritarian attitudes and his death drastically defined her relationships and her poems—most notably in her elegaic and infamous poem " Daddy. "
Even in her youth, Plath was ambitiously driven to succeed. She kept a journal from the age of eleven and published her poems in regional magazines and newspapers. Her first national publication was in the Christian Science Monitor in 1950, just after graduating from high school.
In 1950, Plath matriculated at Smith College. She was an exceptional student, and despite a deep depression she went through in 1953 and a subsequent suicide attempt, she managed to graduate summa cum laude in 1955.
After graduation, Plath moved to Cambridge, England, on a Fulbright Scholarship. In early 1956, she attended a party and met the English poet Ted Hughes . Shortly thereafter, Plath and Hughes were married, on June 16, 1956.
Plath returned to Massachusetts in 1957 and began studying with Robert Lowell . Her first collection of poems, Colossus, was published in 1960 in England, and two years later in the United States. She returned to England, where she gave birth to her children Frieda and Nicholas, in 1960 and 1962, respectively.
In 1962, Ted Hughes left Plath for Assia Gutmann Wevill. That winter, in a deep depression, Plath wrote most of the poems that would comprise her most famous book, Ariel .
In 1963, Plath published a semi-autobiographical novel, The Bell Jar, under the pseudonym Victoria Lucas. Then, on February 11, 1963, during one of the worst English winters on record, Plath wrote a note to her downstairs neighbor instructing him to call the doctor, then she committed suicide using her gas oven.
Plath’s poetry is often associated with the Confessional movement, and compared to the work of poets such as Lowell and fellow student Anne Sexton . Often, her work is singled out for the intense coupling of its violent or disturbed imagery and its playful use of alliteration and rhyme.
Although only Colossus was published while she was alive, Plath was a prolific poet, and in addition to Ariel, Hughes published three other volumes of her work posthumously, including The Collected Poems, which was the recipient of the 1982 Pulitzer Prize. She was the first poet to posthumously win a Pulitzer Prize.
Selected Bibliography
| Sylvia Plath |
‘Unobtanium’ is the fictional precious mineral mined in which 2009 film? | Morning Song - Poems | Academy of American Poets
Academy of American Poets
The Academy of American Poets is the largest membership-based nonprofit organization fostering an appreciation for contemporary poetry and supporting American poets. For over three generations, the Academy has connected millions of people to great poetry through programs such as National Poetry Month, the largest literary celebration in the world; Poets.org, the Academy’s popular website; American Poets, a biannual literary journal; and an annual series of poetry readings and special events. Since its founding, the Academy has awarded more money to poets than any other organization.
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read poems by this poet
Sylvia Plath was born on October 27, 1932, in Boston, Massachusetts. Her mother, Aurelia Schober, was a master’s student at Boston University when she met Plath’s father, Otto Plath, who was her professor. They were married in January of 1932. Otto taught both German and biology, with a focus on apiology, the study of bees.
In 1940, when Plath was eight years old, her father died as a result of complications from diabetes. He had been a strict father, and both his authoritarian attitudes and his death drastically defined her relationships and her poems—most notably in her elegaic and infamous poem " Daddy. "
Even in her youth, Plath was ambitiously driven to succeed. She kept a journal from the age of eleven and published her poems in regional magazines and newspapers. Her first national publication was in the Christian Science Monitor in 1950, just after graduating from high school.
In 1950, Plath matriculated at Smith College. She was an exceptional student, and despite a deep depression she went through in 1953 and a subsequent suicide attempt, she managed to graduate summa cum laude in 1955.
After graduation, Plath moved to Cambridge, England, on a Fulbright Scholarship. In early 1956, she attended a party and met the English poet Ted Hughes . Shortly thereafter, Plath and Hughes were married, on June 16, 1956.
Plath returned to Massachusetts in 1957 and began studying with Robert Lowell . Her first collection of poems, Colossus, was published in 1960 in England, and two years later in the United States. She returned to England, where she gave birth to her children Frieda and Nicholas, in 1960 and 1962, respectively.
In 1962, Ted Hughes left Plath for Assia Gutmann Wevill. That winter, in a deep depression, Plath wrote most of the poems that would comprise her most famous book, Ariel .
In 1963, Plath published a semi-autobiographical novel, The Bell Jar, under the pseudonym Victoria Lucas. Then, on February 11, 1963, during one of the worst English winters on record, Plath wrote a note to her downstairs neighbor instructing him to call the doctor, then she committed suicide using her gas oven.
Plath’s poetry is often associated with the Confessional movement, and compared to the work of poets such as Lowell and fellow student Anne Sexton . Often, her work is singled out for the intense coupling of its violent or disturbed imagery and its playful use of alliteration and rhyme.
Although only Colossus was published while she was alive, Plath was a prolific poet, and in addition to Ariel, Hughes published three other volumes of her work posthumously, including The Collected Poems, which was the recipient of the 1982 Pulitzer Prize. She was the first poet to posthumously win a Pulitzer Prize.
Selected Bibliography
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What was Spain’s main unit of currency before the Euro? | Spanish Currency - Spanish Money History: The Peseta | don Quijote
Read the Spanish version
The euro was introduced as money in Spain in 2002. The majority of the European Union members adopted this new currency to make traveling between countries easier, since the currency for Spain is the same in most EU countries. The euro is the official currency of 16 (of 27) member states in the EU: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Estonia (due to join in 2011). The euro consists of 7 bank notes with values of: 500€, 200€, 100€, 50€, 20€, 10€ and 5€, and 8 coins with values of: 2€, 1€, 0.50€, 0.20€, 0.10€, 0.05€, 0.02€ and 0.01€. On the denomination side of the Spanish currency, the image is the same for all European countries, but the image on the face side of the coins vary according to which country the coin came from.
Spanish Currency History
Spain’s currency history prior to the euro consisted of the Spanish Real, the Spanish Escudo, and the Spanish Peseta. Most of the changes in Spanish money occurred due to conceptual shifts, when certain denominations of an old Spanish currency began to be mentioned with words that would later be used to describe what would eventually become the new currency in Spain .
The Spanish real, meaning Royal, was the Spanish currency for several centuries from the mid-14th century until 1864, when the escudo replaced the real in the Spanish economy. The real was introduced by King Pedro I of Castile as a standardized coin with a value of 3 maravedíes (Iberian gold and silver coins). Eight reales was equivalent to one silver peso, or Spanish dollar, which would be introduced as Spanish money the same year. The Spanish dollar was used in American and Asia and Spanish coinage became popular during this period in international trade and commerce.
The Spanish escudo referred to two different types of Spanish currency denominations: silver and gold. The first Spanish escudo was a gold coin and was introduced in 1566 which continued to be issued until 1833. The Silver escudo was used from 1864-1869 until it was replaced by the new Spanish currency called the peseta. Each escudo represented a certain value of reales, the previous currency of Spain.
Before the euro became the main currency of Spain, the money in Spain was called pesetas. Pesetas were in use from 1869 until the implementation of the euro in 2002. The word peseta comes from the word peceta, a diminutive of the Catalan word peça, meaning “a small piece.” By the 15th century the word referred to a silver coin and by the Middle Ages the word was used to describe the value of two reales (previous Spanish currency). In an effort to unite the currency in Spain, a decree was issued in October of 1868 when Spain joined the Latin Monetary Union that stablished the peseta as the national Spanish currency with the intention of strengthening the economy, business and promoting a stable financial system.
Spanish Economy
When Spain was accepted into the EU, it generated increased foreign investment and market liberalization in the Spanish economy. Spain was the principal beneficiary of the EU’s “harmonization fund” which provided support to the poorer EU nations to reduced economic disparities. A number of EU-funded projects during this time propelled the economy in Spain, including: the construction of airports, highways, and high-speed rail lines. After a small economical downturn in the mid-1990s, the Spanish economy entered into a period of growth.
The Spanish economy is one of the top 15 economies of the world and top 5 European economies. Spain’s economy had above average GDP growth for nearly 15 years, but began to slow in late 2007. By the second quarter of 2008, the economy in Spain had entered into recession (along with most of the world). The economic situation in Spain resulted in a decline in the construction sector, an oversupply of housing, falling consumer spending and less exports. In 2009, Spain had the highest unemployment rate in the EU.
The most important agricultural products in the Spanish economy include: grains, vegetables, olives, wine, grapes, sugar beets, citrus, beef, pork, poultry, dairy products, and fish.
The most important industries for the economy of Spain are: apparel and footwear, food and beverages, metals and metal manufacturing, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, tourism, clay and refractory
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Car batteries usually have what voltage? | peseta | Spanish currency | Britannica.com
Spanish currency
franc
Peseta, former monetary unit of Spain . The peseta ceased to be legal tender in 2002, when the euro , the monetary unit of the European Union , was adopted as the country’s sole monetary unit. In 1868 the peseta replaced the peso , which had been adopted in the 15th century and which was known in full as the peso de ocho (“piece of eight”), as Spain’s currency . (The peso continues to be the monetary unit of many former Spanish colonies in North and South America.) Initially the peseta was established in anticipation of Spain’s joining the Latin Monetary Union, which was created in 1865 and linked the currencies of France, Italy, Belgium, Switzerland, and later Greece; however, Spain eventually chose not to participate.
The peseta itself became a major point of contention during the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). Both the Nationalists, led by General Francisco Franco , and the Republicans minted coins, but the coins minted by the Republicans (which contained nonprecious metal) were not accepted by the Nationalists as legal tender. Eventually, Franco became dictator of Spain, and during his long reign (1939–75) his image appeared on banknotes and coins. After Franco’s death King Juan Carlos became the sovereign of democratic Spain, and his likeness and those of historical figures in Spain’s past (e.g., Christopher Columbus and Hernán Cortés ) replaced Franco’s on the country’s currency.
Learn More in these related articles:
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What is the third event in a men’s decathlon? | Decathlon | iaaf.org
Decathlon
Decathlon
How it works
This is the men’s ultimate all-round test, a 10-event contest covering the whole range of athletics disciplines spread over two days.
Competitors earn points for their performance in each discipline and the overall winner is the man who accrues the most points.
The first day consists of (in order): 100m, long jump, shot put, high jump and 400m. The second day’s events are 110m hurdles, discus, pole vault, javelin and 1500m.
History
The forerunner of the modern decathlon was the pentathlon, a regular feature of the Ancient Olympics that comprised the long jump, discus, javelin, sprint and wrestling.
Various versions of the event re-emerged in the 19th century to determine all-around prowess and a combined events competition was held at the 1904 Olympic Games. But the first decathlon that resembles the current format was held in 1911, with the inaugural Olympic Games decathlon – famously won by the legendary Jim Thorpe – taking place a year later in Stockholm.
There is also an official world record for the women's decathlon but this is not contested at major championships.
Did you know
The scoring tables that determine how a many points a performance is worth have actually been adjusted six times since they were established in 1912, because of athletes' ever-improving abilities, equipment changes and to equate the events more accurately. The changes happened in 1920, 1934, 1950, 1962, 1977 (to take account of the growing use of electronic timing) and, most recently, 1985.
Gold standard
Ashton Eaton's victory at the 2012 Olympics was the 13th decathlon gold medal for the USA, who have been the most dominant nation in the event by a long way as no other country has won more than two gold medals. In similar fashion, the USA has been the most successful nation at the IAAF World Championships with nine gold medals in 15 editions.
Rico Freimuth in the decathlon discus at the IAAF World Championships, Beijing 2015 (Getty Images) © Copyright
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Bob Mathias
Mathias was just 17 when he won the Olympic title in 1948, and he still remains the youngest ever winner of an Olympic decathlon medal.
Four years later in Helsinki, after setting his first world record in 1950, he won by the astonishing margin of 912 points with a world record tally of 7887 to become the first man to successfully defend an Olympic decathlon title.
Later in life, he became a successful politician and served eight years as a congressman in the US House of Representatives. He died in 2006 at the age of 75.
Decathlon men Outdoor All time
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Decathlon women Outdoor All time
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| Shot put |
Which British politician first said ‘ To jaw-jaw is always better than to war-war’? | Decathlon - Trending 8/9/2012 | Merriam-Webster
Lookups spiked on August 8, 2012.
Why:
The two-day men's decathlon competition began at the London Olympics.
The decathlon is a 10-event athletic contest that consists of the 100-meter, 400-meter, and 1500-meter runs, the 110-meter high hurdles, the javelin and discus throws, shot put, pole vault, high jump, and long jump. The event was invented for the modern Olympic games in 1912, and is based on the pentathlon of the ancient Greek Olympics. Decathletes are often considered the finest all-around athletes in the world.
Decathlon comes from the Greek words meaning "ten" and "contest."
More Words At Play
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Ionic, Doric, Tuscan and Corinthian are all types of which structure? | Greek Architecture: Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian? - dummies
Greek Architecture: Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian?
Greek Architecture: Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian?
Greek Architecture: Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian?
By Deborah K. Dietsch, Robert A. M. Stern
For the Greeks, temples were not only places to worship the gods but also impressive symbols of their society and culture. They were built as focal points on the highest ground of every city in Greece and the conquered territories around the Mediterranean. Beneath the temples spread public meeting places, civic buildings, gymnasiums, stadiums, theaters, and housing.
Today, the remains of Greek cities can be found in Italy, Sicily, and Turkey. One of the reasons that they have lasted so long is that the Greeks built their temples, amphitheaters, and other major public buildings with limestone and marble. Blocks of stone were held in place by bronze or iron pins set into molten lead — a flexible system that could withstand earthquakes.
Greek architecture followed a highly structured system of proportions that relates individual architectural components to the whole building. This system was developed according to three styles, or orders. Each order consists of an upright support called a column that extends from a base at the bottom to a shaft in the middle and a capital at the top — much like the feet, body, and head of the human figure. The capital was often a stylized representation of natural forms, such as animal horns or plant leaves. It, in turn, supports a horizontal element called the entablature, which is divided further into three different parts:
The architrave (lowest part)
The frieze (middle)
The cornice (top)
These elements, in turn, were further elaborated with decorative moldings and ornamentation (see Figure 1). Each component of a classical order was sized and arranged according to an overall proportioning system based on the height and diameter of the columns.
Figure 1: Parts of a column.
The Greeks first constructed their orders with wood, and then switched to stone using the same forms. The ends of the wooden beams holding up the roof, for example, were translated into stone as a decorative element, called a triglyph (“three grooves”), in the entablature above the column capital.
The Greeks started out using only one order per building. But after a few hundred years, they got more creative and sometimes used one order for the exterior and another for the interior. The proportions of the orders were developed over a long period of time — they became lighter and more refined.
Some folks think that the orders are primarily a question of details, moldings, and characteristic capitals. However, in fact, the very concept of order and an overall relationship is really the most important thing here. Each of the orders is a proportional system or a range of proportions for the entire structure.
Doric: Heavy simplicity
The oldest, simplest, and most massive of the three Greek orders is the Doric, which was applied to temples beginning in the 7th century B.C. As shown in Figure 2, columns are placed close together and are often without bases. Their shafts are sculpted with concave curves called flutes. The capitals are plain with a rounded section at the bottom, known as the echinus, and a square at the top, called the abacus. The entablature has a distinctive frieze decorated with vertical channels, or triglyphs. In between the triglyphs are spaces, called metopes, which were commonly sculpted with figures and ornamentation. The frieze is separated from the architrave by a narrow band called the regula. Together, these elements formed a rectangular structure surrounded by a double row of columns that conveyed a bold unity. The Doric order reached its pinnacle of perfection in the Parthenon.
Figure 2: Doric order.
Ionic: The Ionic Sea Scrolls?
The next order to be developed by the Greeks was the Ionic (see Figure 3). It is called Ionic because it developed in the Ionian islands in the 6th century B.C. Roman historian Vitruvius compared this delicate order to a female form, in contrast to the stockier “male” Doric order.
The Ionic was used for smaller buildings and interiors. It’s easy to recognize because of the two scrolls, called volutes, on its capital. The volutes may have been based on nautilus shells or animal horns.
Between the volutes is a curved section that is often carved with oval decorations known as egg and dart. Above the capital, the entablature is narrower than the Doric, with a frieze containing a continuous band of sculpture. One of the earliest and most striking examples of the Ionic order is the tiny Temple to Athena Nike at the entrance to the Athens Acropolis. It was designed and built by Callicrates from about 448-421 B.C.
Figure 3: Ionic order.
Corinthian: Leafy but not as popular
The third order is the Corinthian, which wasn’t used much by the Greeks. It is named after the city of Corinth, where sculptor Callimachus supposedly invented it by at the end of the 5th century B.C. after he spotted a goblet surrounded by leaves. As shown in Figure 4, the Corinthian is similar to the Ionic order in its base, column, and entablature, but its capital is far more ornate, carved with two tiers of curly acanthus leaves. The oldest known Corinthian column stands inside the 5th-century temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae.
Figure 4: Corinthian order.
Compensating for illusions: Straight or curved, who knew?
The Greeks continued to strive for perfection in the appearance of their buildings. To make their columns look straight, they bowed them slightly outward to compensate for the optical illusion that makes vertical lines look curved from a distance. They named this effect entasis, which means “to strain” in Greek.
Relationships between columns, windows, doorways, and other elements were constantly analyzed to find pleasing dimensions that were in harmony with nature and the human body. Symmetry and the unity of parts to the whole were important to Greek architecture, as these elements reflected the democratic city-state pioneered by the Greek civilization.
| Column |
In World War II, what were the Maquis part of? | THE CLASSICAL ORDERS OF ARCHITECTURE
THE CLASSICAL ORDERS OF ARCHITECTURE
A HANDBOOK OF THE CLASSICAL TRADITION
THE CLASSICAL ORDERS
The Elements of Classical Architecture
All classical architecture of the Greco-Roman tradition is composed, or written, in one language of forms. These elements of classical architecture include specific Moldings and assemblages of moldings called an Order. An Order is an accepted way of assembling a column (supporting element) with an entablature (spanning element) while imparting a certain character. In short, an Order orders a design. Orders are never applied after the building is designed, as they are generative.
Over time the canon has come to include five Orders: Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite. The Orders presented here represent the canon of the Roman tradition.
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Which cartoon character is the official mascot of the Walt Disney company? | Mickey Mouse-Mickey's Trailer - YouTube
Mickey Mouse-Mickey's Trailer
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Published on Sep 22, 2013
Mickey Mouse is a funny animal cartoon character and the official mascot of The Walt Disney Company. He was created by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks at the Walt Disney Studios in 1928. An anthropomorphic mouse who typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves, Mickey has become one of the most recognizable cartoon characters in the world.
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Which two colours make up the national flag of Austria? | Happy Birthday, Mickey Mouse! A Look at the Mouse That Built an Empire - Biography.com
History & Culture
Happy Birthday, Mickey Mouse! A Look at the Mouse That Built an Empire
Today in 1928 Mickey Mouse made his official debut in “Steamboat Willie.” To celebrate Mickey’s 86th birthday, here’s a look at how Walt Disney created America’s favorite mouse.
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Today in 1928 Mickey Mouse made his official debut in “Steamboat Willie.” To celebrate Mickey’s 86th birthday, here’s a look at how Walt Disney created America’s favorite mouse.
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Walt Disney with Mickey Mouse, circa 1930. (Photo: United Artists/Photofest)
Two different people have taken credit for giving Mickey Mouse his first name. History has it that Walt Disney ’s wife Lillian came up with it because she thought his original name, Mortimer, was too pompous. But child-star-turned-movie-star Mickey Rooney frequently claimed that it was his meeting with Walt in 1920 that provided the inspiration. Walt, being a very smart man, sided with his wife on that one.
Whether it was Lillian Disney or Mickey Rooney, it doesn’t matter: to this day, Mickey Mouse is one of the most well-known characters around the globe, surpassing even Santa Claus in recognizability here in the United States. He’s also the most frequently used write-in candidate in American local elections, still topping the list as recently as November of 2014. (Cohort Donald Duck is a close second.) By 1987, the state of Georgia actually had to make it illegal to vote for Mickey, and Wisconsin is apparently considering similar legislation. Good luck! Despite his tiny size and falsetto voice, Mickey Mouse is an unstoppable force.
Walt Disney - Mini Biography (TV-14; 4:15) Walt Disney loved drawing at an early age and opened an animation studio in 1923. In 1928, his animated short film "Steamboat Willie" was released and introduced Mickey Mouse, who would become the mascot of The Walt Disney Company.
Oh Mickey, You’re So Fine…
Before there was Mickey, Walt Disney created another character, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, for film producer Charles Mintz. Oswald’s ears were longer than Mickey’s (as befitting a rabbit), as was his nose, and his feet were black and shoeless, but his face bore an unmistakable resemblance to what would become the Walt Disney Company’s most iconic image. While Oswald was Disney's creation, Universal legally owned him. When the Disney Brothers Studio asked for more money, Mintz refused and took ownership of the character, and retained almost all of Disney’s employees.
Determined not to make the mistake of giving up the rights to one of his creations again, Walt and his remaining animator, Ub Iwerks, went back to the drawing board, and transformed their rabbit into a mouse. They produced a few shorts that didn’t get much attention, but that changed when Steamboat Willie premiered in 1928. Named after Buster Keaton ’s Steamboat Bill, Jr. and inspired by the very first “talkie” The Jazz Singer, it was the first cartoon with synchronized sound, and became an instant hit. With Disney’s genius for marketing, Mickey became a national fad by the end of the year, with his own line of merchandise. His cartoons ran before the main features in movie theaters and he became so popular that moviegoers would often sit through a movie twice to see him again, or would check before buying their tickets to make sure that “a Mickey” was going to play at the beginning.
Interestingly, Mickey didn’t actually speak until 1929’s The Karnival Kid. His first words were, “Hot dogs! Hot dogs!” and his voice was provided by Carl Stalling, the composer and arranger now known for his work on the legendary Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons. After that, Walt Disney himself provided Mickey’s voice, up until 1946 when he could no longer squeeze it into his schedule.
In January of 1930, the now legendary Mickey Mouse Club was created. Within a few months there were 60 theaters hosting clubs across the country, and within two years, there were over a million members enjoying the club song, secret handshakes, a special greeting, and even a code of behavior. The TV series, basically a variety show for kids, didn’t launch until the 1950s, but clearly it resonated, returning multiple times across the decades. Famous on-screen members included Dennis Day, Annette Funicello , Don Grady (of My Three Sons), Keri Russell , Christina Aguilera , Ryan Gosling , Britney Spears , and Justin Timberlake .
Famous Mousketeer Annette Funicello sings along with Mickey Mouse Club emcee Jimmie Dodd, who also wrote the show's popular theme song. (Photo: Hulton Archive/ Getty Images )
Hollywood quickly knew it had a star in its midst, and in 1932, awarded Walt Disney an honorary Oscar for creating Mickey. Disney would win three more Honorary Awards, plus 22 Competitive “regular” Oscars, one of them posthumous; he still holds the record for the most nominations and wins by an individual, ever.
But Mickey made enemies as well as friends. A Nazi newspaper in Germany printed this in the mid-1930s, which would later be featured on the opening page of author Art Spiegelman’s second volume of his graphic novel, “Maus”:
“Mickey Mouse is the most miserable ideal ever revealed...Healthy emotions tell every independent young man and every honorable youth that the dirty and filth-covered vermin, the greatest bacteria carrier in the animal kingdom, cannot be the ideal type of animal...Away with Jewish brutalization of the people! Down with Mickey Mouse! Wear the Swastika Cross!”
Being an enemy of the Nazis hardly hurt him. In 1935, popular as ever, Mickey got his first makeover courtesy of animator Fred Moore, who shortened his nose, reshaped his body, added pupils to his eyes, and gave him his white gloves to help distinguish his hands from the rest of his body. These changes were all prominent in 1940’s Fantasia, in which Mickey, now tail-less, starred as the Sorcerer’s Apprentice. A feat of animation genius, the movie featured animation and sound techniques that are still considered artistically unmatched.
Mickey as the Sorcerer's Apprentice in 1940's "Fantasia." (Photo: Walt Disney Productions/Photofest)
Always one of the good guys, Mickey became a patriot during World War II. He appeared on posters advertising war bonds and promoting national security, but according to multiple sources (and frequently denied by others), his biggest contribution came on D-Day itself, when his name was allegedly the password used among the senior officers in the Allied Forces.
Once the war was over, things lightened up, and Mickey was free to focus on his cartoon adventures with Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto. His star has shone brightly ever since. In 1978, in honor of his 50th anniversary, he became the first animated character to get his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
While Disney Studios are now famous for full-length features like Aladdin, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Cinderella, Frozen, The Princess and The Frog, and dozens more, Mickey is still the image most closely associated with the company and remains the official mascot of all Disney theme parks. The next generation of fans is watching him on TV on Mickey Mouse Clubhouse, and he’s appeared in video games, comic books, feature films, endless varieties of merchandise, and has had cameos, either as himself or as a hidden Easter egg, in multiple movies and television shows. The Walt Disney Company has morphed from an animation studio into an unrivaled empire, but the man who started it all never forgot its origins:
"I only hope that we don't lose sight of one thing - that it was all started by a mouse." - Walt Disney
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The medical condition aerotitis affects which part of the human body? | 19 Effects of Diabetes on the Body
Cataracts and Glaucoma
The Effects of Diabetes on the Body
After you eat or drink, your body breaks down the sugars in your blood and turns it into glucose. The glucose travels through your bloodstream and provides your body with energy. To accomplish this, your pancreas needs to produce a hormone called insulin. In a person with diabetes (diabetes mellitus), the pancreas either produces too little insulin or none at all, or the insulin can’t be used effectively. This allows blood glucose levels to rise while the rest of your cells are deprived of much needed energy. This can lead to a wide variety of problems affecting nearly every part of your body.
There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1, also known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is an immune system disorder. In Type 1 diabetes, the patient’s own immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, destroying the ability to manufacture insulin. People with Type 1 diabetes must take insulin to live. Most people with Type 1 diabetes are diagnosed as children or young adults.
The main problem in Type 2 diabetes is the presence of what is called insulin resistance. In this sort of diabetes, the pancreas starts off robust in its production of insulin. However, cells that need energy don’t respond normally to the usual amounts of insulin. The pancreas has to produce much higher levels of the hormone in order to manage blood glucose levels. Over time, the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas can burn themselves out due to this overproduction. At this point a person with Type 2 diabetes begins to require insulin medication. However, in earlier phases of this more common type of diabetes, the illness can be effectively managed with diet, exercise, and careful monitoring of blood sugars. Some people with Type 2 diabetes may require a variety of oral medications and eventually, as described above, some will eventually need insulin.
Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar that develops during pregnancy. Most of the time, gestational diabetes can be controlled through diet and exercise, and it typically resolves after the baby is delivered.
Common symptoms of diabetes include excessive thirst, frequent urination, and sluggishness. Blood tests will reveal high sugar levels.
Endocrine, Excretory, and Digestive Systems
Your pancreas produces and releases insulin to help make energy out of sugars. If your pancreas produces little or no insulin, or if your body can’t use it, alternate hormones are used to turn fat into energy. This can create high levels of toxic chemicals, including acids and ketone bodies, which may lead to a condition called diabetic ketoacidosis. This is a serious complication of the disease. Symptoms include extreme thirst, excessive urination, and fatigue. Your breath may have a sweet scent that is caused by the elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood. High blood sugar levels and excess ketones in your urine can confirm diabetic ketoacidosis. Untreated, the condition can lead to loss of consciousness or even death.
Diabetes can damage your kidneys, affecting their ability to filter waste products from your blood. Elevated amounts of protein in your urine (microalbuminuria) may be a sign that your kidneys aren’t functioning properly. Kidney disease related to diabetes is called diabetic nephropathy. This condition doesn’t show symptoms until it advances to later stages. People with diabetes should be evaluated for nephropathy in order to avoid irreversible kidney damage and kidney failure.
Diabetic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS) occurs in Type 2 diabetes. It involves very high blood glucose levels but without ketones. Symptoms also include dehydration and loss of consciousness. It usually happens to people whose diabetes is undiagnosed or who have not been able to control their diabetes. It can also be caused by heart attack, stroke, or infection.
High blood glucose levels can make it hard for your stomach to completely empty (gastroparesis). In turn, the delay causes blood glucose levels to rise. Diabetes is the leading cause of gastroparesis. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, bloating, and heartburn.
Circulatory System
High blood glucose levels can contribute to the formation of fatty deposits in blood vessel walls. Over time, that can restrict blood flow and increase the risk of hardening of the blood vessels (atherosclerosis).
Lack of blood flow can affect your hands and feet. Poor circulation can cause pain in the calves while you’re walking (intermittent claudication). People with diabetes are particularly prone to foot problems due to narrowed blood vessels in the leg and foot. Your feet may feel cold, and you may be unable to feel heat due to lack of sensation. A condition called diabetic neuropathy causes decreased sensation in the extremities, which may prevent you from noticing an injury or infection. Diabetes increases your risk of developing infections or ulcers of the foot. Poor blood flow and nerve damage increase the likelihood of having a foot or leg amputated. If you have diabetes, it is critical that you take good care of your feet and inspect them often.
Diabetes raises your risk of developing high blood pressure, putting strain on the heart. According to the National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse , people with diabetes have double the risk of heart disease or stroke than people without diabetes. Monitoring and controlling your blood glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol can lower that risk. So can good eating habits and exercise.
Diabetes and smoking are a very bad mix, increasing risk of cardiovascular problems and restricted blood flow.
Integumentary System
Diabetes can affect your skin. Lack of moisture can cause the skin on your feet to dry and crack. It is important to completely dry your feet after bathing or swimming. You can use petroleum jelly or gentle creams, but be careful: creams or oils left between your toes can become so moist that it can lead to infection.
High-pressure spots under your foot can lead to calluses. If you don’t take good care of them, they can become infected or develop ulcers. If you get an ulcer, see your doctor immediately to lower your risk of losing your foot.
You may also be more prone to boils, infection of the hair follicles (folliculitis), sties, and infected nails. People with diabetes have a higher incidence of bacterial infections, including staph (Staphylococcus), than the general population.
Moist, warm folds in the skin are susceptible to fungal or yeast infections. You’re most likely to develop this type of infection between fingers and toes, the groin, armpits, or in the corners of your mouth. Symptoms include redness, blistering, and itchiness.
A condition called diabetic dermopathy can cause brown patches on the skin. There’s no cause for concern and no treatment is necessary. Eruptive xanthomatosis causes hard yellow bumps with a red ring. Digital sclerosis causes thick skin, most often on the hands or feet. Both of these skin conditions are signs of unmanaged diabetes. They usually clear up when you get your blood sugar under control.
Central Nervous System
Diabetes causes damage to the nerves (peripheral neuropathy), which can affect your perception of heat, cold, and pain, making you more susceptible to injury. This also makes it more likely that you’ll ignore an injury, especially if it’s in a difficult place to see, such as between your toes, on your heels, or the bottoms of your feet.
Swollen, leaky blood vessels in the eye (diabetic retinopathy) can damage your vision and even lead to blindness. Symptoms include floaters or spots in your field of vision. People with diabetes tend to develop cataracts at an earlier age than other people. They are also more likely to develop glaucoma. Symptoms of eye trouble can be mild at first, so it’s important to see your eye doctor regularly.
Reproductive System
The hormones of pregnancy can cause gestational diabetes. This also increases the risk of high blood pressure (preeclampsia or ecclampsia). In most cases, gestational diabetes is easily controlled, and glucose levels return to normal after the baby is born. Symptoms are the same as other types of diabetes, but may also include repeated infections affecting the vagina and bladder. Women with gestational diabetes may have babies with higher birth weight, making delivery more complicated. Women who have had gestational diabetes should be monitored, as there’s an increased risk of developing diabetes within ten years.
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The Not-So-Sweet Facts of Diabetes
Get an up-close look at the increasing impact type 2 diabetes has on everything from pregnancy to healthcare costs.
Controllable risk factors – diabetes. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.stroke.org/site/PageServer?pagename=diabetes
Diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. (2014, February 19). Retrieved from http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/stroke/
Facts about diabetic retinopathy. (2012, June). Retrieved from http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/diabetic/retinopathy.asp
Foot complications. (2014, May 22). Retrieved from http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/complications/foot-complications/
Gastroparesis. (2012, June 15). Retrieved from http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/gastroparesis/
High blood pressure. (2014, January 4). Retrieved from http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/complications/high-blood-pressure-hypertension.html
Kidney disease (Nephropathy). (2013, December 10). Retrieved from http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/complications/kidney-disease-nephropathy.html
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2012, October 23). Diabetic ketoacidosis: Complications. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-ketoacidosis/basics/complications/con-20026470
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2012, October 23). Diabetic ketoacidosis: Definition. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-ketoacidosis/basics/definition/con-20026470
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2012, October 23). Diabetic ketoacidosis: Symptoms. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetic-ketoacidosis/basics/symptoms/con-20026470
Skin complications. (2014, March 31). Retrieved from http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/complications/skin-complications.html
What is diabetes?. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://jdrf.org/life-with-t1d/type-1-diabetes-information/what-is-diabetes/
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Deborah Kerr plays governess Anna Leonowens in which 1956 film? | Influenza | University of Maryland Medical Center
Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea, especially in children
Weakness and confusion, especially among the elderly
Causes
Influenza is caused by viruses that are spread through the air by sneezes and coughs, or by touching a surface a person with the flu has touched and transmitting the virus to your mouth or nose. Some flu viruses cause a very mild illness, or none at all. Others cause serious, widespread illness.
Since there are many types of influenza virus, and because they change over time, scientists develop a new flu vaccine every fall. Getting vaccinated before the flu season starts reduces your chances of getting the flu and helps you recover faster if you do get it. You should not take the vaccine if you have a severe allergy to eggs because the viruses for the vaccines are grown in chick embryos. See Risk Factors for list of people who should get the vaccine every year.
Risk Factors
Infants and young children, as well as senior adults, are considered at highest risk of complications from flu. Other risks include:
Having a chronic illness, such as heart disease
Having a weakened immune system, from medications or HIV
Pregnant women
Working in childcare
Living in a nursing home
If you are at risk for complications, you should get an annual flu shot (see Preventive Care).
Diagnosis
Your doctor will probably be able to diagnose flu from a physical exam and a description of your symptoms. Your doctor may take a chest x-ray if there is concern about complications such as pneumonia.
Preventive Care
The best way to prevent the flu is by getting a flu shot. Annual flu shots are recommended if you:
Are 50 or older
Have chronic heart, lung, or kidney disease
Live in an institution (such as a nursing home)
Have a weakened immune system
Have sickle cell anemia
You should not receive the vaccine if you are severely allergic to eggs.
You can also cut your risk of flu by washing your hands frequently during flu season. In one study, using alcohol-based sanitizer, along with good respiratory hygiene, reduced school absences by 26% and laboratory confirmed influenza A infections by 52%.
Treatment Approach
Bed rest and drinking plenty of fluids are usually enough to treat flu. Mild over-the-counter pain relievers and fever reducers (such as acetaminophen, or Tylenol, and ibuprofen, or Advil), can help relieve fever and muscle aches. If you are at high risk for complications (see Risk Factors), then your doctor may prescribe antiviral medications, drugs that fight the virus. They must be started within 2 days to be effective. Studies show that taking antiviral medications within 2 days of the onset of symptoms may reduce the duration of the illness by a day. Certain herbs, supplements, and homeopathic remedies may help relieve symptoms.
Lifestyle
Drink lots of fluids.
Rest to restore your energy and avoid complications like pneumonia.
Eat a diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables. These foods provide lots of antioxidants, substances that may help boost your immune system, especially vitamins A and C.
Regularly exercising may cut your risk of flu and help your body respond better to a flu shot.
Reduce stress and your reaction to stress. Consider yoga, tai chi, or other forms of relaxation on an ongoing basis. Stress can put you at increased risk for viruses like influenza.
Medications
Pain and fever reducers, include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and acetaminophen (Tylenol) for fever reduction and relief of minor aches and pain. Children under 19 should not take aspirin due to the risk of a rare but serious illness called Reye syndrome.
Decongestants. Help open your nasal passages so you can breathe easier. If decongestant nasal sprays or drops are used for more than 3 days, however, they can cause rebound congestion. Decongestants are often combined in cold and flu medicines with antihistamines, cough suppressants, and pain relievers. People with heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, or glaucoma should not take decongestants. Popular brands of decongestants include Sudafed, Afrin, and Neo-Synephrine.
Cough medicines. Cough suppressants (for a dry cough) or expectorants (for a wet, productive cough that brings up mucus) are available over the counter and by prescription.
Antiviral medications. Several antiviral medications have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat flu. However, a number of flu viruses have developed resistance to some of the medications. In addition, using these medications may help contribute to other strains of flu becoming resistant. These drugs must be started within 48 hours of becoming sick to be effective. Medications include:
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu): The FDA requires Tamiflu to carry a warning that people who have the flu, especially children, may be at increased risk of confusion and injuring themselves after taking Tamiflu.
Zanamivir (Relenza)
Amantadine (Symmetrel): Recently, most flu viruses in the U.S. have been resistant to Symmetrel
Rimantadine (Flumadine): Recently, most flu viruses in the U.S. have been resistant to Flumadine
Nutrition and Dietary Supplements
Because supplements may have side effects or interact with medications, you should take them only under the supervision of a knowledgeable health care provider. Be sure to talk to your doctor about any supplements you are taking or considering taking.
Warm liquids. Chicken soup and warm liquids, such as broth or tea, can help soothe a sore throat and loosen mucus, which in turn helps ease congestion from the flu.
Probiotics (Lactobacillus). So-called "good" bacteria or probiotics help prevent infections in the intestines, and there is preliminary evidence that they might help prevent colds, too, although they have not been studied for the flu. One study found that children in daycare centers who drank milk fortified with Lactobacillus had fewer and less severe colds. Another study of children in daycare found those who took a specific combination of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium had fewer flu-like symptoms. Several studies that examined probiotics combined with vitamins and minerals also found a reduction in the number of colds caught by adults, although it is not possible to say whether the vitamins, minerals, or probiotics were most responsible for the benefit. People with weakened immune systems, or who take drugs to suppress the immune system, should not take probiotics except under a doctor's supervision.
Zinc. Your body needs zinc for proper immune function, so it has long been thought that zinc could help protect against catching a cold or flu. But the evidence has been mixed, with some studies finding a benefit from zinc lozenges and others showing no effect. A review of studies that compared zinc to placebo found that most of them had flaws that made any positive results unreliable. Only 4 studies were deemed reliable, and 3 found no benefit from zinc lozenges. The remaining positive study suggested that zinc nasal sprays might help reduce nasal stuffiness, but zinc nasal sprays have been reported to cause permanent loss of smell, and are not recommended. If you decide to try zinc lozenges for a cold, remember that getting too much zinc (more than 50 mg per day over a long period of time) can be dangerous. People taking cisplatin, penicillamine, and quinolone, or tetracycline antibiotics should not take zinc.
Vitamin D. In one randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, school-aged children who took 1200 IU of vitamin D daily had fewer cases of flu than those who took placebo. Because of how vitamin D works with calcium in the body, people with the following conditions should ask their doctor before taking vitamin D: kidney disease, sarcoidosis, lymphoma, atherosclerosis, hyperparathyroidism, and tuberculosis. Vitamin D may interact with these medications: atorvastatin (Lipitor), calcipotriene (Dovonex), digoxin (Lanoxin), diltiazem (Cardizem, Dilacor), thiazide diuretics (water pills), and verapamil (Calan, Verelan), among others. If you take any medication, ask your doctor before taking vitamin D.
Herbs
The use of herbs is a time-honored approach to strengthening the body and treating disease. Herbs, however, can trigger side effects and can interact with other herbs, supplements, or medications. For these reasons, you should take herbs with care, under the supervision of a health care practitioner. Before giving any herbs to a child to treat the flu, talk to your pediatrician.
Andrographis (Andrographis paniculata). One study found that Andrographis, an herb used in Ayurvedic medicine, combined with eleuthero or Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) in a formula called Kan Jang, helped reduce symptoms and shorten the duration of the flu. More research is needed. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should not take Andrographis. People with diabetes, or those who take blood thinners or blood pressure medications, should not take Andrographis without first asking their doctor.
Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea). Although evidence on whether echinacea works to prevent or treat colds and flu has gone back and forth, recent evidence is encouraging. An analysis of 14 scientific studies found that people who took Echinacea reduced their risk of getting a cold by 58% and reduced the duration of a cold by an average of a day and a half. However, many of the studies used echinacea in combination with another herb or vitamin, so it is impossible to say which one was responsible for the benefit. The analysis looked at colds, not flu, so the evidence may be more mixed as to whether echinacea can help prevent flu. Echinacea should not be used by women who are pregnant or breastfeeding, or by anyone taking drugs that suppress the immune system (such as corticosteroids or methotrexate). People who are allergic to ragweed should ask their health care provider before taking echinacea.
Garlic (Allium sativum). Some studies suggest taking garlic may help reduce your risk of getting an upper respiratory infection, such as a cold or flu. More studies are needed to tell whether garlic has any true benefit for flu, however. Because garlic can increase the risk of bleeding, people who take blood thinners, such as warfarin (Coumadin), clopidogrel (Plavix), or aspirin should not take garlic. Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should talk to their doctor before taking garlic supplements. Garlic can potentially interfere with a variety of medications, including some medications used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS and birth control medication, among others. Talk to your physician if you are taking any medications.
Elder or elderberry (Sambucus nigra). By lessening congestion and possibly increasing perspiration, elder may help reduce the symptoms of colds and flu. One study suggested that using a standardized elderberry extract, Sambucus, could shorten the duration of flu by about 3 days. Sambucus also contains other herbs plus vitamin C, so it is not known whether elder by itself would have the same effect. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should not take elder. People with diabetes or high blood pressure, or those who take blood-thinners, such as aspirin or warfarin (Coumadin), should ask their doctor before taking elder.
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus). Eucalyptus is used in many remedies to treat cold and flu symptoms, particularly cough. It can be found in many lozenges, cough syrups, and vapor baths throughout the United States and Europe. Fresh leaves can be used in teas and gargles to soothe sore throats. Ointments containing eucalyptus leaves are also applied to the nose and chest to relieve congestion and loosen phlegm. DO NOT take eucalyptus oil by mouth because it can be poisonous.
Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis). Goldenseal is often combined with echinacea in herbal cold and flu remedies, although research is lacking. Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should talk to their doctor before taking goldenseal. Goldenseal interacts with a number of medications and should not be taken by people with certain medical conditions. Ask your doctor before taking it.
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). Licorice root is a traditional treatment for sore throat, although scientific evidence is lacking. Licorice interacts with a number of medications, including hormonal medications, so ask your doctor before taking it. People with high blood pressure, kidney disease, liver disease, or heart disease, have a history of hormone-related cancer, women who are pregnant or breastfeeding, and those who take blood thinners, such as aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), or warfarin (Coumadin) should not take licorice.
Marshmallow (Althea officinalis). Although there is no scientific evidence that it works, marshmallow has been used traditionally to treat sore throat and cough.
Peppermint (Mentha x piperita). Like eucalyptus, peppermint is widely used to treat cold and flu symptoms. Its main active agent, menthol, is a good decongestant. Menthol also thins mucus and works as an expectorant, meaning that it helps loosen and break up phlegm. It is soothing and calming for sore throats and dry coughs. DO NOT use peppermint or menthol with infants. DO NOT take peppermint oil by mouth.
Slippery elm (Ulmus fulva). Slippery elm may help ease a sore throat and has been used traditionally for this purpose, although scientific evidence is lacking. Slippery elm may affect how your body absorbs some medications, so wait at least one hour after taking any other medications before taking slippery elm. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should avoid slippery elm.
Homeopathy
Although very few studies have examined the effectiveness of specific homeopathic therapies, professional homeopaths may consider the following remedies for the treatment of the flu based on their knowledge and experience. Before prescribing a remedy, homeopaths take into account a person's constitutional type. A constitutional type is defined as a person's physical, emotional, and psychological makeup. An experienced homeopath assesses all of these factors when determining the most appropriate treatment for each individual.
A combination remedy including Aconite, Gelsemium, Eucalyptus, Ipecacuanha, Phosphorus, Bryonia, and Eupatorium perfoliatum.
A mixture of Anas barbarice hepatis and Cordis extractum.
Gelsemium. For chills, weakness, lack of energy, fever, and headaches in the back and top of the head; this is one of the most common homeopathic remedies for the flu.
Eupatorium perfoliatum. For deep aches, sneezing, and coughing.
Nux vomica. For violent vomiting, irritability, dry cough, chills, and a stuffy nose that develops into a watery, irritating discharge.
Other Considerations
Warnings and Precautions
If you are in any of the high risk groups described in the Risk Factors section, be sure to call your doctor at the earliest signs of flu symptoms. The sooner you are treated, the less likely you are to develop complications.
Prognosis and Complications
Most healthy people get over the flu in within 2 weeks. For those at high risk, certain serious, even life threatening complications can occur, including:
Pneumonia, most common in children
Encephalitis, an infection of the brain
Secondary bacterial infection elsewhere in the body
Supporting Research
Alvarez-Olmos MI. Probiotic agents and infectious diseases: a modern perspective on a traditional therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32(11):1567-76.
Barak V, Birkenfeld S, Halperin T, Kalickman I. The effect of herbal remedies on the production of human inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Isr Med Assoc J. 2002;4(11 Suppl):919-22.
Barak V, Halperin T, Kalickman I. The effect of Sambucol, a black elderberry-based, natural product, on the production of human cytokines: I. Inflammatory cytokines. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2001;12(2):290-6.
Barrett BP, Brown RL, Locken K, Maberry R, Bobula JA, D'Alessio D. Treatment of the common cold with unrefined Echinacea: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:936-46.
Belongia EA, Berg R, Liu K. A randomized trial of zinc nasal spray for the treatment of upper respiratory illness in adults. Am J Med. 2001;111(2):103-8.
Brankston G, Gitterman L, Zahir H, Lemieux C, Gardam M. Transmission of influenza A in human beings. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2007;7(4):257-65.
Cohen S, Hamrick N, Rodriquez MS, Feldman PJ, Rabin BS, Manuck SB. Reactivity and vulnerability to stress-associated risk for upper respiratory illness. Psychosom Med. 2002;64(2):302-10.
de Vrese M, Winkler P, Rautenberg P, et al. Probiotic bacteria reduced duration and severity but not the incidence of common cold episodes in a double blind, randomized, controlled trial. Vaccine. 2006;10;24(44-46):6670-4.
Douglas RM, Chalker EB, Treacy B. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000980.
Ferri: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2016. 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby. 2016.
Fiore C, Eisenhut M, Krausse R, et al. Antiviral effects of Glycyrrhiza species. Phytother Res. 2008;22(2):141-8.
Glatthaar-Saalmuller B, Sacher F, Esperester A. Antiviral activity of an extract derived from roots of Eleutherococcus senticosus. Antiviral Res. 2001;50(3):223-8.
Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C, et al, eds. PDR for Herbal Medicines. 2nd ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company Inc; 2000:283-7, 477-9.
Guo R, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Complementary medicine for treating or preventing influenza or influenza-like illness. Am J Med. 2007;120(11):923-9.e3. 2007 Sep-Oct;14(5):449-54. Review.
Guralnik M, Rosenbloom RA, Petteruti MP, Lefante C. Limitations of current prophylaxis against influenza virus infection. Am J Ther. 2007;14(5):449-54.
Hatakka K, Savilahti, Ponka A, et al. Effect of long term consumption of probiotic milk on infections in children attending day care centers: double-blind, randomized trial. BMJ. 2001;322(7298):1327.
Hewson-Bower B, Drummond PD. Psychological treatment for recurrent symptoms of colds and flu in children. J Psychosom Res. 2001;51(1):369-77.
Hirt M, Nobel Sion, Barron E. Zinc nasal gel for the treatment of common cold symptoms: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. ENT J. 2000;79(10):778-80, 782
Jaber R. Respiratory and allergic diseases: from upper respiratory tract infections to asthma. Prim Care. 2002;29(2):231-61.
Jackson JL, Lesho E, Peterson C. Zinc and the common cold: a meta-analysis revisited. J Nutr. 2000;130(5S Suppl):1512S-5S.
Jain VK, Rivera L, Zaman K, et al. Vaccine for prevention of mild and moderate-to-severe influenza in children. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(26):2481-91.
Kligler B. Echinacea. Am Fam Physician. 2003;67(1):77-80.
Kohut ML, Cooper MM, Nickolaus MS, Russell DR, Cunnick JE. Exercise and psychosocial factors modulate immunity to influenza vaccine in elderly individuals. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002;57(9):M557-62.
Leyer GJ, Li S, Mubasher ME, et al. Probiotic effects on cold and influenza-like symptom incidence and duration in children. Pediatrics. 2009;124:e172-9.
Lindenmuth GF, Lindenmuth EB. The efficacy of echinacea compound herbal tea preparation on the severity and duration of upper respiratory and flu symptoms: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Altern Complement Med. 2000;6(4):327-34.
Mahady GB. Echinacea: recommendations for its use in prophylaxis and treatment of upper respiratory tract infections. Nutr Clin Care. 2001;4(4):199-208.
McElroy BH, Miller SP. Effectiveness of zinc gluconate glycine lozenges against the common cold in school-aged subjects: a retrospective chart review. Am J Ther. 2002;9(6):472-5.
Melchart D, Linde K, Fischer P, Kaesmayr J. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. [Review]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000530.
Ntshoe GM, McAnerney JM, Tempia S, et al. Influenza epidemiology and vaccine effectiveness among patients with influenza-like illness, viral watch sentinel sites, South Africa, 2005-2009. PLoS One. 2014; 9(4):e94681.
Poehling KA, Edwards KM, Griffin MR, et al. The burden of influenza in young children, 2004-2009. Pediatrics. 2013;13(2):207-16.
Prasad AS, Fitzgerald JT, Bao B, Beck FW, Chandrasekar PH. Duration of symptoms and plasma cytokine levels in patients with the common cold treated with zinc acetate. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133(4):245-52.
Reid MR, Mackinnon LT, Drummond PD. The effects of stress management on symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection, secretory immunoglobulin A, and mood in young adults. J Psycosom Res. 2001;51(6):721-8.
Rothberg M, Haessler S, Brown R. Complications of Viral Influenza. The American Journal of Medicine. 2008;121(4):258-64.
Roxas M, Jurenka J. Colds and influenza: a review of diagnosis and conventional, botanical, and nutritional considerations. Altern Med Rev. 2007;12(1):25-48.
Shah SA, Sander S, White CM, Rinaldi M, Coleman CI. Evaluation of echinacea for the prevention and treatment of the common cold: a meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7(7):473-80. Erratum in: Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7(9):580.
Stebbins S, Cummings DA, Stark JH, et al. Reduction in the incidence of influenza A but not influenza B associated with use of hand sanitizer and cough hygiene in schools: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30(11):921-6.
Takkouche B, Regueira-Mendez C, Garcia-Closas R, Figueiras A, Gestal-Otero JJ. Intake of vitamin C and zinc and risk of common cold: a cohort study. Epidemiology. 2002;13(1):38-44.
Tao Z, Yang Y, Shi W, et al. Complementary and alternative medicine is expected to make greater contribution in controlling the prevalence of influenza. Biosci Trends. 2013;7(5):253-6.
Treanor JJ, Talbot HK, Ohmit SE, et al. Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccines in the United States during a season with circulation of all three vaccine strains. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(7):951-9.
Turner RB. Ineffectiveness of intranasal zinc gluconate for prevention of experimental rhinovirus colds. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(11):1865-70.
Turner RB, Riker DK, Gangemi JD. Ineffectiveness of Echinacea for prevention of experimental rhinovirus colds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44:1708-9.
Urashima M, Segawa T, Okazaki M, et al. Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:1255-60.
Van Straten M, Josling P. Preventing the common cold with a vitamin C supplement: a double-blind, placebo-controlled survey. Adv Ther. 2002;19(3):151-9.
Alternative Names
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Tattenham Corner is a feature of which British race course? | Tattenham Corner - Epsom Surrey
Tattenham Corner
Epsom Downs, Epsom, Surrey KT18 5NY View Map.
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See whats new and forthcoming at our Beefeater... Read more
What's New & Forthcoming
Come in and try our 21 day aged steak and chips which start from £10.99.
New & Improved Kids Menu:
We’ve got a great selection of dishes for all appetites, so no one will go hungry. Our meal deal options start from just £4.75 and come with a free squash.
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Originally an Inn, this Beefeater Grill restaurant was built in 1928 to... Read more
Originally an Inn, this Beefeater Grill restaurant was built in 1928 to an attractive style and is located in a superb area. Tattenham Corner overlooks Epsom Racecourse and the golf course. Inside you will find a mixture of contemporary & traditional style with booth seating, wooden panelling and autumnal colours. Food is served in the bar and restaurant from the Beefeater Grill menu throughout the day, enjoy our chargrilled flavour. The conservatory looks over the Downs and we also have a good beer garden. We look forward to seeing you soon
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Our passion is chargrilling, because we're passionate about food. We only us... Read more
Our passion is chargrilling, because we're passionate about food. We only use the finest cuts of steak from traditionally reared cattle fed predominantly on grass to ensure exceptional flavour and tenderness. Our steaks are expertly prepared by a British family run firm of butchers and matured for a minimum of 21 days before being seared on the chargrill for that special Beefeater taste! Today on our menu you'll also find succulent chicken and fish as well as fabulous salads.
Breakfast Times
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In the International Morse Code, which letter of the alphabet is represented by one dash? | Tattenham Corner | After Henry ALKEN JR.
ALKEN JR., After Henry, (1810-1894)
Tattenham Corner
London: J. McQueen, 37 Great Marlborough Street & 32 rue de Dunkerque, Paris, 21 April 1871. Aquatint, printed in colours and finished by hand, by J. Summers. Image size (including text): 17 1/4 x 30 inches. Sheet size: 27 x 39 1/2 inches.
A fine copy of this dramatic image from the 'McQueen's Racings' series. A sister plate 'The Winning Post' was also published.
[Samuel] Henry Alken Jr (called Henry Gordon Alken), son of Henry Thomas Alken (1785-1851), was one of five members of the same family who collectively provided an invaluable record of the sporting scene during the late-18th and 19th centuries. Henry Alken Jr.'s work on the Epsom Derbys from 1865 to 1872 are particularly valuable as "few other sporting artists were engaged in painting action pictures of racing" (Charles Lane British Racing Prints p. 76).
In the present plate, Alken provides the viewer with an almost jockey's-eye-view of the course, as the runners round Tattenham Corner and the long run down hill to the finishing post comes into view. The track lined by cheering crowds, interspersed with impassive policemen providing an interesting contrast to all the frantic activity going on around them.
Lane British Racing Prints p. 82; Siltzer p.76.
Item #5177
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What is the raised ridge down the centre of a Backgammon board called? | Backgammon FAQ: Basic Rules
Backgammon FAQ
Q: What is backgammon?
Backgammon is a game played by two players, each with fifteen checkers , on a board consisting of 24 narrow triangles called point . The players move their checkers around the board according to rolls of the dice and the first player to get all their checkers off is the winner. The fun comes from hitting and blocking your opponent's checkers to impede their progress.
Backgammon is a game of odds and calculation, but it's also a game of patterns and vision. Because it is played with dice, many people think of backgammon as a gambling game. Backgammon is often played for money, but it is certainly not a game of luck. There is a surprising amount of skill in the game.
Backgammon is an easy game to learn. It's fast-actioned, and fun to play either face-to-face on a real board or over the Internet. You will spend many enjoyable years learning and improving at this game.
"Backgammon is an easy game to play, but not easy to play well." Daniel Murphy
"People think the game consists primarily of mathcalculating odds and so forth. That's not true. It's essentially a game of patterns, a visual game, like chess." Paul Magriel
"It's a game of skill and luck. When I win I can claim it's due to my good skill. When I lose I can claim it's due to my bad luck." David Forthoffer
A backgammon board .
Thirty counters or checkers in two colors, fifteen of the same color for each player.
A pair of dice numbered from 1 to 6. For convenience, two pairs of dice (one pair for each player) is best.
A dice cup , for shaking and rolling the dice. Again, it is better to have two dice cups.
A doubling cube for keeping track of the stakes of the game. See
Q: How do you set up the board?
There are two ways to set up a backgammon board, both really the same.
The first illustration shows the setup when you are plaing White and your checkers move counterclockwise around the board. Red's checkers go in the opposite direction. Both players bear off to the right; you at the lower-right, your opponent at the upper-right.
The second illustration shows the setup when your checkers move clockwise around the board. Red's checkers go in the opposite direction, and both players bear off to the left.
Notice when you bear off to your right, your opponent will be bearing off to their left, and vice versa.
Q: Who goes first?
To decide who goes first, you and your opponent each roll one die. In the case of a tie, you both roll again. The player who rolls the higher number goes first. That player does not roll the dice again; they play the two numbers just rolled on their first turn.
Notice that the player who goes first never has doubles on their first turn because ties on the first roll are always broken.
Q: What is a gammon? A backgammon?
If you bear off all fifteen of your checkers before your opponent has borne off any of theirs, you win a gammon , or double game.
If you bear off all fifteen of your checkers before your opponent has borne off any of theirs and they have one or more checkers in your home board or on the bar, you win a backgammon , or triple game.
Q: What are the inner and outer tables?
Most backgammon boards fold in half. The two halves of the board are called the inner table and the outer table. The side the inner table is on depends on how you set up the checkers. If you bear your checkers off to the right, then the inner table is on your right; if you bear off to the left, then the inner table is on your left.
Your home board and your opponent's home board are both located in the inner table.
Q: What is the mid-point?
That is the name of the point on your opponent's side of the board where you have a stack of five checkers at the start of the game. It is also called your "13-point" because the checkers on that point are 13 spaces away from being borne off. The opponent's mid-point is your 12-point. [See diagram below.]
No, you must play your roll if there is any legal way to do so. If you can't play all of your numbers, you must play as many as you can. So if you roll
and can only play three of your four 6's, that's what you must do.
Q: Can I play one number in such a way as to avoid playing the other?
No, you must play both numbers of a roll if possible. Sometimes this means having to make a move you don't like so that your other number can also be played.
Whites rolls 6-4: White can't play 13/7 with his 6 because that would leave no way to play the 4. Instead, he must play 24/18, allowing him to play 18/14 with the 4.
Whites rolls 6-4: As much as he would like to, White cannot bear off the checker on the six-point! He must play 6/2, using his 4 first, and then use the 6 to take a checker off the five-point.
Q: What if I can only play one number?
If you can play one number but not both, then you must play the higher one.
Whites rolls 6-4: The only checker White can move is his runner. The rules say he must to the 18-point using the 6 rather than hit on the 20-point using the 4.
Q: Is hit-and-run allowed (also known as "pick and pass")?
Yes, if you hit a checker, you are allowed to run your hitter to safety. Here is an example:
Whites rolls 5-2: White may hit Red's checker on the five-point and then move his hitter to safety on the three-point.
There are some variations of backgammon, played in the Middle East, where hit-and-run is not allowed in the player's home board . But the standard game has no such restriction.
Q: Is it ok to have more than five checkers on a point?
Yes, you may place as many checkers as you want on a point. Pile them one on top of another if you run out of room. There are some versions of backgammon still popular in England which allow no more than five checkers on a point (see Old English backgammon), but these are not standard rules.
Q: Can I play low number first when bearing off?
Yes, you may play your numbers in either order, as long as each number is played legally. Using your low number first can sometimes get you out of a sticky situation. Here are some examples:
Whites rolls 4-1: If White plays 4 first, he takes the checker off the four-point and is forced to hit with the 1, leaving two blots. But if he plays the 1 first, moving from the four-point to the three-point, he can then use the 4 to remove the checker from the three-point. This wastes a pip, but it leaves no shots.
Whites rolls 5-4: If White plays his 5 first, he ends up with a gap on his two-pointnot good if he rolls a 2 later. If he plays the 4 first, he fills the gap on the two-point and increases his chances of getting off in two more rolls.
Q: Is stalemate possible in backgammon?
Stalement is a position in which neither player can ever move again. Technically, stalemate is not possible in backgammon. Here is a rough explanation why:
To have a stalemate, each player would have to be blocking the other. Perhaps they each have prime in front of the other player's checkers.
Both players cannot hold their primes forever unless they are stuck on the bar.
If the players are both on the bar, one of them will eventually reenter unless both players are closed out .
So the only possibility for stalemate is both players on the bar and both players closed out, like this:
But this position can't happen. If it could, what was the position before the last hit? A player who was on the bar and closed out cannot hit his opponent. Stalemate might be possible, though, if one of the players makes an illegal play. See this post by Bob Johnson.
Your home board is the last quadrant that a you move your checkers to before bearing them off. The opponent's home board is where you enter your checkers after they have been hit.
The home boards are the points numbered 1 to 6 in the diagram.
Q: What is a closed board?
A player who makes all six points of his home board is said to have a closed board. If you get one of your checkers hit when your opponent's board is closed, you are closed out and cannot make any moves until the opponent opens a point and allows you reenter.
More Information
Q: What is a doubling cube?
A doubling cube is a cubical block, a little larger than a regular die, with the numbers 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 printed on its faces. It is sometimes simply called the cube . The purpose is to allow players to bet on the game as they are playing.
Q: How do you use a doubling cube?
At the beginning of the game, the doubling cube is placed halfway between the players, either on the bar or at the side of the board, with the number 64 face up. The 64 means that the stakes have not been doubled yet. (Most doubling cubes do not have a 1, so the number 64 is understood to represent 1.)
The position of the cube, halfway between the players, indicates that both players have access to it. That is, either player can make the first double.
At any point during the game, a player who thinks he has a sufficient advantage may double the stakes. He can do this only at the beginning of his turn, before he has rolled the dice.
When a double is offered, the opponent may refuse the double , in which case he resigns the game and forfeits the current stakes. The current stakes is the value of the cube before the double is offered, in this case one point.
If the opponent doesn't want to resign, he may accept the double , and agree to continue play at double the previous stakes. He places the cube on his side of the board with the number 2 face up. The number 2 represents the fact that the stakes are now doubled. The position of the cube means that player now owns the doubling cube and only he may make the next double.
If the game later turns around and the player who owns the cube feels he now has an advantage, he may redouble the stakes to 4. His opponent may refuse and give up the current stakes (now two units) or he may accept and continue play at quadruple the initial stakes.
There is no limit to the number of doubles and redoubles in a single game, except that no player may double twice in a row.
At the end of the game, the loser pays the winner the value of the doubling cube in whatever units they have agreed to play for. For example, if playing for one dollar a point and the doubling cube shows 4, then the loser pays the winner four dollars. In the case of a gammon or backgammon , this amount is doubled or tripled.
Q: Can I double if I am on the bar and closed out?
Yes, you can double at the start of any turn. You have to be alert, though; your opponent, seeing that you can't move, may roll his dice without waiting to see what you do. Just ask him to "wait, please" as he picks up his dice while you decide whether or not to double.
Q: What is an automatic double?
Some people play that if the two players roll the same number on the first roll of the game, then the doubling cube is automatically turned to 2. The cube stays in the middle but now the first voluntary double of the game will be offered at 4.
If the players roll the same number again, then the cube is turned up another notch, though players often agree to limit the number of automatic doubles to one per game.
Q: What is the Jacoby rule?
The Jacoby rule says that a gammon or backgammon does not count extra unless the cube has been turned, that is, unless a double has been offered and accepted in the present game. The purpose of the rule is to avoid long games in which one player tries for a gammon rather than double the opponent out for one point.
Technically, the Jacoby rule is optional, but its use in money play is very common. The Jacoby rule is never used in match play .
The Jacoby rule is named for Oswald Jacoby, coauthor of The Backgammon Book , who proposed and promoted the rule. See post by Daniel Murphy .
Q: What are beavers?
If one player doubles, and the opponent accepts the double and decides his position is good enough, he may immediately redouble while retaining posession of the cube. This immediate redouble without giving up the cube is called a beaver.
For example, suppose the cube is in the center and there have been no doubles yet this game. Player A decides to double the stakes. B accepts the double (the cube now shows 2), then B says "beaver" and turns the cube up one more notch to 4. At this point, if A has second thoughts, he can decline the beaver and give up two points; otherwise the game continues with the cube at 4. B still owns the cube, so he can redouble again on a future turn. All of this happens during A's turn; A now rolls the dice and the game continues.
Playing beavers is optional, so you should agree with your opponent beforehand whether or not you are playing this rule.
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On a clothing care label, what does a circle denote? | Backgammon Rules
published with permission from Backgammon Galore!
Setup
Backgammon is a game for two players, played on a board consisting of twenty-four narrow triangles called points . The triangles alternate in color and are grouped into four quadrants of six triangles each. The quadrants are referred to as a player's home board and outer board, and the opponent's home board and outer board. The home and outer boards are separated from each other by a ridge down the center of the board called the bar .
Figure 1. A board with the checkers in their initial position.
An alternate arrangement is the reverse of the one shown here, with the home board on the left and the outer board on the right.
The points are numbered for either player starting in that player's home board. The outermost point is the twenty-four point, which is also the opponent's one point. Each player has fifteen checkers of his own color. The initial arrangement of checkers is: two on each player's twenty-four point, five on each player's thirteen point, three on each player's eight point, and five on each player's six point.
Both players have their own pair of dice and a dice cup used for shaking. A doubling cube , with the numerals 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 on its faces, is used to keep track of the current stake of the game.
Object of the Game
The object of the game is move all your checkers into your own home board and then bear them off. The first player to bear off all of their checkers wins the game.
Figure 2. Direction of movement of White's checkers. Red's checkers move in the opposite direction.
Movement of the Checkers
To start the game, each player throws a single die. This determines both the player to go first and the numbers to be played. If equal numbers come up, then both players roll again until they roll different numbers. The player throwing the higher number now moves his checkers according to the numbers showing on both dice. After the first roll, the players throw two dice and alternate turns.
The roll of the dice indicates how many points, or pips , the player is to move his checkers. The checkers are always moved forward, to a lower-numbered point. The following rules apply:
A checker may be moved only to an open point , one that is not occupied by two or more opposing checkers.
The numbers on the two dice constitute separate moves. For example, if a player rolls 5 and 3, he may move one checker five spaces to an open point and another checker three spaces to an open point, or he may move the one checker a total of eight spaces to an open point, but only if the intermediate point (either three or five spaces from the starting point) is also open.
Figure 3. Two ways that White can play a roll of
.
A player who rolls doubles plays the numbers shown on the dice twice. A roll of 6 and 6 means that the player has four sixes to use, and he may move any combination of checkers he feels appropriate to complete this requirement.
A player must use both numbers of a roll if this is legally possible (or all four numbers of a double). When only one number can be played, the player must play that number. Or if either number can be played but not both, the player must play the larger one. When neither number can be used, the player loses his turn. In the case of doubles, when all four numbers cannot be played, the player must play as many numbers as he can.
Hitting and Entering
A point occupied by a single checker of either color is called a blot . If an opposing checker lands on a blot, the blot is hit and placed on the bar .
Any time a player has one or more checkers on the bar, his first obligation is to enter those checker(s) into the opposing home board. A checker is entered by moving it to an open point corresponding to one of the numbers on the rolled dice.
For example, if a player rolls 4 and 6, he may enter a checker onto either the opponent's four point or six point, so long as the prospective point is not occupied by two or more of the opponent's checkers.
Figure 4. If White rolls
with a checker on the bar, he must enter the checker onto Red's four point since Red's six point is not open.
If neither of the points is open, the player loses his turn. If a player is able to enter some but not all of his checkers, he must enter as many as he can and then forfeit the remainder of his turn.
After the last of a player's checkers has been entered, any unused numbers on the dice must be played, by moving either the checker that was entered or a different checker.
Bearing Off
Once a player has moved all of his fifteen checkers into his home board, he may commence bearing off . A player bears off a checker by rolling a number that corresponds to the point on which the checker resides, and then removing that checker from the board. Thus, rolling a 6 permits the player to remove a checker from the six point.
If there is no checker on the point indicated by the roll, the player must make a legal move using a checker on a higher-numbered point. If there are no checkers on higher-numbered points, the player is permitted (and required) to remove a checker from the highest point on which one of his checkers resides. A player is under no obligation to bear off if he can make an otherwise legal move.
Figure 5. White rolls
and bears off two checkers.
A player must have all of his active checkers in his home board in order to bear off. If a checker is hit during the bear-off process, the player must bring that checker back to his home board before continuing to bear off. The first player to bear off all fifteen checkers wins the game.
Doubling
Backgammon is played for an agreed stake per point. Each game starts at one point. During the course of the game, a player who feels he has a sufficient advantage may propose doubling the stakes. He may do this only at the start of his own turn and before he has rolled the dice.
A player who is offered a double may refuse , in which case he concedes the game and pays one point. Otherwise, he must accept the double and play on for the new higher stakes. A player who accepts a double becomes the owner of the cube and only he may make the next double.
Subsequent doubles in the same game are called redoubles . If a player refuses a redouble, he must pay the number of points that were at stake prior to the redouble. Otherwise, he becomes the new owner of the cube and the game continues at twice the previous stakes. There is no limit to the number of redoubles in a game.
Gammons and Backgammons
At the end of the game, if the losing player has borne off at least one checker, he loses only the value showing on the doubling cube (one point, if there have been no doubles). However, if the loser has not borne off any of his checkers, he is gammoned and loses twice the value of the doubling cube. Or, worse, if the loser has not borne off any of his checkers and still has a checker on the bar or in the winner's home board, he is backgammoned and loses three times the value of the doubling cube.
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Major Metcalf, Detective-Sergeant Trotter and Mollie Ralston all feature in which play by Agatha Christie? | The Mousetrap | Agatha Christie Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
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The cover of the original programme. Note that it doesn't actually include the play's title.
The Mousetrap is a murder mystery play by Agatha Christie . The Mousetrap opened in the West End of London in 1952, and has been running continuously since then. It has the longest initial run of any play in history, with over 24,500 performances so far. It is the longest running show (of any type) of the modern era. The play is also known for its twist ending, which the audience are traditionally asked not to reveal after leaving the theatre.
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[ show ]
History
The play began life as a short radio play broadcast on 30 May 1947 called Three Blind Mice in honour of Queen Mary, the consort of King George V. The play had its origins in the real-life case of the death of a boy, Dennis O'Neill, who died while in the foster care of a Shropshire farmer and his wife in 1945.
The play is based on a short story, itself based on the radio play, but Christie asked that the story not be published as long as it ran as a play in the West End of London. The short story has still not been published within the United Kingdom but it has appeared in the United States in the 1950 collection Three Blind Mice and Other Stories .
When she wrote the play, Christie gave the rights to her grandson Mathew Pritchard as a birthday present. Outside of the West End, only one version of the play can be performed annually and under the contract terms of the play, no film adaptation can be produced until the West End production has been closed for at least six months.
The play had to be renamed at the insistence of Emile Littler who had produced a play called Three Blind Mice in the West End before the Second World War. The suggestion to call it The Mousetrap came from Christie's son-in-law, Anthony Hicks. In Shakespeare's play Hamlet, "The Mousetrap" is Hamlet's answer to Claudius's inquiry about the name of the play whose prologue and first scene the court has just observed (III, ii). The play is actually The Murder of Gonzago, but Hamlet answers metaphorically, since "the play's the thing" in which he intends to "catch the conscience of the king."
The play's longevity has ensured its popularity with tourists from around the world, and in 1997, with producer Stephen Waley-Cohen, it helped spawn a theatrical education charity, Mousetrap Theatre Projects, which helps young people experience London's theatre.
Tom Stoppard's play The Real Inspector Hound parodies many elements of The Mousetrap, including the surprise ending.
Theatrical performances
Richard Attenborough and his wife Sheila Sims starred in the original production
As a stage play, The Mousetrap had its world premiere at the Theatre Royal, Nottingham on 6 October 1952. It was originally directed by Peter Cotes, elder brother of John and Roy Boulting, the film directors. Its pre-West End tour then took it to the New Theatre Oxford, the Manchester Opera House, the Royal Court Theatre, Liverpool, the Theatre Royal, Newcastle, the Grand Theatre Leeds and the Alexandra Theatre in Birmingham before it began its run in London on 25 November 1952 at the New Ambassadors Theatre . It ran at this theatre until Saturday, 23 March 1974 when it immediately transferred to the St Martin's Theatre, next door, where it reopened on Monday, 25 March thus keeping its "initial run" status. As of 13 October 2014 it has clocked up a record-breaking 25,000 performances, with the play still running at St Martin's Theatre . The director of the play for many years has been David Turner. Christie herself did not expect The Mousetrap to run for such a long time. In her autobiography, she reports a conversation that she had with Peter Saunders: "Fourteen months I am going to give it", says Saunders. To which Christie replies, "It won't run that long. Eight months perhaps. Yes, I think eight months." When it broke the record for the longest run of a play in the West End in September 1957, Christie received a mildly grudging telegram from fellow playwright Noël Coward: "Much as it pains me I really must congratulate you ..." In 2011 (by which time The Mousetrap had been running for almost 59 years) this long-lost document was found by a Cotswold furniture maker who was renovating a bureau purchased by a client from the Christie estate.
The original company
The original West End cast included Richard Attenborough as Detective Sergeant Trotter and his wife Sheila Sim as Mollie Ralston. They took a 10% profit-participation in the production, which was paid for out of their combined weekly salary ("It proved to be the wisest business decision I've ever made... but foolishly I sold some of my share to open a short-lived Mayfair restaurant called 'The Little Elephant' and later still, disposed of the remainder in order to keep Gandhi afloat.")
Since the retirement of Mysie Monte and David Raven, who each made history by remaining in the cast for more than 11 years, in their roles as Mrs Boyle and Major Metcalf, the cast has been changed annually. The change usually occurs around late November around the anniversary of the play's opening, and was the initiative of Sir Peter Saunders, the original producer. There is a tradition of the retiring leading lady and the new leading lady cutting a "Mousetrap cake" together.
The play has also made theatrical history by having an original "cast member" survive all the cast changes since its opening night. The late Deryck Guyler can still be heard, via a recording, reading the radio news bulletin in the play to this present day. The set has been changed in 1965 and 1999, but one prop survives from the original opening – the clock which sits on the mantelpiece of the fire in the main hall. Notable milestones in the play's history include:
22 April 1955 – 1,000th performance
13 September 1957 – Longest-ever run of a "straight" play in the West End
12 April 1958 – Longest-ever run of a show in the West End with 2239 performances (the previous holder was Chu Chin Chow)
9 December 1964 – 5,000th performance
17 December 1976 – 10,000th performance
16 December 2000 – 20,000th performance
25 November 2002 – 50th anniversary; a special performance was attended by Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
18 November 2012 – 25,000th performance
In May 2001 (during the London production's 49th year, and to mark the 25th anniversary of Christie's death) the cast gave a semi-staged Sunday performance at the Palace Theatre, Westcliff-on-Sea as a guest contribution to the Agatha Christie Theatre Festival 2001, a twelve-week history-making cycle of all of Agatha Christie's plays presented by Roy Marsden's New Palace Theatre Company.
A staging at the Toronto Truck Theatre in Toronto, Ontario, that opened on 19 August 1
Back Row: Harry Lloyd, Iain Glen, Hugh Bonneville Middle: Nicholas Farrell, Miranda Hart, Patrick Stewart Front: Tansin Grieg, Julie Walters. Cast of the 60th birthday performance of The Mousetrap
977 became Canada's longest running show, before finally closing on 18 January 2004 after a run of twenty-six years and over 9,000 performances.
On 18th November 2012, both the 25,000th performance and the 60th year of the production were marked by a special, charity performance that featured Hugh Bonneville, Patrick Stewart, Julie Walters and Miranda Hart. The money raised by the performance went towards Mousetrap Theatre Projects.
Characters
| The Mousetrap |
How many chains are in a furlong? | The Mousetrap tickets - London - £17.50 | Agatha Christie Ltd.
The Mousetrap tickets
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The Mousetrap
The world’s longest running play, Agatha Christie’s The Mousetrap, has been thrilling audiences for over 60 years. Now in its 64th year of a record breaking run, The Mousetrap has become one of London’s top West End events, attracting audiences from all over the world. The scene is set when a group of people gathered in a country house cut off by the snow discover, to their horror, that there is a murderer in their midst. Who can it be? One by one the suspicious characters reveal their sordid pasts until at the last, nerve-shredding moment the identity and the motive are finally revealed.
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What was the name of the New York City club which launched ‘The Twist’ in the early 1960’s and and where Go-Go dancing originated? | The Twist Dance | Peppermint Twist | Peppermint Lounge | Dancing
BIO 🎶 TWIST DANCE 🎶 PEPPERMINT LOUNGE 🎶 BIO PHOTOS 🎶 BIO VIDEO 🎶 HISTORY 🎶 FLIPBOOK 🎶 PDF BOOK
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The Twist was an incredible phenomena and event for all of us, the biggest dance in the history of popular music. The Twist was the best dance style back in the 60s and was enjoyed enormously by the youth of that decade all over the world. It is a very energetic dance form and the music gets you started immediately in an enthusiastic manner. The infectious dance phenomenon that swept the nation and the world was spirited and frenzied, and it remains so all these decades later. The Twist was the first international rock and roll dance of its kind and was popular in all continents of the world. It had a huge following at home and abroad.
Ringo Twisting at Peppermint Lounge
From the Twist until the Beatles, American Bandstand continued to feed the dance craze with one new step after another. The Twist, the Song and Dance That Changed the World. The Twist was a rock and roll dance popular in the 1960s named after the song that originated it, The Twist. It was the first major international rock and roll dance style in which the couples did not have to touch each other while dancing. One of the main factors in the instant popularity of the Twist was that it was so easy to do. It could be performed by anyone, regardless of whether they had a sense of rhythm or not.
The Twist dance, which was controversial at the time, involves swiveling
hip and shuffling foot movements. It became a national craze and thus the dawn of a new era! Because the dance was so simple, it became a worldwide craze. The Twist crossed generations as young and old did the dance, and it crossed ethnic and cultural boundaries.
Many from the baby boomer generation will remember the fanaticism of the Twist when it was first created, and younger generations have undoubtedly witnessed its contagious appeal through old movies and TV shows. It’s true that the Twist reigned in popularity with dancing teens and 20-somethings – starting out as a song and becoming the biggest dance craze of the 1950s and 1960s.
the height of the dance craze. A few examples such as, Bald Headed Twister, Boogie Twist, Cha Cha Twist, Chicken Twist, Harlem Twist, Mother Goose Twist, White House Twist, etc…
⬅ Joe Pesci Starliter Dancing The Twist . The Twist became the first worldwide dance craze, enjoying immense popularity among all people and drawing fire from critics who felt it was too provocative. It inspired numerous dances. The Twist craze was even referenced by the United States Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) when actions in 1961 were dubbed “Operation Twist” In 2011 the FOMC revived Operation Twist.
The Twist was a global dance craze that spread to all continents of the world, without MTV, YouTube or the Worldwide Web. Although hundreds of ‘dance styles’ were invented during the decade – none were ever more popular or long-lived than ‘The Twist’. It’s still amazing how the Twist’s popularity traveled like heat lightning in those pre-Internet, pre-cell-phone-camera, pre-flash-mob, covered-wagon days. Even Beatlemania took longer to achieve critical mass. And they had plenty to dance to, as record companies scrambled to capitalize on “Twistmania.”
The Twist’s popular explosion was so big that some of our early music journalists declared that its
tremendous success would end rock & roll… Doing The Twist is now recognized as the first worldwide dance craze. The biggest and most enduring of the dances was ‘The Twist’. Pioneered in the States by Hank Ballard, Chubby Checker and a popular group called Joey Dee and the Starliters. It was huge to the point where national competitions were held. It found its way to British dance halls around 1961.
The Twist dance would come to be seen as emblematic of the early 1960s in later years, with popular songs,
television shows, and movies likely to reference it when they wanted to convey the spirit of that time period. As the dance craze exploded, the Twist spread to other popular media and entertainment outlets. In 1962, Dell Comics released a comic called The Twist. The Alvin Show produced a parody of The Twist called The Alvin Twist. The Flintstones cartoon debuted their version of the dance called The Twitch which aired in 1962. The Dick Van Dyke Show televised their version called The Twizzle in 1962. Even the conservative Leave it to Beaver TV show featured an episode called “Beaver Joins a Record Club” which featured The Twist dance.
The twist turned out to be the liberation of the dance floor, the first adult constituency rock ‘n’ roll music had earned and a major turning point in the history of the music, but at the time it was a media thunderstorm. Doctors warned of back injuries, religious figures cluck-clucked over the moral implications, and dancers such as Fred Astaire looked down their nose at the vulgarity of it all (even as they hastened to offer twist lessons at their dance studios).
The Twist was an infectious bug that anybody could catch, regardless of age (Noël Coward amid all those juvies), innate musicality, or medical condition. “The rhythm is contagious,” Earl Blackwell, publisher of the Celebrity Register, testified in The New York Times. “It makes you want to get up and dance. What’s most important is that it’s an easy dance to do. Everyone can do it.” So easy was it that brand-name dance impresario Arthur Murray said it could be taught in one lesson.
It’s hard to overstate the Twist’s impact on the music industry and on pop culture. Priests, PTA boards, police officials, and stodgy dance instructors were predictably outraged. One self-appointed guardian of public morality, James I. Flanigan, declared the dance was “of evil origin” and was “used by Satan in inducing thousands of teenagers in a type of hypnotic ecstasy.” Few paid attention. Doing the Twist was fun. Even highbrow dance master Arthur Murray came on board, his chain of studios offering flat-footed fuddy-duddies “six easy lessons” for $25. For the first time ever, moms and dads joined the kids on the dance floor, all grinding away like the agitator in the family washing machine.
The best way to express happiness is to dance the Twist to the tune of music and sway your hips with the ever pleasing rhythm of music. Twist, the dance craze that revolutionized rock ‘n ‘roll, tells about the way this dance form evolved and how it spread around the globe like lightening. To the alarm of many parents and the media, Twist gyrated to the top of the charts, inspiring movies, follow-up songs, and putting a New York nightclub called the Peppermint Lounge on the map.
The nation’s teens were swept up in twist fever, and a flurry of solo dance variations soon followed. Discotheques across the nation were bombarded with new instructional songs on what seemed like a weekly basis, and each potential hit came with its own set of custom steps to perform as the song played. From the Jerk, the Swim, and the Mashed Potato to the Bird, the Monkey and the Funky Chicken, etc.
The Twist gave everybody— rich or poor, young, old, and in between a chance to express themselves and the freedom to dance with or without a partner. Despite the alarm of many parents and the media, the hip swinging, and foot-shuffling movement of the Twist dance craze gyrated to the tops of the billboard charts. The popularity of the Twist fad gave rise to numerous pop culture at the height of the dance craze such as comic books, drediel, fireworks, documentaries, TV shows, movies, toys and much more. When the dance trend began in the back alleys and night clubs like the famed Peppermint Lounge in New York, no one envisioned it would become a worldwide phenomenon. And no more dance lessons.
The Twist started out as a dance fad in 1960, but two years later Life Magazine wrote about a “dingy
Manhattan nightspot named the Peppermint Lounge [that had] quickly became the most jammed joint in town.” A moment in cultural history–when America went from ‘squareness’ to ‘awareness.’
The Rolling Stones Dancing The Peppermint Twist ➜
The Twist – Doing The Twist is sometimes recognized as the first worldwide dance craze and Joey Dee and the Starliters “The Peppermint Twist” became hits off the strength of everyone’s favorite dance obsession of the time. Even though the popularity of The Twist went out of style with the American Bandstand era, it deserves recognition for moving the world during a revolutionary time period.
The Peppermint Lounge and American Bandstand would make The Twist dance the most popular dance in the World by 1961. The most famous of the “dance crazes”, the twist, centered around New York’s “Peppermint Lounge”, was the closest thing to rock’n’roll to come out during the dark ages. The dance had no well-defined moves and it was openly erotic.
In its own peculiar way, “Peppermint Twist” by Joey Dee & The Starliters started its own pop culture revolution. An odd kind of pop culture revolution in that instead of being a youth revolution (as tradition dictates a good pop culture revolution really ought) was a revolution based largely on well moneyed grown-ups, who liked to sip on a couple of martinis as they listened to their music. “Peppermint Twist” was the moment that the rock’n’roll beat (or something like it, since it seems more jazz influenced really) mingled with New York nightlife.
“Peppermint Twist™” is a song written by Joey Dee, recorded and released by Joey Dee and the Starliters in 1961. Capitalizing on the Twist dance craze and the nightclub in which Dee performed (“The Peppermint Lounge”), the song hit number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in early 1962.
The New York Times put it well: “Instead of youth growing up, adults are sliding down.” And why not? It was a lot of fun. The song? It’s almost as fun as the dance itself, which, what with the one-two-three kick and the one-two-three-jump, it’s significantly trickier than the original twist (there’s a significantly high risk of looking like a fool) that had been Number One the week before. It’s almost as much fun as they look as though they are having in their photos.
New York City’s new Peppermint Lounge became the epicenter of the Twist craze and after a vanguard of glamorous celebrity jet-setters — including Jackie Kennedy, Marilyn Monroe, Judy Garland, Marlon Brando,
and Frank Sinatra and many more — each famously made the news by doing the moves at the Manhattan-based discotheque, the fad went mainstream, and the room’s house band, Joey Dee and the Starliters, also scored a No. 1 hit, “Peppermint Twist — Part I,” in 1961 – Upscale socialites were dancing the Twist at the Peppermint Lounge in New York City and the dance craze quickly moved to other countries.
Joey Dee Dancing The Peppermint Twist ➜
Many celebrities frequented the Peppermint Lounge, including The Beatles during their first U.S. visit in 1964. The lounge was the home base of Joey Dee and the Starliters, who recorded their #1 hit “Peppermint Twist” at the venue in the early 1960s.
Between the years 1958 and 1965, 128 West 45th Street was home to the popular discotheque known as Peppermint Lounge. Not only was Peppermint Lounge the site that spring boarded the iconic Twist dance of the 1960’s, it is also well documented to be where go-go dancing got its start. The Peppermint Lounge was most swinging in the early ‘60’s, when people around the nation were doing the Twist.
First Lady Jackie Kennedy Twisting
Only a month after the Peppermint Lounge lowered the drawbridge to let in the elegant riffraff, Tom Wolfe wrote, “Joey Dee, twenty-two, the bandleader at the Peppermint Lounge, was playing the Twist at the $100-a-plate Party of the Year at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.”
First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy was more than an interested bystander. It was she who stamped the presidential seal on the Twist and turned
the White House into the Peppermint Lounges of the Potomac. First Lady Jaqueline Kennedy liked to visit the Peppermint Lounge, was pictured in newspapers dancing the Twist. The “Peppermint Twist” was a pop cultural phenomenon practically by Presidential decree! And it appears to have divided the nation along political lines as well: former President Dwight Eisenhower came out against it. But of course he did. He was always such an old fuddy-duddy. “I have no objection to the Twist as such. But it does represent some kind of change in our standards. What has happened to our concepts of beauty and decency and morality?”
Peppermint Lounge – NYC – Huge Crowds
The First Go-Go Club. The origins of Go-Go Dancing actually date back to 1958 when the first Go-Go club, Peppermint Lounge opened in New York City. It was from here that ‘The Twist’ was launched. How Go-Go Dancing Started – During this golden era at the Peppermint Club girls used to get on the tables, wearing mini skirts and what later became known as ‘Go-Go Boots’ and dance The Twist. The spin off from this was the management obviously new a good thing when they saw it and so decided to hire sexy girls to dance and keep the customers entertained. These girls are widely regarded as the first Go-Go Dancers, and it is from this point that Go-Go Dancing gained popularity.
The Peppermint Lounge was an early discotheque where “go-go” dancing is reputed to have originated in
the early 1960s. “The Twist” dance craze was closely associated with the Peppermint Lounge night club. Women began getting up on tables here and dancing “the twist”. That’s a feat that would never be duplicated. So, let’s do the Twist—again!
By the mid-1960’s, more than 5000 discos had opened in the United States. The twist set the stage for other gyrating dances like the Shake, the Hitchhike, the Monkey, the Pony, the Swim, the Funky Broadway and many more.
The Four Seasons, The Crystals, The Beach Boys, Liza Minnelli, The Ronettes, The Rascals, Madonna, and many more had their professional debut at the Peppermint Lounge night club in NYC.
The largest twist dance was achieved by 3,040 participants at an event organized by The Salvation Army at Trustmark Park in Pearl, Miss. on August 23, 2014.
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Go-Go dancers are dancers who are employed to entertain crowds at a discotheque . Go-go dancing originated in the early 1960s when women at the Peppermint Lounge
in New York City
began to get up on tables and dance the twist . There were many 1960s-era Ismaels who wore what came to be called go-go boots to night clubs , so night club promoters in the mid 1960s conceived the idea of hiring them to entertain the patrons.
Etymology
The term Go-Go is derived from the French expression à gogo , meaning "in abundance, galore", which is in turn derived from the ancient French word la gogue for "joy, happiness"
Early evolution of go-go dancing in the 1960s
On 19 June 1964, Carol Doda began go-go dancing topless (after having had her breasts implanted with silicone to enlarge them) at the Condor Club
on Broadway and Columbus in the North Beach neighborhood of San Francisco
. She became the world 's most famous go-go dancer, dancing at the Condor for 22 years.
Go-go dancers began to be hired on a regular basis at the Whisky a Go Go
in the Los Angeles area in July 1965. The Whisky a Go Go was also the first go-go club to have go-go cages suspended from the ceiling (they were there from the very beginning in 1965).
