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The Conte Grading System was used by the makers of what? | Pencil Grades
by Doug Martin
November 3, 1997
Early pencils were made using cut pieces of raw graphite dug from the earth. The hardness or softness of these pencils was dependent on the quality or purity of the graphite, and so was difficult - or impossible - to control. Different methods of refining and mixing of graphite were experimented with over the years, but it was not until about 1795 that a Frenchman, Nicolas-Jacques Conté, developed a process for making pencil leads that is still in use today.
The process, known as the Conté Process, involves the mixing of finely powdered graphite with finely ground clay particles and shaping and baking the mixture. By controlling the ratio of clay to graphite, varying degrees of hardness can be obtained, as well as fairly consistent and reproducible quality from batch to batch.
The early Conté pencils were made in at least four grades, and a numerical grading designation was used to distinguish them - 1 being the hardest, 4 being the softest. As the Conté process became known and used by other pencil makers, similar grading systems were used by them as well. However, these grading systems were arbitrary and inconsistent from one pencil maker to another.
In the early nineteenth century, English pencil makers began using a letter designation for varying hardnesses. Softer leads were designated with 'B' (for black), harder leads with 'H' (for hard). Different schemes were used to expand the range of grades, such as 'BB' and 'BBB' for successively softer leads, and 'HH' and 'HHH' for successively harder leads.
By the beginning of the twentieth century, a combination letter-number system had been established and was in use by nearly all European pencil makers, and was also used for some American-made pencils. This system is still in use today, and provides for a wide range of grades, usually consisting of the series:
9H, 8H, ... , 2H, H, F, HB, B, 2B, ... , 8B, 9B
where 9H is the hardest, 9B is the softest. At the same time, a number-only system was in use, particulary in the U.S., which is still in use. The table below indicates approximate equivalents between the two systems:
#1 --- B
#3 --- H
#4 --- 2H
The common #2, or HB grade pencil in the middle of the range, is considered to be the preferred grade for general purpose writing. Harder pencils are most often used for drafting purposes, while softer grades are usually preferred by artists.
American-made pencils can often be found with numerically equivalent designations of 2-1/2, 2-4/8, 2-5/10, and 2.5, representing the same grade, but introduced by different manufacturers to distinguish their products and to avoid patent lawsuits.
It should be noted that no 'official' standard for pencil grades has ever been adopted, and the designations are still somewhat arbitrary and not always consistent from one manufacturer to the next.
dm
| Pencil |
British comedians Katy, Joe and Russell all share which surname? | What is the Difference Between a No. 2 and a No. 2.5 Pencil? | eHow
What is the Difference Between a No. 2 and a No. 2.5 Pencil?
Jupiterimages/Goodshoot/Getty Images
The first pencil made with graphite within a wooden shaft was developed sometime around 1560. Generations of students have been reminded to bring their No. 2 pencils when taking a standardized test. Pencil leads are graded based on hardness, with a No. 2 pencil being softer than a No. 3, but harder than a No. 1. Pencil leads do not contain any actual lead, but are a mix of graphite and a filler, usually clay.
History
The first pencils were actually just chunks of graphite that were held in the hand and used to make marks on writing material. As pure graphite is very soft, the writing was very apt to smudge. In 1795 Nicolas-Jacques Conté mixed particles of clay with graphite to produce the first pencil leads. Some manufacturers use fillers other than clay in their leads, but the basic principle of a graphite writing instrument remains the same.
Numerical Grades
The hardness of a pencil is determined by the ratio of filler to graphite. The more filler, the harder the pencil and the lighter the mark it makes on the page. The lower the number, the more graphite the lead contains and the softer the pencil lead. Softer pencils leave more graphite on the page. In the United States, pencils are rated from 1 through 4, with the No. 2 pencil being the most commonly distributed. A No. 2.5 pencil is a little harder than a No. 2 and has a slightly lighter mark.
HB Grades
European pencils use a different grading system, combing letters and numbers. "H" means hard; "B" means black, and "F" means the pencil sharpens to a fine point. Numbers are added to the letters to indicate degree, so a pencil graded as "9H" would be harder than one marked as "8H." The European pencil grade of "HB" is equivalent to the U.S. No. 2 pencil.
Consistency
Grading is done by each manufacturer, so there is no central authority overseeing pencil grades and setting uniform standards. While one manufacturer's No. 2 is harder than that same manufacturer's No. 1 and softer than that manufacturer's No. 3, that same statement cannot positively be made for pencils from different manufacturers. As a result, although theoretically a No. 2.5 pencil is harder, with a lighter mark than a No. 2 pencil, that may not be the case if they are produced by different manufacturers.
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Manzana is Spanish for which fruit? | Other Spanish Fruits
Manzana Reineta del Bierzo PDO
Apples (from the Malus domestica Borkh species) from the Blanca or Reineta del Canadá and Reineta Gris varieties, destined for fresh human consumption.
Tasting notes
Great flavor with a mix of aromas and average intensity. Characteristic slightly acidic nasal and retro-nasal aromas, with notes of grass, ripe apples and vanilla. Crisp or very crisp apples, with no floury traces when bitten into. This is a very juicy fruit, sweet or very sweet and with a fairly intense acidic taste.
Other notes
Its external appearance shows a flattened fruit, symmetrical and more wide than tall, with a short stalk and a closed base cavity. When harvested the apple's color is green with no shine and displays typical surface russeting, which sets it apart from other reineta apples at first sight. The fruit’s flesh has a typically creamy color.
Its particular physical and organoleptic characteristics are focused on the very sweet flesh, high sugar content and the balance between acidity and sweetness. This apple has five times more vitamin C than any other apple.
The reineta is included in the list of large fruit varieties. It is a characteristically flat apple, with a height/width ratio of approximately 0.70. Other forms which may appear, with a lower ratio, are the round-flat and conical-round-flat forms.
When sent to market, the apples must exhibit the following physical and chemical properties: flesh firmness measured with an 11-meter piston, superior to 7 kg (15.4 lbs), refractometric index superior to 14º brix, acidity superior to 7g (0.2 oz) of malic acid/l.
- Regulatory Council, Manzana Reineta del Bierzo PDO
Production / Processing method
Plantations suitable for production must be located at an altitude lower than 750 m (2,460 ft), on soils with pH higher than six and with a minimum age of six years. Maximum efficiency criteria are followed when working the vegetation layer, irrigation and pest and disease control. Adequate fertilization is used to ensure the balance and levels of nutrients in the plant, and thinning methods are used only when necessary to regulate production.
Harvesting takes place when the physical, chemical and organoleptic characteristics of the fruit meet the parameters defined for the optimum harvesting period. The methodology used in harvesting, as well as the systems used for transport, ensure that the apples are not damaged in any way.
The techniques and systems used for the preservation, treatment and packaging of the fruit allow the physical, chemical and organoleptic qualities of the apples protected by the Designation of Origin to be maintained.
Geography / Relief and climate
The area is a tectonic groove surrounded by a mountainous belt. It is only via the Sil Valley that the groove can be exited without any great difficulty. The Bierzo region ranges from an altitude of 340 m (1,115 ft) to 2,117 m (6,945 ft), and the average altitude at the heart of the production area is approximately 600 m (1,968 ft) above sea level.
The area’s climate is determined by the influence of both the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. The north-westerly winds reach the Bierzo area and explain its link to Spain's wetter areas. The mountainous barrier that surrounds the depression gives it a thermal system which is much more favorable than that of the Meseta plateau. Its latitude is located between 42° 20' and 42° 50', and has a direct influence on the distribution of hours of sunshine throughout the year, a highly important factor for the development of the reineta apple’s cycle.
There is a direct correlation between the number of hours of sunshine, along with solar radiation and the area’s temperature, and the levels of soluble solids and sugars in the apple, and therefore its acidity-sweetness contrast and its flavor. The factor that determines the firmness of the flesh is climatic in origin - the combination of temperature and humidity at the moment when the apple ripens. Harvesting normally begins between the 8th and the 15th of September. The contrast between the high daytime temperatures in the summer (around 27 ºC (80.6 ºF)) and the cool nocturnal temperatures around the harvest period (approximately 13 ºC (55.4 ºF)) determine the apple's firmness and characteristic texture.
Rainfall in the months of August and September leads to high levels of relative atmospheric humidity, with the presence of morning fogs. This humidity normally leads to superficial russeting, which is highly characteristic of the reineta apples produced in the Bierzo area, and does not naturally occur in apples from other production areas.
Regulatory Council
| Apple |
What was late actress Elizabeth Taylor’s middle name? | Spanish fruit words
Spain and the Spanish language
Spanish fruit words
Posted in Words
Spanish words fruit
Who would not want to learn Spanish fruit words? Spanish is an important language and fruit is good for you. So learning Spanish fruit words has to be great for you, right? The purpose of this post is to teach you some fruit words you can use in Spain or Latin America and talk generally about fruit and language learning. I hope you enjoy it and leave a comment.
Spanish fruit words
Health benefits of fruits
Fruit cleans your body, while vegetable rebuilds your cells. There are people who only live on fruits and even those who only live on fruits (fruitarians)that have already fallen (I guess they can survive as the fruit contains many small insects or bugs and this gives them some protein). If you want to live long eat less, not a restrictive fruit diet. In my mind this is crazy. But doing a fruit fast once in a while is good.
Spanish fruit
Further, fruits and extracts of fruits have things that protect your cells from free radical damage. The skin of fruit contains anti oxidants and flavonoids, such as grape skin and even grape seeds.
Its better than drinking wine.
There is a ‘theory of nature’s signatures’ which says red and blue fruits are good for the blood and veins as nature has left this clue for people to interpret. There is a whole school of thought about this that dates back to the ancient Greeks. What we know about grapes (Muscat grapes are the best) it shows us that there is a kernel of truth (pun intended) in a lot of ancient knowledge.
Spanish oranges
I live in Europe and most European fruit in the winter is from Spain. Like in America the fruit is from Mexico. However, I tend to think EU quality has higher quality, as they have restrictions on GMO and level of pesticides etc.