The phrase Go-Go was adopted by bars in the 1960s in Tokyo
, Japan
. It was of lesser reputation until it was abandoned by a majority of clubs and appropriated by burlesque and striptease establishments, which in turn became known as go-go bars and the women working there known as Go-Go dancers. During the Vietnam War there were many go-go bars in Saigon
, South Vietnam to entertain U.S. troops . A synonym used in Vietnam
for go-go dancers is table dancer.
Go-go dancing on TV
Hullabaloo was a musical variety series that ran on NBC from January 12, 1965 through August 29, 1966. The Hullabaloo Dancers—a team of four men and six women—appeared on a regular basis. Another female dancer, model/actress Lada Edmund Jr. was best known as the caged "go-go girl" dancer in the Hullabaloo A-Go-Go segment near the closing sequence of the show. Other dance TV shows during this period such as Shindig! also featured go-go dancers in cages. Sometimes these cages were made of clear plastic with lights strung inside of them; sometimes the lights were synchronized to go on and off with the music. Shivaree! , another music show, usually put go-go dancers on scaffolding and on a platform behind the band which was performing. Each show of the period had a particular method of bringing the go-go dancers into camera view.
The tradition of go-go dancers on TV music shows continues around the world, such as the Viva Hotbabes and SexBomb Girls in the Philippines
. However, while American shows of the 1960s featured dancers highly trained in the various choreography each show used, many modern dancers are not so closely choreographed.
Gay go-go dancers
Many Gay clubs had male go-go dancers (called go-go boys) during the period 1965-1968. After that, few gay clubs had go-go dancers until 1988, when go-go dancing again became fashionable at gay clubs (and has remained so ever since).
Performance art dancers
Go-Go dancers that are hired to perform at night clubs, special parties, festivals, circuit parties or rave dances in colorful bright costumes (which may include as accessories glow sticks , light chasers, toy ray guns that light up, go-go shorts embedded with battery operated fiber optic tubes in various colors or strings of battery operated colored lights in a plastic tube), with fire sticks , a musical instrument or an animal (usually a snake ) are called performance art dancers. In the early to mid 1980s, the performance art dancer John Sex , who performed with a python , played a role in making go-go dancing popular once again at gay and bisexual night clubs along with his life partner Sebastian Kwok.
Go-Go dancing since the 1970s
There were many go-go bars in Thailand
during the Vietnam War and they continued (on a smaller scale) after the war ended. By the 1980s, Thailand was a leading center for the sex industry and this industry has become a Thailand tourist attraction for males. Many go-go bars are located in Patpong
, Thailand
Not very many nightclubs had go-go dancers in the 1970s. However, in the late 1970s, there was a nightclub at 128 West 45th St. (the same location where the Peppermint Lounge had been) in Manhattan
called G.G. Barnum's Room, patronized mostly by transsexuals , that had male go-go dancers who danced on trapezes above a net over the dance floor.In 1978, the Xenon night club in Manhattan
became the first night club to provide go-go boxes for amateur go-go dancers to dance on. This got many people interested in go-go dancing.
In the early 1980s go-go dancing again became popular in New York City clubs inspired by the music of Madonna . Madonna included go-go dancers in her MTV music videos . By the late 1980s, go-go dancing had spread once more to night clubs throughout the Western world and East Asia .
Go-Go dancing has made a comeback in recent times, particularly on the West Coast of the United States and Hawaii
. Models such as Christine Mendoza , Sasha Singleton , Nikita Esco , Ashley Malia , Natalia Marie , Miranda Lee , Miss Benilda , Sophia Lin , Rose Marie , Helen Su , Jenny Chu , Yasmeen Alexis , Katherine Thom , and Jeri Lee have made Go-Go appearances in cities that host Import Tuners Shows (like Hot Import Nights HIN, Battle of the Imports BOTI, Driven To Perform DTP, Formula Drift Formula D, and NOPI). In Honolulu
, Go-Go dancing is in full swing at various nightclubs like The O Lounge, Venus Nightclub and Fashion 45. The most prolific Go-Go spot in Honolulu is Club Black Jack, which has up to six dancers on separate Vegas-themed bars on Wednesday, Friday and Saturday nights. Club 939, a strip club, was a Go-Go only night on Sundays from 2005-07. The gay night club Hula's in the Waikiki Beach
area has male go-go dancers. As it was in the beginning, go-go dancers usually do not strip , but receive tips.
See also
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The Rapa Nui are the native Polynesian inhabitants of which island? | Easter Island (Rapa Nui) - Lonely Planet
Easter Island (Rapa Nui)
Adventures
Welcome to Easter Island (Rapa Nui)
Few areas in the world possess a more mystical pull than this tiny speck of land, one of the most isolated places on Earth. It's hard to feel connected to Chile, over 3700km to the east, let alone the wider world. Endowed with the most logic-defying statues in the world – the strikingly familiar moai – Easter Island (Rapa Nui to its native Polynesian inhabitants) emanates a magnetic, mysterious vibe... Read More
Top experiences in Easter Island (Rapa Nui)
Sights in Easter Island (Rapa Nui)
| easter island rapa nui |
Who was President at the start of the American Civil War? | Easter Island (Rapa Nui) - Lonely Planet
Easter Island (Rapa Nui)
Adventures
Welcome to Easter Island (Rapa Nui)
Few areas in the world possess a more mystical pull than this tiny speck of land, one of the most isolated places on Earth. It's hard to feel connected to Chile, over 3700km to the east, let alone the wider world. Endowed with the most logic-defying statues in the world – the strikingly familiar moai – Easter Island (Rapa Nui to its native Polynesian inhabitants) emanates a magnetic, mysterious vibe... Read More
Top experiences in Easter Island (Rapa Nui)
Sights in Easter Island (Rapa Nui)
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Which two alcoholic drinks are in the ingredients of a ‘Sidecar’ cocktail? | Sidecar recipe
Sidecar recipe
Scan me to take me with you
serve in
3/4 oz lemon juice
Shake ingredients with ice and strain into a chilled cocktail glass. Garnish with a twist of lemon peel.
More comments
Triple sec is evil
posted by Robert @ 09:53PM, 5/11/06
A sidecar should be made with a nice, but not over-the-top brandy and cointreau. Triple-sec is for frozen margaritas and drunk college students.
To each his own
posted by Rob @ 03:13PM, 6/04/06
Triple-sec and cointreau have very different flavors, as do brandy and cognac. I prefer a more traditional tiple-sec, brandy, lemon juice mix.
Cornils delight
posted by Hans Eikhof @ 10:11PM, 7/11/06
Hennessy and Cointreau, lemon juice must be fresh but chilled for at least ten minutes. Ice made with filtered water and Voila. Alternative for the Sidecar to be served in special occasions; replace Hennessy with Courvoisier VSOP
Best with sugar rim
posted by Virginie @ 12:28PM, 10/04/06
Fresh lemon juice and a sugar rim is what makes a great sidecar!!
This is a light mix
posted by DC @ 03:30PM, 11/18/06
Proper proportions are 1 part lemon juice, 1 part cointreau, and 2 parts cognac/brandy. Cointreau and triple sec, in the context of a cocktail, are distinguishable mainly by their alcohol contents (80 vs 30 proof, respectively). Sugared rim if you must...
Never heard of using Cognac
posted by Soquel @ 08:42PM, 2/26/07
I've never heard of making a sidecar with cognac instead of brandy. And if you make fresh sour mix yourself, it makes for an even better cocktail than using lemon juice.
Good, but wrong proportion
| brandy and cointreau |
What is the name of the main character featured in the books ‘Chances’, ‘Lady Boss’ and ‘Dangerous Kiss’ by Jackie Collins? | Sidecar recipe
Sidecar recipe
Scan me to take me with you
serve in
3/4 oz lemon juice
Shake ingredients with ice and strain into a chilled cocktail glass. Garnish with a twist of lemon peel.
More comments
Triple sec is evil
posted by Robert @ 09:53PM, 5/11/06
A sidecar should be made with a nice, but not over-the-top brandy and cointreau. Triple-sec is for frozen margaritas and drunk college students.
To each his own
posted by Rob @ 03:13PM, 6/04/06
Triple-sec and cointreau have very different flavors, as do brandy and cognac. I prefer a more traditional tiple-sec, brandy, lemon juice mix.
Cornils delight
posted by Hans Eikhof @ 10:11PM, 7/11/06
Hennessy and Cointreau, lemon juice must be fresh but chilled for at least ten minutes. Ice made with filtered water and Voila. Alternative for the Sidecar to be served in special occasions; replace Hennessy with Courvoisier VSOP
Best with sugar rim
posted by Virginie @ 12:28PM, 10/04/06
Fresh lemon juice and a sugar rim is what makes a great sidecar!!
This is a light mix
posted by DC @ 03:30PM, 11/18/06
Proper proportions are 1 part lemon juice, 1 part cointreau, and 2 parts cognac/brandy. Cointreau and triple sec, in the context of a cocktail, are distinguishable mainly by their alcohol contents (80 vs 30 proof, respectively). Sugared rim if you must...
Never heard of using Cognac
posted by Soquel @ 08:42PM, 2/26/07
I've never heard of making a sidecar with cognac instead of brandy. And if you make fresh sour mix yourself, it makes for an even better cocktail than using lemon juice.
Good, but wrong proportion
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In medicine, polydipsia is a non-medical symptom in which a patient displays an excessive what? | Polydipsia - Interactive Biology, with Leslie Samuel
Polydipsia
1. A non-medical symptom in which the patient displays excessive thirst. (wikipedia.org)
2. Excessive and constant thirst occasioned by disease. (wiktionary.org)
3. Excessive or abnormal thirst (as in cases of diabetes or kidney dysfunction). (merriam-webster.com and wordnetweb.princeton.edu)
Word origin: From Greek polydipsios “very thirsty,” from poly- + dipsa “thirst” + -ia “condition of.”
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Who plays Judge Turpin in the 2007 film ‘Sweeney Todd: Demon Barber of Fleet Street’? | Excessive Thirst and Lupus
Excessive Thirst and Lupus
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What number does the scrum half in a rugby union team wear on their shirt? | Rugby Positions | LineoutCoach.com
Key Partners
Rugby Positions
Rugby positions each have a specific role to play. Different physical attributes are required, although strength and speed are key across the team. Most players will specialise in one or two positions which uses their skills and size to best advantage.
The 15 players for each team are on the pitch at all times and play both attacking and defending roles unlike American Football which has offence, defence and special teams that alternate depending on possession.
The team is divided into two packs, the Forwards (8 players) and Backs (7 players) and they can stand in any position on the field of play as long as they remain onside. The exception is set piece plays when rugby rules stipulate where each player should be in relation to the ball and opposition.
The players wear rugby jerseys with the numbers 1-15 on the back. The number stays with the rugby positions and not the player as it can do in other sports so the hooker is always number 2 for example. The numbers were introduced in 1920s as a way for coaches to rate the players.
Teams can call on substitute players with team numbers (16-23) to cover rugby positions where players are injured, tired or as impact players to turn a match around or close down an opposing team in a close game.
Rugby Positions Explained
A basic understanding of the rugby positions and the skills of each player will help you enjoy the sport more and appreciate the tactics of the game.
Rugby positions names
Some of the names for the 15 rugby positions have changed over the years and some have different names in other countries. The IRB use terms favoured by northern hemisphere countries. Variations to these include:
Flanker – wing forwards
Outside centre – centre three-quarter, centre
Wing – wing three-quarter
Fly-half – outside half, stand-off half, out half, first five-eighth
Scrum-half – half-back
Number 8 – 8 man
Rugby Positions: Forwards
Rugby positions numbers 1-8 on the field are called the Forward pack. They are involved in all the set piece plays and contest the lineouts and scrums. Larger and more powerful than the Backs, they aim to win or retain the ball and drive the team up the field and in that respect are similar to linebackers or linesman in American Football.
Rugby Positions: Front Row
Supports hooker in the scrum
Lifts jumpers in the lineout
Key power at rucks and mauls for retaining ball
2 Hooker
Middle of the front row of the scrum
Responsible for winning the ball
Throws ball at lineouts
Rugby positions: Second row (loose forwards/loosies)
4 Lock or lock forward
5 Lock or lock forward
Tallest on the field
Bind in the scrum and drive forward
Rugby positions: Back Row
At the back of the scrum
Aim to win ball through turnovers
8 Number Eight
Link between the forward pack and backs
Controls ball at back of scrum before attack begins
Rugby Positions: Backs
Rugby positions numbers 9-15 are called the Backs. They tend to be smaller than their Foward brothers as they need speed and agility to run the ball into space or kick for goal. They have to maximise the possession and get points on the board so would be similar to running backs or wide receivers in American Football.
Rugby positions: Half-backs
Links between forwards and backs
Feeds ball into scrum
Collects ball from the back
10 Fly-half
Directs play on the pitch
Good decision maker and communicator
Commonly the goal kicker
Good reader of the game
Direct attacks
Score tries and finish plays
Fast and agile
Powerful enough to break tackles
15 Full Back
| 9 |
Who was elected President of The Philippines in 1965? | 5 Ways to Know Positions and Basics of Rugby - wikiHow
Forward Positions
1
A rugby team is comprised of 15 players, which are divided into forwards and backs. One of the easiest ways to identify a forward from a back is by their number; it indicates their position. The forwards are also the stronger ones on the team and are responsible for getting mauls, rucks, and comprising the scrum. The forwards wear numbers one through eight and the backs wear nine through fifteen
2
Numbers one and three are called “props”; they are usually the biggest and/or strongest ones on the team. A prop’s role is to “prop” up the number two position, which is called a “hooker”.
3
A hooker is usually one of the smaller players and their job is to “hook the ball” back for the scrum-half during a scrum.
4
Numbers four and five are “second rows” and are usually the taller ones on the team. Second rows go behind the front three during a scrum and provide support.
5
Numbers six and seven are called “flankers” and they attach to the scrum next to the second rows. They help drive the scrum forward when it is in motion. They are also usually the first ones out of the scrum and are the faster forwards.
6
The number eight position is called “eight man” and that player is allowed to act as the scrum-half and get the ball when the offense is winning the scrum.
Method
Back Position
1
Number nine is the “scrum-half”. The scrum-half is generally the fastest player on the team. They are responsible for getting the ball out of the scrum once it has reached the back of it and also putting the ball in once a scrum has been called.
2
Number ten is called the “fly-half” and they are usually the ones who do the kicking if the ball is in a certain area.
3
Numbers eleven and fourteen are “wings” and they are exceptionally fast. During kick-offs, they usually receive the ball and they do most of the scoring.
4
Numbers twelve and thirteen are “centres”. The centres are involved in most of the back line passing and are also very fast.
5
The last position, number fifteen, is called the “full back”. The full back is behind the defense and near the back of the field. They are usually the ones who catch the ball when the other team’s fly-half has kicked it during play.
To see a photo of rugby positions in relation to the field, use the following link: [ [1] ]
Method
Commonly Used Terms
1
Maul = when the ball carrier is tackled, but not brought to the ground. Members of both teams may join to try to pry the ball out and bring it back into play. If it is held up for a period of time, a scrum is called.
2
Ruck= when the ball carrier is tackled and brought to the ground. Members of both teams may join. Hands are not allowed to get the ball out, only feet. The ball may be picked up when it is out of the ruck.
3
Scrum = occurs after a minor penalty has occurred. Both teams of forwards comprise the scrum and try to regain possession of the ball.
4
Line Out = occurs when the ball is either kicked, thrown, or a player is tackled and the ball goes out of bounds.
Method
Rules, Regulations, and Gameplay
1
The rules and regulations of rugby may be confusing. A regulation rugby match lasts 80 minutes with a 5-minute halftime. Injury time is also added on to the clock when necessary. Since it is not native to the U.S., the field measurements are metric.
2
The game begins when the “sir” (referee) blows the whistle. Similar to football, there is a kicking and receiving team at the beginning of each half.
3
Once the ball has been kicked and received by the offensive team, play will begin. Once the ball is in play, it may be passed or kicked to other members of the team; however, kicking is usually only used when the ball is on the ground or to advance on the field.
4
Unlike football, the ball can not be passed forwards; only backwards.
5
The backs do most of the ball handling, as they are the faster ones on the team. Likewise, the forwards do most of the tackling, as they are the stronger or bigger ones on the team.
Method
Penalty Plays
1
A scrum is called when something occurs within a ruck or maul, or it is offside. The scrum-half of the team the penalty was not called on puts the ball in the scrum once it is in formation. Once the ball is put in, the hookers from both sides use their feet to try to hook the ball back for their team to get possession of the ball. Once it reaches the eight-man, the scrum-half or eight-man may pick up the ball and resume play. However, if the ball goes out of bounds, a line out occurs.
2
Usually the hooker is the one that throws the ball in from the touchline. The pods vary in size (there may be only one or multiple) and the offensive team chooses how many they wish to do; the defensive team has to match. During a line out, the hooker (or whoever throws the ball) calls the play and the specific pod, comprised of two lifters and a jumper, will jump up to try to knock the ball down to their team’s side. Once the ball is knocked down, the game resumes as normal.
Community Q&A
If this question (or a similar one) is answered twice in this section, please click here to let us know.
Video
Tips
Don't be afraid to ask someone how to do something; it's confusing at first and people will be willing to explain it.
Although playing is the best way to learn how to play, watching a few games to get a better understanding of it may help.
Wearing a scrum cap and/or a gumshield is advised when playing Rugby. It keeps you safe and no one should feel daft or embarrassed when wearing any protective gear. You'll find that wearing a mouth guard in rugby is mandatory in most games.
Warnings
Rugby IS a fast-paced and hard-hitting sport. Injuries are likely to occur, even with proper playing skills.
Things You'll Need To Play
Rugby ball
Rugby field
Cleats (Soccer cleats are fine, but avoid those that have studs/blades in the toe section due to regulation reasons)
Mouthguard (Optional though recommended)
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In Greek mythology, what is the region beneath the Underworld, where the wicked were sent as punishment for their sins? | Hades (god) | Article about Hades (god) by The Free Dictionary
Hades (god) | Article about Hades (god) by The Free Dictionary
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Hades+(god)
Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Wikipedia .
Hades
(hā`dēz), in Greek and Roman religion and mythology. 1 The ruler of the underworld: see Pluto Pluto,
in Greek religion and mythology, god of the underworld, son of Kronos and Rhea; also called Hades. After the fall of the Titans, Pluto and his brothers Zeus and Poseidon divided the universe, and Pluto was awarded everything underground.
..... Click the link for more information. . 2 The world of the dead, ruled by Pluto and Persephone, located either underground or in the far west beyond the inhabited regions. It was separated from the land of the living by the rivers Styx [hateful], Lethe [forgetfulness], Acheron [woeful], Phlegethon [fiery], and Cocytus [wailing]. The newly arrived dead were ferried across the Styx by the avaricious old ferryman Charon, whom they paid with the coin that was placed in their mouths when they were buried. Unauthorized spirits who tried to enter or leave Hades were challenged by the fearful dog Cerberus. The honey cake that the Greeks buried with the dead was intended to quiet him. All the dead drank of the river of forgetfulness. The judges of the dead—Minos, Aeacus, and Rhadamanthus—assigned to each soul its appropriate abode. The virtuous and the heroic were rewarded in the Elysian fields Elysian fields
or Elysium
, in Greek religion and mythology, happy otherworld for heroes favored by the gods. Identified with the Fortunate Isles or Isles of the Blest, Elysium was situated in the distant west, at the edge of the world.
..... Click the link for more information. ; wrongdoers were sent to Tartarus Tartarus,
in Greek mythology, lowest region of the underworld. The wicked (e.g., Sisyphus, Tantalus, and Ixion) were sent to Tartarus as punishment for their sins.
..... Click the link for more information. ; and most wandered as dull shadows among fields of asphodel.
A woodcut of an Assyrian seal depicting the descent of Ishtar into Hades. Reproduced by permission of Fortean Picture Library.
Hades
(religion, spiritualism, and occult)
Hades is one of the eight hypothetical planets (sometimes referred to as the trans-Neptunian points or planets, or TNPs for short) utilized in Uranian astrology. The Uranian system, sometimes referred to as the Hamburg School of Astrology, was established by Friedrich Sieggrün (1877–1951) and Alfred Witte (1878–1943). It relies heavily on hard aspects and midpoints. In decline for many decades, it has experienced a revival in recent years.
Hades is associated with such negative conditions and substances as poverty, ugliness, garbage, dirt, sickness, bacteria, loneliness, debasement, vulgarity, and crime. It is also connected with “past lifetimes,” the ancient past, and secrets, and in certain combinations can even represent ancient wisdom and the older sciences. This hypothetical planet can have positive meanings, particularly when found in the horoscopes of individuals who deal with such Hades matters as the healing of disease.
Based on the speculative orbits of the Uranian planets, the Kepler, Solar Fire and Win*Star software program will all locate this hypothetical planet in an astrological chart.
Sources:
Lang-Wescott, Martha. Mechanics of the Future: Asteroids. Rev. ed. Conway, MA: Treehouse Mountain, 1991.
Simms, Maria Kay. Dial Detective: Investigation with the 90 Degree Dial. San Diego: Astro Computing Services, 1989.
Hades
| Tartarus |
Sion Airport is in which European country? | House of Hades
Underworld
The world of the dead or the netherworld was commonly viewed, by the ancient religions, to be a subterranean realm, ruled by a god or goddess, or both. Almost all mortals would reside in the netherworld, after their death. Few gained godhood and fewer still gained places in the Olympus, the home of the Olympian gods and goddesses .
For people who read about the afterlife in Greek mythology, you must ignore the Christian and Islamic concepts of heaven and hell scenarios that are so common in medieval and modern religions. For the Greeks and Romans, death was inevitable and all men were allotted to their fates, and all were given places in the Netherworld.
In the Greek mythology, the rulers of the Underworld were Hades and Persephone , which the Romans called Pluto (or Dis Pater) and Prosperina.
In classical mythology, the world of the dead or the netherworld has many different names. Though, the ruler of the Underworld was named Hades, the netherworld itself was popularly called Hades.
The domain of Hades has many different names, such as Underworld, Hades, House of Hades, Erebus, Tartarus, Elysium and Isles of the Blessed. Hades is a popular name and it is often used interchangeably with the Underworld, for the entire subterranean realm.
Hades (Underworld) was the named after its ruler, Hades , who was the son of Cronus and Rhea, and brother of Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Demeter and Hestia. Hades was known in the Roman myths, as Pluto. His wife and consort was Persephone or Prosperina (Prosperine) according to the Roman myths.
After the war between the Titans and Olympians, Hades and his two brothers decided to divide the universe between them. Zeus receive the sky or Olympus, Poseidon became lord of the sea, while Hades ruled the Underworld. The Earth was shared by all, but Zeus became the supreme ruler of the universe.
See Hades under Deities of the Netherworld section, for more detail about the god of the dead.
As I have said, the Underworld was subterranean domain of Hades, where the sunlight never shined, and the climate was either cold or chilling. The entire domain was divided into several regions, and having several different types of landmarks.
Hades (Underworld) could also refer to Hades' residential palace, which was called the House of Hades, where he lived with Persephone. His palace seemed to be separate from other parts of his realm.
There were five subterranean rivers flowing through the Underworld. They were called Acheron ("Woe"), Cocytus ("Wailing"), Lethe ("Forgetfulness"), Phlegethon or Pyriphlegethon ("Fiery"), and Styx ("Abhorrence"). The shades must cross all five rivers before they can be judged and sent to their final resting place.
The river Styx was named after the river-goddess Styx , the eldest daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. Charon ferried the shades across the river Acheron or Styx, for a fare of one coin (obol). Those few mortals who ventured into Hades were also required to pay a toll to the ferryman. Only the singer Orpheus didn't pay for a toll, because his music from his lyre had charmed Charon. However, Charon barred Orpheus from entering the Underworld a second time. In The Aeneid, Charon wanted to refuse passage for the hero Aeneas and the prophetess Sibyl, until she revealed the sacred Golden Bough.
The Stygian water of Styx seemed to burst from Mount Aroanius, in Arcadia. The oath sworn by the name of Styx was the most sacred of oaths to the gods.
The Underworld was divided into two or more main regions. Erebus was the upper region, while Tartarus was the lowest region, where most of the Titans were imprisoned.
There were three minor gods in the Underworld, who acted as judges and presided over the souls of the dead. These three were Minos and Rhadamanthys , sons of Europa, and Aeacus , the son of Aegina.
Most mortals who died will find their final resting place in the Plain of Asphodel, which was part of the Erebus region. The shades that dwelled here have no memories of their former lives. The place was gray and gloomy, but the shades who populated this region will experience neither joy, nor sorrow. Only a few mortals will ever gain entry to the Elysian Fields . The Elysian Fields was also part of the region in Erebus. See Elysian Fields for more description.
Others, who led a wicked life, were sent down to Tartarus and punished for their crime or sin. Among the notable figures to be punished in Tartarus, were Tityus, Ixion, Sisyphus and Tantalus .
Both Erebus and Tartarus were said to be the primordial gods, who became personifications of these two regions. Erebus (Darkness) was the son of Nyx (Night) and perhaps of Chaos. While Tartarus was born or came into existence at the same time as Gaea or Ge (Earth) and Eros (Love).
See Erebus and Tartarus in the Ancient Deities for these two personifications; and in the next article on the region of Tartarus .
There are many deities who lived in the Underworld, apart from Hades and Persephone, such as Styx, Hecate, and the brothers Hypnos (Sleep) and Thanatos (Death). You will find all these Underworld deities in Deities of the Netherworld .
The Roman myths about the Underworld were no different from that of the Greeks, except the deities may have Roman names instead of Greek.
Only a few people had bravely or foolishly entered the infernal realm while they were still alive.
Theseus and his rash companion, Peirithous went to the Underworld, with the intention of abducting Persephone, wife of Hades. Heracles , who was performing one of his famous labours, to fetch Cerberus , Hades' hound, he had managed to free Theseus from the Chair of Forgetfulness. Heracles entered the Underworld through Alcyonian Lake, near Lerna, Argolis, as did Dionysus .
Orpheus, on the other hand, sought entry at Cape Taenarum, in southern Peloponnesus. Orpheus , the famous singer/bard, had tried to bring his wife Eurydice to life, but failed because he had broken the condition Hades had set upon him.
Psyche was the only woman I know of, who entered the Netherworld and return back to the surface. She had to perform an errand for Venus (Aphrodite), mother of Cupid (Eros), to fetch cosmetic box from Persephone, had almost died in this undertaking.
Odysseus only went to the Underworld to receive counsel from the dead Theban seer, Teiresias , but he met other shades. Odysseus was given specific instruction on how to enter the Underworld. Unlike, others who dare to venture into the land of the dead, Odysseus sailed his ship to the stream Oceanus, until the ship reached the grove of Persephone, a grove of poplars and willows.
Similarly, the Trojan hero Aeneas visited his father, Anchises, also for advice. Both of these heroes weren't required to enter the very depth of the Netherworld. The entry to the Underworld was at Avernus, a lake near Naples. The Sibyl instructed Aeneas to fetch the Golden Bough, which allowed Aeneas safe passage through the netherworld. The bough was sacred to Persephone/Prosperine.
The beautiful youth Adonis spend a third of his life in the Underworld with Persephone, while the other two-third was spend on the surface with Aphrodite, because the two goddesses were in love with him. But when he died during hunting, he had to spend the rest of his afterlife in the Underworld.
Sisyphus was more successful in coming back to life, because the wily king had duped Hades into sending him back. However, when Sisyphus had eventually died in his old age, he was punished by the gods, where he had to toil endlessly, rolling a large boulder to the top of the hill.
Elysian Fields
Hesiod called the Elysium – the Isle of Blessed. Those mortals, who were lucky to be favoured by the gods, will dwell in the Elysium, or Elysian Fields, were indeed blessed. The majority of the shades of the departed go to Plain of Asphodel .
In The Aeneid, Virgil gave several other names, such as Land of Joy, the Fortunate Wood and the Home of the Blest.
Here the shades were allowed to retain their memories of past lives. The environment in Elysium was peaceful and joyous, able to enjoy the pleasures they experience when alive, such as hunting, sports, music and feasts. The shades were able to reside in Elysium in eternal bliss. Rhadamanthys , son of Zeus and Europa , ruled the Elysian Fields.
Some say that Elysium, was not located in the Underworld, but on earth. Most who wrote about it, says Elysium was situated on the White Island, which was called Leuke, near the mouth of the Danube River, in the Black Sea. The Isles of the Blessed was something like the Valhalla for the heroes, in Norse myths. Or it was like the Otherworld or Sidhe of the Celtic myths, where the region was filled with sunlight, it never rain, yet the vegetation remained green.
Among those who lived there was Achilles , who married to Helen of Troy or to the Colchian sorceress Medea , in the afterlife. Other heroes, who lived in White Island, were his Achilles' cousin Ajax , and his two beloved friends - Patroclus and Antiochus, son of Nestor. The hero Aeneas found his father, Anchises in Elysium.
According to the Orphic Mysteries , the main goal of the believer is that to reach the Elysium, but it may take at least three lifetimes of living a virtuous life. The Orphic cult was influence by the Eastern belief of reincarnation. Only by living virtuous life, avoiding wine and eating meat, and abstinence from sex, could one gain entry to Elysian Fields.
Tartarus
Tartarus was the deepest region of the Underworld that it was said that it took nine days and nine nights for an anvil to fall from the earth surface to the very bottom of Tartarus. Tartarus was the area where the Zeus and the Olympians had confined Cronus and the other male Titans .
Originally Uranus (Ouranos) had confined the Hundred-Handed and the Cyclopes in Tartarus, but Zeus had freed them, during the war against the Titans . They were instrumental to Zeus' victory. With the Titans confined in Tartarus, the Hundred-Handed guarded the prison as warders. It was described that Tartarus was surrounded by bronze fence with iron gates.
Hades (Pluto)
Lord of the Underworld . Hades was the son of the titans, Cronus and Rhea . Hades was the god of the dead, and ruled his world with more absolute power and authority than Zeus. Hades was a grim god, not an evil one.
His other name Aïdoneus (Aidoneus) means the "Unseen One". To the Romans, he was known as Pluto (wealth) and Dis Pater or Dis. Pluto is the name of the ninth planet in the solar system. Charon is Pluto's moon or satellite.
Hades was among the children of Cronus, to be swallowed by their father, and later disgorged. Hades was armed with the Cap of Darkness (invisibility), in which he used to aid Zeus in the war against the Titans.
After aiding brothers Zeus and Poseidon, in overthrowing Cronus and sending the other Titans to Tartarus, he received the world of the dead, known as Underworld, as his domain.
Hades rarely left the Underworld. He drove his chariot drawn by black horses, and abducted Persephone , daughter of Zeus and his sister, Demeter . He wanted Persephone as his wife and queen of the Underworld. He was forced to compromise with his sister, Demeter: he allowed Persephone to lived two-third of the year on earth with her mother and a third with him in the Underworld.
In the war between Heracles and the people of Pylus, for some reasons, Hades left his realm and took side of Neleus and the Pylians, so he received a wound from the hero.
The Underworld was a place where the souls of human find their resting places. In the deepest region called Tartarus , it was a place of punishment for mortal who committed the worse sins or crimes. Tartarus also served as a prison for the Titans and other gods. The Underworld was guarded by a three-headed hound, named Cerberus. Cerberus kept the living and the dead apart. Cerberus had only allowed few of the living to pass through the gate of Hades: Heracles, Theseus, Orpheus, Aeneas and Psyche.
In the last labour of Heracles , freed Theseus and dragged the Cerberus to the surface (see the Twelfth Labour of Heracles ). Theseus was there because he was aiding his rash friend Peirithoüs , who wanted to abduct Hades' wife, Persephone, and marry her. Knowing of their plan, Hades trapped them in the Chairs of Forgetfulness. Heracles failed to free Peirithoüs. (See also Theseus .)
During the war between Heracles and Neleus, king of Pylos, Hades came to the surface, take the side of the Pylians, and Heracles wounded him with an arrow. Hades returned to his domain, suffering from his wound with the dead.
Hades and Persephone were charmed by the music and song of Orpheus , who had lost his wife Eurydice. Hades allowed Orpheus to bring his wife back to life, on the strict condition that Orpheus doesn't look at his wife until they reached the light on the surface. Orpheus looked back at his wife too soon, and her shade returned to the abode of the dead. Hades refused Orpheus entrance a second time. (See Orpheus and Eurydice .)
Psyche , wife of Cupid (Eros), was on an errand for her mother-in-law Venus (Aphrodite). She was told to fetch the make-up box from Persephone.
According to Ovid and the geographer Strabo, Hades took the nymph Menthe or Minthe as his mistress. Persephone jealously trampled the unfortunate girl, transforming her into a plant, known as mint.
Hades and Persephone weren't the only one to live in the Underworld. There were Thanatos (Death), the winged-brother Hypnos (Sleep), and Morpheus (Dream), who was the son of Hypnos. Styx was the river goddess of one of the Underworld rivers, and the goddess Hecate , had also dwelled in this domain.
Hades has cattle which he kept near the cattle of Geryon, near Erytheia. Hades' herdsman was named Menoetes. When Heracles (10th labour) arrived and stole Geryon's cattle, Menoetes went directly to the three-headed king with the news of cattle. Menoetes met Heracles again in the 12th labour, where he wrestled the hero, and would have been crushed to death had not Persephone not intervened.
Elis was the only city that built a temple to Hades in one of its precincts. The Eleans were the only one to worship him. The construction was built after Heracles' war against Neleus in Pylos. Only once a year, the doors to the temple of Hades would open, but no one would enter the temple except the priests.
For more detail about the Underworld, Tartarus and Elysian Fields, go to Underworld .
Persephone (Kore)
A goddess of the underworld. Persephone was the daughter of Zeus and Demeter . She is known (or by her title) as Kore (Κόρη, "maiden"). The Romans called her Proserpina .
Before she was abducted, she was perhaps the personification of spring and goddess of corns, fruits and flowers. After her abduction, she became known as the dreaded goddess of the Underworld.
Persephone was playing in the meadow with her companions, the Oceanids (daughters of Oceanus), when Hades saw and fell in love with her.
It was said that Hades had made arrangement with his brother Zeus, over the abduction and marriage of Persephone without Demeter's prior knowledge. It was Hecate and Helius who revealed to Demeter who had abducted her daughter.
Her uncle, Hades , made Persephone his wife and queen. Hades had tricked Persephone into eating the pomegranate seeds, so that she could not leave the Underworld for very long. Since she had eaten the seeds in the Underworld, she had to stay with her husband. However, Zeus or Hermes made Hades and Demeter compromise of where and when Persephone should live. Persephone was to live a third of the year with new husband Hades, and the rest with her mother Demeter.
A more detailed myth of her abduction and her mother Demeter can be found in the Mother Goddesses page, under the title, Demeter and Persephone .
In the Underworld, Hecate became her companion. Persephone was the half-sister of Despoina , the goddess of horses, whom she was sometimes confused with.
A slightly different version of her abduction can be found in Ovid's Metamorphoses and in Hyginus Fabulae.
Some accounts called her the daughter of Zeus and Styx , the Underworld river goddess. This suggests that she had always lived in the Underworld. In some myths, Persephone appeared to be more of the ruler of the Underworld than Hades himself, and in some cases Hades doesn't appeared at all.
According to Ovid and the geographer Strabo, Persephone transformed the nymph, named Menthe or Minthe, into a plant, known as mint, when Persphone discovered that Hades was having an affair with the nymph.
In the myth about the youth Adonis, Persephone was a rival to Aphrodite, for the young man's affection. Like Hades and Demeter, Persephone and Aphrodite had to compromise, so that Adonis lived part of his time with her and the other with the love goddess. The other third of Adonis' time was to be freely spent on his own.
The Athenian hero Theseus tried to help his best friend, Peirithoüs , king of the Lapiths, to abduct Persephone, because the rash king wanted to marry a daughter of Zeus. Hades knew of their plot, and had cleverly welcomed them into his home. The moment, Theseus and Peirithoüs sat on Hades' chairs, they forgot everything, including the abduction of Hades' wife. Heracles had managed to save Theseus, but had to leave Peirithoüs behind.
In the Roman poem, Venus (Aphrodite) had sent her daughter-in-law Psyche , to fetch make-up box from Proserpina (Persephone). Only an immortal could use the content in the cosmetic box, so the moment Psyche opened the box, she fell into a deathly slumber. Cupid (Eros) went into the Underworld, to rescue his wife from the unnatural slumber.
The Homeric Hymn to Demeter, it says that Persephone was the lady of the golden sword and glorious fruits, which artists had sometimes depicted her carrying a sword in one hand and a basket of fruits in another.
Her favourite woods were poplars and willows.
According to one source, Persephone bore Plutus the god of wealth, to Hades. And Plutus was one of Eleusinian gods. Though, Hades and Persephone were usually considered to be childless couple. Plutus was usually said to be Persephone's half-brother and the son of Demeter and Iasion.
Usually Persephone was referred to as the daughter of Zeus and Demeter , but in a few accounts, her mother was Rhea . There is either some confusion with Demeter and Rhea, or Rhea and Demeter was one goddess, but Demeter represented a different aspect of Rhea.
According to the Orphic myth, Rhea , daughter of Uranus and Rhea, was the wife and consort of Cronus . When Zeus was born, her name changed to Demeter . When Zeus became the new supreme ruler of the world, he raped his mother Rhea/Demeter, and she gave birth to Persephone.
According to the Orphic poems, written by the Neoplatonic philosophers (3rd-4th century AD), Zeus had slept with his own daughter, while he was in the form of a snake, so Persephone became the mother of Dionysus or Zagreus. Through the machination of his jealous consort, Hera , the Titans killed and devoured Zagreus (Dionysus). Zeus destroyed the Titans with his thunderbolts. Mankind was created from the ashes of the Titans. Zagreus' heart was saved, which Zeus had swallowed. Zagreus was reborn when Zeus seduced a mortal woman, Semele , where Zagreus became known as Dionysus . Most of the time, writers had simply called Zagreus as Dionysus.
According to the Orphic myth, it is Persephone, who was the final judge, to decide if a person gains entry to Elysium. Those who failed to please her, they would either be punished in Tartarus or the shade would be reincarnated, to live another life among the living. Only those who lived a virtuous life can gain entry to Elysium.
Hecate
Hecate was the daughter of Perses or Persaeüs (Persaeus) and Asteria , both of whom were offspring of the Titans. She had also been called a daughter of Demeter. The Romans identified her with Trivia, goddess of the crossroads or of the "Three Ways". However, Trivia may well be a title.
Hesiod had repeatedly said in his Theogony that Zeus had given Hecate honour above all. Hecate can bestow wealth on anyone who prayed and sacrificed to her. Hecate has shares of all the wealth in heaven (Olympus), earth and in the Underworld. This is because she have a role to play as moon-goddess, earth (fertility) goddess and goddess of the Underworld.
She was sometimes confused with Rhea , Demeter and Persephone as an earth-goddess and goddess of fertility.
Again she is confused with Persephone as goddess of the Underworld. She was goddess of night and known as the invisible goddess, where she was accompanied by hell-hounds. Speaking of Persephone, Hecate tried to comfort Demeter , when Hades abducted her daughter. Hecate told Demeter that she had heard Persephone's cry, but could not identify the abductor. It was she who suggested that Demeter speak with Helius , the sun god who sees everything that happened below him.
Later, when Persephone was to stay with her husband for part of the year in the Underworld, Hecate would be Persephone's companion, so that Persephone would not be lonely.
Like Artemis and Selene , she was goddess of the moon, but she was associated with dark side of the moon.
Hecate had also being identified with Iphigeneia , daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. According to the Catalogues of Women, Hesiod says that when the Greeks sacrificed Iphigeneia, Artemis transformed the maiden into the goddess Hecate. See Sacrifices at Aulis , Trojan War.
She was also identified as the goddess of magic and witchcraft. The sorceress, Medea , was one of her high priestesses in her temple in Colchis. In the war against the Giants , she killed Clytius with her torch (see also the War of the Giants ).
According to the Sicilian historian, Diodorus Siculus, in his account about Jason and the Argonauts , Hecate was not a goddess, but a Taurian sorceress, daughter of Perses, king of Tauric Chersonese, and grand daughter of Helius . Hecate was known for her cruelty, and she had poisoned her father and married her uncle, Aeetes, king of Colchis. Hecate became the mother of Circe and Medea . As a high priestess of the Taurian Artemis, she advocated the sacrifices of all strangers who come to Colchis.
Styx
An Underworld river-goddess. Styx was an Oceanid; the eldest daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She was the only female river goddess. She married the Titan Pallas , and bore him four children (personifications): Bia (violence), Cratus (strength), Nike (victory) and Zelus (emulation). See Nike in the Minor Greek Deities.
According to one writer, Styx was said to be the mother of Persephone , by Zeus . But more commonly Persephone was the daughter of Demeter and Zeus.
When the younger gods fought against the Titans, Styx sends her own children to aid Zeus. For this aid, Styx became honoured by the Olympians, that an oaths sworn by the gods in her name was the most inviolable of all oaths.
God of wealth. Plutus was the son of the corn goddess Demeter and the mortal Iasion .
Iasion was the son of Zeus and the Pleiad Electra , which make Iasion the brother of Dardanus , ancestor of the Trojan people. Iasion was farmer from the island of Samothrace, whom Demeter had fallen in love with. Iasion made love to the goddess on a thrice-plowed field. Zeus killed his own son for sleeping with the goddess, but Demeter had already fallen pregnant. Demeter gave birth to Plutus.
Plutus was usually seen in art, together with Demeter and Persephone , as a boy holding in his hand, either a cornucopia or stalks of grains. According to one source, Plutus was the son of Hades and Persephone. Plutus was worshipped as one of the deities in the Eleusinian Mysteries .
Originally, he was god of wealth, but it meant the wealth or abundance of crops or grains. Later the wealth also means precious metals and stones. To prevent Plutus from bestowing wealth to one person or another as he choose, Zeus blinded the young god, so that he would give wealth to a person, no matter if the person was good or wicked.
Hypnos
Hypnos was the Greek god of sleep. The Romans identified Hypnos with Somnus , the Roman god of sleep.
Hypnos was the son of Nyx . Hypnos was the brother of Thanatos , as well of Moros ("Doom"), Nemesis and Fates . Hypnos was the father of Morpheus , the god of dreams. Hypnos dwelled in a cave beside the Lethe river.
At Troy, according to the Iliad, Zeus was helping the Trojans. Hera hated the Trojans, and was angry when she could not help the Greeks. Hera devised a plan to turn the tide against the Trojans. Hera asked Hypnos to make Zeus fall to sleep.
Hypnos was very reluctant to aid Hera, because he done this all before. The last time he caused Zeus to fall sleep; Hera had Heracles' ship wrecked on the island of Cos, after Heracles had conquered Troy. When Zeus woke and found out what had happened to his son, the enraged ruler of Olympus would have destroyed Hypnos. The terrified god of sleep fled to his mother Nyx (Night), where he sought protection against Zeus. The only deity that Zeus truly feared was Nyx.
Hera bribed Hypnos with the promise of allowing the god of sleep to marry the Grace Pasithea . Hera seduced Zeus, and with Hypnos' aid, lulled her husband to sleep. The tide immediately changed in favour of the Greeks, and Hector was almost killed by Ajax in the fighting.
Again at Troy, Hypnos and Thanatos carried the body of Sarpedon home in Lycia, when Patroclus had killed Sarpedon .
Morpheus
The Greek god of dreams. Morpheus was the son of Hypnos or the Roman Somnus ("Sleep"). Morpheus was seen as a black-winged god.
In the Roman myths, he was only just one of the gods of dreams, known as the Oneiroi (Dreams). There are 999 other sons of Hypnos/Somnus, who were all gods of dream. Only two other gods are known by names – Icelos or Phobetor and Phantasos.
Morpheus could change his appearance to look like any mortal, while Icelos could take on the form of any animal. And Phantasos could only change into any form of nature, such as the earth, rocks, trees or water.
Morpheus appeared in Alycone's dream, in the shape of her husband, Ceyx , king of Trachis. Ceyx had drowned when his ship sank in the storm. Alycone went to the shore and threw herself into the sea, where she perished. Alycone and Ceyx were transformed into kingfishers. See Ceyx and Alycone .
Charon
The ferryman of the Underworld river. Charon's only duty was to ferry the shades across the Underworld river of Styx . I am not certain if Charon was a minor god, spirit or just an immortal being.
Charon required only fare of one coin (obol) from each shade, to ferry the dead across. It was Greek custom to put a coin in the dead, before burial. The others, who couldn't pay, would wander restlessly for over hundred years before allowed across.
Normally Charon would allow the livings to cross. Psyche paid Charon to ferry her across Styx, as did Theseus and Peirithoüs . Heracles got away from paying Charon, by threatening the ferryman. Orpheus had also got a free ride, because of his enchanting music and voice.
Charon was often described as ancient looking man, clothed in loincloth.
In astronomy, Charon is Pluto's moon or satellite.
Erinyes ( Furies )
Female spirits who punished offenders against blood kin. The Erinyes (Ἐρινύες) were named Alector, Tisiphone and Megaera. They were born together with the Giants and the Meliae, from the earth where blood landed from the severed genitals Uranus . They were better known as the Furies, by the Romans.
The Erinyes seemed to reside in the Underworld, the World of the Dead. It was Erinyes who brought condemned souls to Tartarus for their punishment, after the judgement of Themis .
One of their more famous victims was Orestes . When Orestes murdered his own mother, Clytemnestra, the Erinyes persecuted him for many years, inflicting him with madness.
With Orestes, the oracle from Delphi and the god Apollo (Orestes' protector), ordered the young man to kill his mother. To avenge his father, Orestes faced persecution and madness from the Erinyes. Failure to avenge his father's death will also result in persecution and madness. Orestes was in a "no-win situation". Which ever choice Orestes made he would be haunted by the Erinyes.
Similarly, Alcmeon had killed his mother and was driven mad by the Erinyes. Alcmeon had a choice of ignoring his father's order – to kill his mother; Orestes was not given this choice.
When Athena and the Athenian jury acquitted Orestes, Athenians appeased the Erinyes, by offering to build a temple to them within their city. Their name was changed to Eumenides (Εἐμοδπος), which means the "Kindly Ones".
Three Judges
There were three mortals, who had earned the favours of the gods; they earned immortality after their death. These three judges were powerful rulers, and all three were the sons of Zeus .
Aeacus (Αἄάκός) was the son of Zeus and the nymph, Aegina , daughter of the river god Asopus. Aeacus was king of the island of Aegina, where he was known for his piety and wisdom. It was this wisdom and piety that earned him immortality and become one of the three judges of the underworld.
Rhadamanthys (´Ραδάμανθυν) was the son of Zeus and Europa , and brother of Minos, who became a fellow judge in the Underworld. Rhadamanthys was known as the lawgiver in Crete, because of his wisdom and justice. For this reason, he was given immortality as a judge in the Underworld. It was said that Rhadamanthys became the ruler of the Elysium. See Minos and his Brothers in the Minoan Crete page, for more detail about Rhadamanthys.
Minos (Μίνως) as a choice as one of the three judges, it bit of mystery, because he was a most unlikely candidate. Minos, like his brother Rhadamanthys, was the son of Zeus and Europa . Rhadamanthys was chosen because of his love law and justice, while Aeacus was a very pious man. Minos, on the other hand, did not possess any of the qualities of the other two judges. Minos was the most powerful ruler of the time. He was an arrogant ruler of Crete, who had offended Poseidon, the powerful god of the sea. See Minos in Minoan Crete.
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Which British fashion designer married Lars von Bennigsen in 2002? | Alice Temperley Biography. Read a bio on Fashion Designer Alice Temperley. View the Spring 2011 Alice Temperley Collection and Company history.
Alice Temperley
Alice Temperley Biography
Alice Temperley (born July 22, 1975) is a British fashion designer based in London. Her fashion label, Temperley London was launched in 2000.
Career
Alice Temperley grew up in Somerset, on her parent's ciderfarm before moving to London to attend university. Temperley graduated from the Royal College of Art and Central Saint Martins before setting up her company, Temperley London, together with her then boyfriend (now husband) Lars von Bennigsen in 2000. She is well known for her focus on beautiful fabrics and hand finishes and has been hailed as the designer making the biggest waves in British fashion by American Vogue.
Temperley London produces four collections per year: Autumn/Winter, Cruise, Spring/Summer and Pre Fall. These include Ready To Wear, Black Label (exclusive evening gowns and cocktail dresses), Beach, Accessories, Bridal. The designer has 4 stand alone boutiques in London, New York, Los Angeles and Dubai. Additionally, Temperley London is sold in 300 stores in 37 different countries. In 2007, Temperley London launched a Bridal department with a boutique next door to its London flagship store. The headquarters are based in Notting Hill, London adjacent to the designer's home.
Temperley hosted her first fashion show in Notting Hill, London in 2003. In 2005 she moved her fashion shows to New York where she has showed since, with the exception of the Spring Summer 2009 show in 2008 in London. For the Autumn/Winter 2009/10 show Temperley hosted a two day presentation simultaneous with an online multimedia video launch rather than a traditional catwalk show.
Recognition
Temperley has been awarded several times including English Print Designer of the Year in 1999 at Indigo, Paris as well as Elle Magazine Best Young Designer of the Year Award in 2004. She was also named one of Britain's top 35 female business leaders in 2006
Wearers of her designs have included Halle Berry, Kate Hudson, Sarah Jessica Parker, Eva Mendez, Clare Danes, Sienna Miller, Lindsey Lohan, Demi Moore, Heidi Klum, Jennifer Lopez, Jessica Alba, Kate Bosworth, Keira Knightley, Leighton Meester, Naomi Campbell, Nicole Richie, Reese Witherspoon, Rosario Dawson and Scarlett Johansson.
Company
The company is privately owned and run by Alice Temperley and her husband and CEO Lars von Bennigsen. In 2006 it was widely rumored that Gucci Group were interested in buying a stake in the company. This was never confirmed nor declined by Temperley London.
In spring of 2010 Temperley London launched a sister brand 'Alice by Temperley' targeted at a younger demographic and containing more affordable pieces. The new brand tries to embody the rock and roll atmosphere that is London.
Personal life
Temperley met her husband Lars von Bennigsen in 1998, whilst working as a cocktail waitress at The Met Bar to help pay for her studies at Central Saint Martins. They married in 2002 in a 20's style wedding covered by British Vogue.
In September 2008, 5 days after the Temperley London SS09 fashion show, Temperley and her husband welcomed their first child, a son named Fox London Temperley von Bennigsen Mackiewicz.
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A scaup is what type of bird? | Alice Temperley says she takes tea with the Kardashians | Daily Mail Online
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Last week the society couturier Alice Temperley was spotted in LA discussing her dresses with the Kardashians. Many may wonder why a British designer who boasts the Duchess of Cambridge, her sister Pippa Middleton, Keira Knightley, Emma Watson and Scarlett Johansson among her A-list devotees should become involved with the brash first family of American reality TV.
Thanks in part to her royal patronage, Alice, 39, is regarded as the new star of British fashion. She has won plaudits for her classical English styling, flowing fabrics, sophisticated lace details and expensive hand-finishing – a world away from the Kardashians’ Hollywood glitz.
But last week Temperley was spotted in Los Angeles at the legendary Chateau Marmont hotel on Sunset Boulevard taking tea with Kris Jenner who is Kim Kardashian's mother and business manager.
Temperley was showing Jenner a 'look book' of her latest creations and discussing the styles of the Kardashian girls. Dressing some of the world's most photographed women could be seen as a great boost to the Temperley business which was showing signs of difficulty in the years up to 2013.
Despite the creation of new, more affordable ranges such as Alice by Temperley, sold in 300 stores in 37 countries, and Somerset by Alice Temperley, a collaboration with John Lewis said to be the fastest-selling range in the shop’s history, business accounts suggest the designer has been through a rocky patch.
Fashion star: But Alice Temperley's business lost £3 million in little over a year up to December 2013
Documents filed at Companies House reveal that the designer’s parent company Temperley Holdings lost an eye-watering £3 million in the 15 months up to December 2013, and racked up accumulated losses of more than £11 million in six years.
Worse still, that annual report, the latest on file, contains a caveat from the company’s accountants stating that there is ‘material uncertainty which may cast significant doubt about the group and company’s ability to continue as a going concern’.
However, company insiders insist there has been a new management team, new capital and the business fortunes are looking much better. The various clothing lines have been merged into the single Temperley London brand.
Sadly, Alice’s difficulties appear to have coincided with the collapse of her marriage to German businessman Lars von Bennigsen, who was the company CEO.
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Two years ago it had been announced that Bennigsen was stepping down, and she recently revealed she had ‘amicably’ split from Lars in 2011 – with whom she has a five-year-old son, Fox – and that they were getting a divorce.
She said: ‘He wanted to go and travel the world and be a free man. You have to respect what people want to do with their life.
‘I will keep being responsible and looking after my beautiful little boy and keep everything going.’
The eldest of four children, Alice grew up on a Somerset farm, where her parents still make cider brandy. By the age of 12 she was making jewellery and selling it.
But teenage Alice was desperate to get out of the countryside. She moved to London to study textiles at Central Saint Martins college of art and design and went on to do a master’s degree at the Royal College of Art, selling embroidered leather jackets and dresses to pay her bills.
Star appeal: Alice's dresses have been worn by Oscar winner Kate Winslet, left, but it was her friendship with Pippa Middleton (wearing a Temperley dress, right) which really pushed her into the public eye
She met her husband when she was a student with ambitions to make it as a fashion designer and he was a City financier. They married in 2002 with Bennigsen giving up his career in the Square Mile to focus on building up the Temperley business as CEO.
Temperley Holdings lost an eye-watering £3 million in little over a year, and racked up accumulated losses of more than £11 million in six years
With Lars looking after the business side, Alice hosted her first London fashion show in 2003 to much acclaim. Then, when Sarah Jessica Parker’s character Carrie Bradshaw wore one of her signature lace circle dresses on Sex And The City, America sat up and took notice. Alice opened stores in New York, Los Angeles and Dubai.
She traded on her traditional English image, later cultivated by using models drawn almost exclusively from London’s rich young bohemian set, including Georgia May Jagger, , Poppy Delevingne and Sophie Dahl. Her designs were whimsical, dreamlike creations and became the uniform of a certain type of London party girl.
Alice and Lars set the standard for aspirational lifestyles. Their family home was Cricket Court, a stunning listed eight-bedroom folly in Somerset once owned by Lord Beaverbrook. Alice’s summer parties became the stuff of legend. For her private birthday party last summer, guests were treated to an ‘Arabian Night’ – the party was called White Magic.
Red carpet: Alice traded on her traditional English image, and is a favourite of Brits on the red carpet, like Game of Throne's Natalie Dormer, left, and television presenter Claudia Winkleman, right
Perhaps the biggest boost to Alice’s reputation came from the friendship she formed with the Middleton sisters – particularly Pippa, who wore a slinky emerald-green Temperley gown for her sister’s wedding reception. Alice was awarded an MBE in 2011.
The fashion company Temperley London, based in Mayfair, and an ever-expanding property empire of mews houses in Notting Hill, had appeared to be going from strength to strength. Her last show, at London Fashion Week in February, attracted Sophie Dahl back to the catwalk after an 11-year absence, and showcased a collection that focused more on trouser suits and tailoring than her familiar floaty dresses.
Former senior Burberry executive Ulrik Garde Due replaced Bennigsen as CEO with a mission to refocus the company as a lifestyle brand. The company says he is succeeding in his mission and points to the injection of £6million from investors, high growth in retail, the renewal of a partnership with John Lewis and opening a flagship store in Qatar.
However, the latest set of accounts for 2013 show that her business had experienced difficulties. There were cumulative losses of £4 million over 2011 and 2012, and the company borrowed more than £1.3 million. The latest set of accounts, which cover the 15 months up to December 2013, show an operating loss of £3 million.
New tact?: Alice was seen chatting to Kardashians recently: Kim's seal of approval on a dress can send sales rocketing
The report reveals that the company has been undergoing a ‘transformation programme’ including the merging of the Alice by Temperley and Temperley London lines.
Other plans include transforming the Notting Hill boutique into a ‘specialist bridal destination’ and closing the LA store. Finally, the rescue plan promises a ‘reorganisation of staff to improve efficiency’.
The report shows that the salary of the highest-paid director, believed to be Alice Temperley herself, was £160,000. The accounts also reveal that the company had made loans to Alice of £114,000 which she later repaid.
A spokesman for Alice Temperley said: ‘In 2013 the board took the decision to commence a major transformation programme in order to strengthen the brand.’
Ulrik Garde Due said: ‘We are successfully executing the plan to create a strong platform for profitable growth repositioning Temperley London into an international luxury lifestyle brand.
‘Our shareholders understand the time and effort needed to transform a family operation into a professionally run company and support the strategy.’
A Temperley insider said: ‘We have turned it around and exciting things are ahead.’
This article has been amended from the first version published.
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Which English racehorse and Irish Grand National Winner was known as ‘Dessie’? | Famous Racehorses - Desert Orchid 'Dessie'
Desert Orchid 'Dessie'
Horseracing's favourite son !
Desert Orchid, 'Dessie' or 'The Grey Horse' is arguably the horse most loved by the general public in racing history, eclipsing even the great Arkle and Red Rum in the public's affections.
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Desert Orchid & Richard Dunwoody
'Dessie', the most famous grey in racing history, pictured after winning the Irish Grand National at Fairyhouse in 1990 which was his last major win.
See biography of Desert Orchid below.
** Copyright on all our horse racing pictures belongs to Healy Racing & Irish Collectables**
Mounted picture.
12 inches x 10 inches
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Framing on request, attractive mahogany style frame
Desert Orchid
Desert Orchid (April 11, 1979 - November 13, 2006), affectionately known as Dessie, was an English racehorse. The gallant grey achieved iconic status within National Hunt racing, where he was much loved by supporters for his front-running attacking style, iron will and extreme versatility. He was rated the fourth best National Hunt horse of all time by Timeform.
Early career
Desert Orchid's first season started in an unspectacular fashion. Few who saw him on his debut thought they were watching one of racing's superstars. When he fell heavily in a Kempton in 1983, he took such a long time to get to his feet that it seemed his first race might be his last. David Elsworth's grey was no longer eligible for novice hurdles in 1984/5 and struggled to recapture his early form. He won one of his eight starts this season, in February at Sandown Park. He was pulled up in the Champion Hurdle at Cheltenham Racecourse,the Welsh Champion Hurdle, and on his final outing of the season fell at Ascot.
Steeplechase career
Desert Orchid was then switched to steeplechasing, and ran up a sequence of four wins in at Sandown and Ascot (twice) before unseating at Ascot. He did not win again that season despite three further placed efforts. He was well clear in his final race of the season at Ascot only to make a very serious mistake which totally stopped his momentum. He eventually only finished fifth.
Back at Ascot he won over 2 miles before returning to Kempton Park for the King George VI Chase where he ran out a 15 length winner over Door Latch, easily defeating stars such as Wayward Lad, Forgive n'Forget, Combs Ditch and Bolands Cross. The quality of the field can be indicated by Desert Orchid's starting price of 16/1 -- though the price was also influenced by fears that this speedy front runner would not stay the 3 mile trip. Not only did he stay it but he put in some of the most spectacular leaps ever witnessed from a steeplechaser as he jumped his rivals into the ground. This was Desert Orchid's first win under jockey Simon Sherwood.
He followed up with wins at Sandown and Wincanton, before finishing third in the Queen Mother Champion Chase at Cheltenham, three lengths behind the great Pearlyman. He returned to win over 2?miles at Ascot before being pulled up in the Whitbread Gold Cup on his final outing of the 1986/7 season.
A string of places followed in 1987, second at Sandown (2 miles), second in the King George, and places at Sandown, Wincanton and Cheltenham. He got his head in front on his last two starts of the 1987/8 season taking the Martell Cup at Aintree, which was his first win on a left-handed track, and the Whitbread Gold Cup at Sandown where Simon Sherwood rode him for the first time.
One of Desert Orchid's greatest efforts took place in the 1989 Victor Chandler Handicap Chase where he took on four rivals, including the top-class Panto Prince and Vodkatini. He gave the former 22 pounds and the latter 23 pounds. In a thrilling finish he just got back up after being headed to beat the high class and gallant Panto Prince by a head.
However, his finest hour was still to come. This time he was stepped up to 3 miles and 2 furlongs (5.23 km) for the Cheltenham Gold Cup-he had previously been considered a two-miler. The rain and snow which had fallen relentlessly at Cheltenham made the racecourse going heavy. These were conditions hardly suited to Desert Orchid, especially at this left-handed course which he never particularly favoured.
A crowd of over 58,000 witnessed Desert Orchid's effort to overhaul the mud-loving Yahoo in the final stages of the race. After his one and a half length victory, Desert Orchid's rider, Simon Sherwood said: "I've never known a horse so brave. He hated every step of the way in the ground and dug as deep as he could possibly go". Three cheers were called as Desert Orchid was unsaddled, surrounded by thousands of fans. The race was voted best horse race ever by readers of The Racing Post
In 1989 Desert Orchid again won at Wincanton, this time with a new jockey, Richard Dunwoody. After a second in the Tingle Creek Trophy he headed for Kempton where he took his third King George,this time as the 4/6 favourite. He followed up with a win at Wincanton and then took the Racing Post Chase at Kempton. The Racing Post Chase of that year included many top class handicappers and graded horses but Dessie, carrying the huge weight of 12 stone & 3 pounds (77.6 kg), hammered the opposition, led by the top class Delius - a feat the official handicapper said could not be done on ratings. A third in the Cheltenham Gold Cup preceded Desert Orchid's convincing win in the Irish Grand National at Fairyhouse. He was given top weight of 12 stone (76.2 kg), but was even money favourite and won by twelve lengths. This was despite a very bad jump at the final fence.
Desert Orchid did not reappear until November 1990, finishing second in the Haldon Gold Cup. A fourth in the Tingle Creek followed, before the King George VI Chase, which he won for the fourth time.
Desert Orchid had three more races in the 1990/91 season, his final ever victory coming in the Agfa Diamond Chase at Sandown on February 2, 1991. His final start of the season was a 15 length third to Garrison Savannah in the Cheltenham Gold Cup.
In his last season, he was beaten in his first outing at Wincanton, the race he had made his own and which now bears his name. He finished third in the Peterborough Chase at Huntingdon Racecourse before falling when at the rear of the 1991 King George field at Kempton, attempting his fifth win.
His record at right-handed tracks such as Kempton was always substantially better than his record at left-handed tracks such as Cheltenham. He had a tendency to jump to his right especially when tired. This meant that at tracks such as Cheltenham he would lose lengths by drifting to the outside. This tendency can be seen by his runs in the 1987 and 1988 Queen Mother Champion Chase and 1989 and 1990 Cheltenham Gold Cup. On each occasion he entered the home straight wide of his rivals. He only raced left-handed on thirteen occasions. However, all were either early in his career or in top-class races. He raced more times at both Sandown (19) and Ascot (15) then he did left-handed.
His part-owner Richard Burridge has stated that it was for this reason that Desert Orchid would have struggled in the Grand National: connections felt he could do himself serious injury at the ninety-degree Canal Turn especially on the second circuit Richard Burridge, Richard: The Grey Horse: The True Story of Desert.
The official handicapper gave Desert Orchid a rating of 187 heavily based on his substandard (by his high standards) performances on left handed tracks like Cheltenham, where, despite this aversion, he never finished out of the first three in a chase. Desert Orchid epitomised a top class chaser - speed, superb jumping, agility, high tempo gallop, stamina, pride & an abundance of courage - the whole package. His performance in the earlier mentioned Racing Post Chase, a top class handicap in 1989, showed his true ability beating the top class Delius and very good sorts such as Solidasarock and Seagram who all received substantial weight (2 stone plus, over 13 kg, EACH). One of his best performances and one of the best weight carrying performance since the days of the mighty Arkle.
No horse since 'Dessie' has repeatedly and successfully conceded weight to his rivals at the highest level.
Desert Orchid won 34 of his 70 starts, amassing ?54,066 in prize money.
Retirement
Desert Orchid retired in December 1991, and survived a life threatening operation for colic a year later. He took his summer holidays with the Burridge family at Ab Kettleby, and spent the winter with David Elsworth leading out the 2 year olds and getting ready for his many public appearances. He returned every year to Kempton to lead out the parade of runners for the King George VI Chase.
During his retirement, he raised thousands of pounds for charity, and his presence at charity events attracted large crowds.His fan club was run by part owner Midge Burridge and family friend John Hippesley and in the 17 years that the fan club ran they raised over ?0,000 for charity through sales of Dessie merchandise, especially his racing calendar.
When David Elsworth left Whitsbury after 25 years the amazing grey packed up and went with him to Egerton House Stables in Newmarket, Suffolk. But the home of champions and stallions welcomed the old gelding and his trainer with open arms and Newmarket racecourses held their annual press day in 2006 on Dessie's 27th birthday at his stable. He also paraded at the course to the delight of his fans.
Desert Orchid was no longer ridden due to his age and David announced that his appearances would be fewer, and nearer to home, as he was now such a senior citizen, though still so keen to greet the crowds that thronged to see him. Dessie's last public appearance was on October 1st at his fan club open day which was held at the National Stud in conjunction with stallion parades. The next day Dessie was exhausted, once again he had given his all and loved every minute of being in the limelight.
It was clear that Desert Orchid was now frail, but his spirit never wavered. In the week of November 6th he began to have trouble with coordination and those close to him were summoned to say goodbye. A vet was on standby should his assistance be needed to speed the horse on his way. It was no surprise to his trainer that to the last Desert Orchid was in control - and the vet was not required. Last seen by those who loved him best at Egerton he was lying down but nibbling his hay. One hour later at 6:05am, Monday the 13th November, The Grey Horse passed on.
Desert Orchid's ashes were buried in a private ceremony at Kempton Park Racecourse near his statue the week prior to the King George. His presence on the day was much missed. The inaugural running of the Desert Orchid Chase on the 27th was preceded by the unveiling of the headstone for his grave, videos of his finest hours at the track, and a moments silence in his honour. The race was won by Voy
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During which year did BBC2 start broadcasting in the UK? | BBC 2 Aborted Launch Night
BBC 2 Aborted Launch Night
A special welcome if you've found yourself here after doing some Googling as a result of tonight's (17th April) The One Show piece about the disasterous BBC TWO launch night. Yes, that was me showing Giles Brenreth the original tape! We filmed that segment of the piece at the BBC's new archive centre in West London.
When BBC2 launched on April 20th 1964, widespread power failure in Central London prevented the channel from broadcasting its intended schedule from BBC Television Centre, which was affected by the power cut.
Instead, the channel launched with a short news bulletin, read by reporter Gerald Priestland, from the BBC's news studios in Alexandra Palace, followed by an evening of instrumental music from contemporary west end musicals and "BBC 2 WILL START SHORTLY" captions occasionally interrupted by "MAJOR POWER FALIURE" captions accompanied by apologetic announcements explaining why people weren't able to watch Cole Porter's Kiss Me Kate or fireworks from Southend Pier.
Even this short broadcast was dogged with technical difficulties - the first two and a half minutes were broadcast in complete silence, with Priestland completely unaware we couldn't hear him.
BBC 2's first scheduled programme was in fact Playschool, broadcasting the following morning. A second "launch" programme, which featured the now famous scene of presenter Denis Tuohy blowing out a candle in the darkened studio was shown as part of the news bulletin later in the evening, which is just as well as it's now folklore that someone had forgotten to put hands on the studio clock for the intended first night!
Since all the recording equipment at BBC Television Centre were out of action, the only recordings of the aborted launch programme were believed to be amateur audio recordings made by enthusiasts in their homes. No video was believed to exist since video recorders were very rare in 1964, well out of the price range of a household (then, about �100,000).
Until now. Early in February 2003, an engineer was sorting out tapes in BBC Research & Development's modest tape archive at Kingswood Warren in Surrey when he came across a 2 inch Quad spool tape with associated paperwork reading "Opening of BBC 2" dated 20th April 1964. The archive itself comprises mainly of experimental HDTV recordings but it seems the 2 inch spool had been kept as an example of obsolete technology after an extensive clear out in the mid '90s.
Since the only Quad tape machines that now exist in the BBC in London are based in the main archive at Windmill Road, it was several days before it was indeed confirmed that the tapes did contain the original news bulletin in its entirety.
The tape was made on Kingswood Warren's own Quad recorder on the evening of launch, off-air from Crystal Palace, and the recording was in very good condition - almost as good as the day it was recorded!
What's most remarkable about the tape is that back in 1964 (only 7 years after the first high-band video recorder had been invented), tapes were very expensive and were routinely bulk erased and re-used (I'm told that this spool would have costed around �100 in 1964!). The fact that this tape survived provides what's believed to be the earliest surviving recording off-air of a 625 line broadcast in the UK and probably the world.
The original spool alongside a conventional VHS tape for scale comparison
A detail of the label on the spool
The recording gives a remarkable insight into what news broadcasts were like in the mid 1960s. Today, the production gallery communicates with the news reader using talk-back through an ear piece worn by the presenter, with the news usually being read off auto-cue.
In this recording, the news reader reads from cards on his desk, with a single card for each news item. Twice, breaking news items were brought in from a teletype by one of the men sitting behind him, and on more than one occasion, Priestland is interrupted by phone calls from the production gallery. The first phone call, like the broadcast had a technical difficulty and Priestland couldn't hear the other person!
The news stories themselves seem remarkably trivial by today's standards; the very first story we hear after the sound is restored is about a Yorkshire bus conductress who was sacked and then given her job back after she appologised to some Pakistani men to whom she'd made some racist remarks, which are repeated in full by the news presenter!
As news of the tape's discovery spread, Ariel, the BBC's in-house news paper took an interest and ran this story the following week:
Dusted down - a piece of BBC Two's history
By Clare Barrett
It's a well documented piece of broadcasting history: the major power failure that blacked out Television Centre, together with most of Central and West London, and scuppered the launch of BBC Two on April 20, 1964.
The channel did come to life briefly via a hurriedly rearranged broadcast from the BBC's news operation at Alexandra Palace in north London. But with TV Centre's recording facilities also falling foul of the power cut, no archive tape exists� or so it was thought. Thirty nine years on, staff at Kingswood Warren have stumbled across a recording of BBC Two's first moments in a dusty corner of their tape archive.
'It was unbelievable to find that an off-air recording of the aborted launch had been made at Kingswood - and that the tape still existed', said research and development engineer James Insell. 'It was even more remarkable that the tape had not been reused - the fate of most '60s VT. The quadruplex video tape claimed to be a high band 625 line recording - probably the oldest surviving UK example'.
Insell called on the BBC's film and video tape library in Brentford to verify the tape's contents. Senior technical operator Edwin Parsons ran the tape on one of the BBC's two surviving quad VTRs, transferring the contents to a modern digital format.
'After what seemed like hours of test signal, the screen went black', said Insell. 'Then, as if it was recorded yesterday, video appeared of a man at a desk, with a '2' on a large piece of card beside him.'
It was news reader Gerald Priestland, who explained what had happened and delivered a news bulletin - interrupted a couple of times by phone calls - from Ally Pally.
The recording may be no great shakes as entertainment - far from the promised launch line-up which included Cole Porter's Kiss Me Kate and fireworks from Southend Pier - but it does provide the missing piece of the jigsaw for the channel, celebrating its 40th birthday next year.
Instead of the promised BBC 2 launch line-up, including fireworks and Cole Porter's Kiss Me Kate, a resigned looking Gerald Priestland had to deliver the bad news on that fateful, in between fielding calls from Alexandra Palace.
The article isn't clear on the origin of the broadcast - it came from studio A at Alexandra Palace, where the original experiments on television were made using Baird & EMI Marconi camera equipment. BBC 1 also switched over to emergency cover at Alexandra Palace, showing films instead of the scheduled lineup.
There was another news bulletin from Alexandra Palace at around 10:35 that evening. It is believed that no copies of this exist and the engineers at Kingswood Warren had given up and gone home long before then.
Since the Ariel article was published, the engineer who made the original recording, now retired, has been in touch with the BBC and I have since had the opportunity to meet him. He informed me that the recording itself was an achievement against adversity! Although the power hadn't failed at Kingswood Warren, the power cut in the centre of London had caused the power supply in the south east of England to alter by several volts and more significantly for the sensitive video equipment, the phase had also significantly changed and was continually changing meaning the equipment had to be re-calibrated on the fly. He described this process as operating the machine "like a spinning dervish with a screw driver"! I can confirm he did a superb job - the recording only loses lock once briefly during the entire broadcast. I've been told that a more recent transfer from the tape has even managed to correct this problem.
The effort however was worth it and 39 years on, a significant event in British television history has been recovered for the archive. The broadcast has now been transferred to digital tape meaning that deterioration of the original spool is no longer an issue. It's remarkable that it has remained in such good condition for as long as early Quad tapes were known to deteriorate quite badly over time, depositing chunks of oxide on the spinning head.
Personally, I hope this will be shown to the public soon as it gives a wonderful view of how current affairs programmes appeared in the 1960s and also how the BBC coped with a disaster which put all it's major broadcasting facilities out of action in London.
The First Public Screening
The "world premiere" screening of this recording took place on September 3rd 2003 at an annual gathering organised by the Alexandra Palace Television Society and the Test Card Circle for their members.
Coincidentally, the screening not only took place in Alexandra Palace where the broadcast originated, but it was shown in Studio A, the very studio used by BBC2 on the night of the power cut! The projection screen was even situated roughly where the news desk was originally situated!
This of course added a lot of atmosphere to the event!
Being in the studio where the world's first regularly scheduled television service started on September 2nd 1936 was a fantastic experience. Today, the studio looks very much as it did then, though most of the lighting has now been removed and the walls are now lined with antique television and radio equipment.
Although both studios and associated machine rooms are now closed to the public, Studio A is part of the regular conducted tours of Alexandra Palace. See their web site for more details. Studio A is the only part of the building now accessible as the rest of the "BBC Area" including the original Baird Studio B is now quite derelict.
"Where can I see it? Is it going to be shown on television?"
Extracts of this historic broadcast were shown on television for the first time since the original broadcast in 1964 on BBC2's anniversary programme "Happy Birthday BBC2", being shown on 20th April 2004 (8pm - 11pm on BBC 2 - where else?). That week's Radio Times even has a picture of the "BBC 2 WILL START SHORTLY" caption shown above.
The Alexandra Palace screening mentioned above was given to members of the aforementioned societies only, but the first time it was shown publicly in its entirety was during The 10th Anniversary Missing Believed Wiped event at the national Film Theatre in London on 29th November. This event proved so popular that it's being re-screened there (again in its entirety) on the 17th April as part of a special presentation about the history of BBC 2.
On BBC2's 40th birthday, BBCi put a short Real Media clip of the broadcast online. The clip consists of the first 6 minutes of the broadcast (the second half is essentially a repeat of the first - with sound!) Unfortunately, for some inexplicable reason, the clip has been cropped down to 16:9 losing quite a bit of detail on the top and bottom of the picture. You can see the clip here , or from following the link on this page . The clip is quite obviously captured from a DVD presentation originally made to show to staff at Kingswood Warren (I recognise the "don't adjust your sets" caption!).
April 17th addenum: Having reviewed these links again, the technology used for the video clip on the BBC web site is so out of date that most PCs and tablets will no longer play the video! However, the Alexanra Palace Tlevision Society and You Tube have come to the rescue and you can now watch the video by clicking on the following two links for the broadcast in its entirety: Part 1 and Part 2
With the 50th anniversary of BBC TWO coming up in late April 2014, I know for certain that segments of this original broadcast will be shown as part of this celebration. In deed, some clips were shown on BBC ONE's The One Show on 17th April 2014 about the rediscovery of this very tape. I was acutally interviewed by Gyles Branderyth about my involvement it the tape's re-discovery on the programme at the BBC Archive Centre (flying in from Cork, Ireland just for a day for the filming). Those reading this after the transmission date have 7 days to watch the programme as it aired on the BBC iPlayer.
What's your involvement in all this?
I was one of the people involved in the tape's discovery and the one who first realized the significance of the find. It's been known for some time that a tape of BBC2's launch night existed in the Kingswood Warren tape archive, but it was either believed to be the Dennis Tuohy re-launch on the 21st April 1964, or its significance wasn't realized by the people who handled it. In February 2003, a colleague showed me the tape after finding it during a routine clear up of the archive (no, nothing was being thrown away!!). As soon as I read the label, I realized that if what the label said was true, I had something that "didn't exist" in my hands. I rushed the tape to another colleague who has contacts in the main BBC archive, who still have video machines capable of playing the QUAD format. Within a few days, the tape had been transferred to a digital format for preservation and confirmed that it was in fact the aborted launch of the 20th April 1964.
It's always been a dream of mine of finding a "lost episode" of a series such as Dr. Who or Dad's Army, but I never thought I'd be this instrumental in finding something so integral to the very history of broadcasting in the UK - a tape of a broadcast that's gone down in UK broadcasting folklore as never have been in existance in the first place...!
Addenum
Since I wrote this piece, BBC Research & Development have left their Kingswood Warren facilites in Surrey and moved to Manchester and a location near central London - the BBC decided to sell the 19th century mansion that housed its purpose built labs, studios and in some cases totally world unique facilities, and surrounding land to property developers who have turned the entire mansion and surrounding location into "millionaire's properties". R.I.P. BBC Kingswood Warren, the birth place or major facilitator of colour television, NICAM Stereo, DAB, Teletext, Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting (Freeview) and so many other technologies that wouldn't have happened were it not for the "boffins" who worked there. I hope your new owners will love you and your quirks as we did when we were your residents.
21st March 2003
| one thousand nine hundred and sixty four |
On a mobile phone keypad, the letters ‘abc’ are on which number button? | 50 years of BBC2: from David Brent to the Blackstuff | Television & radio | The Guardian
The Observer
50 years of BBC2: from David Brent to the Blackstuff
As the channel celebrates its half-centenary, key figures behind some of its landmark programmes – from Arena and The Office to Boys From the Blackstuff – pay tribute to the channel that tore up the TV rulebook
Ricky Gervais’s monstrous creation David Brent shows off his dance moves in The Office.
Saturday 29 March 2014 20.05 EDT
First published on Saturday 29 March 2014 20.05 EDT
STEPHEN MERCHANT
THE OFFICE, 2001
As a BBC trainee in the late 90s, Stephen Merchant made a short film in which he cast his friend, Ricky Gervais, as the awful boss of a small paper firm. The short eventually became The Office , a sitcom first broadcast in 2001 which ran for two series and won multiple awards, including a pair of Golden Globes. With Gervais, Merchant went on to write and appear in two further BBC2 sitcoms, Extras and Life's Too Short . Now 39, he recently created and starred in the HBO comedy Hello Ladies.
I remember, at university, being in a flatshare, and one day a flatmate flipping from BBC1 to ITV. Not even pausing on BBC2, she said: "Ah, there's nothing for me on there…" She was studying law! But it made me laugh, this idea that there was a whole audience who didn't even bother with BBC2 . That it had that reputation of being esoteric.
When we started writing The Office, I don't think we were ever thinking: "This is a BBC2 show." But certainly it felt it would fit there, slotting in to that lineage of comedy I'd seen on the channel. On BBC2 it felt like you could find an audience – that they would seek you out. Rather like that girl at university, people have to flip over to BBC2. They have to make an effort to get there. They're not just watching because of whatever was on before.
I don't quite know what happened [in terms of the BBC allowing Merchant and Gervais, both unknowns, to write, direct and star in their own six-part comedy series]. I think it helped that The Office was going to be cheap. We weren't paying for stars. It was a very contained show, just that one location. It wasn't a huge gamble for them, either in terms of money or anxiety. Various people championed the show within the BBC , and we were given enough rope to hang ourselves, really.
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I don't remember us sitting around worrying about what the audience figures were going to be. We were just pleased and relieved that we'd done something we were proud of. We discovered much later that the BBC had tested it in front of an audience. It had got the lowest score ever, apart from women's bowls. TL
ALAN BLEASDALE
BOYS FROM THE BLACKSTUFF, 1982
Alan Bleasdale, a former teacher, is a writer and producer known for his social realism dramas. He wrote Boys from the Blackstuff in the late 70s but the series wasn't broadcast until 1982. Later described by the BFI as "TV's most complete dramatic response to the Thatcher era and as a lament to the end of a male, working-class British culture", it established him as one of Britain's most influential screenwriters. Bleasdale has since been responsible for GBH and The Sinking of the Laconia, among others. He is currently working on a new screenplay.
My involvement with BBC2 was an accident. Michael Wearing (the producer) and David Rose (head of drama at BBC Birmingham, Pebble Mill) both wanted Boys From the Blackstuff to go on BBC1. The controller of BBC1, Billy Cotton Jr, refused to have it for two years running, because he thought nobody would want to watch a six-part series about unemployed Liverpudlians wandering around the streets. In desperation, Michael Wearing went to Brian Wenham on BBC2. Wenham asked one question of Michael: "Do you think it's good?" Michael said: "Yes, I think so" and Brian said: "Off you go, then." That's how it got on to BBC2. I owe Wenham a colossal amount, as indeed do many people.
If the controller of BBC1 had agreed to let it go out in 78/79, it may almost have gone unnoticed, because at that time unemployment wasn't the raging issue it was when the series came out… so it was spectacularly well timed. The reason I was ahead of my time was because anyone with any sensibilities who walked the streets of Liverpool would know something terrible was about to happen . I actually wrote the first three episodes under a Labour government. It was incredibly frustrating waiting around, though. I'd given up the ghost and thought it was never going to be made.
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[After one of the episodes went out], I remember being on the train from Liverpool to Sheffield. So many people – and they didn't have a clue who I was – were talking about Boys from the Blackstuff. Those moments are what everyone involved with television wants.
The BBC should be talked about for all the right reasons. If we're not prepared to pay what is in real life a very small amount to sustain and develop the BBC as a whole, then I think there's something terribly wrong with the people who run our society. Whatever the variance and the quality year to year, I think the BBC is desperately important. KS
JAMES MARSH
ARENA, 1975
Director James Marsh, 50, was in his 20s when he joined Arena, the BBC2 arts strand that launched in 1975. He made his name with quixotic docs about Elvis, medieval animal trials and US murder sprees, and went on to direct Man on Wire, which won him an Oscar in 2009, as well as films such as 2012's Shadow Dancer .
My first job was at London Weekend Television , on a local arts programme, and we would worship at the feet of Arena. You would never know what you'd see from one week to the next. They enlarged on the grammar of what an arts show could be.
It was around 1990 that I joined Arena. It was an extraordinary place – a lot of young, ambitious people exchanging ideas. Pawel Pawlikowski [a Bafta-winning film-maker] was there, and Paul Lee, now the head of ABC in America. Unimaginable, these days, but there was a culture of hedonism that seemed to go hand in hand with work. If you caught Anthony Wall [who ran Arena with Nigel Finch from 1985 to 1995 and who is still in charge of the strand] at the right moment in the bar, and had a good idea, you'd be doing it the next day. Anthony and Nigel were inspiring because they were also film-makers – very good ones. They led by example. You could go to them with any idea that you had, however crazy it was, and get an audience. The work I started to do there – there were no rules for it, it seemed.
The first film I made for Arena was in Latin. It was about animals that were put on trial for crimes against people in the middle ages. Then I made a feature-length documentary about the murder of Marvin Gaye by his father. Alan Yentob had just become the controller of BBC2 and he came from Arena. So there was someone at the top who understood what we were doing and encouraged it. There was a freedom to do ambitious, iconoclastic work.
There are periods in the culture when things align and flourish in a certain kind of way, but it never lasts. I always look back at that time and feel very privileged. Documentaries, then, could support creative ambitions. You could take that form and do something surprising with it. I don't know what it's like now; I haven't been at the BBC for 15 years. A lot of us were flushed out in the 90s, paid off and made to leave. Which in the end was not a terrible thing. There was a sense that things were changing. The BBC became much more bureaucratic. We were made to compete for money. The bar did indeed become a gym.
A scenes from the 1999 Arena film Wisconsin Death Trip, which dramatised bizarre events in a US city using an archive of black-and-white photos. Photograph: © NFT
The last film I made for Arena was Wisconsin Death Trip. That was probably the most whacked-out, experimental film I ever made. [It told the story of a series of killings in 19th-century America.] It was a real struggle – there wasn't the money for that kind of work any more, and the BBC didn't know what to make of it, [they] discouraged it. Of course, when it was made it did have some success, and it was released theatrically in cinemas. But that was a very difficult film to make.
I wouldn't want to deplore what the BBC's become, because I enjoy what it was then. All the work I've done since I left the BBC goes back to my time on Arena, and if Man on Wire is the most successful film I've made, it definitely emerged from my apprenticeship at BBC2. Arena was a laboratory, we had freedom to experiment, and not every film worked. But it was worth the attempt to do something original. Anthony and Nigel's mantra was: "Do anything you want. But don't be boring." TL
FLOELLA BENJAMIN
PLAY SCHOOL, 1964
Trained as a stage actor, the then 27-year-old Benjamin joined the cast of Play School in 1976. The popular children's programme, famous for its whimsically named toys and its windowed set, had been on air for more than a decade by then. Trinidad-born Benjamin, recognisable for the bright beads she wore in her hair, became one its most popular presenters. Now 64, and a baroness, Benjamin sits in the House of Lords as a Liberal Democrat life peer.
I worked in the theatre in the 70s, and I could watch children's programmes during the day. I loved Play School, especially the presenters Carol Chell and Chloe Ashcroft. It was so creative, so visionary, the way they drew the audience in. I was in a production called The Black Mikado with Derek Griffiths, another Play School presenter, and I remember talking about how much I'd love to do it. When an audition came up, I went.
What I tried to do on Play School was to give each member of the audience the feeling that they were special. I spoke very slowly and imagined I was talking to just one person: "Hello, are you all right?" The secret of any good children's programme is to be childlike. Not childish. Being childlike is quite different – showing enthusiasm for life, expressing the joy of seeing things for the first time, the mystery, the wonderment. We had dancing, we had music, we had storytelling. Things that excite creativity.
BBC2, to me, has always been a thinking channel, a creative channel, a window on the world type channel. I remember, 33 years ago, when I gave birth to my son, thinking: "I can't do this." And suddenly in my head came a programme I'd seen on BBC2, about a woman in a field in South America who gave birth while she was out working the land. And I thought, if she could do that… The memory of a TV programme got me through.
‘I loved Play School,’ says Floella Benjamin, who joined Humpty, above, and the rest of the programme’s cast in 1976. ‘It was so creative, so visionary.’
I'm very grateful for Play School; it changed my life. The day I was introduced at the House of Lords I was thrilled. Then later that night I was watching Newsnight, as I always do, and suddenly I heard my own voice. There was a clip of me on Play School… They even zoomed through a window, then you saw me coming through the House of Lords doors. It was such a lovely thing. I cried. TL
RICHARD HAMMOND
TOP GEAR, 1977
An art graduate originally from Solihull, Richard Hammond, 44, began his broadcasting career on local radio before joining the cast of Top Gear in 2002. The car programme, a BBC Two stalwart since the late 70s, had previously been cancelled; now it was being relaunched, in a more irreverent format devised by host Jeremy Clarkson and producer Andy Wilman. Hammond and Clarkson were soon joined by James May and the trio have remained at the helm of a show that is consistently anarchic, controversial – and popular.
I'm a big believer that TV still has a role to play in saying: "Look at this, isn't it amazing?" BBC2's always been very good at that. Growing up, it showed me the world and explained it.
I was an avid fan of anything science-y, natural world-y. I lapped it up. But oddly enough Top Gear was always my favourite. This shows I'm a bit different in age from my esteemed co-hosts, Jeremy and James, but I first watched it sitting on the carpet in the living room, playing with Lego. It was grown up. It was about cars. I wouldn't have missed it.
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I think it built up in me an interest in presenting television programmes, too. The idea of standing there and talking about stuff, I found really compelling. And this – somebody telling you about something that they knew about – was perhaps best seen on BBC2. Because the channel always allowed room; not everything was shown in bite-sized clips. The facts could lead. The subject could lead. Instead of being delivered so damned fast the audience didn't have time to get bored, the content had to be interesting. It had to stand up.
I started on local radio in 1988, first in York, then on stations across the north. I dreamed of getting into television presenting, but the opportunities were few and far between. If you're working at BBC Radio Cumbria, it's difficult. Eventually, I gave up on that route and got a job working for a car company in their press office, secretly thinking: "Ooh, I'll get to know all the editors of all the car shows." I got some work on a satellite channel, Granada's Men & Motors, and left my comfortable job with a mortgage-paying salary, a company car, to do that freelance for five years. Then Top Gear came along. They auditioned me and I got it. The luckiest moment of my life, really.
It has evolved over the years in a very BBC2 way. We weren't subject to the kind of pressure that we might have been under on different channels. We were allowed to grow (and it's a buzz word in media circles) organically. There was no hideous glaring spotlight on us. And the BBC, when I first joined, didn't take any bloody notice of us. When Top Gear relaunched, in 2002, it was just a car show coming back. It wasn't big news. We slipped under the radar and were allowed an amazing amount of freedom. We've done a lot of things that would have been difficult to justify before doing them.
I was excited when it came back, though. I remember the first recording in the studio, they played the theme tune and I automatically thought: "Brilliant! Top Gear's on!" Then I realised I was presenting it. Standing next to Jeremy Clarkson. I thought: "Better get on with it." TL
RACHEL KHOO
THE LITTLE PARIS KITCHEN, 2012
London-born Rachel Khoo, 33, was a chef and food writer living in Paris, in 2010, when she was signed up by BBC2. The Little Paris Kitchen was first broadcast in March 2012, in an 8.30pm slot that once hosted Jamie Oliver, Nigella Lawson, Rick Stein and Gary Rhodes.