Mexican Fruit is usually from large commercial industrial farms. Since I live in Europe I pick most of my own fruit and make preserves for the winter.
Fruits found in Spain
In Spain there is found every type of fruit as Spain and around Madrid as a very mild climate. The growing season is great. The are getting a lot of EU money and the local farms and orchards are becoming even more productive with irrigation.
The sun makes fruit sweet. What I love is not Pomegranates are coming from Spain. These trees yield fruit only once every two years and the only source before was the Middle East. Now I can buy 1 pomegranate for about fifty cents in season.
The most common fruit is grapes and maybe peaches coming from Spain. Spanish oranges also but they grow better in a more tropical climate like Florida or Africa.
Spanish fruit word list
Word list of fruits for the Spanish language
Copy and paste this list into notepad or MS word and just print out this pure list. Fold it up and put it in your pocket and absorb the knowledge. Take it out several times a day. The way to learn Spanish fruit words is simply memorizes them. I teach and learn languages and there is no magic trick. To learn you have to memorizes words.
apple = manzana
watermelon = sandía
Hispanic vocabulary quiz on fruits
Language is a reflex. You need to know it my heart to pull it out when needed.
apple
tomato
watermelon
Fruits are easy to learn. They are concrete nouns and very colorful and appeal to the senses: smell, taste, feel, look. This makes learning them easier as it is multi sensory learning. Learn these words for fun.
I also have a Spanish flashcard series coming out. Verbs are the soul a a language, while learning concrete nouns are easy.
My Spanish flashcards will give you a sensory filled experience as they are hand drawn illustrations on real cards. Not some computer photo of an apple. But a beautiful image on a real card. Try my Spanish language flashcards.
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The medical condition Tinea Pedis is better known by what name? | Athlete's foot: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Over-the-counter antifungal powders or creams can help control the infection:
These contain medicine such as miconazole, clotrimazole, terbinafine, or tolnaftate.
Keep using the medicine for 1 to 2 weeks after the infection has cleared to prevent it from returning.
In addition:
Keep your feet clean and dry, especially between your toes.
Wash your feet thoroughly with soap and water and dry the area carefully and completely. Try to do this at least twice a day.
To widen and keep the web space (area between the toes) dry, use lamb's wool. This can be bought at a drugstore.
Wear clean cotton socks. Change your socks and shoes as often as needed to keep your feet dry.
Wear sandals or flip-flops at a public shower or pool.
Use antifungal or drying powders to prevent athlete's foot if you tend to get it often, or you frequent places where athlete's foot fungus is common (like public showers).
Wear shoes that are well-ventilated and made of natural material such as leather. It may help to alternate shoes each day, so they can completely dry between wearings. Do not wear plastic-lined shoes.
If athlete's foot does not get better in 2 to 4 weeks with self-care, or frequently returns, see your health care provider. Your provider may prescribe:
Antifungal medicines to take by mouth
Antibiotics to treat bacterial infections that occur from scratching
Prescription topical creams that kill fungus and yeast
Outlook (Prognosis)
Athlete's foot almost always responds well to self-care, although it may come back. Long-term medicine and preventive measures may be needed. The infection can spread to the toenails.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call your provider right away if:
Your foot is swollen and warm to the touch, especially if there are red streaks. These are signs of a possible bacterial infection. Other signs include pus, drainage, and fever.
You have diabetes or a weakened immune system and develop athlete's foot and the infection spreads up the leg.
Athlete's foot symptoms do not go away within 2 to 4 weeks of self-care treatments.
Alternative Names
Tinea pedis; Fungal infection - feet; Tinea of the foot; Infection - fungal - feet; Ringworm - foot
Images
Athlete's foot, tinea pedis
References
Elewski BE, Hughey LC, Sobera JO, Hay R. Fungal diseases. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Schaffer JV, eds. Dermatology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:chap 77.
Hay RJ. Dermatophytosis (ringworm) and other superficial mycoses. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015:chap 268.
Read More
| Athlete's foot |
Oscar Wilde described which ‘sport’ as ‘The unspeakable in full pursuit of the uneatable’? | Tinea - Better Health Channel
Tinea
Tinea is a highly contagious fungal infection of the skin.
Fungi thrive in hot, moist areas. Common infection sites are the feet and groin.
Good hygiene can prevent recurring attacks of tinea.
Tinea is a contagious fungal skin infection. The most commonly affected areas include the feet, groin, scalp and beneath the breasts. Tinea can be spread by skin-to-skin contact or indirectly through towels, clothes or floors. Tinea is also known as ringworm, which is a misleading name as no worm is involved.
All fungi need warm, moist environments and tinea is no exception. This is why the hottest, most sweat-prone areas of the body are the most likely areas for a tinea infection to occur. Communal showers and locker rooms are typical places where infection may be spread.
Treatment includes antifungal medication, antiperspirants and good hygiene.
Types of tinea
Tinea infections are known by specific names, depending on the part of the body that is affected. The most common types of tinea include:
Athlete’s foot – tinea of the foot, known as tinea pedis
Jock itch – tinea of the groin, known as tinea cruris
Ringworm of the scalp – tinea of the head, known as tinea capitis (mainly affects children)
Ringworm of the body – tinea of the body, known as tinea corporis
Nail infection (onychomycosis) – tinea of the toe or finger nails, known as tinea unguium.