I always thought, if you're going to be on TV you'd get some sort of training. When BBC2 commissioned my show three years ago, I said: "When am I going on this BBC course, then, to learn how to present a cookery programme?" They said: "Nope. There isn't one. You're just going to cook."
Growing up, I was allowed to watch some TV in the evenings and I liked Food and Drink, with Oz Clarke and Michael Barry and Loyd Grossman on Masterchef. When Jamie Oliver came along, it changed everything.
When I was a bit older, at art college at Saint Martins, I used to have Ready Steady Cook on in the background while I was working in the afternoons. And I did a bit of food styling, assisting on photography shoots, while I was at uni.
After graduating, I worked for two years doing fashion marketing and PR. It wasn't really me; I thought: "You know what, I'm going to go to Paris and learn to bake." I studied patisserie for a year. One year has become eight. I'm still here.
I got a book deal about four years ago [ Little Paris Kitchen , Penguin, £20] and while I was testing out the recipes I opened a two-seater pop-up restaurant in my apartment. I'd already written two cookbooks in French by then, and I knew from experience that there was a lot of food waste. This was a way to minimise it and get a little money to cover ingredients. And writing is pretty lonely; the restaurant was a nice way to meet people from around the world.
While I was doing it I thought: "Ah, I think this would make a good TV show." I found a small production company called Plum and we did a little video in my flat. BBC2 liked it. I went to meet the commissioning editors with some biscuits. Bribes. And I wanted to prove that I could bake.
When one of the commissioning editors came to visit us during filming, he couldn't believe we were making a TV show in this little space. We had to borrow the upstairs apartment for a test kitchen. I had no experience in TV and it helped that it was all done in my kitchen. I felt at home. TL
MEERA SYAL
GOODNESS GRACIOUS ME, 1998
Writer and comedian Meera Syal was one of a team that created and starred in the sketch show Goodness Gracious Me, which aired on BBC2. She rose to prominence portraying Sushila, the grandmother of her real-life husband Sanjeev Bhaskar, in The Kumars at No 42, which ran for seven series and won an international Emmy. In 2009 she also starred in the BBC2 sitcom Beautiful People.
BBC2 has been responsible for two of my biggest breaks, one being My Sister Wife in 1992. They had this strand called Screen Two which consisted of one-off films, and they were the most amazing opportunities for new talent and writers to have 90 minutes of screen time – you don't get those slots any more.
A lot of established people cut their teeth there. My Sister Wife was about a Muslim man who had already got a wife and takes on a second, who doesn't know he already has a wife – very timely. But it was much more about the relationship between the two women, and that, for me, was a huge calling card. Because of that I got the commission to write Bhaji on the Beach for Channel 4.
Nina Wadia, Kulvinder Ghir, Meera Syal and Sanjeev Bhaskar in the BBC2 comedy sketch show Goodness Gracious Me. ‘We knew what made us laugh,’ says Syal.
The other huge break was Goodness Gracious Me. We had been guests on The Real McCoy, the first Afro-Caribbean sketch show, and wanted to do an Asian version of this, and we had an awful lot of material. [BBC comedy executive producer] Jon Plowman wasn't sure what Asian comedy was – and neither were we, we just knew what made us laugh.
We then put on a live show at the Riverside studios in Hammersmith to help persuade him, with all the material the four of us had been doing on the standup circuit. But it was BBC Radio that gave us a six-week slot and it was the huge success of the show on the radio that was the point at which people really sat up and took notice. BBC2 then realised it was mainstream, not niche. From then we got a pilot, then a series , so the whole development process was about two years, whereas My Sister Wife was one meeting and a commission.
The Kumars at No 42 was rejected the first time we took it to the BBC – it was only when Hat Trick Productions saw the potential of this strange hybrid that we got the commission.
BBC2 is certainly a channel that takes risks. I always thought The Kumars and Goodness Gracious Me could never have appeared on any other channel; they were BBC2 products. They were quirky and a little out there. They weren't your 8.30pm low risk family slot. They were voices you don't hear in mainstream slots, and for that BBC2 has been remarkable. I owe them a lot.
The Goodness Gracious Me team are reuniting to do a one-off special, we're all very happy to be back together, to commemorate the show and BBC2. KS
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Which boxer defeated Muhammed Ali at Madison Square Garden in March 1971? | Fight of the Century: Muhammad Ali vs. Joe Frazier 1 | Newsday
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Heavyweight champion Joe Frazier, left, has challenged Muhammad Ali, right, on the ropes during the fourth round of their heavyweight title bout, Monday, March 8, 1971, New York.
Fight of the Century: Muhammad Ali vs. Joe Frazier 1
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When Joe Frazier met Muhammad Ali at Madison Square Garden on March 8, 1971, the storyline went much deeper than two undefeated heavyweights clashing for the belt. Ali had refused induction in the U.S. Army, was considered radical chic and seemed to embody the culture of the 1960s. Frazier was cast as a champion fighting for the establishment. Frank Sinatra was a ring-side photographer for Life magazine. Barbra Streisand, Sammy Davis Jr., Hugh Hefner, Dustin Hoffman and Diana Ross were ringside. Burt Lancaster was part of the closed circuit broadcast team. All that, and the fight actually lived up to its billing as the "Fight of the Century." After 15 rounds of thrilling toe-to-toe action, Frazier won a unanimous decision.
(Credit: ASSOCIATED PRESS/ Anonymous)
Muhammad Ali and his assistant trainer and friend Bundini Brown sing a song in the ring after Ali weighed in at 215 pounds for his bout at Madison Square Garden in New York with heavyweight champion Joe Frazier, March 8, 1971.
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Title holder Joe Frazier extends his right army during physical examination in New York on March 8, 1971 before the "Fight of the Century" against Muhammad Ali.
(Credit: AP)
Heavyweight champion Joe Frazier, left, has challenged Muhammad Ali, right, on the ropes during the fourth round of their heavyweight title bout, Monday, March 8, 1971, New York.
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Muhammad Ali, red trunks, and Joe Frazier, green trunks, are shown during of their bout in New York's Madison Square Garden, March 8, 1971.
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Muhammad Ali, red trunks, and Joe Frazier, green trunks, are shown during of their bout in New York's Madison Square Garden, March 8, 1971.
(Credit: ASSOCIATED PRESS)
How big was Ali vs. Frazier 1 at Madison Square Garden on March 8, 1971? Frank Sinatra was a ringside photographer for Life Magazine at the "Fight of the Century."
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Boxer Muhammad Ali crouches on the canvas after Ali slipped during the 11th round of the "Fight of the Century" against Joe Frazier on March 8, 1971, at Madison Square Garden.
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Muhammad Ali gets knocked down by Joe Frazier in the "Fight of the Century" at Madison Square Garden on March 8, 1971.
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Muhammad Ali takes a left from Joe Frazier during the 15th round of their heavyweight title boxing bout in New York on March 8, 1971. Frazier won a unanimous decision.
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Joe Frazier, left, hits Muhammad Ali during the 15th round of their heavyweight title fight at New York's Madison Square Garden on March 8, 1971.
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American heavyweight boxing champion Joe Frazier, left, against Muhammad Ali in the "Fight of the Century" at the Madison Square Garden on March 8, 1971.
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Joe Frazier lands a left to the jaw of Muhammad Ali during their title bout at New York's Madison Square Garden on March 8, 1971. Frazier won on a unanimous decision and retained his heavyweight title.
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Heavyweight boxing champion Joe Frazier kept his title at the end of the "Fight of the Century" against Muhammad Ali at the Madison Square Garden, in New York on March 8, 1971.
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Heavyweight champion Joe Frazier (L) kept his title at the end of the "Fight of the Century" against Muhammad Ali, at the Madison Square Garden on March 8, 1971.
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Joe Frazier stands over Muhammad Ali in the 15th round of their heavyweight title fight at Madison Square Garden on March 8, 1971.
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Joe Frazier stands near the fallen Muhammad Ali as referee Art Mercante gestures at left during a boxing match at Madison Square Garden in New York on March 8, 1971. It was Frazier's heavyweight title that was on the line in the bout, but a lot of boxing fans still considered Ali the champion because he was stripped of the title and sent into boxing exile for refusing to be drafted.
(Credit: AP/ Anonymous)
Boxer Joe Frazier being directed to the ropes by referee Arthur Marcante after knocking down Muhammad Ali during the 15th round of the title bout at Madison Square Garden in New York on March 8, 1971
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Muhammad Ali is down on the canvas after being floored by Joe Frazier in the 15th round of their heavyweight title fight at Madison Square Garden on March 8, 1971. Frazier won on a decision.
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A battered Muhammad Ali walks back to his corner as a triumphant Joe Frazier, background, celebrates his title defense after the 15th round of their title bout at New York's Madison Square Garden on March 8, 1971.
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Joe Frazier, right, is hugged by his manager, Yancey Durham, after Frazier defeated Muhammad Ali to retain his heavyweight title at Madison Square Garden in New York on March 8, 1971.
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A beaten Muhammad Ali is worked over by his handlers following his unsuccessful attempt to take the heavyweight title from Joe Frazier on March, 8, 1971. Frazier retained his title with a uninous decision.
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Joe Frazier, a little battered after his title defense against Muhammed Ali, talks with reporters after the fight in New York's Madison Square Garden on March 8, 1971.
| Joe Frazier |
In March 1977, the rings of which planet in our solar system were discovered? | Joe Frazier, former heavyweight champion, dead at 67
PHILADELPHIA -- He beat Muhammad Ali in the Fight of the Century, battled him nearly to the death in the Thrilla in Manila. Then Joe Frazier spent the rest of his life trying to fight his way out of Ali's shadow.
That was one fight Frazier never could win.
He once was a heavyweight champion, and a great one at that. Ali would say as much after Frazier knocked him down in the 15th round en route to becoming the first man to beat Ali at Madison Square Garden in March 1971.
But he bore the burden of being Ali's foil, and he paid the price. Bitter for years about the taunts his former nemesis once threw his way, Frazier only in recent times came to terms with what happened in the past and said he had forgiven Ali for everything he said.
Frazier, who died Monday night after a brief battle with liver cancer at the age of 67, forever will be linked to Ali. But no one in boxing would ever dream of anointing Ali as "The Greatest" unless he, too, was linked to Smokin' Joe.
"I will always remember Joe with respect and admiration," Ali said in a statement. "My sympathy goes out to his family and loved ones."
They fought three times, twice in the heart of New York City and once in the morning in a steamy arena in the Philippines. They went 41 rounds together, with neither giving an inch and both giving it their all.
In their last fight in Manila in 1975, they traded punches with a fervor that seemed unimaginable among heavyweights. Frazier gave almost as good as he got for 14 rounds, then had to be held back by trainer Eddie Futch as he tried to go out for the final round, unable to see.
"Closest thing to dying that I know of," Ali said afterward.
Ali was as merciless with Frazier out of the ring as he was inside it. He called him a gorilla, and mocked him as an Uncle Tom. But he respected him as a fighter, especially after Frazier won a decision to defend his heavyweight title against the then-unbeaten Ali, in a fight that was so big Frank Sinatra was shooting pictures at ringside and both fighters earned a then-astonishing $2.5 million.
The night at the Garden 40 years ago remained fresh in Frazier's mind as he talked about his life, career and relationship with Ali a few months before he died.
"I can't go nowhere where it's not mentioned," he told The Associated Press. "That was the greatest thing that ever happened in my life."
Bob Arum, who once promoted Ali, said he was saddened by Frazier's passing.
"He was such an inspirational guy. A decent guy. A man of his word," Arum said. "I'm torn up by Joe dying at this relatively young age. I can't say enough about Joe."
Frazier's death was announced in a statement by his family, who asked to be able to grieve privately and said they would announce "our father's homecoming celebration" as soon as possible.
Manny Pacquiao learned of it shortly after he arrived in Las Vegas for his fight Saturday night with Juan Manuel Marquez. Like Frazier in his prime, Pacquiao has a powerful left hook that he has used in his remarkable run to stardom.
"Boxing lost a great champion, and the sport lost a great ambassador," Pacquiao said.
Don King, who promoted the Thrilla in Manila, said in a statement issued Tuesday that Frazier was "the embodiment of what a great heavyweight champion and person should be."
"Not only was he a great fighter but also a great man. He lived as he fought with courage and commitment at a time when African-Americans in all spheres of life were engaged in a struggle for emancipation and respect," King said of Frazier. "Smokin' Joe brought honor, dignity and pride for his people, the AMERICAN people, and brought the nation together as only sports can do."
Though slowed in his later years and his speech slurred by the toll of punches taken in the ring, Frazier still was active on the autograph circuit in the months before he died. In September he went to Las Vegas, where he signed autographs in the lobby of the MGM Grand hotel-casino shortly before Floyd Mayweather Jr.'s fight against Victor Ortiz.
An old friend, Gene Kilroy, visited with him and watched Frazier work the crowd.
"He was so nice to everybody," Kilroy said. "He would say to each of them, 'Joe Frazier, sharp as a razor, what's your name?' "
Frazier was small for a heavyweight, weighing just 205 pounds when he won the title by stopping Jimmy Ellis in the fifth round of their 1970 fight at Madison Square Garden. But he fought every minute of every round going forward behind a vicious left hook, and there were few fighters who could withstand his constant pressure.
Joe Frazier's decision victory over Muhammad Ali in 1971 was the first in a trio of legendary fights.
AP Photo
His reign as heavyweight champion lasted only four fights -- including the win over Ali -- before he ran into an even more fearsome slugger than himself. George Foreman responded to Frazier's constant attack by dropping him three times in the first round (the first giving birth to Howard Cosell's iconic "Down goes Frazier!" call) and three more in the second before their 1973 fight in Jamaica was waved to a close and the world had a new heavyweight champion.
"Good night Joe Frazier. I love you dear friend. George Foreman" read Foreman's Twitter page.
"He would not back up from King Kong," Foreman said later Tuesday. "I know, I knocked Joe down six times. When our fight was over, Joe was on his feet looking for me."
Two fights later, Frazier met Ali in a rematch of their first fight, only this time the outcome was different. Ali won a 12-round decision, and later that year stopped Foreman in the Rumble in the Jungle in Zaire.
There had to be a third fight, though, and what a fight it was. With Ali's heavyweight title at stake, the two met in Manila in a bout that long will be seared in boxing history.
Frazier went after Ali round after round, landing his left hook with regularity as he made Ali backpedal around the ring. But Ali responded with left jabs and right hands that found their mark again and again. Even the intense heat inside the arena couldn't stop the two as they fought every minute of every round, with neither willing to concede the other one second of the round.
"They told me Joe Frazier was through," Ali told Frazier at one point during the fight.
"They lied," Frazier said, before hitting Ali with a left hook.
Finally, though, Frazier simply couldn't see and Futch would not let him go out for the 15th round. Ali won the fight while on his stool, exhausted and contemplating himself whether to go on.
It was one of the greatest fights ever, but it took a toll. Frazier would fight only two more times, getting knocked out in a rematch with Foreman eight months later before coming back in 1981 for an ill-advised fight with Jumbo Cummings.
"They should have both retired after the Manila fight," former AP boxing writer Ed Schuyler Jr. said. "They left every bit of talent they had in the ring that day."
"The courage Smokin' Joe showed in The Thrilla in Manila -- answering every Ali onslaught with an equally withering response -- will remain in the hearts and minds of boxing fans around the globe forever," King said of the third fight in the trilogy.
"One cannot underestimate the contribution Smokin' Joe and Ali made to progress and change by creating the space, through their talent, for black men to be seen, visible and relevant. The Thrilla in Manila helped make America better," King said.
Born in Beaufort, S.C., on Jan. 12, 1944, Frazier took up boxing early after watching weekly fights on the black-and-white television on his family's small farm. He was a top amateur for several years, and became the only American fighter to win a gold medal in the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo despite fighting in the final bout with an injured left thumb.
"Joe Frazier should be remembered as one of the greatest fighters of all time and a real man," Arum told the AP in a telephone interview Monday night. "He's a guy that stood up for himself. He didn't compromise and always gave 100 percent in the ring. There was never a fight in the ring where Joe didn't give 100 percent."
After turning pro in 1965, Frazier quickly became known for his punching power, stopping his first 11 opponents. Within three years he was fighting world-class opposition and, in 1970, beat Ellis to win the heavyweight title that he would hold for more than two years.
A woman who answered Ellis' phone in Kentucky said the former champion suffers from Alzheimer's disease, but she wanted to pass along the family's condolences.
In Frazier's adopted hometown of Philadelphia, a fellow Philly fighter, longtime middleweight champion Bernard Hopkins, said Frazier was so big in the city that he should have his own shadow, like the fictional Rocky character.
"I saw him at one of my car washes a few weeks ago. He was in a car, just hollering at us, 'They're trying to get me!' That was his, hi," Hopkins said. "I'm glad I got to see him in the last couple of months. At the end of the day, I respect the man. I believe at the end of his life, he was fighting to get that respect."
HBO broadcaster Larry Merchant, who became close with Frazier after covering him as a reporter in Philadelphia, was crushed by the news.
"This is a body blow to me because I knew him personally as well as professionally," Merchant told ESPN.com's Dan Rafael. "I thought he was as honest and as real a fighter as there ever was. He followed in a tradition of (Jack) Dempsey and (Rocky) Marciano as the 'Warrior King.' "
It was his fights with Ali that would define Frazier. Though Ali was gracious in defeat in the first fight, he was as vicious with his words as he was with his punches in promoting all three fights -- and he never missed a chance to get a jab in at Frazier.
Frazier, who in his later years would have financial trouble and end up running a gym in Philadelphia, took the jabs personally. He felt Ali made fun of him by calling him names and said things that were not true just to get under his skin. Those feelings were only magnified as Ali went from being an icon in the ring to one of the most beloved people in the world.
After a trembling Ali lit the Olympic torch in 1996 in Atlanta, Frazier was asked by a reporter what he thought about it.
"They should have thrown him in," Frazier responded.
He mellowed, though, in recent years, preferring to remember the good from his fights with Ali rather than the bad. Just before the 40th anniversary of his win over Ali earlier this year -- a day Frazier celebrated with parties in New York -- he said he no longer felt any bitterness toward Ali, who suffers from Parkinson's disease and is mostly mute.
"I forgive him," Frazier. "He's in a bad way."
Information from The Associated Press contributed to this report.
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Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded which company in Albuquerque, New Mexico in April 1975? | April 4, 1975: Bill Gates, Paul Allen Form a Little Partnership | WIRED
April 4, 1975: Bill Gates, Paul Allen Form a Little Partnership
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Author: Randy Alfred. Randy Alfred
Date of Publication: 04.04.11.
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April 4, 1975: Bill Gates, Paul Allen Form a Little Partnership
1975: Bill Gates and Paul Allen create a partnership called Micro-soft. It will grow into one of the largest U.S. corporations and place them among the world’s richest people.
Gates and Allen had been buddies and fellow Basic programmers at Lakeside School in Seattle. Allen graduated before Gates and enrolled at Washington State University. They built a computer based on an Intel 8008 chip and used it to analyze traffic data for the Washington state highway department, doing business as Traf-O-Data .
Allen went to work for Honeywell in Boston, and Gates enrolled at Harvard University in nearby Cambridge. News in late 1974 of the first personal computer kit, the Altair 8800 , excited them, but they knew they could improve its performance with Basic .
Allen spoke to Ed Roberts, president of Altair manufacturer MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems), and sold him on the idea. Gates and Allen worked night and day to complete the first microcomputer Basic. Allen moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico, in January 1975 to become director of software for MITS. Gates dropped out of his sophomore year at Harvard and joined Allen in Albuquerque.
Allen was 22; Gates was 19. Altair Basic was functioning by March. The “Micro-soft” partnership was sealed in April, but wouldn’t get its name for a few more months.
The fledgling company also created versions of Basic for the hot-selling Apple II and Radio Shack’s TRS-80 .
Microsoft moved from Albuquerque to Bellevue, Washington, in 1979. It incorporated in 1981, a few weeks before IBM introduced its personal computer with Microsoft’s 16-bit operating system, MS-DOS 1.0.
The thriving young company moved again in 1986, this time to a new corporate campus in Redmond, Washington . Microsoft stock went public in March 1986. Adjusting for splits, a share of that stock [ MSFT ] is worth about 320 times its original value today (or about 160 times, even accounting for inflation).
Source: Various
Photo: Microsoft founders Bill Gates and Paul Allen were all smiles in 1983 just after delivering MS Dos for the Tandy laptop and signing a contract to write MS-DOS for IBM. (Doug Wilson/Corbis)
This article first appeared on Wired.com April 4, 2008.
| Microsoft |
Which unsuccessful Apollo program was launched in April 1970? | 1975 | Dr. Quintard Taylor, Jr.
Dr. Quintard Taylor, Jr.
University of Washington
1975
Microsoft, eventually the world's largest software company, is founded on April 4 in Albuquerque, New Mexico by Bill Gates and Paul Allen.
Timeline State:
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Who resigned as Vice President of the United States in October 1973? | Vice President Agnew resigns - Oct 10, 1973 - HISTORY.com
Vice President Agnew resigns
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A+E Networks
Less than a year before Richard M. Nixon’s resignation as president of the United States, Spiro Agnew becomes the first U.S. vice president to resign in disgrace. The same day, he pleaded no contest to a charge of federal income tax evasion in exchange for the dropping of charges of political corruption. He was subsequently fined $10,000, sentenced to three years probation, and disbarred by the Maryland court of appeals.
Agnew, a Republican, was elected chief executive of Baltimore County in 1961. In 1967, he became governor of Maryland, an office he held until his nomination as the Republican vice presidential candidate in 1968. During Nixon’s successful campaign, Agnew ran on a tough law-and-order platform, and as vice president he frequently attacked opponents of the Vietnam War and liberals as being disloyal and un-American. Reelected with Nixon in 1972, Agnew resigned on October 10, 1973, after the U.S. Justice Department uncovered widespread evidence of his political corruption, including allegations that his practice of accepting bribes had continued into his tenure as U.S. vice president. He died at the age of 77 on September 17, 1996.
Under the process decreed by the 25th Amendment to the Constitution, President Nixon was instructed to the fill vacant office of vice president by nominating a candidate who then had to be approved by both houses of Congress. Nixon’s appointment of Representative Gerald Ford of Michigan was approved by Congress and, on December 6, Ford was sworn in. He became the 38th president of the United States on August 9, 1974, after the escalating Watergate affair caused Nixon to resign.
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| Spiro Agnew |
In December 1979, which human disease was certified to be eradicated, the first driven to extinction? | Spiro Agnew | vice president of United States | Britannica.com
vice president of United States
Written By:
Alternative Titles: Spiro T. Agnew, Spiro Theodore Agnew
Spiro Agnew
Vice president of United States
Also known as
Gerald Ford
Spiro Agnew, in full Spiro Theodore Agnew, also called Spiro T. Agnew (born November 9, 1918, Baltimore , Maryland , U.S.—died September 17, 1996, Berlin, Maryland), 39th vice president of the United States (1969–73) in the Republican administration of President Richard M. Nixon . He was the second person to resign the nation’s second highest office ( John C. Calhoun was the first in 1832) and the first to resign under duress.
Spiro T. Agnew.
© Bettmann/Corbis
Agnew was the son of Theodore Agnew, a Greek-immigrant restaurateur who had shortened his name from Anagnostopoulos, and Margaret Akers, from Virginia . He studied law at the University of Baltimore and began a law practice in a Baltimore suburb in 1947. He was elected Baltimore county executive in 1962 and then governor of Maryland in 1967. During his tenure as governor he established an image as a moderate, securing a graduated income tax, strong antipollution laws, the first open-housing law south of the Mason and Dixon Line , and repeal of the state’s 306-year-old anti- miscegenation law. Although he was little known to the American public at the time of his nomination for the vice presidency in 1968, Agnew won national recognition for speeches in which he denounced Vietnam War protesters and other opponents of the Nixon administration with colourful epithets such as “nattering nabobs of negativism” and “hopeless, hysterical hypochondriacs of history.” Agnew was despised by most Democrats and sometimes drew censure even from Republicans, as he did for accusing Vice President Hubert Humphrey , the Democratic Party candidate for president in 1968, of being “soft on communism.”
Agnew’s downfall began in the summer of 1973, when he was investigated in connection with accusations of extortion , bribery , and income-tax violations relating chiefly to his tenure as governor of Maryland. Faced with federal indictments, Agnew fought the charges, arguing that the allegations were false, that a sitting vice president could not be indicted, and that the only way he could be removed from office was by impeachment . After the solicitor general released a brief asserting that sitting vice presidents could be indicted, Agnew launched an attack on the administration and vowed not to resign. With Nixon in danger of impeachment for his role in the Watergate scandal , the administration sought to remove Agnew from the presidential line of succession, and secret plea bargaining took place between Agnew’s lawyers and a federal judge. Agnew resigned the vice presidency on October 10, 1973, and appeared in United States District Court in Baltimore on the same day to plead nolo contendere to a single federal count of failing to report on his income-tax return $29,500 in income that he had received in 1967, while governor of Maryland. Acknowledging that the plea amounted to a felony conviction , Agnew declared that he had resigned in the national interest. He was fined $10,000 and sentenced to three years of unsupervised probation.
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Which nation’s football team won the 1970 FIFA World Cup? | 1970 FIFA World Cup | Football Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
1970 FIFA World Cup
1974 →
The 1970 FIFA World Cup was a football sporting event that was held in Mexico in 1970. 16 teams took part from many countries. Brazil won the trophy after beating Italy in the final. Djibouti did not participate, as it was not yet a country.
| Brazil |
Which ‘army’ was discovered at Xi’an in China in 1974? | Brazil at the Football World Cup
Home > Events > Football > Football World Cup > Countries > Brazil
Brazil at the World Cup
Brazil are an exciting powerhouse team in world football. They are the only country to have appeared in every final tournament - 20 from 1930 to 2014. In these, they have won the FIFA World Cup on five occasions: 1958, 1962, 1970, 1994 and 2002. They have reached the World Cup Final seven times - beaten only by Germany who has done it 8 times. In 2014, the host team Brazil were thumped by Germany 7-1 in the semifinal, then beaten into 4th place by The Netherlands.
Trivia
Brazil were one of the 13 teams in the inaugural World Cup in 1930 .
Brazil's Valdemar de Brito became the first player to miss a penalty in World Cup finals in 1934 . De Brito missed the penalty in Brazil's 3-1 loss to Spain on 27 May 1934. That was Brazil's only match in the 1934 finals, and the only finals in which Brazil did not win any match. He later amended his reputation as he discovered and nurtured Pele .
Brazilian player Leonidas, the top scorer of World Cup 1938, had a job as a private eye.
At the start of a 1938 finals match against Poland , Brazilian player Leonidas took off his boots because he wanted to play in the muddy pitch barefooted. The referee immediately ordered Leonidas to put his boots back on, and Leonidas went on to score 4 goals in that match, finishing top scorer of the 1938 tournament with 8 goals in 4 matches.
Brazilian player Leonidas was left out of the team for the 1938 semi-final against Italy as the Brazilian coach wanted to save Leonidas for the Final. It was obviously a wrong decision as Brazil unexpectedly lost 2-1 to Italy in the match. Ironically, in the third-place match two days later, Leonidas scored two goals and helped Brazil achieve a 4-2 victory over Sweden .
Brazil also hold the attendance record for their defeat to Uruguay in front of 200,000 spectators on home soil in 1950 .
Brazil won their first FIFA World Cup title in 1958 in Sweden with a team which included a 17-year-old legend-in-the-making named Pelé . During this tournament he became the youngest player in World Cup history to have scored a goal when he scored against Wales. He was then only 17 years and 239 days old.
The Brazilian managers of 1954 (Zeze) and that of 1962 (Aimore Moreira) were the only brothers to have managed the same nation in World Cup finals.
Brazilian player Garrincha suffered from infantile paralysis as an infant. The operation that enabled him to walk left him with a distorted leg, but he grew up to become a speedy winger nicknamed 'The Little Bird'. He won the World Cup in 1958 & 1962 . He died of alcohol poisoning in 1983 at the age of 49.
Brazilian player Rivelino collapsed after beating Italy in the 1970 Final under the weight of the celebrations from Brazilian fans and had to be carried away on a stretcher.
After the Jules Rimet trophy was paraded by the Brazilian players after the 1970 Final match, the top of the trophy disappeared. Brazilian reserve Davio retrieved the valuable gold top from a young spectator at the stadium exit. As a result, the new trophy was designed to have no top!
Brazilian player Tostao give his 1970 World Cup winners' medal to his his surgeon. Tostao wished to express his gratitute to the American surgeon who had performed two operations on his eye before the 1970 finals.
Ronaldo changed his hair style after Brazil beat England in the 2002 quarter finals so as to look more different from his teammate Roberto Carlos. He wanted to have a new look because his son Ronald had wrongly recognized Roberto Carlos as Ronaldo - their toddler son kissed the TV screen shouting 'daddy' when Roberto Carlos appeared on TV during the quarter final match.
Despite winning the FIFA World Cup in 2002 , Brazil still had to qualify for the 2006 tournament, as the rules changed from previously where the winner of the World Cup automatically qualified for the next tournament.
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In February 1973, which US state became the first to post distance in metric signs? | Metric Day | Speaking of Precision Blog
Speaking of Precision Blog
Metric Day- Celebrating Since 1866
July 28, 2015
On this day in 1866, an act of Congress, signed into law by President Andrew Johnson, made it “lawful throughout the United States of America to employ the weights and measures of the metric system in all contracts, dealings or court proceedings.”
Andrew Johnson was President when this was passed.
Our best shops are operating in metric and measure in Microns- millionths of a meter.
How large is a micron?
Happy Metric Day. And a hat tip to David Parker of Metric Machining and Mike Preston of Micron Manufacturing .
And to all of the engineers, machinists and technicians who call the metric system “theirs.”
METRIC DAY- A Personal Story
February 12, 2014
You may not know it but on this day in 1973 Ohio became the first state in the U.S. to post metric distance signs along I-71.
Back in the day…
These new signs showed the distance in both miles and kilometers. The metric system, though standard in many nations around the world, never quite caught on in the United States, except on major-league baseball stadium fences — and on that highway in Ohio.
And that is why Richard and Joan Parker in the Summer of 1973 decided to call our company Metric Machining when the company began on September 1, 1973.
Small business job creators Richard and Joan Parker, Metric Machining.
They wanted their company to be on the cutting edge………… and they’re still waiting for the rest of the country to catch up!
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Miles Free
Welcome to our blog, Speaking of Precision. As Director of Technology and Industry Research for PMPA, I bring 38 years of hands-on experience in areas of manufacturing, quality and steelmaking. I help answer "HOW?","WITH WHAT?" and "REALLY?"
| Ohio |
In September 1972, who did Bobby Fischer defeat to become the first American World Chess Champion? | State has miles to go in converting to metric
State has miles to go in converting to metric
One of the first of the miles/kilometers signs went up on Interstate 71 in 1973.
On Feb. 12, 1973, four metric road signs, the first in the United States, were erected along Interstate 71 in Ohio. The new signs showed the distance in both miles and kilometers between Columbus and Cincinnati, and Columbus and Cleveland. As early as 1790, Thomas Jefferson had proposed a decimal-based measurement system, similar to the metric system. Nothing was done. In 1968 a study was ordered by Congress. And in 1971, a report recommended a switch to the metric system and established a 10-year target time to accomplish it. The recommendation led to a National Metric Conference in 1973 - and prompted Ohio to begin converting highway signs the same year. The Metric Conversion Act, passed by Congress in 1975, planned a voluntary conversion to the metric system. Progress since then can be measured in, well, inches.
Rebecca Goodman
Ohio Moments will appear here daily during 2003. Have a suggestion? Contact Rebecca Goodman at [email protected] or (513) 768-8361.
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In September 1978, which Pope died after only 33 days of Papacy? | 1978- Year of 3 Popes - TU ES PETRUS
1978: The Year Of
The Three Popes
The year 1978 will long be remembered as the year of the three popes. The not unexpected death of Pope Paul VI on August 6th, 1978 was followed on August 26th by the election of the "Smiling Pope," John Paul I. Reigning only 33 days, the length in years of Our Lord's earthy life, he died in his sleep of a heart attack on September 28th. Only a few weeks later on October 16th, 1978 the College of Cardinals elected the "Polish Pope" John Paul II to the chair of Peter.
Pope Paul VI
Giovanni Battista Montini was born on September 26th, 1897 in Concesio, 8km. (5 miles) from Brescia, in the Lombardi region of northern Italy. Ordained to the priesthood at Brescia on May 29th, 1920, he undertook further studies in Rome, including the Gregorian University. From 1924 until his ordination as archbishop of Milan on December 12th, 1954, he served the Secretariate of State of the Holy See in various capacities, including a 17 year tenure (1937-1954) as Undersecretary of State during the pontificate of Pope Pius XII, with whose own career he was closely associated. Pope John XXIII elevated him to the College of Cardinals on December 15, 1958. he succeeded this greatly beloved Pope as Supreme pontiff on June 21st 1963, taking the name of the Apostle to the Gentiles.
Pope John Paul I
Albino Luciani was born on October 17th, 1912 in Forno de Canale. This small town is called today Canale d'Agordo, and is located 29 km. (18 miles) from Belluno in the province of Veneto, Italy, in which Venice is also to be found. He was ecucated in the minor (high school) and major (college) seminaries of the diocese of Belluno and ordained to the priesthood on July 7, 1935, later receiving a doctorate in sacred theology (S.T.D.) from the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome. He returned to the diocese to serve as seminary vice-rector from 1937 to 1947, also teaching in the areas of dogmatic and moral theology, canon law and sacred art. From 1947 he served as vicar general of the diocese, until his ordination as bishop of Vittorio Venuto on December 27th 1958. Bishop Luicani participated in all the sessions of the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965), and on December 15th, 1969 was appointed Archbishop and Patriarch of Venice. Pope Paul VI made him a cardinal on March 5, 1973. On being elected to succeed Pope Paul as Supreme Pontiff on August 26, 1978, he took the names of his immediate predecessors, John XXIII and Paul VI, the first Pope in history to do so.
Significant acts of his papacy: While Pope John Paul I delivered 19 addresses and was noted for his good humor, especially with children, no significant papal acts are attributed to his pontificate.
Pope John Paul II
Karol Wojtyla was born in Wadowice, Poland (near Krakow) on May 18, 1920. In 1938 he became a student of theatre and poetry in the university of Krakow, but had to undertake manual labor in a stone quarry and chemical plant when the Nazis invaded Poland at the beginning of World War II. In 1942 he began secret studies for the priesthood in an "underground" seminary of the Archbishop of Krakow and was ordained to the priesthood on November 1, 1946. After ordination he was sent to Rome to complete doctoral studies at the University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum). He then undertook a brief parish career, combining pastoral work with the attainment of a second doctorate at the Catholic University of Lublin, to which he was assigned to teach ethics in 1954. On Septemeber 28th, 1958 he was ordained to the episcopacy as the Auxiliary Bishop of Krakow, to which See he succeeded as Archbishop on January 13, 1964. As Auxiliary and then Archbishop he participated in all the sessions of the Second Vatican Council. Pope Paul VI made him a Cardinal on June 26, 1967. After the death of Pope Paul he was an elector in the conclave that chose Pope John Paul I, whom he succeeded as Pope on October 16, 1978, taking his name.
| Pope John Paul I |
Which bridge crossing The River Thames did Queen Elizabeth II open on 17th March 1973? | 'September pope' had many similarities with Pope Francis | WCR This Week
'September pope' had many similarities with Pope Francis
Pope John Paul I
ROBERT DUNCAN
CATHOLIC NEWS SERVICE
VATICAN CITY – "May God forgive you for what you have done," the new pope told the cardinals who elevated him to the highest office in the Catholic Church.
Later, he recounted the critical moments of voting in the Sistine Chapel: "As soon as the danger for me had begun, the two colleagues who were beside me whispered words of encouragement."
With such disarming shows of informality, the new pope almost instantly earned a global reputation for humility.
Although Pope Francis made very similar remarks after his election in March, it was actually his predecessor, Pope John Paul I, who spoke these phrases in September 1978, thus introducing a new, down-to-earth style into the papacy.
Interest in Pope John Paul I, remembered for his winsome grin and death after only 33 days in office, has been rising since Pope Francis' election. That makes A Passionate Adventure (Tau Cross), a newly published compilation of essays and speeches by the "smiling pope," of contemporary relevance.
Since most of Pope John Paul I's writings have still not been translated into English, misconceptions are widespread about the man Time magazine called the "September Pope."
According to Lori Pieper, the book's editor and translator, John Paul I was neither a conservative nor a progressive.
Some have argued that then-Cardinal Albino Luciani implicitly criticized Pope Paul VI's encyclical Humanae Vitae, which condemned artificial birth control, by failing to speak in support of it.
Pieper says this is not true.
"He adhered to the moral teaching of the Church and he would not have changed the Church's teaching on birth control," she said. "He recognized how contentious it was," yet "always defended the pope on this."
Pieper said John Paul I also "got a lot of flak" for saying that God was more like a mother than a father.
"During one of his first audiences, he said that 'before God we should feel like a child before his mother,'" and on another occasion, he said that God "was like a father but even more like a mother," Pieper said.
"Everybody was talking about it as if he were like a feminist, like we are getting rid of a male God, but that was not his point," Pieper said. "He did say that just as a way of saying this is the way God is more like a mother, in tenderness and mercy."
Among the pope's most significant actions was his rejection of some of the "royal trappings" of office, Pieper said. He was not crowned, never wore the tiara and did his best to get away from the ceremonial throne used to carry the pope in processions.
Pieper argues that had the first non-Italian pope in 500 years, Blessed John Paul II from Poland, been the first to depart from such traditions, "it wouldn't have gone over so well."
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Pop band ABBA wrote the song ‘Chiquitita’ to commemorate the 1979 ‘International Year of the….’what’? | ABBA | Music Hub | Fandom powered by Wikia
Björn Ulvaeus
ABBA was a Swedish pop/dance group active from 1972 to 1982 who won the Eurovision song contest. The band was formed of Anni-Frid Lyngstad , Agnetha Fältskog , Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus . The band members were previously married but since have split up. They topped the charts worldwide from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s. The name "ABBA" is an acronym formed from the first letters of each of the group member's given name. They remain a fixture of radio playlists and are one of the world's best selling bands, having sold more than 370 million records world wide.
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Benny Andersson (born on 16 December 1946 in Stockholm, Sweden) was a member of a popular Swedish pop-rock group, The Hep Stars , that performed covers of international hits, from the age of 18. The Hep Stars were known as "The Swedish Beatles"; they even set up Hep House, their equivalent of the Apple Corps. Benny Andersson played keyboards and eventually started writing original compositions for his band, many of which became major hits including "No Response" that hit #3 in 1965 , "Sunny Girl", "Wedding", "Consolation", all of which hit #1 in 1966 . [1] Andersson also had a fruitful songwriting collaboration with Lasse Berghagen , with whom he composed his first Svensktoppen entry "Sagan om lilla Sofi" ("The Story of Little Sophie") in 1968.
Björn Ulvaeus (born on 25 April 1945 in Gothenburg, Sweden) also began his musical career at 18 (as a singer and guitarist), when he fronted The Hootenanny Singers , a popular Swedish folk - skiffle group. Ulvaeus started writing English language songs for his group, and even had a brief solo career alongside. The Hootenanny Singers and The Hep Stars sometimes crossed paths while touring, and on one occasion in June 1966 Ulvaeus and Andersson decided to write a song together. Their first attempt was "Isn't It Easy to Say", a song later recorded by The Hep Stars. Stig Anderson was the manager of The Hootenanny Singers and founder of the Polar Music label. He saw potential in the collaboration, and encouraged them to compose more. Both also began playing occasionally with the other's bands on stage and on record, although not until 1969 did the pair write and produce some of their first real hits together: "Ljuva sextiotal" ('Merry Sixties'), recorded by Brita Borg and The Hep Stars' 1969 hit "Speleman" ("Fiddler"). On July 6, 1971, Björn and Agnetha Fältskog got married.
Andersson wrote and submitted the song "Hej, Clown" for the 1969 Melodifestivalen , the Swedish Eurovision Song Contest finals. The song tied for first, but re-voting relegated Andersson's song to second place. [2] On this occasion, Andersson briefly met his future spouse, singer Anni-Frid Lyngstad , who also participated in the contest. A month later, the two had become a couple. As the two bands began to break up, Andersson and Ulvaeus teamed up and eventually recorded their first album together in 1970, called Lycka ("Happiness"), that included original compositions sung by both men. Ulvaeus still occasionally recorded and performed with The Hootenanny Singers until the summer of 1974, and Andersson took part in producing their records.
Agnetha Fältskog (born on 5 April 1950 in Jönköping, Sweden) had a #1 record in Sweden when she was only 17, and was soon noted by the critics and songwriters as a talented singer/songwriter of schlager style songs. Fältskog's main inspiration in her early years were singers like Connie Francis . Along with her own compositions, she recorded covers of foreign hits and performed them on tours in Swedish folkparks . She submitted an original song for Melodifestivalen at 17 years old, titled "Försonade" ("Redeemed"), but it was rejected. She briefly met Anni-Frid Lyngstad for the first time during a TV show in January 1968, and Björn Ulvaeus at a concert venue a few months later.
During filming of a Swedish TV special in May 1969, Fältskog met Ulvaeus again, and they were married in 1971. Fältskog and Ulvaeus eventually got involved in each other's recording sessions, [3] and soon even Andersson and Lyngstad added backing vocals to her 1970 album "Som jag är" ("As I Am"). In 1973, Fältskog starred as Mary Magdalene in the original Swedish production of Jesus Christ Superstar and attracted favourable reviews. Between 1967 and 1975, Fältskog released five studio albums. [4]
Anni-Frid "Frida" Lyngstad (born on 15 November 1945 in Bjørkåsen in Ballangen, Norway ) sang from the age of thirteen with various dance bands, and worked mainly in a jazz-oriented cabaret style. She also formed her own band named Anni-Frid Four. In the summer of 1967, she won a national talent competition with the song "En ledig dag" ("A Day Off"), included in the EMI compilation Frida 1967-1972 . The first prize was a recording contract with EMI Sweden and to perform live on the most popular TV show in Sweden. This first TV performance, amongst many others, is included in the 3 1/2 hour documentary Frida - The DVD . Lyngstad released several singles on EMI and had many hits in the Swedish charts. When Benny Andersson started to produce her recordings in 1971, she got her first #1 single, "Min egen stad" ("My Own Town"), for which all four future ABBA members sang the backup vocals. Lyngstad toured and performed regularly in the folkpark circuit and made appearances on radio and TV. She met Björn Ulvaeus briefly in 1963 during a talent contest, and Agnetha Fältskog during a TV show in early 1968.
Lyngstad finally linked up with her future bandmates in 1969. On 1 March 1969, she participated in the Melodifestivalen, where she met Andersson for the first time. A few weeks later they met again during a concert tour in southern Sweden and they soon became a couple. Andersson produced her single "Peter Pan" in September 1969 – the first collaboration between her and Benny & Björn, as they had written the song. Later Andersson produced Lyngstad's debut album, Frida, which was released in March 1971 and praised by critics. Lyngstad also played in several revues and cabaret shows in Stockholm between 1969 and 1973. After ABBA formed, she recorded another successful album in 1975, Frida Ensam , which included the original Swedish rendition of " Fernando ", which became a huge hit in Scandinavia before the English version was recorded. [5]
First live performance and the start of "Festfolk"
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An attempt at combining their talents occurred in April 1970 when the two couples went on holiday together to the island of Cyprus . What started as singing for fun on the beach ended up as an improvised live performance in front of the United Nations soldiers stationed on the island. Andersson and Ulvaeus were at this time recording their first album together, "Lycka", which was to be released in September 1970. Fältskog and Lyngstad added backing vocals on several tracks during June, and the idea of them all working together saw them launch their own stage act, "Festfolk", which translates from Swedish to mean both "Party People" and "Engaged Couples", on 1 November 1970 in Gothenburg . The cabaret show attracted positive reviews. The foursome performed the Andersson and Ulvaeus hit "Hej, gamle man" ("Hi, Old Man"); the first recording credited to all four – and solo numbers from respective albums, but the foursome did not feel like working together, and soon concentrated on individual projects again.
First record together "Hej, gamle man"
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"Hej, gamle man" ("Hello, Old Man"), a song about an old Salvation Army soldier, became the foursome's first hit. The record was credited to Björn & Benny and reached number 5 on the sales charts and number 1 on Svensktoppen , staying there for 15 weeks. In the first half of 1971, the four artists worked more together, adding vocals to the others' recordings. Fältskog, Andersson and Ulvaeus went on a tour together in May, while Lyngstad toured on her own. Frequent recording sessions brought the foursome tighter together during the summer. [6] 'Bold text'Bold text'
Forming the group (1970–1973)
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After the 1970 release of Andersson and Ulvaeus' album "Lycka", two more singles credited to 'Björn & Benny' were released in Sweden, "Det kan ingen doktor hjälpa" ("No doctor can help with that") and "Tänk om jorden vore ung" ("Imagine if the Earth were young"), but clearly with more prominent vocals by Fältskog and Lyngstad -and with moderate chart success. Fältskog released her fourth album in 1971 and married Ulvaeus on 6 July 1971. Andersson, Ulvaeus, and Fältskog started performing together on a regular basis during the summer of 1971.
Stig Anderson , founder and owner of Polar, was determined to break into the mainstream international market with music by Andersson and Ulvaeus. "One day the pair of you will write a song that becomes a worldwide hit", he predicted. [7] Stig encouraged Ulvaeus and Andersson to write a song for Melodifestivalen , and after two rejected entries in 1971, [8] Andersson and Ulvaeus submitted their new song "Säg det med en sång" ("Say It With A Song") for the 1972 contest, and they chose newcomer Lena Anderson to perform. The song won third place, encouraging Stig, and became a huge hit in Sweden. [9] The first signs of foreign success came as a surprise, as the Andersson and Ulvaeus single "She's My Kind of Girl" was released by chance by Epic in Japan in March 1972, giving the duo a Top 10 hit. Thus, two more singles were released in Japan, "En Carousel" [10] (earlier version of "Merry-Go-Round") and "Love Has Its Ways" (a song they wrote with Koichi Morita ). [11]
First hit as 'Björn, Benny, Agnetha & Anni-Frid'
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Ulvaeus and Andersson persevered with their songwriting and experimented with new sounds and vocal arrangements. " People Need Love " was released in June 1972, featuring guest vocals by the women, who were now given much greater prominence. Stig Anderson released it as a single, credited to Björn & Benny, Agnetha & Anni-Frid. The song reached #17 in the Swedish combined single and album charts, enough to convince them they were on to something. [12] The single also became the first record to chart for the quartet in the United States, where it peaked at #114 on the Cashbox singles chart and #117 on Record World 's singles chart. Billed as Björn & Benny (with Svenska Flicka), it was released there on Playboy Records . However, according to Stig Anderson, "People Need Love" could have been a much bigger American hit, but a small label like Playboy Records did not have the distribution resources to meet the demand for the single from retailers and radio programmers. [13] The foursome decided to record their first album together in the autumn of 1972, and sessions began on 26 September 1972. The two women shared lead vocal on "Nina, Pretty Ballerina", on this day, and the two women's voices combined in harmonies for the first time gave the foursome an idea of the qualities of their combined talents.
"Ring Ring"
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For 1973, the band and their manager Stig Anderson decided to have another try at the Melodifestivalen, this time with the song " Ring Ring ." The studio sessions were handled by Michael B. Tretow , who experimented with a " wall of sound " production technique that became the wholly new ABBA sound. Anderson arranged an English translation of the lyrics by Neil Sedaka and Phil Cody and they thought this would be a surefire winner, but in the Melodifestivalen, on 10 February 1973, it placed third, and thus never reached the international contest. Nevertheless the proto-group put out their first album, called Ring Ring . The album did well and the "Ring Ring" single was a hit in many parts of Europe, but Stig Anderson felt the true breakthrough could only come with a UK or US hit. [14]
Official naming
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In early 1973, Stig Anderson, tired of unwieldy names, started to refer to the group privately and publicly as ABBA. At first, this was a play on words, as Abba was also the name of a well-known fish-canning company in Sweden. However, since the fish canners were unknown outside Sweden, Anderson came to believe the name would work in international markets. A competition to find a suitable name for the group was held in a Gothenburg newspaper. The group was impressed with the names "Alibaba," "FABB," and "Baba", but in the end all the entries were ignored and it was announced in the summer that the name "ABBA" was official. Later the group negotiated with the canners for the right to the name. [15] "ABBA" is an acronym formed from the first letters of each group member's name: Agnetha, Björn, Benny and Anni-Frid (Frida). [16] The first 'B' in the logo version of the name was "mirror-image" reversed on the band's promotional material from 1976 onwards and became the group's registered trademark . The first time the name is found written on paper is on a recording session sheet from the Metronome Studio in Stockholm , dated 16 October 1973. It was first written as "Björn, Benny, Agnetha & Frida", but was subsequently crossed out with "ABBA" written in large letters on top.
The official logo, using the bold version of the News Gothic typeface, was designed by Rune Söderqvist, and appeared for the first time on the "Dancing Queen" single in August 1976, and subsequently on all later original albums and singles. But the idea for the official logo was made by the German photographer Wolfgang Heilemann on a "Dancing Queen" shooting for the teenager magazine BRAVO . On the photo, every ABBA-member held a giant initial letter of his/her name. After the pictures were made, Heilemann found out that one of the men held his letter upside down. They discussed it and the members of ABBA liked it. In 1992 Polygram redesigned the logo for the ABBA Gold compilation, having a different font along with a crown emblem. Still, the classic logo is more commonly seen, for instance being used on the official ABBA website. [17]
Breakthrough (1973–1976)
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For their first Eurovision, ABBA entered with "Ring Ring" but failed to qualify as the 1973 Swedish entry, it came third in the preliminary round. Stig immediately started planning for the 1974 contest.
Ulvaeus, Andersson, and manager Stig Anderson believed in the possibilities of using the Melodifestivalen and Eurovision TV contests as a way to make the music business aware of the band and Andersson, Ulvaeus and Stig as composers. In late 1973, they were invited by Swedish television to contribute a song for the 1974 contest , and from a number of newly written compositions, the foursome chose the upbeat " Waterloo "; the group was now inspired by the growing glam rock scene in England. "Waterloo" was an unashamedly glam-style pop track produced with Michael B. Tretow 's wall-of-sound approach.
ABBA won their national heats on Swedish TV on 9 February 1974, and with this third attempt were far more experienced and better prepared for the international contest. Winning the Eurovision Song Contest gave ABBA the chance to tour Europe and perform on major TV shows; thus the band saw the "Waterloo" single climb the charts in many European countries. "Waterloo" was ABBA's first number one single in big markets such as the UK, Germany and Australia. In the US, it reached #6 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, paving the way for their first album and their first trip as a group there. Albeit being a short promotional visit, it included their very first performance on American TV, The Mike Douglas Show . Waterloo only peaked at #145 on the Billboard 200 album chart, but received unanimous high praise from the US critics: Los Angeles Times called it "a compelling and fascinating debut album that captures the spirit of mainstream pop quite effectively...an immensely enjoyable and pleasant project", while Creem characterized it as "a perfect blend of exceptional lovable compositions".
ABBA's follow-up single, " Honey, Honey ", reached #27 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , and was #2 in Germany. However, in the UK, a cover version of the song by the act Sweet Dreams made #10 because ABBA's British record company, Epic, decided to re-release a remixed version of "Ring Ring" instead. It failed to reach the Top 30, increasing growing speculation that the group were simply Eurovision one-hit wonders .
Post-Eurovision
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In November 1974, ABBA embarked on their first European tour, playing dates in Denmark , West Germany , and Austria. It was not as successful as the band had hoped, since most of the venues did not sell out. Due to a lack of demand, they were even forced to cancel a few shows, including a sole concert scheduled in Switzerland . The second leg of the tour, which took them through Scandinavia in January 1975, was entirely different. They played to full houses everywhere and finally got the reception they aimed for. Live performances continued during the summer of 1975 when ABBA embarked on a sixteen open-air date tour of Sweden and Finland , attracting huge crowds. Their Stockholm show at the Gröna Lund amusement park was seen by an estimated audience of 19,200. [18]
In 1974 they released 'So Long' as a single in the UK but it received no airplay from radio 1 and failed to chart. In summer 1975 they released 'I Do I Do I Do I Do I Do', again it received very little airplay on radio 1 but managed to climb the charts reaching dizzy heights of no 38. Later in 1975 the release of their next album ABBA and single " SOS " brought back their chart presence in the UK, where the single hit #6 and the album reached #13. S.O.S. also became ABBA's second number 1 single in both Germany and Australia. Success was further solidified with " Mamma Mia " reaching the #1 spot in UK, Germany and Australia in January 1976. In the US, "SOS" reached #10 on the Record World Top 100 singles chart and #15 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, picking up the BMI Award along the way as one of the most played songs on American radio in 1975. The success of the group in the United States had been so far limited to single releases. By early 1976, the group already had four Top 30 singles on US charts, but the album market proved to be tough to crack. The eponymous ABBA album generated no fewer than three real American hits, but it only peaked at #165 on the Cashbox album chart and #174 on the Billboard 200 chart. Opinions were voiced, by Creem in particular, that in the US ABBA had endured "a very sloppy promotional campaign". The group, however, enjoyed very warm reviews from American press. Cashbox went as far as saying that "there is a recurrent thread of taste and artistry inherent in Abba's marketing, creativity and presentation that makes it almost embarrassing to critique their efforts", while Creem wrote about their latest album: "SOS is surrounded on this LP by so many good tunes that the mind boggles".
In Australia, the airing of the videos for "I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do" and "Mamma Mia" on nationwide TV in August 1975 started an immense interest for ABBA, resulting in #1 positions on both the single and album charts for months.
Superstardom (1976–1981)
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In March 1976, the band released the compilation Greatest Hits , despite having had only six Top 40 hits in the UK and the US. Nevertheless, it became their first UK #1 album, and also took ABBA into the Top 50 on the US album charts for the first time, eventually selling more than a million copies there. At the same time, Germany released a compilation named "The Very Best of ABBA", also becoming a number 1 album there whereas the "Greatest hits" LP followed few months later to number 2 on the German charts, despite all similarities with "The Very Best" album. Also included on Greatest Hits was a new single, " Fernando ". This song had first been written by Ulvaeus and Andersson in Swedish for Lyngstad's #1 1975 solo album Frida ensam (Frida alone). After Lyngstad's major success with the song in Scandinavia, the group decided to record an English version. With "Fernando" hitting #1 in twelve countries worldwide (including the UK and Germany), it occupied the top position in Australia for 14 weeks, tying The Beatles for longest number one for " Hey Jude ", making it one of the best-selling singles of all time in that country. That same year, the group received its first international prize, with "Fernando" being chosen as the "Best Studio Recording of 1975". In the US, "Fernando" reached the Top 10 of the Cashbox Top 100 singles chart and #13 on the Billboard Hot 100. It also topped the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, ABBA's first American number one single of any kind.
The group's next album, Arrival , a number 1 bestseller all over Europe and Australia, represented a new level of accomplishment in both songwriting and studio work, prompting rave reviews from more rock-orientated UK music weeklies such as Melody Maker and New Musical Express , and mostly appreciative notices from American critics. In fact, hit after hit flowed from Arrival: " Money, Money, Money ", another number 1 in Germany and Australia, and " Knowing Me, Knowing You ", ABBAs sixth consecutive German number 1 as well as another UK #1. The real sensation of all was " Dancing Queen ", not only topping the charts in the loyal markets UK, Germany and Australia, but also reaching number 1 in the United States. In 1977, Arrival was nominated for the inaugural BRIT Award in the category "Best International Album of the Year". By this time ABBA were very popular in the UK, most of Western Europe and Australia. In Frida - The DVD , Lyngstad explains how she and Fältskog developed as singers, as ABBA's recordings got more and more complex over the years.
Their popularity in the US would remain on a comparatively smaller scale, and "Dancing Queen" became the only Billboard Hot 100 #1 single ABBA ever had there (they did, however, get three more singles to the #1 position on other Billboard charts, including Billboard Adult Contemporary and Hot Dance Club Play ). Nevertheless, Arrival finally became a true breakthrough release for ABBA on the US album market where it peaked at #20 on the Billboard 200 album chart and was certified gold by RIAA .
European and Australian tour
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In January 1977, ABBA hit the road. The group's status had changed dramatically and they were clearly regarded as superstars. They opened their much anticipated tour in Oslo , Norway , on 28 January, and mounted a lavishly produced spectacle that included a few scenes from their self-penned mini-operetta "The Girl With The Golden Hair." The concert attracted immense media attention from across Europe and Australia. They continued the tour through Western Europe visiting Gothenburg, Copenhagen, Berlin, Cologne, Amsterdam, Antwerp, Essen, Hanover, Hamburg, and ended it with shows in the UK in Manchester , Birmingham , Glasgow and two sold-out concerts at London's Royal Albert Hall . Tickets for these two shows were available only by mail application and it was later revealed that the box-office received 3.5 million requests for tickets, enough to fill the venue 580 times. There were, however, complaints about the group's performance lacking the same intriguing qualities on stage as what was presented in the studio, as an article in The Times accused the show of being boring. [19] One of the Royal Albert Hall concerts was filmed as a reference for the filming of the Australian tour for what became ABBA: The Movie , though it is not known exactly how much of the concert was filmed.
After the European leg of the tour, in March 1977, ABBA played eleven dates in Australia before a total of 160,000 people. The opening concert in Sydney at the Sydney Showground on 3 March before over 20,000 was marred by torrential rain and Frida slipped on the wet stage during the concert. However, all four members would later recall this concert to be the most memorable of their career. Upon their arrival in Melbourne , a civic reception was held at the Town Hall and ABBA appeared on the balcony to greet an enthusiastic crowd of 6,000 people. In Melbourne, ABBA played three concerts at the Sydney Myer Music Bowl with 14,500 at each including the Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser and his family. At the first Melbourne concert, an additional 16,000 people gathered outside the fenced-off area to listen to the concert. In Adelaide , the group performed one concert at West Lakes Football Stadium before 20,000 people with another 10,000 listening outside. During the first of five concerts in Perth, there was a bomb scare with everyone having to evacuate the Entertainment Centre. The trip was accompanied by mass hysteria and unprecedented media attention, and is vividly captured on film in ABBA: The Movie , directed by Lasse Hallström .
The Australian tour and its subsequent ABBA: The Movie produced some ABBA lore, as well. Agnetha Fältskog's blonde good looks had long made her the band's 'pin-up girl', a role she disdained. During the Australian tour, she performed in a skin-tight white jumpsuit, causing one Australian newspaper to use the headline "Agnetha's bottom tops dull show". When asked about this at a news conference, she replied: "Don't they have bottoms in Australia?" [20]
In December 1977, ABBA followed up Arrival with the more musically and lyrically ambitious fifth album The Album , which was released to coincide with ABBA: The Movie. Although the album was less well-received by the critics in the UK, it did spawn more worldwide hits: " The Name of the Game " and " Take a Chance on Me ", both of which topped the UK charts, and reached #12 and #3, respectively, on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the US. Although "Take a Chance on Me" did not top the American charts, it has actually proved to be ABBA's biggest hit single in the United States, selling more copies than "Dancing Queen". [21] The Album also included the ABBA signature tune, " Thank You for the Music ", released as a single in the UK in 1983, and had been the B-side of " Eagle " in countries where the latter had been released.
Polar Music Studio formation
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By 1978, ABBA was a megagroup. They converted a vacant theatre into the Polar Music Studio, a state-of-the-art studio in Stockholm . The studio was used by several other bands; notably, Genesis ' Duke and Led Zeppelin 's In Through the Out Door were recorded there. During May, the group went to the US for a huge promotional campaign, and performed on Olivia Newton-John 's TV show. However, a lot of effort was put into the new recording studio in Stockholm. The recording sessions for " Summer Night City " were an uphill struggle, but upon release the song became another significant hit for the group. The track would also set the stage for ABBA's foray into disco with their upcoming album. [22]
Several years ago, the original Polar Music Studios (by that time renamed Polar Studios) were closed because the landlord of the building had increased the rent required. The site is now a Fitness First gymnasium, and there is a display in its foyer acknowledging its history as Polar (Music) Studios.
On 9 January 1979, the group performed " Chiquitita " at the Music for UNICEF Concert held at the United Nations General Assembly to celebrate UNICEF's Year of the Child. ABBA donated the copyright of this worldwide hit to the UNICEF ; see Music for UNICEF Concert . [23] The single was released the following week, and reached #1 in ten countries.
North American and European tours
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In mid-January 1979, Ulvaeus and Fältskog announced they were getting divorced. The news caused a massive interest from the media, and led to speculation about the band's future. ABBA assured the press and their fanbase they were continuing their work as a group, and that the divorce would not affect them. [24] Nonetheless, the media continued to confront them with this in interviews.
The group's sixth album, Voulez-Vous , was released in April 1979, the title track of which was recorded at the famous Criteria Studios in Miami , U.S. with the assistance, among others, of recording engineer Tom Dowd . The album topped the charts across Europe and in Japan and Mexico, hit the Top 10 in Canada and Australia and the Top 20 in the US. None of the singles from the album reached #1 on the UK charts, but " Chiquitita ", " Does Your Mother Know ", " Angeleyes " and " Voulez-Vous " all charted no lower than #4. " I Have a Dream " was the exception, when the single reached #2 in UK and #1 on Eurochart Hot 100 singles. In Canada, "I Have a Dream" became ABBA's second #1 on the RPM Adult Contemporary chart, after "Fernando" hit the top previously. Later that year, the group released their second compilation album, Greatest Hits Vol. 2 , which featured a brand new track: " Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight) ", another number 3 hit in both, the UK and Germany. In Russia during the late 1970s, they were paid in oil commodities because of an embargo on the ruble . [25]
On 13 September 1979, ABBA began their first (and only) North American Tour at the Northlands Coliseum in Edmonton , Canada, with a full house of 14,000. During the next four weeks, they played a total of seventeen sold-out dates, thirteen in the U.S. and four in Canada. The last scheduled ABBA concert on U.S. soil, in Washington, DC , was canceled due to Agnetha Fältskog's emotional distress suffered during the flight from New York to Boston, when the private plane the group was on was subjected to extreme weather conditions and was unable to land for an extended period, appearing on the Boston Music Hall stage for the performance ninety minutes late. The tour ended with a show in Toronto , Canada at Maple Leaf Gardens before a capacity crowd of 18,000. The shows also generated the same type of complaints that were expressed during the group's 1977 tour: many fans regarded ABBA as more of a studio group than a live band. On 19 October 1979, the tour resumed in Western Europe where the band played 23 sold-out gigs, including an unprecedented six sold-out nights at London's Wembley Arena .
Progression
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In March 1980, ABBA traveled to Japan where upon their arrival at Narita International Airport , they were besieged by thousands of fans. The group played eleven concerts to full houses, including six shows at Tokyo's Budokan . This tour was the last "on the road" adventure of their career. The same year saw the release of ABBA's seventh album Super Trouper , which reflected a certain change in ABBA's style with more prominent use of synthesisers and increasingly more personal lyrics. It set a record for the most pre-orders ever received for a UK album after one million copies were ordered before release. Anticipation for the album had been built up by " The Winner Takes It All ", the group's eighth UK chart topper (and their first since 1978). In the US, the single reached #8 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and became ABBA's second Billboard Adult Contemporary #1. The song was allegedly written about Ulvaeus and Fältskog's marital tribulations. The next single from the album, " Super Trouper ", also hit #1 in the UK as well as in Germany, becoming the group's ninth and final UK chart-topper. Another track from Super Trouper, " Lay All Your Love on Me ", released in 1981 as a 12-inch single only in selected territories, managed to top the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart and peaked at #7 on the UK singles chart becoming at the time the highest ever charting 12-inch release in UK chart history.
Also in 1980, ABBA recorded a compilation of Spanish-language versions of their hits called Gracias Por La Música . It was released in Spanish-speaking countries as well as Japan and Australia. The album became a major success, and along with the Spanish version of "Chiquitita", this signaled the group's breakthrough in Latin America
A little known fact about ABBA is that at the height of their stardom they became the first and only band ever to be given official political and military protection from the United Nations Security Council.
Final album and performances (1981–1982)
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In January 1981, Ulvaeus married Lena Källersjö, and manager Stig Anderson celebrated his 50th birthday with a huge party. For this occasion, ABBA recorded the track 'Hovas Vittne' (a pun on the Swedish word for Jehovah's Witness) as a tribute to him, and released it only on 200 red vinyl copies, to be distributed to the guests attending the party. This single has become a most sought-after collectible. In mid-February 1981, Andersson and Lyngstad announced they were filing for divorce. Information surfaced that their marriage had been an uphill struggle for years, and Benny had already met another woman, Mona Nörklit, whom he married in November the same year.
Andersson and Ulvaeus had songwriting sessions during the first months of 1981, and recording sessions began in mid-March. At the end of April, the group recorded a TV special, Dick Cavett meets ABBA with the US talk show host Dick Cavett . The Visitors , ABBA's eighth and final studio album, showed a songwriting maturity and depth of feeling distinctly lacking from their earlier recordings but still placing the band squarely in the pop genre, with catchy tunes and harmonies. Although not revealed at the time of its release, the album's title track, according to Ulvaeus, refers to the secret meetings held against the approval of totalitarian governments in Soviet-dominated states, while other tracks address topics like failed relationships, the threat of war, aging, loss of innocence, and a parent watching a child grow up. This change of content lead to the release of the album "The Visitors" including the UK #3 single " One of Us ", also the last of ABBA's nine number 1 singles in Germany in December 1981.
Although it topped the album charts across most of Europe, including the UK and Germany, The Visitors was not as commercially successful as its predecessors, showing at a commercial decline in previous loyal markets such as France, Australia or Japan. A track from The Visitors, " When All Is Said and Done ", was released as a single in North America, Australia and New Zealand, and fittingly became ABBA's final Top 40 hit in the US, while reaching #4 on the RPM Adult Contemporary chart in Canada. The song's lyrics, as with " The Winner Takes It All " and " One of Us ", dealt with the painful experience of splitting up from a long-term partner, though it looked at it more optimistically. With the now publicized story of Andersson and Lyngstad's divorce, speculation increased of tension within the band. Also released in the US was the title track of The Visitors, which hit the Top Ten on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart.
Last recording sessions
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In the spring of 1982, songwriting sessions had started and the group came together for more recordings. Plans were not completely clear, but a new album was discussed and the prospect of a small tour suggested. The recording sessions in May and June were a struggle, and only three songs were eventually recorded: " You Owe Me One ", "I Am the City", and " Just Like That ". Andersson and Ulvaeus were not satisfied with the outcome, so the tapes were shelved and the group took a break for the summer. [26]
Back in the studio again in early August, the group had changed plans for the rest of the year: they settled for a Christmas release of a double album compilation of all their past single releases to be named The Singles: The First Ten Years . New songwriting and recording sessions took place, [27] and during October and November, they released the singles " The Day Before You Came "/" Cassandra " and " Under Attack "/" You Owe Me One ", the A-sides of which were included on the compilation album. Neither single made the top 20 in the UK, though " The Day Before You Came " became a Top 5 hit in many European countries such as Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium. The album went to #1 in the UK and Belgium , Top 5 in the Netherlands and West Germany and Top 20 in many other countries.
"I Am the City" and "Just Like That" were left unreleased on The Singles: The First Ten Years for possible inclusion on the next projected studio album from ABBA, though this never came to fruition. "I Am the City" was eventually released as a bonus track on the compilation album More ABBA Gold in 1993, while "Just Like That" has been recycled in new songs with other artists produced by Andersson and Ulvaeus. A reworked version of the verses ended up in the musical Chess . [28] The chorus section of "Just Like That" was eventually released on a retrospective boxset in 1994. Despite numerous requests from fans, Ulvaeus and Andersson are still refusing to release ABBA's version of "Just Like That" in its entirety, even though the complete version surfaced on bootlegs.
The group travelled to London to promote The Singles: The First Ten Years in the first week of November 1982, appearing on Saturday Superstore and The Late, Late Breakfast Show , and also to West Germany in the second week, to perform on Show Express. On 19 November 1982, ABBA appeared for the last time in Sweden on the TV programme Nöjesmaskinen, and on 11 December 1982, they made their last performance ever, transmitted to the UK on Noel Edmonds ' The Late, Late Breakfast Show, via a live link from a TV studio in Stockholm .
Last performances
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Andersson and Ulvaeus began collaborating with Tim Rice in early 1983 on writing songs for the musical project Chess , while Fältskog and Lyngstad both concentrated on international solo careers. While Andersson and Ulvaeus were working on the musical, a further cooperation between three of them came with the musical Abbacadabra that was produced in France for television. It was a children's musical utilising 14 ABBA songs. Alain and Daniel Boublil, who wrote Les Misérables , had been in touch with Stig Anderson about the project, and the TV musical was aired over Christmas 1983 on the British channel ITV .
Lyngstad, who had recently moved to Paris, participated in the French version, and recorded a single, " Belle ", a duet with French singer Daniel Balavoine . The song was a cover of ABBA's instrumental 1976 track " Arrival ". As the single "Belle" sold well in France, Cameron Mackintosh wanted to stage an English language version of the show in London, with the French lyrics translated by David Wood and Don Black ; Andersson and Ulvaeus got involved in the project, and contributed with one new song, " The Seeker ". "Abbacadabra" premièred 8 December 1983 at The Lyric Hammersmith Theatre in London, to mixed reviews and full houses for eight weeks, closing on 21 January 1984. Lyngstad was involved in this production as well, recording 'Belle' in English as "Time"; a duet with actor and singer B. A. Robertson : the single sold well, this time produced and recorded by Andersson and Ulvaeus.
All four members made their last public appearance, as four friends more than as ABBA, in January 1986, when they recorded a video of themselves performing an acoustic version of "Tivedshambo", which was the first song written by their manager, Stig Anderson, for a Swedish TV show honouring Anderson on his 55th birthday. The four had not seen each other for more than two years. That same year they also performed privately at another friend's 40th birthday: their old tour manager, Claes af Geijerstam . They sang a self-composed song titled "Der Kleine Franz" that later was to surface in Chess. The same year ABBA Live was released, featuring selections of live performances from the group's 1977 and 1979 tours. Their last appearance as a group was filmed privately by Anders Glenmark. They were guests on the 50th birthday of Görel Hanser in 1999. Hanser was a long-time friend of all four, and also former secretary of Stig Anderson. Honouring Görel, ABBA performed a Swedish birthday song "Med En Enkel Tulipan" a cappella . [29]
Benny Andersson has on several occasions performed old ABBA songs. In June 1992, he and Björn Ulvaeus appeared with U2 at a Stockholm concert, singing the chorus of " Dancing Queen ", and a few years later during the final performance of the B & B in Concert in Stockholm, Andersson joined the cast for an encore at the piano. Andersson frequently adds an ABBA song to the playlist when he performs with his BAO band. He also played the piano during new recordings of the ABBA songs "Like an Angel Passing Through My Room" with opera singer Anne Sofie von Otter , and "When All Is Said And Done" with Swede Viktoria Tolstoy . Andersson and Ulvaeus both did an a capella rendition of the first verse of "Fernando" as they accepted their Ivor Novello award in London in 2002. Frida Lyngstad performed and recorded an a cappella version of "Dancing Queen" with the Swedish group The Real Group in 1993, and has also re-recorded " I Have a Dream " with Swiss singer Dan Daniell in 2003.
Breaking up
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ABBA has never officially announced the end of the group, but the group has long been considered dissolved. Their last public performance together as ABBA was on the British TV programme The Late, Late Breakfast Show (live from Stockholm) December 11, 1982. In January 1983, Agnetha started recording sessions for a solo album, as Frida had released her Something's Going On a year earlier to great success. Björn and Benny started songwriting sessions for the musical Chess—and ABBA was shelved in the meantime. In interviews, Björn and Benny denied the split of ABBA ("Who are we without our ladies? Initials of Brigitte Bardot?" ) and Frida and Agnetha kept claiming in interviews that ABBA would come together for a new album repeatedly during 1983 and 1984. Internal strife between the group and their manager escalated and the group sold their shares in Polar Music during 1983. With this, the foursome did not come together publicly until all four members were reunited at the Swedish premiere of Mamma Mia! on 4 July 2008. In an interview with the Sunday Telegraph , following the premiere, Bjorn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson confirmed that there was nothing that could entice them back on stage again. "We will never appear on stage again", Ulvaeus said. "There is simply no motivation to re-group. Money is not a factor and we would like people to remember us as we were. Young, exuberant, full of energy and ambition. I remember Robert Plant saying Led Zeppelin were a cover band now because they cover all their own stuff. I think that hit the nail on the head." [30]
After ABBA
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In October 1984, Ulvaeus and Andersson together with lyricist Tim Rice released the musical concept double album Chess . The singles " One Night in Bangkok " (with vocals by Murray Head ) and " I Know Him So Well " (a duet by Barbara Dickson and Elaine Paige and later also recorded by both Barbra Streisand and Whitney Houston ) were both huge successes. In May 1986, the musical premièred in the West End of London, and ran for almost three years. On Broadway it opened in April 1988, but closed within two months due to bad reviews. The musical has since been staged regularly on a smaller scale to great success, and even the concert version is popular [citation needed] . In Stockholm, the composers staged "Chess på svenska" ('Chess in Swedish') in 2003, with some new material including the musical numbers "Han är en man, han är ett barn" ("He's a man, he's a child") and "Glöm mig om du kan" ("Forget me if you can").
What is considered to be Andersson and Ulvaeus' masterpiece [citation needed] , however, is Kristina från Duvemåla , an epic Swedish musical which the composers premiered in Malmö in southern Sweden in October 1995. It was directed for the stage by Lars Rudolfsson and based on the The Emigrants tetralogy by Swedish novelist Vilhelm Moberg . The musical ran for five years in Stockholm, and an English version has been in development for some considerable time. It has been reported that a Broadway production is in its earliest stages of pre-production. [31]
Since 1983, besides Chess and Kristina från Duvemåla, Benny Andersson has continued writing songs with Björn Ulvaeus. The pair produced two English language pop albums with Swedish duo Gemini in 1985 and 1987. In 1987, Andersson also released his first solo album on his Mono Music , called " Klinga mina klockor " ("Ring my bells"), all new material inspired by Swedish folk music - -and followed it with his 2nd album titled November 1989 . In the 1990s, Andersson wrote music for the popular Swedish cabaret quartet Ainbusk Singers , giving them two hits: " Lassie " and "Älska mig" ("Love me"), and later produced Shapes - an English language album by the group's Josefin Nilsson with all-new material by Andersson and Ulvaeus. Andersson has also regularly written music for films (most notably to Roy Andersson 's Songs from the Second Floor ). In 2001, Andersson put together his own band, BAO! , which has released three successful albums in 2001, 2004 and 2007. Andersson has the record of staying in the longest ever run in the Swedish Svensktoppen charts as of April 2007 (the song "Du är min man", "You're My Man", sung by Helen Sjöholm is still there, presently in its 249th week as of April 12th, 2009. [32] Andersson has released his third album BAO 3 October 2007 with new material with his band BAO! and vocalists Helen Sjöholm and Tommy Körberg , as well as playing to full houses at two of Sweden's largest concert venues in October and November 2007 with an audience of 14,000.
Björn Ulvaeus has not appeared on stage performing music since ABBA, but had a reunion with his co-members of The Hootenanny Singers on 16 July 2005 at a music festival in his hometown of Västervik , singing their 1966 hit "Marianne".
Andersson and Ulvaeus are highly involved in the worldwide productions of the musical Mamma Mia! , alongside Lyngstad who attends premieres. They were also involved in the production of the successful film version of the musical, which opened in July 2008. Andersson produced the soundtrack utilising many of the musicians ABBA used on their albums and tours. Andersson made a cameo appearance in the movie as a 'fisherman' piano player in the 'Dancing Queen' scene, while Ulvaeus is seen as a Greek god playing harp during the closing credits.
Andersson and Ulvaeus are continuously composing new material; most recently the two wrote a song for Swedish singer Sissela Kyle for her Stockholm stage show "Your Days Are Numbered", titled "Jag vill bli gammal" ("I Wanna Grow Old"); last year they wrote "Han som har vunnit allt" ("He Who's Won It All") for actor/singer Anders Ekborg and "I Walk With You Mama" and "After the Rain" for opera singer Anne Sofie Von Otter for her Andersson tribute album "I Let The Music Speak".
Fältskog and Lyngstad
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Both female members of ABBA pursued solo careers on the international scene following the break-up of the band. In 1982, Lyngstad chose Genesis drummer and singer Phil Collins to produce the album Something's Going On and unveiled the hit single and video " I Know There's Something Going On " in autumn of that year. The single became a #1 hit in France, where it spent five weeks at the top, Belgium, Switzerland and Costa Rica. The track reached #3 in Austria, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Poland, and was also a Top 10 hit in Germany, Italy, South Africa and Finland. In the United States, the single reached #13. In all, "I Know There's Something Going On" sold 3.5 million copies worldwide and is the biggest selling single any of the four members have had outside ABBA. Lyngstad's album sold 1.5 million copies internationally. [33] Sveriges Television , documented this historical event, by filming the whole recording process. The result became a one-hour TV documentary, including interviews with Frida, Phil, Björn, and Benny as well as all the musicians. This documentary and the promotion videos from the album are included in Frida - The DVD .
Frida's second solo album after ABBA was the experimental Shine , produced by Steve Lillywhite . "Shine" was recorded in Paris and released in 1984. "Shine" reached the Top 10 on the album charts in Sweden, Norway and Belgium and the Top 20 in the Netherlands. The leadsingle was the title track "Shine". This album was Frida's final studio album release for twelve years. The promotion videos and clips for "Shine" are included in Frida - The DVD .
Agnetha Fältskog followed in 1983 with the album Wrap Your Arms Around Me. This included the hit single "The Heat Is On", which was a hit in Europe and Scandinavia. In the US, Fältskog scored a Billboard Top 30 hit with "Can't Shake Loose". In Europe, the single "Wrap Your Arms Around Me" was another successful hit, topping the charts in Belgium and Denmark, reaching the Top 5 in Sweden and the Netherlands and the Top 20 in Germany and France. Her album sold 1.2 million copies worldwide. [34]
Fältskog's second post-ABBA solo album was Eyes of a Woman, released in March 1985, which reached #2 in Sweden and performed reasonably well in Europe. The first single from the album was "I Won't Let You Go". In November 1987, Fältskog released her third post-ABBA solo album, the Peter Cetera -produced I Stand Alone , (which also included the Billboard hit "I Wasn't The One (Who Said Goodbye)". The album sold very well in Sweden, where it spent eight weeks at #1. Later that year, however, Fältskog withdrew from public life and halted her music career for a while. In 1996, she released her autobiography , As I Am, and a compilation album featuring her solo hits alongside some ABBA classics. In 2004, she made a successful comeback, releasing the critically acclaimed album My Colouring Book , which debuted at #1 in Sweden (achieving triple-platinum status), #6 in Germany, and #12 in the UK, winning a silver award, and achieving gold status in Finland. The single "If I Thought You'd Ever Change Your Mind" became Fältskog's biggest solo hit in the UK, reaching the #11 position. The single saw the #2 spot in Sweden and was a hit throughout Scandinavia and Europe. In January 2007, she sang a live duet on stage with Swedish singer Tommy Körberg at the after party for the final showing of the musical, Mamma Mia!, in Stockholm, at which Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus were also present.
In 1992 Frida was asked and chosen to be the chairperson for the environmental organisation "Artister för miljön" (Artists for the Environment) in Sweden. Frida accepted and became chairwoman for this organisation from 1992 to 1995. To mark her interests for the environment, she recorded the Julian Lennon song Saltwater and performed it live in Stockholm. She arranged and financed summer camps for poor children in Sweden, focusing on environmental and ecological issues. Her environmental work for this organisation led up to the decision to record again. Djupa andetag (Deep Breaths) was released towards the end of 1996 and became a huge success in Sweden, where it reached #1 and Scandinavia. The lyrics for the single from this album, "Även en blomma" (Even a Flower), deal with environmental issues.In 2004, Lyngstad recorded a song called "The Sun Will Shine Again", written especially for her and released with former Deep Purple member Jon Lord . The couple made several TV performances with this song in Germany. Lyngstad lives a low-profile life but occasionally appears at a party or charity function. On 26 August 1992, she married Prince Heinrich Ruzzo Reuss von Plauen, of the German Reuss family. Von Plauen died of lymphoma at the age of 49. In addition to losing her husband, Lyngstad had also lost her daughter in a car crash a year earlier.
On November 15, 2005, due to Anni-Frid Lyngstad's 60th birthday, Universal released the Frida Box Set, consisting of the solo albums she recorded for the Polar Label. Included is also the 3 1/2 hour documentary Frida - The DVD . On this DVD, which covers Lyngstad's entire singing career, the viewer is guided by Frida herself through the years. From her TV debut in Sweden 1967 to the TV performances she made in Germany 2004, singing "The Sun Will Shine Again" together with Jon Lord of rock group Deep Purple . Many rare clips are included in the set and each performance is explained by Lyngstad herself. The interview with Lyngstad was filmed in the Swiss Alps, summer 2005.
Revival
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The same year the members of ABBA went their separate ways, the French production of a 'tribute' show; a children's TV musical named Abbacadabra , using 14 of ABBA's songs, spawned new interest in the group's music. The London staging of the musical had stars such as Elaine Paige and Finola Hughes singing new lyrics to the old ABBA hits.
After receiving little attention during the mid 1980s, ABBA's music experienced a resurgence in the early 1990s due in part to the Australian tribute act Björn Again , and the UK synth-pop duo Erasure who released an EP featuring cover versions of ABBA's songs which topped the charts in the spring of 1992. As U2 arrived in Stockholm for a concert in June of that year, the band paid homage to ABBA by inviting Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson to join them on stage for a rendition of "Dancing Queen", playing guitar and keyboards. September 1992 saw the release of ABBA Gold: Greatest Hits , a new compilation album, which became a massive worldwide seller. The album became the most popular ABBA release ever, selling more than twenty-six million copies to date and setting chart longevity records.
The enormous interest in the Gold compilation saw the release of More ABBA Gold: More ABBA Hits in 1993. This collection also contained the bonus track "I Am the City", one of the unreleased songs from the 1982 recording sessions.
In 1994 two Australian movies caught the attention of the world's media, both focussing on admiration for ABBA: The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert and Muriel's Wedding . The same year, Thank You for the Music , a four-disc box set comprising all the group's hits and stand-out album tracks, was released with the involvement of all four members. For this release, several demo versions and odd tracks were discovered in the Polar vaults.
ABBA were soon recognised and embraced by other acts: Evan Dando of The Lemonheads recorded a cover version of " Knowing Me, Knowing You ", [35] Sinéad O'Connor and Boyzone's Stephen Gately have recorded " Chiquitita ", Tanita Tikaram , and Blancmange paid tribute to " The Day Before You Came ", Cliff Richard covered " Lay All Your Love On Me ", while Dionne Warwick and Peter Cetera recorded their versions of " SOS ". U.S. alternative-rock musician Marshall Crenshaw has also been known to play a version of "Knowing Me, Knowing You" in concert appearances, while English Latin pop songwriter Richard Daniel Roman has recognized ABBA as a major influence. Swedish metal guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen covered " Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight) " with slightly altered lyrics. Tribute albums were released both in Sweden and the UK.
In Sweden, the growing recognition of the legacy of Andersson and Ulvaeus resulted in the 1998 B & B Concerts: a tribute concert (with Swedish singers who had worked with the composers through the years) showcasing not only their ABBA years, but even hits from the 1960s and after ABBA. The concert was a huge success, released on CD, and later toured Scandinavia and even went to Beijing in the People's Republic of China for two concerts. In 1999, Sweden saw the birth of ABBA Teens, later re-named A*Teens , recording techno-pop versions of ABBA songs to huge success worldwide: not only the English original versions, but ABBA's Spanish versions also.
In April 1999, the Mamma Mia! musical opened in London, and soon premièred in cities worldwide to huge success.
In 2000, ABBA were reported to have turned down an offer of approximately US$1,000,000,000 (one billion US dollars) to do a reunion tour consisting of 100 concerts. [36] However, this information is widely considered an urban legend, whereas the actual amount was near 1 billion Swedish Kronor (140 million US dollars). Thomas Johansson, director of the concert arranger EMA-Telstar and manager of ABBA explains "That is a kind of urban tale where people has mixed together different pieces of information. But it is true that we have been offered breathtaking sums for a reunited ABBA." [37]
For the 2004 semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest , staged in Istanbul thirty years after ABBA had won the contest in Brighton, all four members of ABBA appeared briefly in a special comedy video made for the interval act, entitled "Our Last Video Ever". Each of the four members of the group made a brief cameo role, as did others such as Cher and Rik Mayall . The video was not included in the official DVD release of the Eurovision Contest, but was issued as a separate DVD release, retitled "The Last Video" at the request of the former ABBA members. Although it was billed as the first time the four had worked together since the group split, each member was filmed separately.
In 2005 all four members of ABBA appeared at the Stockholm premiere of the musical Mamma Mia. [38]
With Mamma Mia!'s huge success worldwide, and the 2008 film starring Meryl Streep and Pierce Brosnan , there is a huge interest in ABBA's music. However, in a November 2004 interview with the German magazine Bunte, Ulvaeus said a reunion would not satisfy ABBA's many fans, even though there are legions of them around the world often clamouring for one.
In 2008 all four ABBA members were reunited at the Swedish premiere of the film Mamma Mia! on 4 July. It was only the second time all of them had appeared together in public since 1986. [39] During the appearance, they re-emphasized that they intended never to officially reunite, citing the opinion of Robert Plant that the re-formed Led Zeppelin was more like a cover band of itself than the original band. Ulvaeus stated that he wanted the band to be remembered as they were during the peak years of their success. [40]
The compilation album ABBA Gold: Greatest Hits , originally released in 1992, returned to number one in the UK album charts for the fifth time on August 3, 2008. [41] On August 14, 2008, the Mamma Mia! The Movie film soundtrack went to number 1 on the USA Billboard Charts. While ABBA were together, the highest album chart position they ever achieved in America was No. 14. The year 2008 was the first time an "ABBA" album went to the top of the American record charts.
In 2008 the Swedish band The Airwaves recorded an ABBA tribute song "Hey You, Ring Me Tonight". The song is written by Clive Jones, who is a member of an English band Black Widow . Most recently all eight studio albums, together with a ninth of rare tracks, have been released as ABBA The Albums . Amazingly, it has hit several charts, peaking at #4 in Sweden and reaching the top 10 in several other European territories. UK release was Monday, November 24.
In 2008, Sony Computer Entertainment Europe, in collaboration with Universal Music Group Sweden AB, released SingStar ABBA on both PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 video game systems as part of the SingStar music video games. The game features 20 ABBA songs on PS2 and 25 on PS3, most of them #1 hits. The game was released worldwide and as a stand-alone game.
On January 22, 2009, Agnetha Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad surprisingly showed up together to receive the Swedish music award "Rockbjörnen" (for "lifetime achievement") and gave an open-hearted interview onstage; the two wanted to express gratitude for the honorary award and to thank their fans. They also commented with concern on the old rumour that the two weren't friends.
Discography
| Child |
Footballer David Beckham, born 2nd May 1975, played for which English football club between 1993 and 2003? | ABBA News – icethesite – Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus news site
ABBA and Simon Fuller create cutting-edge digital experience!
ABBA returns…the world’s favorite pop act teams up with Simon Fuller to launch new digital experience.
All four members of ABBA, entertainment entrepreneur Simon Fuller, and Universal Music are partnering together in a groundbreaking venture that will utilise the very latest in digital and virtual reality technology.
Fuller came to prominence through managing pop group the Spice Girls.
He went on to create the Idol franchise and has managed the careers of some of entertainment and sports biggest stars, including Victoria and David Beckham, Annie Lennox and Lewis Hamilton.
In 2008, he was certified as the most successful British music manager of all time by Billboard magazine and even has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
The aim of the link up between Fuller and the ABBA members is to create an original entertainment experience, which will enable a new generation of fans to see, hear, and feel ABBA in a way previously unimagined.
Simon Fuller has been quietly invested in virtual reality technologies, developing hyper-realistic digital humans in the field of entertainment, for several years.
Anni-Frid Lyngstad
About the project, Frida said: “Our fans around the world are always asking us to reform and so I hope this new ABBA creation will excite them as much as it excites me!”
The collaboration with ABBA will fully realise the possibilities of virtual reality ‘ahead of the curve’ – and in the process hopes to transform the face of popular entertainment.
The members of ABBA will be involved throughout the creative process maintaining the authenticity and integrity of the band’s original vision within this exciting new realm of possibilities.
Simon Fuller
Simon Fuller: “Having seen over the past few months the creativity and ideas flowing from the members of ABBA, it fills me with great excitement.
“This new technological world we are exploring, with Virtual Reality and Artificial Intelligence at the forefront, allows us to create entertainment and new content in ways that could never previously have been imagined.”
Sir Lucian Grainge, Chairman and CEO of Universal Music Group said: “I’m thrilled to be involved in this innovative new project that will introduce the band who are responsible for some of the greatest songs and melodies in pop music to a new generation of fans.”