Symptoms of tinea
Red scaly rash that is shaped like a ring (annular)
Cracking, splitting and peeling in the toe web spaces
Blisters
Yellow or white discoloration of the nails
Bald spots on the scalp.
How to avoid tinea infection
Overheating and perspiration contribute to tinea infections. Suggestions to avoid tinea infection include:
After washing, dry the skin thoroughly, particularly between the toes and within skin folds.
Expose the skin to the air as much as possible.
Wear cotton socks instead of synthetics.
Use antiperspirants to control excessive perspiration (sweating).
Wear thongs to swimming pools, locker rooms, gyms and other communal areas.
Treating a tinea infection
Tinea infections respond well to antifungal creams. Some infections are harder to shift and might also require an antifungal medication in the form of a tablet.
Preventing the spread of tinea
It is important to remember that tinea is contagious. Suggestions on how to prevent the spread of infection to others include:
Treat tinea infections with antifungal cream.
Wash your hands after touching infected areas.
Do not share towels.
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What type of animal is fictional character Babar? | Babar | fictional character | Britannica.com
fictional character
Hardy Boys
Babar, fictional character, a sartorially splendid elephant who is the hero of illustrated storybooks for young children by the French writer and illustrator Jean de Brunhoff (1899–1937) and his son Laurent. The first Babar book, L’Histoire de Babar, le petit éléphant (1931; The Story of Babar, the Little Elephant), describes how the young elephant runs away to town when his mother is shot by hunters; eventually he returns to the forest and is crowned king. Other books in the original series are Le Roi Babar (1933; Babar the King), ABC de Babar (1934; Babar’s ABC), Le Voyage de Babar (1932; The Travels of Babar), and Babar et le Père Noël (1941; Babar and Father Christmas), the last two published posthumously. Laurent de Brunhoff, who was 12 when his father died, continued the Babar series after his father’s death. Laurent de Brunhoff’s Babar books include Babar et ce coquin d’Arthur (1946; Babar and That Rascal Arthur) and Babar’s Celesteville Games (2011).
The Babar books became the subject of controversy when Chilean writer Ariel Dorfman (in The Empire’s Old Clothes, 1983) and others decried what they saw as French colonialism as the central allegory of the series. Still other critics found the books sexist and elitist. Nevertheless, the Babar books have been translated into many languages, and their characters and charming drawings have remained popular throughout the world.
Learn More in these related articles:
| Elephant |
The Bonneville Salt Flats are in which US state? | Babar (Literature) - TV Tropes
No Antagonist :
The book Babar the King, which is about the construction of Celesteville, has no antagonist (and not much of a conflict) at all; neither the hunter nor the rhinos make an appearance. The closest it ever gets to an antagonist is Misfortune, the personification of Babar's own misfortunes who comes in for a metaphorical conflict in a two page Nightmare Sequence towards the very end.
The book Babar and Father Christmas also lacks an antagonist, focusing on Babar's ordeals to find Father Christmas so that he can deliver toys to the elephant children. The Animated Adaptation adds Rataxes to the story, trying to foil Babar's plan so that he can get the toys for himself.
No Name Given : The Old Lady.
Product Placement : Several in Babar Comes To America.
Does Not Like Guns : All animals, including the rhinos.
Does This Remind You of Anything? : Pompadour is a tall, effeminate , Know-Nothing Know-It-All elephant in a yellow/golden outfit, and his companion Trubadour is a short, smart , mute elephant in a blue outfit. Now replace "elephant" with "droid"... Although the similarity may be accidental, these two specific characters were created specifically for the TV show in 1989, a decade after the first Star Wars movie, and Nelvana animated the Boba Fett segment of The Star Wars Holiday Special and the Droids and Ewoks animated series to boot.
Downer Beginning : The very first episode, "Babar's First Steps", is also the darkest one, with Babar's mother getting killed by an Egomaniac Hunter , and Babar getting left behind as the herd flees from the hunter. The later episodes are much Lighter and Softer in tone.
Drama Bomb : "The Coin". Babar is held to a promise by a pirate artifact, three shards of a gold medallion, and whoever hands him one of the pieces gets whatever they want from him, without question, without compromise . One of the shards is obtained by Rataxes, who uses his wish to take over Celesteville . It didn't last long thanks to Cornelius, but it was easily one of the darkest episodes in the series, not counting the premiere.
Evil Sounds Deep : Rataxes has a rather deep voice.
Expospeak Gag : After Rataxes refuses to allow the elephant to build a railroad through Rhinoland and B Abar just cannot build it through Pleasant Valley (where he grew up).
Elizabeth: Haha, so the elephant express will not go through! Nochapter in the history books for good King Babar! You lose!
Babar: No Rataxes. The whole jungle loses. And now you'll get that chapter in the history books!
Rataxes: (exicted) I will?!
Pompadour: You're right sire! "Rataxes, the rapscallion who deliberately expunged the amalgamation of the jungle!"
Rataxes:' What does that meant?