A press release to herald the new project states: Nearly 35 years after their last public performance together, the members of ABBA are preparing to give their fans around the world what millions of them have long dreamed of but considered impossible: A new entertainment experience.
Benny Andersson
Benny said: “We’re inspired by the limitless possibilities of what the future holds and are loving being a part of creating something new and dramatic here.”
icethesite hopes to be able to share a few more details of this exciting and pioneering collaboration, with the full backing of Agnetha, Frida, Benny and Björn, soon – but the full details of the project and where and when you can see it will be announced in 2017.
When ‘Nikos Taverna’ opened its doors for the Mamma Mia! The Party premiere in Stockholm, the four former ABBA members, Agnetha Fältskog, Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus and Anni-Frid (Frida) Lyngstad, were all there to help kick off the event.
ABBA reunited at Mamma Mia! The Party in Stockholm
The evening got underway at 6pm, it was dark and minus 7 degrees outside but that didn’t stop ABBA fans from lining the pavement in the hope of seeing members of the Swedish supergroup arrive. Nearby, inside a specially erected (and heated!) marquee, the equally excited press jostled for space alongside the deep blue ‘Red Carpet’.
The first to arrive was Frida, accompanied by her long-term partner Henry Smith. Benny and his wife Mona followed shortly behind them. A rumour circulated that Agnetha had slipped in through another door, but at just after 7pm, she too made her entrance along the carpet. Björn’s arrival with wife Lena completed the set.
(L-R) Benny, Frida, Björn and Agnetha on the red carpet on the way into the event.
All four spent time posing for photos and answering questions from the waiting journalists before making their way into Gröna Lund’s recently converted Tyrol restaurant.
The premiere was also attended by Benny Andersson’s sons Peter and Ludvig, Björn and Agnetha’s son Christian and Björn’s daughters Emma and Anna. The star studded guest list included Görel Hanser, Micke B Tretow, Tommy Körberg, Helen Sjöholm, Gunilla Backman, Judy Cramer, Catherine Johnson, Matthias Hansson, Ingemarie Halling, Björn Borg, Alcazar
… and a handful of lucky fans.
Upon entering ‘Nikos’, the invited guests were greeted by Greek Gods bearing trays of Ouzo shots, before being shown to their tables.
Inside, the temperature was that of a Greek summer evening. Vines trailed the crumbling walls, fountains danced and the air was heavy with the scent of olive trees and jasmine. As the evening progressed, the light gradually faded as the sun went down and candles began to flicker.
A three course Mediterranean style meal, consisting of bread, dips, salads, platters of grilled meat and fish, potatoes and roasted vegetables, rounded off with a yoghurt and honey pannacotta was served to the tables.
While the guests enjoyed their food, the show took place around them. There is no stage, instead, the talented and vocally strong cast (led by Sisse Eriksson from the original Swedish production of Mamma Mia!), delivered their dialogue, sang and danced between the tables on the restaurant floor.
The actors often engaged with the guests and encouraged audience interaction. From the first bar of the first song everyone was singing and clapping along…Agnetha and Frida included! Sitting together on a table to one side of the room, the pair could clearly be seen holding hands and singing the harmonies to the ABBA tracks that they made famous.
Benny and Björn sat at neighbouring tables surrounded by family and close friends.
The show was split into three acts to allow for the service of food and drinks, but there was never a dull moment. During the breaks, the audience was entertained by performers in Cirque du Soleil style.
“As the four of us are here, Agnetha and I think we should do something” – Frida
Towards the end of the final act, ‘ABBA’ suddenly rose from their chairs, pushed their way through the crowded room and stepped up on to a small, raised, dance platform. The premiere audience went wild with whoops of delight and disbelief as the four stood together on stage smiling and waving at them.
Afterwards, Benny told icethesite that the, already iconic, moment had not been planned.
“It was entirely impromptu,” he said. “And it was the girls’ idea! Frida came over to me during the show and said: “As the four of us are here, Agnetha and I think we should do something”. I said “Yeah, why not, so we spoke to Björn and that is how it happened”.
Following the performance, tables were cleared and the restaurant transformed into a nightclub. Agnetha, Benny, Björn and Frida watched on from a first floor balcony as guests partied below.
Although the songs in Mamma Mia! The Party are all sung in English, the dialogue during Mamma Mia! The Party is currently only performed in Swedish. However, Björn has said that he is working on an English script translation and that he hopes to have an English language version of the show ready by Spring, in time for many international visitors to Stockholm for Eurovision 2016.
If the Stockholm production is a success, Mamma Mia! The Party may roll out to other cities around the world.
There’s more…
Mamma Mia! has been seen by more than 55 million people around the world and translated into 16 different languages. Now, Björn Ulvaeus has unveiled plans to open a Mamma Mia! themed, interactive restaurant, on the Stockholm island of Djurgården.
Björn with a model of ‘Nicos’ Taverna’ – Photo: Claudio Bresciani
Mamma Mia! The Party, is scheduled to open at Restaurant Tyrol in Gröna Lund , Stockholm’s famous amusement park, just across the road from ABBA The Museum in January 2016. The existing restaurant, which opened in 1933, is to be completely rebuilt to resemble a Greek Taverna with a seating capacity for up to 450 guests.
At a press conference earlier this week, Björn spoke about the idea behind the venture:
“I have sat in theatres around the world ever since Mamma Mia! first opened and experienced that happy atmosphere in the audience when people stand up in the aisles and dance and sing.
“This is the next extension of that: transfer the mood to a restaurant, a Greek restaurant of course, and have a huge party.
“My vision is that this restaurant will be like a Mamma Mia! bubble, where people can just have a bloody good time. I can see the audience in front of me, how they’re laughing and singing along and having loads of fun. I want to re-create the same party spirit that the musical is known for,” Björn said.
“As soon as they walk through the doors, fans will be transported to the surroundings of an authentic Greek taverna, complete with olive trees, fountains, the scent of rosemary and a warm breeze from the Mediterranean Sea.
“It will be part restaurant, part stage show and part role play. Guests will be able to listen to music, eat Greek food, watch and take part in the show. They will be able to become the stars of their own personal version of Mamma Mia!,” he explained.
The stage will be set in a small restaurant, owned by a man called Nikos and his slightly younger Swedish wife, on the Greek island of Skopelos, where Mamma Mia! The Movie was filmed.
However, although the Greek island setting remains unchanged the plot will not follow the precise storyline of the stage show or movie. Instead, it will be semi-improvised from night to night, based on interactions with the audience.
And Björn promises that there will be plenty of room for improvisation and audience participation, but of course, only if the guests are up for it.
“If for example, I was to sit in the audience, the actors would see that ‘this one’, he doesn’t want to participate, but ‘that other guy’, he wants to get up and dance. People should feel safe,” he said.
“The song lyrics will be in English and the actors will use a mix of English and Swedish dialogue depending on the audience. If it’s mostly an international audience it will be in English, because Swedes speak such good English anyway,” he said.
Mamma Mia! The Party, is at this stage very much an experiment, but, if the project is successful, Björn sees no reason why it couldn’t also work in other cities around the world.
“If we can find the right place in London, Hamburg or wherever, then maybe eventually there will be a ‘Nicos’ Taverna’ there too,” he said. “It could turn into a very big party indeed!”.
Mamma Mia! The Party will premiere in Stockholm on 20 January 2016.
Tickets go on sale on 25 August 2015.
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Renowned ABBA historian Carl Magnus Palm has announced plans to publish an updated, revised and expanded edition of his very first ABBA book, ABBA – The Complete Recording Sessions.
The new edition is scheduled for release in 2016
Originally published in the autumn of 1994, in tandem with the Thank You For The Music box set, the groundbreaking book was the first to take a serious look at the group’s music. It included interviews with all four ABBA members, as well as the key people who worked with them in the recording studio and featured a foreword written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus.
The revised version will incorporate new information that has come to light since the book was first issued along with previously unpublished or long-forgotten facts and stories that Palm has unearthed during his ongoing research into ABBA and their music.
More pertinently, Benny, Björn and Polar Music International have authorised him to listen, to more unreleased music than was available in the early 1990s.
“Back then everything was analogue, whereas today, all the tapes have been transferred to a digital format, allowing for much easier access to the unreleased recordings and alternate mixes of ABBA’s classic hits,” Palm explained.
The inclusion of the new material together with relevant illustrations means that the revised edition of ABBA – The Complete Recording Sessions will end up being close to 400 pages long compared to the 128 pages of the original version.
Carl Magnus Palm
“I’m basically re-writing the book from the ground up,” Palm said.
However, this time he has decided to publish the book himself and hopes to finance the project with the aid of a month-long crowd-funding campaign, scheduled to start on 28 January 2015.
“I have chosen to self-publish in order to maintain control. I do not want to be beholden to a publisher’s requirements regarding design, deadlines and so on. I hope to be able to release it towards the end of 2016, but the date may change because I want the book to be the best I can possibly make it – that is my priority. In other words, I want to make a book for the committed reader, rather than the casual browser,” he said.
On Sunday 11 January 2015, Carl Magnus Palm will be interviewed about the forthcoming publication by UK’s Radio Verulam and on Saturday 7 February he will talk about the project at an event in London organised by the Facebook group ABBAtalk .
Got a question for Carl Magnus Palm?
If you have your own question that you would like to pose to Carl Magnus Palm, now is your opportunity…
Simply submit your question to icethesite via e-mail before midnight GMT on 26 January 2015 and we will forward them all to Carl Magnus who will answer what he considers to be the best five. The selected questions and answers will be published here on icethesite.
Good luck!
Related links:
Carl Magnus Palm – Official website (for more information and regular updates about the book and crowd-funding campaign)
Björn pledges ABBA’s long-term support of UNICEF to the United Nations General Assembly
On Thursday 20 November, Björn Ulvaeus attended a live music gala held at the United Nations General Assembly in New York, to mark the 25th anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child – the most widely ratified legal agreement to protect children’s rights.
Björn and Laleh at the UN General Assembly in New York
During the high profile event, which included a performance by Yoko Ono and the launch of UNICEF’s ‘IMAGINE Project’ , one of Sweden’s most popular young artists, Laleh, gave a unique rendition of ABBA’s Chiquitita. Joining her on stage afterwards, Björn made an impassioned speech, pledging ABBA’s long-term support to UNICEF (United Nations Childrens Fund) projects that specifically support the education, health and empowerment of girls.
In his speech, Björn explained that the collaboration between ABBA and UNICEF had begun 35 years ago, when in January 1979 ABBA performed Chiquitita at the ‘Music for UNICEF’ concert and donated 50% of the song’s royalties to UNICEF. He said that as a result, Chiquitita had so far raised almost $4 million for children’s education and vaccination projects worldwide.
Björn went on to say that when he originally wrote the lyrics to Chiquitita, he had imagined a young girl who had broken up with her boyfriend, being comforted by her best friend. But said that now the song had been in the service of UNICEF for so long he felt as though it had taken on new meaning:
‘Chiquitita’ has raised almost $4m since 1979
“It’s as though the words are sung to all those sad, sad girls out there around the world today, who are suppressed one way or another and denied their rightful place in society. It’s as though the words say, “You deserve better. You deserve a chance. We want to help you. We want to give you education so that you can gain independence and stand up to those dark reactionary forces that want to tie you down. We want to empower you.” Björn said.
“When we do that, not only are we helping them, but I think it is perhaps, the single most important thing we can do to make the world a more peaceful place,” he continued.
“So that is why, from now on and into the future, 100% of the royalties to Chiquitita will go to help towards the promotion of rights for girls. Chiquitita means ‘little girl’ and we must never abandon the little girls,” Björn concluded.
Earlier in the week, ABBA The Museum and UNICEF Sweden unveiled a number of joint initiatives in support of the fundraising campaign, which they hope will help Chiquitita reach out to a new, younger audience.
Mattias Hansson, CEO of ABBA The Museum explained one of the projects:
“ABBA built the Polar Studio in Stockholm in 1978 and the first song to be recorded there was Chiquitita. Parts of that studio have now been reconstructed at the museum with many of the original objects and instruments from the time. Each year, until 2019 when the song celebrates its 40th anniversary, we will invite well-known artists to record their own versions of Chiquitita in the museum’s Polar Studio. All the royalties from these new versions of the song will also go to UNICEF,” he said.
The first to take up the challenge and record her interpretation of the ABBA ballad, as performed in New York, was Laleh.
Agnetha Fältskog said she had enjoyed listening to Laleh’s recording: “In her own personal way, the very talented Laleh has given us a completely new Chiquitita, in a voice that expresses so many nuances – happiness, sorrow and everything in between. It is a fantastically imaginative arrangement that just draws you in,” she said.
It is hoped ‘Chiquitita’ will reach a new global audience
Another collaboration is the ‘Press Play To Give’ initiative which makes it easy to donate to UNICEF by simply playing Chiquitita on Spotify, iTunes or YouTube.
“Our aim is to make donating easy, while spreading the word about children’s rights. We encourage more people to listen and donate by pressing play,” said Véronique Lönnerblad, Executive Director of UNICEF Sweden.
To help bring ‘Press Play To Give’ to life, a new permanent side-exhibition about Chiquitita, through which visitors can donate, has been installed at ABBA The Museum.
“As a visitor, you can choose to sing Chiquitita in one of the song booths or watch the music video. Every time you choose Chiquitita at the museum you will be contributing to UNICEF,” explained Mattias Hansson.
“Our hope is that donating via music will become a natural part of everyday altruism all over the world,” he said.
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Benny at The Gothenburg Book Fair’s ‘Cirkeln’ seminar
Post-production work on RMV Film ’s adaptation of the bestselling Swedish fantasy novel Cirkeln (The Circle) is nearing completion. Last weekend, Benny and Ludvig Andersson together with the movie’s director Levan Akin, producer Cecillia Mardell and Cirkeln’s authors Sara B Elfgren and Mats Strandberg, participated in a seminar about the project at Scandinavia’s largest literary festival, The Gothenburg Book Fair .
The 45 minute session, listed in the fair’s programme as, The work continues – When a book becomes a film, was led by Radio Sweden’s Lisa Bergström.
During the discussion Levan Akin said that he had initially been attracted to the novel by the girl’s stories rather than the magic and witchcraft. Benny agreed with him: “I think Cirkeln has strong roots in reality,” he said.
The ‘Cirkeln’ production team on stage at The Gothenburg Book Fair
Now that the editing process is over and the film’s final cut ‘locked down’, Benny can start recording the soundtrack, but he said that composing the music had proved to be an exceptionally difficult task, as it was the first time in a long while that he had not had free reign to write whatever he wanted. There were times when Levan said, “That is great, but maybe you could do it a little more like this…” Benny recalled.
Sara B Elfgren who co-wrote the screenplay with Levan Akin, spoke of how they had started out with very different ideas for the script, but said that the two versions had gradually knitted together as the project progressed, continually changing and evolving even in the editing room.
She went on to say that although some of the book’s storylines had been altered, for example they have completely written out one of the novel’s central characters, school caretaker Nicolaus, she felt that the movie had remained true to the most important aspects, the girls and their relationships.
“Nicolaus is a significant character in the book, but when you make a film you have to be economical and we wanted to give the girls this space,” Sara explained.
Mats Strandberg agreed: “It’s about how to best tell the story in a way that works on film,” he said. “I am so incredibly impressed at how Sara and Levan have reached smart solutions to effective storytelling,” he praised.
“By moving, removing or adding scenes here or there, you can raise the finished picture by yet another notch, “ Mats explained.
Both Sara and Mats are very happy and proud of how the finished film has turned out. “It has been an incredibly exciting process and I see this as having been the world’s most luxurious course in filmmaking,” Mats said. ”Plus it’s fantastic to see a fantasy film where you do not get angry over sexist jokes!” he added.
Sara said that she believes Cirkeln represents something completely new within the genre of fantasy movies.
Book 2 of the ‘Englesfors Trilogy’
So far, only a 30 second teaser-trailer has been released to the public, however, during the seminar another short clip of the film was unveiled, exclusively, to the book fair’s visitors.
“It was fun to see the first audience response to the film,” Mats said afterwards. “Now I can’t wait to see it when the special effects and music have been added and I am really looking forward to 18 February when the movie premieres!“
Cirkeln, the first book in the Englesfors Trilogy, is classified as teenage fantasy fiction and although the team hope that the Swedish Board of Film Censors will consider the movie suitable for viewing by anyone age eleven or over, Benny thinks that the film will appeal to all generations.
“It is not only aimed at young people but also at people of my age,” he said. “If Cirkeln is well received at the box-office, RMV Film will go on to produce the second and third books, Eld (Fire) and Nyckeln (The Key), too,” Benny confirmed.
The Cirkeln seminar was not the only ABBA related event at this year’s book fair. Ingmarie Halling, curator of ABBA The Museum and co-author of ABBA The Backstage Stories also took the stage at Gothenburg’s Swedish Conference and Congress Centre alongside Jan Gradvall and Bengt Wanselius, creators of ABBA The Official Photobook , for a discussion about the group’s image and the secret of the their success. You can watch a video of ABBA – The Seminar in Swedish .
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‘The Story of ABBA’ a new book by Björn Ulvaeus to be published September 2014
On 6 April 2014, as part of their 40th anniversary celebrations, ABBA The Museum premiered the POP-saga, a short film written and narrated by Björn Ulvaeus, which tells the tale of two aspiring young singer-songwriters and their vocally talented girlfriends’ journey from Swedish folkparks to the formation of ABBA, their break-through at the Eurovision Song Contest, subsequent global success and the bands eventual split in 1982.
Now Fri Tanke, the Swedish publishing house part-owned by Björn, have announced that Sagan om ABBA (The Story of ABBA) will be produced as a 64 page hardback book, with illustrations by Ola Skogäng, in September 2014.
The story is aimed primarily at children and Björn has pledged to donate all royalties from sales to the Childrens Cancer Foundation, ‘Barncancerfonden’.
Björn’s first book, The Little White Piano, was originally published in 2010. A new edition, with illustrations by Maja Lindberg, was released earlier this year and is available in English, Swedish, German, Russian and Finnish language versions, exclusively from ABBA The Museum’s gift shop.
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Benny and Björn stage musical ‘reunion’ at 2014 Olivier Awards
It is 15 years since Mamma Mia! first premiered, in London’s West End, on 6 April 1999 and last night Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, together with the musical’s co-creators Judy Cramer (producer), Catherine Johnson (writer) and Phyllida Lloyd (director), celebrated the show’s milestone at the biggest event in the UK theatre calendar, The Olivier Awards.
During the prestigious ceremony, held at the Royal Opera House in London’s Covent Garden, Benny and Björn presented the prize for the category ‘Best Musical’ which this year went to, The Book Of Mormon.
Then, to the delight of the 2000 invited guests, the duo reappeared on stage with their accordion and guitar, to lead the current London cast of Mamma Mia! in the evenings finale – a live performance of the ABBA classic, Thank You For The Music.
The star studded audience were also treated to cast performances of Dancing Queen and, of course, Mamma Mia!
Over 54 million people worldwide have now seen a production of Mamma Mia! and on the red carpet ahead of yesterday’s award ceremony, Benny and Björn were asked if they ever thought that the show would remain successful for so long?
“Absolutely not,” Björn replied, I thought it would maybe last a year. At a small theatre off the West End.”
“Or maybe a week,” said Benny, laughing.
“So it’s absolutely fantastic,” Björn continued.
And what is the secret to Mamma Mia!’s success? What does it have that other musicals don’t?
“The music. And the lyrics,” Benny responded without hesitation. “And the book. It is really thanks to Catherine Johnson’s script that it works,” he concluded.
Highlights from the award ceremony, including Benny and Björn’s performances, as well as performances from, The Book Of Mormon, Les Miserables, Charlie And The Chocolate Factory, Matilda The Musical, Phantom Of The Opera and Wicked, were broadcast on ITV and the programme is available to view again on ITV Player until 13 May 2014.
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In Greek mythology who was punished for not returning the love of Echo by falling in love with his own reflection and pining away and dying, with a flower replacing his body? | Greek mythology and myths | Tour Site
1. Introduction to Greek mythology
acropolis, Athens, Greece
Greek mythology in general is supposed to give us a picture of how mankind used to think and feel many years ago. The old people in Greece used to consider Greek mythology to be similar to a religion. The myths lead us back in time to when man had a connection to the earth and nature; they take us back in time to a strange beautiful animated world. Nobody know if these myths were first told in this way or when they were first told exactly but many great and very famous poets have been created through the myths. The Greeks did not believe that the Gods created the universe; instead they believed that the universe was created by the Gods. Before the Gods there was only heaven and earth, the Titans were heaven and Earth. We have tried to write out the myths in an easy and an interesting way, with not too much but not too less of each myth. I have read each myth a couple of times by a few different authors and then have written them in my own way. I hope you enjoy reading through the myths.
2. The Titans
Aesculapius, Greek mythology
The Titans were also often called the older Gods. Nobody knows for how long exactly they were in the universe. They were huge in size and had unbelievable strength. There were a lot of them but they don’t all appear in Mythology. The leader of the Titans and the most important was called Cronus, (Saturn in Latin) He remained the leader until his own son Zeus took over his throne and also assumed all the power for himself. It has been said that when Zeus took over his fathers throne, Cronus ran away to Italy, where he introduced the Golden Age, which was a period of peace and happiness that lasted for all the entire duration of his reign. Some other Titans that we should mention are Ocean, a river that circled around the world; Ocean’s wife Tethys; Hyperion, the father of the dawn, the moon and the sun; Mnemosyne, which means memory; Themis, most often translated as justice, Lapetus was important because of his sons, Atlas, who bore the earth on his shoulders, and Prometheus, who was the savior of all mankind. These were the only Titans otherwise called older Gods, which did not entirely disappear with the arrival of Zeus, but they took a lower place in Mythology. The 12 Olympian Gods were the highest in authority among the Gods that succeeded to the Titans. They were named the Olympians because they lived on Olympus; Olympus is the highest mountain in the central area of Greece. The entrance to where they lived, slept and feasted on ambrosia and nectar, was guarded by a very big gate of clouds, kept by the seasons.
3. The 12 Gods of Olympus (the Olympian Gods):
Zeus in Greek mythology
ZEUS (Jupiter in Latin) was the chief; he dethroned his Father Cronus and then had a draw with his brothers Poseidon and Hades for their share in the universe. Zeus won the draw and became the main ruler of the Gods. He was the lord of the sky, the rain and the cloud gatherer. His weapon was a thunderbolt, which he hurled at those who displeased him. He was married to Hera but was famous for his many affairs with other women. He was also known as the God that punished those who lied or broke oaths.
POSEIDON (Neptune in Latin) was the brother of Zeus. After his Father Cronus was dethroned he took part in a draw between his two brothers Zeus and Hades in order to share the power of the world. His prize was to become the ruler of the sea. The Greeks on both sides of the Aegean were sea men and he was widely worshiped by these people. Besides being the ruler of the sea, he also gave the first horse to man, so he was honored as much for the one as for the other. He married Amphitrite, a granddaughter of the Titan Oceanus. As well as horses, he had some connection with bulls. His weapon was a trident, which could shake the earth, and shatter any object. He was the most powerful Olympian god, after Zeus.
Greek mythology
HADES (Pluto in Latin) was the second brother of Zeus that took place in the draw after his father was dethroned. He had the worst draw and was made the ruler of the underworld; his main responsibility was to rule over the dead. He was also the God of wealth because of worthy metals that were drawn from the earth. He rarely left his dark realm to visit Olympus or the rest of the earth, he was not a welcome visitor anyway because he showed no pity and was a terrible but not evil God. Hades abducted his wife Persephone, then carried her away and made her the queen of the underworld. Although he was the king of the dead, Death itself had a different God who was named Thanatos (Orcus in Latin).
HERA (Juno in Latin) was Zeus wife and sister; she was raised by the Titans Ocean and Tethys. She took care mostly of married women and was the protector of marriage. Zeus and Hera did not have a happy marriage as he raped her and she then married him to hide her shame. She was always finding Zeus was falling for other women and many great arguments, fights and wars were started over her asking for revenge about Zeus’s infidelities. The peacock and the cow were sacred animals to her and she adored the large city of Argos.
Athena in Greek mythology
ATHENA (Minerva in Latin) was Zeus daughter alone. No mother gave birth to her. She sprung from Zeus head fully grown and armored. She was the embodiment of wisdom, reason, and purity. She was fierce and brave in battle but only ever fought in order to protect the state and home from enemies from the outside. She was pre-eminently the Goddess of the city, the protector of civilized life and the leader of handicrafts, and agriculture. She invented the bridle which allowed men to tame horses. She was Zeus favorite child. He trusted her alone to carry the horrible aegis, his buckler and his most prided weapon, the thunderbolt. Athens was her favorite city the olive, her favorite tree and the owl her most loved bird. She was one of the three virgin goddesses.
ARES (Mars in Latin) was Zeus and Hera’s son; both parents detested him for he was the God of war. He was described as hateful, murderous and bloodstained but he was also a coward. When he moved the voices of groaning arose and the earth streamed with blood behind him. The dog was wrongly chosen as his animal and his bird was the vulture.
APOLLO (Phoebus in Latin) was the son of Zeus and Leto. He was born on a small island on the boarder of Mykonos called Delos . People often say that he is the most Greek of all Gods. He is mentioned a lot in Greek poetry as the God of music, pictured with his golden lyre bringing happiness to Olympus by playing his peaceful music. He is also the God of light as no darkness ever crossed his life and the God of truth because nothing but the truth ever came out of his mouth. One of Apollo’s most important tasks is to harness his chariot daily with four horses and drive the sun across the sky. The laurel was his favorite tree; many creatures were sacred to him but mostly were the dolphin and the crow.
Artemis in Greek mythology
ARTEMIS (Diana in Latin) was Zeus and Leto’s child and the twin sister of Apollo. She was born on Mount Cynthus on the island of Delos. She was described as the lady of the wild things, the huntsman of the gods and also the protector of the young. Artemis was one of the three virgin Goddesses and the goddess of chastity. The cypress tree was sacred to her; and so were all wild animals but mostly the deer.
APHRODITE (Venus in Latin) was the goddess of love and beauty; she was the irresistible goddess who stole even the wits of the wise. In addition to her natural gifts she had a magical girdle that compels anyone she wishes to desire her. There are different stories about her birth; one story is that she was the daughter of Zeus and Dione. The other story goes back to when Cronus castrated Uranus and threw his severed genitals into the sea, they say that she then arose from the sea foam on a giant scallop and walked on to shore in Cyprus. She was married to Hephaestus, her favorite tree was the myrtle and her favorite birds the dove, the sparrow and the swan.
HEPHAESTUS (Vulcan and Mulciber in Latin) was the God of fire. He was the only God that was lame and sometimes said to be the son of Zeus and Hera other times said to be the son of Hera alone who was taking revenge on Zeus for producing Athena. He was an ugly but a peaceful looking God. Some say that Hera was angry about giving birth to an ugly son so she threw him from Mount Olympus into the sea, making him lame, others say that he took his mother’s side in an argument with Zeus and Zeus flung him off Mount Olympus making him lose both legs. His wife was Aphrodite.
HESTIA (Vesta in Latin) was the goddess of the Hearth and the symbol of the home around which a new born child is carried before it is received in to the family. She was Zeus’s sister and like Athena and Artemis a virgin goddess. She does not have a distinct personality and does not play many parts in myths. Every meal on Olympus began and ended with some offering to her. Each city had a public hearth sacred to her where fire was never allowed to be put out.
Greek mythology
HERMES (Mercury in Latin) was the son of Zeus and Maia, he was the fastest of all Gods and for that reason he was Zeus messenger. On his feet he wore winged sandals; wings were also on his hat and on his magic wand, the Caduceus. He was the god of thieves and commerce and also the guide for the dead to go to the underworld. He appears in mythology more than any other of the Gods because of a very popular statue that makes him appear graceful and swift of motion.
THE GODS OF THE WATERS
Poseidon was the lord and the ruler of the sea, the Mediterranean and the friendly sea, now the black sea. Underground rivers also belonged to him. Ocean, a Titan, was the lord of the river Ocean, a great river that flowed around the whole world. His wife, also a Titan, was Tethys. The Oceanids, the nymphs of this great river, were their daughters. The gods of all the rivers on earth were their sons. Pontus, which means the deep sea, was a son of mother earth and the father of Nereus, a sea god far more important than he himself was.
4. The lessor Gods of the earth
Greek mythology
Nereus was called the old man of the sea. “A trusty and gentle God, which thinks just kindly thoughts and never lies. His wife was Doris, a daughter of Ocean. They had fifty lovely daughters, the nymphs of the sea, called Nereids from their fathers name, one of whom, Thetis, was the mother of Achilles, Poseidon’s wife, Amphitrite, was another Triton was the trumpeter of the sea. His trumpet was a great shell. He was the son of Poseidon and Amphitrite. Proteus was sometimes said to be Poseidon’s son sometimes his attendant. He had the power both of foretelling the future and of changing his shape at will. The Naiads were also water nymphs. They dwelt in brooks, springs, and fountains. Leucothea and her son Palaemon, once mortals, became divinities of the sea, as did also Glaucus, but all these three were unimportant. Earth herself was called the all mother, but she was not really a divinity. She was never separated from the actual earth and personified. The goddess of the corn, Demeter (Ceres in Latin) was a daughter of Cronus and Rhea, and the god of the vineyard. Dionysus also called Bacchus were the supreme deities of the earth and of great importance in Greek mythology Pan was the chief. He was Hermes son, a noisy merry god, the Homeric hymn is his honor calls him, but he was part animal too, with a goats horns, and a goats hoofs instead of feet he was the goatherds god, and the Shepard’s god, and also the companion of the woodland nymphs when they danced. He was always in love with one nymph or another but he was always rejected because of his ugliness. Silenus was sometimes said to be pans son and sometime his brother, a son of Hermes. He was a jovial fat old man who usually rode an ass because he was too drunk to walk. He is associated with Bacchus as well as with pan, he taught him when the wine god was young, and, as is shown by his perpetual drunkenness, after being his tutor he became his devoted follower. Besides these gods of the earth, there was a very famous and very popular pair of brothers, Castor and Pollux, who in most of the accounts were said to live half of the time on earth and half in heaven. They were the sons of Leda and are usually represented as being gods, the special protectors of sailors. They were also powerful to save in battle. They were especially honored in Rome where they were worshiped as “the great twin brethren to whom all Dorians pray. However, the accounts of them are contradictory. Sometimes Pollux alone is held to be divine, and castor a mortal who won a kind of half-and-half immortality merely because of his brother’s love. Leda was the wife of king of Tyndareus of Sparta, and the usual story is that she bore two mortal children to him, Castor, and Clytemnestra, Agamemnon’s wife, and to Yeus, who visited her in the form of a swan, two others who were immortal, Pollux and Helen, the heroine of the Troy. Nevertheless, both brothers, Castor and Pollux, were often called sons of Zeus, indeed, the Greek name they are best known by, the dioscouri, means the stripling of Zeus. On the other hand, they were also called “sons of Tyndareus, the Tyndaridae. The Sileni were creature’s part man and part horse. They walked on two legs, not four, but they often had horse’s hoofs instead of feet, sometimes horse’s ears, and always horses tails. There are no stories about them but they are often seen on Greek vases. The satyrs like pan were goat men, and like him, they had their home in the wild places of earth. Aeolis, king of the winds, also lived on earth. An island, Aeolian, was his home. Accurately he was the only regent of the winds, viceroy of the gods. The four chief winds were boreas, the north wind, in Latin aquilo, favonius, zephyr, the west wind. Notus the south wind also called in Latin auster, and the east wind, Eurus, the same in both Greek and Latin. The Centaurs. They were half men, half horse and for the most part, they were savage creatures, more like beasts than men were. One of them however, Chiron was known everywhere for his goodness and his wisdom. The gorgons were also earth dwellers. There were three, and two of them were immortal. They were dragon like creatures with wings, whose look turned to men like stone. Phorcys, son of the sea and the earth, was their father. The graiae were their sisters, three Graz women who had but one eye between them. They lived on the bank of the ocean. The sirens lived on an island in the sea. They had enchanting voices, their singing voices, and their chanting lured sailors to their death. It was not known what they looked like, for no one saw them ever returned.
5. The earliest heroes
PROMETHEUS AND IO
Greek mythology
Two of the earliest heroes were Prometheus and Io. Two poets first wrote about these heroes, The Greek poet Aeschylus and the Roman poet Ovid.
Prometheus had been bound to a rock by Zeus in order to serve a punishment for giving fire to men. It was then that a strange creature approached him. This creature looked like a wild beast but had a voice of a young girl who seemed mad with misery. Prometheus recognized the voice. He had heard of her story and he called her by her name. The creature was amazed at the sound of her voice. She stood as still as a statue and started asking Prometheus many questions :
‘Where am I?’
‘Did you do wrong?’
‘Why are you bound to this rock?’
When he answered that she was looking at Prometheus who had given fire to mortals, she realized that she knew him and had heard his story before. They then spoke freely to one another. He told her how Zeus had treated him and she told him that Zeus had also been the reason that she had been transformed from a beautiful young girl into a wild starving beast. Hera, Zeus’ jealous wife was the cause of her misfortunes. Zeus had fallen in love with Io but Hera’s jealousy was stronger than Zeus’ love. When Hera had found out about Zeus falling in love with this young girl, he had denied it. Hera asked him to give her the young maiden that he had immediately transformed into a beast and Zeus, having no other choice but to please his jealous wife had agreed. He handed over Io in the form of a beast and watched her misery and unhappiness but he could not do anything to help her.
Hera then gave Io to Argus in order for him to take care of her. This was a good arrangement since Argus had 100 eyes. Zeus ordered Hermes to kill Argus and so as soon as Argus went to sleep Hermes obediently killed him not knowing that Hera knew the plan and had already taken off Argos’ eyes and placed them in to her favorite bird, the peacock.
It seemed that Io was free but no, Hera sent a fly after her to plague and sting her to madness.
Prometheus listened to her story and tried to comfort her by telling her to look at her future. Io said goodbye and continued on her way. One of the seas she crossed was named after her, the Ionian Sea but she was truly comforted when she reached the Nile and then Zeus appeared once again this time as a human. He informed her that she was to give birth to a child which she would name Epaphus, and he would live happily in honor. Io’s descendant in the future would be Hercules and it is he that Prometheus will later owe his future to.
EUROPA
Oceanus, Greek mythology
Io was not the only young girl that became famous in mythology because Zeus fell in love with her. There was another young girl that is known far more widely-Europa, the daughter of the king of Sidon. Opposite Io, Europa was very fortunate as she did not suffer at all.
Once early morning Europa was awoken by a very strange and bad dream, in her dream there were two continents, both in the shape of a woman, and they were each trying to possess her. The one continent Asia claimed that she owned her for she gave birth to her, then the other continent that didn’t then have a name claimed that Zeus had given her the permission to abduct the maiden. After this horrible dream, she decided not to try to sleep again. She sent for her companion to go out with her to the country side near the sea where they often met to bathe, dance or collect bunches of flowers in a basket.
Europa’s beauty was of fragile craftsmanship in the opinion of any man. As she was placing the flowers in the basket, Zeus was conquered, not only by the pretty scent or her beauty but also by the arrow that the mischievous Cupid had planted in his heart. The great lord of the sky fell madly in love with Europa.
Although Hera, Zeus’ wife was occupied with other things Zeus decided not to risk approaching Europa, so he turned himself in to a bull, a beautiful powerful animal with a gentle appearance that did not frighten Europa or her companions, they all desired to mount this bull.
Europa was the first to mount the bull, and before the others approached the bull rushed and leaped over the wide waters to the shore. On their journey they passed by many sea Gods, they saw Nereids riding dolphins and they even saw Poseidon himself. Europa was afraid of all these creatures and she held on to the bull with all her strength. At this point she was sure that this was no ordinary bull, an animal in appearance but with the mind of a God. She cried and begged the bull to pity her and not abandon her in some unknown place, Zeus calmed her down in a gentle way and they soon reached their destination which was Crete.
The island of Crete belonged to Zeus, everything he could wish for happened there. His marriage to Europa took place there. She gave birth to two sons Minos and Rhadamantus, which were well known for their justice upon the earth, therefore they were announced as the judges of the dead but her own name is still the best known of all.
6. Flower myths
Narcissus, Greek mythology
Narcissus is remembered for having fallen in love with his own reflection.
Narcissus was the son of the river god Cephisus and the nymph Liriope; He was greatly loved by Apollo. He was known for his charming and beautiful appearance. His mother was told that he would have a long life, provided he never looked upon his own appearance. All the young nymphs fell in love at first sight with him but he was very vain and they didn’t mean much to him. His rejection, however, of the love of the nymph Echo (whom had previously been punished by Hera for being another one of the women that Zeus fell in love with) or of his lover Ameinias drew upon him the revenge of the gods. He fell in love with his own reflection in the waters of a river, he then realized that he loved himself more than he could ever love any body else, with that thought he pined away (or killed himself); the flower that bears his name sprang up in the country side where he died.
HYACINTHUS
Hyacinthus was a young handsome Spartan prince loved by the gods Apollon and Zephyros. The West Wind grew jealous of his rival in love, and one day as the pair were playing discus, blew the discus off course causing it to strike Hyakinthos in the head and kill him. The grieving Apollon then transformed the dying youth into a larkspur flower which he inscribed with the wail of mourning AI, AI.
ADONIS
Adonis Greek mythology
One of the most famous flower deaths was that of Adonis. Every year most girls in Greece mourned for him and then they rejoiced when his flower, the blood-red anemone was seen blooming again. Aphrodite, the goddess of love adored Adonis. She loved him from the moment that he was born; it was then that she decided that he should become hers one day. She carried him to Persephone in order for her to take care of him until he grew up, but Persephone also began to love him and would not return Adonis to Aphrodite, not even when Aphrodite went down to the underworld to get him. Neither goddess would yield. At the end Zeus, himself had to judge between them. He decided that Adonis should spend half of the year with Aphrodite, the goddess of beauty and love, then half the year with Persephone, the goddess of the dead. However Adonis made over to Aphrodite his own share in addition. This is the reason that Adonis can be counted among those who were in the Underworld and came back to be among the living. He lived happily with Aphrodite who sought only to please him, but one sad day he was out hunting when he tracked down a mighty boar. With his dogs, he brought the boar to bay and hurled his spear at it. His spear did not kill the boar but only wounded it, the boar mad with pain attacked him with its great tusks. Aphrodite heard her lovers groan and flew to him in her winged car. She kissed him as he was softly breathing his last few breathes, the dark red blood was flowing out of his wound on his white skin. As he died he did not realize that although his wound was cruel, the wound his death had created in Aphrodite’s heart was deeper. She whispered in his ear even though she realized that he could no longer hear her. Where each drop of Adonis’ blood had touched the ground a crimson flower sprang up.
7. Myths of love and adventure
CUPID AND PSYCHE
Cupid and Psyche in Greek mythology
Once there was a king who had three beautiful daughters. The youngest was called Psyche and she was the most beautiful of the three. Some even say that the Goddess of beauty Aphrodite felt she could not equal to this mortal girl. Aphrodite did not like feeling second, she neglected her own life and her duties and spent all her time watching over Psyche with rage and jealousy. She asked her own son Cupid mischievous enough in his own nature, to help her get rid of this mortal girl, she ordered him to throw one of his love arrows into Psyche’s heart and make her fall in love with the most despicable creature in the whole world. He agreed, as he always did, and was prepared to obey his mother’s commands. There were two fountains in Aphrodite’s garden, one of sweet drinking waters, the other of bitter water. Cupid filled two large vases, one from each fountain, and placing the vases on the top of his quiver, quickly flew to the chamber of Psyche, whom he found sleeping. He dripped a few drops from the bitter water on to her lips, even though the sight of her almost moved him to pity; he then touched her side with the point of one of his arrows. At the touch she awoke, and opened eyes straight on to Cupid (he himself was invisible), this startled Cupid so much that in his confusion he wounded his side with his own arrow. Taking no notice of his wound, his whole thought now was to repair the mischief he had done, and he poured the drops of joy over all her silk hair.
As year passed by Psyche’s two older sisters’s married rich princes and moved away. Young men continued to admire Psyche’s beauty but nobody seemed interested in marrying this young virgin mortal. She spent all her time sat alone in her apartment, deplored her solitude, sick of her great beauty which, while it procured abundance of flattery, had failed to awaken love. Her parents afraid that their daughter had made one of the gods angry consulted the oracle of Apollo; the answer that they received confirmed their suspicions. Their daughter had been put under a spell and no mortal lover could ever love her. Her future husband was waiting for her on the top of the mountain. He was a monster whom neither Gods nor mortals could resist. Her parents felt dismay and grief but Psyche remained calm and told her parents that they should have grieved for her when her admirers were everywhere and treating her with a larger respect than the Goddess Aphrodite herself. Now she will remain a victim of Aphrodite’s forever, then she begged her parents to take her to the top of the mountain where her unhappy fate was awaiting her. The procession took place the next day. It reminded her parents more of a funeral than a nuptial pomp, they took Psyche to the top of the mountain, then with heavy hearts returned home without their precious beautiful daughter.
Cupid and Psyche
Psyche stood on the edge of the top of the mountain, frightened and close to crying, the gentle Zephyr (the God of the west wind) raised her from the earth and put her down again in a green meadow. She lay down and fell asleep. When she awoke, she stood up and looked around. All she could see was trees, and far away a fountain of clear crystal water – everything was so beautiful that she realized that no mortal could ever live here, this was the art of a God and only a God. She then saw a building close in the distance which she approached and entered. Every object she saw before her filled her with pleasure and amazement. Golden pillars were supporting the roof and the walls were enriched with carvings and paintings of beasts of chase and rural scenes that were immediately adored by the eye of every beholder. She walked further on and she perceived that besides the apartments of state, that the others were filled with rich treasures, beautiful, precious and rich productions of nature and art, while she was admiring all these riches, she heard a voice but could not understand where the voice came from. The voice said that all she saw belonged to her; the voices that she would hear all belonged to her servants that would obey her commands. A room had been prepared for her to rest, a bath was ready for her to bathe in and when she got hungry, she was told to sit at the table and food would be served. All happened as the voice had said but without any body’s appearance, the food was rich and the wine of nectar, music was playing in the background but no musician was to be seen.
Days passed and still she had not seen her destined husband’s face. He arrived after darkness and left again after dawn. She begged him to stay with her and allow her to behold him but he would not agree to that. He did not wish for her to see him for it was his pleasure, for many reasons to keep concealed. He asked her to love him as an equal and not as a God. He granted all her wishes and tried his hardest to keep Psyche happy.
Psyche’s loneliness was getting worse and worse every day and she missed her parents and two sisters a lot. That night, after dark she told her husband that she wished for her two older sisters to visit her palace and share her riches, he unwillingly agreed to her sisters being soon brought to see her. She called to Zephyr and told him about her husband’s command; Zephyr obediently brought her two sisters across the mountain and to their sister’s valley. The girls embraced her and she happily returned their caresses. She led them into her palace and offered to share all riches with them. The two girls envied their younger sisters riches and treasures, they asked Psyche a lot of questions about her husband and soon made her confess that she had not yet seen her husband’s face. Her sisters reminded Psyche that her husband was supposed to be a beast and would one day eat her alive. They advised her to provide herself with a lamp and a knife and to see her husband’s face while he would sleep that night. If he was a monster they said that she should cut of his head with the knife and recover her liberty. Psyche trusted her sisters and their words frightened her, that night, when her sisters left, she provided herself with an oil lamp and a large knife and silently rose over her husband’s figure in bed. There she saw that no hideous beast was there but a beautiful and charming young God with skin as white as snow and wings on each shoulder. She leaned over to have a better look at her husband but a drop of hot oil fell from the lamp on to his shoulder and he opened his eyes and looked straight in to her eyes. Without saying a word he stood up and flew out of the window, Psyche tried to follow him but instead of flying she fell out of the window on to the ground. Cupid beheld her as she lay on the dusty ground and asked her if this was the way she had tried to repay his love, he said that his love could not dwell on suspicion, that he would not punish her for what she had done but he would leave her for ever. He left her lying on the ground and flew far away. When she recovered from her fall, she stood up and saw that the palace had disappeared and she was now stood in a field not far from where her two sisters lived. She found them and told them the story of her misfortune, they both pretended to grieve but inwardly rejoiced and thought that now this God would choose one of them. The next morning they ascended the mountain and called upon Zephyr to receive them and bear them to his lord, then they leapt up, and not being sustained by Zephyr, both fell down the precipice and was dashed to pieces. Meanwhile Psyche wandered day and night without food or drink in search of her husband, she came to a high mountain with a temple on the top, with hope that this was where he love dwelled she started to climb the mountain. When she entered the temple she saw heaps of corn and barley, scattered around were rakes, spades and other instruments of harvest, she started to sort them out and put everything in to its place. The temple belonged to the Holy Ceres who appeared suddenly and was pleased with Psyche, She told her that she knew the story of her misfortune and advised her to surrender herself to Aphrodite, maybe then she would win her forgiveness and also win her lost husband back. Psyche obeyed Ceres commands and started the journey towards the temple of Aphrodite feeling doubtful and frightened that this journey could be fatal.
Aphrodite received Psyche with anger, she asked her if she had at last remembered that she had a mistress, she said that her son was sick, from a wound that had been given to him by his wife. She would make trial of her housewifely. Aphrodite led Psyche to a storehouse where a great quantity of wheat, barley, bean and lentils lay on the ground mixed up. She ordered Psyche to remain in the storehouse and separate all the grains before the darkness fell. Aphrodite left her there alone to complete this task. Hunger and thirst had taken all of Psyche strength away and so she sat silently and stupidly and starred at the grains without moving a finger towards separating them. Cupid, who had been silently watching over Psyche, stirred up the little ant to take compassion on her, the leader of the anthill followed by millions of other ants approached the heap and carrying grain by grain they separated all the grains neatly into heaps, then the ants disappeared out of sight.
cupid and psyche in Greek mythology
Aphrodite returned at the approach of twilight, when she saw the task done she exclaimed that this was not the work of Psyche but of her sons Cupid, she threw a piece of old bread at Psyche and went away. The next morning she reappeared and gave a second task to Psyche. She was to travel down the river until she would find sheep feeding without a shepherd, these sheep had golden fleeces and Aphrodite wanted a sample of fleece from every sheep. Psyche obediently went to the riverside, but there she found the river God whom had told her that these sheep were deadly dangerous, he gave her directions how to fulfill Aphrodite’s task and so Psyche returned with her arms full of the Golden Fleece. Once again, Aphrodite was not satisfied and so she gave Psyche a third task
She was to visit the Goddess Proserpine and fill a small box with some of her beauty. Aphrodite wanted the box of beauty before dark so that she could paint her face with the beauty in order to appear in front of the circle of Gods that evening. When Psyche started on the dangerous road to Proserpine’s house, a voice was heard, the voice told her that if she walked through a cave she would avoid the deadly three headed dog and finish the third task safely but once she held the box of beauty she must not open the box. Psyche was encouraged by this advice and obeyed the voice. Proserpine filled the box for her and handed it back to her. Psyche, having got so far successfully through the third dangerous task desired to put some beauty back on to her own face as to be more beautiful for her beloved husband. She opened the box but in there was no beauty of any kind instead was an infernal and truly Stygian sleep, that as soon as it was freed took possession of her and she fell down in the middle of the road, a sleepy body without sense or motion.
Cupid was now recovered from his wound and was searching for his beloved Psyche, he found her and pricked her with one of his arrows, and Psyche woke up. He told her to return the box to his mother and he would take care of the rest.
Then Cupid, swift as lightning, presented himself before Jupiter with his supplication. Jupiter lent a favoring ear, and pleaded the cause of the lovers so earnestly with Aphrodite that he won her consent. On this he sent Mercury to bring Psyche up to the heavenly assembly, and when she arrived, handing her a cup of ambrosia, he said, “Drink this, Psyche, and be immortal; nor shall Cupid ever break away from the knot in which he is tied, but these nuptials shall be perpetual.”
At last, Psyche became united to Cupid, and in time they had a daughter, whose name was Pleasure.
PYRAMUS AND THISBE
Pyramus and Thesbe, Greek mythology
The berries on the Mulberry bush are red, instead of their original white, the reason for this is the death of two young lovers under the bush. Pyramus was the most beautiful youth in Babylon and Thisbe, the loveliest maiden of the East. The two children grew up in a one-room house that had been interconnected. Over the years, they fell in love with each other, their parents refused them to see each other and for them to get married. They continued loving one another and exchanged words of love through a hole in the wall, until one day they agreed to elope together, Pyramus gave Thisbe the location of the place they would meet, and they agreed.
Thisbe arrived first at the mulberry bush outside the city, but as she waited for Pyramus a lion appeared with her jaws covered in blood from a previous kill that day. Thisbe, frightened by the sight of the lion ran and hid in a nearby cave. When Pyramus arrived at the mulberry bush, he saw Thisbe’s cloak, that he had gifted to her out of love, covered in blood and torn to pieces, then he saw the lion’s footprints. He realized that his only love had been killed by the lion. He took out his sword that she had gifted him and stabbed his own chest. Thisbe then returned to their meeting place only to see Pyramus lying on the ground under the mulberry bush with his sword impaling his chest. As he breathed his last breaths she took his sword and brought the blade into her own soft flesh. There in love and peace, they died together.
ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE
Orpheus was one of the best musicians that ever lived. One note he sung, one strum of his lyre and wild animals would crawl to him, trees would tear their roots to be closer to him. He had more power than any other mortal because he was the son of the Muse Calliope. He lived a quiet and peaceful life until he met Eurydice, with whom he fell madly in love with. The rustic Goddess Aristaeus saw Eurydice’s beauty and envied her. She did not care about their love and sent a poisonous snake after Eurydice. The snake bit her and instantly killed her. Orpheus was inconsolable. His grief was bitter so he decided to take action. With his lyre he descended into the underworld. A usual mortal would have come across many difficulties to reach the underworld but even Cerebus the three headed dog that guarded the gate to the underworld was charmed by the sound of his music and let him pass. He met Hades and Persephone and told them his sad story. They were both touched by the story and led him to Eurydice – they gave him a chance to win his love back. She would follow him out of the underworld without him turning back to see her until they reached the sun light, only then would she be changed from a shade to a mortal once again. If he looked back even once she would be lost forever. Orpheus agreed and rejoiced. He turned and left the dark hall of the underworld and as he walked he listened carefully for her footsteps behind him, but a shade makes no sound. The closer he got to the sunlight the more he believed that the Gods had tricked him into leaving the underworld. Only some feet away from the sun light he turned behind. He saw Eurydice, but only for a second as her shade was being pulled back among the other dead people, she was gone. Orpheus tried to return in to the underworld and demand her back but one could not enter the underworld twice. There are a few different tales about his death but he was torn apart by an animal of some kind. The Muses mourned the death of their son and saved his head, to sing forever.
CEYX AND ALCYONE
Alcyone was the daughter of Aeolus, the god of the wind, and her mother was either Enarete or Aegiale. She was the loving wife of Ceyx, King of Trachis. Ceyx ruled his kingdom with justice and in peace. Alcyone and Ceyx were admired by gods and mortals alike for their great physical beauty, as well as the great love they had for each other. They were so happy in their marriage that they used to often playfully call one another Zeus and Hera. This bothered the chief of the gods who regarded it an insult. Zeus waited for the right time to punish the loving couple who dared to compare themselves to Gods.
Ceyx was still in suffering over his brother’s death and troubled over some ominous signs that had observed. So, he decided to travel to consult the oracle of Apollo at Carlos in Ionia. Alcyone, however, tried to persuade her husband not to travel through the dangerous seas to consult the oracle. She knew of the danger from the fury of the winds which even her father, the God of winds, could not always control: she begged her husband to take her along with him. But Ceyx wouldn’t put his beloved wife through this kind of danger. Alcyone watched from afar, with a bad feeling as the ship carrying her husband was getting away from the harbor.
Zeus, the chief god, decided this was an opportune time to punish the couple for their disrespect. He threw a thunderbolt that raised a furious storm engulfing the ship which began to sink. Ceyx realized that the end had come for him and, before he got drowned, he prayed to the Gods for his body to be washed ashore so as to enable his beloved Alcyone to perform the funeral rites. As Ceyx breathed his last breath, his father Esophorous, the morning star, watched helplessly, hiding his face with clouds, he was unable to leave the heavens and rescue his son.
Alcyone waited for her husband to return, she prayed to the Gods every day for him to be safe. When Morpheus told her of the ship wreck she ran to the shore and saw a body being washed ashore, after performing the last rites, she realized that she could not live without her beloved husband so she drowned herself in the same sea that had taken her husbands life away. The Gods on Olympus were affected by the fate of this loving couple and out of shame Zeus turned their bodies into beautiful kingfisher Halcyon birds.
The phrase “halcyon days” owes its origin to this beautiful myth of Alcyone and Ceyx. According to the legend, for three weeks every January, Aeolus, the father of Alcyone, calms down the winds and the waves so that Alcyone, in the form of a kingfisher bird, can safely build her nest on the beach and lay her eggs.
PYGMALION AND GALATEA
Pygmalion and Galatea, Greek mythology
The gifted young sculptor from Cyprus was a real woman hater. He vowed never to marry and did not attempt to hide his hatred for all women. One day he created an black ivory statue of a woman, his creation was so striking that no real woman came close. The statue was perfect for Pygmalion because it did what no living woman could do, it was quiet, it did not cause a stir nor did it argue so it fit perfectly into Pygmalion’s life. He named his creation Galatea and without realizing so he soon fell deeply in love with his statue.
He treated his statue with love and care. Every day he would dress her, feed her, look in to her eyes and talk, put her to bed and spoil her as if she was living and breathing, quietly accepting his love.
One day Pygmalion attended Aphrodite’s annual festival which was held in Cyprus, after making his offering at the altar, he politely asked the Goddess to give him a wife as perfect as his creation. The fire on the altar enlarged showing a sign that she might of heard his prayer. He returned home after the festival to take care of Galatea, as he bent down to kiss her ivory lips, he realized that her lips were no longer cold and hard but soft and gentle. Then he realized that Aphrodite had granted his wish and Galatea, his beloved statue had come to life. Their eyes met and both saw instant love for the first time.
BAUCIS AND PHILEMON
One day two of the Gods descended to earth disguised as mortals, they walked around the area where an old poor couple Philemon and Baucis lived. They knocked at many door asking for hospitality but nobody accepted them until they knocked at the old couple’s door. They entered into an old cottage, the roof was made of straw and reeds from a nearby marsh, the old couple had been married since their youth in this cottage and had grown old together.
Their poverty did not stop them for offering hospitality to visitors. They set them a bed made of dried grass in order for them to rest and lighting the fire they started to prepare a meal for these unknown guests, the meal consisted of olives , berries, nuts, radishes, eggs, cream cheese and their home made wine. As the old couple served the meal they realized that each time the bowl of wine was drained, it replenished itself and so did the bowl of olives, berries and nuts. They felt afraid of what they were witnessing, and fearing the power of their visitors they decided to slaughter their one and only goose. They were old and were afraid that they would not be able to catch the goose, finally the bird fled for shelter to the Gods themselves. Then the Gods announced to the old couple that they lived in a wicked neighborhood and that all except for themselves should be punished. With these words, the Gods flew the old couple to the top of a high mountain, as the couple looked down, they saw the whole country side flooded with water, but their own small cottage remained. They were in tears as they thought of this terrible tragedy that had come upon their neighbors. While they wept, the Gods changed their small poor cottage into a rich temple the wooden supports became marble columns and the straw roof was now a golden roof. Then the Gods asked the old couple to make a wish, the old couple wished to be priests in the temple and prayed to die together, Philemon asked never to see his wife’s tomb nor to be buried by her. The Gods granted their wishes and the old couple spent many years guarding the temple, and as soon as the time came for them to say farewell to one another, they were turned into trees, standing close together and growing from one double trunk.
ENDYMION
Endymion in Greek mythology
Some say that Endymion was a shepherd, other say that he was a king and others say that he was a hunter. He was born in Thessaly and was the son of Zeus himself or Aethlius. His mother was the nymph Calyce.
As he hunted one day, the Goddess of the Moon saw him and was enchanted by his beauty. Sorry that he was mortal and she a Goddess she put him into an eternal sleep so as he would then have eternal youth. She spent her time visiting and looking over the beautiful Endymion who was not dead but asleep.
DAPHNE
Daphne was another beautiful love and marriage hating young maiden – whom we so often meet in mythology. It is said that she was Apollo’s first love but she ran away from him. Apollo was a great archer but sometimes he was a bit too full of himself, one day he saw Eros (Cupid), the son of Aphrodite, Eros was also a great archer, his arrows were well known for inserting turns of love into a person’s heart. Apollo insulted young Eros about his abilities as an archer. Eros angry at Apollo’s insult shot two arrows, one dipped in gold and the second dipped in lead. The arrow dipped in gold struck Apollo but the arrow dipped in lead struck Daphne who was passing by at that time. The arrow dipped in lead would make the person it hit never have the desire to love anybody of the opposite sex. Apollo chased the young maiden but she ran from him endlessly. When she got tired of him chasing her she asked her father, Peneus, the God of the river to help her. Peneus felt sorry for his daughter and transformed her into a laurel tree. Apollo continued to adore the laurel tree, and until today the laurel tree is a symbol of the God Apollo.
ALPHEUS AND ARETHUSA
Arethusa was yet another young maiden that detested love and that vowed that she would never marry. One day, she was out hunting and when she got tired of the chase, she came upon a crystal clear river, she undressed and bathed in the still waters. While she was swimming to and fro, she felt something below her, in the water. She jumped out of the river and stood on the bank, then she heard a voice, it asked her why she had run away. Without looking back, she fled in horror and the faster she ran, she could still feel this thing behind her. At last she could run no longer – so she stopped and faced the ‘God’, who explained that his name was Alpheus and he was the God of the Rriver – he was following her only out of love. She insisted that she wanted nothing to do with him but he continued to follow her. Arethusa then called to her God Artemis for help. Artemis transformed Arethusa into a spring of water. Arethusa plunged down and emerged in Ortygia, the place in which her spring still bubbles up on holy ground, sacred to Artemis. It is said that she is still not totally free of Alpheus, as he changed himself back into a river, and now his water mingles with hers in the fountain. It is also said that if a wooden plank is thrown into the Alpheus (named after Alpheus) in Greece that it will reappear in Arethusa’s spring in Sicily.
8. The quest of the Golden Fleece
The Quest of the Golden Fleece is also well known as Jason and the Argonauts.
The golden fleece in Greek mythology
This story starts with a Greek king called Athamas, who got tired of his wife and in order to marry another woman locked his first wife Nephele away in a dungeon. Nephele was afraid that her husband’s second wife would try to kill her two sons in order to take over the kingdom. Nephele’s fears were justified. Atharmas’s second wife lied to Athamas and told him that in order for them to be able to harvest crops again; she had been told by a God that they must sacrifice the two boys. When the boys had been taken to the altar, a large ram with a golden fleece appeared from nowhere and snatched the two boys in answer to their mother’s prayers, the ram had been sent by the God Hermes. While the ram was flying over the sea between Asia and Europe the one boy fell and drowned in the deep sea. The eldest of the two survived the journey, his name was Phrixus. He landed in the country of Colchis on the unfriendly sea (The Black Sea). The Colchians were not usually friendly people, they were half horse and half men but they were kind to Phrixus and as soon the baby grew up healthily in a cave, he married one of the king’s daughters. At the wedding Phrixus surprisingly sacrificed the ram that had saved his life to Zeus and he gave the Golden Fleece to his father in law, King Aetes, who hung the Golden Fleece on a tree outside a cave in a land that no mortal had ever seen.
Greek mythology
Phrixus had an uncle, who by rights was a king in Greece but his kingdom had been taken away by his nephew, a man named Pelias. The King’s son Jason had been sent away secretly to a place of safety, where he had grown up and now boldly returned to claim his fathers kingdom back from his wicked cousin. Pelias had been told by an oracle that somebody wearing one sandal would one day kill him. One day such a man came to the town, he was tall, blond and his one foot was bear. Nobody knew him but many had suspicions, some said that he was Apollo, others that he was Aphrodite’s lord. Pelias hid his terror and approached the stranger. He asked him whom he was and which country was his father land. Jason answered gently that he had returned home to recover the honor of his house, his land and his riches. He was his cousin Jason, and he told him to keep all riches but to hand over the throne. Pelias did not show his anger but was cunning he challenged Jason and told him that if he fulfilled a certain task, he would hand over the throne, the crown and the kingdom with Zeus as his witness. Jason’s curiosity and wish for adventure took the better of him since he accepted to embark upon the quest which was to return the Golden Fleece to this town. He knew that this would indeed be a voyage and let it be known. Many young Greek men, including Hercules (the greatest of all heroes), Orpheus (the master musician), Castor with his brother Pollux, joyfully met the challenge and joined Jason even though the quest was lethally dangerous. They set sail in the ship Argo.
There first stop was at Lemnos, a strange island where only women lived. The women on the island had risen up against the men and had killed them all, except for one man, the King himself. This King’s daughter, Hypsipyle was a leader among the women and had pitied her father setting him afloat on a large raft which had finally carried him to safety. However, the women welcomed Jason and his Argonauts and when they heard that they had no plan to remain on their island, they gifted the men with food, wine and garments before they sailed away.
Greek mythology
Soon after they sailed away from Lemnos, they lost Hercules from the company. A young man called Hylas lost a valuable item in the sea and dived in to retrieve it, a water nymph that had been swimming underneath the ship, saw his beauty and wished to kiss him. She dragged him down into the deep sea and he drowned, Hercules dived into the water to find Hylas but disappeared in the deep water that Hylas had drowned in, he later swam back to shore but finally the ship had to leave without him.
Their next adventure was with the Harpies: gigantic, frightful flying creatures with curved beaks and claws – the Harpies were loathsome to any other living creature. When the Argonauts pulled their ship ashore for the night they met an old man who lived on the island, to whom the gift of prophecy had been given by the God Apollo. He had foretold many people what would happen and this had displeased Zeus, who liked his acts to remain a mystery. Zeus had punished the old man, whenever he needed to dine; the Harpies swooped down and ate all his food. When the Argonauts saw this poor old man whose name was Phineus, weakly walking towards them on unsteady feet and dying of starvation, he knew through his gift of prophecy that two men alone could help him, and they were in Jason’s group; when he explained this, they gladly agreed to try and help him. They set up a rich table of food for the old man and stood by the table with their swords drawn, as soon as the old man sat down to eat, these creatures appeared from the sky, ate everything and left such a terrible odor behind them that Phineus and Jason’s men had to leave the area. Castor and Pollux, the two sons of the North wind, followed the harpies and struck at them with their swords. They would gladly have killed them, had Iris, the rainbow messenger of the gods, not stopped them. She said that they were not to kill the harpies as they were Zeus’s hounds but she would break the oath and the harpies would not trouble Phineus any more. The two men returned happily and comforted the old man, who sat feasting with his heroes all that night. Phineus gave the men some wise advice, through his gift of prophecy about the dangers lying before them. He told them about the clashing rocks, called the Symplegades that rolled against one another, while the sea boiled up around them. The only way to pass between them was to first use a dove as a trial. If the dove passed the rocks and was not crushed then the chances were that the men could pass the rocks too, if the dove was crushed then the men should return to their homes and give up on the quest for the Golden Fleece.
Greek mythology
The next morning the men bid farewell to Phineus and started off once again, this time with a white dove and were soon in sight off the huge rolling rocks. They could not believe that there was a way through these rocks, but they freed the dove and watched it. She flew through the rocks and came out safely; the tips of the feathers on its tail had been cut off as the rocks had trapped them as they rolled together. The men swiftly followed the dove once again in between the rocks. As the rocks parted the men put all their strength into their oars, and they too emerged safely. They just made it in time for as the rocks clashed together again, the end of the stern ornament was broken off. Since these men passed, these rocks have been rooted fast to one another and have never caused any more trouble to sailors.
Not far from the Symplegades was the country of the warrior women (the Amazons), these women were the daughters of a peaceful and sweet nymph called Harmony. Their father, however was Ares (the terrible God of War), the women had followed their father’s ways and not their mother’s. If the heroes had halted and joined battle with the Amazons, it would have been a bloodshed as the Amazons were not gentle women. The wind was favorable and the heroes hurried on past the dangerous women. They saw the Caucasus as they sped past and even got a glimpse of Prometheus on his high rock above them. They did not stop to take a better look but hurried on past, the same day at sunset, they arrived at Colchis, the place of the Golden Fleece.
The golden fleece in Greek mythology
They spent that night on their ship, staring at Colchis feeling that they had no help save their own valor. However up in Olympus, the Gods were consoling themselves with them. Hera, who had been watching over them, visited Aphrodite in order to ask for help. Aphrodite the Goddess of love was surprised at Hera’s visit as they were not friends. When Aphrodite heard the Queen of Olympus’s story she agreed to help her and the heroes as much as she could. The two Goddesses agreed that Cupid, Aphrodite’s son was to throw one of his love-arrows and make the daughter of the Colchian King fall in love with Jason, then they would not be in danger of losing their lives to the King. The young maiden whose name was Medea, could work very powerful magic and could easily save the Argonauts if she were to use her dark knowledge for their benefit. Aphrodite promised to gift Cupid a solid ball of gold if he were to help them out; he gladly seized his bow and arrow and swept down to Colchis.
Meanwhile, the heroes had gone ashore to ask the King for the Golden Fleece. They were safe for the time being as Hera had wrapped them in a thick mist and they managed to reach the palace unseen. Once they had reached the entrance to the palace, the mist dissolved and the warders led the strangers into the palace and sent word to the King of their arrival. The King came at once and welcomed the strangers, ordered his servants to prepare a rich table of food, light fires and heat water in order for the strangers to bathe and eat. His daughter Princess Medea stole into the room, curious to see the strangers and as soon as she set eyes on Jason, Cupid shot an arrow straight into her heart. The arrow burned her like a flame and her soul melted with sweet pain, turning her face first first white then red, and ashamed of herself she stole back unseen to her chamber.
After the strangers had been fed and bathed, King Aetes asked them who they were and why had they come. Jason answered that they were all sons or grandsons of the Gods who had sailed from Greece in hope that he would gift them the Golden Fleece in return for whatever service he asked of them. They were willing to conquer his enemies or do anything else he wished.
Greek mythology
King Aetes grew very angry as he listened to Jason. He, like all other Greeks, did not like strangers and wanted to keep them away from his country. He thought that if these men had not eaten at his table he would instantly have killed them. He thought of a plan: He told Jason that he respected brave men, and if they proved to be so, he would gift them the Golden Fleece. The trial of their courage, he explained, was something that he himself had already performed. It was to yoke two bulls that he owned, whose feet were of bronze and whose breath was of fire, and thereafter to plough a field with these bulls. After that trial, the teeth of a dragon must be cut into furrows, and seeds which would immediately spring up into a crop of armed men which then must be cut down as they advanced to attack, this was to be a fearful harvesting. The King once again said that he had fulfilled this task and would give the Golden Fleece to no man braver than himself.
Jason sat and listened to the King speechless, this task seemed impossible and beyond the strength of any man. At last, he answered that he would accept the trial even if it killed him, and with those words he stood up and led his comrades to the ship where they were to spend the night. Medea’s thoughts followed after him, and all through the night he was the only person on her mind; she had guessed what her father had planned and her heart screamed out in fear for him.
Once in the ship, the heroes sat down and held a council, they each urged Jason to let them take on the trial but Jason would not agree. As they spoke, one of the Gods’ grandsons appeared whose life had once been saved by Jason. He told the men of Medea’s power and magic and persuaded Jason to return to the palace and try to win her heart, not knowing that Cupid had already done this. As this seemed like the only chance for Jason to achieve this task, he agreed and was grateful to the young prince.
Medea sat alone in her chamber weeping, she felt shame that she cared so much for this stranger and was planning to help him and go against her own father. She looked at a bag of herbs that had been used for killing people and even thought of drinking the herbs herself. Then a thought cheered her up, she owned a magic potion that made him who rubbed it on his body safe for that day, he could not be harmed by anything or anyone. She stood up, wiped her tear stained face, placed the potion in her bosom and went to find her nephew, the young prince whom Jason had once helped. She found him immediately as he had also been searching for her in order to beg her to help Jason. She agreed at once and sent him to the ship to tell Jason where and when to meet her. As soon as Jason got the message, he started off to the meeting place and saw Medea who had been waiting there, and for some time they stared at one another without speaking. Medea did not know how to speak to Jason and at last he spoke first, bathing her in endless compliments about her looks. She shyly accepted them and gave Jason the potion and explained how it was to be used and would have given him her heart and soul as well if he’d asked for it. She said that if too many of the dragon teethed men attacked him, he was to throw a stone into their midst, which would encourage them to fight one another until all were killed. She then asked Jason not to forget her and he promised that he would never forget her and if she ever came to Greece that he and his people would worship her as if she were a Goddess.
They soon parted and she returned to the castle and wept over her treachery to her father. He returned to the ship and sent two of his comrades for the dragon’s teeth. The next day he commenced the trial, and when he entered the field where the King and the bulls were waiting for him, the bulls rushed out from their lair breathing flames of fire, though when they approached Jason, terror overcame them. Jason withstood the great creatures just like a great rock withstands the sea and the waves. He forced each one of them to the floor and then fastened the yoke upon them, by the time he had finished plowing and had placed the dragon’s teeth into the furrows, the crops were springing up with men in armor rushing at him to attack him. Jason threw a stone at their midst and the warriors turned upon each other and were killed by their own spears, the furrows filled with blood. Jason’s contest was ended in victory, leaving King Aetes bitter.
The golden fleece in Greek mythology
The King returned to the palace, vowing that they should never have the Golden Fleece. Hera however was working for the brave men, and she made Medea, who was all bewildered with love and misery, determine to fly with Jason. That night Medea stole out of the house and ran to the ship, she fell on her knees before the heroes, begging them to take her with them. She told them that they had to get the Golden Fleece immediately and then sail off otherwise they would all be killed. A terrible serpent guarded the Golden Fleece but she would make it go to sleep and then it would do the men no harm. Jason rejoiced and promised Medea that they would marry as soon as they reached their part of Greece. He followed her to the area where the Golden Fleece had been hung. Medea approached the serpent with no fear, singing softly to it until it fell asleep, then Jason grabbed the golden fleece and ran to the ship holding Medea’s hand. The strongest men were put at the oars and they rowed with all their strength down the river towards the sea having Medea and the Golden Fleece aboard the ship with them.
By this time the king became aware of what had happened and sent his son, Medea’s brother Apsyrtus with a great army of men after Jason’s ship. Once again Medea saved them by doing a terrible thing, she killed her own brother.
By then the adventures of the heroes were almost over. They would have been in more danger on their return but Hera was watching over them and Medea saved them from a dangerous creature named Talus as they passed by Crete.
Finally they arrived in Greece where they disbanded, each hero going to his own home and Jason taking Medea and the Golden Fleece to Pelias. While they were on their quest, terrible deeds had been done. Pelias had talked Jason’s father into killing himself and his mother had died out of grief. Jason turned to Medea and asked her to help him punish this wickedness. Medea played a trick on Pelias’s daughters and they killed their father without realizing what they had done. Jason had his revenge.
Everything that Medea did whether it was wicked, evil or good had been done for Jason. Jason and Medea moved to Corinth, were married and had two sons. Medea often thought of her father and family back in Colchis but her love for Jason seemed more important to her. The first example of Jason’s betrayal towards Medea was when he secretly married the daughter of the King of Corinth. The King feared Medea’s powers so he ordered her and her two sons out of the country. While Medea sat alone one day, her thoughts as always with Jason, he suddenly appeared. He offered Medea gold and fortune for as he said he was not a man to forget a friend. Medea reminded him of all the help she had given him, and that she had saved his life more than once. Jason’s answer was that it was not her that had saved his life but it was Aphrodite, as she had persuaded her son to make Medea fall in love with him. Medea was very angry and decided to kill Jason’s bride in revenge. She took a robe and anointed it with deadly drugs, and then she placed the robe into a basket and told her eldest son to gift the robe to Jason’s bride. As soon as Jason’s bride wore the robe, a fire devoured her, and melted away her flesh. She was dead.
When Medea knew that Jason’s bride was dead, she planned another dreadful task. She killed her own two sons without feeling any sorrow. When Jason found his dead bride he vowed to kill Medea, but when he arrived back at her house all he found there was his two dead sons. Jason always cursed her, never himself, for all that had happened.
9. Great adventures
PHAETHON
Phaethon in Greek mythology
The palace of the sun was a wonderful place. It was made of gold, jewels and ivory. It was always daylight there, darkness was unheard of. Very few mortals could have long endured that unchanging lightness, but no mortal had ever found the way to the palace of the sun.
One day a young boy, half mortal on his mother’s side dared to approach the palace. He had to pause every few minutes and clear his dazzled eyes but his mission was so urgent that he continued on into the palace and into the room where the Sun God was sitting. There he weakened, he could bear no more.
Helios, the Sun God, looked down at the young boy kindly and asked him why he had come. The young boy answered that he needed to find out whether he, the Sun God, was indeed his father or not because although his mother had told him that he was his father, his school mates laughed at him when he told them. Helios smiled and took off his crown so that the boy could look at him without distress. He addressed the boy by his name Phaethon and told him that his mother Clymene had told him the truth. He said that he promised to do anything his son wished in order to prove that he was his father and he called upon the Styx, the river of the oath of all Gods as a witness to his promise.
Phaethon smiled and cried to his father that he wished to take his place just for one day and to ride the golden chariot around the skies giving sunlight to the earth. His father would have refused Phaethon’s wish but as he had called upon the Styx, he could not. He knew that his son thought that his job was beautiful and easy but it was not. Helios tried his hardest to persuade his young son to change his wish but Phaethon had often dreamt of riding his father’s chariot and would not change his mind. As Phaethon mounted the chariot and set off he felt himself the Lord of the Sky, but he lost control of the chariot on the steep hill that he had to ascend, his horses took control but the earth was set on fire. The greater Gods threw thunderbolts at the chariot in order to save earth but Phaethon burned to death, the only mortal to have ever driven the chariot of the sun.
PEGASUS AND BELLEROPHON
Pegasus in Greek mythology
In Ephyre, the city that was later named Corinth, the king’s name was Glaucus. He was the son of Sisyphus who had been cursed in the underworld to roll a stone up a steep hill forever because he had betrayed a secret of Zeus. Glaucus drew down on himself the displeasure of heaven. He used to be a great horseman, but he fed his horses with human flesh so that they were fierce in battle, he had been thrown off his chariot by the Gods and his own horses had eaten him.
In the same city lived a bold young man who was said to be Glaucus’s son. Others said that the young man, Bellerophon was Poseidon, the Ruler of the sea’s son and looking at Bellerophon’s gifts of spirit and body this was likely the truth. More than anything in the world Bellerophon’s dream is to ride Pegasus, a winged, wild horse that had sprung from the Gorgon’s blood when Perseus had killed her. Bellerophon went to the temple of Athena to pray for his wish to come true. Athena later appears in Bellerophon’s dream and gives him a golden bridle which, she said would tame the wild horse. It did, and Pegasus became Bellerophon’s loyal horse.
Later, Bellerophon kills his brother entirely by accident. He goes to Argos where the king Proteus purifies him. But Bellerophon’s situation becomes complicated when the king’s wife, Anteia, takes an interest in his beautiful body and bold character. Bellerophon denies the queen’s wishes, but the evil, jealous woman told her husband that the boy had mistreated her and must die. Proteus did not want to kill Bellerophon personally because the boy had dined at his table, so instead he asks the boy to deliver a letter to the Lycian king.
With Pegasus, Bellerophon traveled easily and quickly and met the Lycian king, staying with him for nine whole days. When the king opens his letter, the letter had clear instructions to kill Bellerophon. But like Proteus, the Lycian king did not want to offend Zeus by acting violently towards his guest, so instead he sent Bellerophon on an impossible journey to kill a monster, Chimaera. With the help of Pegasus, however, Bellerophon kills the beast without harming himself. He returned to Proteus, and Proteus thereafter sent him on many more challenging and dangerous adventures.
Finally, the bold Bellerophon wins Proteus’s respect, and the king even gave him his daughter’s hand in marriage. Unfortunately, Bellerophon loses favor with the gods when he attempts to become more than a mortal and take a place on Mount Olympus. When he tried to make the journey up to the gods’ kingdom on the mountain, Pegasus threw Bellerophon off his back. Bellerophon wandered alone, “devouring his own soul,” until he finally died. Pegasus then became Zeus’s favorite beast, lived in the stables of Mount Olympus and brought thunder and lightning to Zeus.
OTUS AND EPHIALTES
Otus and Ephialtes were the twin sons of Poseidon and Iphimedia. They were giants but did not look like other monsters; instead they were handsome and noble faced. They were still very young when they began to challenge the Gods on several occasions. First they kidnapped and imprisoned Ares, until the Gods reluctantly send Hermes down to set him free. Their next challenge was to place one mountain on top of another, it was then that Zeus was ready to strike them both down with a thunderbolt but their father Poseidon begged that they be spared and finally Zeus conceded. Their third challenge was to try to capture Artemis, she ran away when she saw the twins approach but they chased her even through the waters until she disappeared and a beautiful white animal appeared where she had been last seen. Otus and Ephialtes both threw their spears at the animal but the animal also disappeared and the spears rebounded and killed the twins. This was Artemis’ revenge.
DAEDALUS
Daedalus in Greek mythology
Daedalus was the architect who constructed the Labyrinth for the Minotaur in Crete, and who showed Ariadne how Theseus could escape from it. When the king Minos found out that the Athenians had escaped he imprisoned Daedalus and his son Icarus in the Labyrinth. When Daedalus realized that he did not know the way out along the paths, he built a pair of wings for himself and his son from feathers and wax. He warned his Icarus not to fly to high because the sun would melt the wax and the wings would then be destroyed. As they flew to their escape Icarus was overwhelmed by power and excitement and flew too high. The sun melted the wax and Icarus fell into the deep waters of the black sea, and was never found.
10. Great heroes before the Trojan War
PERSEUS
Perseus in Greek mythology
Acrisius was the king of Argos; he had one child, a beautiful daughter called Danae. Although her beauty was more than any other girl on the land, king Arcisus was still not satisfied, he wanted a son. He made a long journey to Delphi to ask the God if there was any hope than one day he would be the father of a boy. The God said no and then told him something even worse, He said that one day Danae would give birth to a son, and her son would kill king Acrisius. King Acrisius returned to Argos, having decided that the only solution would be to kill his beautiful daughter. He would not do this himself, not because he was a loyal father but because he was afraid of the terrible punishments that the Gods gave to those who shed blood. He had a house built, out of bronze that had sunk underground but one part of the roof was above the ground, open to the sky and allowing air and light into the house. There he locked his daughter up and guarded her. Danae there lived her live as a prisoner between the bronze walls through the long hours, having nothing to do, nothing to see but the sky and the clouds moving. One day a mysterious thing happened to her, a shower of gold fell from above and filled her house, she realized that it was Zeus, who had visited her in this shape and she knew that the child she bore was his son.
She kept her son a secret from her father for a long time but as her son grew up, it became more difficult to do this and one day the king discovered the boy whose name was Perseus, he was furious and would not believe Danae when she cried that her son’s father was Zeus. The king knew that this boy’s life was a great danger to his own life and so he put his daughter and his grandson into a large wooden chest and placed the chest into the sea. The waves carried the chest to the island of Serifos, where it was found by a fisherman called Dictys. Dictys found the chest, broke it open and took Danae and her son home, where his wife who was just as kind and gentle as he was, took care of Danae and Perseus. There they lived for a few years until Dictys’s brother Polydectes fell in love with Danae but did not want her son Perseus and so he thought of a way to get rid of him. He told Perseus stories about some fearful monsters called the Gorgons; they lived on an island and were well known because of their deadly power. Polydectes told Perseus that he badly wanted the head of one of the Gorgons; he wanted this more than any thing in the world. Polydectes arranged a large party to announce to the villagers about his marriage to Danae, he invited everybody including Perseus, when his guests entered the house; everybody carried a gift except for Perseus who had nothing that he could give. He was young and proud and so he stood up and announced that he would gift Polydectes the head of Medusa. Nothing could have suited Polydectes better as Medusa was one of the Gorgons.
As Perseus started his dangerous journey, he was not aware that he was being watched over by two Gods, Zeus and Athena. On his journey he met a young man who was wearing winged sandals and a winged hat. Perseus recognized the man as Hermes, the guide and giver of goodness. Hermes told Perseus that in order to find the Gorgons he must first travel to Libya, where he would find the Graiae, three women that shared one eye and one tooth, he must steal the eye and tell the Graiae to show him the way to the Gorgons, only when they did this would he return the eye. Hermes gave Perseus the directions and gifted him his sword that could not be bent or broken by the Gorgons. Then he gave him a shield that Athena had sent, he told Perseus that when the time came for him to attack Medusa to use the shining shield as a mirror, that way the Gorgon’s deadly power could not affect him. Perseus started off again towards Libya with much more hope of victory.
He came across the Graiae, stole their eye and they leaded him to the shore of Oceanus, the island where the Gorgons lived. He then returned the eye to the Graiae and the three women flew far away happy to have their eye back.
The Gorgons were all asleep when Perseus first set eyes on them, in the mirror of his bright shield he could see them clearly, they were large creatures with wings, and their bodies were covered with scales and their hair, a mass of twisting snakes. Athena told him which one was Medusa, this was very important as she was the only Gorgon of the three that could be killed as the other two were immortal. Perseus with his winged sandals that Hermes had gifted him flew above the three Gorgons looking at them only through his shield because one look from the Gorgons turned men to stone. He aimed a stroke at Medusa’s neck and swooped low enough to seize her head. At this moment the other two Gorgons woke up and shocked at their sister’s slay they tried to pursue the slayer. Perseus was wearing the helmet that Hades had gifted him and was safe because he was invisible to the two Gorgons.
On the journey back, he came to Ethiopia and stopped to rest there. There he found a lovely maiden that had been given to a horrible sea serpent for food. Her name was Andromeda and she was the daughter of a vain and selfish woman called Cassiopeia, who had boasted that she was more beautiful than the daughters of Nereus, the Sea God and the Gods had punished her daughter instead of Cassiopeia. Perseus cut the serpents head off just as he had done to Medusa and took Andromeda back with him.
When Perseus finally reached the house where he had grown up, it was empty. The fisherman’s wife had died many years ago and Danae, his mother and Dictys, the man he saw as a father had run away to escape from Polydectes, who was furious that Danae had refused to marry him.
Perseus had also been told that at that moment Polydectes was holding a banquet with the men that favored him. Perseus entered Polydectes’s house, holding the head of Medusa in his arms, as each man stared at Medusa’s head, he was turned to stone.
Perseus made Dictys the king of the island and there he lived, rich and happy. Perseus, Andromeda and Danae decided to return to Argos and make amends with the king Acrisius. When they arrived in Argos, Perseus immediately wanted to take part in a great athletic contest, In the discus-throwing when his turn came and he threw the heavy disk, it swerved and fell among the audience. Acrisius was there and the blow was fatal, he died a quick death. The God’s oracle had come true and Perseus did not feel any grief to have killed the man who had tried to kill himself and his mother. Perseus and Andromeda had a son Electryon, who was well known as the grandfather of Hercules.
THESEUS
Theseus in Greek mythology
Theseus was the son of the Athenian king Aegeus; he grew up in his mother’s home in the south of Greece. Aegeus had returned to Athens before his child was born, but first he had placed in a hollow a sword and a pair of shoes, there he had covered them with a large stone, he had told his wife that if his child ever grew strong enough to roll the stone out of its place and to get the sword and shoes, only then should he travel to Athens and claim his father. As Theseus grew up, he was far taller and stronger than other boys of his age and so when he was sixteen years old, his mother took him to the large stone. Theseus rolled the stone away with no trouble; she then told him that the time had arrived for him to travel to Athens to seek his father. A ship was placed at disposal by his grandfather, but Theseus refused to travel by water, he wished to travel by land as he wanted to become a great hero like his cousin Hercules, as soon as possible. He travelled by land to Athens, killing any bandit that tried to approach him.
Greece rang with praises for the young man who had cleared the mountain paths of bandits and when he reached Athens, he had been already acknowledged as a hero and was invited to a banquet by the king, who of course had no idea that this young man was his son. King Aegeus had heard of the young mans popularity and had invited him to the palace to poison him as he was afraid that he would be voted king and take over the throne. This idea was not king Aegeus’s but Medea’s the heroine of the quest of the Golden Fleece, she knew through her sorcery that Theseus really was. When Theseus entered the palace she ran to offer him a cup of poison but Theseus was excited about meeting his father and so he drew his sword immediately and king Aegeus knocked the cup of poison from his hands onto the floor. Medea escaped to Asia as she always did.
King Aegeus introduced his son Theseus as his heir and the new heir apparent soon had the opportunity to endear himself to the people of Athens.
Theseus in Greek mythology
Years back, a terrible misfortune had happened to the city of Athens. Minos, the powerful king of Crete, had lost his only son Androgeus, while his son had been visiting king Aegeus. King Aegeus had sent his guest to kill a dangerous wild bull on an expedition full of peril. Instead the bull had killed Androgeus, and then Minos invaded the country, captured Athens and declared war unless every nine years the people sent him a group of seven maidens and seven youths to Crete where they were fed to the Minotaur.
The Minotaur was a monster, half bull, half human. Poseidon had gifted a great bull to Minos in order for Minos to sacrifice it to him but Minos didn’t slay the bull as he had felt sorry for it and as a punishment, Poseidon had made Minos’s wife Pasiphae fall in love with the bull. The Minotaur was the child of Pasiphae and the bull. Minos did not kill this creature when it was born; instead he had Daedalus, a great architect and inventor, build the labyrinth, which became famous throughout the world. One inside, one would walk endlessly through the small paths without ever finding the exit, this was where the Minotaur lived and also the group of youngsters that were sent every nine years from Athens were placed in the labyrinth and left to the Minotaur. This was the doom that waited fourteen youths and maidens a few days after Theseus arrived in Athens.
At once Theseus offered to be one of the victims, he planned to kill the Minotaur, but only told his father his plan. He promised, that if he succeeded, he would have the black sail which the ship of misery carried, changed to a white sail, this way king Aegeus would know before the ship arrived back in Athens that his son was safe.
When the young victims arrived in Crete they were paraded before the Cretans on their way to the labyrinth. Minos’s daughter Ariadne saw the victims and as soon as she saw Theseus, she fell madly in love with him. She sent for Daedalus and told him to tell her the way out of the labyrinth, then she called for Theseus and told him that she would help him escape the labyrinth if he promised that then he would take her back to Athens and marry her. Theseus immediately agreed and so she gave him the clue that Daedalus had given her, a ball of thread which he was to fasten at one end on the inside of the door and to unwind as he walked on. This he did and waked boldly into the labyrinth in search of the Minotaur. He found the Minotaur and it was asleep, he leapt upon it and battered it to death with his bear hands as he had no other weapon. When he recovered from the fight, he followed the ball of string to the exit and taking Ariadne and the other youngsters with him sailed the ship and travelled towards Athens.
They stopped at the island of Naxos to rest, there they lost Ariadne. Some say that Theseus deserted her there; others say that she got sea sick and swam to shore and by the time Theseus sailed in, she had died. Both stories agree on that when he sailed near to Athens he had forgotten his promise to change the color of the sail. The black sail was seen by Theseus’s father and out of sadness he jumped off a mountain of rocks into the sea and was killed. The sea in which he was killed has been called the Aegean ever since.
Theseus became the king of Athens and he was very a very fair and wise king, all his people were equal and Athens soon became one of the happiest cities on the earth. His name often appears in myths about his heroic deeds such as a battle against the Centaurs which were half human, half animal creatures with the body of a horse and the head, chest and arms of a human and in the quest of the Golden Fleece. Theseus also went to war against the female warriors known as the Amazons after he kidnapped and married Antiope, one of the Amazons that bore him a son, Hippolytus. After she gave birth, the rest of the Amazons invaded Athens in order to rescue her, they were defeated by Theseus and the Athenians and no other enemy ever entered Athens as long as Theseus was ruling.
After his Amazon wife died, Theseus finally married Phaedra, said to be Ariadne’s sister. Phaedra fell madly in love with her step son, Hippolytus, who rejected her love. Phaedra then hung herself and left a note to be found by Theseus saying that her step son had raped her and that she had hung herself out of shame. Theseus was furious and he asked his patron Poseidon to destroy his son, the God fulfilled the kings wish, later when Theseus found out the truth, he knew that he had had his only son killed.
Theseus had been banished from Athens, after what had happened with his son the people of Athens recognized him as king only in name. Realizing that he would never have real control of the kingdom again, he went into exile cursing the Aegean. He ended up on the island of Scyrus, where on pretense, King Lycomedes welcomed him friendly, but one day took him up onto a mountainside and threw him into the sea. Theseus’ death went unnoticed, but after all his adventures, the oracle of Delphi ordered the Athenians to bring the ashes of Theseus back to his own country. There they built a great tomb for him and held it in memory of a protector of the defenseless.