Basil: Loosely translated it means: "You'll live forever in the memory of every creature in the jungle as the pigheaded barbarian who cheated them out of their railway!"
Egomaniac Hunter : The Big Bad of the Five-Episode Pilot , who kills Babar's mother and attempts to do this to every other animal in the forest.
Fantastic Racism : Rataxes' contempt for all things elephantine is a running gag.
Five-Episode Pilot : The first five episodes chronicle Babar's dealings with the Hunter and his attempts to bring civilization to the jungle. The status quo achieved at the end of the fifth episode and remains for the rest of the series.
Full-Boar Action : One episode has a warthog acting like an Angry Guard Dog . It also creates Furry Confusion , as most animals in the setting are anthropomorphic.
Fully Dressed Cartoon Animal : The majority of the cast.
Fun with Acronyms : In "Rhino War," Rataxes's general convinces himself that a shipment of crates containing games is actually weapons because GAMES is acronym for "Gonna Attack My Enemies Soon."
Goofy Print Underwear : One of Zephyr's pranks in the episode Monkey Business is replacing the royal flag with Cornelius's underpants.
The Good King : Take a guess.
Good Parents : Babar and Celeste are very loving and supportive towards their children.
Happily Married : Babar and Celeste.
Henpecked Husband : Probably the only person Rataxes is scared of is Lady Rataxes.
Rataxes: I could handle this job in my sleep.
Lady Rataxes: You always have, dear.
High-Class Glass : Pompadour, and Babar in "City Ways" when he tries to be someone he's not.
Honorable Elephant : The elephants live in The Kingdom , while the rhinoceroses seem to be a military dictatorship ruled by an Insane Admiral .
Hyper-Competent Sidekick : Basil, who seems to put in more effort in running Rhinoland than his boss Rataxes.
Rataxes: Only 4,444 forms to go. How does Basil do it? Wait a minute— I'm just supposed to sign this stuff! Nobody said anything about reading it!
Hyperspace Holmes Hat : In the episode The Missing Crown Affair, Zephyr produces a deerstalker by turning his usual hat inside-out.
I Am the Noun : Mademoiselle Soretoza in "The Show Must Go On." - "I am the show."
I Miss Mom : Young Babar does this in some of the earlier episodes.
Inevitable Waterfall : Used in "The Land of the Underground" in the final season, when Babar jumps into the rushing river to save one of the mole brothers.
Insecurity System : Rataxes has Basil design and install one of these in the Rhinoland royal pyramid in one episode.
Instrumental Theme Tune : A gentle tune used throughout every season except the final one. Given the unique nature of this season, it used an entirely new opening complete with an opening theme that was a livelier remix of what had always been the show's closing credits theme.
Isle of Giant Horrors : As a Shout-Out to King Kong , Skull Island, where Conga the Terrible, a giant Killer Gorilla that dwarfs even the elephants, lives. In a subversion, the gorilla turns out to be quite friendly once they get on his good side.
Jerk with a Heart of Gold : Rataxes.
Killer Gorilla : Conga the Terrible is believed to be this. He's actually a Gentle Giant who scares people to be left alone.
Kill It with Fire : The Hunter attempts to do this to every animal in the forest. He ends up getting killed by his own fire in the end.
The Kingdom : A kingdom of elephants, no less.
Later Installment Weirdness : The final season was an unusual case, as it aired nine years after the previous season ended. It dropped the previous setting and instead focused on the cast travelling around the world in a balloon. It's a wonder that it was officially considered part of the same series rather than its own installment like the later Babar and the Adventures of Badou .
Limited Wardrobe : Most of the cast, though they can often be seen sporting situation-specific costumes in various episodes (raincoats, racing jumpsuits, party costumes, fishing clothes, swimwear). Lampshaded in one episode when Zephyr, temporarily acting as Babar's personal assistant, has all of Babar's trademark green suits sent to the cleaners, resulting in the King of Celesteville having to give a public address in his bathrobe.
Lions and Tigers and Humans... Oh, My! : The Old Lady, Babar's surrogate mother is the only human in Celesteville, living among Civilized Animals .
Mama Bear : Babar's mother, who fiercely defends her son from the hunter before she gets shot. Celeste also grows up to be this.
Mischief Making Monkey : Zephyr is often mischievous, especially in the episode "Monkey Business".
Mock Cousteau : Babar's old friend Jacques-Yves Crouton , a French-accented bird and famous underwater explorer called in to investigate "The Unsalted Sea Serpent".
The Speechless : Trubadour.
Stock Ness Monster : The titular creature of the episode "The Unsalted Sea Serpent".
Talking Animal : Apparently, in this universe, all animals are like this. The humans aren't surprised at all that Babar can talk.
Title Theme Drop : The opening and closing themes are regularly featured as background music.
Torture Cellar : Rataxes' son Victor implies that the basement dungeon of the family pyramid was like this, until "Mom had it redecorated".
Tsundere : Lady Rataxes
Unusually Uninteresting Sight : When young Babar arrives to the city, people don't bat an eye at a baby elephant walking around, and nobody is surprised that he can talk. They practically treat him as if he was a human child.