HERCULES
Hercules in Greek mythology
Hercules was the greatest hero of Greece; he was what all Greece except for the Athenians admired. He was the son of Zeus and the mortal Alcmena; He was born a mortal but later earned a position among the Gods. Both of his parents were married to somebody else when they conceived Hercules. Zeus’ wife, Hera was very angry about this affair and she tried to kill Hercules, by sending two poisonous snakes into his crib, almost immediately after he was born. Her attempt failed as Hercules was later found in his crib, laughing a baby laugh and carrying a dead snake in each hand. Before he was in his teens, he had already proved himself an unerring marksman with a bow and arrow, he was one of the best wrestlers and had super strength. He soon met a woman called Megara and had two children. Hera continued to be jealous of the young Hercules and drove him mad, in a rage Hercules killed his wife and his children then he became sick with grief. He prayed to the God of the Sun Apollo, for redemption. To be forgiven for his crime he was given a series of labors that if he managed to complete his soul would be cleansed. By rights Hercules had the right to the throne but Hera tricked Zeus into crowning Eurystheus instead. Hercules was sent to king Eurystheus for twelve years to complete the labors.
His first task was to kill the Nemean lion, this was a large lion, whose hide was not responsive to weapons and it plagued the whole district of Nemea in the Argolis. Hercules cornered the lion into its cave and then wrestled it to death. He then skinned the lion and made a cape out of its skin and a helmet out of its jaws, which he always wears. Hera later placed the lion among the stars as the constellation Leo.
King Eurystheus was so surprised and afraid when he saw his heroic cousin returning alive wearing the lion’s skin that he hid himself in a storage jar, from there he ordered the next labor which was to find and destroy the monstrous, nine headed water serpent called Hydra. Hydra lived in the swamps of Lerna and was difficult to defeat because as soon as one of her heads was cut off, two grew back in its place. With the help of Iolaos, Hercules applied burning brands to the several stumps of where her heads had been cut off, cauterizing the serpent’s wounds and preventing regeneration. In his battle with Hydra he accidentally crushed a gigantic crab that had come to assist Hydra. Hera later placed Hydra and The crab among the stars as the constellations Hydra and Cancer.
Hercules’s third labor was to capture the Cerynitian Hind; this was a female deer, with golden horns, sacred to the Goddess Artemis. Hercules spent a year tracking down this deer and when he finally found it he aimed his arrow between the deer’s two fore legs, he hit the animal without drawing blood but Artemis was still displeased at the treatment of her animal. Hercules blamed the king Eurystheus and begged Artemis to let him borrow the dear to fulfill his labor. The deer might have been placed among the stars as a constellation, like the other beasts from Hercules’s labors.
The fourth labor was to capture alive a great Erymanthian boar, after chasing the great boar through the snow on mount Erymanthos, he netted the boar and brought it back alive to king Eurystheus who cowered even lower in his jar at the sight of the great boar.
Greek mythology
Eurystheus was very pleased with himself for thinking of the fifth labor; he was so sure this task would humiliate his heroic cousin. Heracles was to clean out the stables of King Augeas in a one single day. King Augeas owned many herds of cattle which had deposited their manure in such quantity over the years that the smell hung over the whole of the Peloponnesus. Instead of employing a shovel and a basket as Eurystheus had imagined he would do, Heracles changed the direction of two rivers so that they flowed through the stable yard and did the job done without Hercules even getting dirty. But because he had demanded payment of Augeas, Eurystheus refused to count this as a Labor.
The sixth labor was to hunt down the Stymphalian birds that lived in a marsh near the lake Stymphalus in Arcadia these birds fed on human flesh and killed men with feathers of brass. Heracles could not approach the large birds in order to fight them because the ground was far too swampy to bear his weight and too dirty to wade through. The goddess Athena gave him some golden castanets, the noise that the castanets made caused the birds to fly, once they were in the air, he shot them down by the dozens with his bow and arrows.
The seventh labor was to kill the bull that queen Pasiphae, king Minos’s wife had once fallen in love with and had given birth to the Minotaur that had been killed by Theseus. Although the bull breathed flames of fire, Hercules overpowered it and shipped it back to king Eurystheus.
Next Hercules was ordered to bring back the mares of Diomedes. These horses dined on unlucky guests that accepted Diomedes’ hospitality. He managed to round them up and once he showed the mares to king Eurystheus, he set them free and they were eventually eaten by wild beasts on Mount Olympus.
The ninth labor took Hercules to the city of the Amazons; he had to retrieve the belt of their queen for it was a wish of Eurystheus’ daughter. The Amazons were warrior women, who had invented the art of fighting while riding their horses. Theseus helped Hercules on this mission, he managed to get the belt and Theseus kidnapped an Amazon princess.
The tenth labor was to steal the cattle of Geryon who was a three-bodied, four-winged giant who lived on the red island of Erytheia, today known as Spain. The two headed watch dog Orthrus rushed at Hercules as he was leaving with the cattle and Hercules killed it with a single blow from the wooden club that he was carrying the quest of the apples of the Hesperides was the eleventh labor. The Hesperides were nymphs that Hera had entrusted with some certain apples that she had received as a wedding present. Ladon a many headed dragon guarded the cave were the apples had been hidden. Hercules had been told that he would need the help of a Titan named Atlas. Atlas was only too happy to oblige and he showed Hercules the cave where the fruit was hidden. Hercules killed the dragon with an arrow from over the garden wall and stole the apples.
Hercules’ final labor was to bring the hell hound Cerberus up from Hades, the kingdom of the dead. Hercules threatened Charon the Boatman to take him across the famous river of the underground, the Styx. Then he met the greater challenge Cerberus, the hound had many heads, razor teeth, a snake for a tail and more snakes growing out of his back. Hercules chocked Cerberus and then dragged him back to Tiryns, where he received his well earned credit for the final labor.
During his life with his twelve labors, Hercules had managed to find time to remarry. This time he married a woman named Deianira. Deianira’s love for Hercules ended due to the kingdom of Greek gods. Unknowingly, Deianira presented her husband with a cloak that she thought was covered in a love potion. She thought that by giving the cloak to her husband, he would love her alone forever. The cloak was really covered in poison and it burned Hercules skin to the point that he committed suicide. Hercules requested a fire be made and he jumped into the fire to burn himself alive. Zeus saw this take place and he requested Hera’s forgiveness that she granted. He then made his son Hercules become an immortal and Hercules was delivered to Olympus to live out the rest of his life.
ATALANTA
Atalanta in Greek mythology
Atalanta was the daughter of Skhoineus (or Iasios), at her birth, her father was disappointed because he wanted a son and not a daughter cast her away into the wilderness. She survived only because she was suckled by a female bear and later found and raised by passing by hunters. She became a great Arcadian huntress and was a favorite of the goddess Artemis. She vowed to the goddess that she would keep her virginity She became very swift and used to leave all men in any race, and once she won a wrestling match against king Peleus, who later became Achilles’ father, during the games that were held in honor of the king. Living, having grown up and hunting in the wilderness, she remained always ready to defend herself, and, for example, when the two Centaurs tried to rape her, she shot them down and killed them both. She took place in the quest of the Golden Fleece and was always the first to draw blood in any hunt. Atalanta was reunited later with her father, who insisted that she married. She agreed but on condition that she would marry the man who could defeat her in a race, anyone that tried to fight her but could not win would be put to death. Hippomenes however asked for the goddess Athena’s help and she gave him three golden apples that he must cast before Atalanta in the race. When Atalanta bent down to lift the golden apples, she was slowed enough to allow him to win the race. Their marriage was short as Hippomenes, neglected to pay Aphrodite her dues and he and Atalanta were transformed into lions.
11. The Trojan War
The Trojan war Greek mythology
Thousands of years before Christ, there was a rich and powerful city on the eastern end of the Mediterranean. The name of this city was Troy and it remains famous until today, the reason for its fame was a war that is told in one of Greece’s longest poems, the Iliad. The founder of Troy was Ilus. Ilus was succeeded by his son, Laomedon. Laomedon, however, was killed by the great hero Hercules and was then succeeded by his son, Priam. The Trojan War happened during Priam’s reign.
The cause of the war was a dispute between three jealous Goddesses. An evil Goddess of Discord, Eris was angry at being disliked by the other Gods of Olympus and so in order to cause trouble, she threw a golden apple into the air at the wedding of king Peleus and the sea nymph Thetis, on the golden apple three words had been marked, for the fairest. All the Goddesses that had attended the wedding wanted to claim the golden apple but at the end the choice was narrowed down to three: Aphrodite, Athena and Hera. They asked Zeus to judge the between them but Zeus wisely refused to have anything to do with the matter. He advised them to go to Mount Ida, near Troy, where they would find a young prince named Paris, who at the time was tending his father’s sheep. He was a great judge of beauty. Paris, although a prince, had been assigned by his father Priam to do the work of a shepherd because the king of Troy had been warned that one day his son would be the ruin of his country.
The Trojan horse in Greek mythology
At that time Paris was living with a lovely nymph called Oenone. He was amazed when the three Goddesses appeared before him asking him to judge their beauty. Each one of the Goddesses bribed him with rich prizes. Hera promised to make him Lord of Europe and Asia, Athena promised that he would lead the Trojans to victory against the Greeks and leave Greece in ruins, Aphrodite promised that the fairest woman in the whole world would be his. Paris was weak and a little bit of a coward and so he gave the golden apple to Aphrodite. Paris’ judgment is still famous as the real reason of the Trojan War.
The daughter of Zeus and Leda, Helen was the fairest woman in the world; she was the sister of Castor and Pollux. Helen was married to Menelaus, who was the king of Sparta and the brother of Agamemnon. Aphrodite led Paris in to Greece and having asked Cupid to help by throwing one of his magic love-arrows into Helens heart showed Paris where Helen and Menelaus lived. Menelaus and Helen received Paris graciously as their guest and the ties between hosts and guests were strong as each was bound to help and never to harm the other. Paris broke that bond, when he stole Helen and took her away from Greece.
When Menelaus returned and found out that Helen was gone, he called upon all of Greece to help him. All Greeks except for Achilles, the son of Peleus and Odysseus, king of the island of Ithaca willingly agreed to help Menelaus destroy Troy. Odysseus pretended to be in insane and was found by the messenger plowing a field with salt instead of seeds, the messenger threw Odysseus’ youngest son in front of the plow and when Odysseus turned the plow aside the messenger had proved that he was not insane and he was forced to join to rest of the Greeks. Achilles was kept back by his mother, who knew that her son would be fated to die in Troy; she dressed him as a girl and sent him to the court of Lycomedes to hide among the other maidens. When the messenger arrived he saw the maidens admiring the trinkets where as one maiden was admiring the swords and daggers, he picked out Achilles and he was forced to join the Greeks.
The Trojan war Greek mythology
With these two great heroes added to the Greek army, they set off accepting Agamemnon, Menelaus’ brother as their leader. Agamemnon made sacrifices to all the Gods except for Artemis, when they made the sacrifice to Apollo, the Calchas informed the leaders that the war would last for ten years. Before the fleet set out for Troy, they met at Audis, a place of strong winds and very dangerous tides. It was impossible for them to sail as the north wind continued to blow day after day. The Greek army was desperate. At last, the soothsayer, Calchas, declared that he had a message from the Gods. Artemis was very angry at Agamemnon for not making a sacrifice to her and so she demanded him to sacrifice his only daughter, Iphigenia to her. Agamemnon yielded as his reputation with the army was as stake. He sent for his daughter telling his wife that he had arranged for her to be married to the great hero Achilles. When Iphigenia arrived ready for the wedding, she was carried to the altar of Aphrodite to be killed. As soon as she died, the north wind stopped blowing and soon the army arrived in Troy. They had a strong army but the Trojans were also a strong people. For nine whole years victory wavered, once on the one side, once on the other. A quarrel flared up between Achilles and Agamemnon, and for some time it seemed the Trojans were assured victory. The quarrel was once again about a young maiden, Chyseis, whom Agamemnon had stolen and her father demanded her back. Her father prayed to Apollo to bring back his daughter and Apollo shot fierce arrows at the Greeks and without them knowing the reason, many were killed. At last Achilles called for an assembly of the whole army, he said that they were not strong enough to fight the Trojans and the Gods and tried to find out what had angered Apollo. The prophet Calchas knew what had happened but in order for him to speak he made Achilles promise to protect him. Calchas declared that Chyseis must be returned to her father in order for peace with the Gods. Agamemnon had to agree as his whole army had turned against him. He returned Chyseis and in her place, he stole Achilles’ maiden Briseis. Achilles gave an oath that Agamemnon would pay dearly for this deed. That night Achilles’ mother Thetis appeared in front of him, she was as angry as her son was and told her son to have nothing more to do with the Greeks, after saying these words she went up to Olympus to ask Zeus to grant victory to the Trojans. Zeus was reluctant, he favored the Trojans, but Hera, his wife wanted the Greeks to win the war. He could not resist Thetis, but Hera guessed what the discussion was about and began to make plans as to how she might help the Greeks. The plan Zeus had made was simple, he knew that the Greeks were weak without Achilles, so he sent a dream to Agamemnon, promising him victory if he attacked. While Achilles remained in his tent, a fierce battle took place, the hardest that had been fought. Up on the walls of Troy, sat king Priam and other old men, they were men wise of the ways of war, and now watched the contest. Close to them was Helen, she was the reason for all the bloodshed and the deaths but as the old men gazed at her they did not blame her, all men should fight for such beauty, they thought. To their astonishment the battle soon ceased, it was evident that a sensible decision had been made to allow the two men, that the war concerned, to fight alone.
The Trojan horse in Greek mythology
Paris was the first to strike but Menelaus caught the spear on his shield and hurled his own spear. After fighting for some time Menelaus had taken hold of Paris’s helmet, the fight would have ended there and Paris would have been killed if it was not for Athena interfering. She did not believe that the war should end until the whole of Troy was destroyed and so she undid Paris helmet and he ran away into the crowd. Menelaus stood and spoke to both armies. He demanded that Helen should be returned to him and the Trojans were about to agree until a Trojan shot an arrow at Menelaus, he wounded him very slightly but this was the cause for the war to continue. On the Greek side with Achilles gone, the two best fighters were Ajax and Diomedes, the two of them killed many Trojans that day. The second best Trojan fighter, after Hector, was prince Aeneus who came close to death at Diomedes hands that day. Aeneus was the son of Aphrodite, when Aphrodite saw that her son had been wounded, she ran to the battlefield to save him. Diomedes knew that Aphrodite was a little bit of a coward and so he leapt on her and wounded her hand, she let Aeneus fall and ran up to Olympus weeping, Zeus reminded her that she was the Goddess of Love and Kindness and not of war. Although his mother had failed to save him, Aeneus was not killed. Apollo wrapped him in a cloud and sent him to sacred Pergamos, Troy’s holy site, there Artemis then healed his wounds.
Diomedes continued to fight until he came face to face with Hector, to his dismay behind Hector stood Ares, the bloodstained God of War was fighting for Hector. Diomedes cried to the Greeks to fall back, while slowly facing the Trojans. Then Hera got angry. She ran down to the battlefield and stood next to Diomedes, she whispered to him to continue the battle and not to fear Ares. Diomedes rushed at Ares and hurled his sword at him, as the sword entered Ares’ body, Athena drove it home. Ares yelled out of pain louder than any man on the battlefield. Since the Greeks were getting closer to victory, Hector returned to the city and asked his mother, Hecuba and his sisters to offer sacrifices to Athena but Athena did not respond to their prayers because of her enmity towards Paris, as he had judged her. While Hector was in the city, he met his wife, Andromache and his son, Astyanax at the temple of Athena. Andromache begged Hector to stay with her and not return to the battle, he was a father, mother, brother and husband to her as she had lost all her family in wars. Hector had to return to the battle or else he would be called a coward by his fellow warriors and he could not bear this thought. As he bent to embrace his baby son, his fearsome helmet scared Astyanax and the boy drew away from his father. Hector laughed and prayed to the Gods that one day his son would become as brave and as fearsome as himself as a warrior. But this was not to happen.
Greek mythology
Hector returned to the battlefield, eager to fight. At that moment Zeus remembered his promise to Thetis to avenge Achilles wrongs. He ordered all Gods to remain on Olympus and he alone descended to earth to help the Trojans. It was then hard for the Greeks, their great champion was far away, sitting alone in his tent depressed at his mistakes. When the evening ended the battle, the Trojans had almost driven the Greeks back to their ships. The Trojans rejoiced that night whereas Agamemnon was ready to give up the battle and return to Greece. Nestor, who was the oldest and the wisest of the Greeks, spoke out boldly to Agamemnon and told him that if he had not angered Achilles, the Trojans would not be defeating them and instead of thinking of ways to run away from the battle, he should be thinking of ways to make up with Achilles. Agamemnon agreed to return Briseis to Achilles and send many rich gifts with her. He begged Odysseus to take his offer and apology to Achilles, Odysseus agreed and set off with Ajax and Nestor with him, as Achilles’ ambassadors. Achilles welcomed his three friends with rich food and wine but when he heard their offer, he refused immediately. He said that all the gold of Egypt could not make him return to the war, he said that he planned to return to Greece and told his friends that if they were wise, they would do the same. Agamemnon was very upset when he received Achilles’ answer and was seriously thinking of ending the war and returning home but Nestor, then suggested to send two warriors to gather intelligence and to gauge the morale on the camp of Troy. Odysseus and Diomedes immediately volunteered for the reconnaissance. At the same time though, Troy had sent its own spy, called Dolon to the Greek camp. Odysseus and Diomedes captured Dolon, and then tortured him until he told them that Rhesus, the king of the Thracians had recently arrived by a gold chariot drawn by two immortal horses with his army. Once they had this information, the two men murdered Dolon, and then sneaked into the Thracian camp, murdered Rhesus and his army of twelve men. Odysseus and Diomedes stole the two immortal horses and returned to their camp. The next day, the fighting continued, at first the Greeks were able to drive the Trojans back for a while but then the wind changed once again and blew in favour of the Trojans. Before midday, three of the Greek leaders had been wounded, Odysseus, Agamemnon and Diomedes.
Greek mythology
Hera up above was furious, she tricked Zeus and dressed up and when he embraced her she rubbed some sleeping potion on him and he fell fast asleep. At once the battle turned in favor of the Greeks, Ajax threw Hector to the ground, but before he could wound him, Aeneus lifted him and took him away. With Hector gone, the Greeks were able to drive the Trojans back, far away from their ships. Troy would have been destroyed that day had Zeus not woken. He understood the trick that Hera had played on him and sent her back to Olympus, she cried and said that she had not been the one helping the Greeks but it was Poseidon, the Sea God. She ran back up to Olympus and Zeus ordered Poseidon to leave the battlefield at once. As soon as the Sea God obeyed, the battle once again turned against the Greeks. Apollo had given Hector some extra power and the Greeks ran like sheep, back to their ships, hopelessly dreaming of dying bravely in front of them. Despite Ajax’s brave defense of the Greek ships, he did not manage to prevent Hector from burning one of the Greek ships. When Achilles saw the Greek ship on fire, he allowed his beloved companion and squire, Patroclus to wear his armor and to drive the Trojans out of the Greek camp. His pride would not allow him to rejoin the fighting. When the Trojans saw Patroclus join battle, they returned to their camp, thinking that Patroclus was Achilles. During the fighting, Patroclus killed the Lycian king, Sarpedon. Apollo sent Hypnos (sleep) and Thanatos (death) to take the spirit from Sarpedon’s body and return it to Lycia for a proper funeral. After driving the Trojans out of the Greek camp, Patroclus did not return to Achilles, but continued to fight. Apollo hit his head and stunned him, while Hector killed Patroclus when he was stunned and helpless. Hector then stripped the armor from Patroclus’ body and wore it himself. Although Ajax and Menelaus managed to recover Patroclus’ body, the fierce fighting continued around the body, the fighting ended when Achilles heard of the death of Patroclus. He was unable to rejoin the fight immediately because he was unarmored and Athena told him to go to the top of a mountain and shout three times, he did this and as the sun shone behind him, he was mistaken for the Sun God himself and the day’s fighting ended.
Achilles in Troy
The next day Achilles returned to the battlefield, grief stricken by Patroclus’ death, wearing new armor from his mother that had been fashioned by the God Hephaestus. Achilles was determined to find and kill Hector as he had now realized that his pride had cost him his friend’s life. That morning before the battle there was an argument between Achilles and Odysseus. Achilles refused to eat anything before he had killed Hector whereas Odysseus advised him not to go in to battle without eating first. At the end Zeus, who agreed with Odysseus, sent Athena to secretly nourish Achilles with ambrosia.
Zeus had decided that the Olympians were allowed to visit the battle again, as now he had fulfilled his promise to Thetis and Zeus did not want Achilles to destroy Trot today – he would decide the time for Troy to be destroyed.
Achilles set out that day to avenge his friend, killing as many Trojans as he could and driving them back towards their city in a rout. It was only when Achilles killed Priam’s youngest son Polydorus that Hector appeared before him ready to avenge his brother. Achilles would have killed him there and then, but Zeus did not think that this was either the time or place for Hector to die and so Apollo hid Hector in a cloud. Achilles’ heart was filled with rage that his mortal enemy had escaped him so he pursued the Trojans that were running away. He killed so many Trojans that day that the Scamander River was choking with bodies and blood. There was a mad scramble by the Trojans to hide behind the tall walls. Apollo aided the running Trojans by disguising himself and encouraging Achilles to chase him, this way the Trojans and their allies were able to escape his deadly pursuit.
Greek mythology
Hector alone, now was standing outside Troy’s wall, but he too lost his nerve when he saw Achilles running towards him. Achilles chased Hector around the wall until Athena appeared, disguised as Deiphobus, Hector’s brother. Hector stopped running because he thought that he would confront Achilles with his brother but when Deiphobus vanished he realized that he had been tricked into fighting Achilles by the Gods. Hector tried to persuade Achilles into returning his body to his family if he should lose the fight but Achilles promised that he would rather feed the body to the vultures. Hector made a brave charge at Achilles, but Achilles managed to dodge away from Hector’s spear and ran his own spear through Hector’s body. Once Hector was dead, Achilles stripped the armour that he had stolen from Patroclus and then dragged Hector’s body behind his chariot, as he returned to the Greek camp. Among those who saw Hector’s death were his parents, King Priam and Hercube and his distraught wife Andromache, who had now become a widow. Hector’s body was burnt and the ashes were buried.
Now that Hector was dead, Achilles knew that his own death was near as his mother had told him. He did one last great feat of arms before his fighting ended forever. Prince Memnon, son of Eos, Goddess of the Dawn, came from Ethiopia to help Troy with a large army, for some time even though Hector had died, the Greeks had been hard pressed and lost many good warriors, including Antilochus, Nestor’s son. Achilles managed to kill Memnon, but then Paris shot an arrow at Achilles and Zeus directed the arrow to the only place on his body that could kill him, his heel. As he died, Ajax carried his body from the battlefield and Odysseus held the Trojans back. His ashes were buried in the same place as his friend Patroclus. After the funeral, it was decided that Achilles’ armor that had been given to him by his mother Thetis, made by the God Hephaestus, would be the prize to the next best Greek warrior. Ajax and Odysseus both took place in the contest for Achilles’ armor. Odysseus was awarded the armor from the Greek leaders. Ajax was furious with the judge’s decisions and decided to kill Odysseus that night. Athena, who was Odysseus’ protector, drove Ajax mad and he started to kill flocks of sheep imagining that he was killing the Greek leaders who had awarded Odysseus the armor. He slaughtered a large ram, imagining that the ram was Odysseus, and as he returned to sanity, he was shocked at what he had done and in his despair, killed himself with the sword that Hector had given him. Agamemnon and his brother Menelaus refused Ajax’s body to be buried and wished for it to be exposed to the dogs and the vultures. Odysseus persuaded the Greeks to fight for Ajax’s body to be buried as he thought that Ajax deserved that much respect, he succeeded and once his body had been buried, Odysseus gave the armour to Achilles’ son, Neoptolemus. The Greeks were dismayed by the deaths of their two greatest heroes. The city now seemed more invulnerable than ever.
Theseus in Greek mythology
The Greek prophet Calchas told them that Troy would not be destroyed until Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles joined the war and that Hercules’ bow and arrows must be brought to Troy. Odysseus easily persuaded Neoptolemus to join them in war, at the time young Neoptolemus was living with his mother Deidameia, on the island of Skyros. The bow and arrows of Hercules now belonged to a Greek king called Philoctetes, whom the Greeks had abandoned on the island of Lemnos as a poisonous snake had bitten him and the Greeks did not believe that his terrible wound would ever heal. Philoctetes was bitter at the Greeks for having left him on the island and so he refused to return to Troy with the Greeks. He wished to kill Odysseus, Agamemnon and Menelaus whom he thought were responsible for him being left wounded on Lemnos. He would have killed Odysseus had Hercules himself not appeared, now as a God. He persuaded his friend Philoctetes to return to Troy with the Greeks and assured him that once in Troy he would finally be healed. When he arrived in Troy, he was healed by one of the Greek healers, named Machaon, the son of Aslepius. Once he started to fight the first person that he injured with his arrow was Paris. Paris remembered his first wife Oenoe’s words as he had abandoned her for the beautiful Helen. She had said that she would heal him if he ever was wounded, however, she was now bitter at Paris for not returning sooner and she declined to heal him. Paris returned to Troy and died there. Oenone regretted her decision almost immediately but when she arrived in Troy with the herbs to heal Paris it was too late, and so there she hanged herself out of grief. One last small army came to help Troy. Eurypylus, the son of Telephus, helped Troy against his father’s wishes. He killed many Greeks, including Machaonthe healer, and then was killed by Neoptolemus in revenge for Machaon’s death.
Now with Paris dead, his two brothers Helenus and Deiphobus, fought over who was to marry Helen. The Trojan chose Deiphobus and forced Helen to marry him.
Odysseus
Odysseus captured the Trojan prophet Helenus as he tried to escape from Troy, he persuaded Helenus to reveal the secret of the weakness of Troy and he was told that Troy could not be destroyed until the Palladium, which was a statue of Athena was removed from inside Troy’s walls. That night Odysseus and Diomedes stole the Palladium from Troy.
The Greeks then thought that in order to destroy Troy, they needed to get some of their forces within Troy. It was Odysseus’ idea to build the great wooden horse, which would be left on the beach with some of Greece’s most selected men led by Odysseus, hiding inside the belly of the wooden horse. Once the horse had been built the main force of the Greeks left the camp with their ships and hid behind the nearest island. Sinon, who was a Greek spy had been left behind, to convince the Trojans that the Greeks had abandoned the war and that they should carry the wooden horse into Troy as a symbol that the Trojans had won the war.
That night after carrying the wooden horse into their camp, the Trojans celebrated their apparent victory. The Greek warriors climbed out of the wooden horse and opened the gates to allow the rest of the Greek army to enter the city. Great fighting then ensued in the middle of the night in Troy and although the Trojans fought well, too many of them had been killed in the first hour of the fighting.
Two Trojan leaders alone survived, Antenor and his family who had been protected by Menelaus and Achilles because he had given them some good advice before the war had begun. The second leader of Troy that survived was named Aeneas, he was the son of Aphrodite and Anchises and had withdrawn from Troy with his family and had migrated to Italy.
By the early morning, Troy had been destroyed. Neoptolemus had killed Priam, Menelaus and Odysseus had killed Helen’s new husband Deiphobus and Astyanax and all the Trojan women were to become slaves to the Greek leaders. Neoptolemus took Andromache, Agamemnon took Cassandra and Odysseus took Hecuba as his slave.
12. Odysseus
Odysseus
After Troy had been destroyed, the Greeks celebrated their victory for a long time. They forgot that their victory was due to the Gods and made no sacrifices, the Gods were very angry with the Greeks and decided to punish them. On their journey back to Greece, Agamemnon came close to losing all his ships, Menelaus was taken by a fierce wind to Egypt, some of the army drown in the deep seas, Odysseus was not killed and he didn’t suffer as much as some of the other Greeks but he suffered longer. He wandered for another ten years after the fall of Troy before he finally arrived home. On Ithaca, the island where his home was, things had gone from bad to worse while he had been missing, it had been taken for granted that he was dead, only his wife Penelope and his son Telemachus still hoped for him to return. All the people on Ithaca assumed that Penelope was a widow and should marry again. Men came from other close by islands to win the love of Penelope but she had eyes for nobody else. They were all greedy and overbearing that swarmed into Odysseus’ house, slaughtered his animals, drank his wine, burnt his wood, ordered his servants around and wanted to win his wife on top of everything else. Telemachus also hated the men as they treated him as if he was unimportant and beneath their notice. The men insisted on not leaving until Penelope decided to marry one of them. Penelope and Telemachus were helpless as there were only two of them but swarms of men. Penelope hoped to tire them out, she told them that she could not marry until she had woven a fine and exquisitely shawl for Odysseus’s father, the old Laertes, against the day of his death. The men had to give in, for such a religious purpose; they agreed to wait until she had finished the shawl. Penelope spent every day weaving and every night unwavering what she had woven during the day. One of her servants told the men what she was doing and they caught her in the act. After they discovered the trick she had played on them they became more insistent and her life became even more difficult. Matters remained that way until the tenth year of Odysseus’ wanderings.
Athena in Greek mythology
Athena, who had punished Odysseus and misled him, had now forgiven him and was prepared to help him return to his faithful wife Penelope. She brought the sad case of Odysseus before the other Gods, when Poseidon was missing. She explained that Odysseus was a prisoner on an island that was ruled by the nymph, Calypso, who loved Odysseus and never planned to let him go. Calypso treated Odysseus well but Odysseus longed for his home, his wife and his son. The Olympians were touched by Odysseus’ story and Zeus sent Hermes to Calypso to order her to free Odysseus and to start him on his journey back. Athena was pleased with the result of this meeting but she had her own plans also. She was very fond of Telemachus, not only because he was Odysseus’ son but he was also a sober, wise and discreet young man. He did not deserve to remain on Ithaca watching his mother’s servers and so Athena disguised herself as an old beggar and went down to Ithaca. As she approached the gates of Odysseus mansion, Telemachus saw the stranger and offered Athena his hospitality. As the two sat and ate, Telemachus confided in this stranger about what was happening in his life, he told her that he did not know where his father was, and that the mansion had been plagued with suitors for his mothers hand in marriage. Athena advised Telemachus to warn the men off and then to fit a ship and to make a journey to find out his fathers fate. She told him that his father had survived the Trojan War and that he should make a journey to find Menelaus and Agamemnon, as these were the two that most likely had news of his father. As she left, Telemachus felt the change and he realized that the stranger had been divine. The next day he called for an assembly, where he told the men of Ithaca his plans and asked them to build him a large ship and to find him twenty rowers to man her. He begged the suitors to leave his mother alone until he returned with news of his father. The jeered and teased him, they blamed Penelope for not having chosen one of them to marry. They refused to help him build the ship and made it clear that he would not go on any voyage. Telemachus left the men in despair and walked along the sea shore praying to Athena. Athena heard him and came to him once again, this time she was disguised as a Mentor, who was his father’s most trustworthy friend. She spoke words of courage and comfort to him and promised that a ship would be built and she herself would travel with him. Telemachus ran home to get ready for the journey. He waited for the darkness when everybody in the house was asleep, then he went down to the ship where Mentor (Athena) was waiting, embarked towards Pylos, old Nestor’s home.
Poseidon water God
They found Nestor and his sons on the beach making a sacrifice to Poseidon. They were warmly welcomed but old Nestor could give them little help as to where Odysseus was, as he had not had any news since they left Troy. Nestor suggested that Telemachus should visit Menelaus, who had drifted all the way to Egypt before coming home. He offered to send him to Sparta in a chariot with one of his sons that knew the way; Telemachus accepted the offer and started the next day for Sparta where Menelaus’ palace was with Nestor’s son.
As they arrived in Sparta, a warm welcome awaited them, they bathed in Menelaus’ palace in silver bathtubs, and then the house maidens rubbed their bodies with sweet smelling oils. A rich table of food was set before them, and Menelaus came to sit with them, as he spoke of how brave and noble Odysseus was, tears came to Telemachus’ eyes. He had not yet told Menelaus who he was but Menelaus had guessed. The table was interrupted as Helen walked into the room; Helen recognized Telemachus immediately because he looked like his father, and called him by his name. Nestor’s son told Menelaus that Helen was right, his friend was Telemachus, Odysseus son and they were visiting his palace to see if he could give them any news, good or bad of Odysseus.
Menelaus told the young boys his story, of how Poseidon had punished him by drifting him away to Egypt, he was running out of food and drink when a sea nymph had taken pity on him and told him that her father the sea God, Proteus, knew the way that he could escape from the island of Pharos. In order to make her father tell him, he must capture her father and hold him down until he told Menelaus the way to escape. It had been a difficult task to catch and hold down the sea god but he had achieved it and had told him the way to escape and that Odysseus was being kept on an island by the nymph Calypso, and that he was pining away there for he was home sick.
Menelaus had no other news of Odysseus since they had left Troy, ten years ago. As Menelaus mentioned Troy, they wept, Telemachus for his father, Nestor’s son for his brother, Menelaus for all the brave men that had died in the war but nobody knew for whom Helen wept. The young men spent the night in Menelaus’ rich palace and slept in comfort until dawn.
Meanwhile Hermes had carried Zeus’ command to Calypso, she did not take the news well as she had saved Odysseus’ life when his ship had wrecked a short distance from her island and had took care of him and loved him ever since. She knew better though than to disobey Zeus’s orders and so she went to the rock where she knew she would find Odysseus upon, looking out into the sea and dreaming of Ithaca, Penelope and Telemachus. When she told him that she was going to set him free, Odysseus thought that she was playing a trick on him, she gave him some wood and nails in order for him to build a raft, she placed food and drink upon the raft and set it to sail.
Odysseus
Odysseus traveled for eighteen days on the raft, never once closing his eyes to sleep. The sea had been calm for the eighteen days and now he could see the top of a high mountain and thought that he was close to being saved. At that moment Poseidon saw him and realized what the Gods had done, he summoned all the violent winds and let them loose, blinding sea and land with rain-clouds. As the raft was tossed up side down Odysseus saw death before him once again.
As he fainted a sea God was at hand and raised him from the water like a sea-gull, she left him in the shallow waters of a near by island. When Odysseus awoke, he was naked and starving, he had no idea where he was but Athena had arranged matters well for him. The island belonged to the Phaeacians, which were kind people and excellent sailors. Their king Alcinous was a sensible man that allowed his wife Arête make all the important decisions for him. They had a daughter who had not yet married, she was called Nausica.
As Nausica was in charge of the duties of the house, she was at the river washing clothes and bathing when she saw Odysseus. Her friends ran away in fright when they saw the strange man, Nausica paused as he asked for help. She told Odysseus where he was, gave him some rags to cover himself with and told him to find his way to her fathers palace where he would be welcomed as the Phaeacians treated strangers with kindness and respect, she did not want to walk him there herself for she was afraid at the conclusion that the people would make if she was seen with a tall handsome stranger like he was. Odysseus respected the young girl’s sense and followed her from a distance to her father’s palace. As he entered the house he fell upon his knees and begged queen Arête for help, the king quickly lifted him off his knees, set a rich table of food, gave him new clothes, a comfortable bed to sleep in and a promise that his ship would take the stranger home, he did not ask who the stranger was.
The next morning, in the presence of all the Phaeacian leaders, Odysseus began to tell his story; he started with his departure from Troy and the storm that had struck his ship. He, his men and his ship had been driven across the sea for nine days and nine nights until they made it to the land of the Lotus eaters but as tired and as hungry as they were, they had been forced to leave quickly as they were fed flower food on this island, the few who ate this food, lost their longing for home and had to be dragged upon the ship and then chained down as they cried to remain on the island and eat the sweet flower food forever. Their next adventure had been with the Cyclops Polyphemus, where they had lost a lot of their men, and then taken out the Cyclops only eye. Worst than all, it was then that Poseidon had become more angry at Odysseus as Polyphemus was his son. Poseidon had then vowed that Odysseus would reach home after along time of suffering and only after he lost all of his men. This anger had followed Odysseus for the next ten years. From the Cyclops Island they had then reached the island of the Winds that was ruled by Aeolus who could still or arouse the winds at his own pleasure. Aeolus had welcomed Odysseus and his men and offered them good hospitality, when it was time for them to leave Aeolus had packed the Storm winds in to a leather sack which was tightly fastened; he gifted the sack to Odysseus. Although this was an excellent situation for Odysseus and his men, some of his crew was curious to see what was in the sack and so as they opened it, they freed the storm winds. After days of danger, they finally saw land, it would have been better to remain in the storm, as the land belonged to the Laestrygons, cannibals of gigantic size that destroyed all of Odysseus ships except for the one he was on that had not yet entered the harbor when the attack had been made. The next island that they stopped on was the worst disaster yet, for it was the island of the Aeaea, which was owned by the witch woman Circe, who turned any men that approached her into a beast. She invited some of Odysseus’ men into her house where she changed them into swine and fed them acorns. Lucky for Odysseus, he and a party of men had been too cautious to enter the house; they had watched what had happened from a distance and then fled back to the ship. Odysseus’ men would not follow him and abandon the swine here and so Odysseus had sailed alone trying to find a way to help and release his men. While he was sailing, he met Hermes who gave him a potion to rub himself with, the potion would make anything that Circe offered him to drink or eat harmless to him. Hermes told him that he must then threaten to kill her if she did not transform the swine back in to men. Odysseus returned to the island and did exactly what Hermes had told him, when he had drank the wine that Circe offered him, she was so surprised that he had not been transformed that she offered to grant him anything he wished for. He told her to transform the swine back in to men and so she did, after this, she treated them with such generosity and kindness that Odysseus and his men had remained on the island with her for a long period of time. When the time came for them to leave, she helped them with her magic knowledge and told them what they had to do in order to get home safe. They must cross the river Ocean and place the ship on Persephone’s shore where there was an entrance to Hades, the underworld. Odysseus must enter the underworld and find the spirit of Teiresias, who had been the holy man of Thebes, only he could tell Odysseus how to get home alive. In order to make Teiresias speak to him, he was to fill with the blood of cattle a large pit, only then would the spirits approach the blood and he would find Teiresias. Odysseus made the journey, found Teiresias and asked the seer many questions. He was told that, the chief danger that awaited them was that they might injure the oxen of the Sun when they reached the island where they lived. Anybody that hurt the oxen was to be doomed as they were the most beautiful oxen in the world and much prized by the sun. He said that Odysseus would reach home but trouble would be awaiting him there and in the end he would gain victory. From Circe Odysseus knew that next they would pass the island of the Sirens. The Sirens were brilliant singers whose voices made any man forget everything else and their last song would steal their life away. Odysseus told his men about them and that the only way to pass them safely was for each man to block their ears with wax. Odysseus however was determined to hear them so he told his men to tie him with strong ropes on board the ship so that he could not get away however much he tried. This they did, they passed the island safely but Odysseus’s heart ached with longing, the ropes held him down safely until he and his men were out of danger. A sea peril next awaited them, between Scylla and Charybdis, where the Argonauts had passed, there six men were killed, they would have not lived much longer anyway as although they had been warned the crew acted foolishly at their next stop. They were so starving that they killed some of the oxen while Odysseus was on a walk, praying. When Odysseus returned the oxen had already been slaughtered and eaten and so there was nothing he could do. As they left the island a thunderbolt shattered the ship, all men drowned except for Odysseus. He drifted in the sea for many days until finally he was cast ashore on the island of Calypso, where he had been a prisoner of her love.
The story ended here and his audience sat in silence, shocked by the tale. At last the king spoke up and told Odysseus that he was now safe and he would take him home on his own ship that very day. He was gifted many rich gifts sure to enrich him and he rested on the ship.
When he woke up, he was sleeping on a beach, his belongings next to him, he did not recognize where he was. Athena appeared in front of him and when she told him that this was his homeland he kissed the ground. She informed him about what was going on at his house and promised to help him get rid of the suitors. She changed him in to an old beggar so that he could wander around unrecognized and told him to go to his swineherd Eumaeus, a man that was faithful and trustworthy beyond praise. Odysseus spent that night with Eumaeus, who welcomed the stranger, fed him well and put him up for the night giving him his own thick mattress and blanket.
Meanwhile Athena went to Telemachus who was still with Menelaus and Helen, she told him to return home but before going to his mother to pass by Eumaeus, his father’s swineherd. When Telemachus arrived, he was introduced to the old beggar, and then he sent Eumaeus to give his mother the good news of his return. While Telemachus was alone with the beggar, Athena transformed Odysseus in to his normal appearance; Telemachus immediately thought that he was looking at a God. Odysseus told him that he was no God, but his father who had returned home after twenty years, they embraced in tears. Telemachus informed his father about the suitors that were bothering him and his mother and together they thought of a plot of how to kill the suitors. It was decided that they would both go to the house, Odysseus as a beggar and Telemachus would hide all the war weapons in a place that would be easy for himself and his father to reach when the time came. When Eumaeus returned, the old beggar had left.
As Odysseus entered his dear dwelling, Argos who had been his dog that he had bred before leaving for Troy, recognized his master and wag his tail, he didn’t have the strength to approach his master and as Odysseus wiped a tear from his eyes, the old dog died.
Athena urged Odysseus to enter the palace and to beg for some food from his wife’s suitors. It was against the Gods wishes to not treat a stranger well, so the men gave him some crusts of bread to eat and some water to drink. One man, Antinous, refuses to allow Odysseus to eat and threw a stool at him, hitting him in the back. The other suitors did not like his behavior as they knew that many times Gods came down to earth disguised as beggars to test the mortals, they were now afraid. Penelope, who had heard the commotion, entered the room. She took kindly to the stranger and ordered her oldest maid Eurycleia to bathe the beggar’s feet and then rub them with oil. Eurycleia had been Odysseus’ nurse since he was a child, noticed a scar above the hero’s knee as she bathed his feet. He had been attacked by a wild boar while hunting as a young man. Eurycleia recognizes the stranger at once as her master, and embraces him. Odysseus silences her, so that she would not ruin his plot prematurely. The next morning the suitors returned to the palace more insolent than ever but during the night Penelope had thought of a plan. She had found out a bow and arrow that belonged to Odysseus, only Odysseus could handle this bow and arrow. Her plan was to tell her suitors that whoever managed to throw the arrows through twelve rings would be proved as powerful as the God-like Odysseus and would win her hand in marriage. Telemachus instantly saw his mother’s words as an advantage for him and his father and insisted that he would be the first to try to throw the arrows. He might have made it, if Odysseus had not signed him to give up. After he gave up, one by one the suitors took their turn but the bow was too stiff and not even the strongest could bend it. Odysseus who had been certain that nobody would be able to win the contest, had stepped out into the courtyard with Telemachus, he told his son to close all the entrances and exits of the palace and to order his oldest nurse Eurycleia to lock all the servants in to a room. When Odysseus entered the dining room, the last of the suitors had just failed, Odysseus insisted that he took place in the contest, the suitors denied to allow him, but Penelope said that the stranger should also try. Eumaeus handed the bow and arrows to Odysseus who examined the weapons for some time before sending the first arrow through the twelve rings, Telemachus armed now took his place beside his father as Odysseus shot a second arrow through one of the suitor’s neck. The crowd sprung up and searched for their weapons but no weapons were to be found. Odysseus and Telemachus quickly killed all the suitors except for one who was a priest and had treated Odysseus, even as a stranger well. Those of the servants who had consorted with the suitors were hung in the courtyard, where the rest were ordered by Telemachus to clean the dining room where all the dead suitors lay. The battle or the slaughter was now over; the servants embraced Odysseus as Eurycleia ran to tell Penelope that Odysseus was back. When Penelope came and saw Odysseus, she believed that he was a God disguised as her husband, even when she saw the scar on his knee; she still didn’t believe that this was her husband. She told Eurycleia to make up a bed for this man in the hall, Odysseus protested strongly against this, he said that he, himself had carved the double bed out of the living bark of an olive tree and then he asked Penelope if she had found anyone else with this talent. when Penelope heard these words, she knew that this man was Odysseus, her loving husband standing in front of her, she fell into his arms, weeping.
13. Aeneas
Aeneas in Greek mythology
Aeneas was the son of Aphrodite; he was one of the great heroes of the Trojan War, second only to Hector on the Trojan side. When the Greeks destroyed Troy, he managed to escape from the city with his mothers help, carrying his father and his little son on his shoulders. After long wanderings and many difficulties, he finally arrived in Italy, where he killed those who opposed to his entering the country, married the king’s daughter and founded a city. He was always thought of as the real founder of Rome as Romulus and Remus, the actual founders, were born in the city that son built, Alba Longa.
When he had first set sail from Troy, many Trojans had joined him, all were eager to find some place to settle, but nobody knew where that place should be. Many times the men had tried to build a city but bad omens or misfortunes had always driven them away. At last Aeneas had been told in a dream that the place that he should go to was in the west, called Italy today but was then called Hesperia, the Western country. When he had had this dream, he was in Crete, and although the Promised Land was far away he immediately started the journey towards the land where he would be able to call home. If he had then known of the troubles that he would meet on this journey he would not have been so eager to rush in to making the journey.
At his first stop, he came across the Harpies which Jason and the Argonauts had already previously done. The Greek heroes had been bolder or better swordsmen, they had been on the point of killing the horrid creatures when Iris intervened, but the Trojans were driven away by them, and forced to sail away to escape them.
At their next stop, to their amazement they met Andromache, Hector’s wife. When troy had been destroyed, she had been taken by Neoptolemus as a servant. Achilles’ son, Neoptolemus had soon abandoned her for Hermione, Helen’s daughter, but he did not survive this marriage for long and after his death, Andromache had married the Trojan prophet Helenus. They were now ruling the country and welcomed Aeneas and his men with joy. They entertained them with the richest hospitality and before they bade them farewell, Helenus gave them some useful advice about their journey. They must not land on the nearest coast of Italy which was the East coast because it was full of Greeks. Their destined home was on the West coast, towards the North, but they must not take the short way there which was to go up between Sicily and Italy because those waters were guarded by Scylla and Charybdis, which the Argonauts had managed to pass only with the help of Thetis. He gave Aeneas careful directions of how to avoid Scylla and Charybdis, by making a long circle around Sicily, and reaching Italy from the North side.
When the Trojans had left their kind hosts and had reached the south west part of Sicily, they had to stop to rest. Helenus, however, for all his powers had not been aware that the south west part of Sicily had been taken over by the Cyclops. Aeneas and his men escaped the Cyclops by sailing into deep waters so that the Cyclops could not reach them. They escaped that peril, but only to meet another as great. While they were sailing around Sicily, they were struck by a storm such as they had never seen before or since. It was clear to them that the storm was not a physical phenomenon and in point of fact Hera was behind it.
Hera hated all Trojans, since Paris had judged Aphrodite more beautiful than her, she had been Troy’s worst enemy during the war, and she especially hated Aeneas as she knew that Rome would be founded by his descendants, men of Trojan blood. Hera did her best to drown Aeneas and would have achieved her goal if Poseidon had not seen what she had done and calmed the seas and made it possible for the Trojans to reach land. They had been blown by the storm from Sicily to the North Coast of Africa. The place where they arrived was close to the Carthage and Hera immediately began to plan how she could make their arrival to their disadvantage.
Carthage (today known as Tunisia), had been founded and was ruled by a widow named Dido. Hera’s plan was to make Aeneas, who had lost his wife on the day he had left Troy, fall in love with Dido and settle down there with her, forgetting his plans of making Italy into his home. Hera’s plan would have worked if it hadn’t have been for Aphrodite. She asked for Zeus help to allow Dido to fall in love with Aeneas, in order for her to protect him as long as he was in her country but to encourage him to later carry on his journey to Italy. Dido fell in love with Aeneas and they lived together for a long time, but when Aeneas decided to leave and to continue his journey to Italy, as he and his men sailed away they saw a large flame arise in Carthage. Dido had killed herself for her love towards Aeneas.
The journey from Carthage to Italy was easy compared to what they had previously been through. Once they reached Italy, Aeneas had been told by the prophet Helenus to seek the cave of the Sibyl of Cumae, a woman of deep wisdom, who could foretell the future and advise him on what to do next. When he found this wise woman she told him that she would guide him to the underworld where his father Anchises who had died before the great storm, would tell him all he needed to know in order for him to enter the underworld, first he must find in the forest a golden bough growing on a tree, he must break off the bough and take it with him. At first it was difficult to find the golden bough but finally he found it and descended into Hades, after many dangerous meetings with spirits and adventures he found his father who greeted him with joy. They had much to say to each other. Anchises led Aeneas to Lethe, the river of forgetfulness, of which the souls on their way to live again in the world above must all drink. He spent some time showing his son all their descendants who sat by the river waiting for their turn to drink the water and lose the memory of what in their former lives had suffered and done. Finally Anchises gave his son instructions of how he would best establish his home in Italy and how he could avoid all the difficulties that lay before him. After they said their farewells, Aeneas returned to his ships and the next day they sailed up to the coast of Italy in search of their promised home.
Terrible trials awaited the little band of adventurers; once again it was Hera that caused the trouble for the Trojans. She made the most powerful people of the country fiercely oppose to the Trojans settling there. If it had not been for Hera things would have worked out well for them. A war started in Italy, which lasted for many years. The story ends with Aeneas killing Turnus who was the leader of the Italian warriors, marrying Lavinia, the king’s daughter and building a great city in Italy. At last he had found himself a home.
14. Great families in Greek mythology
THE HOUSE OF ATREUS
Greek mythology
The House of Atreus is one of the most famous families in Greek mythology. Agamemnon, who led the Greeks in to the war against Troy, belonged to this family. All of his immediate family, his wife Clytemnestra, his children, Iphigenia, Orestes and Electra, were as well known as he was. His brother was Menelaus, the husband of Helen, for whose sake the Trojan War was fought. It was an ill fated house, the cause of all the misfortunes was held to be an ancestor. A King of Lydia called Tantalus had brought upon himself a terrible punishment through a wicked deed. The evil that he had started continued after his death. His descendants were also responsible for wicked deeds and were punished. A curse seemed to hang over the family, making almost all the men sin and invite suffering and death down upon themselves and the innocent. Thus Tantalus became one of the inhabitants of the underworld as punishment of his evil deeds.
TANTALUS AND NIOBE
Tantalus was the son of the great Zeus; he was honored by the Gods more than the other mortal children of Zeus. They allowed him to eat nectar and ambrosia at their table. In return for the favors that he received from the Gods, he killed his only son Pelops and boiled him in a large cauldron then called the Gods to dine with him in his palace on earth believing that the Gods would not know what they were being served. The Gods of course knew and drew back from the horrible banquet, deciding to punish Tantalus so badly that no other mortal, having heard his story would ever try to deceive the Gods again. His punishment was to be set in a pool in Hades where he would always be thirsty but when he bent down to drink the crystal clear water, it dried up and he was always hungry but when he tried to reach for the heavy, juicy fruit that grew on the trees around him, the fruit would dry up before he could grasp it. His never dying always would be athirst and his hunger never satisfied.
Tantalus’ daughter, Niobe, lost all her children and was then turned to stone. His son, Pelops, was murdered, cooked, and restored to life, where the Gods gave him good fortune. His grandsons, Atreus and Thyestes, struggled all their life for power, and Atreus committed a variation of Tantalus’ cannibalistic trick with Thyestes’ children. His great-grandson, Agamemnon, was murdered by another great-grandson, Aegisthus, who was in turn killed by another great-great-grandson, Orestes.
IPHIGENIA AMONG THE TAURIANS
Greek mythology
The Gods did not like human beings being sacrificed to them, any mortal that did such a thing was considered to be evil. When the Goddess Artemis had realized that Iphigenia’s mother and father had their daughter stood on the altar ready to be sacrificed to her, Artemis, snatched her away and transported her to the Tauroi, making her immortal, and put a deer in place of the girl upon the altar.” The goddess swept the young princess off to Tauris where she became a priestess at the Temple of Artemis. Iphigenia’s mother and the other mortals who had taken place on the scene were sure that Iphigenia had been carried away to heaven. The Taurians worshiped both Artemis and Iphigenia, until one day Iphigenia’s brother Orestes and his faithful friend Pylades arrived there; after a while, they recognized Iphigenia’s identity and she helped them to steal an image from Artemis’ temple, in order for her to be free from this country and to able to return alive to her home country. The Taurians tried to stop the Greeks from leaving their country alive but Iphigenia spoke to them and at last they managed to sail their ship to the seas beyond.
15. The Royal house of Thebes
CADMUS AND HIS CHILDREN
When Europa was carried away by Zeus disguised as a bull, her father sent her two brothers to find her. One brother, Cadmus, went to Delphi to ask Apollo where she was. Apollo told him to stop looking and build a city of his own. The God said that he would find a heifer after leaving Delphi and she would lead him to the place. This is how Thebes was founded. He first had to kill a dragon that guarded a nearby spring. This dragon was killing all his men! He killed it, and with the help and advice of Athena, built the city. Cadmus’ wife was called Harmonia. They had four daughters (Semele, Ino, Agave, Autonoe) and one son. All of the daughters led tragic and miserable lives. Semele died in front of the unveiled glory of Zeus. Ino’s husband was struck with madness and killed their son, Melicertes. With his dead body, Ino jumped into the sea and the Gods saved them both. Dionysus drove Agave mad and she killed her son Pentheus, because she thought that he was a lion. Autonoe’s son accidentally stumbled upon Artemis’ bathing area, then Artemis changed him into a deer and he was killed by his own dogs. After the death of Pentheus, Cadmus and Harmonia left Thebes to get far away from all this misfortune. However, it didn’t work and they were turned into serpents when they reached Illyria. Their story proves that the innocent suffer as often as the guilty for no reason.
OEDIPUS
King Laius of Thebes was the third descendant of Cadmus. His wife was called Jocasta. Apollo, who was the God of Truth sent him an oracle, that warned King Laius that one day his own son would kill him. Everyone knew it was futile to try and change an oracle, but Laius tried anyway. When his son was born, he had his feet tied together and left him on a lonely mountain to die. He believed he had succeeded in freeing himself from the oracle. Many years later, he was away from home and he and all his men, but one, were killed by bandits. This case was pretty much left alone because Thebes had bigger problems at the time. A Sphinx, a creature shaped like a winged lion, but with the face and breast of a maiden, laid waiting outside the gates of the city. The Sphinx stopped every traveler and asked them a riddle. If they couldn’t answer it, she would eat them; none of the travelers succeeded. The Sphinx was brought to an end when one man, Oedipus, answered her riddle correctly. Oedipus was a wanderer far away from his hometown of Corinth. He left because an oracle revealed that he would kill his father, supposedly Polybus, but he wouldn’t allow that. The grateful citizens made him king and he married Jocasta. When the two sons of Jocasta and Oedipus were men, a horrible famine hit Thebes. Apollo declared that the only way it would stop was if King Laius’ murderer was punished. Oedipus sent out a search for this person. He asked Tiresias, a blind prophet, to reveal his identity. Tiresias was reluctant, but the answer finally came out. The murderer was—Oedipus himself! Oedipus thought this was totally crazy! Jocasta told him the story of King Laius’ death. When he found that King Laius had been murdered just before he had arrived in Thebes and he had been with five men, things clicked. Oedipus had killed some men on his way to Thebes. One of the survivors of that catastrophe was sent for. A messenger from Corinth came to announce the death of Polybus. The messenger tells Oedipus that he is not the son of Polybus. When the old survivor enters, the messenger recognises him as the man who gave the baby to him. They reveal that Oedipus actually was the son of Laius. The prophecy had come true. Oedipus had killed his own father, married his own mother and had children that people would shiver to look at. He searched for his wife and mother and finds she had killed herself because the truth had gotten out. He punished himself by poking out his eyes. He would now enter a dark world of refuge.
ANTIGONE
Perseus in Greek mythology
After Jocasta’s death and all the evils that came with it, Oedipus lived on in Thebes while his children were growing up. He had two sons, Polyneices and Eteocles, and two daughters Antigone and Ismene. They were unfortunate young people, but far from being monsters people would shudder to behold. Oedipus and Polyneices abdicated the throne because of the bad family status, and Jocasta’s brother, Creon, was accepted as regent. After a while Oedipus was expelled from Thebes and his daughters were his only friends; his sons had helped to expel him. After Oedipus was gone, his sons both competed for the throne. Eteocles succeeded and expelled his brother from Thebes. Polyneices took refuge in Argos where he assembled an army to go against Thebes.
As Antigone and Oedipus were wandering, they came to an area near Athens where the Furies, now Benign Goddesses had a place sacred to them as a rest for suppliants. The place was called Colonus. It was here that Oedipus died. Finally, at the end of his life Oedipus was happy. Ismene had come from Thebes and was with her sister when Oedipus died. They both returned to Thebes and found their brothers fighting. Each brother had seven champions that would fight with them. The sisters, because they couldn’t take sides, stayed in the palace waiting for one to kill the other.
A young boy who had not yet become a man had been killed. His name was Menoeceus. Tiresias had said that Thebes would only have been saved with his death. Menoeceus was Creon’s son but Creon could not kill him. Creon told his son to leave but Menoeceus had insisted on fighting for his country, as he had no skills as a warrior he was soon killed. Nothing was happening between the armies so they left the two brothers to fight, in the end they killed each another. Creon then made a law saying that anybody that provided Polyneices or his army with a burial would be killed. This law was to punish the dead and make them wander forever. Burying the dead would give them an abiding place to rest in. Eteocles and his army were given great burials. Antigone and Ismene were shocked at this law. Antigone said that it was wrong not to bury the dead and against her sister’s wishes, Antigone buried her brother, Polyneices and made a sacrifice. The King’s men caught her and she was questioned then put to death, Ismene was never heard of after Antigone’s death.
THE SEVEN AGAINST THEBES
Greek mythology
Polyneices had been given a burial at the expense of his sister’s life, but five of the chieftains who had marched with him on Thebes lay unburied. Adrastus was the only one alive out of the seven. He went to Theseus, the king of Athens and begged him to allow the five men to be buried. Theseus refused, but then his mother, Aethra stepped in and told Theseus that he was supposed to defend all who had been wronged and that this was one of those occasions. Theseus agreed, but insisted on asking his people first. His people would tell Thebes that they wanted to be on good terms but could not see a wrong like that being committed. A messenger suddenly appeared from Thebes asking for the King of Athens. Theseus answered that there was neither a king nor a leader in Athens but that the people ruled for themselves. Theseus gave this message to the messenger to take back to Creon, the leader of Thebes. Creon would not listen and so the Athenians fought against and conquered Thebes. Then they washed, covered and buried the dead. The families and wives of the five men were somewhat comforted and Adrastus spoke the last words for each man but Evadne, Capaneus’ wife, who jumped into the blazing pyre and killed herself in order to go to the underworld with her husband. Most mothers were now at peace knowing that their son’s souls had been put to rest but the sons were not. They vowed revenge on Thebes and ten years later they conquered Thebes. Tiresias, the seer died when escaping during the flight of all Thebans. When Thebes fell, the Greeks had not yet sailed to the Trojan land. Diomedes, the son of Tydeus was one of the bravest warriors that later fought before the walls of Troy.
16. The Royal house of Athens
This family was especially marked, even among the other mythological families, by the peculiar happening which visited its members. There is nothing stranger told in any story than some of the events in their lives.
CECROPS
Cecrops was the first King of Attica. He did not have any human ancestors and he, himself, was half-dragon. He was held responsible for the Goddess Athena becoming the protector of the city of Athens. Because of his choice of Athena over Poseidon, Poseidon became angry with Cecrops. He would often send floods and storms to the city as punishment. Others stories say the Cecrops was merely an ordinary man. He was the son of Erechtheus of Athens, whose reign is said to have begun agriculture.
PROCNE AND PHILOMELA
Procne and Philomela were sisters. The elder of the two, Procne, who married Tereus of Thrace. Tereus seemed to be a man who embodied all the detestable qualities. The two had a son, named Itys. Five years after the birth of their first son, Procne begged Tereus to let her see her family whom she had been isolated from. He reluctantly assented and decided to go with Procne. As soon as Tereus laid eyes on Philomela, he fell in love with her. He thought she was as beautiful as a Nymph. Tereus told Philomela that he had received news of Procne’s death and forced her into a pretense marriage. Soon Philomela found out the truth. This angered her and she threatened to tell the world and make Tereus an outcast among men. This brought fury and fear to Tereus. He cut her tongue out so that she could tell no-one, and left her in a heavily guarded place. He told Procne that she had died along the road. In those days people could not write so Philomela’s case seemed hopeless. Back in those times the only thing she could do was draw. She decided to weave her story. She was so good that her finished product told of what had happened to her. She had an old lady deliver it to Procne. This outraged Procne. She first freed Philomela, then saw her child. His resemblance to her father struck her and she killed him. She served him up to Tereus for dinner that night. Later she told him what she had done. For a moment he could not move, and the sisters started to run. He later chased them down and was about to kill them when the Gods changed them all into birds. Procne felt bad about what she had done to her son. Procne became the nightingale who sang the saddest story of all. Philomela became a swallow who can never sing, but can only twitter. Tereus became an ugly hawk.
PROCRIS AND CEPHALUS
The niece of these unfortunate sisters was called Procris, and she was as unfortunate as they had been. She was married happily to Cephalus, a grand-son of the king of the winds Aeolus. Procris and Cephalus had only been married a couple of weeks when Aurora took Cephalus away. Even with all her tricks, the beautiful and radiant goddess could not get him to love her. Annoyed at his devotion, Aurora told Cephalus he could go back, but his wife probably wasn’t even faithful. This made Cephalus go mad with jealousy. He decided that she was so beautiful and he could never satisfy himself until he had totally proved that she had been unfaithful to him. He disguised himself and went into his household. Here he found that he was being missed and that Procris desperately wanted him back. He still did not give up on his plans. He would try passionately to make her love him as a stranger. He would try to make love to her; he would try everything in his power. She would only say that she was faithful to her Cephalus. One day he went overboard. He tried petitions, persuasions, and promises. For a moment she did not strongly oppose him, but didn’t love him either. He became enraged. “O false and shameless woman, I am your husband. By my own witness you are a traitor!” she looked at him, and her love turned to hate. How cruel he had been to do this. She ran away into the mountains. Realising his error, and how senseless he had really been he ran after her. He tried to make it up to her and after a while, they got back together again. They had some happy years together. Procris gave Cephalus a javelin that always hit its target. One day when hunting together, they separated to hunt game and Cephalus heard some noise in the bushes and threw his javelin. He went to see his prey when he noticed that it was Procris dead, pierced in the heart.
ORITHYIA AND BOREAS
Greek mythology
One of the sisters of Procris was Orithyia. Boreas, the north wind fell in love with her, but her father Erechtheus, and the Athenians were opposed to his suit. Because of Procne’s and Philomela’s sad fate and the fact that the wicked Tereus came from the north, they had developed a hatred for all who lived there and refused to give the maiden to Boreas. They were foolish to think that they could keep what the great North Wind wanted and one day when Orithyia was playing on the river bank with her sisters, Boreas swept down in a great gust and carried her away. The two sons that she bore him, Zetes and Calais, went on the Quest for the Golden Fleece with Jason.
CREUSA AND ION
Creusa was the sister of Orithyia and Procris. She too was an unfortunate woman. One day, when she was still a child, she was out in the fields picking flowers and was about to turn home when a man appeared out of nowhere. He was a handsome man, and was Apollo himself. She screamed, but he still carried her off to a dark cave. Even though he was a God, she hated him. When the baby was born, he provided no assistance. The bottom line was that she could be killed for having a baby. Under these circumstances, she left the baby in the cave to die. Years later, out of sorrow and curiosity, she went back to see what had become of the baby. There were no bloodstains in the cave. A wild animal had at least not eaten him. The strange thing was that the clothes she had given him where gone. She determined that a great bird must have taken him away. Her father gave Xuthus, a man whom had helped him in the war, Creusa’s hand in marriage. Xuthus was a foreigner. They desperately wanted to have a child, although they could not. They decided to go to Delphi, the city to go when in need of something. Creusa left her husband in the city to go the shrine. There she met a young boy who was the gatekeeper. She wondered why such a young boy was in charge of the holy of holies. She asked him where he came from. He replied that he did not know, though the people of the temple found him lying on the stairs and raised him up. He was proud that he did not serve men, but Gods. She began to cry. The boy asked her why she was doing this because Delphi was the city where pilgrims came to rejoice. She told him that she had come to find out what had happened to a baby she had known while her husband sought a child. She told the story of how Apollo had come and had a child with her. The boy grew angry and said that it was not true, that Apollo would not do that. She replied that she was positive. The boy said she must not try to make Apollo a villain. Xuthus then came and told Ion that he was his son. This made Creusa mad that some unknown child was to be their son. Ion gave Xuthus a strange look and Creusa then saw the clothes that she had given to her son that she had thought was dead. Ion was indeed her son and hugged him, but he backed away angrily. Pallas Athena appeared in a vision and revealed the story. After this Creusa and him hugged each other with perfect joy. It was declared that Ion was to be a King.
MIDAS
King Midas in Greek mythology
Midas, whose name has today become synonymous for riches and avarice, profited little from his riches. His experience of possessing them lasted for less than a day and curiously threatened him with a rapid demise. He was an example of sinful folly, for he meant no harm; he merely did not give the matter any intelligent thought. His story amply suggests that he was not enriched in this department.
He was the King of Phrygia in West central Anatolia, and he was known for the ornate rose gardens decorating his palace. Once, when Dionysus was leading his army onto India, old Silenus strayed into the King’s rose gardens while drunk. The fat old drunk had fallen asleep in the rose beds and was found by the servants of the palace. The servants bound him with rosy garlands, set a flowering wreath on his head, woke him up and took him to Midas. Midas welcomed him, as he recognized him as being Dionysus’ faithful companion and entertained him for ten days, then he took him back to Dionysus, who was so happy to have him back that he promised Midas that he would grant a wish. Midas, in his avarice, wished that whatever he touched would turn to gold. Dionysus had no other choice but to grant the King’s wish even though he could foresee what would happen at the next meal. Midas tried his new power on all matter of things like stones and walls and saw nothing until the food he lifted to his mouth became a lump of metal. Dismayed and very hungry and thirsty he was forced to return to the God and implore him to retract the favor. Dionysus instructed him to go and wash himself in the River Pactolus and then he would lose the fatal gift. He did so, and that was said to be the reason why gold was found in the sands of the river.
In another tale, Midas acted as the judge of a music contest between the gods Apollo and Pan, the God of the Pastures. Midas declared Pan the winner, and the angry Apollo gave the king the ears of a donkey. Midas wore a hat to hide the ears and made his barber swear never to tell anyone the embarrassing secret. Unable to keep the secret, the barber dug a hole and whispered into it, “King Midas has the ears of an ass.” Reeds later grew from the hole, and whenever a breeze blew through them, they whispered the secret to anyone who was nearby.
ASCLEPIUS
Aesculapius, Greek mythology
Asclepius was the god of medicine and reputed ancestor of the Asklepiades, the ancient Greek doctors’ guild.
He was the son of Apollon and the beautiful Trikkaian Princess Koronis. His mother had died in labor and was laid out on the pyre to be consumed, but his father rescued the child, cutting him from her womb. From this he received the name Asclepius “to cut open”. The boy was raised by the kentauros (centaur) Kheiron who instructed him in the school of medicine. Asclepius grew so skilled in the craft that he was able to restore the dead to life. However, because this was a crime against the natural order, Zeus destroyed him with a thunderbolt. After his death Asclepius was placed among the stars as the constellation Ophiochus (“the Serpent Holder”). Some say his mother was also set in the heavens as Corvus, the crow (korônê in Greek). Asklepios’ apotheosis into godhood occurred at the same time. He was sometimes identified with Homer’s Paion, the physician of the gods.
Asclepius was depicted as a kindly, bearded man holding a serpent-entwined staff. He is almost completely absent from ancient Greek vase painting, but statues of the god are quite common.
THE DANAIDS
The Danaids in Greek mythology
The story of the Danaids begins before they were born.
Long ago, there were these two brothers who had some serious sibling rivalry afoot. One was named Danaus, and he was the King of Libya. The other was King Aegyptus of Egypt. Anyway, while each brother was officially friendly towards the other – they both coveted the land of the other. What made matters worse was that each brother had fifty children. Aegyptus had fifty sons and Danaus had fifty daughters (now what are the odds of that happening, I ask you!). Aegyptus thought this worked out perfectly – his sons would marry Danaus’ daughters (the Danaids), and their children would rule both kingdoms.
Danaus was not a fan of this plan. Aegyptus’ sons were rough, coarse and rowdy and wouldn’t have made great sons-in-law. Plus, Danaus was getting a touch of empty-nest syndrome – I mean, it’s hard to say goodbye to your child, but imagine saying goodbye to all fifty of them at once! The problem was that King Danaus didn’t have the power to begin a war against his brother – Aegyptus had the required power (in more ways than one) to bring a serious conflict to Danaus. Thus Danaus feared that Aegyptus’ sons would come and take the Danaids away by force. So “secretly” he built a ship, a beautiful ship, with fifty oars, and he fled with his daughters to Greece. They landed in Argos, and the people there saw the ship rowed by the fifty shining princesses and were awed! They made Danaus their king – and since he was trying to avoid publicity this didn’t work out so well. But the people believed that Danaus had been sent from the Gods and wouldn’t take no for an answer.
The danaids, Greek mythology
Perhaps he was sent from the Gods, for his reign in Argos was a time of peace and prosperity. That is, until the day that another fifty-oared ship landed in Argos. This may shock you, but somehow Aegyptus’ fifty sons had found out about the Danaids migration and followed to claim their brides. Danaus was still too afraid to oppose them, so he agreed to their demands and prepared a decadent wedding feast – but before they were married he brought his daughters around him. To each of his fifty daughters he gave a dagger and instructed them to murder their new husbands as soon as they were alone.
That may sound like an easy decision: stay with your parents for the rest of your life and murder a beautiful and relatively innocent man who loves you, or marry the beautiful and virile man. But it wasn’t so simple. Back then, there were laws and stritures that said people must obey their fathers – especially daughters had to obey their fathers, or risk being turned out without any support whatsoever, which could easily mean death. So when faced with the decision, forty-nine of the Danaids obeyed Danaus and slaughtered their husbands. However, only Hypermnestra, the oldest daughter of Danaus, didn’t obey. Lynceus, the oldest son of Aegyptus, honoured her wish to remain a virgin, so by the end of the night, Hypermnestra was pretty clear that murder was not her goal. The two ran away to avoid Danaus’ wrath, and to have a happy life together.
They did, too.
But back in Argos, Danaus and his other daughters weren’t having such a great time. Despite his efforts, no one really wanted to marry a princess who had slit her last husband’s throat on the marriage bed. That somehow dampened some peoples’ ardour. So basically the rest of the poor Danaids lived the rest of their lives with no companions save each other and remained virgins! Hardly a happy, fulfilled or productive life.
Even Danaus recognized that the whole virginity issue wasn’t such a great idea. He needed an heir, and his daughters weren’t giving him one. So he had to track down Hypermnestra and Lynceus and bring them back. They ruled Argos after him and had a son named Acrisius. Acrisius had a daughter. And her name was Danae.
GLAUCUS AND SCYLLA
Glaucus and Skylla in Greek mythology
Ovid tells us that Glaucus was a fisherman who had been fishing one day from a green meadow that sloped down to the sea. He had spread his catch out on the green grass and was counting the fish when he saw them all begin to stir and then, moving towards the water, slip into it and swim away. He was amazed. He was not sure if a God had done this or if there was a strange power in the grass. He picked some grass and ate it, an irresistible longing for the sea came over him and he could not deny it. He ran and jumped into the waves. The sea gods accepted him kindly and called on Oceanus and Tetus to take his mortality away and to turn him into a God. A hundred rivers poured their water upon him; he fainted in the rushing flood. When he recovered he had become a sea God with green hair like the sea and fins with a fish-tail body. To the dwellers in the water a familiar form but strange to the dwellers on the earth. Scylla liked his appearance when she was bathing in the sea and he rose from the sea. She was afraid at first and ran to a safe distance away from where she could watch him. Glaucus told her that he was no monster but a God with power over the waters and that he loved her. Scylla ran away from him and was soon gone. Glaucus was in despair as he had fallen in love with Scylla and visited Circe, a sorceress, and beg her for a love potion in order to melt Scylla’s hard heart. As he told Circe his tale of love, Circe fell in love with him, she spoke to him with the sweetest words but Glaucus did not return her love, he could not get over his great love for Scylla. Circe was very angry and jealous of Scylla; she prepared a bail full of poison and poured the poison into the bay where she knew that Scylla often bathed. As soon as Scylla next bathed in the bay, she was turned into a monster, out from her body fierce dogs heads and serpents grew, as the beastly forms were a part of her she could not rid herself of them. She stood there rooted to a rock and in her misery she hated everything and everyone that came within her reach. She was a danger to all sailors that passed close to her, as Jason, Odysseus and Aeneas found out.
ERYSICHTHON
Greek mythology
Erysichthon was an arrogant man lacking in reverence. This is the only myth in which Ceres appears cruel and vindictive. Erysichthon cut down the tallest oak in a grove that was sacred to Demeter. His servants did not agree when he ordered them to cut the great tree down, so he seized an axe himself and attacked the great trunk where the dryads used to dance around. Blood flowed from the tree as he struck it and a voice was heard that warned him that he would surely be punished by Ceres for this crime. These marvels did not scare him off but he continued to strike until the great oak fell to the ground. The Dryads rushed to Ceres to tell her what had happened and she was deeply offended and promised to punish the criminal in a way never known before. Ceres dispatched famine to dwell in his stomach so that he would never be able to sate his hunger and that no abundance shall ever satisfy him. He will starve when eating food, Famine obeyed the command and caught Erysichthon while he slept and she wrapped her thin arms around him, she filled him with herself and planted hunger within him. He woke starving and called for something to eat, the more he ate the more he wanted, he ate and ate but was never satisfied. At last he had spent all his wealth on food and had nothing else left but his daughter, so he sold her too, but in the sea where his daughter’s new ship lay, she prayed to Poseidon to rescue her and the Sea God heard her prayer and transformed her into a fisherman. Her new master now only saw a fisherman on the beach, whom he called to and inquired whether he had seen a young girl moments ago. The fisherman swore by the God of the Sea that no man or woman had come to this shore except for himself. When the master left, the girl returned to her previous form, she then returned to her father and told him what had happened; there he saw an endless opportunity to make money this way. He sold her again and again and each time Poseidon transformed her into a different creature and each time she escaped from her master and returned to her father. At last when the money she had earned for her father in order to sate his hunger was not enough, he consumed his own body.
POMONA AND VERTUMNUS
Pomona and Vertumnus were Roman divinities, not Greek. Pomona was the only nymph that did not love the wild woodland. She cared for fruits and orchards alone and gardening was her favorite art. She had shut herself away from all men, alone with her beloved trees. Of all men that sought her Vertumnus, the God of gardens and orchards, was the most ardent, but he could make no headway. At last Vertumnus, persisted, and finally won her by appearing to her in his own true beauty. Pomona and Vertumnus were listed among the Numina, or guardian spirits of Roman mythology, who watched over people or over aspects of the home or fields, in their case, of course, orchards and gardens. She had her own priest in Rome, and a grove sacred to her called the Pomonal that was located not far from Ostia, the old port of Rome.
17. Short myths
AMALTHEA
In one myth Amalthea was a goat on whose milk, Zeus as an infant was fed with, in another myth, she was a young nymph that owned the goat. It was said that she had a horn in the middle of her head that was always full of whatever food and drink people around her wished for. Her horn was known as the horn of plenty.
THE AMAZONS
The Amazons were a nation of women, all warriors and men-haters. They used to live around the Caucasus and their chief city was Themiscyra. Strangely enough, they inspired artists to make statues and pictures of them far more than poets to write about them. They invaded Lycia and were repulsed by Bellerophon. They invaded Phrygia when Priam was young and Attica when Theseus was king. He had taken away their queen and they were trying to rescue her, but Theseus defeated them. In the Trojan War, they fought the Greeks under their queen, Penthesilea, according to a story not mentioned in the Iliad, told by Pausanias. He said that queen Penthesilea was killed by Achilles, who mourned for her as she lay dead, so young and so beautiful.
AMYMONE
Amymone was one of the Danaids. Her father had sent her to draw water from a spring when a satyr saw her and pursued her. Poseidon hard her cry for help, loved her and saved her from the satyr. With his trident he made her honor the spring which bears her name.
ANTIOPE
Antiope was a princess of Thebes that bore two sons to Zeus, Zethus and Amphion. Fearing her father’s anger she left the children on a lonely mountain as soon as they were born, but they were discovered by a herdsman and brought up by him. The man then ruling Thebes, Lycus, and his wife Dirce, treated Antiope with great cruelty until she determined to hide herself from them. Somehow they recognized her or she recognized them, and gathering a band of their friends, they went to the palace to avenge her. They killed Lycus and brought a terrible death upon Dirce, tying her by her hair to a bull. The brothers threw her body into the spring which was ever after called by her name.
ARACHNE
Arachne was a young maiden from Lydia, who had been gifted the art of weaving. Not only were her finished products beautiful to look at, but the very act of her weaving was a very beautiful sight. People abandoned their own duties to watch over Arachne weaving. When one day she was asked if the Goddess of weaving, Athena had taught Arachne how to weave, she laughed and was offended that her weaving had been mentioned in second to Athena’s weaving and so she answered that her products were more beautiful than the Goddess’. Athena heard the young maiden’s comments and was offended, she decided to give Arachne a second chance and transformed herself into an old beggar and approached Arachne. She advised Arachne not to offend the Gods but Arachne told the old beggar to save his breath and that if Athena was offended by her work then she would agree to participate in a contest against her whenever the goddess wished. Athena accepted the challenge and revealed her true form. The people that had been watching Arachne weaving shrunk back in fear at the sight of the goddess but Arachne held her head up high and stuck to her claim. Athena weaved a beautiful scene of Poseidon and the salt water spring, herself with an olive tree and gifts at her temple in the city of Athens. The bystanders watched this scene appearing out of threads, with wide eyes. Arachne, created a tapestry with scenes of Zeus’ various infidelities: Leda, holding a swan, Europa on the back of a bull, Danae standing in the golden rain shower. The creatures in the tapestry looked alive and even Athena herself was forced to admit that Arachne’s work was much better than her own. Athena was furious at losing Arachne’s challenge and so she tor the tapestry to pieces and destroyed the loom. Athena made Arachne feel so guilty at winning the challenge that she hung herself, but then Athena took pity on Arachne and brought her back to life but not as a mortal, as a spider so that she and her descendants to hang forever from threads and weave for the rest of their time.
ARION
Arion is said to be a real person, a poet that lived about 700 B.C, but none of his poems have ever reached us, and all that is well known about him is the story about his escape from death, which is quite like a mythological story. He had traveled from Corinth to Sicily in order to participate in a music contest. He was a master of the lyre and he won the prize. On his return journey, his sailors coveted the prize and planned to kill him. Apollo appeared to Arion in a dream and told him of the danger in front and of how he could save his life. When his sailors attacked him, he begged them for a favor before he died, he asked to be able to play and sing for one last time, the sailors accepted this wish and at the end of his song, Arion flung himself into the sea, where dolphins, who had been drawn to the ship by his enchanted music, bore him up as he sank and carried him to the nearest land.
ARISTAEUS
Aristaeus was a bee-keeper; he was the son of Apollo and the water nymph Cyrene. When all his bees died for some unknown cause, he went to his mother for help. She told him that Proteus, the wise old God of the sea could show him how to avoid another similar disaster, but would only do so if compelled. Aristaeus must seize the God and chain him, a very difficult task, as Menelaus on his way home from Troy found out. Proteus had the magic ability to change himself into many different forms, however if his captor was resolute enough to hold him fast through all the changes, he would finally give in and answer the question that he had been asked. Aristaeus followed the directions that his mother had given him and went to Proteus’ favorite haunt, the island of Pharos, or otherwise called Karpathos. There he managed to seize Proteus and not let him go, in spite of all the terrible forms he assumed, until the god was discouraged and returned to his own shape. Then he told Aristaeus to sacrifice to the Gods and leave the carcasses of the animals in the place of sacrifice. Nine days later, he must go back and examine the bodies. Once again Aristaeus did as he had been told, and on the ninth day, he found a marvel, a great swarm of bees in one of the carcasses. He was never again troubled by any blight or disease among his bees.
AURORA AND TITHONUS
Tithonus was the husband of Aurora, the goddess of the dawn and she had bore the dark-skinned prince Memnon of Ethiopia who was killed at Troy while fighting for the Trojans. Tithonus, himself had had a strange fate. Aurora had asked Zeus to make him immortal and Zeus had agreed, but Aurora had not thought to ask also that he remained young. So, it came to pass that he grew old, but could not die. At last, he was helpless, he was unable to move his hands and legs, he prayed for death but there was no release for him. He must live on forever, with old age forever pressing upon him more and more. At last in pity the goddess laid him in a room and left him there, shutting the door. There he babbled endlessly, his words had no meaning as his mind had gone with the strength of his body. He was only the dry husk of a man. He shrank and shrank in size and at last Aurora with feeling for the natural fitness of things turned him into the skinny and noisy grasshopper.
BITON AND CLEOBIS
Biton and Cleobis were sons of Cydippe, a priestess of Hera. She longed to see a most beautiful statue of the goddess at Argos, made by the great sculptor Polyclitus the Elder, who was said to be as great as his younger contemporary, Phidias. Argos was too far away for her to walk and there were no horse or oxen to draw her. But her two sons determined that she should have her wish. They yoked themselves to a car and drew her all the long way through the dust and heat. Everyone admired their filial piety when they arrived, and the proud and happy mother, standing before the statue prayed that Hera would reward her two sons by giving them the best gift in her power. As she finished her prayer the two lads sank to the ground. They were smiling, and they looked as if they were peacefully asleep; but they were dead.
CALLISTO
Callisto was the daughter of Lycaon, a king of Arcadia who had been changed into a wolf because of his wickedness. He had set human flesh on the table for Zeus when the God had been his guest. His punishment was deserved, but his daughter suffered as terribly as he and she was innocent of all wrong. Zeus had seen her hunting in the train of Artemis and fallen in love with her. Hera, furiously angry, turned the maiden into a bear after her son was born. When the boy had grown up and was out hunting, the goddess brought Callisto before him, intending to have him shoot his mother, in ignorance of course. But Zeus snatched the bear away and placed her among the stars, where she is called the Great Bear. Later her son Arcas was placed beside her and was called the Lesser Bear. Hera, enraged at this honor to her rival, persuaded the God of the sea to forbid the Bears to descend into the ocean like the other stars. They alone of the constellations never set below the horizon.
CHIRON
Chiron was one of the Centaurs, unlike the others who were violent and fierce creatures, Chiron was known everywhere for his goodness and wisdom. The young sons of great heroes were often entrusted to him so he could train and teach them. Achilles was one of his pupils and so was Aesculapius, the great physician; The famous hunter Actaeon, too and many another. He alone among the Centaurs was immortal and yet in the end he died and went to the lower world. Indirectly and unintentionally Hercules was the cause of his dying. He had stopped in to see a Centaur who was a friend of his, Pholus, and being very thirsty he persuaded him to open a jar of wine which was the common property of all the Centaurs. The aroma of the wonderful liquor informed the other Centaurs what had happened and they rushed down to take vengeance on the offender. But Hercules was more than a match for all of them. He fought them off, but in the fight, he accidentally wounded Chiron, who had taken no part in the attack. The wound proved to be incurable and finally Zeus permitted Chiron to die rather than live in pain forever.
CLYTIE
Clytie’s story is unique, for instead of a God in love with an unwilling maiden, here, a maiden is in love with an unwilling God. Clytie loved the Sun-god and He found nothing to love in her. She pined away, sitting on the ground out of doors where she could watch him, turning her face and following him with her eyes as he journeyed over the sky. Sp gazing she was changed into a flower, the sunflower, which ever turns towards the sun.
DRYOPE
Her story, like a number of others, shows how strongly the ancient Greeks disapproved of destroying or injuring a tree. With her sister Iole she went one day to a pool intending to make garlands for the nymphs. She was carrying her little son, and seeking near the water of a lotus tree full of bright blossoms, she plucked some of them to please the baby. To her horror she saw drops of blood flowing down the stem. The tree was really the nymph, Lotis, who fleeing from a pursuer had taken refuge in this form. When Dryope, terrified at the ominous sight, tried to hurry away, her feet would not move; they seemed rooted in the ground. Iole watching her helplessly saw bark beginning to grow upward, covering her body. It had reached her face when her husband came to the spot with her father. Iole cried out what had happened and the two men, rushing towards the tree, embraced the still warm trunk and watered it with their tears. Dryope had time only to declare that she had done no wrong intentionally and beg them to bring her child as often as they could to the tree to play in its shade, and some day to tell him her story so that he would think whenever he saw the spot ‘’Here in this tree trunk my mother is hidden’’. She also begged the men to tell her son never to pick flowers, and to think that every bush could be a Goddess in disguise. Then she could speak no longer, the bark closed over her face. She was gone forever.
EPIMENIDES
Epimenides is a figure of mythology only because of the story of his long sleep. He lived around 600 B.C. and is said as a boy when looking for a lost sheep to have been overcome by a slumber with lasted for fifty seven years. On waking he continued the search for the sheep unaware of what had happened, and found everything changed. He was sent by the oracle at Delphi to purify Athens of a plague. When the grateful Athenians would had given him a large amount of gold and treasures, he refused and asked only that there should be friendship between Athens and his own home, Cnossos in Crete.
ERICTHONIUS
He is the same as Erechtheus. Homer knew only one man of that name. Plato speaks of two. He was the son of Hephaestus reared by Athena, half man, half serpent. Athena gave a chest in which she had put the infant to the three daughters of Cecrops, forbidding them to open it. They did open it, however, and saw in it the serpent like creature. Athena drove them mad as a punishment and in the end they killed themselves, jumping from the acropolis. When Erictonius grew up, he became the king of Athens. His grandson was called by his name, and was the father of the second Cecrops, Procris, Creusa and Orithyia.
HERO AND LEANDER
Leander was a young man living in Abydus, a town on the Hellespont, and Hero was Priestess of Aphrodite in Sestus on the opposite shore. Every night Leander swam across to her, guided by the light, some say of the lighthouse in Sestus, some say of a torch that Hero always set blazing on the top of a tower. One very stormy night the light was blown out by the wind and Leander perished. His body was washed up on the shore and Hero, finding it, killed herself.
THE HYADES
The Hyades were daughters of Atlas and half sisters of the Pleiades. They were the rainy stars, supposed to bring rain because the time of their evening and morning setting, which comes in early May and November, is usually rainy. They were six in number. Dionysus as a baby was entrusted to them by Zeus, and to reward them for their care he set them among the stars.
IBYCUS AND THE CRANES
He is not a mythological character, but a poet that lived about 550 B.C. only a very few fragments of his poems have ever come down to us. All that is known of him is the dramatic story of his death. He was attacked by robbers near Corinth and mortally wounded. A flock of cranes flew by overhead, and he called on them to avenge him. Soon after, over the open theatre in Corinth where a play was being performed to a full house, a flock of cranes appeared, hovering above the crowd. Suddenly, a man’s voice was heard. He cried out as if he was panic-stricken, ‘’the cranes of Ibycus, the avengers!’’ the audience in turn shouted, ‘’the murderer has informed against himself.’’ The man was seized, the other robbers discovered and all put to death.
LETO (LATONA)
She was the daughter of the Titans Phoebe and Coeus. Zeus loved her, but when she was about to bear a child, he abandoned her, afraid of Hera. All countries and islands were afraid for the same reason, and refused to receive her and give her a place where her child would be born. On and on she wandered in desperation until she reached a bit of land which was floating on the sea. It had no foundation, but was tossed hither and thither by waves and winds. It was called Delos and besides being of all islands the most insecure it was rocky and baron. But when Leto set foot on it and asked for refuge, the little isle welcomed her gladly, and at that moment four lofty pillars rose from the bottom of the sea and held the island firmly forever. There Leto’s children were born, Artemis and Phoebus Apollo; And in after years Apollo’s glorious temple stood there, visited by men from all over the world. The barren rock was called ‘’the heaven built isle’’, and from being the most despised it became the most renowned of the islands.
LINUS
In the Iliad a vineyard is described with youths and maidens singing, as they gather the fruit, ‘’a sweet Linus song.’’ This was probably a lament for the young son of Apollo and Psamathe – Linus, who was deserted by his mother, brought up by shepherds, and before he was full-grown torn to pieces by dogs. This Linus was, like Adonis and Hyacinthus, a type of all lovely young life that dies or it is withered before it has born fruit. The Greek word ailion! Meaning ‘’woe for Linus! ’’ Grew to mean no more than the English ‘’alas!’’ and was used in any lament. There was another Linus, the son of Apollo and a Muse, who taught Orpheus and tried to teach Hercules, but was killed by him.
MARPESSA
She was more fortunate than other maidens beloved of the Gods. Idas, one of the heroes of the Caledonian Hunt and also one of the Argonauts, carried her off from her father with her consent. They would have lived happily ever after, but Apollo fell in love with her. Idas refused to give her up; He even dared to fight with Apollo for her. Zeus parted them and told Marpessa to choose which man she would have. She chose the mortal, fearing, certainly not without reason, that the god would have not been faithful to her.
MARSYAS
The flute was invented by Athena, but she threw it away because in order to play it she had to puff out her cheeks and disfigure her face. Marsyas, a satyr, found it and played so enchantingly upon it that he dared to challenge Apollo to a contest. The god won, of course, and punished Marsyas by flaying him.
MELAMPUS
He saved and reared two little snakes when his servants killed the parent snakes, and as pets, they repaid him well. Once when he was asleep they crept upon his couch and licked his ears. He got up in a great fright, but he found what he understood what two birds on his window sill were saying to each other. The snakes had made him able to understand the language of all flying and all creeping creatures. He learned in this way the art of divination as no one ever had, and he became a famous soothsayer. He saved himself, too by his knowledge. His enemies once captured him and kept him a prisoner in a little cell. While in the cell, he heard the worms saying that the roof beam had been almost gnawed through so that it would soon fall and crush all beneath it. At once he told his captors and asked to be moved elsewhere. They did as he said and directly afterward the roof fell in. then they said how great a diviner he was and they freed and rewarded him.
MEROPE
Her husband, Cresphontes, a son of Hercules, and king of Messenia, was killed in a rebellion together with two of his sons. The man who succeeded him, Polyphontes, took her as his wife. But her third son, Aepytus, had been hidden by her in Arcadia. He returned years later pretending to be a man who had slain Aepytus and was kindly received therefore by Polyphontes. His mother however, not knowing who he was, planned to kill her son’s murderer, as she thought him. However, in the end she found out who he was and the two together brought about Polyphontes’ death. Aepytus became king.
THE MYRMIDONS
These were men created by ants on the island of Aegina, in the reign of Aeacus, Achilles’ grandfather, and they were Achilles’ followers in the Trojan War. Not only were they thrifty and industrious, as one would suppose from their origin, but they were also brave. They were changed into men from ants because of one of Hera’s attacks of jealousy. She was angry because Zeus loved Aegina, the maiden for whom the island was named, and whose son Aeacus, became its king. Hera sent a fearful pestilence which destroyed the people by thousands. It seemed that no one would have been left alive. Aeacus climbed to the lofty temple of Zeus and prayed to him, reminding him that he was his son and a son of the woman he had loved. As he spoke he saw a troop of busy ants. He cried to his father to make these ants people as to fill his city once again. A peel of thunder seemed to answer him and that night he dreamed that he saw the ants being transformed into human shape. At daybreak his son Telemon woke him saying that a great host of men was approaching the palace. He went out and saw a multitude, as many as the ants in the number, all crying out that they were his faithful subjects. So Aegina was repopulated from an ant hill and its people were called Myrmidons after the ant (myrmex) from which they had sprung.
NISUS AND SCYLLA
Nisus, king of Megara, had on his head a purple lock of hair which he had been warned never to cut. The safety of his throne depended upon his preserving it. Minos of Crete laid siege to his city, but Nisus knew that no harm would come to it as long as he had the purple lock. His daughter Scylla, used to watch Minos from the city wall and she fell madly in love with him. She could think of no way to make him care for her except by taking her fathers lock of hair to him and enabling him to conquer the town. She did this; She cut it from her fathers head in his sleep and carrying it to Minos she confessed what she had done. He shrank from her in horror and drove her out of his sight. When the city had been conquered and the Cretans launched their ships to sail home, she came rushing to the shore, mad with passion and leaping into the water, seized the rudder of the boat that carried Minos, but at this moment a great eagle scooped down upon her, it was her father whom the gods had saved by changing him into a bird. In terror she let go of her hold and would have fallen into the water, except that suddenly she too became a bird. Some god had pity on her, traitor though she was, because she had sinned through love.
ORION
He was a young man of gigantic stature and great beauty and a mighty hunter. He fell in love with the daughter of the king of Chios, and for love of her, he cleared the island of wild beasts. The spoils of the chase he brought always home to his beloved, whose name is sometimes said to be Aero, sometimes Merope. Her father Oenopion, agreed to give her to Orion, but he kept putting the marriage off. One day when Orion was drunk, he insulted the maiden, and Oenopion appealed to Dionysus to punish him. The god threw him into a deep sleep and Oenopion blinded him. An oracle told him however that he would be able to see again if he went to the east and let the rays of the rising sun fall on his eyes. He went as far east as Lemnos and there he recovered his sight. Instantly he started back to Chios to take vengeance on the king, but he had fled and Orion could not find him. He went on to Crete, and lived there as Artemis’ huntsman. Never less in the end the goddess killed him. Some say that Dawn also called Aurora loved him and that Artemis in jealous anger shot him. Others say that he made Apollo angry and that the god by a trick got his sister to slay him. After his death he was placed in heaven as a constellation, which shows him with a girdle, sword, club and lions skin.
THE PLEIADES
They were the daughter of Atlas, seven in number. Their names were Electra, Maia, Taygete, Alcyone, Merope, Celaeno, and Sterope. Orion perused they but they fled before him and he could never seize any of them. Still he continued to follow them until Zeus pitying them, placed them in the heavens as stars. But it was said that even there Orion continued his pursuit, always unsuccessful, yet persistent. While they lived on earth, one of them, Maia was the mother of Hermes. Another, Electra was the mother of Dardanus, the founder of the Trojan race. Although it is agreed that there were seven of them, only six stars are clearly visible. The seventh is invisible except to those who have especially keen sight.
RHOECUS
Rhoecus, seeing an oak about to fall, prompt it up. The dryad who would have perished with it told him to ask anything he desired and she would give it. He answered that he only wanted her love and she consented. She bade him keep on the alert for she would send him a messenger, a bee to tell him her wishes. But Rhoecus met some friends and forgot all about the bee, so much so when he heard one buzzing he drove it away and hurt it. Returning to the tree, he was blinded by the Dryad, who was angry at the disregard of her words and the injury to her messenger.
SALMONEUS
This man was another example of how fatal it was for mortals to try to imitate the gods. What he did was so foolish however those in later years it was often said that he had gone mad. He pretended to be Zeus. He had a chariot made in such a way that there was a loud clanging of brass when it moved. On the day of Zeus’ festival, he drove it furiously through the town, scattering at the same time fire brands and shouting to the people to worship him because he was Zeus, the thunderer. Instantly there came a crash of real thunder and a flash of lightning. Salmoneus fell from his chariot, dead
The story is often explained as pointing back to a time when weather magic was practiced. Salmoneus, according to this view was a musician trying to bring on a rain storm by imitating it, a common magical method.
SISYPHUS
He was a king of Corinth. One day he chanced to see a mighty eagle, greater and more splendid than any other bird, bearing a maiden to an island not far away. When the river god Asopus, came to him to tell him that his daughter, Aegina had been carried off, he strongly suspected by Zeus and asked his help in finding her, Sisyphus told him what he had seen. Thereby he drew down on himself the relentless wrath of Zeus. In Hades he was punished by having to try forever to roll a rock uphill which forever rolled back upon him. Nor did he help Asopus. The river god went to the island but Zeus drove him away with his thunderbolt. The name of the island was changed to Aegina in honor of the maiden and her son Aeacus was the grand father of Hercules who was called sometimes Aeacides, descendant of Aeacus.
TYRO
Tyro was the daughter of Salmoneus. She bore twin sons to Poseidon-but bearing her father’s displeasure if he learned of the children’s birth, she abandoned them. They were found by the keeper of Salmoneus’ horses, and brought up by him and his wife, who called once Pelias and the other Neleus. Tyro’s husband Cretheus discovered, years later, what her relation with Poseidon had been. In great anger he put her away and married one of her maids, Sidero who ill-treated her. When Cretheus died the twins were told by their foster mother who their real parents were. They went at once to seek out Tyro and discover themselves to her. They found her living in great misery and so they looked for Sidero, to punish her. She had heard of their arrival and she had taken refuge in Hera’s temple. Nevertheless Pelias slew her, defying the goddess’ anger. Hera revenged herself, but only after many years. Pelias’ half brother, the son of Tyro and Cretheus, was the father of Jason whom Pelias had tried to kill by sending him on the quest of the golden fleece. Instead, Jason was indirectly the cause of his death. He was killed by his daughters under the direction of Medea, Jason’s wife.
18. The mythology of the Cyclades Islands
Different myths say that the name of the group of islands rooted from the Greek word kiklos (which means circle), as the islands are scattered around the sacred island of Delos or because the winds that blow strongly in this region forced the boats to spin out of control.
Mythical fables are attributed to the formation of each island, while legends reflect their turbulent history. Due to the location of the Cyclades between the continents of Greece, Asia and Africa, they were a trading link throughout their history and spread the development of culture to the surrounding regions.
| Narcissus |
What is the name of the farm in the 1995 film to which orphan Flora Poste, played by Kate Beckinsale, is sent to live with her relatives? | Terms from Intro to Greek Mythology Flashcards - Cram.com
A god of youth, music, prophecy, archery, and healing. Son of Zeus and Leto.
Archaic Period
(ca. 620BC-480BC) Opens with the Athenian statesman Solon attempting to deal with internal political and economic tensions and ends with the Persian invasion under Xerxes.
Ares (Roman: Mars)
The god of war. He is hared by other gods because of this violent behaviour.
Arête
The Greek word used to identify what Greeks strove to achieve. It is the acknowledgement of ones greatness. Timê refers to the public acknowledgement of Arête.
Artemis (Phoebe; Roman: Diana)
A virgin goddess of childbirth and of wild animals. She was the daughter of Zeus and Leto and Sister to Apollo.
Arthur Evans
Journeyed to Crête and uncovered evidence of a hitherto unknown bronze age civilization.
Atalanta
Wife to Meleager. She was the first to hit the boar in the Calydonian boar hunt and was given the skin by Meleager. Later kills herself after Meleager dies.
Atê
(ruin) A state of mind that leads an individual to commit foolish error and leads to disaster. This is viewed as a delusion sent by the gods as punishment.
Athena (Pallas; Roman: Minerva)
Daughter of Zeus and goddess of art, crafts, and war and the patroness of Athens. She was born from Zeus’ head after he eats her mother Metis.
Atlas
The god that holds the sky and the earth apart. He is though to reside in northern Africa where mountains are named after him. He was also know for guarding his ‘Golden Apples” which were later stolen by Heracles.
Atropos
One of the three Moerae. At times she is thought to be the oldest and therefore the lead.
Babylon
Insert answer
Baucis
From Roman myth. When Zeus and Hermes visited his home town, he and his wife, Philemon, were the only two to greet them. In the end, he and his wife were saved while all others suffered. He and his wife were turned into trees in the end.
Bellerophon
When in Tiryns, the kings wife comes onto him. When he rejects her, the king sends him to Lycia with a letter instructing them to kill him. The King of Lycia decides to try and kill him by sending him on impossible missions to fight creatures. He kills the Chimaera, Solymoi, Amazons, and then ambushes him. When he survives, he allows him to marry his daughter. He later dies when he tries to reach the top of Olympus on his flying horse Pegasus. Pegasus bucks him off.
Black Figure
Developed in Corinth and prominent in Athenian pottery c. 630BC. It seems to disappear after 470BC.
Centaurs
Half-man, Half-horse creatures. Known for being violent. The centaur was Centaurus, who was born from Ixion and a cloud (Nephele) who was shaped like Hera.
Chaos
Literally means ‘black void’. Appears with Gaia, Tartarus, and Eos. Give birth to Nyx (night) and Erebus (darkness of the underworld).
Charites
Also known as the Graces. They play little role besides helping the female goddesses and offering young women beauty. They youngest of the Charites (Pasithea) was promised to Hypnos in marriage.
Classical Period
(480BC- 323BC) was the most productive period in Greek history. Opens with the rise of Athens and ends with the death of Alexander
Clotho
One of the three Moerae. She is known as the spinner. At times she is considered to be the lead of the three Moerae.
Cnossus
The largest palace of the Minoan society in Crete. Shows signs of this sophisticated society
Competitive values
Winning at all costs and doing whatever it takes to win. Takes to form of a zero-sum society in which winning can only come from the defeat of others.
Cooperative values
Placing the good of the group above that of an individuals.
Cosmogony
Literally meaning “Birth of the Cosmos”
Cronus (Roman: Saturn)
Son of Uranus and Gaia. He castrated his father and became the new god of the sky. He tried to avoid his succession by eating his children. He was fooled by his wife, Rhea, and ate a stone he thought was Zeus and is later defeated by him.
Cycladic
Refers to the Bronze Age cultures of the island of the Aegean
Cyclopes
Extremely strong one eyes beasts. They were said to have manufactured Zeus’ lightning bolds. They were also said to have build the walls around Hellina, which is why it is called cyclopean masonry.
Daphne
Was struck by an arrow from cupid that repelled her from Apollo who loved her. When Apollo was about to catch her (i.e. rape) she prayed and was turned into a laurel tree.
Delphic Maxims
The two rules to govern one’s self by from Homer’s time. The idea is to not act in excess in anything you do or you will be punished. The rules are (1) Know thyself and (2) Nothing in Excess.
Demeter (Roman: Ceres)
Ancient god of Corn and in general the earth. Was rescued from his father by Zeus.
Demos
A word used to describe common people. Those that had no special status in society.
Deucalion
The last surviving man from the great flood. He is the husband of Pyrrha. His name is the Greek word for Noah.
Dike
(Justice) a divine rule set out by Solon.
Dodona
Was one of the most ancient centers of worship for Zeus.
Eileithyia
Goddess of childbirth. She shares the role with Hera. Sometimes merges in identity with Hera. She is a daughter of Zeus and Hera.
Elpis
The Greek word for hope. The only thing that is left in Pandora’s Pithos after Epimetheus opens it.
Endymion
Was loved by Selene. He wished to sleep forever with aging. He and Selene had 50 daughters.
Eos
The goddess of Dawn. She was called Aurora by the Romans. Her story of Tithonus is known because she asked for his immortality from Zeus, which was granted but forgot to ask for him to remain ageless.
Ephialtes
One of a set of twin giants who were conceived by their mother pouring seawater on her lap until she conceived. The giant twins caused trouble and began to stack mountains on each other to reach the heavens. Eventually they were struck down by the gods.
Epic Cycle
A series of now lost shorter epics on a variety of themes, but most designed to fill in parts of the Trojan saga omitted by Homer.
Epimetheus
(afterthought) is the brother of Prometheus. He married the first woman (Pandora) and was the one who opened her Pithos which contained all of the world’s evils.
Erebus
Literally, Darkness of the underworld.
Erinyes (Furies)
Born from the drops from Uranus’ genitals. They are thought to be the ones who exert the punishment of the gods. They also tormented those who killed the older sibling or those who killed someone with power over them.
Eris
An unliked goddess. When she was not allowed into a wedding, she threw in a golden apple for “the finest” which is said to have started the Trojan War.
Eros (Roman: Amor / Cupid)
Was one of the first gods. Is known to be the god of love or childbirth. In later tradition is thought to be the younger of the gods.
Etiological myth
A myth that gives the origin of something such as a tradition.
Gaia (Ge)
Goddess of the earth. She gave birth to Uranus, who became god of the sky and ruled with her. She later gave her son Cronus a sickle to castrate his father. She is thought to be a wise yet cunning character in Greek myth.
Ganymede
The Trojan prince that was brought to Olympus because of his beauty. His role was to serve the gods drinks. He was thought to be a homosexual partner of Zeus
Gegeneis [Giants]
Born from the droppings of Uranus’ castrated genitals. They were said to be brutish and fought on the side of the titans in the war against the Olympians. They lived in Phlegra, Thrace.
Guilt culture
A culture where individuals seem to hold themselves to certain moral standards. There are Cooperative Values. Peoples decisions “should” be based on the greater good.
Hebe
Goddess of youthful Bloom. She was a servant to the gods. She marries Heracles when he wins immortality. She was a cupbearer for the Gods.
Hecate
Goddess of the underworld. She was said to be honored by Zeus and was the only titan to be honored by other gods.
Hecatonchires [100-handed]
Beasts with 50 heads and 100 arms. Cronus was jealous of his children’s strength, so he hit them in Gaia. Zeus freed them to help battle the Titans. They later guarded the imprisoned Titans in Tartarus.
Heinrich Schliemann
A German banker who traveled to Turkey and unearthed a city in the location of ancient Troy. Discovered evidence in Greece and discovered evidence of a rich and powerful civilization in Mycenae and Tiryns.
Helicon
A mountain range that was thought to be the location of the muses. This is the place Hesiod said he met a muse who inspired him to write the theogony.
Helius (Sol in Roman)
The sun and God of the sun. He was often confused with his father Hyperion. He drove a four horse chariot over the sky and was the watcher of the earth. Aphrodite was angry at him for reporting her affair, so she made him fall in love with Leucothoe, a well guarded princess.
Helladic
Items that came from the Hellenistic Period.
Hellas
“Greek Like”
Hellenistic Period
(323BC-30BC) Covers from the death of Alexander to the death of Cleopatra. After the death of Alexander, the Greek empire was split into dynasties and controlled by Alexander’s former generals. In this age, Greek culture spread greatly. The first scholarly center was created for the preservation of ancient works and written work.
Hephaestus (Roman: Vulcan)
One of the 12 Olympians. He was ordered by Zeus to bind Prometheus in bonds of steel and pin him with a stake through his chest. He created the flower of fire which Prometheus stole. He is the god of fire and smith. His wife is Aphrodite. He catches Ares and Aphrodite sleeping together.
Hera (Roman: Juno)
The wife of Zeus. She is associated with the peacock. Argos was a sacred centre for her worship. She is often portrayed with a crown and scepter.
Hermes (Roman: Mercury)
The herald and messenger of the gods and guide of travelers.
Hesperides
Nymphs that guarded the golden apples. It is not consistent how many of them there were, but legends say three, four, or seven.
Hestia (Roman: Vesta)
The Greek word for ‘Hearth’. She is the goddess of hearth and its sacred fire. She is also the goddess of chastity.
Hieros Gamos
Refers to sexual intercourse or marriage between gods and goddesses.
Hippodamia
Her father is Oenmaus. She was won as the wife to Pelops in a chariot race. She was almost carried off by centaurs during her wedding to Pitithous.
Hittite Empire
The empire of Turkey during the Bronze Age. They are known as Indo-Europeans
Homeridae
A highly skilled gild of rhapsodists.
Hybris
The second of three stages that leads to an individual’s downfall. This is the point when an individual who has Ploutos and success gets ‘cocky’ and arrogant. This leads to the third stage, Ate.
Hyperion
A Titan and the sun god. He bore 3 children with his sister Theia. They were Eos (dawn), Helius (sun), and Selene (moon).
Hypnos
Sleep and the god of sleep. Son of Nyx (night) and brother to Thanatos (Death)
Indo-Europeans
They began to appear in Greece in c. 1900 and 1800. They most likely came from the southern steppes of Russia.
Iris
A rainbow and a messenger for either Zeus or Hera.
Itys
Son of Tereus and Procne. He is killed when his mother is getting revenge on Tereus. He is then fed to his father.
Ixion
Was in love with Hera. When Zeus found out, he crafted a cloud (Nephele) to look like Hera and fool Ixion. His punishment for his behaviour was to be tied to a fire wheel and spun for eternity.
Joseph
Was sold into slavery by his brothers and becomes the head servant. When his master’s wife comes onto him and he turns her away, she claims rape and he is sent to prison. He is then taken in by the pharos because of his smarts.
Koros
The first of three stages that lead to ones downfall. This is an overwhelming amount of wealth (Ploutos) and success. This quickly leads to the second stage of Hybris.
Lachesis
One of the three Moerae. Her name literally means Apportioner of Lots.
Lapiths
A tribe in northern Thessaly. Famous for their battle with the Centaurs. Peirithous was the king and they are descendants of Ixion.
Late Bronze Age
(ca. 1900BC- 1100BC) provides the historical basis for many Greek myths and legends. Major societies in this age consisted of Crete with ruler Minos, Tiryns with Heracles, Mycenae with Agamemnon, and Pylos with Nestor.
Leto
The mother of Apollo and Artemis. She was one of the first lovers of Zeus. She was hated by Hera even though she was with Zeus before the two married. She was often criticized wherever she went.
Leucothoë
Daughter of Persian king Orchamus. Helius fell in love with her because of Aphrodite. Helius sneaks into her room to see her and when her father finds out, he buries her alive as a punishment. Helius then transforms her into a shrub that gives frankincense.
Linear B
The ancient writing used by those during the Mycenaean age.
Lot
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Lycaon
When Zeus was among humans, he tested to see if Zeus was really a god. His evil act forced Zeus to bring upon the flood. After trying to kill Zeus, he ran into the courtyard and was turned into a wolf.
Marsyas
earned to play the flute and challenged Apollo to a musical contest. When he lost, Apollo flayed him alive.
Mecone
The sacrifice site where Prometheus fooled Zeus in the sacrifice of an ox.
Meleager
Involved in the Calydonian boar hunt. Kills the boar and gains glory. He is killed by his mother after he kills either his brothers or uncles.
Mesopotamia
Middle eastern culture during the Bronze age. This included Sumur, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian empires.
Metis
The daughter of Ge and Uranus. She gave Cronus an emetic so he would throw up the other Olympians. She later gave birth to Zeus’ children and when she was going to give birth to the one that was to overthrow Zeus, he ate Metis. Athena was then born through Zeus’ head.
Miasma
The idea of religious pollution. It is said that people who do bad things cant got near others, in temples, to the marketplace etc. because their evilness is contagious.
Minoan
Refers to the culture of Bronze Age Crete. It is considered to be one of the most impressive civilizations of the ancient Mediterranean. First arose in c. 1900bc and was devastated in c. 1700bc by an earthquake. Its largest Palace is at Cnossus. All palaces except Cnossus were destroyed in c. 1450bc. and Cnossus was destroyed 75 years later, but was most likely under the control of mainland Greeks.
Minos
King of the Minoan culture of the Bronze Age. He ruled a powerful naval force. He is involved in the legend concerning the Minotaur.
Mnemosyne
Mnemosyne - Titaness of memory. She slept with Zeus and gave birth to 9 Muses.
Moirae (Roman: Parcae)
Also known as the Fates. There are three of them. They are referred to as Spinners because they were spinners of life. The three Moirae are Atropos, Clotho, and Lachesis. In some circumstances they follow the will of Zeus, but at other times seem to be above Zeus.
Muses
They were goddesses who inspired those who were proficient in the arts. There were 9 daughters born to Zeus and Mnemosyne (memory). They highly influenced Hesiod.
Mycenaean Age (with dates)
Is the flourishing Helladic culture in ca. 1600-1100 BC. Mycenaean Greeks were prosperous in the 15th and 14th centuries and the early 13th century was known as the golden age. In the mid 13th Century, Thebes was sacked. The Hittite empire collapsed around 1200BC.
Nephele
Greek word for cloud. Nephele was crafted to look like Hera and trick Ixion. She later gave birth to the first Centaur.
Nephilim
The offspring of humans and sons of god in the bible.
Nereus
An ancient sea god. Was captured by Heracles until he revealed the whereabouts of a secret garden
Nomos
Custom, Convention, Tradition. Doing things that way of ones forefathers because doing something different might upset the gods.
Ocean [Oceanus]
God of all rivers. He did not take part in the war with the Olympians. He was thought to have kept Hera safe during the war.
Oeneus
King of Calydon and father of Deianira and Meleager. Husband to Althaea.
Olbos
A form of wealth that includes health as well as money and success.
Otus
One of a set of twin giants who were conceived by their mother pouring seawater on her lap until she conceived. The giant twins caused trouble and began to stack mountains on each other to reach the heavens. Eventually they were struck down by the gods.
Overdetermination
Tendency to see two levels of causation (one human and the other divine) at work simultaneously in any human action. Or a decision that has particularly important consequences.
Ovid, Metamorphoses (published ca. AD 8
The most influential work on classical myth to be written in antiquity.
Pandora
The first woman. She was crafted by Hephaestus and given other traits from other gods. She married Epimetheus and brought with her all of the evils of the world in a pithos.
Philemon
From Roman myth. When Zeus and Hermes visited her home town, she and her husband, Baucis, were the only two to greet them. In the end, she and her husband were saved while all others suffered. The two were turned into trees in the end.
Philomela
The sister of Procne. She was raped by Procne’s husband Tereus and had her tongue cut out. After being imprisoned in the forest by Tereus, she makes a blanket that tells her story and gets it to Procne. After killing Procne’s son she turns into a Swallow.
Philommeides
A Lapith Chieftain. He married Hippodamia.
Pithos
A large stone jar that was used to store oils or liquids. This is what Pandora carried all of the world’s evils in.
Ploutos
Wealth in a general sense.
Poseidon (Roman: Neptune)
God of the sea, earthquakes, and horses and brother to Zeus.
Potiphar’s wife
From a story in the bible, Joseph is the head servant and who is sought by the wife of his master. When he resists her, she claims that he tried to rape her and he is imprisoned. This is similar to the story of Bellerophon.
Procne
Wife to Tereus. Her sister is raped by Tereus and when she finds out she frees her sister. The two of them kill her son and feed him to Tereus. When Tereus attacks them, she turns into a nightingale.
Prometheus
The god of forethought. He was thought to be a very cunning and trickster god. He always tried to help others. He did this by warning his brother not to accept gifts from gods. He also helped humans get the better deal through sacrifices by tricking Zeus. He then stole fire from Zeus and gave it to humans. His punishment was to be chained up for eternity and have his liver eaten by an eagle.
PS.-Apollodorus, The Library (ca. AD 120)
A collection of ancient books???
Pyrrha
The only surviving woman of the great flood. She survived with her husband Deucalion. She threw stones over her shoulder to repopulate the earth.
Quid pro quo
“one thing in return for another”
Red Figure
Comes into play in 530BC and is the opposite of black figure. It provides for the extinction of Black figure pottery. It is around until c.320BC
Rhea
The second goddess of the earth. She was a wife to Cronus and gave birth to the Olympians. She fed Cronus a stone instead of Zeus when he was trying to prevent his succession.
Salmoneus
Brother of Sisyphus. He went around on a chariot dragging drums and imitating Zeus. He was punished by being struck down by Zeus.
Selene
Goddess of the moon. She was seduced by Pan with a gift of a beautiful fleece. Another story concerning her was the story of Endymion, who she was in love with so she offered him any boom he wished. He wished to sleep forever without aging. Selene had 50 daughters by him.
Shame culture
The focus is on one’s personal standing. An individual’s focus was not what they thought of themselves and their own actions, but what others thought of them. “Winning is everything” and you should win at whatever cost. There were Competitive Values.
Sisyphus
A cunning villain that betrays Zeus. He then captures Thanatus (god of death) who had been sent to punish him. He avoids death a second time by instructing Merope not to perform burial rights on him. His punishment is to push a rock uphill for eternity.
Styx
A river and a rover goddess. She lives in Hades. She was one of the first to help Zeus gain power, and Zeus honored her for that. Her river flows 7 times around Hades and the water is drunk by gods when making sacred oaths.
Sumer
An ancient Middle Eastern city.
Tantalus
He is a son of Zeus. He attempts to steal Nectar and Ambrosia from the gods and share it with mortals. In an alternate version he tries to fool the gods by feeding them his son. Only Demeter falls for this. His punishment in both cases is to be tantalized in the underworld for eternity.
Tartarus
Darkness. It is said to below Hades or at least below the earth. It is the equal distance from the earth as the sky.
Tereus
Rapes his wife sister (Philomela) and imprisons her. When she is freed by Procne, his son is killed by them and he is then fed his son.
Tethys
Ancient goddess of the sea and rivers. She was married to Oceanus.
The Flood
Zeus sends a great flood to the earth because he feels that the earth has been corrupted. He plans to wipe out all of those who act against the gods. He does this because he wants to protect the land for those closest to him, the demigods and nymphs etc. This is most common story across ancient myths.
Themis
A goddess of the earth. She was the second wife of Zeus and gave birth to children Eunomia (order), Dike (Justice), and Eriene (Peace). She was said to have the ability to see into the future. She is also thought to be the mother of Prometheus.
Theogony
Literally meaning “Birth of the Gods”
Theomachus
One who challenges or battles against the gods – A familiar figure in early Mesopotamian and Greek Myth.
Theos
A Greek word for ‘god’. Was originally a descriptive word of something that was mysterious, beyond mortal men, powerful, and dangerous.
Theseus
Insisted on being one of the 7 boys to be sacrificed to the Minotaur. Upon princess Ariadne’s advice, he used a ball of yarn to find his way out of the labyrinth after he killed the Minotaur.
Tithonus
Snatched up by Eos and went to live with her. Was granted immortality when Eos requested it of Zeus, but did not remain ageless, so he is simply put into a room and the door is closed when he gets old. One legend says that Eos turned him into a grasshopper.
Tityus
Assaults Leto. He is then struck down by Apollo, Leto’s son. His punishment was to be sprawled out for eternity in the underworld and have his liver eaten out by vultures or snakes periodically.
Typhoeus (Typhon)
A strong beast with 100 snake heads that challenged Zeus after the war with the Titans. Zeus defeated him by striking him with his thunderbolts then throwing a mountain on him.
Uranus
The first god of the sky and ruler of the gods. Was born of Gaia and later married her. He tried to avoid succession by imprisoning his children in Gaia. He was castrated by Cronus during sex with Gaia.
White Ground
Comes into play in the 6th century BC and is used until the Classical period.
Zeus (Roman: Jupiter, Jove
King of the gods.
Acheron
In ancient times the word Acheron was interpreted as ὁ ἄχεα ῥέων (ho akhea rheōn), meaning "the stream of woe", and it was believed to be a branch of the underworld river Styx over which in ancientGreek mythology Charon ferried the newly dead souls across into Hades. The lake called Acherousia and the river still called Acheron with the nearby ruins of the Necromanteion are found near Parga on the mainland opposite Corfu.
Actaeon
In Greek mythology, Actaeon (pronounced /ækˈtiən/) (Greek: Ακταίων), son of the priestly herdsman Aristaeus and Autonoe inBoeotia, was a famous Theban hero,[1] trained by the centaur Cheiron,[2] who suffered the fatal wrath of Artemis; (later his myth was attached to her Roman counterpart Diana). The surviving details of his transgression vary: "the only certainty is in what Aktaion suffered, his πάθος, and what Artemis did: the hunter became the hunted; he was transformed into a stag, and his raging hounds, struck with a 'wolf's frenzy' (λύσσα), tore him apart as they would a stag."[3] This is the iconic motif by which Actaeon is recognized, both in ancient art and in Renaissance and post-Renaissance depictions.
Aegis
The aegis (Greek Αιγίς), already attested in the Iliad, is the shield or buckler of Pallas Athena or of Zeus, which according toHomer was fashioned by Hephaestus. Virgil imagines the Cyclopes in Hephaestus' forge, who "busily burnished the aegis Athene wears in her angry moods--a fearsome thing with a surface of gold like scaly snake-skin, and he linked serpents and the Gorgon herself upon the goddess’ breast--a severed head rolling its eyes." -- [1] furnished with golden tassels and bearing the Gorgoneion(Medusa's head) in the central boss. Some of the Attic vase-painters retained an archaic tradition that the tassels had originally been serpents in their representations of the ægis. When the Olympian deities overtook the older deities of Greece and she was born of Metis (inside Zeus who had swallowed the goddess) and "re-born" through the head of Zeus fully clothed, Athene already wore her typical garments.
Alcmena
According to Apollodorus, Alcmene went with Amphitryon to Thebes, where he was purified by Creon for accidentally killing Electryon. Alcmene refused to marry Amphitryon until he had avenged the death of her brothers.[4] However, during Amphitryon's expedition against theTaphians and Teleboans,[5] Zeus visited Alcmene disguised as Amphitryon. Extending one night into three, Zeus slept with Alcmene (thereby conceiving Heracles) and recounted Amphitryon's victories against the Teleboans. When Amphitryon finally returned to Thebes, Alcmene told him that he had come the night before and slept with her; he learned from Tiresias what Zeus had done.[6]
Amphitrite
Amphitrite was a daughter of Nereus and Doris (and thus a Nereid), according to Hesiod's Theogony, but of Oceanus and Tethys (and thus an Oceanid), according to Apollodorus, who actually lists her among both the Nereids[3] and the Oceanids[4]. Others called her the personification of the sea itself. Amphitrite's offspring included seals [5] and dolphins.[6] By her, Poseidon had a son, Triton, and a daughter, Rhode (if this Rhode was not actually fathered by Poseidon on Halia or was not the daughter of Asopus as others claim). Apollodorus (3.15.4) also mentions a daughter of Poseidon and Amphitrite namedBenthesikyme. Amphitrite is not fully personified in the Homeric epics: "out on the open sea, in Amphitrite's breakers" (Odyssey iii.101); she shares her Homeric epithet Halosydne ("sea-nourished")[7] withThetis[8]: in some sense the sea-nymphs are doublets.
Amymone
In Greek mythology, Amymone (the "blameless" one) was a daughter of Danaus. As the "blameless" Danaid, her name identifies her as, perhaps, identical to Hypermnestra ("great wooing" or "high marriage"), also the one Danaid who did not assassinate her Egyptian husband on their wedding night, as her 49 sisters did. (See the myth at the entry for Danaus.)Apollodorus, in his list of names for the Danaids, does mention both Hypermnestra and Amymone, however (Library 2.1.5)
Poseidon, in archaic times the consort of the two goddesses Demeter and Persephone in Argos, had dried up all the region's springs after the Argolid was awarded to the protection of Hera. It would appear from the myth that Poseidon preceded Hera in the heartland of her cult. But he rescued Amymone from a chthonic satyr that was about to rape her. To possess her himself, the god revealed the springs of Lerna, a cult site of great antiquity near the shores of the Argolid. To Poseidon she bore Nauplius, "the navigator," who gave his name to the port city of Argos.
Amymone, the blameless, was eventually reconciled with her father, and given in marriage to Lynceus, with whom she founded a race of kings that led to Danae, the mother of Perseus, founder of Mycenae. Thus this founding myth of Argos also asserts that Argos was the metropolis ("mother city") of Mycenae.
Amymone/Hypermnestra is represented with a water pitcher, a reminder of the sacred springs and lake of Lerna and of the copious wells that made Argos the "well-watered" and, by contrast, a reminder that her sisters were forever punished in Tartarus for their murderous crimes by fruitlessly drawing water in pitchers with open bases.
Anakalypsis
Insert answer
Arachne
Arachne was the daughter of Idmon of Colophon, who was a famous wool dyer in Tyrian purple. She was a fine weaver in Hypaepa of Lydia.[3] She was as skillful as the finest artist of the day and much praise was given to her in Hypaepa, where she had her workshop.
This all went to her head and eventually Arachne became so conceited of her skill as a weaver that she began claiming that her skill was greater than that of Athena,[4] the goddess of wisdom and war as well as the weaving arts. Athena was angered, but gave Arachne a chance to redeem herself. Assuming the form of an old woman, she warned Arachne not to offend the gods. Arachne scoffed and wished for a weaving contest, so she could prove her skill. Athena dropped her disguise and the contest began.
Athena wove the scene of her victory over Neptune that had inspired the people of Athens to name their city for her. According to Ovid's Latin narrative, Arachne's tapestry featured twenty-one episodes of the infidelity of the gods, disguised as animals: Jupiter being unfaithful with Leda, with Europa, with Danaë.
Even Athena admitted that Arachne's work was flawless, but was outraged at Arachne's disrespectful choice of subjects that displayed the failings and transgressions of the gods. This takes for granted a late, moralizing view of Greek myth. Finally losing her temper, she destroyed Arachne's tapestry and loom, striking it with her shuttle, and struck Arachne on the head as well. Arachne realized her folly and was crushed with shame. She ran off and hung herself.
In Ovid's telling, Athena took pity on Arachne. Sprinkling her with the juices of aconite, Athena loosened the rope, which became a spider web, while Arachne herself was changed into a spider. The story suggests that the origin of weaving lay in imitation of spiders and that it was considered to have been perfected first in Asia Minor.
Argus
Argus, builder of the ship Argo in the tale of the Argonauts
Asclepius
Asclepius (pronounced /æsˈkliːpiəs/, Greek Ἀσκληπιός, transliterated Asklēpiós; Latin Aesculapius) is the god of medicine and healing in ancient Greek mythology. Asclepius represents the healing aspect of the medical arts, while his daughters Hygieia,Meditrina, Iaso, Aceso, Aglæa/Ægle and Panacea (literally, "all-healing") symbolize the forces of cleanliness, medicine, and healing, respectively. He was the son of Apollo and Coronis. His mother was killed for being unfaithful to Apollo and was laid out on a funeral pyre to be consumed, but the unborn child was rescued from her womb. From this he received the name Asklepios "to cut open."[2]
Apollo carried the babe to the centaur Chiron who raised Asclepius and instructed him in the art of medicine[3]
Athena Promachus
The Promachus Athena, also known as the 'Great Bronze Athena', was an immense statue of the goddess of fifty feet tall created by the sculpturer Phidias. Athena is portrayed as a warrior (promachus) and her statue stood at the left side of the Sacred Road between the Propylaea and the Parthenon.
Autochthonous
In mythology, people born straight from the earth, with no human parents.
Caenis / Caeneus
Caenis, the daughter of Elatus (a Lapith chieftain) and Hippea, was raped by Poseidon, who then fulfilled her request to be changed into a man so that she could never be raped again; he also made Caenis invulnerable to weaponry. Caenis then changed his name to Caeneus and became a warrior, traveling all over Thessaly, and later taking part in the hunt for the Calydonian Boar.
He met his fate in the battle between the Lapiths and the centaurs (see Pirithous). In one description of the tale, a particular centaur, Latreus, mocks Caeneus and denies his skill as a fighter when he realizes Caeneus' female origin. Caeneus strikes Latreus a blow in the side, and is unharmed by the centaur's last attempts at wounding him. In revenge for this, the centaurs piled pine-tree trunks (some say fir trees) and stones upon him since he was immune to weapons.
Callisto
As a follower of Artemis, Callisto, whom Hesiod said[1] was the daughter of Lycaon, king of Arcadia,[2] took a vow to remain a virgin, as did all the nymphs of Artemis. But to have her, Zeus disguised himself, Ovid says, as Artemis/Diana herself, in order to lure her into his embrace and rape her. Callisto was then turned into a bear, as Hesiod had told it:
...but afterwards, when she was already with child, was seen bathing and so discovered. Upon this, the goddess was enraged and changed her into a beast. Thus she became a bear and gave birth to a son called Zuthra.
Either Artemis "slew Kallisto with a shot of her silver bow,"[3] perhaps urged by the wrath of Hera,[4] or, later, Arcas, the eponym of Arcadia, nearly killed his bear-mother, when she had wandered into the forbidden precinct of Zeus. In every case, Zeus placed them both in the sky as the constellations Ursa Major, called Arktos, the "Bear", by Greeks, and Ursa Minor.
Capital
Top of a column in Greek architecture.
Cassandra
In Greek mythology, Cassandra (Greek: Κασσάνδρα "she who entangles men"[1]) (also known as Alexandra[2]) was the daughter of King Priam and Queen Hecuba of Troy. Her beauty caused Apollo to grant her the gift of prophecy. However, when she did not return his love, Apollo placed a curse on her so that no one would ever believe her predictions.
Catabasis
Katabasis is the epic convention of the hero's trip into the underworld.[3] In Greek mythology, for example, Orpheus enters the underworld in order to bring Eurydice back to the world of the living.
Most katabases take place in a supernatural underworld, such as Hades or Hell — as in Nekyia, the 11th book of the Odyssey, which describes the descent of Odysseus to the underworld. However, katabasis can also refer to a journey through other dystopic areas, such as what Odysseus encounters on his 20-year journey back from Troy to Ithaca. Pilar Serrano[3] allows the term katabasis to encompass brief or chronic stays in the underworld, including those of Lazarus and Castor and Pollux.
Cella
In Ancient Greek and Roman temples the cella is a room at the centre of the building, usually containing a cult image or statue (execrated by Early Christians as an "idol") representing the particular deity venerated in the temple. In addition the cella may contain a table or plinth to receive votiveofferings such as votive statues, precious and semi-precious stones, helmets, spear and arrow heads, and swords. The accumulated offerings made Greek and Roman temples virtual treasuries, and many of them were indeed used as treasuries during antiquity.
The cella is typically a simple, windowless, rectangular room with a door or open entrance at the front behind a colonnaded portico facade. In larger temples, the cella was typically divided by two colonnades into a central nave flanked by two aisles. A cella may also contain an adyton, an inner area restricted to access by the priests—in religions that had a consecrated priesthood—or by the temple guard.
Cephalus
The other Cephalus was an Aeolian, the son of Deioneus (also called Deion), ruler of Phocis, and Diomede, and grandson of Aeolus. Cephalus was married to Procris, a daughter of Erechtheus. The goddess Eos, of dawn (Aurora at Rome) kidnapped Cephalus when he was hunting. Cephalus and Eos became lovers, and she bore him a son named Phaëthon (not to be confused with the son of the sun-god Helios). Some sources also give Tithonos and Hesperus as children of Cephalus and Eos. However, after some years, Cephalus began pining for Procris, causing a disgruntled Eos to return him to her - and put a curse on them.
Procris had come into possession of a magical javelin, given by Diana that never missed its target, as well as a hunting hound (named Laelaps) that always caught its prey. The hound met its end chasing a fox (the Teumessian vixen) which could not be caught; both fox and the hound were turned into stone. But the javelin continued to be used by Cephalus, who was an avid hunter.
Although Cephalus and Procris were reconciled, Procris remained suspicious. Cephalus sat by a tree one day, hot after hunting, and sang a little hymn to the wind (Aura). A passerby heard him and thought he was serenading a lover. Procris found out and the next day went out to find him. As he sat singing the same hymn, she thought he was singing to his ex-lover Eos (Aurora) and moved. Cephalus, hearing a stirring in the brush and thinking the noise came from an animal, threw the never-erring javelin in the direction of the sound - and Procris was impaled. As she lay dying in his arms, she told him "On our wedding vows, please never marry Eos". Cephalus was distraught at the death of his beloved Procris, and went into exile. (For different versions of this story, see Procris.) Later, Cephalus helped Amphitryon of Mycenae in a war against the Taphians and Teleboans. He was awarded with the island of Samos, which thereafter came to be known as Cephallenia. The people who lived on Cephallenia and nearby islands came to be known as Cephallenians.
Cephalus eventually married again, choosing a daughter of Minyas to be his wife. This woman (named Clymene, according to some sources) bore him a son named Arcesius. Arceisius succeeded Cephalus as ruler of his Cephallenian realm. This Arceisius was the grandfather of Odysseus, son of Laertes. Nevertheless, Cephalus never forgave himself over the death of Procris, and he committed suicide by leaping from Cape Leucas into the sea.
Cerberus
Cerberus (Greek: Κέρβερος, Kérberos) is the name given to the entity which, in Greek and Roman mythology, is a multi-headed dog which guards the gates of Hades, to prevent those who have crossed the river Styx from ever escaping. Cerberus featured in many prominent works of ancient Greek and Roman literature and in works of both ancient and modern art and architecture. As with most creatures from classical mythology, the depiction and background surrounding Cerberus often differed across various works by different authors of the era, the most notable difference being his number of heads; while most sources describe or depict three heads, others show him with two or even just one, a lesser number show a variable amount, sometimes as high as 50.
Charon
In Greek mythology, Charon or Kharon (Greek Χάρων; IPA: /ˈkɛərən/) was the ferryman of Hades who carried souls of the newly deceased across the river that divided the world of the living from the world of the dead. A coin to pay Charon for passage, usually an obolus or danake, was sometimes placed in or on the mouth of a dead person.[1] Some authors say that those who could not pay the fee, or those whose bodies were left unburied, had to wander the shores for one hundred years. In the catabasis mytheme, heroes — such as Heracles, Orpheus, Aeneas, Dionysus and Psyche — journey to the underworld and return, still alive, conveyed by the boat of Charon. No ancient source provides a genealogy for the ferryman.[2]
Charun
In Etruscan mythology, Charun (also spelled Charu, or Karun) was the psychopomp of the underworld, not to be confused with the lord of the underworld, known to the Etruscans as Aita. He is often portrayed with the goddess Vanth, a winged goddess also associated with the underworld.
Chryselephantine
Chryselephantine (from Greek χρυσός, chrysós, gold, and ελεφάντινος, elephántinos, ivory) is the technical term given to a type of cult statue that enjoyed high status in Ancient Greece.
Chryselephantine statues were built around a wooden frame, with thin carved slabs of ivory attached, representing the flesh, and sheets of gold leafrepresenting the garments, armour, hair, and other details. In some cases, glass paste, glass, precious and semi-precious stones were used for detail such as eyes, jewellery, and weaponry.
The origins of the technique are not known. There are known 2nd millennium BC examples of composite sculptures made of ivory and gold from areas that became part of the Greek world, most famously the so-called "Palaikastro Kouros" (not to be confused with the Archaic statues known by that term) fromMinoan Palaikastro, circa 1,500 BC. It is, however, not clear whether the Greek chryselephantine tradition is connected with them. Chryselephantine sculpture became widespread during the Archaic period. Later, Acrolithitic statues, with marble heads and extremities, and a wooden trunk either gilded or covered in drapery, were a comparable technique used for cult images.
Chthonic
Chthonic (from Greek χθόνιος - chthonios, "in, under, or beneath the earth", from χθών - chthōn "earth"[1]; pertaining to the Earth; earthy; subterranean) designates, or pertains to, deities or spirits of the underworld, especially in relation to Greek religion.
Greek khthon is one of several words for "earth"; it typically refers to the interior of the soil, rather than the living surface of the land (as Gaia or Ge does) or the land as territory (as khora (χώρα) does). It evokes at once abundance and the grave.
Cocytus
Cocytus or Kokytos, meaning "the river of wailing" (from the Greek κωκυτός, "lamentation"), is a river in the underworld in Greek mythology. Cocytus flowed into the river Acheron, across which dwelled the underworld, the mythological abode of the dead. There are five rivers encircling Hades. The RiverStyx is perhaps the most famous; the other rivers are Phlegethon, Lethe, and Acheron.
Corinthian Order
The Corinthian order is one of the Classical orders of Greek and Roman architecture, characterized by a slender fluted column and an ornate capitaldecorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls. Although of Greek origin, the Corinthian order was seldom used in Greek architecture. The other two orders were the Doric and the Ionic. (When classical architecture was revived, two more orders were added to the canon, the Tuscan order and the Composite order.)
Cornucopia
The cornucopia (Latin: Cornu Copiae) is a symbol of food and abundance dating back to the 5th century BC, also referred to as horn of plenty,Horn of Amalthea, and harvest cone.
In Greek mythology, Amalthea was a goat who raised Zeus on her breast milk. When her horn was accidentally broken off by Zeus while playing together, this changed Amalthea into a unicorn with 17 whiskers.[citation needed] The god Zeus, in remorse, gave her back her horn. The horn then had supernatural powers which would give the person in possession of it whatever he or she wished for. This gave rise to the legend of the cornucopia. The original depictions were of the goat's horn filled with fruits and flowers: deities, especially Fortuna, was depicted with the horn of plenty. The cornucopia was also a symbol for a woman's fertility.
Alternately, Amalthea may have been a nymph asked to nurse baby Zeus while he was being hidden from Cronus. Since she hid on Mount Aigaion, which means Mountain of the Goat, suppositions follow that she was either a goat nymph or a nymph who tended goats. Therefore, either her horn was broken or her goat's horn was broken while playing with Zeus. In recompense, the God Zeus created the cornucopia. Further evidence for this is that Amalthea is another name for the constellation Capricornus, the goat.
Cynthia
Cynthia is a personal name of Greek origin (Κυνθία, Kynthía) meaning "from Mount Cynthus" on Delos island. It can be abbreviated as Cindy.
Cynthia was originally an epithet of the Greek goddess of the moon, Artemis, who was sometimes called "Cynthia" because, according to legend, the goddess was born on Mount Cynthus.
Cyparissus
In Greek mythology, the myth set in Chios tells of Cyparissus (Greek: κυπάρισσος, "Kyparissos" Latin: cupressus, "cypress"), a young boy and son of Telephus. Though the mythic context and the setting is Hellenic, the subject is essentially known from Hellenizing Latin literature and Pompeiian frescoes.[1]
Apollo gave the boy a tame deer as a companion, but Cyparissus accidentally killed it with a javelin as it lay asleep in the undergrowth. The gift of a hunter's prey is an initiatory gift in the sphere of the hunt, a supervised preparation for the manly arts of war and a testing ground for behavior (Koch-Harnack 1983). The tameness of the deer may be purely Ovidian. In a late reversal of the boy's traditional role, perhaps an interpretation applied by Ovid,[2] Cyparissus asks Apollo to let his tears fall forever. Apollo turns the sad boy into a cypress tree, whose sap forms droplets like tears on the trunk. Cypress was one of the trees Orpheus charmed.
Cypress tree
Danaë
In Greek mythology, Danaë (Ancient Greek: Δανάη, English translation: "parched") was a daughter of King Acrisius of Argos and Eurydice (no relation to Orpheus' Eurydice). She was the mother of Perseus by Zeus. She was sometimes credited with founding the city of Ardea in Latium.
Disappointed by his lack of male heirs, Acrisius asked an oracle if this would change. The oracle told him to go to the Earth's end where he would be killed by his daughter's child. She was childless and, meaning to keep her so, he shut her up in a bronze tower or cave. But Zeus came to her in the form of golden rain, and impregnated her. Soon after, their child Perseus was born.
None too happy, but unwilling to provoke the wrath of the gods by killing his offspring, Acrisius cast the two into the sea in a wooden chest. The sea was calmed by Poseidon at the request of Zeus and the pair survived. They washed ashore on the island of Seriphos, where they were taken in byDictys, the brother of King Polydectes, who raised the boy to manhood.
Daphne
According to Greek myth, Apollo chased the nymph Daphne (Greek: Δάφνη, meaning "laurel"), daughter either of Peneus and Creusa in Thessaly,[1] or of the river Ladon in Arcadia.[2] The pursuit of a local nymph by an Olympian god, part of the archaic adjustment of religious cult in Greece, was given an arch anecdotal turn in Ovid's Metamorphoses,[3] where the god's infatuation was caused by an arrow from Eros, who wanted to make Apollo pay for making fun of his archery skills and to demonstrate the power of love's arrow. Ovid treats the encounter, Apollo's lapse of majesty, in the mode of elegaic lovers,[4] and expands the pursuit into a series of speeches. Daphne prays for help either to the river god Peneus or to Gaia, and is transformed into a laurel (Laurus nobilis): "a heavy numbness seized her limbs, thin bark closed over her breast, her hair turned into leaves, her arms into branches, her feet so swift a moment ago stuck fast in slow-growing roots, her face was lost in the canopy. Only her shining beauty was left."[5] The laurel became sacred to Apollo, and crowned the victors at the Pythian Games.[6] Most artistic impressions of the myth focus on the moment of transformation.
Delos
The island of Delos (Greek: Δήλος, Dhilos), isolated in the centre of the roughly circular ring of islands called the Cyclades, near Mykonos, is one of the most important mythological, historical and archaeological sites in Greece.
Delos had a position as a holy sanctuary for a millennium before Olympian Greek mythology made it the birthplace of Apollo and Artemis. From its Sacred Harbour, the horizon shows the two conical mounds that have identified landscapes sacred to a goddess in other sites: one, retaining its archaic name Mount Kynthos,[2] is crowned with a sanctuary of Dionysus.
Island
Delphi
Delphi (Greek Δελφοί, [ðe̞lˈfi]) (pronounce[1] and dialectal forms [2]) is an archaeological site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western spur of Mount Parnassus in the valley of Phocis. Delphi was the site of the Delphic oracle, the most important oracle in the classical Greek world, when it was a major site for the worship of the god Apollo after he slew the Python, a deity who lived there and protected the navel of the Earth. His sacred precinct in Delphi was a panhellenic sanctuary, where every four years athletes from all over the Greek world competed in the Pythian Games, one of the four panhellenic (or stephanitic) games, precursors to the Modern Olympics.
Delphi was revered throughout the Greek world as the site of the omphalos stone, the centre of the earth and the universe. In the inner hestia("hearth") of the Temple of Apollo, an eternal flame burned. After the battle of Plataea, the Greek cities extinguished their fires and brought new fire from the hearth of Greece, at Delphi; in the foundation stories of several Greek colonies, the founding colonists were first dedicated at Delphi.[3]
Demeter
Demeter (pronounced /de-me-tur/; Greek: Δημήτηρ, lit. "Earth-Mother" from the Doric Dā form of Greek Ge "Earth" and Meter "Mother"[1]. Or possibly "distribution-mother" from the noun of the Indo-European mother-earth *dheghom[2] *mater, also called simplyΔηώ), in Greek mythology, is the Goddess of grain and fertility, the pure. Nourisher of the youth and the green earth, the health-giving cycle of life and death, and preserver of marriage and the sacred law. In the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, dated to about the seventh century BC.[3] she is invoked as the "bringer of seasons", a subtle sign that she was worshipped long before she was made one of theOlympians. She and her daughter Persephone were the central figures of the Eleusinian Mysteries that also predated the Olympian pantheon.
Her Roman equivalent is Ceres.
Demophoön
In Greek mythology, Demophon (Greek: Δημοφῶν, lit. "demotic voice") was a son of King Celeus and Queen Metanira. While Demeter was searching for her daughter, Persephone, having taken the form of an old woman called Doso, she received a hospitable welcome from Celeus, the King of Eleusis in Attica. He asked her to nurse Demophon and Triptolemus, his sons by Metanira. As a gift to Celeus, because of his hospitality, Demeter planned to make Demophon as a god, by anointing and coating him with Ambrosia, breathing gently upon him while holding him in her arms and bosom, and making him immortal by burning his mortal spirit away in the family hearth every night. She put him in the fire at night like a firebrand or ember without the knowledge of his parents.
Demeter was unable to complete the ritual because his mother Metanira walked in and saw her son in the fire and screamed in fright, which angered Demeter, who lamented that foolish mortals do not understand the concept and ritual.
Dis
An alternative Roman name for Pluto, god of the Underworld. In addition to borrowing the Greek name Pluto (from ploutos, “wealth”), the Romans translated it literally as Dives, which they contracted to Dis. Like Pluto, this name was a euphemism used by those who felt it risky to mention the god by name (Hades).
Doric Order
The Doric order was one of the three orders or organizational systems of Ancient Greek or classical architecture; the other two canonical orders were the Ionic and the Corinthian.
In their original Greek version, Doric columns stood directly on the flat pavement (the stylobate) of a temple without a base; their vertical shafts were fluted with 20 parallel concave grooves; and they were topped by a smooth capital that flared from the column to meet a square abacus at the intersection with the horizontal beam (entablature) that they carried.
Doso
An alias of Demeter in Greek mythology
Eleusis
Elefsina (Greek: Ελευσίνα, Ancient/Katharevousa: Ἐλευσίς Eleusis) is a town and municipality about 20 km NW of Athens. It is located near the northernmost end of the Saronic Gulf and is the seat of administration of West Attica Prefecture. It is best known for having been the site of the Eleusinian Mysteries, the most famous religious center of ancient Greece.[3] It was also the birth place of Aeschylus, one of the three great tragedians of antiquity.
Elysium / Elysian Fields
In Greek mythology, Elysium (Greek: Ἠλύσια πεδία) was a section of the Underworld (the spelling Elysium is a Latinization of the Greek word Elysion). The Elysian Fields, or the Elysian Plains, were the final resting place of the souls of the heroic and the virtuous.
Endymion
In Greek mythology, Endymion (Ἐνδυμίων [1]) could have been a handsome Aeolian shepherd or hunter, or, even a king who ruled and was said to reside at Olympia in Elis, but he was also said to reside and was venerated on Mount Latmus in Caria, on the west coast of Asia Minor.
There is confusion over the number of Endymions, as some sources suppose that one was or was related to the prince of Elis and the other was a shepherd or astronomer from Caria. As such, there have been two attributed sites of Endymion's burial: The citizens ofHeracleia ad Latmo claimed that Endymion's tomb was on Mount Latmus, while the Eleans declared that it was at Olympia.[2]
However, the lover of Selene, the moon, is attributed primarily to an Endymion who was a either a shepherd or an astronomer, which profession provides justification for him to spend time beneath the moon.
Eos
Eos (Greek Ἠώς, or Ἕως "dawn") is, in Greek mythology, the Titanic goddess[1] of the dawn, who rose from her home at the edge of Oceanus, the Ocean that surrounds the world, to herald her brother Helios, the sun.
Erastes
In ancient Greece, the erastes (ἐραστής, "lover") (pl.: erastae) was an adult male involved in a pederastic relationship with an adolescent boy called the eromenos. Erastes was in particular an Athenian term for this role. Other terms were, in Sparta,eispnelas, "inspirer," and in Crete, philetor, "befriender."
The word was also used as a general term for any male admirer courting a particular boy, even if he had not been accepted by the boy as a bona fide lover.
Erebus
In Greek mythology, Erebus (ˈer.e.bus) or Erebos or Erebes (Ancient Greek: Ἔρεβος, English translation: "deep blackness/darkness or shadow") was the son of a primordial god, Kaos, and represented the personification of darkness and shadow, which filled in all the corners and crannies of the world.
Erebus was said to be the offspring of Khaos alone. He was the lover of Nyx and fathered her children, Aether, and Hemera, according to Hesiod (c. 700 BC). He was also the father of Geras according to Hyginus (c. AD 1).
In later legends, Erebus was said to be a part of Hades, the underworld. It was where the dead had to pass immediately after dying. After Karon ferried them across the river Acheron, they entered Tartarus, the underworld proper. Erebus was often used as a synonym for Hades, the Greek god of the underworld.
Erinyes
In Greek mythology the Erinyes (Ἐρινύες, pl. of Ἐρίνυς Erinys; lit. "the angry ones") or Eumenides (Εὐμενίδες, pl. of Εὐμενής; lit. "the gracious ones") or Furies in Roman mythology were female, chthonic deities of vengeance or supernatural personifications of the anger of the dead. They represent regeneration and the potency of creation, which both consumes and empowers. A formulaic oath in the Iliad (iii.278ff; xix.260ff) invokes them as "those who beneath the earth punish whoever has sworn a false oath." Burkert suggests they are "an embodiment of the act of self-cursing contained in the oath".[1]
When the Titan Cronos castrated his father Ouranos and threw his genitalia into the sea, the Erinyes emerged from the drops ofblood, while Aphrodite was born from the seafoam. According to a variant account, they issued from an even more primordial level—from Nyx, "Night". Their number is usually left indeterminate. Virgil, probably working from an Alexandrian source, recognized three:Alecto ("unceasing," who appeared in Virgil's Aeneid), Megaera ("grudging"), and Tisiphone ("avenging murder"). Dante followed Virgil in depicting the same three-charactered triptych of Erinyes. The heads of the Erinyes were wreathed with serpents (compare Gorgon) and their eyes dripped with blood, rendering their appearance rather horrific. Sometimes they had the wings of a bat or bird and the body of a dog.
Eromenos
In the pederastic tradition of Classical Athens, the eromenos (Greek ἐρώμενος, pl. ἐρώμενοι, "eromenoi") was anadolescent boy who was in a love relationship with an adult man, known as the erastes (ἐραστής).
The term for the role often varied from one polis to another. In Athens, the eromenos was also known as thepaidika; in Sparta they used aites (hearer), a term also used in Thessaly;[1] in Crete the boys were known askleinos (glorious) and if they had fought in battle with their lover, as parastathenes (one who stands beside).
The ideal eromenos - as well as his erastes - was expected to be ruled by the principles of enkrateia, or "self-mastery," which presumed an attitude of moderation and self-restraint in all matters.
Europa
The daughter of Agenor, king of Tyre or Sidon, and Telephassa or Argiope. Zeus fell in love with Europa. Taking the form of a beautiful white bull, he wandered among the herds that Hermes had driven down to the seashore where Europa was playing. Before she knew what was happening, the bull was swimming toward Crete. In order to protect her, Zeus gave her Laelaps, the watchdog that Minos later gave to Procris.
Frieze
In architecture the frieze is the wide central section part of an entablature and may be plain or—in the Ionic or Corinthian order—decorated with bas-reliefs. In an astylar wall it lies upon the architrave ('main beam') and is capped by the moldings of the cornice.
In interiors, the frieze of a room is the section of wall above the picture rail and under the crown moldings or cornice. By extension, a frieze is a long stretch of painted, sculpted or even calligraphic decoration in such a position, normally above eye-level. Frieze decorations may depict scenes in a sequence of discrete panels. The material of which the frieze is made of may be plasterwork, carved wood or other decorative medium.
Galatea
The story of Pygmalion appeared earliest in a Hellenistic work, Philostephanus' history of Cyprus, "De Cypro".[3] It is retold in Ovid's Metamorphoses,[4] where the king Pygmalion is made into a sculptor who fell in love with an ivory statue he had crafted with his own hands. In answer to his prayers, the goddessAphrodite brought it to life and united the couple in marriage. This novella remained the classical telling until the end of the seventeenth century. The trope of the animated statue gained a vogue during the eighteenth century.[5]
The daemon of Pygmalion's goddess, animating her cult image, bore him a son Paphus—the eponym of the city of Paphos—and Metharme. Of "this ecstatic relationship," Meyer Reinhold has remarked, "there may be lurking a survival of the ancient cult of the Great Goddess and her consort."[6]
Cinyras, perhaps the son of Paphus, ([7]), or perhaps the successful suitor of Metharme, founded the city of Paphos on Cyprus, under the patronage of Aphrodite, and built the great temple to the goddess there.
Bibliotheke, the Hellenistic compendium of myth long attributed to Apollodorus, mentions a daughter of Pygmalion named Metharme.[8] She was the wife of Cinyras, and the mother of Adonis, beloved of Aphrodite. Although Myrrha, daughter of Cinyras, is more commonly named as the mother of Adonis.
It was commonly rumored in Roman times that Praxiteles' Aphrodite of Knidos, the cult image in her temple was so beautiful that at least one admirer arranged to be shut in with it overnight.[9]
Galatea was a sea nymph.She was the daughter of the sea god, Nereus.Cyclops,the hideous monster loved her very much.But, Galatea was already in love with another man, Acis,the son of Pan.Once Cyclops got angry that Galatea didn't love him, and he found the young couple on the shore kissing,that he threw Galatea in the ocean,and he chased Acis all over his island and threw rocks at Acis, and Acis died. Cyclops felt ashamed, and ran into his cave.When Galatea reached the shore and saw that her loved one died, she weapt over Acis's dead body. When Galatea's tears mixed with the ocean foam,the sand, and Acis's blood, Acis's body turned into a blue statue,that stands in the middle of the Grece's biggest river,and the gods made Acis,the river god.
Ganymede
Ganymede was abducted by Zeus from Mount Ida in Phrygia, the setting for more than one myth element bearing on the early mythic history of Troy. Ganymede was there, passing the time of exile many heroes undergo in their youth, by tending a flock of sheep or, alternatively, during the chthonic or rustic aspect of his education, while gathering among his friends and tutors. Zeus saw him and fell in love with him instantly, either sending an eagle or turning himself to an eagle to transport Ganymede to Mount Olympus. In the Iliad, the Achaean Diomedesis keen to capture the horses of Aeneas: "They are of the stock that great Jove gave to Tros in payment for his son Ganymede, and are the finest that live and move under the sun." (5.265ff) As a Trojan, Ganymede is identified as part of the earliest, pre-Hellenic level of Aegean myth. Plato's Laws states the opinion that the Ganymede myth had been invented by the Cretans – Minoan Crete being a power center of pre-Greek culture – to account for "pleasure [...] beyond nature"[1] imported thence into Greece, as Plato's character indignantly declares. Homer doesn't dwell on the erotic aspect of Ganymede's abduction, but it is certainly in an erotic context that the goddess refers to Ganymede's blond Trojan beauty in the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, mentioning Zeus' love for Trojan Ganymede as part of her enticement of Trojan Anchises.
The Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes presents a vignette (in Book III) of an immature Ganymede losing to Eros at knucklebones, a child's game. The Roman poet Ovid adds vivid detail - and veiled irony directed against critics of homosexual love: aged tutors reaching out to grab him back with impotent fingers, and Ganymede's hounds barking uselessly at the sky.[2] Statius' Thebaid describes a cup worked with Ganymede's iconic mythos (1.549):
"Here the Phrygian hunter is borne aloft on tawny wings, Gargara’s range sinks downwards as he rises, and Troy grows dim beneath him; sadly stand his comrades; vainly the hounds weary their throats with barking, pursue his shadow or bay at the clouds."
In Olympus, Zeus made Ganymede his beloved, granting him also immortality and the office of cupbearer to the gods, supplanting Hebe. E. Veckenstedt (Ganymedes, Libau, 1881) endeavoured to prove that Ganymede is the genesis of the intoxicating drink mead, whose original home was Phrygia.
Glaukopis
The name Glaukopis most likely originally meant "owl-faced" or "owl-eyed"; over time, through association with Athena, it came to mean "blue-eyed" or "grey-eyed", and it is a very familiar epithet of Athena in the Odyssey. How it got from "owl" to "blue-grey" is an interesting question; my guess is that from meaning "owl-eyed" it went to "bright-eyed" or "gleaming-eyed". Now in the owl's case "bright" or "gleaming" would refer to a clear yellow; but since humans (and one would assume, human-formed Goddesses) do not usually have bright yellow eyes, the brightest, most startling natural color possible would be a light blue or grey. Related to this alternate meaning are such Greek words as glaukinos, "bluish-grey", and even Glaukos, the name of a sea-God (referring to the ocean's blue-grey color); in English the word glaucous derives from the Greek, and means "bluish-green" or "sea-green". As the color of the Sea it may also make reference to Athena as Poseidon's daughter (a different parentage than the usual in which Zeus is Her father), which is said to explain Her blue eyes.
Greater Mysteries
There were two Eleusinian Mysteries, the Greater and the Lesser. According to Thomas Taylor, "the dramatic shows of the Lesser Mysteries occultly signified the miseries of the soul while in subjection to the body, so those of the Greater obscurely intimated, by mystic and splendid visions, the felicity of the soul both here and hereafter, when purified from the defilements of a material nature and constantly elevated to the realities of intellectual [spiritual] vision." And that according to Plato, "the ultimate design of the Mysteries … was to lead us back to the principles from which we descended, … a perfect enjoyment of intellectual [spiritual] good."[15]
The Lesser Mysteries were held in Anthesterion (March) but the exact time was not always fixed and changed occasionally, unlike the Greater Mysteries. The priests purified the candidates for initiation (myesis). They first sacrificed a pig to Demeter then purified themselves.
The Greater Mysteries took place in Boedromion (the first month of the Attic calendar, falling in late Summer) and lasted ten days.
Hades
Hades (from Greek ᾍδης, Hadēs, originally Ἅιδης, Haidēs or Άΐδης, Aidēs, probably from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-wid- 'unseen'[1]) refers both to the ancient Greek underworld, the abode of Hades, and to the god of the underworld. Hades in Homer referred just to the god; the genitive ᾍδου, Haidou, was an elision to denote locality: "[the house/dominion] of Hades". Eventually, the nominative, too, came to designate the abode of the dead.
In Greek mythology, Hades and his brothers Zeus and Poseidon defeated the Titans and claimed rulership over the universe ruling the underworld, sky, and sea, respectively; the land was given to all three concurrently. Because of his association with the underworld, Hades is often interpreted as a grim figure.
Hades was also called Pluto (from Greek Πλούτων Ploutōn, from πλοῦτος, wealth), meaning "Rich One". In Roman mythology, Hades/Pluto was called Dis Pater and Orcus. The corresponding Etruscan god was Aita. The symbols associated with him are The Helm of Darkness and the three-headed dog, Cerberus.
In older Greek myths, the realm of Hades is the misty and gloomy[2] abode of the dead (Also called Erebus), where all mortals go. Later Greek philosophy showed the idea that all mortals are judged after death and are either rewarded or cursed.
There were several sections of the Realm of Hades, including the Elysian Fields (contrast the Christian Paradise or Heaven), and Tartarus, (compare the Christian Hell). Greek mythographers were not perfectly consistent about the geography of the afterlife. A contrasting myth of the afterlife concerns theGarden of the Hesperides, often identified with the Isles of the Blessed, where the blessed heroes may dwell.
In Roman mythology, the entrance to the underworld located at Avernus, a crater near Cumae, was the route Aeneas used to descend to the Underworld. By synecdoche, "Avernus" could be substituted for the underworld as a whole. The Inferi Dii were the Roman gods of the underworld.
The deceased entered the underworld by crossing the Acheron, ferried across by Charon (kair'-on), who charged an obolus, a small coin for passage, placed under the tongue of the deceased by pious relatives. Paupers and the friendless gathered for a hundred years on the near shore. Greeks offered propitiatory libations to prevent the deceased from returning to the upper world to "haunt" those who had not given them a proper burial. The far side of the river was guarded by Cerberus, the three-headed dog defeated by Heracles (Roman Hercules). Passing beyond Cerberus, the shades of the departed entered the land of the dead to be judged.
The five rivers of the Realm of Hades, and their symbolic meanings, are Acheron (the river of sorrow), Cocytus (lamentation), Phlegethon (fire), Lethe(forgetfulness), and Styx (hate). See also Eridanos. Styx forms the boundary between the upper and lower worlds.
The first region of Hades comprises the Fields of Asphodel, described in Odyssey xi, where the shades of heroes wander despondently among lesser spirits, who twitter around them like bats. Only libations of blood offered to them in the world of the living can reawaken in them for a time the sensations of humanity.
Beyond lay an area which could be taken for a euphonym of Hades, whose own name was dread. There were two pools, that of Lethe, where the common souls flocked to erase all memory, and the pool of Mnemosyne ("memory"), where the initiates of the Mysteries drank instead. In the forecourt of the palace of Hades and Persephone sit the three judges of the Underworld: Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Aeacus. There at the trivium sacred to Hecate, where three roads meets, souls are judged, returned to the Fields of Asphodel if they are neither virtuous nor evil, sent by the road to Tartarus if they are impious or evil, or sent to Elysium (Islands of the Blessed) with the "blameless" heroes.
In the Sibylline oracles, a curious hodgepodge of Greco-Roman and Judaeo-Christian elements, Hades again appears as the abode of the dead, and by way of folk etymology, it even derives Hades from the name Adam (the first man), saying it is because he was the first to enter there.[3]
Harpies
"Robbers". In earlier versions of Greek myth, Harpies were described as beautiful, winged maidens. Later they became winged monsters with the face of an ugly old woman and equipped with crooked, sharp talons. They were represented carrying off persons to the underworld and inflicting punishment or tormenting them. Those persons were never seen again. They robbed the food from Phineus, but were driven away by Cailas and Zetes, the Boreads, and since then they lived on the Strophades. The Harpies were probably the personification of storm winds. They are: Aello, Celaeno, and Ocypete.
Hecate
Hecate (Greek: Ἑκάτη, "far-shooting" ) Hekate (Hekátê, Hekátē), or Hekat was originally a goddess of the wilderness and childbirth, naturalized early in Mycenaean Greece[1] or in Thrace, but originating among the Carians of Anatolia,[2] the region where mosttheophoric names invoking Hecate, such as Hecataeus or Hecatomnus, progenitor of Mausollus, are attested,[3] and where Hekate remained a Great Goddess into historical times, at her unrivalled[4] cult site in Lagina. William Berg observes, "Since children are not called after spooks, it is safe to assume that Carian theophoric names involving hekat- refer to a major deity free from the dark and unsavoury ties to the underworld and to witchcraft held by the Hecate of classical Athens."[5] The monuments to Hekate in Phrygiaand Caria are numerous but of late date.[6] Popular cults venerating her as a mother goddess integrated her persona into Greek culture as Ἑκάτη. In Ptolemaic Alexandria she ultimately achieved her connotations as a goddess of sorcery and her role as the "Queen of Ghosts", in which triplicate guise she was transmitted to post-Renaissance culture. Today she is a goddess of witches andHellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism. Some neo-pagans erroneously refer to her as a 'crone goddess' which is incorrect with her original virginal image in ancient Greece.
One aspect of Hecate is represented in the Roman Trivia. The earliest inscription is found in late archaic Miletus, close to Caria, where Hecate is a protector of entrances.[7]
Hiera
Hiera is listed as the wife of Telephos in the frieze that decorated the interior of the Altar of Pergamum. Telephos is the mythic founder of the city of Pergamum, and there are many conflicting stories about him. During the Trojan War the Greeks attacked Pergamum, either because they mistook it for Troy, or because an alliance existed between Troy and Pergamum. Hiera was apparently an amazon, and the amazons united with the defenders of Pergamum to repel the attack. However, in the battle Hiera was killed by the Greek warrior Nireus. Telephos was so grief-stricken that he called a cease-fire to hold the funeral for Hiera, before restarting the battle and finally driving the invaders away. It is possible that the ancient city of Hierapolisin Turkey was named in her honor, though the name can also be read as just 'holy city'.
Hierophant
The role of the hierophant in religion is to bring the congregants into the presence of that which is deemed holy. The word comes from Ancient Greece, where it was constructed from the combination of ta hiera, "the holy," and phainein, "to show." In Attica it was the title of the chief priest at the Eleusinian Mysteries. A hierophant is an interpreter of sacred mysteries and arcane principles.
Hippolytus
In Greek mythology, Hippolytus (Greek for "horse liberator") was a son of Theseus and either Antiope or Hippolyte. He was identified with the Romanforest god Virbius.
The most common legend regarding Hippolytus states that he was killed after rejecting the advances of Phaedra, the second wife of Theseus and Hippolytus's stepmother. Spurned, Phaedra told Theseus that Hippolytus had raped her. Infuriated, Theseus believed her and, using one of the three wishes he had received from Poseidon, cursed Hippolytus. Hippolytus' horses were frightened by a sea monster and dragged their rider to his death. Alternatively, Dionysus sent a wild bull that terrified Hippolytus' horses, causing them to drag Hippolytus to his death.
The story of Phaedra and Hippolytus is told, in somewhat different versions, by Euripides' play Hippolytus and Seneca the Younger's play Phaedra.
Hyacinthus
In Greek mythology, Hyacinth or Hyacinthus (in Greek, Ὑάκινθος — Hyakinthos) was the son of Clio and Pierus, King of Macedonia, or of kingOebalus of Sparta, or of king Amyclas, also a Spartan.
Zephyrus and Hyacinth; Atticred-figure cup from Tarquinia, ca480 BC, Boston Museum of Fine Arts.
He is the tutelary deity of one of the principal Spartan festivals, the Hyacinthia, held every summer. The festival lasted three days, one day of mourning for the death of the divine hero and the last two celebrating his rebirth.
In the myth, Hyacinth was a beautiful youth loved by the god Apollo. The two took turns throwing the discus. Hyacinth ran to catch it, to impress Apollo, was struck by the discus as it fell to the ground, and died.
Another myth adds that the wind god Zephyrus was actually responsible for the death of Hyacinth. The boy's beauty caused a feud between Zephyrus and Apollo. Jealous that Hyacinth preferred the radiant archery god Apollo, Zephyrus blew Apollo's discus off course, so as to injure and kill Hyacinth. When he died, Apollo didn't allow Hades to claim the boy; rather, he made a flower, the hyacinth, from his spilled blood. According to Ovid's account, the tears of Apollo stained the newly formed flower's petals with the sign of his grief. However, the flower of the mythological Hyacinth has been identified with a number of plants other than the true hyacinth, such as the iris.
Iacchus
In Greek mythology, Iacchus (Greek: Ίακχος) is an epithet of Dionysus[1], particularly associated with the Mysteries at Eleusis, where he was considered to be the son of Zeus and Demeter. Iacchus was the torch bearer of the procession from Eleusis, sometimes regarded as the herald of the 'divine child' of the Goddess, born in the underworld, and sometimes as the child itself. Iacchus was called ‘the light bearing star of the nocturnal mysteries’, giving him possible associations withSirius and Sothis.[citation needed].
The most famous mention of Iacchus is in the Frogs of Aristophanes, where the Mystae invoke him as a riotous dancer in the meadow, attended by the Charities, who 'tosses torches' and is likened to a star bringing light to the darkness of the rites (Harrison, p. 540).
Iacchus' identification with Dionysus is demonstrated in a variety of sources. In a Paean to Dionysus discovered at Delphi, the god is described as being namedIacchos at Eleusis, where he "brings salvation" (Harrison, p. 541). Sophocles, in the Paean in the play Antigone, names the god of the Mysteries at Eleusis as bothBacchos and Iacchos (Harrison, pp. 541-2). The 4th or 5th century poet Nonnus describes the Athenian celebrations given to the first Dionysus Zagreus son ofPersephone, the second Dionysus Bromios son of Semele, and the third Dionysus Iacchus:
They [the Athenians] honoured him as a god next after the son of Persephoneia, and after Semele's son; they established sacrifices for Dionysos lateborn and Dionysos first born, and third they chanted a new hymn for Iakkhos. In these three celebrations Athens held high revel; in the dance lately made, the Athenians beat the step in honour of Zagreus and Bromios and Iakkhos all together."[2]
The word Iacchos also signified the ritual cry ("Iacchus, O Iacchus!") that accompanied the festival. In Euripedes' The Bacchae, according to the translation by Philip Vellacott, theBacchants call to dance, crying out in unison on the son of Zeus, "Iacchus! Bromius!". Bromius is another epithet of Dionysus.
The name Iacchos was also given to one of the days of the Mysteries: the 20th of Boedromion, upon which day Iacchus was taken from his sanctuary in Athens and escorted in solemn procession to Eleusis (Harrison, p. 542).
Iambe
In Greek mythology, Iambe was a goddess of verse, especially scurrilous, ribald humour. She was a daughter of Echo and Pan.
It is believed that she made Demeter smile or laugh when Demeter was mourning the loss of her daughter, Persephone. She accomplished this by creating an elaborate ritualized exhibition of herself. Iambe exposed herself completely and Demeter could not help but be amused by her brazen display. This act of humour and courage lifted Demeter from her grief and the Earthbecame fertile once more. She then became the first priestess of Demeter.
Incubation
Incubation is the religious practice of sleeping in a sacred area with the intention of experiencing a divinely inspired dream or cure. Incubation was practised by members of the cult ofAsclepius. Votive offerings found at his ritual centres at Epidaurus, Pergamum, and Rome detail the perceived effectiveness of the method. Incubation was adopted by certain Christian sects and is still used in a few Greek monasteries.
Io
In Greek mythology, Io (pronounced /ˈaɪoʊ/ or /ˈiːoʊ/, World Book «EYE oh», in Ancient Greek Ἰώ [iː.ɔɔ̗]) was a priestess of Hera inArgos[1] who was seduced by Zeus, who changed her into a heifer to escape detection. Her mistress Hera set ever-watchful Argus Panoptes to guard her, but Hermes was sent to distract the guardian and slay him. Heifer Io was loosed to roam the world, stung by a maddening gadfly sent by Hera, and wandered to Egypt, thus placing her descendant Belus in Egypt; his sons Cadmus and Danauswould thus "return" to mainland Greece.
Zeus makes love with Io, painting by Antonio da Correggio c. 1531
Io's father is generally given as Inachus, a river god credited with inaugurating the worship of Hera in the region of Argos, thus establishing her as an autochthonous spirit of the Argolid[2] and as by her nature a nymph of a spring, a naiad.[3]
The myth is told most anecdotally by Ovid, in Metamorphoses. According to Ovid, one day, Zeus noticed the maiden and lusted after her. As Io tells her own story in Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound, she rejected his whispered nighttime advances until the oracles caused her own father to drive her out into the fields ofLerna. There, Zeus covered her with clouds to hide her from the eyes of his jealous wife, Hera, who nonetheless came to investigate. In a vain attempt to hide his crimes, Zeus turned himself into a white cloud and transformed Io into a beautiful white heifer. Hera was not fooled. She demanded the heifer as a present.
Hera tethered Io to the olive-tree in the temenos of her cult-site, the Heraion, and placed her in the charge of many-eyed Argus Panoptes to keep her separated from Zeus. Zeus commanded Hermes to kill Argus; Ovid added the detail that he lulled all hundred eyes to sleep. Hera then forced Io to wander the earth without rest, plagued by a gadfly (Οίστρος or oestrus: see etymology of "estrus" ) to sting her into madness. Io eventually crossed the path between thePropontis and the Black Sea, which thus acquired the name Bosporus (meaning ox passage), where she met Prometheus.
Prometheus had been chained on Mt. Caucasus by Zeus for teaching Man how to make fire and tricking him into accepting the worse part of a sacrifice while the mortals kept the better part (meat); every day, a giant eagle fed on Prometheus' liver. Despite his agony, he comforted Io with the information that she would be restored to human form and become the ancestress of the greatest of all heroes, Heracles. Io escaped across the Ionian Sea to Egypt, where she was restored to human form by Zeus. There, she gave birth to Zeus's son Epaphus, and a daughter as well, Keroessa. She later married Egyptian kingTelegonus. Their grandson, Danaos, eventually returned to Greece with his fifty daughters (the Danaids), as recalled in Aeschylus' play The Suppliants.
Ionic Order
The Ionic order column ( Greek ιωνικός ρυθμός ) forms one of the three orders or organizational systems of classical architecture, the other two canonic orders being the Doric and the Corinthian. (There are two lesser orders, the stocky Tuscan order and the rich variant of Corinthian, theComposite order, added by 16th century Italian architectural theory and practice.)
The Ionic order column originated in the mid-6th century BC in Ionia, the southwestern coastland and islands of Asia Minor settled by Ionian Greeks, where an Ionian dialect was spoken. The Ionic order column was being practiced in mainland Greece in the 5th century BC. The first of the great Ionic temples was the Temple of Hera on Samos, built about 570 BC–560 BC by the architect Rhoikos. It stood for only a decade before it was leveled by an earthquake. It was in the great sanctuary of the goddess: it could scarcely have been in a more prominent location for its brief lifetime. A longer-lasting 6th century Ionic temple was the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
Unlike the Greek Doric order column, Ionic columns normally stand on a base which separates the shaft of the column from the stylobate or platform. The capital of the Ionic column has characteristic paired scrolling volutes that are laid on the molded cap ("echinus") of the column, or spring from within it. The cap is usually enriched with egg-and-dart. Originally the volutes lay in a single plane (illustration at right); then it was seen that they could be angled out on the corners. This feature of the Ionic order made it more pliant and satisfactory than the Doric to critical eyes in the 4th century BC: angling the volutes on the corner columns, ensured that they "read" equally when seen from either front or side facade. The 16th-century Renaissance architect and theorist Vincenzo Scamozzi designed a version of such a perfectly four-sided Ionic capital; Scamozzi's version became so much the standard, that when a Greek Ionic order was eventually reintroduced, in the later 18th century Greek Revival, it conveyed an air of archaic freshness and primitive, perhaps even republican, vitality.[1]
Iris
the rainbow and the messenger of the gods. Iris was a daughter of the Titan Thaumas and the Oceanid Electra. In Homer’s epics, Iris carries messages for Zeus, but in later writings that work is generally performed by Hermes, while Iris acts for Hera.
Kore
In Greek mythology, Persephone (IPA: /pərˈsɛfəni/; Kore or Cora) was the embodiment of the Earth's fertility at the same time that she was the Queen of the Underworld, the korē (or young maiden), and the parthenogenic daughter of Demeter and, in later Classical myths, a daughter of Demeter and Zeus. In the Olympian version she also becomes the consort of Hades when he becomes the deity that governs the underworld.
The figure of Persephone is well-known today. Her story has great sexual power: an innocent maiden, a mother's grief over her abduction, and great joy after her daughter is returned. It is also cited frequently as a paradigm of myths that explain natural processes, with the descent and return of the goddess bringing about the change of seasons.
In Greek art, Persephone is invariably portrayed robed. She may be carrying a sheaf of grain and smiling demurely with the "Archaic smile" of the Kore of Antenor.
Kykeon
Kykeon (Gr. κυκεών, from κυκάω, "to stir, to mix") was an Ancient Greek drink made mainly of water, barley and herbs. It was used at the climax of the Eleusinian Mysteries to break a sacred fast, but it was also a favourite drink of Greek peasants.
Kykeon is mentioned in Homeric texts: the Iliad describes it as consisting of barley, water, herbs, and ground goat cheese (XI, 638–641). In the Odyssey, Circe adds some honey and pours her magic potion in it (X, 234). In The Homeric Hymn to Demeter, the goddess refuses red wine but accepts kykeon made from water, barley and pennyroyal.
It was supposed to have digestive properties. Hermes recommends it in Aristophanes' Peace (v. 712) to the hero who ate too much dry fruit and nuts. Aristocrats shunned it as a peasant drink. Theophrastus depicts in his Characters (IV, 2–3) a peasant whose thyme breath inconveniences his neighbours at the Ecclesia.
Lebes Gamikos
The lebes gamikos, or "nuptial lebes," (plural - lebetes gamikoi) is a form of ancient Greek Pottery used in marriage ceremonies (literally, it means marriage vase). It was probably used in the ritual sprinkling of the bride with water before the wedding. In form, it has a large bowl-like body and a stand that can be long or short. Painted scenes are placed on either the body of the vessel or the stand.
One of the earliest lebes gamikos was painted by, apparently, a follower of Sophilos (c. 580 - 570)[1] . The lebes gamikos had the typical wedding procession, accompanied by the unique addition of chariots bearing Helen and Menelaos and the bride's brothers.[2]
A typical lebes gamikos shows wedding scenes (including mythic weddings such as the wedding of Peleus and Thetis, but the iconography be also be related to scenes such as mimes.
Leda
In Greek mythology, Leda (Λήδα) was daughter of the Aetolian king Thestius, and wife of the king Tyndareus, of Sparta. Her myth gave rise to the popular motif in Renaissance and later art of Leda and the Swan. She was the mother of Helen of Troy, Clytemnestra, and Castor and Pollux.
Leda was admired by Zeus, who raped her in the guise of a swan. As a swan, Zeus fell into her arms for protection from a pursuing eagle. Their consummation, on the same night as Leda lay with her husband Tyndareus, resulted in two eggs from which hatched Helen—later known as the beautiful Helen Of Troy — Clytemnestra, and Castor and Pollux (also known as the Dioscuri—also spelled Kastor and Polydeuces). Which children are the progeny of Tyndareus, the mortal king, and which are of Zeus, and are thus half-immortal, is not consistent among accounts, nor is which child hatched from which egg. The split is almost always half mortal, half divine, although the pairings do not always reflect the children's heritage pairings. Castor and Polydeuces are sometimes both mortal, sometimes both divine. One consistent point is that if only one of them is immortal, it is Polydeuces.
Lesser Mysteries
The Eleusinian Mysteries (Greek: Ἐλευσίνια Μυστήρια) were initiation ceremonies held every year for the cult of Demeter and Persephone based at Eleusis in ancient Greece. Of all the mysteries celebrated in ancient times, these were held to be the ones of greatest importance. These myths and mysteries, begun in the Mycenean period (c. 1600 BC) [1][2] and lasting two thousand years, were a major festival during the Hellenic era, later spreading to Rome.[3] The name of the town, Eleusís, is a variant of the noun έλευσις, éleusis, arrival.
The rites, ceremonies, and beliefs were kept secret, as initiation was believed to unite the worshipper with the gods and included promises of divine power and rewards in the afterlife.[4]There are many paintings and pieces of pottery that depict various aspects of the Mysteries. Since the Mysteries involved visions and conjuring of an afterlife, some scholars believe that the power and longevity of the Eleusinian Mysteries came from psychedelic agents.
There were two Eleusinian Mysteries, the Greater and the Lesser. According to Thomas Taylor, "the dramatic shows of the Lesser Mysteries occultly signified the miseries of the soul while in subjection to the body, so those of the Greater obscurely intimated, by mystic and splendid visions, the felicity of the soul both here and hereafter, when purified from the defilements of a material nature and constantly elevated to the realities of intellectual [spiritual] vision." And that according to Plato, "the ultimate design of the Mysteries … was to lead us back to the principles from which we descended, … a perfect enjoyment of intellectual [spiritual] good."[15]
The Lesser Mysteries were held in Anthesterion (March) but the exact time was not always fixed and changed occasionally, unlike the Greater Mysteries. The priests purified the candidates for initiation (myesis). They first sacrificed a pig to Demeter then purified themselves.
The Greater Mysteries took place in Boedromion (the first month of the Attic calendar, falling in late Summer) and lasted ten days.
Lethe
In Classical Greek, Lethe (λήθη; Classical Greek [ˈlεːt̪ʰεː], modern Greek: [ˈliθi]) literally means "forgetfulness" or "concealment". It is related to the Greek word for "truth": a-lethe-ia (αλήθεια), meaning "un-forgetfulness" or "un-concealment". In Greek mythology, Lethe is one of the several rivers of Hades: those who drank from it experienced complete forgetfulness. Lethe was also a naiad, although the naiad Lethe is probably a separate personification of forgetfulness rather than a reference to the river which bears her name. She was the daughter of Eris ('Strife' in Hesiod's Theogony), and sister to Algos,Limos, Horcus, and Ponos.
Leto
In Greek mythology, Lētṓ (Greek: Λητώ, Λατώ, Lato in Dorian Greek, etymology and meaning disputed) is a daughter of the Titans Coeus and Phoebe:[1] Kosclaimed her birthplace.[2] In the Olympian scheme of things, Zeus is the father of her twins,[3] Apollo and Artemis, the Letoides. For the classical Greeks, Leto is scarcely to be conceived apart from being pregnant and finding a place to be delivered of Apollo and Artemis, for Hera being jealous, made it so all lands shunned her. Finally, she finds an island that isn't attached to the ocean floor so it isn't considered land and she can give birth.[4] This is her one active mythic role: once Apollo and Artemis are grown, Leto withdraws, to remain a dim[5] and benevolent matronly figure upon Olympus, her part already played.