Whole Episode Flashback : The episodes of the first and second seasons consist almost entirely of these, with each being introduced through the device of the adult Babar recalling some incident from his childhood to his children as a bedtime story. Later episodes take place entirely in the present, mostly focusing on the kids (Pom, Alexander and Flora}.
With Due Respect : Another phrase that crops up, given the setting
You Killed My Mother : What the hunter did to Babar's mother.
Your Size May Vary : Correlates with the Anthropomorphic Shift . While walking on all fours, the elephants are as big as real elephants should be compared to humans, but after starting to walk on two legs and wear clothes, they become not much bigger than large humans.
Award Bait Song : "The Best We Both Can Be."
Continuity Snarl : Celesteville (which is not referred to as such in this movie and instead called Elephant Land) seems to already be built on Babar's first day as king here, unlike the books and original TV series.
Evil Overlord : Lord Rataxes, which is quite surprising considering his character is more complex in the series. He captures elephants from villages, enslaves them, and ultimately tries to conquer their kingdom. (A last-minute ruse from Babar sends him and his rhinos fleeing�quite literally, from his property.)
"Well, you'll have to excuse me, Your Majesty, BUT I'M OFF TO CRUSH YOUR PUNY KINGDOM TO A PULP!"
Large Ham : Rataxes may have gotten meaner, but he's now also sporting a huge appetite for scenery.
Never Smile at a Crocodile : Croc appears to play this straight at first but turns out to be a subversion.
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Lutraphobia is the fear of which animals? | Fear Of Otters - Fear of Stuff
Fear of Stuff
Comments
The otter is a cute little creature. Watching an otter twist and turn in the water and poke its head up to the surface can be great fun. However, humans and otters are not a good match. Otters have certain behaviors that can cause aversions in men, women, and children. If you fear otters, you suffer from Lutraphobia.
Some Common Reasons For Lutraphobia
There are some pretty valid reasons to fear these furry little creatures, since they don’t mesh well with the human race. They may look sweet and harmless, but they exhibit some traits that can be off-putting. One thing that otters do that can be loathsome to some is spray. Animals spray to mark their territory and the musky, animal stench of otter spray is not generally appreciated by humans.
Otters also have very sharp teeth, and they won’t hesitate to use them in defense. An otter bite can really hurt! If you observe an otter and the way it feeds, you’ll see that its sharp teeth can be threatening. Like all animals, otters must prey on other creatures to stay alive. While they appear cuddly and playful, they are efficient predators in their own way.
Otters Are Night Creatures
Otters are nocturnal. They are aquatic mammals from the mustelid (weasel) family. Their mustelid nature makes them clever, playful, and, when threatened, quite agressive. If an otter is startled while in the water, they may hiss and attempt to bite the one they fear. They are not timid animals. The otter is a solitary creature, who uses the cover of darkness to feed and take care of its needs. Otters are bright, and they fashion tools out of stones in order to open hard shells and eat.
Otter Attacks
In California, in 2004, a family went swimming in a seemingly peaceful stretch of river. The young boy who encountered an otter while out with his family was bitten and scratched by an otter he met in the water. The otter attacked the upper area of his body that was above the surface, then submerged and bit his trunk and legs.
When his mother attempted to fight off the otter, she was likewise attacked. Eventually, the pair escaped the attack, and both required medical care at emergency. The cuts the boy received were quite serious.
Rabies shots were also required, as the animal was uncharacteristically violent and agressive. While otters do bite, they do not generally continue their attacks so intensely for such a long time.
The Sea Otter Has Been Preyed On By Humans
In the early twentieth century, the otter’s soft, thick fur was prized by hunters, and fetched a good price in the marketplace. The otter was therefore aggressively hunted and killed in large numbers, for its pelt alone. In 1911, the killing of sea otters was outlawed, because the species had been decimated and was on the edge of extinction.
Symptoms Of Lutraphobia
If you fear otters, you will be unlikely to swim in rivers and other bodies of water where they congregate. You will be more comfortable in man-made swimming pools. You may fear dark water at night, where many creatures lurk beneath the still surface. You may also shun aquariums where otters play and twirl in special enclosures. Large numbers of otters in one place will make you stressed and avoidant.
You may suffer from panic and terror when confronted with an otter. You will be terrified of its sharp little teeth, and fear being bitten or sprayed. The sounds the animal makes and its smell and appearance will be repulsive to you. You may feel nausea, lightheadedness, and a sense of doom when around the mammal.
Treatment
The best option for treatment is to seek out the care of a qualifi8ed therapist. Talking out your fears with someone who is sympathetic will allow you to release tension and move forward. Ant-depressants and alternative therapies such as hypnotherapy have also been used with success to treat all manner of phobias.
The fear of otters is also referred to as:
otter phobias
fear of otters phobia name
phobia of otters
| Otter |
What was the name given to a series of five yachts owned by former British Prime Minister Edward Heath? | Arachibutyrophobia is the fear of getting peanut butter stuck on the roof of your mouth.
Alektorophobia is the fear of chickens.
Alliumphobia is the fear of garlic.
Androphobia is the fear of men.