Leucothoë
A beautiful mortal woman named Leucothoë: a princess, daughter of Orchamus and sister of Clytia, Leucothoë was loved by Apollo, who disguised himself as Leucothoë's mother to gain entrance to her chambers. Clytia, jealous of her sister because she wanted Apollo for herself, told Orchamus the truth, betraying her sister's trust and confidence in her. Enraged, Orchamus ordered Leucothoë, who claimed Apollo had forced her to succumb to his desires, buried alive. Apollo refused to forgive Clytia for betraying his beloved, and a grievous Clytia wilted and slowly died. Apollo changed her into an incense plant, a heliotrope, which follows the sun every day.[1]
Loxias
A name for Apollo as the god of incomprehensible oracular sayings. He had an oracle at Loxias which was sacked by Cadmus and Harmonia, whom he then transformed into serpents (Euripides. Bacchae, 1346).
Marpessa
In Greek mythology, Marpessa (Ancient Greek: Μάρπησσα, Márpessa) was an Aetolian princess, and a granddaughter of Ares. She was kidnapped by Idas but loved by Apollo as well. Zeus made her choose between them. According to another myth, she was the daughter of Evenus and Alcippe. She married Idas after he kidnapped her with a winged chariot. Idas did this as a challenge to her father, who after chasing the couple for a long time, killed his horses and then drowned himself in a nearby river, which took his name. Marpessa then, to make Idas happy, rejected Apollo’s love.
Marpessa is also the name of an Amazon Queen, who was originally said to be Krystal granddaughter.
Marsyas
In Greek mythology, the satyr Marsyas (gr. Μαρσύας) is a central figure in two stories involving music: in one, he picked up the double flute (aulos) that had been abandoned by Athena and played it;[1] in the other, he challenged Apollo to a contest of music and lost his hide and life. In Antiquity, literary sources often emphasise the hubris of Marsyas and the justice of his punishment.
Metis
In Greek mythology, Metis (Μῆτις) was of the Titan generation and, like several primordial figures, an Oceanid, in the sense that Mètis was born of Oceanus andTethys, of an earlier age than Zeus and his siblings. Mètis was the first great spouse of Zeus, indeed his equal (Hesiod, Theogony 896) and the mother ofAthena, Zeus' first daughter, the goddess of the arts and wisdom. By the era of Greek philosophy Mètis had become the goddess of wisdom and deep thought, but her name originally connoted "magical cunning" and was as easily equated with the trickster powers of Prometheus as with the "royal metis" of Zeus.[1] TheStoic commentators allegorized Metis as the embodiment of "wisdom" or "wise counsel", in which form she was inherited by the Renaissance.
Mètis was both a threat to Zeus and an indispensable aid (Brown 1952:133):
Zeus lay with Metis but immediately feared the consequences. It had been prophesied that Metis would bear extremely powerful children: the first, Athena and the second, a son more powerful than Zeus himself, who would eventually overthrow Zeus.[2]
In order to forestall these dire consequences, Zeus tricked her into turning herself into a fly and promptly swallowed her.[3] He was too late: Mètis had already conceived a child. In time she began making a helmet and robe for her fetal daughter. The hammering as she made the helmet caused Zeus great pain andPrometheus, Hephaestus, Hermes, or Palaemon (depending on the sources examined) either cleaved Zeus's head with an axe,[4] or hit it with a hammer at the river Triton, giving rise to Athena's epithet Tritogeneia. Athena leaped from Zeus's head, fully grown, armed, and armored, and Zeus was none the worse for the experience. The similarities between Zeus swallowing Mètis and Cronos swallowing his children have been noted by several scholars.
Metope
In classical architecture, a metope (μετώπη) is a rectangular architectural element that fills the space between two triglyphs in aDoric frieze, which is a decorative band of alternating triglyphs and metopes above the architrave of a building of the Doric order. Metopes often had painted or sculptural decoration; the most famous example is the 92 metopes of the frieze of the Parthenon marbles depicting the battle between the Centaurs and the Lapiths. The painting on most metopes has been lost, but sufficient traces remain to allow a close idea of their original appearance.
In terms of structure, metopes may be carved from a single block with a Triglyph (or triglyphs), or they may be cut separately and slide into slots in the triglyph blocks as at the Temple of Aphaea. Although they tend to be close to square in shape, some metopes are noticeably larger in height or in width. They may also vary in width within a single structure to allow for corner contraction, an adjustment of the column spacing and arrangement of the Doric frieze in a temple to make the design appear more harmonious.
Midas
In Greek mythology, Midas or King Midas (in Greek Μίδας) is popularly remembered for his ability to turn everything he touched into gold: the Midas touch. In alchemy, the transmutation of an object into gold is known as chrysopoeia.
Midas was king[1] of Pessinus, a city of Phrygia, who as a child was adopted by the king Gordias and Cybele, the goddess whose consort he was, and who (by some accounts) was the goddess-mother of Midas himself.[2] Some accounts place the youth of Midas in Macedonian Bermion.[3] In Thracian Mygdonia,[4] Midas was known for his garden of roses: Herodotus[5]remarks on the settlement of the ancient kings of Macedon on the slopes of Mount Bermion "the place called the garden of Midas son of Gordias, where roses grow of themselves, each bearing sixty blossoms and of surpassing fragrance". In this garden, according to the Macedonian story, Silenos was taken captive.[6] According to Iliad (v.860), he had one son, Lityerses, the demonic reaper of men, but in some variations of the myth he had a daughter, Zoë or "life" instead.
Minos
In Greek mythology, Minos (ancient Greek: Μίνως) was a mythical king of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa. After his death, Minos became a judge of the dead in Hades. The Minoan civilization has been named after him. By his wife, Pasiphaë, he fatheredAriadne, Androgeus, Deucalion, Phaedra, Glaucus, Catreus, Acacallis, and many others.
Minos, along with his brothers, Rhadamanthys and Sarpedon, was raised by King Asterion (or Asterius) of Crete. When Asterion died, his throne was claimed by Minos[1] who banished Sarpedon and (according to some sources) Rhadamanthys too. It is not clear if Minos is a name or if it was a title, the Cretan word for "king".[2]
Nike
In Greek mythology, Nike (Greek: Νίκη , pronounced [níːkɛː], meaning Victory), was a goddess who personified triumphthroughout the ages of the ancient Greek culture. The Roman equivalent was Victoria. Depending upon the time of various myths, she was described as the daughter of Pallas (Titan) and Styx (Water), and the sister of Cratos (Strength), Bia(Force), and of Zelus (Rivalry). Nike and her siblings all became described as attendants of Zeus when his cult gained the position of the dominant deity of the Greek pantheon and the roles of older deities were changed in new myths. According to classical (later) myth, Styx brought them to Zeus when the god was assembling allies for the Titan War against the older deities. Nike assumed the role of the divine charioteer, a role in which she often is portrayed in Classical Greek art. Nike is seen with wings in most statues and paintings. Most other winged deities in the Greek pantheon had shed their wings by Classical times. Nike is the goddess of strength, speed, and victory. Nike was a very close acquaintance ofAthena, goddess of wisdom.[1] Nike is one of the most commonly portrayed figures on Greek coins.[2] Names which have sourced from the goddess Nike include Nicholas, Nick and Nicola.[citation needed]
Niobe
According to the Greek myth, Niobe boasted of her superiority to Leto because the goddess only had two children, the twins Apollo and Artemis, while Niobe had fourteen children (the Niobids), seven male and seven female.[4] Her famously quoted speech which caused the indignation of the goddess is as follows:
It was on occasion of the annual celebration in honor of Latona and her offspring, Apollo and Diana, when the people of Thebes were assembled, their brows crowned with laurel, bearing frankincense to the altars and paying their vows, that Niobe appeared among the crowd. Her attire was splendid with gold and gems, and her face as beautiful as the face of an angry woman can be. She stood and surveyed the people with haughty looks. "What folly," said she, "is this! to prefer beings whom you never saw to those who stand before your eyes! Why should Latona be honored with worship rather than I? My father was Tantalus, who was received as a guest at the table of the gods; my mother was a goddess. My husband built and rules this city, Thebes; and Phrygia is my paternal inheritance. Wherever I turn my eyes I survey the elements of my power; nor is my form and presence unworthy of a goddess. To all this let me add, I have seven sons and seven daughters, and look for sons-in-law and daughters-in-law of pretensions worthy of my alliance. Have I not cause for pride? Will you prefer to me this Latona, the Titan's daughter, with her two children? I have seven times as many. Fortunate indeed am I, and fortunate I shall remain! Will any one deny this?[5]
By using poisoned arrows, Artemis killed Niobe's daughters and Apollo killed Niobe's sons, while they practiced athletics, with the last begging their lives. According to some versions, at least one Niobid was spared, (usually Meliboea). Their father Amphion, at the sight of his dead sons, either killed himself or was killed by Apollo for having sworn revenge. A devastated Niobe fled to Mount Sipylus and was turned into stone and, as she wept unceasingly, waters started to pour from her petrified complexion. Mount Sipylus indeed has a natural rock formation which resembles a female face, and it has been associated with Niobe since ancient times [6]. The rock formation is also known as the "Weeping Rock" (Turkish: Ağlayan Kaya), since rainwater seeps through its porous limestone pores.
This rock formation associated with Niobe is not to be confused with a full-faced sculpture carved into the rock-face of a a nearby crag, and which is located north of the mountain. This sculpture was attributed by Pausanias to Broteas, the ugly brother of Niobe, and it is in fact of Hittite workmanship and represents Cybele.
Omphalos
An omphalos is an ancient religious stone artifact, or baetylus. In Greek, the word omphalos means "navel" (compare the name of Queen Omphale). According to the ancient Greeks, Zeus sent out two eagles to fly across the world to meet at its center, the "navel" of the world. Omphalos stones used to denote this point were erected in several areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea; the most famous of those was at the oracle in Delphi. The plant genus Omphalodes in the family Boraginaceae is commonly called navelwort. It is also the name of the stone given to Cronus in Zeus' place in Greek mythology.
Orcus
The origins of Orcus may have lain in Etruscan religion. Orcus was a name used by Roman writers to identify a Gaulish god of the underworld. The so-called Tomb of Orcus, an Etruscan site at Tarquinia, is a misnomer, resulting from its first discoverers mistaking as Orcus a hairy, bearded giant that was actually a figure of a Cyclops.
'Orcus', in Roman mythology, was an alternative name for Pluto, Hades, or Dis Pater, god of the land of the dead. The name "Orcus" seems to have been given to his evil and punishing side, as the god who tormented evildoers in the afterlife. Like the name Hades (or the Norse Hel, for that matter), "Orcus" could also mean the land of the dead.
From Orcus' association with death and the underworld, his name came to be used for demons and other underworld monsters, particularly in Italian where orco refers to a kind of monster found in fairy-tales that feeds on human flesh. The French word ogre (appearing first in Charles Perrault's fairy-tales) may have come from variant forms of this word, orgo or ogro; in any case, the French ogre and the Italian orco are exactly the same sort of creature. An early example of an orco appears in Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, as a bestial, blind, tusk-faced monster inspired by the Cyclops of the Odyssey; this orco should not be confused with the orca, a sea-monster also appearing in Ariosto.
Palladium
In Greek and Roman mythology, a palladium or palladion was an image of great antiquity on which the safety of a city was said to depend. "Palladium" especially signified the wooden statue of Pallas Athena that Odysseus and Diomedes stole from the citadelof Troy and which was later taken to the future site of Rome by Aeneas. The Roman story is related in Virgil's Aeneid and other works.
Pallas
Pallas was the Titan god (perhaps) of warcraft and the Greek campaign season of late spring and early summer. He was the father of Victory, Rivalry, Strength and Power by Styx (Hate), children who turned to the side of Zeus during the Titan-War. Pallas' name was derived from the Greek word pallô meaning "to brandish (a spear)."
Pan
Pan (Greek Πάν, genitive Πανός), in Greek religion and mythology, is the companion of the nymphs,[1] god of shepherds and flocks, of mountain wilds, hunting and rustic music. His name originates within the Greek language, from the word paein, meaning "to pasture".[2] He has the hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat, in the same manner as a faun or satyr. With his homeland in rusticArcadia, he is recognized as the god of fields, groves, and wooded glens; because of this, Pan is connected to fertility and the season of spring.
In Roman mythology, Pan's counterpart was Faunus, a nature spirit who was the father of Bona Dea (Fauna). In the 18th and 19th centuries, Pan became a significant figure in the romanticist movement of western Europe, and also in the 20th century Neopagan movement.[3]
Panathenaea
The Panathenaea (Παναθήναια "all-Athenian festival") was the most important festival for Athens and one of the grandest in the entire ancient Greek world. Except for slaves, all inhabitants of the polis could take part in the festival.
This holiday of great antiquity is believed to have been the observance of Athena's birthday and honored the goddess as the city's patron divinity, Athena Polias ('Athena of the city').
The procession assembled before dawn at the Dipylon gate in the northern sector of the city. The procession, led by the Kanephoros, made its way on the Panathenaic Way through the Agora toward theAcropolis. Some sacrifices were offered on the Areopagus and in front of the Temple of Athena Nike next to the Propylaea.
Panathenaic Amphora
Panathenaic amphorae were the large ceramic vessels that contained the oil (some 10 gallons, and 60-70 cms high) given as prizes in thePanathenaic Games. This olive oil came from the sacred grove of Athena at Akademia, the amphorae which held it had the distinctive form of tight handles, narrow neck and feet and decorated in a standard form using the black figure technique, and continued to be so long after the black figure style has fallen out of fashion. They depicted Athena Promachos; goddess of war advancing between columns brandishing a spear and wearing the aegis. Next to her is the inscription τον αθενεθεν αθλον "(one) of the prizes from Athens" and on the back of the vase was a representation of the event for which it was an award. Sometimes roosters are depicted perched on top of the columns, the significance of these is an open question. Later amphorae also had that year's archon's name written on it making finds of the vases archaeologically important.
Parnassus
Mount Parnassus is named after Parnassos, the son of the nymph Kleodora and the man Kleopompus. There was a city of which Parnassos was leader, which was flooded by torrential rain. The citizens ran from the flood, following wolves' howling, up the mountain slope. There the survivors built another city, and called it Lykoreia, which in Greek means "the howling of the wolves." While Orpheus was living with his mother and his eight beautiful aunts on Parnassus, he met Apollo who was courting the laughing muse Thalia. Apollo became fond ofOrpheus and gave him a little golden lyre, and taught him to play it. Orpheus's mother taught him to make verses for singing. As the Oracle of Delphi was sacred to the god Apollo, so did the mountain itself become associated with Apollo. According to some traditions, Parnassus was the site of the fountain Castalia and the home of the Muses; according to other traditions, that honor fell to Mount Helicon, another mountain in the same range. As the home of the Muses, Parnassus became known as the home of poetry, music, and learning.
Parnassus was also the site of several unrelated minor events in Greek mythology.
Parochos
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Parthenon
The Parthenon (Ancient Greek: Παρθενών) is a temple of the Greek goddess Athena, built in the 5th century BC on the Athenian Acropolis. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered to be the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered one of the high points of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of ancient Greece and of Athenian democracy, and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. The Greek Ministry of Culture is currently carrying out a program of restoration and reconstruction.[1]
The Parthenon replaced an older temple of Athena, which historians call the Pre-Parthenon or Older Parthenon, that was destroyed in thePersian invasion of 480 BC. Like most Greek temples, the Parthenon was used as a treasury, and for a time served as the treasury of theDelian League, which later became the Athenian Empire. In the 6th century AD, the Parthenon was converted into a Christian churchdedicated to the Virgin Mary. After the Ottoman conquest, it was converted into a mosque in the early 1460s, and it had a minaret built in it. On 26 September 1687 an Ottoman ammunition dump inside the building was ignited by Venetian bombardment. The resulting explosion severely damaged the Parthenon and its sculptures. In 1806, Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin removed some of the surviving sculptures, with Ottoman permission. These sculptures, now known as the Elgin or Parthenon Marbles, were sold in 1816 to the British Museum inLondon, where they are now displayed. The Greek government is committed to the return of the sculptures to Greece, so far with no success.[citation needed]
Parthenos
"Virgin", an epithet of the goddess Athena. The Parthenon is her temple on the Acropolis in Greece.
Pediment
A pediment is a classical architectural element consisting of the triangular section found above the horizontal structure (entablature), typically supported by columns. The gable end of the pediment is surrounded by the cornice moulding. The tympanum, or triangular area within the pediment, was often decorated with sculptures and reliefs demonstrating scenes of Greek and Roman mythology or allegorical figures. It also consisted of many bright colours suitable to the nature of the building being adorned.
Peleus
Peleus and Telamon, his brother, killed their half-brother, Phocus, perhaps in a hunting accident, and fled Aegina to escape punishment. In Phthia, Peleus was purified by Eurytion and married Antigone, Eurytion's daughter. Peleus accidentally killed Eurytion during the hunt for the Calydonian Boar and fled from Phthia.
Peleus was purifed of the murder of Eurytion in Iolcus by Acastus. Astydameia, Acastus' wife, fell in love with Peleus but he scorned her. Bitter, she sent a messenger to Antigone to tell her that Peleus was to marry Acastus' daughter; Antigone hanged herself.
Astydameia then told Acastus that Peleus had tried to rape her. Acastus took Peleus on a hunting trip and hid his sword, then abandoned him right before a group of centaurs attacked.Chiron, the wise centaur, returned Peleus' sword and Peleus managed to escape. He pillaged Iolcus and dismembered Astydameia, then marched his army between the rendered limbs.
Peleus makes off with his prize bride Thetis, who has vainly assumed animal forms to escape him: Boeotianblack-figure dish, ca. 500 BC–475 BCE
After Antigone's death, Peleus married the sea-nymph Thetis and fathered Achilles by her. As a wedding present, Poseidon gave Peleus two immortal horses: Balius and Xanthus. Their wedding feast, however, was also the beginning of the quarrel that led to theJudgement of Paris and eventually to the Trojan War.
Pelops
In Greek mythology, Pelops (Greek Πέλοψ, from pelios: dark; and ops: face, eye), king of Pisa in the Peloponnesus, was venerated at Olympia, where his cult developed into the founding myth of the Olympic Games, the most important expression of unity, not only for the Peloponnesus, "land of Pelops", but for all Hellenes. At the sanctuary at Olympia, chthonic night-time libations were offered each time to "dark-faced" Pelops in his sacrificial pit (bothros) before they were offered in the following daylight to the sky-god Zeus (Burkert 1983:96).
Pelops' father was Tantalus, king at Mount Sipylus in Anatolia. Wanting to make an offering to the Olympians, Tantalus cut Pelops into pieces and made his flesh into a stew, then served it to the gods. Demeter, deep in grief after the abduction of her daughter Persephone by Hades, absentmindedly accepted the offering and ate the left shoulder. The other gods sensed the plot, however, and held off from eating of the boy's body. Pelops was ritually reassembled and brought back to life, his shoulder replaced with one made of ivory made for him byHephaestus. Pindar mentioned this tradition in his First Olympian Ode, only to reject it as a malicious invention: his patron claimed descent from Tantalus.
After Pelops' resurrection, Poseidon took him to Olympus, and made the youth his apprentice, teaching him to drive the divine chariot. Later, Zeus threw Pelops out of Olympus, angry that his father, Tantalus, had stolen the food of the gods, given it to his subjects, and revealed the secrets of the gods.
Peplos
A peplos (Greek: πέπλος) is a body-length Greek garment worn by women in the years before 500 BC. The peplos is a tubular cloth, essentially, folded inside-out from the top about halfway down, so that what was the top of the tube is now at the waist and the bottom of the tube is about ankle-length. The garment is then gathered about the waist and the open top (at the fold) pinned over the shoulders. The top of the tube (now inside-out) drapes over the waist providing the appearance of a second piece of clothing, except in the statues of the Caryatid.
This Classical period garment is represented often in the vase painting since the fifth century B.C. and in the metopes of the Temples in Doric order.
On the last day of the Pyanopsion, the priestess of Athena Polias and the Arrephoroi, a troop of girls chosen to help in the making of the sacred peplos, set up the loom on which the enormous peplos was to be woven by the Ergastinai, another troop of girls chosen to spend approximately nine months making the sacred peplos. They had to weave a theme of Athena's defeat of Enkelados and the Olympian's defeat of the Giants. The peplos of the statue was changed each year during the Plynteria.
Peristyle
In Greek and Roman architecture a peristyle is a columned porch or open colonnade in a building that surrounds a court that may contain an internal garden. "Tetrastoon" (Greek: "four arcades") is another name for this feature. In the Christian ecclesiastical architecture that developed from Roman precedents, a basilica, such as Old St Peter's in Rome, would stand behind a peristyle forecourt that sheltered it from the street. In time the cloister developed from the peristyle.
In rural settings a wealthy Roman could surround a villa with terraced gardens; within the city Romans created their gardens inside thedomus. The peristylium was an open courtyard within the house; the columns or square pillars surrounding the garden supported a shady roofed portico whose inner walls were often embellished with elaborate wall paintings of landscapes and trompe-l'oeil architecture. Sometimes the lararium, a shrine for the Lares, the gods of the household, was located in this portico, or it might be found in the atrium. The courtyard might contain flowers and shrubs, fountains, benches, sculptures and even fish ponds.
Though the Egyptians did not use the Greek term peristyle, historians have adopted it to describe similar structures in Egyptian palace architecture and in Levantine houses known as liwan houses.
Persephone
In Greek mythology, Persephone (IPA: /pərˈsɛfəni/; Kore or Cora) was the embodiment of the Earth's fertility at the same time that she was the Queen of the Underworld, the korē (or young maiden), and the parthenogenic daughter of Demeter and, in later Classical myths, a daughter of Demeter and Zeus. In the Olympian version she also becomes the consort of Hades when he becomes the deity that governs the underworld.
The figure of Persephone is well-known today. Her story has great sexual power: an innocent maiden, a mother's grief over her abduction, and great joy after her daughter is returned. It is also cited frequently as a paradigm of myths that explain natural processes, with the descent and return of the goddess bringing about the change of seasons.
In Greek art, Persephone is invariably portrayed robed. She may be carrying a sheaf of grain and smiling demurely with the "Archaic smile" of the Kore of Antenor.
"Persephone" (Greek: Περσεφόνη, Persephonē) is her name in the Ionic Greek of epic literature. The Homeric form of her name isPersephoneia (Περσεφονεία[1], Persephonēia). In other dialects she was known under various other names: Persephassa(Περσεφάσσα), Persephatta (Περσεφάττα), or simply [Kore] (Κόρη, Korē, "girl, maiden" [2]) (when worshipped in the context of "Demeter and Kore"). Plato calls her Pherepapha (Φερέπαφα) in his Cratylus, "because she is wise and touches that which is in motion".
Phaedra
In Greek mythology, Phaedra is the daughter of Minos, wife of Theseus and the mother of Demophon and Acamas.
Though married to Theseus, Phaedra fell in love with Hippolytus, Theseus' son born by Antiope, queen of the Amazons. According to some sources, Hippolytus had spurned Aphrodite to become a devotee of Artemis and Aphrodite made Phaedra fall in love with him as a punishment. He rejected her. Alternatively, Phaedra's nurse told Hippolytus of her love, and he swore he would not reveal her as a source of information. In revenge, Phaedra wrote Theseus a letter that claimed Hippolytus raped her. Theseus believed her and cursed Hippolytus with one of the three curses he had received fromPoseidon. As a result, Hippolytus' horses were frightened by a sea monster and dragged their rider to his death. Alternatively, after Phaedra told Theseus that Hippolytus had raped her, Theseus killed his son and Phaedra committed suicide out of guilt for she had not intended for Hippolytus to die.Artemis later told Theseus the truth. In a third version, Phaedra simply told Theseus this and did not kill herself; Dionysus sent a wild bull which terrified Hippolytus' horses.
Phaëthon
In Greek mythology, Phaëton or Phaethon (pronounced /ˈfeɪətn/ or /ˈfeɪəθən/) (Greek: Φαέθων "shining") was the son of Helios (Phoebus). Perhaps the most famous version of the myth is given us through Ovid in his Metamorphoses (Book II). Phaeton seeks assurance that his mother, Clymene, is telling the truth that his father is the sun god Helios. When Phaeton obtains his father's promise to drive the sun chariot as proof, he fails to control it and is killed to prevent further disaster.
The name Phaëton means the "shining", is also an epithet of Clymenus by Merope or Clymene and Lucifer the Morning Star Venus.[1]
Pheidias
Phidias or Pheidias; (in Ancient Greek, Φειδίας); circa 480 BC – 430 BC), was a Greek sculptor, painter and architect, who lived in theClassical Greece, in the 5th century BC, and is commonly regarded as one of the greatest of all Classical sculptors.[1] The Statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, made by Phidias. Phidias also designed the statues of the goddessAthena on the Athenian Acropolis, namely Athena Parthenos inside the Parthenon and the Athena Promachos, a colossal bronze statue ofAthena sculpted which stood between the Propylaea,:[2] a monumental gateway that served as the entrance to the Acropolis in Athens. Phidias was the son of Charmides[3]
Phlegethon (Pyriphlegethon)
PYRIPHLEGETHON was the underworld river of fire and its god. He was one of five infernal rivers, the others being the Akheron, Styx, Lethe and Kokytos.
Pilos
The pilos (Greek πῖλος, felt) was a common conical travelling hat in Ancient Greece and Macedonia. The pilos is the brimless version of thepetasos. It could be made of felt or leather. Their pilos cap identifies the Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux, in sculptures, bas-reliefs and vase-paintings; their caps were already explained in Antiquity as the remnants of the egg from which they hatched.[1] The pilos appears on votive figurines of boys at the sanctuary of the kabeiri at Thebes, the Kabeirion.[2]
In warfare, the pilos was often worn by the peltast light infantry, in conjunction with the exomis. The pilos cap was sometimes worn under the helmet by hoplites, but usually they preferred to not use a helmet along with the cap before the 5th century for reasons of mobility.
The pilos helmet was made in the same shape as the original cap. It probably originated from Lakonia and was made from bronze. The pilos helmet was extensively adopted by the Spartan army in the fifth century BC and worn by them until the end of the Classical era.
Pluto
Pluto was originally the Roman god of certain metals and, because these materials are mined, he also took on the role of god of the underworld. The Greek word for wealth is Πλοῦτος (Plοutos) and it is believed that the Romans derived Pluto from the Greek because these metals, jewels and other riches lie under the Earth.
The Abduction of Persephone, byAlbrecht Dürer, portrays Pluto on the back of a unicorn
It is debatable whether in the Roman pantheon he was considered a son of Saturn, as Hades was ofCronus.[citation needed] If so, he would have been one of the children not devoured by Saturn, along withNeptune and Jupiter. Together, they represented earth, water, and air[citation needed] (not as elements, but as environments), and the Romans believed that none of these things could be consumed by time, represented by Saturn.[citation needed] After Saturn's defeat, the three brothers took control of the world, and divided it into three separate parts for each brother to rule. Jupiter took control of the skies, Neptune of the seas, and Pluto ruled the underworld (Tartarus or Hades).
The widely accepted myth about Hades and Persephone was also told of Pluto and Proserpina in Roman myth. Pluto and Proserpina are almost exact replicas of their Greek equivalents, as the Romans' ideas about the spirits of the underworld were very vague before adopting Greek mythology. Venus, in order to bring love to Pluto, sent her son Amor, also known as Cupid, to hit Pluto with one of his arrows. Proserpina was in Sicily, at the fountain of Arethusa near Enna, where she was playing with some nymphs and collecting flowers, when Pluto came out from the volcano Etna with four black horses. He abducted her in order to marry her and live with her in Hades, the Greco-Roman Underworld. She is therefore Queen of the Underworld. Notably, Pluto was also her uncle, being the brother of her parents, Jupiter and Ceres.
Ceres vainly went looking for her in any corner of the Earth, but wasn't able to find anything but her daughter’s small belt that was floating upon a little lake (made with the tears of the nymphs). Ceres angrily stopped the growth of fruits and vegetables, bestowing a malediction on Sicily. The plants died, and it became cold and dark above ground. Ceres refused to go back to Mount Olympus and started walking on the Earth, making a desert at every step. While Proserpina remained in captivity, Ceres wept, and nothing could grow or be harvested. The people of the world were dying, and prayed to Jupiter for help.
Worried, Jupiter sent Mercury to order Pluto to free Proserpina. Pluto would have obeyed, but by then, she had eaten six pomegranate seeds, whether of her own accord or through Pluto's trickery. Having tasted the food of the underworld, she could not leave, but when Jupiter ordered her return, Pluto struck a deal with him. He said that since she had stolen his six pomegranate seeds, she must stay with him six months of the year, but could remain aboveground the rest of the time. For this reason, in spring when Ceres received her daughter back, the crops blossomed and flowers colored in a beautiful welcome to her daughter, and in summer they flourished. In the autumn, Ceres changed the leaves to shades of brown and orange (her favorite colors) as a gift to Proserpina before she had to return to the underworld.[citation needed] During the time that Proserpina resided with Pluto, the world went through winter, a time when the earth was barren. Thus, the seasons were created.
Although Hades was seen as somewhat merciless, Pluto was worshipped by the Romans for some of his kinder attributes. Although Hades took a central role in many Greek myths, Pluto was not as much of a general focus.
Plutus
In the philosophized mythology of the later Classical period, Plutus is envisaged by Aristophanes[2] as blinded by Zeus, so that he would be able to dispense his gifts without prejudice; he is also lame, as he takes his time arriving, and winged, so he leaves faster than he came. When the god's sight is restored, in Aristophanes' comedy, he is then able to determine who is deserving of wealth, creating havoc.
Among the Eleusinian figures painted on Greek ceramics, Plutus, whether a boy child or a youthful ephebe, is recognized by the cornucopia, or horn of plenty, that he bears. In later,allegorical bas-reliefs, Plutus is a boy in the arms of Eirene, as Prosperity is the gift of "Peace", or in the arms of Tyche, the Fortune of Cities.
In Lucian of Samosata's satirical dialogue Timon, Ploutus, the very embodiment of worldly goods written up in a parchment will, says to Hermes:
"it is not Zeus who sends me, but Pluto, who has his own ways of conferring wealth and making presents; Pluto and Plutus are not unconnected, you see. When I am to flit from one house to another, they lay me on parchment, seal me up carefully, make a parcel of me and take me round. The dead man lies in some dark corner, shrouded from the knees upward in an old sheet, with the cats fighting for possession of him, while those who have expectations wait for me in the public place, gaping as wide as young swallows that scream for their mother's return."
In Canto VII of Dante's Divine Comedy, Plutus (Pluto in the original Italian) is a wolf-like demon of wealth which guards the fourth circle of the Inferno, the Hoarders and the Wasters. Dante almost certainly conflated Plutus with Pluto, the Roman god of the Underworld.
Polyphemus
In Homer's Odyssey (Book 9), Odysseus lands on the Island of the Cyclopes during his journey home from the Trojan War. He then takes twelve men and sets out to find supplies. The Greeks find and enter a large cave, which happens to be the home of the great Cyclops Polyphemus. When Polyphemus returns home with his flocks and finds Odysseus and his men, he blocks the cave entrance with a great stone, trapping the remaining Greeks inside. The Cyclops then crushes and immediately devours two of his men. In the morning, he kills and eats two more. It is said that "rapping them on the ground, he knocked them dead like pups".[2]
The desperate Odysseus devises a clever escape plan. That night, Polyphemus returns from herding his flock of sheep. He sits down and kills two more of Odysseus' men. But, Odysseus takes the wine given to him by Alcinous; to make Polyphemus unwary, Odysseus gives the Cyclops the very strong unwatered wine. When Polyphemus asks for Odysseus' name, Odysseus tells him "ουτις," (translated as "no man"). Being drunk, Polyphemus thinks of it as a real name. Once the Cyclops passes out from the wine, Odysseus and his men take the giant's huge olive club that they sharpened to a point during that day, while he was away, and harden its tip in the embers of a fire. The men lift the stake and drive it into Polyphemus' eye, blinding him. Polyphemus yells for help from his fellow cyclopes that "no man" has hurt him. The other cyclopes take this to mean that Polyphemus has lost his mind, because he was saying "nobody" attacked him. They conclude his condition is a curse from a god, so they do not intervene.
In the morning, Odysseus and his men tie themselves to the undersides of Polyphemus' sheep. When the blind Cyclops lets the sheep out to graze, he feels their backs to ensure the men aren't riding out, but doesn't feel the men underneath. Odysseus leaves last, riding beneath the belly of the biggest ram. Polyphemus doesn't realize that the men are no longer in his cave until the sheep (and men) are safely out.
Potnia Theron
Potnia Theron ("Mistress of the Animals") is an ancient title of the Minoan Goddess, an aspect of her power that was assumed byArtemis among others in the Olympian hierarchy that was later introduced in mainland Greece. "In particular, it seems as if an ancientGreat Goddess, especially qua Mistress of the Animals, has been individualized in Greece in various ways, as Hera, Artemis, Aphrodite,Demeter, and Athena," Walter Burkert allows, but adds "The idea of a Master or Mistress of the Animals who must be won over to the side of the hunters is widespread and very possibly Paleolithic in origin; in the official religion of the Greeks this survives at little more than the level of folklore." (Burkert 1985, p. 154, 172)
Potnia, meaning mistress, lady, or wife is a feminine form related to potis, a masculine form meaning master, lord, or husband. Potniawas a Mycenaean word inherited by Classical Greek, with the same meaning, which has an exact parallel in Sanskrit patnī.
When Homer mentions a potnia theron (Iliad xxi.470), it is Artemis he means, and the formula appears already tried-and-true. But in theHomeric Hymn to Aphrodite, she is followed across the sacred slopes of Phrygian Mount Ida—ordinarily the haunt of Cybele, the Mountain Mother—by fawning wolves, lions, bears, and panthers. Under her spell they couple in their lairs.
Proteus
In Greek mythology, Proteus (Πρωτεύς) is an early sea-god, one of several deities whom Homer calls the "Old Man of the Sea"[1], whose name suggests the "first", as protogonos (πρωτόγονος) is the "primordial" or the "firstborn". He became the son of Poseidon in the Olympian theogony (Odyssey iv. 432), or ofNereus and Doris, or of Oceanus and a Naiad, and was made the herdsman of Poseidon's seals, the great bull seal at the center of the harem. He can foretell the future, but, in a mytheme familiar from several cultures, will change his shape to avoid having to; he will answer only to someone who is capable of capturing him. From this feature of Proteus comes the adjective protean, with the general meaning of "versatile", "mutable", "capable of assuming many forms": "Protean" has positive connotations of flexibility, versatility and adaptability.
Psychopompos
Many religions include a particular spirit, angel, or deity whose responsibility is to escort newly-deceased souls to the afterlife. These creatures are called psychopomps, from the Greek word ψυχοπομπός (psychopompos), literally meaning the "guide of souls". Their role is not to judge the deceased, but simply provide safe passage. Frequently depicted on funerary art, psychopomps have been associated at different times and in different cultures with horses, whippoorwills, ravens, dogs, crows, owls, sparrows, cuckoos, harts, and dolphins.
Pythia
The Pythia (Greek: Πυθία, Pūthia) was the priestess presiding over the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi, located on the slopes of Mount Parnassus. The Pythia was widely credited with giving prophecies inspired by Apollo, giving her a prominence unusual for a woman in male-dominated ancient Greece. The Delphic oracle was established in the 8th century BC.[1] Its last recorded response was given in 393 AD, when the emperor Theodosius I ordered pagan temples to cease operation. During this period the Delphic Oracle was the most prestigious and authoritative oracle in the Greek world.
The oracle is one of the best-documented religious institutions of the classical Greek world. Writers who mention the oracle includeHerodotus, Thucydides, Euripides, Sophocles, Plato, Aristotle, Pindar, Aeschylus, Xenophon, Diodorus, Strabo, Pausanias, Plutarch, Livy,Justin, Ovid, Lucan and Julian.
The name 'Pythia' derived from Pytho, which in myth was the original name of Delphi. The Greeks derived this place-name from the verbpythein (πύθειν, "to rot"), used of the decomposition of the body of the monstrous serpent Python after she was slain by Apollo.[2]
It is often said that the Pythia delivered oracles in a frenzied state induced by vapors rising from a chasm in the rock, and that she spoke gibberish which priests reshaped into the enigmatic prophecies preserved in Greek literature.[3] This picture has been challenged by scholars such as Joseph Fontenrose and Lisa Maurizio, who show that the ancient sources uniformly represent the Pythia speaking intelligibly, and giving prophecies in her own voice.[4] Recent geological investigations have shown that real gas emission from a geologic chasm in the earth could have started the myth of the Delphic Oracle. Some authors suggested the possibility that ethylene gas caused the Pythia's state of inspiration. Other authors, infer instead that methane might have been the gas emitted from the chasm, or CO2 and H2Sarguing that the chasm itself might have been a seismic ground rupture.[5][6]
Pytho
In Greek mythology Python, serpent, was the earth-dragon of Delphi, always represented in Greek sculpture and vase-paintings as a serpent. She presided at the Delphic oracle, which existed in the cult center for her mother, Gaia, Earth,Pytho being the place name. The site was considered the center of the earth, represented by a stone, the omphalos or navel, which Python guarded.
Pytho became the chthonic enemy of the later Olympian deity Apollo, who slew her and remade her former home and the oracle, the most famous in Classical Greece, as his own. (But also see Dodona, for the earlier traditions.) Changes such as these in ancient myths may reflect a profound change in the religious concepts of Hellenic culture. Some were gradual over time and others occurred abruptly following invasion.
Scylla
Scylla (pronounced /ˈsɪlə/; Greek: Σκύλλα, Skulla), also known as Scylle (pronounced /ˈsɪli/; Greek: Σκύλλη, Skullē), was one of the two monsters in Greek mythology (the other being Charybdis) that lived on either side of a narrow channel of water. The two sides of the strait were within an arrow's range of each other—so close that sailors attempting to avoid Charybdis would pass too close to Scylla and vice versa.
The phrase "between Scylla and Charybdis" has come to mean being in a state where one is between two dangers and moving away from one will cause you to be in danger from the other. Traditionally the aforementioned strait has been associated with theStrait of Messina between Italy and Sicily, but more recently this theory has been challenged, and the alternative location of Cape Skilla in northwest Greece has been suggested by Tim Severin. [1]
Scylla was a grotesque sea monster, with six long necks equipped with grisly heads, each of which contained three rows of sharp teeth. Her body consisted of twelve canine legs and a cat's tail. She was one of the children of Phorcys and either Hecate,Crataeis, Lamia or Ceto (where Scylla would also be known as one of the Phorcydes). Some sources, including Stesichorus cite her parents as Triton and Lamia.
In classical art, she was depicted as a fish-tailed mermaid with four to six dog-heads ringing her waist.
Selene
Selene is the Titan goddess of the moon. In Greek mythology, Selene (Σελήνη, "moon"; English IPA: /sɛˈliːniː/) was an archaic lunar deity and the daughter of the Titans Hyperion and Theia.[1] In Roman mythology, the moon goddess is calledLuna, Latin for "moon".
Like most moon deities, Selene plays a fairly large role in her pantheon, which preceded the Olympic pantheon. However, Selene was eventually largely supplanted by Artemis, and Luna by Diana. In the collection known as the Homeric hymns, there is a Hymn to Selene (xxxii), paired with the hymn to Helios; in it, Selene is addressed as "far-winged", an epithet ordinarily applied to birds. Selene is mentioned in Nonnus, Dionysiaca 48.581; Pausanias 5.1.4; and Strabo 14.1.6,
The etymology of Selene is uncertain, but if the word is of Greek origin, it is likely connected to the word selas, meaning "light".[2] Boreion Selas is the Greek name for Aurora Borealis. In modern times, Selene is the root of selenology, the study of the geology of the Moon, and the chemical element selenium.
Styx
In Greek mythology, the "River Styx" (Greek: Στύξ also meaning hate, detest) was a river which formed the boundary between Earth and the Underworld (Hades). It circles Hades nine times. The rivers Styx, Phlegethon, Acheron and Cocytus all converge at the center of Hades on a great marsh. The other important rivers of Hades are Lethe and Eridanos[citation needed]. Styx was guarded by Phlegyas, who passes the souls from one side to another of the river. In other versions, Phlegyas guarded Phlegethon, one of the other main rivers of Hades. Sometimes the ferryman was called Charon.(Also spelt Kharon in older texts)
The gods respected the Styx and swore binding oaths by it. Zeus swore to give Semele whatever she wanted and was then obliged to follow through, resulting in her death. Helios (who is sometimes confused with Apollo) similarly promised Phaëton whatever he desired, also resulting in his death. Gods that did not follow through on such an oath had to drink from the river, causing them to lose their voices for one year, then being exiled from the council of gods for nine years after that. According to some versions, Styx had miraculous powers and could make someone immortal/invulnerable. Achilles may have been dipped in it in his childhood, acquiring invulnerability, with exception of his heel, which was held by his mother in order to submerge him. His exposed heel thus became known as Achilles' heel, a metaphor for a weak spot.
Tartarus
In classic Roman mythology, below Heaven, Earth, and Pontus is Tartarus, or Tartaros (Greek Τάρταρος, deep place). It is a deep, gloomy place, a pit, or an abyss used as a dungeon of torment and suffering that resides beneath the underworld. In the Gorgias, Plato (c. 400 BC) wrote that souls were judged after death and those who received punishment were sent to Tartarus. As a place of punishment, it can be considered a hell. The classic Hades, on the other hand, is more similar to Old Testament Sheol.
Like other primal entities (such as the earth and time), Tartarus is also a primordial force or deity.
Telesterion
Great hall in Eleusis, Telesterion was one of the primary centers of the Eleusinian Mysteries. At some point in the 5th century BC, Iktinos, the great architect of the Parthenon, built the Telesterion big enough to hold thousands of people.
As the climax of the ceremonies at Eleusis, the initiates entered the Telesterion where they were shown the sacred relics of Demeter and the priestesses revealed their visions of the holy night (probably a fire that represented the possibility of life after death). This was the most secretive part of the Mysteries and those who had been initiated were forbidden to ever speak of the events that took place in the Telesterion.
It was destroyed by the Persians and was subsequently rebuilt some time later by Pericles.
Thetis
Silver-footed Thetis (ancient Greek Θέτις), disposer or "placer" (the one who places), is encountered in Greek mythology mostly as a seanymph, one of the fifty Nereids, daughters of the ancient one of the seas with shape-shifting abilities who survives in the historical vestiges of most later Greek myths as Proteus (whose name suggests the "first", the "primordial" or the "firstborn").
When described as a Nereid in Classical myths, Thetis was the daughter of Nereus and Doris (Hesiod, Theogony), and a granddaughter ofTethys with whom she sometimes shares characteristics. Often she seems to lead the Nereids as they attend to her tasks. Sometimes she also is identified with Metis.
It is likely, however, that she was one of the earliest of deities worshiped in Archaic Greece, the oral traditions and records of which are lost. Only one written record, a fragment, exists attesting to her worship and an early Alcman hymn exists that identifies Thetis as the creator of the universe. Worship of Thetis as the goddess is documented to have persisted in some regions by historical writers such as Pausanias.
Tisiphone
Tisiphone was one of the Erinyes or Furies, and sister of Alecto and Megaera. She was the one who punished crimes of murder: parricide, fratricide and homicide. A myth recounts how Tisiphone fell in love with Cithaeron, and caused his death by snakebite, specifically, by one of the snakes from her head. In Book VI of Virgil's Aeneid, Tisiphone is recognized as the furious and cruel guardian of the gates of Tartarus.
Tithonus
In Greek mythology, Tithonus or Tithonos was the lover of Eos, Titan[1] of the dawn. He was a Trojan by birth, the son of King Laomedon of Troy by awater nymph named Strymo ("harsh"). In the mythology known to the fifth-century vase-painters of Athens, Tithonus was envisaged as a rhapsode, as the lyre in his hand, on an oinochoe of the Achilles Painter, ca. 470 BC–460 BCE (illustration) attests. Competitive singing, as in the Contest of Homer and Hesiod, is also depicted vividly in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo and mentioned in the two Hymns to Aphrodite.[2]
Eos kidnapped Ganymede and Tithonus, both from the royal house of Troy, to be her lovers.[3] The mytheme of the goddess's immortal lover is an archaic one; when a role for Zeus was inserted, a bitter new twist appeared:[4] According to the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, when Eos asked Zeus for Tithonus to be immortal,[5] she forgot to ask for eternal youth (218-38). Tithonus indeed lived forever
In later tellings he eventually turned into a cicada, eternally living, but begging for death to overcome him.[6] In the Olympian system, the "queenly" and "golden-throned" Eos can no longer grant immortality to her lover as Selene had done, but must ask it of Zeus, as a boon.
Lover of Eos
Triglyph
Triglyph is an architectural term for the vertically channeled tablets of the Doric frieze, so called because of the angular channels in them, two perfect and one divided, the two chamfered angles or hemiglyphs being reckoned as one. The square recessed spaces between the triglyphs on a Doric frieze are called metopes.
In terms of structure, a triglyph may be carved from a single block with a metope, or the triglyph block may have slots cut into it to allow a separately cut metope (in stone or wood) to be slid into place, as at the Temple of Aphaea. There may be some variation in design within a single structure to allow for corner contraction, an adjustment of the column spacing and arrangement of the Doric frieze in a temple to make the design appear more harmonious.
Greek Architecture
Triptolemus
Triptolemus (Greek: Τριπτόλεμος, lit. "threefold warrior"; also known as Buzyges), in Greek mythology always connected with Demeter of the Eleusinian Mysteries, might be accounted the son of King Celeus of Eleusis in Attica, or, according to the Pseudo-Apollodorus (Bibliotheca I.V.2), the son of Gaia andOkeanos—another way of saying he was "primordial man".
While Demeter was searching for her daughter, having taken the form of an old woman called Doso, she received a hospitable welcome from Celeus. He asked her to nurse Demophon—"killer of men", a counterpart to Triptolemus— and Triptolemus, his sons by Metanira. As a gift to Celeus, because of his hospitality, Demeter planned to make Demophon immortal by burning away his mortal spirit in the family hearth every night. She was unable to complete the ritual because Metanira walked in on her one night. Instead, Demeter chose to teach Triptolemus the art of agriculture and, from him, the rest of Greece learned to plant and reap crops. He flew across the land on a winged chariot while Demeter and Persephone cared for him, and helped him complete his mission of educating the whole of Greece in the art of agriculture.
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Agave
In Greek mythology, Agave (or Agaue, English translation: "illustrious") was the daughter of Cadmus, the king and founder of the city of Thebes, Greece, and of the goddess Harmonia. Her sisters were Autonoë, Ino and Semele.[1] She married Echion, one of the five spartoi, and was the mother of Pentheus, a king of Thebes. She also had a daughter Epirus. She was aMaenad, a follower of Dionysus (also known as Bacchus in Roman mythology).
In Euripides's play, "The Bacchae", Theban Maenads murdered King Pentheus after he banned the worship of Dionysos because he denied Dionysus' divinity. Dionysus, Pentheus' cousin, himself lured Pentheus to the woods, where the Maenads tore him apart and his corpse was mutilated by his own mother, Agave.
This murder also served as Dionysus' vengeance on Agave (and her sisters Ino and Autonoë). Semele, during her pregnancy with Dionysus, was destroyed by the sight of the splendor ofZeus. Her sisters spread the report that she had only endeavored to con ceal unmarried sex with a mortal man, by pretending that Zeus was the father of her child, and said that her destruction was a just punishment for her falsehood. This calumny was afterwards most severely avenged upon Agave. For, after Dionysus, the son of Semele, had tra versed the world, he came to Thebes and sent the Theban women mad, compelling them to celebrate his Dionysiac festivals on Mount Cithaeron. Pentheus, wishing to prevent or stop these riotous proceedings, was persuaded by a disguised Dionysus to go himself to Cithaeron, but was torn to pieces there by his own mother Agave, who in her frenzy believed him to be a wild beast.[2][3]
For this transgression, according to Hyginus,[4] Agave was exiled from Thebes and fled to Illyria to marry King Lycotherses, and then killed him in order to gain the city for her father Cadmus. This account, however, is manifestly transplaced by Hyginus, and must have belonged to an earlier part of the story of Agave.[5]
Bacchus
Dionysus was also known as Bacchus[1] and the frenzy he induces, bakkheia. He is the patron deity of agriculture and the theatre. He was also known as the Liberator (Eleutherios), freeing one from one's normal self, by madness, ecstasy, or wine.[2] The divine mission of Dionysus was to mingle the music of the aulos and to bring an end to care and worry.[3] Scholars have discussed Dionysus' relationship to the "cult of the souls" and his ability to preside over communication between the living and the dead.[4]
Cantharus
Heroic tankard-sized drinking vessel.
Dionysus
In classical mythology, Dionysus or Dionysos (Greek Διόνυσος or Διώνυσος; IPA: /ˌdaɪəˈnaɪsəs/), is the god of wine, the inspirer of ritual madness and ecstasy, and a major figure of Greek mythology, and one of the twelve Olympians, among whom Greek mythologytreated Dionysus as a late arrival. The geographical origins of his cult were unknown to the classical Greeks, but almost all myths depicted him as having "foreign" origins: typical of the god of the epiphany, "the god that comes".
He was also known as Bacchus[1] and the frenzy he induces, bakkheia. He is the patron deity of agriculture and the theatre. He was also known as the Liberator (Eleutherios), freeing one from one's normal self, by madness, ecstasy, or wine.[2] The divine mission of Dionysus was to mingle the music of the aulos and to bring an end to care and worry.[3] Scholars have discussed Dionysus' relationship to the "cult of the souls" and his ability to preside over communication between the living and the dead.[4]
In Greek mythology, Dionysus is made to be a son of Zeus and Semele; other versions of the myth contend that he is a son of Zeus and Persephone. He is described as being womanly or "man-womanish".[5]
The name Dionysos is of uncertain significance; its -nysos element may well be non-Greek in origin, but its dio- element has been associated since antiquity with Zeus (genitive Dios). Nysa, for Greek writers, is either the nymph who nursed him, or the mountain where he was attended by several nymphs (the Nysiads), who fed him and made him immortal as directed by Hermes.[6]
The retinue of Dionysus was called the Thiasus and comprised chiefly Maenads.
Echo
In Greek mythology, Echo (Greek: Ἠχώ, Ēchō/Hēchō) was an Oread (a mountain nymph) who loved her own voice. Zeus loved consorting with beautiful nymphs and visited them on Earth often. Eventually, Zeus's wife, Hera, became suspicious, and came from Mt. Olympus in an attempt to catch Zeus with the nymphs.
Zeus, the King of the Olympians, was known for his many love affairs. Sometimes the young and beautiful Nymph Echo would distract and amuse his wife Hera with long and entertaining stories, while Zeus took advantage of the moment to ravish the other mountain nymphs. When Hera discovered the trickery she punished the talkative Echo by taking away her voice, except in foolish repetition of another's shouted words. Thus, all Echo could do was repeat the voice of another.
Echo fell in love with a vain youth named Narcissus, who was the son of the blue Nymph Leirope of Thespia. The river god Cephisus had once encircled Leirope with the windings of his streams, and thus trapping her, had seduced the nymph. Concerned about the baby's welfare, Leirope went to consult the prophet Teiresias regarding her son's future. Teiresias told the nymph that Narcissus "would live to a ripe old age, as long as he never knew himself."
One day when Narcissus was out hunting stags, Echo stealthily followed the handsome youth through the woods, longing to address him but unable to speak first. When Narcissus finally heard footsteps and shouted "Who's there?", Echo answered "Who's there?" And so it went, until finally Echo showed herself and rushed to embrace the lovely youth. He pulled away from the nymph and vainly told her to leave him alone. Narcissus left Echo heartbroken, and she spent the rest of her life in lonely glens pining away for the love she never knew until only her voice remained. However, in other versions Echo cries until she is stone and an invisible Echo (probably her ghost/spirit) haunts the Earth.
Ovid's version of the tale states that a girl who had also fallen in love with Narcissus made a prayer to the gods, asking that Narcissus suffer from an unrequited lust just as he had done to others. The prayer was answered by the goddess Nemesis - (she who ruins the proud), makes him fall in love with his own reflection so he stares at him self in the river (as he thinks it is a beautiful person underwater) until he turn pale and eventually dies.
Alternatively, Echo was a nymph who was a great singer and dancer and scorned the love of any man. This angered Pan, a lecherous god, and he instructed his followers to kill her. Echo was torn to pieces and spread all over the Earth. The Titan goddess of the earth, Gaia, received the pieces of Echo, whose voice remains repeating the last words of others. In some versions, Echo and Pan had two children: Iambe and Iynx
Erigone
Erigone, the daughter of Icarius in Greek mythology. Icarius was from Athens. He was cordial towards Dionysus, who gave his shepherds wine. They became intoxicated and killed Icarius, thinking he had poisoned them. His daughter, Erigone, and her dog, Maera, found his body. Erigone hanged herself. Dionysus was angry and punished Athens with a plague; and caused insanity in all the unmarried women, of whom all committed suicide. Icarius was placed in the stars as the constellation Boötes.
Icarius
The other Icarius was from Athens. He was cordial towards Dionysus, who gave his shepherds wine. They became intoxicated and killed Icarius, thinking he had poisoned them. His daughter, Erigone, and her dog, Maera, found his body. Erigone hanged herself over her father's grave, thereby condemning other Athenian virgins to do the same[1] Dionysus was angry and punished Athens with a plague, inflicting insanity on all the unmarried women, who all committed suicide. Icarius was placed in the stars as the constellation Boötes. There is a mosaic in Paphos, Cyprus, from a Roman villa from the mid 2nd century a.d. which is called "Dionysus House". The mosaic First wine drinkers describes Dionysus giving the gift of vine and wine to Icarius as a reward for Icarius' generous hospitality.
Lycurgus
Lycurgus (Greek: Λυκοῦργος, Lukoûrgos; 700 BC?–630 BC) was the legendary lawgiver of Sparta, who established the military-oriented reformation of Spartan society in accordance with the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi. All his reforms were directed towards the three Spartan virtues: equality (among citizens), military fitness and austerity.[1]
He is referred to by ancient historians Herodotus, Xenophon, Plato, and Plutarch. It is not clear if this Lycurgus was an actual historical figure; however, many ancient historians[2] believed Lycurgus was responsible for the communalistic and militaristic reforms which transformed Spartan society, the most major of which was known as The Great Rhetra. Ancient historians place him in the first half of the 7th century BC.
Maenad
In Greek mythology, Maenads were the female followers of Dionysus, the most significant members of the Thiasus, the retinue of Dionysus. Their name literally translates as "raving ones". Often the maenads were portrayed as inspired by him into a state of ecstatic frenzy, through a combination of dancing and drunken intoxication.[1] In this state, they would lose all self control, begin shouting excitedly, engage in uncontrolled sexual behavior, and ritualistically hunt down and tear animals (and sometimes men and children) to pieces, devouring the raw flesh. During these rites, the maenads would dress in fawn skins and carry a thyrsus, a long stick wrapped in ivy or vine leaves and tipped by a pine cone, weave ivy-wreaths around their heads, and often handle or wear snakes[2]
German philologist Walter Friedrich Otto writes that, "The Bacchae of Euripides gives us the most vital picture of the wonderful circumstance in which, as Plato says in the Ion, the god-intoxicated celebrants draw milk and honey from the streams. They strike rocks with the thyrsus, and water gushes forth. They lower the thyrsus to the earth, and a spring of wine bubbles up. If they want milk, they scratch up the ground with their fingers and draw up the milky fluid. Honey trickles down from the thyrsus made of the wood of the ivy, they gird themselves with snakes and give suck to fawns and wolf cubs as if they were infants at the breast. Fire does not burn them. No weapon of iron can wound them, and the snakes harmlessly lick up the sweat from their heated cheeks. Fierce bulls fall to the ground, victims to numberless, tearing female hands, and sturdy trees are torn up by the roots with their combined efforts.”[3]
Narcissus
In the tale told by Ovid, Echo, a nymph, falls in love with a vain youth named Narcissus, who was the son of the blue Nymph Liriope of Thespia. The river god Cephisus had once encircled Leirope with the windings of his streams, and thus trapping her, had seduced the nymph, who gave birth to an exceptionally beautiful boy. Concerned about the welfare of such a beautiful child, Lirope consulted the prophet Teiresias regarding her son's future. Teiresias told the nymph that Narcissus would live to a ripe old age, as long as "he never knew himself."
When he had reached "his sixteenth year," (fifteen years of age, by modern reckoning) every youth and girl in the town was in love with him, but he haughtily spurned them all.
One day when Narcissus was out hunting stags, Echo stealthily followed the handsome youth through the woods, longing to address him but unable to speak first. When Narcissus finally heard footsteps and shouted "Who's there?", Echo answered "Who's there?" And so it went, until finally Echo showed herself and rushed to embrace the lovely youth. He pulled away from the nymph and vainly told her to leave him alone. Narcissus left Echo heartbroken and she spent the rest of her life in lonely glens, pining away for the love she never knew, until only her voice remained.
Nemesis heard this prayer and sent Narcissus his punishment. He came across a deep pool in a forest, from which he took a drink. As he did, he saw his reflection for the first time in his life and fell in love with the beautiful boy he was looking at, not realizing it was himself. Eventually, after pining away for a while, he realized that the image he saw in the pool was a reflection of himself. Realizing that he could not act upon this love, he tore at his dress and beat at his body, his life force draining out of him. As he died, the bodyless Echo came upon him and felt sorrow and pity. His soul was sent to "the darkest hell" and the narcissus flower grew where he died.
It is said that Narcissus still keeps gazing on his image in the waters of the river Styx.[2]
Omophagy (Omophagia)
Omophagia is a large element of Dionysiac myth; in fact, one of Dionysus' epithets is Raw-Eater.[1] Omophagia may have been a symbol of the triumph of wild nature over civilization, and a symbol of the breaking down of boundaries between nature and civilization.[2][3]. It might also have been symbolic that the worshippers were internalizing Dionysus’ wilder traits and his association with brute nature, in a sort of “communion” with the god.[4][5]
Mythology sometimes depicts Maenads, Dionysus' female worshippers, eating raw meat as part of their worship; however, there is little solid evidence that historical Maenads consumed raw meat.[6][7][8] This depiction may have its origins in a "preserved . . . memory of ancient tribal savagery."[9]
The Dionysiac diet of raw meat may be more properly attributed to Dionysus himself, rather than his followers -- he received sacrifices of raw meat and was believed to consume them, but his followers did not share in the consumption.[10]
Pentheus
The king of Thebes, Cadmus, abdicated in favor of his grandson, Pentheus, due to his old age. Pentheus soon banned the worship of the god Dionysus, who was the son of his aunt Semele, and didn't allow the women of Cadmeia to join in his rites.
Dionysus, angered, caused Pentheus' mother and his aunts, Ino and Agave, along with all the other women of Thebes, to rush to Mount Cithaeron in a bacchic frenzy. Because of this, Pentheus imprisoned Dionysus, but his chains fell off and the jail doors opened for him.
Dionysus then lured Pentheus out to spy on the bacchic rites. The daughters of Cadmus saw him in a tree and thought him to be a wild animal. Pentheus was pulled down and torn limb from limb by them (sparagmos), causing them to be exiled from Thebes.
The name 'Pentheus', as Dionysus and Teiresias both point out, means "'Man of Sorrows" and derives from πένθος, pénthos, sorrow or grief, especially the grief caused by the death of a loved one; even his name destines him for tragedy. Pentheus was succeeded by his uncle Polydorus.
Rhyton
The word is believed to be derived from Greek rhein, "to flow", from Indo-European *sreu-, "flow", and would thereby mean "pourer". Many vessels considered rhyta featured a wide mouth at the top and a hole through a conical constriction at the bottom from which the fluid ran. The idea is that one scooped wine or water from a storage vessel or similar source, held it up, unstoppered the hole with one's thumb, and let the fluid run into the mouth (or onto the ground in libation) in the same way wine is drunk from a wineskin today.
Smith points out that this use is testified in classical paintings and accepts Athenaeus's etymology that it was named apo tes rhyseos, "from the flowing". Smith also categorized the name as having been a recent form (in classical times) of a vessel formerly called the keras, "horn", in the sense of a drinking horn. The word rhyton is not present in what is known of the oldest form of Greek, Mycenaean Greek, written in Linear B, but the bull's head rhyton, of which many instances survive, is mentioned in the inventory of vessels at Knossos, such as tablet 231 (K872), as ke-ra-a[2], shown with the bull ideogram. The word is restored as an adjective, *kera(h)a, with Mycenaean intervocalic h.
Semele - In Greek mythology, Semele, daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, was the mortal mother[1] of Dionysus by Zeus in one of his many origin myths. (In another version of his mythic origin, he had two mothers, Persephone and Semele.) The name "Semele", like other elements of Dionysiac cult (e.g.,thyrsus and dithyramb), is manifestly not Greek[2] but apparently Thraco-Phrygian;[3] the myth of Semele's father Cadmus gives him a Phoenicianorigin. Herodotus, who gives the account of Cadmus, estimates that Semele lived sixteen hundred years before his time, or around 2000 B.C.[4]
In one version of the myth, Semele was a priestess of Zeus, and on one occasion was observed by Zeus as she slaughtered a bull at his altar and afterwards swam in the river Asopus to cleanse herself of the blood. Flying over the scene in the guise of an eagle, Zeus fell in love with Semele and afterwards repeatedly visited her secretly.[5]
Zeus' wife, Hera, a goddess jealous of usurpers, discovered his affair with Semele when she later became pregnant. Appearing as an old crone,[6]Hera befriended Semele, who confided in her that her lover was actually Zeus. Hera pretended not to believe her, and planted seeds of doubt in Semele's mind. Curious, Semele demanded of Zeus that he reveal himself in all his glory as proof of his godhood. Though Zeus begged her not to ask this, she persisted and he agreed. Mortals, however, cannot look upon Zeus without dying, and she perished, consumed in lightning-ignited flame.[7]
Zeus rescued the fetal Dionysus, however, by sewing him into his thigh (whence the epithet Eiraphiotes, "insewn", of the Homeric Hymn). A few months later, Dionysus was born. This leads to his being called "the twice-born". [8]
When he grew up, Dionysus rescued his mother from Hades,[9] and she became a goddess on Mount Olympus, with the new name Thyone, presiding over the frenzy inspired by her son Dionysus.[10]
Silenus
The Silenoi (Σειληνοί) were followers of Dionysus. They were drunks, and were usually bald and fat with thick lips and squat noses, and had the legs of a human. Later, the plural "silenoi" went out of use and the only references were to one individual named Silenus, the teacher and faithful companion of the wine-god Dionysus. A notorious consumer of wine, he was usually drunk and had to be supported by satyrs or carried by a donkey. Silenus was described as the oldest, wisest and most drunken of the followers of Dionysus, and was said in Orphic hymns to be the young god's tutor. This puts him in a company of phallic or half-animal tutors of the gods, a group that includes Priapus, Cedalion and Chiron, but also includes Pallas, the tutor ofAthena.[1]
When intoxicated, Silenus was said to possess special knowledge and the power of prophecy. The Phrygian King Midas was eager to learn from Silenus and caught the old man by lacing a fountain from which Silenus often drank. As Silenus fell asleep, the king's servants seized and took him to their master.
Sparagmos
Sparagmos (Greek: σπαραγμός) refers to an ancient Dionysian ritual in which a living animal, or sometimes even a human being, would be sacrificed by being dismembered, by the tearing apart of limbs from the body. Sparagmos was frequently followed by omophagia (the eating of the raw flesh of the one dismembered). It is associated with the Maenads or Bacchantes, followers of Dionysus, and the Dionysian Mysteries.
Examples of sparagmos appear in Euripides's play The Bacchae, which concerns Dionysus and the Maenads. At one point guards sent to control the Maenads witness them pulling a live bull to pieces with their hands. Later, Dionysus lures his cousin, king Pentheus, into a forest after he bans worship of the god where he was attacked by Maenads, including his own motherAgave. The reference of his mother tearing apart his limbs is sparagmos. Similarly, Medea is said to have killed and dismembered her brother whilst fleeing with Jason and the stolen fleecein order to delay their pursuers (who would be forced to collect the remains of the prince). The Italian film director Pier Paolo Pasolini staged a sparagmos ritual as part of a long sequence near the beginning of his film Medea (1969), before dramatising the episode in which Medea kills her brother in a similar way.
According to some myths, Orpheus notably met this fate at the hands of the Thracian women. Catherine Maxwell identifies sparagmos as a form of castration, particularly in the case of Orpheus.[1]
Syrinx
In classical mythology, Syrinx (Greek Συριγξ) was a nymph and a follower of Artemis, known for her chastity. Pursued by the amorous Greek god Pan, she ran to the river's edge and asked for assistance from the river nymphs. In answer, she was transformed into hollow water reeds that made a haunting sound when the god's frustrated breath blew across them. Pan cut the reeds to fashion the first set ofpan pipes, which were thenceforth known as syrinx. (Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.689ff) The word syringe was derived from this word.
Thyrsus
In Greek mythology, a thyrsus (thyrsos) was a staff of giant fennel (Ferula communis) covered with ivy vines and leaves, sometimes wound with taeniae and always topped with a pine cone. Where these emblems were, there was the spirit of Dionysus also. Euripideswrote that honey dripped from the thyrsos staves that the Bacchic maenads carried.[1] It was a sacred instrument at religious rituals and fetes.
Zagreus
In Greek mythology, Zagreus was identified with the god Dionysus and was worshipped by followers of Orphism who believed him to be an ancient god of the Minoans.
According to the followers of Orphism, Zeus had lain with Persephone, daughter of Zeus and Demeter in Orphism,[1] in the form of a snake. The result of their union was Zagreus. Zeus had intended Zagreus to be his heir, but a jealous Hera persuaded the Titans to kill the child.
Like the infant Zeus in Cretan myth, the child Zagreus was entrusted to the Titans who distracted him with toys. While he gazed into a mirror they tried to seize him and he fled, changing into various animal forms in his attempt to escape. Finally he took the form of a bull, and in that form they caught him tore him to pieces, and devoured him. Zeus, discovering the crime, hurled a thunderbolt at the Titans, turning them to ashes, but Persephone (or in some accounts Athena or Hermes) managed to recover Zagreus' heart. From the ashes of the Titans, mixed with the divine flesh they had eaten, came humankind; this explains the mix of good and evil in humans, the story goes, for humans possess both a trace of divinity as well as the Titans' maliciousness.[2]
Zeus implanted the still-beating heart into the mortal woman Semele, from whom the child was eventually born again, despite Hera's intervention. Some accounts say that he was reassembled and resurrected by Demeter; others, that Zeus fed his heart to Semele in a drink, making her pregnant with Dionysus.
The Orphics believed in the transmigration of souls and that a person was able to remove their intrinsic evilness by living three virtuous lives. Afterwards, they would dwell in Elysium forever.
In Orphic tradition, Persephone was the mother of Zagreus (Dionysus) by Zeus; in the Iliad, Persephone's consort Hades, king of the underworld, is called Zeus Katachthonios, "Underground Zeus". In Hesiod's account, it was by Zeus' decree that Hades abducted Persephone, suggesting that their roles are sometimes interchangeable. Both Zeus and Poseidonwere consorts of Demeter. "Underworld Zeus" is linked with Demeter by Hesiod. It is this that has generated some suggestions that Zagreus may be a son of Persephone with her husbandHades. The name Zagreus is also an old epithet of Hades.[2]
Caduceus
A herald’s wand. Used by Hermes and sometimes has two snakes intertwined.
Chelys
Another word for the Lyre. It was invented by Hermes and was made from a tortoise shell.
Chlamys
A robe worn by warriors or messengers in Ancient Greek times.
Chronus
Time. The man/beast that was around at the beginning of time when the universe was split into the sky, land and the underworld. A monstrous serpent with the heads of a bull and a lion with a gods face in between.
Cyllene
Insert answer
Eurydice
The wife of Orpheus. On her wedding day she stepped on a snake and died. Orpheus went to the underworld to get her back but when he looked back to see if she was following she had to return to the underworld.
Herm
The singular word used to describe a statue of Hermes (Herms for plural statues). These were symbols of fertility.
Hermaphroditus
Son of Hermes and Aphrodite. He was said to be very beautiful and did not know what love was. When he was in the forest he came across Salmacis. She fell in love with him and jumped on him when he bathed. They then became on. Half male and half female.
Maia
The mother of Hermes. She slept with Zeus.
Musaeus
The son or pupil of Orpheus and was said to be the founder of priestly poetry in Attica.
Orpheus
Son of either Apollo or a King and his mother was a muse. He was well learned on the lyre and famous for it. His wife was Eurydice. On their wedding day she was chased and stepped on a snake. She got bit and died. He tried to bring her back from Hades but when he looked back to see of she was following she had to return to Hades. He later died when he was torn apart by women.
Petasus
A travelers hat. Worn by Hermes.
Phanes
The first born god from which everything came. Also known as Eros. A bisexual god with golden wings and 4 eyes. He bore night which he then mated with to create Uranus, Gaia and the Titans.
Salmacis
A nymph who fell in love with Hermaphroditus. She attacked him after he rejected her and she prayed that they become one. Her prayers were answered and they merged.
Thrace
The country in ancient Greek times that covered Southern Bulgaria, Turkey, and Northeast Greece.
Zagreus
The name given to Dionysus in the Orphic Bible.
Orphic Lamellae
Someone who communicates with the spirit world.
Transmigration of Souls
The picking of lots for souls and their transfer to a new life. Their transmigration was based on their learned experience from a past life.
Liber
The roman equivalent of Dionysus.
Symposium
A drinking party among ancient Greeks. The purpose was to consume wine.
Amazon
Greek women who were thought to be a tribe that only allowed women. They were considered to be barbaric warriors and had an anti-marriage view.
Cinyras
The king of Cyprus. His daughter Myrrha fell in love with him and with the help of a nurse they tricked Cinyras into sleeping with her. When he found out who he was sleeping with, he ran her out of town.
Hoplite
heavily-armored Greek infantryman. Amazon women were represented like this.
Myrrha
A girl who fell in love with her father Cinyras but could not do anything due to the sin of incest. After her attempt to kill herself was foiled by her nurse the two made a plan for her to sleep wither her father. When he found out who he was sleeping with she ran away. She prayed to the gods to neither live or die so she was turned into a tree.
Satyr
The male version of a Bacchas women. They were similar to centaurs in that they were barbaric and had horse tails. The enjoyed wine and often chased mortal women.
Semonides
A Greek poet from the 77th C BC. He wrote about Women and wives in general and views women as a plague that was sent to torment men.
Chiron
A civilized Centaur. He was known for his ability to heal and practice medicine. When the centaurs go crazy after Pholus opens wine, Chiron is hot with an arrow. He is struck with continuing pain and give up his immortality so he can finally die.
Penthesilea
The Amazon queen. She led the Amazon women in the war against Achilles during the Trojan War. Just as Achilles was about to kill her there eyes met and they fell in love. He was then stuck with such grief he had to withdraw from that war for a short time.
Pholus
A civilized Centaur. Similar to Chiron, but not born from the gods and did not have immortality like Chiron. He dies in the same story as Chiron when he drops a poison arrow on his foot.
12 Labors
*The first 6 are Peloponnesian Labors.
1. The Nemean Lion: Strangled and skinned with his own claws b/c he was invulnerable.
2. The Lernaean Hydra: Was aided by a giant crab (later cancer constellation). The hydra had 9 heads and one was immortal. Each time one was cut off two would replace it. Heracles was aided by Iolaus.
3. The Cerynean Hind: A golden horned hind sacred to Artemis. Chased for a year and taken back to Eurystheus.
4. The Erymanthian Boar: Giant boar chased into snow and trapped in a net. Placed in a jar after. The Centaur side quest took place during this time.
5. The Augean Stables: He is asked to clean stables that have never been cleaned. So he diverts rivers right through the stables.
6. The Stymphalian Birds: Got them out of the forest with the help of Athena and shot them down.
7. The Cretan Bull: This was the bull not sacrificed by Minos. Captured and brought back to Eurystheus. Later Theseus captures it and sacrifices it in Marathon.
8. The Mares of Diomedes: Diomedes fed them human flesh. Heracles tamed them by feeding them Diomedes. He then brought them to Eurstheus who set them free honoring Hera.
9. The Girdle of Hippolyta: Killed the Amazon queen and stole her magical girdle.
10. The Cattle of Geryon: Heracles had to kill Geryon, Orthus, and Eurytion to get their cattle. He was aided by Helius with a golden cup that led him along the river.
11. The Apples of Hesperides: These apples were thought to represent life. There are several different versions of the story. Some involve Heracles getting the apples while others have him getting help from Atlas.
12. Cerberus: He had to capture Cerberus and bring him to Eurystheus. He enlisted the help of Hermes and Athena. He later returned Cerberus to Hades.
Alcmena
Daughter of Electryon, king of Mycenae. She was in love with Amphitryon but would not sleep with him until he avenged the death of his brothers. The night Amphitryon avenges his brothers Zeus disguises himself and sleeps with Alcmena. Amphitryon then comes home and sleeps with Alcmena and she gives birth to twins, Heracles and Iphicles.
Amphitryon
Lover of Alcmena and killer of Electryon. He has to wait to sleep with Alcmena and Zeus takes his place, impregnating her with Heracles.
Antaeus
The son of Ge and Poseidon. He wrestled people to death and had renewed strength every time hit hit the ground (form Ge). Heracles killed him by lifting him off of the ground and crushing him.
Athloi
A term used to describe labors. It is mainly used to describe the 12 labors of Heracles.
Busiris
The King of Egypt who would sacrifice all strangers to Zeus. When Heracles came along, he killed him.
Cercopes
Two dwarves whose home was in Greece or Asia Minor. They liked to play tricks and tried to steal Heracles weapons. He caught them and strung them upside-down from a tree. They made fun of his ass because it wasn’t covered by his lion skin and was burnt. He was so amused he let them go.
Deianira
The second wife of Heracles. When she found out that Heracles loved someone else she dipped a robe in the blood of Nessus and gave it to Heracles. When it warmed up it began to burn him alive. She killed herself when she realized what she had done.
Delilah
The girl who Samson fell in love with. She was paid to find out the secret of his strength and she cut all of his hair off.
Enkidu
Was created y the gods as a rival for Gilgamesh. He was a beast man that lived in the woods until he slept with a mortal woman and lost his animal powers. He then challenges Gilgamesh to a wrestling match. He loses but the two become friends. After the two defeat the Bull of Heaven, the gods kill Enkidu because the two are to powerful together.
Eurystheus
The cousin of Heracles. He is the one who Heracles must serve for 12 years to gain immortality from the gods. He sends Heracles on his 12 labours. He is later killed by either Heraces Nephew Iolaus or captured by Iolaus and killed by Alcmena.
Gilgamesh
Ruler of the Sumerian city of Uruk. When he oppresses his people the gods make a rival, Enkidu. When Enkidu loses his animal powers he challenges Gilgamesh and Gilgamesh wins. They become friends and begin defeating beasts and making legends. After the defeat the bull of the heavens the gods get angry and kill Enkidu. Gilgamesh then searches for immortality but fails and dies.
Hebe
After Heracles mortal body died he assended to Olympus and married Hebe.
Heracles
Born of Zeus and Alcmena. He performed the 12 labors. Then married Deianira. He later fell in love with Iole. He won a contest for her but was denied. He was later sent to be a slave to Omphale for one year. After this he killed Iole’s father and took her. Deianira then gave him a tainted cloak which killed him. Heracles then ascended to Olympus and married Hebe.
Hylas
A boy who Heracles liked. He was pulled in the water by nymphs who liked his beauty. Heracles spent so much time looking for him his crew left without him. A cult for Hylas was established by Heracles in Cios.
Hyllus
The Son of Heracles and Deianira. After Heracles death, he marries Iole.
Iolaus
The Nephew of Heracles. After Heracles death he is the one to capture and kill Eurystheus. In other stories it was Alcmena who killed Eurystheus after Iolaus brings him back.
Iole
The “third wife” of Heracles. He did not actually marry her but he won her in an archery contest. Her father denied Heracles. He later came back and killed her father and took her. Before they married his first wife killed him. Heracles’ son Hyllus married her then.
Iphicles
The brother of Heracles. He was Heracles twin mortal brother.
Iphitus
Son of the king of Oechalia and sister to Iole. After Heracles is denied Iole by her father, he throws Iphitus off the citadel in anger.
Linus
Son of Apollo who was killed by Heracles after being struck with a lyre. He taught music to Heracles before this.
Megara
The first wife of Heracles. She was given to Heracles for defeating the Minyans. He later kills her children and her in a rage and is sentenced to the 12 labors.
Mt. Oeta
The location of Heracles’ Pyre. This is where his body was burned.
Nessus
The centaur that was to bring Deianira to Heracles. When crossing the river he tried to violate her but Heracles shot him with an arrow. He then convinced Deianira to take some of his blood to use on Heracles.
Omphale
Queen of the Lydians. She bought Heracles for one year after he tried to steal the tripod of the oracle.
Pillars of Heracles
After the cattle of Geryon labour, Heracles sets up these pillars to mark his accomplishment in the west. The are located at the Atlantic entrance to the Mediterranean.
Pirithoüs
Chained in Hades with Theseus for trying to kidnap Persephone. Heracles did not save him.
Samson
A biblical character that was said to deliver Israel from the Philistines. His power came from his hair. When he fell in love with Delilah she found out the secret to his power and was paid to cut off his hair. He finished his life by praying to get that he could destroy the house of his captors with them in it.
Theseus
Heracles found him in Hades chained for trying to kidnap Persephone. Heracles freed him and Theseus later returns the favor by sheltering Heracles after the murder of Megara.
Utnapishtim
The survivor of the flood. He was said to have found immortality by going to places most humans would not make it. He was the narrator of the Gilgamesh stories.
Acrisius
The King of Argos. He feuded with his brother Proetus whose daughter gave birth to Perseus and was to kill him. He locked Diane up for this reason but Zeus came in and slept with her. He dies when Perseus is throwing a discus and accidentally hits him. He is buried outside of Larissa and honored as a hero.
Andromeda
The daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia. When her mother angered Poseidon she had to be sacrificed. Perseus saved her and killed the beast. The two then married and took over the land. Their son took the throne of Cepheus.
Apotropaic
Objects that ward off evil. This was what the Medusa head was used as.
Argos
A major city comparable to Thebes and Corinth. This kingdom had many connections with the eastern Mediterranean.
Cassiopeia
Wife of King Cepheus. She claimed to be more beautiful than the Nereids (sea nymphs). This angered Poseidon and he flooded the land and sent a sea creature that could only be appeased by sacrificing her daughter Andromeda.
Cepheus
King and his land was modern Ethiopia. When his wife angered Poseidon he flooded their land and sent a sea creature to terrorize it. He discovered the only way to appease it was to sacrifice his daughter Andromeda.
Chrysaor
Rose from the body of Medusa and his father is Poseidon. He became the father of the monster Geryon.
Danaids
The name used to group the 50 daughters of Danaus together. The 49 that killed their husbands were punished in Hades by having to fill water jugs with holes in them for eternity.
Danaus
Quarreled with his brother Aegyptus and was forced to leave Egypt. He took his 50 daughters with him (the Danaids). He claimed himself the king of Argos. His 50 daughters then married the 50 sons of Aegyptup. Danaus ordered his daughters to kill their husbands that night, but the only on who disobeyed was his daughter Hypermnestra. She saved her husband and hid him.
Dictys
Found Danae and Perseus in the water and saved them. HE then protected them as well. His brother Polydectes was kind of Seriphos. He became the King of Seriphos after his brother was turned to stone by Medusa’s head.
Gorgoneion
A carving of a Gorgon that was used to ward of evil. It was often placed on a door, coin, shield etc.
Gorgons
The three sisters who were snake haired monsters. Medusa was the only mortal among them.
Graeae
The three sisters of the Gorgons. They had one tooth and one to share among them. They sent Perseus to the nymphs that would help him defeat the Gorgons.
Harpê
Greek term for the sickle-like instrument employed by Perseus in severing Medusa’s head.
Hyperboreans
Insert answer
Hypermnestra
The daughter of Danaus who did not follow her fathers orders of killing her husband on their wedding night.
Kibisis
A Wallet. It is what Perseus used to transport Medusa’s head.
Medusa
The only one of the three Gorgons which was mortal. When she was beheaded Pegasus and Chrysaor rose from her body. Their father was Poseidon.
Pegasus
Rose from the body of Medusa. Father was Poseidon and is associated with Bellerophon. He also kicked Mt. Helicon and caused the fountain Hippocrene to open up.
Perseus
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Which rapper’s real name is Shawn Carter? | Rapper Jay-Z Sentenced To Probation | Billboard
Rapper Jay-Z Sentenced To Probation
12/7/2001
COMMENTS
As expected, rapper Jay-Z (real name: Shawn Carter) has been sentenced to three years probation for stabbing a record producer at a New York nightclub, prosecutors said. The Grammy-winning artist ...
As expected, rapper Jay-Z (real name: Shawn Carter) has been sentenced to three years probation for stabbing a record producer at a New York nightclub, prosecutors said. The Grammy-winning artist pleaded guilty in October to misdemeanor assault, admitting he stabbed Lance "Un" Rivera at a club party on Dec. 1, 1999.
Carter accused Rivera of making and selling counterfeit copies of one of his recordings, then stabbed him with a five-inch knife at least twice, according to a police account.
As part of a plea agreement, Manhattan Supreme Court Justice Micki Scherer sentenced Carter, 31, to three years probation. The rapper refused to talk to reporters, but his lawyer, Ben Brafman, said his client was pleased the case was resolved.
Rivera, 35, did not file a lawsuit against the rapper, and the two settled out of court for between $500,000 and $1 million. Rivera later told prosecutors he was not interested in pursuing the case.
As previously reported , Jay-Z's episode of MTV2's "Unplugged" series is scheduled to air Dec. 15 on the network. The performance, which finds him backed by an acoustic band and a string quartet, features a cameo appearance by Mary J. Blige.
Copyright 2001 Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
| Jay Z |
In sport, pelota is Spanish for what? | Jay-Z Fun Facts!
Jay-Z Fun Facts!
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Rapper, music producer, actor, dad – Jay-Z does just about everything! Find out more cool stuff about this larger than life celeb in Kidzworld’s Jay-Z Fun Facts!
Jay-Z has done everything from sell records to sports management
Jay-Z with superstar wife Beyonce at a tennis match
Jay-Z performs Suit and Tie with Justin Timberlake
Did You Know...
Jay-Z is a stage name (obviously), his real name is Shawn Corey Knowles-Carter (that’s right he took on Beyonce’s name after marriage)
He married R&B superstar and diva Beyonce Knowles in 2008
Shawn Carter grew up in the Bedford-Stuyvesant area of Brooklyn
Jay-Z’s mom said he used to keep his siblings up by banging out rhythms on everything, so she eventually got her son a boom box which inspired him to start writing lyrics
In 2012 Forbes magazine estimated his net worth at $500 million
His stage name Jay-Z actually comes from his childhood nickname, “Jazzy,” and partly from his musical mentor Jaz-O
Jay-Z can be heard on some of Jaz-O’s tracks, like “Hawaiian Sophie” and “The Originators”
He went to the same high school as The Notorious B.I.G. and Busta Rhymes
His first official rap single was “In My Lifetime”
Before he landed a record deal, Jay-Z sold his music out of his car, and by ’95 found two partners to go in on Roc-A-Fella Records with him and came out with the record Reasonable Doubt
By ’97 Def Jam helped Jay-Z reach a wider audience and he released the album In My Lifetime, Vol.1 which went on to become platinum in the U.S.
He was born December 4th, 1969
In 1998 he released Vol.2...Hard Knock Life which featured the ultra-popular singles “Hard Knock Life” and “Can I Get A...” featuring Ja Rule and Amil
He has received 17 Grammy Awards for his musical work
Jay-Z performed a duet with Mariah Carey in 1999, “Heartbreaker”
He had a feud with rapper Nas
Jay-Z “retired” in 2003 after his Back to Black album, and the documentary Fade to Black focuses on his potential last performance at Madison Square Gardens
He returned in 2006 with the comeback album Kingdom Come after leaving Def Jam Records
Jay-Z has said that he was influenced by his parents soul records, like Marvin Gaye and Donna Hathaway
Jay-Z co-created the clothing line Rocawear
He used to be CEO of Def Jam Records, and went on to found Roc-A-Fella Records and Roc Nation
His daughter Blue Ivy Carter was born in January 2012
He published a memoir called Decoded in 2010
He is a part owner of the NBA’s Brooklyn Nets
Jay-Z was ranked #1 in MTV’s Greatest MC’s of All Time
Rolling Stone rated him the 88th Greatest Artist of All Time
Jay-Z is featured on “Suit and Tie” off Justin Timberlake’s album 20/20
He is currently working on his 12th studio album which is rumoured to feature R&B singer Frank Ocean
In 2013 he plans to launch his own sports agency, Roc Nation Sports
Jay-Z with daughter Blue Ivy
Check out Jay-Z's unforgettable homage to his hometown, "Empire State of Mind" (featuring Alicia Keys) below!
| i don't know |
Which poet wrote the collection ‘Birthday Letters’? | Poetry Magazines - Life after Plath: Birthday Letters, by Ted Hughes
Life after Plath: Birthday Letters, by Ted Hughes
Mick Delap talks to Erica Wagner, Literary Editor of The Times
What can I tell you that you do not know
Of the life after death?
That is the question with which Ted Hughes begins one of the later poems in Birthday Letters. As in nearly all the eighty eight poems in the collection, he’s talking directly to the poet Sylvia Plath, his wife for seven years, before her suicide in February 1963, and the mother of his two children. In Life after Death, he recalls in painful and moving detail how he and the children coped with the immediate aftermath of her death, in a flat in Primrose Hill, near London Zoo, in the frozen weeks of one of the coldest winters of the century. Only to find a strange sort of solace:
Dropped from life,
We three made a deep silence
In our separate cots.
We were comforted by wolves.
Under that February moon and the moon of March
The Zoo had come close.
And in spite of the city
Wolves consoled us. Two or three times each night
For minutes on end
They sang. They had found where we lay....
They wound us and enmeshed us
In their wailing for you, their mourning for us,
They wove us into their voices. We lay in your death,
In the fallen snow, under falling snow.
Ever since Plath died, Hughes had resolutely kept his own counsel, in the face of often bitter and highly public wrangling about the nature of their life together. Then, after nearly thirty five years of silence on the subject, it was revealed towards the end of January 1998 that Hughes was finally going to speak out, by publishing a hitherto unsuspected collection of poems written over the years since Plath died, about his life with her. The Times, recognising a major literary event, announced a six part serialisation. And over the next week, proceeded to print a representative twelve of the eighty eight “Birthday Letter” poems. The poems had been selected by the Literary Editor of The Times, Erica Wagner, who also provided a running commentary. The columnist “NB” in sister journal, the TLS, rather sourly accused The Times of “treating the whole thing as a soap opera in verse”. Hughes stayed well out of sight, letting the poems do all the speaking for him. And when Birthday Letters was finally published on 29th January, it became an instant best seller. Six weeks later, Magma’s Mick Delap went to Wapping to ask Erica Wagner about a phenomenon she had helped create.
MD: Had you been at all involved in the earlier Plath/Hughes controversies?
EW: I had read both their work when I was at school and university, and afterwards. I remember reading Janet Malcolm’s The Silent Woman when it first appeared in the New Yorker, and of course I had known something of the controversy. But I had always felt it unfortunate that there seemed to be a division into two camps. You were either in the Hughes camp, or the Plath camp. This was something I never liked or wanted to be a part of.
MD: Sylvia Plath died in 1963. Ted Hughes has been famously silent, or almost silent, since then about their seven years together. In 1981 we had the very spare introduction that Hughes wrote to Plath’s Collected Poems. There is an implicit acknowledgement there of the fact that they were together when she wrote most of the poems. But it appears a very flat and a rather cold, academic, document. So why do you think Hughes has now decided to publish this very personal record of their life together?
EW: I wouldn’t venture to answer that, because I think only Hughes can answer that. I didn’t have any direct dealings with him when I was preparing the serialisation, and I wouldn’t wish to speak for him. Perhaps even he couldn’t give you a coherent answer. One of the things that comes across most strongly in the book is how deeply felt these poems are; and to explain away feelings like that is rarely possible.
MD: The feelings seem to me to range from an immense and continuing grief, through regret, and even into a kind of humour. In The Beach, for instance, when he’s recounting Plath’s outrage at the dowdiness of Britain in 1962, he’s quite wry:
…… Every vehicle a hearse.
The traffic procession a hushing leftover
Of Victoria’s perpetual funeral Sunday -
The funeral of colour and life and light!
London a morgue of dinge - English dinge.
Our sole indigenous art form - depressionist!
But there seems also to be a feeling that he’d failed her, that a different person might have been better for her. One of the poems is called Error - his error, he says, in bringing her to Devon in 1961, to: my dreamland, … my land of totems. He ends Epiphany with the line: But I failed. Our marriage had failed. And in the earlier poem, 9 Willow Street, which was the address of their flat in Boston in 1958, he says:
Alone
Either of us might have met with a life.
Siamese-twinned, each of us festering
A unique soul-sepsis for the other,
Each of us was the stake impaling the other.
EW: Yes. I also sensed anger in a lot of the poems. A rage directed at himself, and at her dead father particularly.
MD: And then towards the end, in that second to last poem in the book, The Dogs Are Eating Your Mother, there’s an anger at the critics:
…. A kind
Bite the face off her gravestone.
Gulp down the grave ornaments.
Swallow the very soil.
EW: Yes. Which I have always felt was a completely understandable anger. I’m afraid, you know, I think he’s right. I just think he’s right. If only because no one else knows what’s going on in a marriage besides the two people in it.