Anglophobia is the fear of England or English culture.
Apeirophobia is the fear of infinity.
Atelophobia is the fear of imperfection.
Auroraphobia is the fear of the Northern Lights.
Autophobia is the fear of references to oneself.
Barophobia is the fear of gravity.
Bibliophobia is the fear of books.
Bogyphobia is the fear of bogies or the bogeyman.
Bolshephobia is the fear of Bolsheviks.
Carcinomaphbia is the fear of cancer.
Chaetophobia is the fear of hair.
Cyberphobia is the fear of computers or working on computers.
Coulrophobia is the fear of clowns.
Defecaloesioephobia is the fear of painful bowel movements.
Decidophobia is the fear of making decisions.
Diplophobia is the fear of double vision.
Dutchphobia is the fear of the Dutch.
Francophobia is the fear of France or French culture.
Geniophobia is the fear of chins.
Genuphobia is the fear of knees.
Germanophobia is the fear of Germany or German culture.
Geumaphobia is the fear of taste.
Gnosiophobia is the fear of knowledge.
Gynephobia is the fear of women.
Hellenologophobia is the fear of Greek terms or complex scientific terminology.
Hippophobia is the fear of horses.
Homilophobia is the fear of sermons.
Homonecrobestialpeladomalaxophobia is the fear of foreplay and intercourse with samesex, bald, dead, animals.
Ideophobia is the fear of ideas.
Japanophobia is the fear of the Japanese.
Koinoniphobia is the fear of rooms.
Koniophobia is the fear of dust.
Lachanophobia is the fear of vegetables.
Leprophobia is the fear of lepers or leprosy.
Leukophobia is the fear of the color white.
Liticaphobia is the fear of lawsuits.
Logophobia is the fear of words.
Lutraphobia is the fear of otters.
Macrophobia is the fear of long waits
Melissophobia is the fear of bees.
Meteorophobia is the fear of meteors
Microphobia is the fear of small things.
Mnemophobia is the fear of memories.
Monophobia is the fear of being alone.
Mycophobia is the fear of aversion to mushrooms.
Myxophobia is the fear of slimy things.
Nebulaphobia is the fear of fog.
Nephophobia is the fear of clouds.
Nomatophobia is the fear of names.
Numerophobia is the fear of numbers.
Ochophobia is the fear of vehicles.
Odontophobia is the fear of dental surgery or teeth.
Ommetaphobia is the fear of eyes.
Pagophobia is the fear of ice or frost.
Panophobia is the fear of everything.
Paprophobia is the fear of paper.
Paraskavedekatriaphobia is the fear of Friday the 13th
Peladophobia is the fear of bald people.
Phagophobia is the fear of swallowing or of eating or of being eaten.
Phalacrophobia is the fear of becoming bald.
Philosophobia is the fear of philosophy.
Phobophobia is the fear of fear.
Phonophobia is the fear of noise.
Plutophobia is the fear of wealth.
Pnigophobia is the fear of choking on fish bones.
Politicophobia is the fear or abnormal dislike of polititions.
Pteronophobia is the fear of being tickled with feathers.
Ranidaphobia is the fear of frogs.
Rectophobia is the fear of the rectum or rectal diseases.
Russophobia is the fear of Russians.
Scatophobia is the fear of fecal matter.
Siderodromophobia is the fear of trains.
Sinophobia is the fear of the Chinese
Somniphobia is the fear of sleep.
Staurophobia is the fear of crosses or the crucifix.
Symbolophobia is the fear of symbolism.
Symmetrophobia is the fear of symmetry.
Syngenesophobia is the fear of relatives.
Tachophobia is the fear of speed.
Taeniophobia is the fear of tapeworms.
Taurophobia is the fear of bulls.
Tetanophobia is the fear of tetanus or lockjaw.
Thanatophobia is the fear of death.
Tonsurophobia is the fear of haircuts.
Uranophobia is the fear of urine or urinating.
Walloonphobia is the fear of the Walloons.
Wicaphobia is the fear of witches and witchcraft.
Xanthophobia is the fear of the color yellow.
Xenophobia is the fear of strangers or foreigners.
Zelophobia is the fear of jealousy.
Zoophobia is the fear of animals.
Zemmiphobia is the fear of the great mole rat.
Here are a whole bunch provided by [email protected]
Peladophobia-fear of bald people
Teratophobia-fear of monsters or deformed people
Rhabdophobia-fear of being beaten with an object
Caligynephobia-fear of beautiful women
Clinophobia- fear of going to bed
Monophobia-fear of being alone
| i don't know |
The phrase ‘Trust in God and keep your powder dry’ is attributed to which historical English figure? | Oliver Cromwell - Wikiquote
Oliver Cromwell
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I had rather have a plain, russet-coated Captain, that knows what he fights for, and loves what he knows, than that you call a Gentleman and is nothing else.
Oliver Cromwell ( 25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658 ) was an English statesman, soldier, and revolutionary responsible for the overthrow of the monarchy, temporarily turning England into a republican Commonwealth, and assuming rule as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland .
Contents
Quotes[ edit ]
A few honest men are better than numbers.