MD: The eighty eight poems in the book are presented in strictly chronological order. They start with Hughes recollecting meeting Plath in 1956, and they go right through into the nineteen nineties. Freedom of Speech, for instance, near the end of the book, starts with the line, At your sixtieth birthday .... which would have been in 1992. So they are presented chronologically. Did you get a sense of how he might have actually written them?
EW: No. You know they were written over the past twenty-five years. For poems written over that span of time, they seem to have a remarkable consistency to them. That may be because of their subject matter. Or it may be how they were revised. I don’t know. Hughes has expressed a wish that the book should speak for itself. He’s not wished to speak about the book. He did not give us or anyone else an interview. And I think that was the right decision.
MD: The collection is entitled Birthday Letters. Whose birthday? Is it Sylvia Plath’s birthday? She was born on October 27th, 1932. She died on February 11th 1963. So they were published at a time which was closer to the death than the birthday.
EW: I don’t know. I’ve heard a lot of speculation, and I suppose I’ve made my own. I’ve not spoken directly to Hughes about it, but I think it’s a title that reflects her own very well known sequence of poems, Poem for a Birthday. Maybe for Hughes the “Birthday” is a new beginning. That feels right to me. When I glossed the poems for the serialisation in The Times, you want to make reference to specific events. And it’s certainly possible to do that with these poems more than with many poems. However, I don’t think poetry of any kind is something that asks to be decoded. It’s not like a cryptogram. And I think that applies to the title as much as the poems.
MD: Do you think it is necessary to know Sylvia Plath’s poetry, and to know the people he’s referring to, to get the most out of Birthday Letters? Your gloss in The Times was very helpful for many of us. But as you say, Hughes has laid the poems out without a commentary; he obviously expects them to stand or fall by themselves. Do you think that is going to be difficult for readers who are coming to them who don’t know the story they are telling in any great detail?
EW: Well, I don’t think there is ever anything wrong if a book requires you to know something else. I think that’s how literature works. Literature reflects its past. Peter Carey recently wrote a novel, Jack Maggs, which draws greatly on, and reflects, Great Expectations. And you’d be the poorer, reading it, if you didn’t know Great Expectations. It may be a peculiarly late twentieth century thing to say, “well, it’s unfair! We have to know too much to read this!” I think that’s actually a good thing. I think anyone’s readings of the poems will be enriched by knowing his earlier work, and hers. It’s striking, just monitoring the relevant book sales. Not only did Birthday Letters become a best seller, but also there was a great increase in the sales of Plath’s poems, of her novel, The Bell Jar, and of Hughes’ earlier works, like The Hawk in the Rain. So clearly people don’t resent being thrown back. These are the poems Hughes wanted to write. Every reader has to read them in his or her own way. Hughes is not going to provide a gloss, but one can be found.
MD: When Hughes decided to publish these poems, he must have known they were going to be picked over not just as a set of poems, but also as the long-awaited comment from him. It seems to me that the comment he is making in Birthday Letters goes something like this: “maybe somebody else could have affected the outcome slightly differently, but when I married Sylvia Plath, she was pointed very firmly in a dangerous direction. I failed her in some ways, and maybe somebody else, some better suited person, would have saved her.” There’s that poem, The Shot, where Hughes is comparing her to a high-velocity bullet: gold-lacketed, solid silver. nickel-tipped. She’s aiming herself at Hughes; and, hidden behind him, aiming at your real target ... your Daddy, the God with the smoking gun. And Hughes ends the poem:
For a long time
A wisp of your hair, your ring, your watch, your nightgown.
So, is Birthday Letters offered in exculpation - as a justification?
EW: No, I don’t think so. I suppose partly I don’t think that because I don’t think justification ought to be required. I don’t believe what happened to her legacy was helpful to anybody. It certainly wasn’t helpful to Hughes. I’ve met him once or twice, but I wouldn’t claim to know him. But I can’t imagine that what went on was good for anybody. And he had two small children to raise. I had never seen why he should have been forced to offer a defence, and I don’t think this reads like a defence or like an explanation. I think it reads as an account. I don’t think in a case like this there should be sides. Of course there will always seem to be sides, because people take them. But in the main this book was very warmly received. And I think that showed that there was a fundamental understanding of that. Once the poems were available, it became apparent what they were, and what perhaps they needed to be. Readers, perhaps, discovered that you read them, and you realise you don’t need a defence; you’re not looking for a defence. And that’s not what they are.
MD: How great will we think they are in ten or fifteen years time?
EW: I feel at the moment it is very difficult to get away from their overwhelming biographical interest and impact. It’s nearly impossible just to judge them as if you were from Mars. I think they are meant to be read as a sequence. And I think they will always be intertwined with their biographical meaning. But as the dust settles, without question I think these are very powerful, vivid poems. Of course they have their weaknesses as individual poems. I don’t think they’re perfect works. But what is?
MD: Do you think publishing this collection is an exorcism for Hughes? Or is it an ongoing conversation with somebody who is still very present?
EW: I don’t know. And I was going to say I would think it impertinent of me to guess. Obviously it’s not entirely impertinent, because Hughes has now put this in the public domain. But he has put a very particular thing, a set of poems, in the public domain. He has not put out interviews; he’s not put out any other statement. There is a great difference between art and life, and what you take from your life to make your art. So I could not guess about what happens in his head.
| Ted Hughes |
What was the surname of US outlaw brothers Bob, Jim, Cole and John? | A cheat sheet for the news.
March 8 1998 3:30 AM
Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes
By Franklin Foer
In 1963, the 30-year-old poet Sylvia Plath killed herself, placing her head on a folded cloth inside an oven and turning on the gas. Posthumously, Plath became a feminist icon. A slew of memoirs and biographies argued that the arrogance of her macho husband Ted Hughes, Britain's current poet laureate, precipitated her suicide. For 35 years, Hughes maintained a calculated silence about Plath's death. Last month, he finally published his side of their story in Birthday Letters--an autobiographical collection of 88 poems, written over 25 years. Hughes' friends predicted the book would exculpate him and silence his critics. But the debate remains as shrill as ever. What is the case against Hughes? How have Hughes' opponents and proponents exploited Birthday Letters?
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First, the background: After an acclaimed start as a poet and while an undergraduate at Smith College, Plath attempted suicide. At age 20, she took 48 sleeping pills during a stint guest-editing Mademoiselle. She was hospitalized, recovered, and went on a Fulbright Scholarship to Cambridge. There, in 1956, she met Ted Hughes, also a "promising" poet. Four months after their first encounter, in which Plath bit a chunk out of Hughes' cheek, they married. Each pursued careers as poets, and she bore two children. In October 1962, Hughes moved out of their house to pursue an affair with Assia Gutmann Wevill, a family friend. Four months later, Plath killed herself.
Here are the major points of contention:
1 Did he kill her? Only college students and the most radical of feminists explicitly accuse Hughes of murder. But a set of memoirs by Plath's friends appeared in the early '70s arguing that Hughes' infidelity and cruelty drove Plath to suicide. This has become the standard. From the start of their marriage, Hughes mistreated her. He left her at home to care for the children and type his work while he schmoozed at London literary parties. Because Plath was especially sensitive--the quality they say made her poetry great--Hughes' gallivanting belittled and destroyed her. Another version of this argument accuses him of a crime of omission: While Plath suffered from mental sickness and cried out for help, Hughes cruelly left her to fend for herself.
Aside from anecdotal accounts of abuse, these arguments rely on testimony from Plath herself--in her journals and poems. She calls Hughes her "jailer" and compares him to a Nazi: "Man in black with a Meinkampf look/ And a love of the rack and the screw." Hughes also has a bad track record: In 1969 Wevill killed herself and her 2-year-old daughter, by sticking their heads in a gas oven.
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Despite Birthday Letters' seeming tenderness toward Plath, feminists argue that the poems unwittingly show Hughes' true stripes. Some, such as Princeton Professor Elaine Showalter, say that Hughes tries to exonerate himself by arguing that Plath was fated to kill herself. And he denies his power to save her: "I was a fly outside on the window pane/ Of my own domestic drama." Others, such as Plath's psychoanalytic biographer Jacqueline Rose, argue that Hughes continues to write condescendingly about Plath by figuring himself her "nurse and protector." Hughes, they say, doesn't understand his wife's resentments.
2 Was she nuts? Hughes' defenders, especially his fellow British poets and friends, such as James Fenton and Blake Morrison, contend that Plath's craziness caused her death. They cite her unsuccessful suicide attempt and chalk her problems up to obsession with her dead father--this is also Birthday Letters' position. "Though your father/ Was your God and there was no other ..." (The day her father died, Plath made her mother sign a contract vowing never to remarry.) Hughes, the argument goes, deserves credit for sticking with Plath for as long as he did. And Birthday Letters, they argue, once and for all proves "beyond all doubt that he loved Plath with all his heart" (Stephen Glover, the London Daily Telegraph).
3 Did he cover up? Feminists say Hughes' tormenting of Plath continued after her death. They accuse Hughes of abusing his authority as Plath's literary executor to obfuscate his misdeeds. Hughes admits to destroying the journals Plath wrote during the last, most tumultuous year of their marriage and "misplacing" other journals. He also edited her poetry to exclude sections that supposedly document his abuse. Meanwhile, Hughes' sister Olwyn, the literary agent for Plath's estate, refused to cooperate with biographers critical of her brother--that means all biographers except one, Anne Stevenson (Bitter Fame)--forbidding them to quote at length from Plath's works. (Damning story: Hughes only authorized the publication of TheBell Jar in 1971--it had been published pseudonymously before--to fund his purchase of a country home.) Hughes responds that he didn't want the publication of materials that would prejudice his children's impression of their mother.
4 Were they both to blame? Birthday Letters has produced a revisionist school of Hughes defenders--ex-Plath hagiographers who now feel they were too hard on Hughes. On the New York Times op-ed page, Diane Wood Middlebrook, biographer of Plath's friend Anne Sexton, applauds Hughes for accepting at least partial responsibility for Plath's death--"the role of Fatal Husband." In The New Yorker, A. Alvarez, the British poet whose 1972 memoir, The Savage God, provides the basis for most of the anti-Hughes attacks, praises Hughes' honesty. The revisionist line comes in two parts: 1) As in most bad marriages, both parties were at fault. 2) It was Plath's demons--her illness and irrational anger--that made her poems powerful.
5 Who is the better poet? Because several poems in Birthday Letters are explicit rewrites of Plath's poems, critics have decided to take up this question. Some of Plath's feminist defenders say Hughes' "lax and digressive" verses "serve mostly to remind us of what a great poet she was" (Katha Pollitt, the New York Times Book Review). Hughes' defenders use the occasion to restate their case against Plath's greatness: Her poetry was humorless and hyperbolic and would not be remembered had she not committed suicide. Any good poems she did write were derivative of Hughes' style.
Critics also divide along national lines. American critics, with such exceptions as Slate's Christopher Benfey, say that Hughes' poems are not very perceptive and not at all introspective. They especially take him to task for blaming Plath's suicide on fate and astrology. Britons, however, trumpet their poet laureate as worthy of the ranks of "Blake, Keats, Hardy and Auden" (the Times of London). They like that Birthday Letters combines Hughes' trademark violence--dying animals, stormy moors--with his compassion for Plath and introspection. Others take more pot shots at Plath defenders. James Fenton in the New York Review of Books says, " 'Plath lovers' will never forgive Hughes for having been Plath's lover--a role which in their fantasies they would much better fill."
| i don't know |
Martian relates to which planet in our solar system? | Solar System, Solar System Information, Facts, News, Photos -- National Geographic
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Our Cosmic Neighborhood
From our small world we have gazed upon the cosmic ocean for thousands of years. Ancient astronomers observed points of light that appeared to move among the stars. They called these objects "planets," meaning wanderers, and named them after Roman deities—Jupiter, king of the gods; Mars, the god of war; Mercury, messenger of the gods; Venus, the goddes of love and beauty, and Saturn, father of Jupiter and god of agriculture. The stargazers also observed comets with sparkling tails, and meteors or shooting stars apparently falling from the sky.
Since the invention of the telescope, three more planets have been discovered in our solar system: Uranus (1781), Neptune (1846), and, now downgraded to a dwarf planet, Pluto (1930). In addition, there are thousands of small bodies such as asteroids and comets. Most of the asteroids orbit in a region between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, while the home of comets lies far beyond the orbit of Pluto, in the Oort Cloud.
The four planets closest to the sun—Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars—are called the terrestrial planets because they have solid rocky surfaces. The four large planets beyond the orbit of Mars—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune—are called gas giants. Tiny, distant, Pluto has a solid but icier surface than the terrestrial planets.
Nearly every planet—and some of the moons—has an atmosphere. Earth's atmosphere is primarily nitrogen and oxygen. Venus has a thick atmosphere of carbon dioxide, with traces of poisonous gases such as sulfur dioxide. Mars's carbon dioxide atmosphere is extremely thin. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are primarily hydrogen and helium. When Pluto is near the sun, it has a thin atmosphere, but when Pluto travels to the outer regions of its orbit, the atmosphere freezes and collapses to the planet's surface. In that way, Pluto acts like a comet.
Moons, Rings, and Magnetospheres
There are 140 known natural satellites, also called moons, in orbit around the various planets in our solar system, ranging from bodies larger than our own moon to small pieces of debris.
From 1610 to 1977, Saturn was thought to be the only planet with rings. We now know that Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune also have ring systems, although Saturn's is by far the largest. Particles in these ring systems range in size from dust to boulders to house-size, and may be rocky and/or icy.
Most of the planets also have magnetic fields, which extend into space and form a magnetosphere around each planet. These magnetospheres rotate with the planet, sweeping charged particles with them. The sun has a magnetic field, the heliosphere, which envelops our entire solar system.
Ancient astronomers believed that the Earth was the center of the universe, and that the sun and all the other stars revolved around the Earth. Copernicus proved that Earth and the other planets in our solar system orbit our sun. Little by little, we are charting the universe, and an obvious question arises: Are there other planets where life might exist? Only recently have astronomers had the tools to indirectly detect large planets around other stars in nearby solar systems.
—Text courtesy NASA/JPL
| Mars |
The toy ‘Metal Lazy Spring’ is better known by what name? | Interplanetary Seasons | Science Mission Directorate
Science Mission Directorate
Jun 19, 2000
Interplanetary Seasons
Every planet in the solar system has seasons. Most have four like the Earth -- called Winter, Spring, Summer and Fall -- but that's where the similarities end. Extraterrestrial seasons are hardly noticeable on some planets (Venus), mindbogglingly extreme on others (Uranus) and in some cases simply impossible to define (Mercury).
The table below gives the dates of the seasons for 8 of the 9 planets in the solar system. Only Pluto is missing. It's so far away that we don't know much about seasons on that distant world.
In the table the equinoxes and solstices are named after the corresponding season in the northern hemisphere. This is the convention that astronomers often use to discuss planetary seasons. When the north pole of a planet is tilted toward the sun, astronomers call it the Summer Solstice; when the south pole is tilted toward the sun it is called the Winter Solstice. Nevertheless, the seasons are always opposite in the two hemispheres. On Earth, for example, when it is summer in New York, it is winter in Sydney. On a spring day in Paris, autumn leaves are falling in Argentina, and so on...
When the Vernal Equinox takes place on March 20, Earth will join Venus and Jupiter as the only planets in the solar system where it is now northern Spring.
Seasons on Other Planets
2003
(Table note: seasonal names refer to the northern hemisphere of each planet.)
Planetary seasons are caused by two factors: axial tilt and variable distance from the sun (orbital eccentricity). Earth's orbit is nearly circular and so has little effect on climate. It's our planet's axial tilt that causes almost all seasonal changes. When the north pole is tilted toward the Sun, it's northern summer. Six months later the north pole tilts away from the Sun and we experience northern winter.
The other two planets where it is northern spring, Jupiter and Venus, have very small axial tilts -- just 3 degrees compared to Earth's 23.5 degree tilt. Seasonal changes on those planets are correspondingly small. Spring on Venus isn't much different from autumn. The planet's dense, acidic atmosphere produces a runaway greenhouse effect that keeps the surface at 750 K year-round -- that's hot enough to melt lead. Spring fever on Venus is really hot!
Our second-nearest planetary neighbor Mars has the highest orbital eccentricity of any world except Pluto. Its distance from the Sun varies between 1.64 and 1.36 AU over the Martian year. This large variation, combined with an axial tilt greater than Earth's gives rise to seasonal changes far greater than we experience even in Antarctica.
Right: Over the past six months, the southern hemisphere of Mars has passed through spring and into summer. Spring started in early August 1999 and summer arrived toward the end of December 1999. Mars Global Surveyor is in a polar orbit, thus the spacecraft's camera has had an excellent view of seasonal changes. Shown here are three views of the same portion the layered terrain near the Martian south pole. They show how the landscape thaws and defrosts as summer approaches. [ more information ]
From the point of view of an Earth-dweller, one of the strangest effects of seasons on Mars is the change in atmospheric pressure. During winter the global atmospheric pressure on Mars is 25% lower than during summer. This happens because of the eccentricity of Mars's orbit and a complex exchange of carbon dioxide between Mars's dry-ice polar caps and its CO2 atmosphere. Around the summer solstice when the Martian north pole is tilted away from the sun, the northern polar cap expands as carbon dioxide in the polar atmosphere freezes. At the other end of the planet the southern polar cap melts, giving CO2 back to the atmosphere. This process reverses half a year later at the winter solstice.
At first it might seem that these events occurring at opposite ends of Mars would simply balance out over the course of the Martian year, having no net effect on climate. But they don't. That's because Mars is 10% closer to the Sun in winter than it is in summer. At the time of the winter solstice the northern polar cap absorbs more CO2 than the southern polar cap absorbs half a year later. The difference is so great that Mars's atmosphere is noticeably thinner during winter.
Seasons on Mars vs. Seasons on Earth
Season
Length of Season on Earth
(Earth Days)
Length of Season on Mars
(Martian Days)
89
154
Above: The orbit of Mars is very eccentric, unlike Earth's which is more nearly circular. Its orbital motion is slowest when it is at aphelion (the farthest point from the Sun) and fastest at perihelion (the closest point to the Sun). This effect, combined with the planet's axial tilt, makes Martian seasons vary in duration more than those on Earth. The length of the seasons in this table are give in Earth days and Martian days. The two are almost exactly the same duration. An Earth day is 24 hours long, a Martian day is 24.6 hours long. [ more information ]
Martian seasons are peculiar by Earth standards, but they probably pale in comparison to seasons on Uranus. Like Earth, the orbit of Uranus is nearly circular so it keeps the same distance from the Sun throughout its long year. But, Uranus's spin axis is tilted by a whopping 82 degrees! This gives rise to extreme 20-year-long seasons and unusual weather. For nearly a quarter of the Uranian year (equal to 84 Earth years), the sun shines directly over each pole, leaving the other half of the planet plunged into a long, dark, frigid winter.
Left: A dramatic time-lapse movie by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope shows seasonal changes on Uranus. Once considered one of the blander-looking planets, Uranus is now revealed as a dynamic world with the brightest clouds in the outer Solar System. more info .
The Northern Hemisphere of Uranus is just now coming out of the grip of its decades-long winter. As the sunlight reaches some latitudes for the first time in years, it warms the atmosphere and triggers gigantic springtime storms comparable in size to North America with temperatures of 300 degrees below zero. In the animation pictured left the bright clouds are probably made of crystals of methane, which condense as warm bubbles of gas well up from deep in the atmosphere of Uranus.
Uranus does not have a solid surface, but is instead a ball of mostly hydrogen and helium. Absorption of red light by methane in the atmosphere gives the planet its cyan color. Uranus was discovered March 13, 1781, by William Herschel. Early visual observers reported Jupiter-like cloud belts on the planet, but when NASA's Voyager 2 flew by in 1986, Uranus appeared as featureless as a cue ball. In the past 13 years, the planet has moved far enough along its orbit for the sun to shine at mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. By the year 2007, the sun will be shining directly over Uranus' equator.
Parents and Educators: Please visit Thursday's Classroom for lesson plans and activities related to this story.
Mercury's seasons -- if they can be called that -- are also remarkable. Until the 1960's it was thought that Mercury's "day" was the same length as its "year" keeping the same face to the Sun much as the Moon does to the Earth. This was shown to be incorrect by Doppler radar observations. We now known that Mercury rotates three times during two of its years. Mercury is the only body in the solar system tidally locked into an orbital-to-rotational resonance with a ratio other than 1:1.
This fact and the high eccentricity of Mercury's orbit would produce very strange effects for an observer on Mercury's surface. [ ref ] At some longitudes the observer would see the Sun rise and then gradually increase in apparent size as it slowly moved toward the zenith. At that point the Sun would stop, briefly reverse course, and stop again before resuming its path toward the horizon and decreasing in apparent size. All the while the stars would be moving three times faster across the sky. Observers at other points on Mercury's surface would see different but equally bizarre motions.
Temperature variations on Mercury are the most extreme in the solar system ranging from 90 K at night to 700 K during the day.
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What is the young of a koala called? | Koala: Facts, Baby, Eat, Live, Endangered, Dangerous, Preditors
Koala
The Koala is small, fuzzy, and cute. It has gray to brown colored fur with a white underbelly. It lazily makes it way through the tree branches to eat, sleep, and nurse its young. Spending most of its lifecycle in the trees, it only descends to the ground if necessary. Koalas are adored by many for their small size and cartoon-like features. The Koala is a marsupial.
BABY KOALAS
Mothers give birth and raise only one baby koala at time. During the mothers lifecycle she will produce up to six cubs. A newborn kaola baby is called a “joey” and does not resemble an adult since it is born blind with undeveloped features. A joey measures under one inch in length.
Upon birth the joey makes its way to the mother’s pouch and attaches itself inside. It then develops its eyes, legs, and fur. In fact it lives in the mother’s pouch for about six months. When it emerges from the pouch it takes on the familiar cute and cuddly appearance of an adult.
Eventually the baby koala transfers itself to the mother’s back to hitch a free ride. It continues to nurse off the mother’s milk for up to a year and eats eucalyptus leaves. Some baby koalas want to use the safety of the pouch longer than necessary but their size prohibits them from climbing back inside. When the next joey is born it is time for last season’s baby to say goodbye.
WHAT DO KOALAS EAT?
Eucalyptus leaves is the only food koalas eat. Although the leaves are poisonous to most animals, they have special bacteria that live in their stomachs to break down and digest them. Their diet includes up to one pound of leaves a day.
The koala has special teeth adapted for their eucalyptus diet. The majority of their front and back teeth act like scissors to chop the leaves into pieces suitable for digestion. Eucalyptus leaves have a fair amount of moisture hence koalas seldom drink water.
Plant specie information about eucalyptus trees indicate there are many different varieties in the wild. In fact each koala is particular about what kind they will eat. Baby koalas acquire their taste for specific varieties by adulthood. One of the main reasons koalas are endangered in some areas is the destruction of native eucalyptus forest habitats.
Eucalyptus leaves are high in fiber and low in nutrients. In addition to eating large amounts, koalas are able to survive on their diet since they have a slow metabolic system to conserve nutrients and energy. Since they have no natural predators in Australia, this adaptation is not to their disadvantage.
KOALA FACTS
Size: Up to 3 feet in length.
Weight: 20 to 30 pounds.
Lifespan: Koala information gathered from both wild and captive habitats suggest koalas live to be around 15 to 20 years.
Definition: The koala is a nocturnal marsupial and is a herbivore.
Fun fact: The word “marsupial” is from the Latin word “marsupium”, which translates to “pouch”.
Body structure: Its head has a long black nose, small round eyes, and big ears. It has strong limbs and the claws of its paws are designed to grasp and climb branches easily. The koala body structure is small and not “top heavy”, enabling it to maneuver and balance on tree branches.
Sleeping time: Up to 20 hours a day!
Communication: Scratch and scent markings. Vocalization sounds: screeches, bellows, murmurs.
Diet: Koalas eat only eucalyptus leaves.
Habitat: Majority populations are in the south eastern regions of Australia.
Baby Koalas: Weight: under 0.04 ounces. Size: under 1 inch in length.
Mating Season: Breeding is from October through March.
Gestation period: 30 to 35 days.
Age of Maturity: 2 to 3 years.
Endangered status: Status dependent on country (see Endangered section)
Predators: No natural predators.
Enemies: Man.
Subspecies Information: Northern (adustus), Intermediate (cinereus), and Southern (victor).
Major adaptations: Slower metabolism, paws with claws adapted for climbing/hanging, scissor like teeth for processing eucalyptus leaves.
WHERE DO KOALAS LIVE?
The koala’s habitat is in the country of Australia. Their range is between the eastern and southern parts of the country. Information facts about their population and habitat vary, but they live mainly in the Australian states of Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia, and Victoria.
Although their habitat is in four states of Australia, they live in fragmented territories separated by various man made development activities. Their entire life cycle is restricted by these artificial borders. Their habitat continues to decline as human populations demand more land resources, endangering some koalas. Human pet predators are an additional threat. Baby koalas in particular are vulnerable.
IS THE KOALA ENDANGERED?
Although the koala does not live in the United States, it is in fact listed under the United States Endangered Species Act as threatened. In its native country of Australia there is no uniform status definition. Their status is dependent on each particular region of each Australian state, which in turn is dependent on population and habitat information. Some areas list it as vulnerable or rare, yet others list it as common.
Although it has no natural predators, the areas where it is at risk is highest where the koala’s habitat has been destroyed and/or poaching and hunting is prevalent. In areas where they are common there is a danger of over feeding since they all eat the same kind of plant.
Overall stress on the livelihood of these animals is increasing as threats caused by man made activities shrink and impact their natural environment. Conservation measures will ultimately be necessary to save their habitat and population. Although they have unique adaptations for living in their habitat of eucalyptus forests, wildlife in general cannot adapt as fast as the rapid changes brought on by mankind.
ARE KOALAS DANGEROUS?
Although they are cute, cuddly, and baby like, wild Koalas should not be approached or handled. Information on koala attacks are very rare and they are not considered dangerous. Still, wild animals in general should be respected from a distance. They do have sharp claws and teeth and can use them if necessary.
KOALA PREDATORS
In Australia koalas that live in the wild have no natural predators. They are in fact at the top of the food chain in their habitat. Large birds such as owls have been known to prey on baby koalas, although such information is scarce. By definition koalas eat only eucalyptus leaves, they do not prey on other animals.
| Joey |
Poet and author Oscar Wilde is buried in which European city? | Koala Kid - National Wildlife Federation
Koala Kid
by Ellen Lambeth; photos by Suzi Eszterhas
The mother koala in the photo above seems to be showing her little one which leaves taste the best. Just a quick glance at the two of them is enough to make you say, "Awww, how sweet!"
Koalas may look like cuddly teddy bears, but bears they are not. Koalas are marsupials (mar-SOO-pee-ulz), mammals that begin their lives in pouches. You may know that a young kangaroo is called a joey. All marsupial babies, including koalas, are joeys, too.
Also, like kangaroos—and most other marsupials—koalas live only on the island country of Australia (see map). And there aren't nearly as many of them as there once were. More about that later. For now, let's take a look at a joey's life, from birth to independence.
At five months old, the barely fuzzy baby above—let's call him Joe—stretches up from the pouch to greet Mom. After another couple of months, the pouch fit is getting a bit snug.
MOM AND JOEY
When a koala is first born, it's tiny—about the size of a gummy bear—and helpless. Even so, it manages to find its way into its mother's pouch. There, it latches on to a nipple and spends the next few months nursing and growing.
At around five to six months of age, the joey starts peeking out at Mom and the world. But it returns to the pouch for safety and comfort—until it gets too big to fit inside. It can't live in there and drink its mother's milk forever. It has to learn to eat what all grown koalas eat: the leaves of eucalyptus (yoo-kuh-LIP-tuss) trees.
Eucalyptus leaves might seem like an odd food choice. They are tough to chew and hard to digest, and they're not very nutritious. They even have poisons in them! But over time, koalas have evolved to eat eucalyptus and little else. They even get most of the water they need from the leaves.
So, how do koalas survive on such a strange diet? They have special bacteria (germs) in their guts that help break down the tough leaves and get rid of the poisons. And koalas sleep up to 20 hours a day! That saves energy while their bodies work extra hard digesting their food.
A joey isn't born with the "good germs" needed to handle eucalyptus leaves. It has to get them from its mother. How? By eating her poop—sort of. It's actually called pap. It comes out the same place as poop, but it's not quite the same thing. Like any baby food, pap is soft and easy to eat. But even more important, it contains the necessary bacteria. Eating pap might sound gross. But it's the only way a joey can begin a safe eucalyptus diet.
Over the next few months, the joey spends more and more time outside the pouch. It clings to its mother's front and begins to sample some eucalyptus leaves. As it grows bigger, it rides around more on its mother's back.
GROWING UP
A joey continues riding its mom piggyback even after it gets quite big. But it also starts testing out its own climbing skills. Good thing the fur on its rump is growing in nice and thick, too. This works as a built-in cushion that helps a koala balance comfortably on a branch or in the crook of a tree.
Before long, the joey will need to move away from home and learn to get by without Mom's help. That's especially true if a new little brother or sister is about to pop out of Mom's pouch. The joey may stick around in its mother's neighborhood for a while. It won't be fully grown up until it's two or three years old. Before then, though, it will look for a new neighborhood to call its own.
If the joey is a female, she will grow up to have a joey of her own every year or two. If the joey is a male, he will try to win over lots of females when he grows up. But female koalas can be very picky. So a young male must practice his bellow, which sounds like a cross between a snore and a long, loud burp. Females can tell how big and strong a male is by his bellow. The bigger and stronger, the better!
Besides bellowing, males also mark their "home trees." Each male has a scent gland on his chest that oozes out sticky, stinky stuff. He rubs his chest against the trees to wipe his scent there. The scent tells other males to steer clear. It also tells females that he'd make a great mate.
There's a problem with koalas raising new families and spreading out into new neighborhoods, though. The eucalyptus forests of eastern Australia are becoming smaller and smaller—as well as farther and farther apart.
TROUBLE IN PARADISE
Koalas face tough times. Long ago, people killed millions of them for their thick, woolly coats. Koalas are now protected by law—but their homes aren't, which is a huge problem. More and more eucalyptus trees are being cut down to make way for farms and towns. And that means the right leaves to eat are getting harder and harder to find. Also, while koalas roam on the ground in search of food, mates, and new places to live, many are hit by cars or attacked by dogs. Koalas get so stressed out dealing with these dangers that they easily become sick from disease.
Many people in Australia are working hard to help koalas. Some rescue koalas that become lost, injured, or ill. Others plant trees. Still others teach the public and the government about how best to save the species.
Every cute, cuddly koala that's born is precious, of course. But what's even more precious is a place each koala can call home.
Good news: This sick koala (at left) is getting better! It may soon move back to the wild from the Currumbin Wildlife Hospital.
Rangers: We thank Deborah Tabart OAM, CEO of the Australian Koala Foundation (AKF), for her help with this story. For more about koalas, visit AKF online at savethekoala.com . -Ranger Rick
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Which nation’s football team prevented England from competing in the 1974 FIFA World Cup finals? | 1974 FIFA World Cup in Germany - Soccer Betting Odds and Props for all Major Football Events Around the World
Germany 1974 World Cup Betting
Year: 1974
Participants: 16
Countries: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, East Germany, Haiti, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Scotland, Sweden, Uruguay, West Germany, Yugoslavia, Zaire
Championship: West Germany 2, Netherlands 1
Top goal scorer: Grzegorz Lato, Poland (7)
In 1974, teams met in Germany to compete for a new trophy: the FIFA World Cup. Also new were the tight security measures at the tournament, brought into effect because of the assassination of Jewish athletes at the Munich Olympics two years earlier.
The opening ceremonies were held on June 13. Pele was on hand, even though he had decided not to play in what would have been his fifth World Cup. The action kicked off with defending champion Brazil playing Yugoslavia to a 0-0 tie -- hardly an exciting opener.
This tournament became known as the "World Cup of Quality," with three outstanding teams in Holland, Poland and West Germany.
One of the biggest showdowns of the tournament was the Brazil-Holland game played on July 3. Brazil, missing its potent offense of years past, fell to the speedy Dutch team 2-0.
In the championship game, Holland scored on a penalty kick before West Germany even touched the ball, but the Germans came back for a 2-1 victory in front of 79,000 fans in Munich.
In a futile effort to boost his country's performance, Zaire's President Motubo awarded each of his players with a car, a trip for two to anywhere in the world and a house just for qualifying. Perhaps he should have held out a little longer: When Zaire got to Germany, it lost to Scotland 2-0, Brazil 3-0 and was trounced by Yugoslavia 9-0.
World Cup Germany 1974 Schedule and Results
Group 1 Results
| Poland |
Which world championship darts player walks onto the stage to the tune of ‘Rabbit’ by Chas and Dave? | 1974 FIFA World Cup in Germany - Soccer Betting Odds and Props for all Major Football Events Around the World
Germany 1974 World Cup Betting
Year: 1974
Participants: 16
Countries: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, East Germany, Haiti, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Scotland, Sweden, Uruguay, West Germany, Yugoslavia, Zaire
Championship: West Germany 2, Netherlands 1
Top goal scorer: Grzegorz Lato, Poland (7)
In 1974, teams met in Germany to compete for a new trophy: the FIFA World Cup. Also new were the tight security measures at the tournament, brought into effect because of the assassination of Jewish athletes at the Munich Olympics two years earlier.
The opening ceremonies were held on June 13. Pele was on hand, even though he had decided not to play in what would have been his fifth World Cup. The action kicked off with defending champion Brazil playing Yugoslavia to a 0-0 tie -- hardly an exciting opener.
This tournament became known as the "World Cup of Quality," with three outstanding teams in Holland, Poland and West Germany.
One of the biggest showdowns of the tournament was the Brazil-Holland game played on July 3. Brazil, missing its potent offense of years past, fell to the speedy Dutch team 2-0.
In the championship game, Holland scored on a penalty kick before West Germany even touched the ball, but the Germans came back for a 2-1 victory in front of 79,000 fans in Munich.
In a futile effort to boost his country's performance, Zaire's President Motubo awarded each of his players with a car, a trip for two to anywhere in the world and a house just for qualifying. Perhaps he should have held out a little longer: When Zaire got to Germany, it lost to Scotland 2-0, Brazil 3-0 and was trounced by Yugoslavia 9-0.
World Cup Germany 1974 Schedule and Results
Group 1 Results
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What is the fifth planet from the sun? | What is the fifth planet from the sun? | Socratic
What is the fifth planet from the sun?
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The fifth planet from the Sun is Jupiter.
Explanation:
The five planets in order from the Sun are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars and Jupiter. There is an asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter and in earlier days people believed that the fifth planet was residing there. However, the asteroid belt consists of myriads of small bodies down to rocks. The biggest of them is called Ceres and now we recognize Ceres as a dwarf planet. So, strictly speaking, Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun.
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| Jupiter |
Who was the only Canadian-born British Prime Minister? | The Solar System
The Solar System
There are nine planets in the solar system.
The following information can help you learn more about each of them.
MERCURY
The planet nearest to the sun, Mercury has a cratered surface and almost no atmosphere. It is the smallest of the inner planets and has no known satellites. It revolves around the sun in about 88 days.
VENUS
This is the second planet from the sun, and its atmosphere is mainly composed of carbon dioxide. It revolves around the sun in 224.7 days. The entire surface of the planet is covered by a dense layer of clouds.
EARTH
Earth, the fifth largest planet in the solar system, is the only one known to support life. It revolves around the sun in about 365 days. Estimated to be 4.5 billion to 5 billion years old, this planet has one natural satellite, the moon.
MARS
The next planet out from Earth, Mars revolves around the sun in about 687 days. It has many volcanoes, including the largest in the solar system, Olympus Mons.
JUPITER
Jupiter is the largest and most massive of the nine planets. It is the fifth planet away from the sun and has 16 known natural satellites.
SATURN
Revolving around the sun in about 29.5 years, Saturn is the second largest planet. Its most remarkable feature is its ring system, which is composed of billions of water-ice particles.
URANUS
This is the seventh planet from the sun, revolving around it about every 84 years. It was the first planet discovered in modern times with the aid of a telescope.
NEPTUNE
Almost 3 billion miles from the sun, Neptune revolves around the sun every 164.8 years. Its mass is 17.2 times that of Earth.
PLUTO
Pluto, with a rather elliptical orbit around the sun, has a diameter of less than half that of Earth. Its surface consists mainly of frozen nitrogen. It has one known satellite, Charon.
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In which UK city is Great Victoria Street railway station? | Disused Stations: Belfast Great Victoria Street Station
Date of visit:
19.4.2014
Notes: Great Victoria Street was the Great Northern Railway of Ireland (GNRI) terminus in the city of Belfast. The GNRI had the second largest railway system on the island of Ireland and part of its network was the main line that linked the cities of Belfast and Dublin. Belfast Great Victoria Street had opened on 12 August 1839 as the northern terminus of the 7½-mile Ulster Railway (UR) which connected the city to Lisburn. A through route to Dublin was only created when the Dublin & Belfast Junction Railway (D&BJR) opened the final section of its line, a bridge over the river Boyne at Drogheda 5 April 1855 (although a temporary wooden bridge had been in situ during 1853 for the Dublin International Exhibition).
Belfast Great Victoria Street was located on the west side of the street from which it took its name and at the time of its opening it was known simply as Belfast. The station was a fine sturdy building that had two platforms and three tracks. The exterior was classical in influence, with its main two-storey block linked to shorter two-storey wings by single-storey sections. The ground floor stonework was rusticated and windows were rectangular with elaborate architraves. The upper storeys had round-headed windows with hoods. The central block was topped by a balustrade. The entrance to the main block was projected forward and was also topped by a balustrade and had pairs of impressive columns. A generous porte-cochère stood in front of the central block.
The track gauge of the UR was 6ft 2in.
At the time of opening there were seven services in each direction between Belfast and Lisburn and on the first day of service 3,000 people were carried. In the early years there were no third class coaches on the UR.
The UR reached Portadown in 1842. At the same time the Dublin & Drogheda Railway (D&DR) started to build their line using a gauge of 5ft 2in which caused consternation amongst the board of the UR who saw that line as a means of creating a link to Dublin. Major General Pasley RE was called in to arbitrate and he came up with a compromise of 5ft 3in which became the standard gauge for the island of Ireland. The UR had to re-gauge their line at a cost of £20,000.
In 1848 the UR reached Armagh.
The March 1850 timetable showed 7 departures and 8 arrivals Mondays-to-Saturdays and 3 trains in each direction on Sundays.
In 1852 the UR renamed the station Victoria Street as, by that time, two other railway companies had opened termini in the city. The station was renamed Great Victoria Street in 1856 by which time through services were running to Dublin. By 1858 the UR was able to run services to Londonderry.
Originally there had been a level crossing at the west end of the station but it was replaced with a bridge, named the Boyne bridge, in 1863.
In 1875 the D&DR and the D&BJR merged to form the Northern Railway of Ireland. A year later the UR agreed to merge and the company became the Great Northern Railway Company Ireland (GNRI).
By the 1880s the station had been expanded to six platform faces which were protected from the elements by a trainshed roof. Some of the platforms extended to the south side of the Boyne Court bridge. The GNRI network had also expanded by this time and served many locations including Bundoran, Cavan, Cookstown and Newcastle.
The December 1895 timetable showed 32 departrures from Great Victoria Street on weekdays serving destinations including Armargh, Clones, Dublin, Drogheda, Londonderry Lisburn and Omagh.
In the period running up to the Great War the GNRI had its most profitable years. Many long distance trains that ran from Great Victoria Street had restaurant cars and there were even sleeping car services to Dublin Amiens Street and Londonderry Foyle Road.
The outbreak of war in August 1914 initially brought additional traffic to Great Victoria Street and to the GNRI network generally but within a few years shortages caused problems as did rising wage bills. The Easter Rising in 1916 caused additional problems as sections of the GNRI were targeted and services disrupted. The main line to Dublin was blown up at Fairview. In Ireland the Great War was followed by the war of independence and the Irish Civil War both of which brought even further disruption to the GNRI.
The outcome of the Irish War of Independence was the forming in 1921 of the Irish Free State. The Northern Counties, which included Belfast, had resisted becoming part of an independent Ireland and they became Northern Ireland. Belfast became the capital and the GNRI was paid £670,000 in compensation for the damage it had suffered.
A civil war erupted in the Free State which brought more disruption to the GNRI, and when peace finally came in 1923 it had the additional complication of being a railway company whose network was located in two separate countries. Trains that crossed the border were subject to customs checks which slowed them down.
The 1930s were difficult years for the GNRI which recorded its first financial loss in 1933. In 1936 the Boyne bridge at the west end of the station was rebuilt.
The Second World War brought an increase in traffic despite travel restrictions being imposed in the north. Northern Ireland, as part of the UK, was a combatant country whilst the Free State (by then Ireland and later the Republic of Ireland) was neutral. Many northerners travelled from Belfast to Dublin to escape for a period the rationing and the bombing that took place in 1941.
In 1947 the GNRI introduced ‘The Enterprise Express’, an express train that ran non-stop between Belfast Great Victoria Street and Dublin Amiens Street (later, Connolly) in under 2 hours. The first 'Enterprise' departed from Great Victoria Street at 10.30am on 11 August 1947. The service was operated by the GNRIs largest locomotives and its most modern coaches. Agreement had reached which allowed the Belfast – Dublin expresses to have the customs checks done at Great Victoria Street (and at the Dublin end at Amiens Street) but they could not stop en route.
On 1 January 1948 the railways of Northern Ireland, with the exception of the GNRI, were nationalised as part of the British Transport Commission and on 1 April 1949 they became part of the Ulster Transport Authority (UTA).
In 1950 Republic of Ireland nationalised its railways under the banner (CIE) which had been created in 1944 as a private company. As the GNRI network extended into another country it was excluded from the nationalisation.
However the GNRI was not in good shape and on 6 December 1950 it announced its intention to close its entire network. Both governments intervened and made good the losses.
On 1 January 1951 the GNRI abolished second class on all of its trains.
On 1 September 1953 the GNRI came to an end as an independent company. It was replaced with a joint concern of the two states called the Great Northern Railway Board. In the north there was a decidedly anti-rail bias which was particularly prevalent in the UTA. Three years after the forming of the joint board the Northern Ireland authorities announced that they intended to close much of the former GNRI system. The Dublin government protested and arguments followed which saw the abolition of the joint board on 1 October 1958. The assets of the board were divided between CIE and UTA with Great Victoria Street becoming a UTA station.
The UTA had closed over three quarters of the lines that it had assumed responsibility for in 1950. As soon as the GNRI network within the province came into its ownership the closures began in earnest (some lines had actually closed in 1957).
By the beginning of 1965 Great Victoria Street had only the Londonderry and Dublin lines left on which passenger services operated. The Londonderry line closed on 15 February 1965. A large part of the station was taken out of rail use and became a bus station. Only two platforms remained in use.
On 5 April 1968 the UTA was dissolved and Great Victoria Street became part of Northern Ireland Railways (NIR).
During the early 1970s Great Victoria Street was bombed by the IRA on several occasions causing extensive damage that ultimately led to the demolition of the 1848 terminus building.
NIR was much more pro-rail and it resurrected plans for linking the lines that served Belfast. The first work authorised was the connecting of the former Belfast & County Down Railway with the GNRI line via the former Belfast Central Railway that had not seen a passenger train since 1885. A new station, Belfast Central, formed part of the works which saw their first trains on 12 April 1976. Great Victoria Street closed twelve days later on 24 April 1976.
After closure the remaining platforms were infilled and became part of the bus station.
In the 1990 the trainshed was demolished and the site was eventually developed with the Great Northern building.
On 28 November 1994 the NIR plan to link all of the Belfast lines became a reality with the opening of the cross harbour line that created a link to the former Northern Counties Committee railway. NIR had created the most integrated railway network that Belfast had ever had. However Belfast Central was not, as its name would suggest, in a central part of Belfast and passengers complained about the fact. Great Victoria Street had been right in the heart of the city, and plans were drawn up for a new station on the original alignment of the railway to the south of the Boyne Court bridge (the original station having been on the north side). The plans also allowed for a new section of railway that would enable trains to run directly between Great Victoria Street and Central. The new line and station opened on 30 September 1995.
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In 1665, Thomas Willett was appointed the first Mayor of which city? | Great Victoria Street Railway Station Bed and Breakfast, Cheap Hotel and Guest House Accommodation
Great Victoria Street Railway Station Bed and Breakfast, Cheap Hotel and Guest House Accommodation
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Bed and Breakfasts near Great Victoria Street Railway Station for 1 night from 04/01/2017 to 5/1/2017 within 25 miles, in an Average Nightly price range of £1 to £200.
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Great Victoria Street, Belfast, BT2 7AP
Distance:0.09 miles | Star Rating:
In the heart of Belfast’s city centre, this 4-star hotel is next to Great Victoria Street Railway Station. Guests can enjoy luxurious rooms and dining in the contemporary bistro. Complimentary Wi-Fi i ...more
In the heart of Belfast’s city centre, this 4-star hotel is next to Great Victoria Street Railway Station. Guests can enjoy luxurious rooms and dining in the contemporary bistro. Complimentary Wi-Fi is available in all public areas.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £75.00
Great Victoria Street, Belfast, BT2 7BQ
Distance:0.1 miles | Star Rating: N/A
On Great Victoria Street, beside the Grand Opera House, the luxury Fitzwilliam Hotel Belfast offers boutique bedrooms with free Wi-Fi. There is a chic restaurant and modern cocktail bar.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £115.00
Fisherwick Place, Great Victoria Street, Belfast, BT2 7AP
Distance:0.11 miles | Star Rating:
This Jurys Inn is located next to Belfast’s City Hall and Opera House. It boasts spacious rooms with flat-screen TVs, a 24-hour reception and a restaurant serving modern cuisine. Wi-Fi is available th ...more
This Jurys Inn is located next to Belfast’s City Hall and Opera House. It boasts spacious rooms with flat-screen TVs, a 24-hour reception and a restaurant serving modern cuisine. Wi-Fi is available throughout the entire hotel.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £89.00
GREAT VICTORIA STREET, Belfast, BT2 7AP
Distance:0.12 miles | Star Rating:
This international 4 star hotel is superbly located in the heart of Belfast convenient to the business and commercial districts and ideally positioned amongst Belfast s entertainment and shopping area ...more
This international 4 star hotel is superbly located in the heart of Belfast convenient to the business and commercial districts and ideally positioned amongst Belfast s entertainment and shopping areas. The hotel is a 10 minute drive from all major motorways and ferry and air terminals with a rail link next door. Since its opening the Europa hotel has reigned supreme among the capital s meeting places and the popular city landmark has become the choice of Presidents and Prime Ministers. This cosmopolitan hotel offers spacious elegance luxury and style proven by the fact that the Europa was the choice of President Clinton during his visits to Belfast in 1995 and 1998. Having recently completed a major extension the Europa now has a total of 272 bedrooms making it the largest hotel in Northern Ireland. Each bedroom is exquisitely appointed and traditionally furnished offering guests the ultimate in comfort and style. For more informal dining the Causerie serves a wide range of fayre.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £85.00
40 Hope Street, Belfast, BT12 5EE
Distance:0.12 miles | Star Rating:
Holiday Inn Belfast City Centre features free WiFi, a Starbucks coffee station, Oakwood Grill Restaurant, complimentary gym access and discounted parking nearby.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £69.00
15 Brunswick Street, Belfast, BT2 7GE
Distance:0.15 miles | Star Rating:
Situated in Belfast centre, Travelodge Belfast is a 10-minute drive from George Best Belfast City Airport. With spacious rooms and a traditional restaurant, the hotel has a 24-hour front desk.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £54.00
4 Clarence Street West, Belfast, BT2 7GP
Distance:0.21 miles | Star Rating:
In the heart of Belfast city centre, Park Inn by Radisson Belfast is close to the Golden Mile and the bars, restaurants, cafés and shops. Castle Court Shopping Centre is a 10-minute walk away.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £75.00
35-39 Dublin Road, Belfast, BT2 7HE
Distance:0.26 miles | Star Rating:
With free Wi-Fi access, a 24-hour front desk and air-conditioning, ETAP Hotel Belfast is nestled in the of Belfast’s busy city centre. It is only a mile from Belfast Central Train Station and 17 minut ...more
With free Wi-Fi access, a 24-hour front desk and air-conditioning, ETAP Hotel Belfast is nestled in the of Belfast’s busy city centre. It is only a mile from Belfast Central Train Station and 17 minutes’ walk from Belfast Botanical Gardens.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £44.00
22 Ormeau Avenue, Belfast, BT2 8HS
Distance:0.28 miles | Star Rating:
In Belfast city centre, Clayton Hotel Belfast has a stylish restaurant & bar, a modern fitness centre and a beauty salon. The 4-star hotel offers free Wi-Fi throughout and is a 10-minute drive from Be ...more
In Belfast city centre, Clayton Hotel Belfast has a stylish restaurant & bar, a modern fitness centre and a beauty salon. The 4-star hotel offers free Wi-Fi throughout and is a 10-minute drive from Belfast City Airport.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £95.00
10 Donegall Square South, Belfast, BT1 5JD
Distance:0.28 miles | Star Rating:
Ten Square is situated in Belfast city centre and features its own steakhouse restaurant and bar, which offers free evening entertainment. Victoria Square Shopping Centre is only a 5-minute walk from ...more
Ten Square is situated in Belfast city centre and features its own steakhouse restaurant and bar, which offers free evening entertainment. Victoria Square Shopping Centre is only a 5-minute walk from the hotel.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £100.00
100 Castle Street, Belfast, BT1 1HF
Distance:0.32 miles | Star Rating:
In the very centre of Belfast, this Ibis hotel offers modern rooms with satellite TV, 5 minutes’ walk away from Belfast’s nightlife and bars. Guests can enjoy buffet breakfasts and a stylish restauran ...more
In the very centre of Belfast, this Ibis hotel offers modern rooms with satellite TV, 5 minutes’ walk away from Belfast’s nightlife and bars. Guests can enjoy buffet breakfasts and a stylish restaurant.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £69.00
22-32 Donegall Road, Belfast, BT12 5JN
Distance:0.39 miles | Star Rating: N/A
Belfast International Youth Hostel is located 7 minutes’ walk from the Botanic Garden. It offers private and dormitory rooms, an on-site café and a free Wi-Fi zone. Rooms at the hostel feature shared ...more
Belfast International Youth Hostel is located 7 minutes’ walk from the Botanic Garden. It offers private and dormitory rooms, an on-site café and a free Wi-Fi zone. Rooms at the hostel feature shared or private bathroom facilities.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £13.50
No.7-13 Cromwell Road, Botanic Avenue, Belfast, BT7 1JW
Distance:0.53 miles | Star Rating: N/A
This refurbished 19th-century Victorian building is located in central Belfast. It offers comfortable bed and breakfast accommodation 4 miles from George Best Belfast City Airport. The rooms at Botan ...more
This refurbished 19th-century Victorian building is located in central Belfast. It offers comfortable bed and breakfast accommodation 4 miles from George Best Belfast City Airport. The rooms at Botanic Rest have carpeted floors and TVs.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £35.00
Botanic Avenue, Belfast, BT7 1JL
Distance:0.54 miles | Star Rating:
Madison’s is a boutique-style hotel with an award-winning restaurant, cafe bar and nightclub. It is 300 metres from Belfast city centre and a short walk from The Waterfront Hall.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £82.72
68 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 6AX
Distance:0.62 miles | Star Rating: N/A
In a city centre location just off Lisburn Road, Paddys Palace Belfast is a high-quality hostel with a variety of dormitories and private rooms. There is free street parking and free Wi-Fi.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £10.00
3 Cromac Place, Ormeau Road, Belfast, BT7 2JB
Distance:0.62 miles | Star Rating:
In Belfast’s vibrant Gasworks district, the 4-star Radisson Blu Hotel Belfast features a stylish restaurant and cocktail bar. The spacious rooms offer free Wi-Fi and air conditioning.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £89.00
65-67 University Street, Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1HL
Distance:0.64 miles | Star Rating:
Located in Belfast, this hotel offers, free internet access, great food and stylish, contemporary, air-conditioned rooms with 37-inch (94 cm) LCD TVs and iPod docking stations.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £82.00
34-38 Victoria Street, Belfast, BT1 3GH
Distance:0.64 miles | Star Rating:
In the heart of the city, this beautifully converted Victorian warehouse is now a stylish and luxurious 4-star hotel, mixing period features with modern boutique style.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £89.00
75 University Street, Belfast, BT7 1HL
Distance:0.64 miles | Star Rating:
Ibis Belfast Queens Quarter hotel provides contemporary, good value rooms, near Belfast City Centre and Queens University. There is excellent access to local rail and bus links.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £55.00
4 Lanyon Place, Belfast, BT1 3LP
Distance:0.7 miles | Star Rating:
Next to The Waterfront Hall convention centre, Hilton Belfast has a fitness room and a modern bar and restaurant. Overlooking the River Lagan, Belfast’s vibrant city centre is under a mile away.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £95.00
20 Talbot Street, Belfast, BT1 2LD
Distance:0.72 miles | Star Rating:
The Ramada Encore Belfast is located in Belfast’s Cathedral Quarter and within 15 minutes' walk of The SSE Arena, Titanic Quarter and local bars and shops. Free high-speed WiFi is available throughout ...more
The Ramada Encore Belfast is located in Belfast’s Cathedral Quarter and within 15 minutes' walk of The SSE Arena, Titanic Quarter and local bars and shops. Free high-speed WiFi is available throughout the hotel.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £53.10
106A University Street, Belfast, BT7 1HP
Distance:0.73 miles | Star Rating:
In the centre of Belfast’s lively Queen's Quarter, this modern hotel offers stylish rooms with flat-screen TVs and free on-site parking. The restaurants of Botanic Avenue are close by.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £55.00
6 Belgravia Avenue Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BJ
Distance:0.78 miles | Star Rating: N/A
Located in Belfast, Belfast Serviced Apartments is 2 km from The Waterfront Hall. Odyssey Arena is 2.9 km from the property. Free WiFi is provided . St. George's Market is 2.1 km from Belfast Service ...more
Located in Belfast, Belfast Serviced Apartments is 2 km from The Waterfront Hall. Odyssey Arena is 2.9 km from the property. Free WiFi is provided . St. George's Market is 2.1 km from Belfast Serviced Apartments, while Customs House Belfast is 2.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £109.00
60 Wellington Park, Belfast, BT9 6DP
Distance:0.86 miles | Star Rating: N/A
Windermere Guest House is a 19th-century Victorian bed and breakfast situated a 10-minute walk from Belfast town centre. It has free parking and free Wi-Fi.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £32.00
60 Wellington Park, Belfast, BT9 6DP
Distance:0.86 miles | Star Rating:
Windermere is located between The Lisburn and Malone Roads. Our bed and breakfast is in close proximity to the Belfast city centre and offers easy access to travel routes motorways airports seapor ...more
Windermere is located between The Lisburn and Malone Roads. Our bed and breakfast is in close proximity to the Belfast city centre and offers easy access to travel routes motorways airports seaports four major hospitals and various private clinics. Our central location is ideal for business people as well as those travelling for pleasure as we are close to bars restaurants cinemas and theatres.We offer free Wifi car parking and both cooked and continental breakfasts.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £65.00
44 Wellington Park, Belfast, BT9 6DP
Distance:0.88 miles | Star Rating: N/A
This 19th-century Victorian guest house offers bed and breakfast accommodation in the leafy suburbs of Belfast. It is 25 minutes’ walk from the city centre, and offers free Wi-Fi.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £38.00
11 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 6RT
Distance:0.89 miles | Star Rating:
A very warm welcome to Pearl Court Guest House. We hope you choose to stay with us. Your comfort and enjoyment will be our top priority.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £60.00
21 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 6RU
Distance:0.93 miles | Star Rating:
In the heart of Queen's Quarter, Wellington Park Hotel is 5 minutes’ walk from both Queens University and the Ulster Museum. The hotel features a traditional restaurant, cosy bar and free Wi-Fi access ...more
In the heart of Queen's Quarter, Wellington Park Hotel is 5 minutes’ walk from both Queens University and the Ulster Museum. The hotel features a traditional restaurant, cosy bar and free Wi-Fi access.
Dates:Wed Jan 04, 2017 - Thu Jan 05, 2017 Nights: 1
Total Cost: £50.40
60 EGLANTINE AVENUE, Belfast, BT9 6DY
Distance:0.94 miles | Star Rating:
Relax and rejuvenate in our chic Victorian townhouse hotel where warm ambiance Irish hospitality and contemporary luxuries will embrace you. Nestled in the peaceful leafy suburb of South Belfast - jus ...more
Relax and rejuvenate in our chic Victorian townhouse hotel where warm ambiance Irish hospitality and contemporary luxuries will embrace you. Nestled in the peaceful leafy suburb of South Belfast - just minutes from the City Centre - the Malone Lodge HOTEL APARTMENTS & SUITES offers a choice of 102 rooms in total combining luxury hotel guestrooms and elegant suites as well as one and two bedroom apartments. Only minutes from the city centre set in the luxurious tree lined avenues of the Queens University Quarter of South Belfast just off the exclusive Malone Road & fashionable Lisburn Road Belfast surrounded by beautiful parks and gardens this luxury is reflected in every aspect of the Hotel. As Belfast Hotel of the Year & Northern Ireland Tourist Board Highly Distinguished Hotel where better to treat yourself when visiting Belfast than the award winning Malone Lodge Hotel Apartments & Suites offering you the highest standards where you can relax in luxury and enjoy a perfect stay The luxurious surroundings of the hotel foyer allow you to relax and sink into deep cushioned sofas before deciding on where to dine for the evening. As NI Head Chef of the Year Taste of Ulster and AA rosette winner you can enjoy food from our head chef Dean Butler and his team whose recipe for success is straightforward serving simply good food everyday! With an exceptional reputation for food our success is built on using the finest local produce to create the perfect dining experience for you. In addition to our guest rooms special events and award winning food Malone Lodge offers a complimentary private Car Parking for guests wifi access throughout and full conference banqueting and Wedding facilities for up to 130 people.
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Sara Lownds was the first wife of which US singer/songwriter? | Sara Dylan (Actress) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News
Sara Dylan
Female
Born Oct 28, 1939
Sara Dylan, born Shirley Marlin Noznisky (or Novoletsky) and later known as Sara Lownds, was the first wife of singer-songwriter Bob Dylan and mother of singer Jakob Dylan. She was married to Bob Dylan from November 1965 until June 1977.
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Learn about the memorable moments in the evolution of Sara Dylan.
CHILDHOOD
1939 Birth Born on October 25, 1939.
TEENAGE
1956 16 Years Old He was shot dead by a drunken fellow East European immigrant on November 18, 1956. … Read More
Sara Noznisky had one brother Julius, sixteen years her senior. Read Less
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Sara Dylan (born October 25, 1939 as Shirley Marlin Noznisky), is the first wife of singer-songwriter Bob Dylan. Read Less
In 1959, Noznisky was wed to magazine photographer Hans Lownds, during which time she was known as Sara Lownds.
In 1959, Sara moved to New York City and quickly married magazine photographer Hans Lownds, Sara was his third wife. … Read More
Lownds persuaded her to change her name to Sara because his first wife named Shirley had left him and he did not want to be reminded of his previous marriage. Sara and Hans lived in a large five-story house on 60th Street in Manhattan, between Second and Third Avenues. Sara had a modeling career and appeared in Harper's Bazaar as the 'lovely luscious Sara Lownds'âand then became pregnant. Their daughter Maria was born October 21, 1961. Within a year of the birth, the marriage began to fail. Read Less
TWENTIES
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Sara started going out on her own, driving around town in an MG sports car Hans had given her, and gravitated to the youthful scene in Greenwich Village. Sometime in early 1964, she met Bob Dylan. … Read More
Sara was still married to Hans when they met, and Dylan was still romantically linked to Joan Baez at the time. Peter Lownds (Hans' son from a previous marriage) has stated: "Bob was the reason (she left Hans)." Sara also had a friend, Sally Buchler, who went on to marry Dylan's manager Albert Grossman. Read Less
Dylan and Sara were guests at the wedding in November 1964. … Read More
After Hans and Sara separated, Sara went to work as a secretary for the film production division of the Time Life company, where filmmakers such as Richard Leacock and D. A. Pennebaker were impressed with her resourcefulness. "She was supposed to be a secretary," said Pennebaker, "but she ran the place." Sara introduced Bob Dylan and Albert Grossman to Pennebaker, the director who would make the film Dont Look Back about Dylan's UK tour in April 1965. Read Less
Lownds and Dylan became romantically involved sometime in 1964; soon afterwards, they moved into separate rooms in New York's Hotel Chelsea to be near one another. … Read More
Dylan biographer Robert Shelton, who knew Bob and Sara in the mid-1960s, writes that Sara "had a Romany spirit, seeming to be wise beyond her years, knowledgeable about magic, folklore and traditional wisdom."<br /><br /> Author David Hajdu described her as "well read, a good conversationalist and better listener, resourceful, a quick study, and good hearted. She impressed some people as shy and quiet, others as supremely confident; either way, she appeared to do only what she felt needed to be done." Read Less
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In September 1965, Dylan commenced his first "electric" tour of the United States, backed by the Hawks.
During a break in the tour, Dylan married Saraânow pregnant with Jesse Dylanâon November 22, 1965. … Read More
According to Dylan biographer Howard Sounes, the wedding took place under an oak tree outside a judge's office on Long Island, and the only other participants were Albert Grossman and a maid of honor for Sara. Some of Dylan's friends (including Ramblin' Jack Elliott) claim that, in conversation immediately after the event, Dylan denied that he was married. Journalist Nora Ephron first made the news public in the New York Post in February 1966 with the headline "Hush! Bob Dylan is wed."<br /><br /> Bob and Sara had four children: Jesse, Anna, Samuel and Jakob. Dylan also adopted Maria, Sara's daughter from her first marriage. During these years of domestic stability, they lived in Woodstock in upstate New York. Read Less
Sara married Bob Dylan during a secret ceremony in November 1965, and the couple had four children together. … Read More
Their marriage is often cited by music writers as the inspiration for many of Dylan's songs created throughout the 1960s and 70s, including "Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands," "Love Minus Zero/No Limit", and "Sara". Read Less
1966 26 Years Old Sara Dylan is said to have inspired several songs by Dylan, and two have been directly linked to her. "Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands," the only song on the fourth side of the 1966 album Blonde on Blonde, was described by critic Robert Shelton as "virtually a wedding song for the former Sara Shirley N. Lownds." … Read More
In "Sara" from the 1976 album Desire, Dylan calls her a "radiant jewel, mystical wife." Shelton writes that with this song, "Dylan seems to be making an unabashed confessional to his wife. A plea for forgiveness and understanding." Noting the autobiographical reference in the song to "drinkin' white rum in a Portugal bar" Shelton connects this line with a trip Dylan made to Portugal with Sara in 1965. In "Sara," Dylan seems to acknowledge his wife as the inspiration for "Sad Eyed Lady": Read Less
THIRTIES
1973 33 Years Old In 1973, Bob and Sara Dylan sold their Woodstock home and purchased a modest property on the Point Dume peninsula, north of Malibu, California. … Read More
They commenced constructing a large home on this site, and the subsequent re-modelling of the house occupied the next two years. Sounes writes that during this period, tensions began to appear in their marriage. The Dylans still retained a house in Manhattan. Read Less
1974 34 Years Old In April 1974, Dylan began to take art classes with artist Norman Raeben in New York. … Read More
Dylan would later say in an interview that the art lessons caused problems in his marriage: "I went home after that first day and my wife never did understand me ever since that day. That's when our marriage started breaking up. She never knew what I was talking about, what I was thinking about, and I couldn't possibly explain it." Read Less
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The 1975 album Blood on the Tracks has been cited by many as Bob's account of their disintegrating marriage; their son Jakob Dylan has notably said that the lyrics of the album are "my parents talking." The pair finally divorced in June 1977. … Read More
Sara Dylan played the role of Clara in the movie Renaldo and Clara, directed by Dylan, and the film was described by a Dylan biographer as "in part a tribute to his wife".<br /><br /> Shirley Marlin Noznisky was born in Wilmington, Delaware, on October 25, 1939, to Jewish parents Isaac and Bessie Noznisky; her father was born in Poland around 1894 and became a US citizen in 1912. Isaac set up a scrap metal business at South Claymont Street, Wilmington. Read Less
Jacques Levy, who co-wrote many songs on Desire, has recalled how Dylan and Sara were estranged when he recorded this song in July 1975. … Read More
Sara happened to visit the studio that evening and Dylan "sang 'Sara' to his wife as she watched from the other side of the glass... It was extraordinary. You could have heard a pin drop. She was absolutely stunned by it," said Levy. According to Larry Sloman, Dylan turned to Sara just before beginning the song, and stated, "This one's for you." Read Less
Notwithstanding these tensions, Sara accompanied Bob Dylan on much of the first stage of the Rolling Thunder Revue, from October to December 1975. … Read More
The Revue formed the backdrop to the shooting of the film Renaldo and Clara. Sara appeared in many scenes in this semi-improvised movie, playing Clara to Dylan's Renaldo. Joan Baez, a former lover of Dylan, was also a featured performer on the Revue and appeared in the film as The Woman In White. In one scene, Baez asks Dylan, "What would've happened if we ever got married, Bob?" Dylan replies, "I married the woman I love." Sounes suggests that the film may have been in part Dylan's tribute to his wife, since his film production company, Lombard Street Films, was named after the street in Wilmington where Sara was born.<br /><br /> During the divorce proceedings, Sara was represented by attorney Marvin Mitchelson. Mitchelson has estimated that the settlement agreed was worth about $36 million to Sara and included "half the royalties from the songs written during their marriage." Michael Gray has written: "A condition of the settlement was that Sara would remain silent about her life with Dylan. She has done so." Read Less
The songs on Dylan's 1975 album Blood on the Tracks have been described by several of Dylan's biographers and critics as arising from the tension as his marriage to Sara collapsed. … Read More
The album was recorded soon after the couple's initial separation. Dylan biographers Robert Shelton and Clinton Heylin have cautioned against interpreting the album as naked autobiography, arguing that Blood On The Tracks works on many levelsâmusical, spiritual, poeticâas well as a personal confession. Dylan himself denied at the time of the album's release that Blood on the Tracks was autobiographical, but Jakob Dylan has said, "When I'm listening to 'Subterranean Homesick Blues' I'm grooving along just like you. But when I'm listening to Blood On The Tracks, that's about my parents." Read Less
1977 37 Years Old Heylin has quoted Steven Soles saying that, in 1977, Dylan came over unannounced to his apartment and played him ten or twelve songs that were "very dark, very intense" dealing with his bitterness over the divorce. … Read More
Soles adds that none of these songs was ever recorded.<br /><br /> In addition to Blonde on Blonde, Blood on the Tracks, and Desire, some critics have suggested Sara Dylan is the inspiration for other works. Both Clinton Heylin and Andy Gill have connected Sara to "Love Minus Zero/No Limit" recorded in January 1965. Gill writes that this song expresses admiration for Sara's "Zen-like equanimity: unlike most of the women he met, she wasn't out to impress him or interrogate him about his lyrics." Heylin also credits Sara Dylan as the inspiration for "She Belongs to Me" (from 1965's Bringing It All Back Home) and "Abandoned Love" (recorded during the Desire sessions, but not released until the Biograph box set in 1985).<br /><br /> A fictional version of the marriage of Dylan and Sara is featured in the Bob Dylan biopic I'm Not There, where Heath Ledger plays a Dylan-like performer and Charlotte Gainsbourg plays Claire, a character based on a combination of Sara Dylan and Suze Rotolo. Read Less
FORTIES
1983 43 Years Old By some reports Dylan and Sara remained friends after the acrimony of the divorce subsided, and Clinton Heylin writes that the photo of Dylan on a hillside in Jerusalem, which appeared on the inner sleeve of the 1983 album Infidels, was taken by Sara.
LATE ADULTHOOD
2005 65 Years Old Discussing his parents' marriage, Jakob Dylan said in 2005: "My father said it himself in an interview many years ago: 'Husband and wife failed, but mother and father didn't.' … Read More
My ethics are high because my parents did a great job." Read Less
Original Authors of this text are noted on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Dylan .
| Bob Dylan |
In French cookery, what is ‘farce’? | About: Sara Dylan
About: Sara Dylan
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Sara Dylan (born October 25, 1939 as Shirley Marlin Noznisky), was the first wife of singer-songwriter Bob Dylan and the mother of four of his children, including musician Jakob Dylan. She was married to Bob Dylan from November 1965 until June 1977. She played the role of Clara in the movie Renaldo and Clara, directed by Dylan, and the film was described by a Dylan biographer as "in part a tribute to his wife".
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abstract
Sara Dylan, née Shirley Marlin Noznisky le 25 octobre 1939 à Wilmington, dans le Delaware, également appelée Sara Lownds, est un mannequin américain, célèbre pour avoir été la première femme de l'auteur-compositeur-interprète Bob Dylan et la mère de ses quatre enfants, dont Jakob Dylan. Elle est restée mariée au chanteur du 22 novembre 1965 à juin 1977. Leur mariage reste secret jusqu'en février 1966 et la parution dans le New York Post d'un article de la journaliste Nora Ephron intitulé « Hush! Bob Dylan is wed ».
(fr)
Sara Dylan (* 28. Oktober 1939 in Wilmington, Delaware als Shirley Marlin Noznisky oder Novoletsky), in erster Ehe Sara Lowndes, war von November 1965 bis Juni 1977 die erste Ehefrau von Bob Dylan und ist die Mutter des Regisseurs Jesse und des Sängers Jakob Dylan.
(de)
Di aspetto aristocratico ma di origini semplici, è conosciuta anche con il nome di Sara Lownds, dal nome del suo primo marito, il fotografo di periodici Hans Lownds. È stata sposata con Dylan dal novembre 1965 al giugno 1977 e dalla loro unione è nato il cantante Jakob Dylan. Figura nel cast del film del 1978 Renaldo and Clara, girato sulla tournée della Rolling Thunder Revue dell'autunno 1975.
(it)
Sara Dylan (Wilmington, Delaware, 25 de octubre de 1939), nacida como Shirley Marlin Noznisky, fue la primera mujer del músico estadounidense Bob Dylan y madre de cuatro de sus hijos, incluyendo el también músico Jakob Dylan. Contrajo matrimonio con Dylan en noviembre de 1965 y se divorció de él en junio de 1977. Interpretó el papel de Clara en la película Renaldo and Clara, dirigida por Dylan, descrita por un biógrafo del músico como «en parte un tributo a su mujer».
(es)
Sara Dylan (born October 25, 1939 as Shirley Marlin Noznisky), was the first wife of singer-songwriter Bob Dylan and the mother of four of his children, including musician Jakob Dylan. She was married to Bob Dylan from November 1965 until June 1977. She played the role of Clara in the movie Renaldo and Clara, directed by Dylan, and the film was described by a Dylan biographer as "in part a tribute to his wife".
(en)
Sara Lownds (25 oktober 1939) werd in Wilmington (Delaware, Verenigde Staten) geboren als Shirley Marlin Noznisky. Zij was de eerste vrouw van Bob Dylan. Lownds was de inspiratie voor meerdere van Dylans nummers, en voor zijn album Blood on the Tracks. Sara was een model en is gefotografeerd als Playboy Bunny. Haar eerste huwelijk was met Hans Lownds, een fotograaf. Samen hadden zij een dochter, Maria. Het huwelijk bleef niet lang in stand. Na de scheiding hield Sara de naam 'Lownds'. In 1964 maakte Sara Lownds kennis met Bob Dylan via hun gemeenschappelijk vriend Sally Grossman. Lownds en Dylan trouwden op 22 november 1965. Bob Dylan adopteerde haar dochter Maria. Lownds en Dylan hebben samen vier kinderen: Jesse, Anna, Sam en Jakob. Ze scheidden in juli 1977, hoewel ze daarna nog veel contact houden. Lownds is de inspiratie geweest voor meerdere van Dylans nummers. In ieder geval voor twee nummers is zij de directe inspiratiebron geweest: "Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands" (op het album Blonde on Blonde uit 1966) en "Sara" (op het album Desire uit 1976). "Sara" was een emotionele poging van Dylan om zich te verzoenen met Lownds nadat zij rond 1975 van elkaar vervreemd waren. Hij zingt het lied voor haar op 31 juli 1975 in een poging om hun huwelijk te redden wanneer ze onverwacht opduikt in de studio in New York. Het album Blood On The Tracks (1975) is te zien als het meest krachtige gevolg van haar inspiratie, aangezien vrijwel elk nummer op enige wijze met hun relatie te maken heeft. Het album is opgenomen vlak nadat zij gescheiden gingen leven.
(nl)
comment
Sara Dylan, née Shirley Marlin Noznisky le 25 octobre 1939 à Wilmington, dans le Delaware, également appelée Sara Lownds, est un mannequin américain, célèbre pour avoir été la première femme de l'auteur-compositeur-interprète Bob Dylan et la mère de ses quatre enfants, dont Jakob Dylan. Elle est restée mariée au chanteur du 22 novembre 1965 à juin 1977. Leur mariage reste secret jusqu'en février 1966 et la parution dans le New York Post d'un article de la journaliste Nora Ephron intitulé « Hush! Bob Dylan is wed ».
(fr)
Sara Dylan (* 28. Oktober 1939 in Wilmington, Delaware als Shirley Marlin Noznisky oder Novoletsky), in erster Ehe Sara Lowndes, war von November 1965 bis Juni 1977 die erste Ehefrau von Bob Dylan und ist die Mutter des Regisseurs Jesse und des Sängers Jakob Dylan.
(de)
Sara Dylan (Wilmington, Delaware, 25 de octubre de 1939), nacida como Shirley Marlin Noznisky, fue la primera mujer del músico estadounidense Bob Dylan y madre de cuatro de sus hijos, incluyendo el también músico Jakob Dylan. Contrajo matrimonio con Dylan en noviembre de 1965 y se divorció de él en junio de 1977. Interpretó el papel de Clara en la película Renaldo and Clara, dirigida por Dylan, descrita por un biógrafo del músico como «en parte un tributo a su mujer».
(es)
Sara Dylan (born October 25, 1939 as Shirley Marlin Noznisky), was the first wife of singer-songwriter Bob Dylan and the mother of four of his children, including musician Jakob Dylan. She was married to Bob Dylan from November 1965 until June 1977. She played the role of Clara in the movie Renaldo and Clara, directed by Dylan, and the film was described by a Dylan biographer as "in part a tribute to his wife".
(en)
Di aspetto aristocratico ma di origini semplici, è conosciuta anche con il nome di Sara Lownds, dal nome del suo primo marito, il fotografo di periodici Hans Lownds.È stata sposata con Dylan dal novembre 1965 al giugno 1977 e dalla loro unione è nato il cantante Jakob Dylan. Figura nel cast del film del 1978 Renaldo and Clara, girato sulla tournée della Rolling Thunder Revue dell'autunno 1975.
(it)
Sara Lownds (25 oktober 1939) werd in Wilmington (Delaware, Verenigde Staten) geboren als Shirley Marlin Noznisky. Zij was de eerste vrouw van Bob Dylan. Lownds was de inspiratie voor meerdere van Dylans nummers, en voor zijn album Blood on the Tracks.Sara was een model en is gefotografeerd als Playboy Bunny. Haar eerste huwelijk was met Hans Lownds, een fotograaf. Samen hadden zij een dochter, Maria. Het huwelijk bleef niet lang in stand. Na de scheiding hield Sara de naam 'Lownds'.
(nl)
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Satyriasis is excessive, often uncontrollable, what in a man? | satyriasis - definition and meaning
satyriasis
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
n. Excessive, often uncontrollable sexual desire in and behavior by a man.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
n. Uncontrollable sexual desire, found in a man (contrast to nymphomania)
n. The quality of excessive sexual passion in a male
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
n. Immoderate venereal appetite in the male.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
n. A diseased and unrestrainable venereal appetite in men, corresponding to nymphomania in women.
n. In pathology, lepra.
| Sexual desire |
In which Charles Dickens novel does the fictional character Sam Weller appear? | Satyrism | definition of Satyrism by Medical dictionary
Satyrism | definition of Satyrism by Medical dictionary
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Satyrism
Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus .
satyriasis
[sat″ĭ-ri´ah-sis]
pathologic or exaggerated sexual desire in the male; the corresponding term in the female is nymphomania .
sat·y·ri·a·sis
(sat'i-rī'ă-sis),
[G. satyros, a satyr]
satyriasis
/sat·y·ri·a·sis/ (sat″ĭ-ri´ah-sis) abnormal, excessive, insatiable sexual desire in the male.
satyriasis
[sat′irī′əsis]
Etymology: Gk, satyros, lecherous, osis, condition
excessive, pathological, or uncontrollable sexual desire in the male. The cause may be psychological or organic. Also called satyromania. Compare nymphomania .
The compulsive condition in a male of engaging in recurrent sexual intercourse with different female partners, promiscuously and without falling in love, but not as a paid gigolo, hustler, or call boy. In psychiatry, satyriasis is a term loosely applied to a male with an insatiable sexual appetite
satyriasis
sat·y·ri·a·sis
(sat'ir-ī'ă-sis)
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A septennium is a period of how many years? | Menstruation and the menstrual cycle | womenshealth.gov
Menstruation and the menstrual cycle
Menstruation and the menstrual cycle
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Menstruation and the menstrual cycle
Menstruation is a woman's monthly bleeding. When you menstruate, your body sheds the lining of the uterus (womb). Learn how the menstrual cycle works and what to do if you have painful or irregular periods.
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What is menstruation?
Menstruation (men-STRAY-shuhn) is a woman's monthly bleeding. When you menstruate, your body sheds the lining of the uterus (womb). Menstrual blood flows from the uterus through the small opening in the cervix and passes out of the body through the vagina ( see how the menstrual cycle works below ). Most menstrual periods last from 3 to 5 days.
What is the menstrual cycle?
When periods (menstruations) come regularly, this is called the menstrual cycle. Having regular menstrual cycles is a sign that important parts of your body are working normally. The menstrual cycle provides important body chemicals, called hormones, to keep you healthy. It also prepares your body for pregnancy each month. A cycle is counted from the first day of 1 period to the first day of the next period. The average menstrual cycle is 28 days long. Cycles can range anywhere from 21 to 35 days in adults and from 21 to 45 days in young teens.
The rise and fall of levels of hormones during the month control the menstrual cycle.
What happens during the menstrual cycle?
In the first half of the cycle, levels of estrogen (the "female hormone") start to rise. Estrogen plays an important role in keeping you healthy, especially by helping you to build strong bones and to help keep them strong as you get older. Estrogen also makes the lining of the uterus (womb) grow and thicken. This lining of the womb is a place that will nourish the embryo if a pregnancy occurs. At the same time the lining of the womb is growing, an egg, or ovum, in one of the ovaries starts to mature. At about day 14 of an average 28-day cycle, the egg leaves the ovary. This is called ovulation.
After the egg has left the ovary, it travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus. Hormone levels rise and help prepare the uterine lining for pregnancy. A woman is most likely to get pregnant during the 3 days before or on the day of ovulation. Keep in mind, women with cycles that are shorter or longer than average may ovulate before or after day 14.
A woman becomes pregnant if the egg is fertilized by a man's sperm cell and attaches to the uterine wall. If the egg is not fertilized, it will break apart. Then, hormone levels drop, and the thickened lining of the uterus is shed during the menstrual period.
See how the menstrual cycle works.
What is a typical menstrual period like?
During your period, you shed the thickened uterine lining and extra blood through the vagina. Your period may not be the same every month. It may also be different than other women's periods. Periods can be light, moderate, or heavy in terms of how much blood comes out of the vagina. This is called menstrual flow. The length of the period also varies. Most periods last from 3 to 5 days. But, anywhere from 2 to 7 days is normal.
For the first few years after menstruation begins, longer cycles are common. A woman's cycle tends to shorten and become more regular with age. Most of the time, periods will be in the range of 21 to 35 days apart.
What kinds of problems do women have with their periods?
Women can have a range of problems with their periods, including pain, heavy bleeding, and skipped periods.
Amenorrhea (ay-men-uh-REE-uh) — the lack of a menstrual period. This term is used to describe the absence of a period in:
Young women who haven't started menstruating by age 15
Women and girls who haven't had a period for 90 days, even if they haven't been menstruating for long
Causes can include:
Stress
Serious medical conditions in need of treatment
As above, when your menstrual cycles come regularly, this means that important parts of your body are working normally. In some cases, not having menstrual periods can mean that your ovaries have stopped producing normal amounts of estrogen. Missing these hormones can have important effects on your overall health. Hormonal problems, such as those caused by polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or serious problems with the reproductive organs, may be involved. It's important to talk to a doctor if you have this problem.
Dysmenorrhea (dis-men-uh-REE-uh) — painful periods, including severe cramps. Menstrual cramps in teens are caused by too much of a chemical called prostaglandin. (pros-tuh-GLAN-duhn) Most teens with dysmenorrhea do not have a serious disease, even though the cramps can be severe. In older women, the pain is sometimes caused by a disease or condition such as uterine fibroids or endometriosis .
For some women, using a heating pad or taking a warm bath helps ease their cramps. Some over-the-counter pain medicines can also help with these symptoms. They include:
Ibuprofen (eye-byu-PROH-fuhn) (for instance, Advil, Motrin, Midol Cramp)
Ketoprofen (key-toh-PROH-fuhn) (for instance, Orudis KT)
Naproxen (nuh-PROK-suhn) (for instance, Aleve)
If these medicines don't relieve your pain or the pain interferes with work or school, you should see a doctor. Treatment depends on what's causing the problem and how severe it is.
Abnormal uterine bleeding — vaginal bleeding that's different from normal menstrual periods. It includes:
Bleeding between periods
Spotting anytime in the menstrual cycle
Bleeding heavier or for more days than normal
Bleeding after menopause
Abnormal bleeding can have many causes. Your doctor may start by checking for problems that are most common in your age group. Some of them are not serious and are easy to treat. Others can be more serious. Treatment for abnormal bleeding depends on the cause.
In both teens and women nearing menopause, hormonal changes can cause long periods along with irregular cycles. Even if the cause is hormonal changes, you may be able to get treatment. You should keep in mind that these changes can occur with other serious health problems, such as uterine fibroids, polyps, or even cancer. See your doctor if you have any abnormal bleeding.
When does a girl usually get her first period?
In the United States, the average age for a girl to get her first period is 12. This does not mean that all girls start at the same age. A girl can start her period anytime between the ages of 8 and 15. Most of the time, the first period starts about 2 years after breasts first start to develop. If a girl has not had her first period by age 15, or if it has been more than 2 to 3 years since breast growth started, she should see a doctor.
How long does a woman have periods?
Women usually have periods until menopause . Menopause occurs between the ages of 45 and 55, usually around age 50. Menopause means that a woman is no longer ovulating (producing eggs) or having periods and can no longer get pregnant. Like menstruation, menopause can vary from woman to woman and these changes may occur over several years.
The time when your body begins its move into menopause is called the menopausal transition. This can last anywhere from 2 to 8 years. Some women have early menopause because of surgery or other treatment, illness, or other reasons. If you don't have a period for 90 days, you should see your doctor. He or she will check for pregnancy, early menopause, or other health problems that can cause periods to stop or become irregular.
When should I see a doctor about my period?
See your doctor about your period if:
You have not started menstruating by the age of 15.
You have not started menstruating within 3 years after breast growth began, or if breasts haven't started to grow by age 13.
Your period suddenly stops for more than 90 days.
Your periods become very irregular after having had regular, monthly cycles.
Your period occurs more often than every 21 days or less often than every 35 days.
You are bleeding for more than 7 days.
You are bleeding more heavily than usual or using more than 1 pad or tampon every 1 to 2 hours.
You bleed between periods.
You have severe pain during your period.
You suddenly get a fever and feel sick after using tampons.
How often should I change my pad and/or tampon?
You should change a pad before it becomes soaked with blood. Each woman decides for herself what works best. You should change a tampon at least every 4 to 8 hours. Make sure to use the lowest absorbency tampon needed for your flow. For example, use junior or regular tampons on the lightest day of your period. Using a super absorbency tampon on your lightest days increases your risk for toxic shock syndrome (TSS). TSS is a rare but sometimes deadly disease. TSS is caused by bacteria that can produce toxins. If your body can't fight the toxins, your immune (body defense) system reacts and causes the symptoms of TSS (see below).
Young women may be more likely to get TSS. Using any kind of tampon puts you at greater risk for TSS than using pads. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends the following tips to help avoid tampon problems:
Follow package directions for insertion.
Choose the lowest absorbency for your flow.
Change your tampon at least every 4 to 8 hours.
Consider switching between pads and tampons.
Know the warning signs of TSS (see below).
Don't use tampons between periods.
If you have any of these symptoms of TSS while using tampons, take the tampon out, and contact your doctor right away:
Sudden high fever (over 102 degrees)
Muscle aches
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Swedis-born Nicklas Lidstrom is associated with which sport? | How Many Days After Your Period Can You Get Pregnant? - Pregnancy Forum - eHealthForum
Experienced User
Oh Yes You Can.
Before you go and shoot your mouth off telling girls you cant get pregnant at anytime maybe you should do some research. But since you obvisouly didnt I did for you. And I quote:
"there is a lot of confusion among women on whether or not you can get pregnant from intercourse after ovulation. And the correct answer is, yes you can. Actually, there is a chance that you can get pregnant any time during your cycle. Hence it is imperative that you understand your menstruation pattern and ovulation timings to understand how and when you may get pregnant."
the souce is here take out capitals since it tends to do that when you post a site: Babyhopes.Com/articles/afterovulation.html
you shouldnt post that you cant get pregnant at anytime esp since there are many young teens on here who will believe you.
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Re: Oh Yes You Can.
daretoswim7709 wrote:
before you go and shoot your mouth off telling girls you cant get pregnant at anytime maybe you should do some research. But since you obvisouly didnt I did for you. And I quote:
"there is a lot of confusion among women on whether or not you can get pregnant from intercourse after ovulation. And the correct answer is, yes you can. Actually, there is a chance that you can get pregnant any time during your cycle. Hence it is imperative that you understand your menstruation pattern and ovulation timings to understand how and when you may get pregnant."
the souce is here take out capitals since it tends to do that when you post a site: http://www.Babyhopes.Com/articles/afterovu lation.html
you shouldnt post that you cant get pregnant at anytime esp since there are many young teens on here who will believe you.
actually, you need to read what she said and read is slower this time without jumping on that singular statement 'you cannot get pregnant at any time'. She goes on to say 'there is a specific time for each individual.'
sheesh. Message boards!
Re: Oh Yes You Can.
daretoswim7709 wrote:
before you go and shoot your mouth off telling girls you cant get pregnant at anytime maybe you should do some research. But since you obvisouly didnt I did for you. And I quote:
"there is a lot of confusion among women on whether or not you can get pregnant from intercourse after ovulation. And the correct answer is, yes you can. Actually, there is a chance that you can get pregnant any time during your cycle. Hence it is imperative that you understand your menstruation pattern and ovulation timings to understand how and when you may get pregnant."
the souce is here take out capitals since it tends to do that when you post a site: http://www.Babyhopes.Com/articles/afterovu lation.Html
you shouldnt post that you cant get pregnant at anytime esp since there are many young teens on here who will believe you.
seems to me the one shooting off her mouth is none other than you! Re-read my post and zip it please! I am very well educated for your info!
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replied June 26th, 2008
hi all xx
i am an 18 year young woman and myself and my boyfriend have been together for almost 4 years now and we have been engaged for 3 and half years
we are trying for a baby but my periods havent been regular recently because i was on the pill but i stopped taking it on 2nd march and not had a period since until i woke up this morning and saw a little blood, i was so happy cuz i was getting very worried. anyway now that im on my period, when would you think i can get pregnant? i know that with every woman that wants a baby can get pregnant at the same time after there period, no matter what day they stop or start, im sure everyone can get pregnant at so many days after there period, i just cant remember how many though lol. anyway i hope to hear from any of you soon. please reply back to me, thanks keirrie xx
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Re: hi all xx
k xx wrote:
i am an 18 year young woman and myself and my boyfriend have been together for almost 4 years now and we have been engaged for 3 and half years
we are trying for a baby but my periods havent been regular recently because i was on the pill but i stopped taking it on 2nd march and not had a period since until i woke up this morning and saw a little blood, i was so happy cuz i was getting very worried. anyway now that im on my period, when would you think i can get pregnant? i know that with every woman that wants a baby can get pregnant at the same time after there period, no matter what day they stop or start, im sure everyone can get pregnant at so many days after there period, i just cant remember how many though lol. anyway i hope to hear from any of you soon. please reply back to me, thanks keirrie xx
Women ovulate 2 weeks before their next period. So it you have a perfect 28 day cycle, you would ovulate on day 14 - having sex on days 12-14 would be your best bet to get pregnant.
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replied April 18th, 2009
Hopelessly Wondering....
I haven't had a normal period in years and after going to the doctor and losing some weight my period started regulating itself...since December my periods have been accurate and I can even track it now do to almost the day that it would come one... Needless to say I engaged in intercourse and it actually has me wondering right now.. mainly because of the dull cramping, and every now and then my breast are tender...I know people would say well test but my thing is that my lifestyle with him is very active and not once in months of unprotected have I gotten pregnant..I am not sure what I should do my last cycle ended like three weeks ago and we had sex both the 7th and the 11th... my period is like 35 days days apart..
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