We declared our intentions to preserve monarchy, and they still are so, unless necessity enforce an alteration…
Do not trust to that; for these very persons would shout as much if you and I were going to be hanged.
I beseech you, in the bowels of Christ , think it possible you may be mistaken .
No one rises so high as he who knows not whither he is going.
You have sat too long for any good you have been doing lately... Depart, I say; and let us have done with you. In the name of God , go!
Though peace be made, yet it's interest that keep peace.
Necessity hath no law . Feigned necessities, imagined necessities... are the greatest cozenage that men can put upon the Providence of God , and make pretenses to break known rules by.
Use all your skill to paint my picture truly like me, and not flatter me at all; but remark all these roughnesses, pimples, warts, and everything as you see me...
My work is done
Now I see there is a people risen that I cannot win with gifts or honours, offices or places; but all other sects and people I can.
If the remonstrance had been rejected I would have sold all I had the next morning and never have seen England more, and I know there are many other modest men of the same resolution.
On the passing of the revolutionary Grand Remonstrance of November 1641 listing Parliament's grievances against King Charles I , as quoted in A History of the Rebellion (first published 1702 – 1704) by Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon (1609 - 1674).
I had rather have a plain, russet-coated Captain, that knows what he fights for, and loves what he knows, than that you call a Gentleman and is nothing else.
Letter to Sir William Spring (September 1643).
A few honest men are better than numbers.
Letter to Sir William Spring (September 1643).
The State, in choosing men to serve it, takes no notice of their opinions . If they be willing faithfully to serve it, that satisfies.
Statement before the battle of Marston Moor (2 July 1644).
God made them as stubble to our swords .
Letter to Colonel Valentine Walton (5 July 1644).
Truly England and the church of God hath had a great favour from the Lord, in this great victory given us.
Letter to Colonel Valentine Walton (5 July 1644).
We study the glory of God , and the honour and liberty of parliament, for which we unanimously fight, without seeking our own interests... I profess I could never satisfy myself on the justness of this war, but from the authority of the parliament to maintain itself in its rights; and in this cause I hope to prove myself an honest man and single-hearted.
Statement to Colonel Valentine Walton (5 or 6 September 1644).
I could not riding out alone about my business , but smile out to God in praises, in assurance of victory because God would, by things that are not, bring to naught things that are.
Before the Battle of Naseby (14 June 1645).
It's a blessed thing to die daily . For what is there in this world to be accounted of! The best men according to the flesh, and things, are lighter than vanity . I find this only good, to love the Lord and his poor despised people, to do for them and to be ready to suffer with them....and he that is found worthy of this hath obtained great favour from the Lord; and he that is established in this shall ( being conformed to Christ and the rest of the Body) participate in the glory of a resurrection which will answer all .
Letter to Sir Thomas Fairfax (7 March 1646).
This is our comfort, God is in heaven , and He doth what pleaseth Him; His, and only His counsel shall stand, whatsoever the designs of men, and the fury of the people be.
Letter to Sir Thomas Fairfax (21 December 1646).
We declared our intentions to preserve monarchy , and they still are so, unless necessity enforce an alteration. It’s granted the king has broken his trust, yet you are fearful to declare you will make no further addresses... look on the people you represent, and break not your trust, and expose not the honest party of your kingdom, who have bled for you, and suffer not misery to fall upon them for want of courage and resolution in you, else the honest people may take such courses as nature dictates to them.
Speech in the Commons during the debate which preceded the "Vote of No Addresses" (January 1648) as recorded in the diary of John Boys of Kent.
Since providence and necessity has cast them upon it, he should pray God to bless their counsels.
On the trial of Charles I (December 1648).
I tell you we will cut off his head with the crown upon it.
To Algernon Sidney , one of the judges at the trial of Charles I (December 1648).
Cruel necessity.
Reported remarks over the body of Charles I after his execution (January 1649), as quoted in Oliver Cromwell : A History (1895) by Samuel Harden Church, p. 321.
If we do not depart from God, and disunite by that departure, and fall into disunion among ourselves, I am confident, we doing our duty and waiting upon the Lord, we shall find He will be as a wall of brass round about us till we have finished that work which he has for us to do.
Speech to his army officers (23 March 1649).
This is a righteous judgement of God upon these barbarous wretches, who have imbrued their hands in so much innocent blood.
After the Siege of Drogheda , where Cromwell had forbid his soldiers "to spare any that were in arms in the town". (1649).
Do not trust to that; for these very persons would shout as much if you and I were going to be hanged.
Response to John Lambert 's remarks that he "was glad to see we had the nation on our side" as they were cheered by a crowd in June 1650; as quoted by Gilbert Burnet in History of My Own Time (1683); also in in God's Englishman by Christopher Hill (1970), Ch. VII, p. 188.
I need pity . I know what I feel. Great place and business in the world is not worth looking after.
Letter to Richard Mayor (July 1650).
I beseech you, in the bowels of Christ , think it possible you may be mistaken .
Letter to the general assembly of the Church of Scotland (3 August 1650).
Your pretended fear lest error should step in, is like the man that would keep all the wine out of the country lest men should be drunk. It will be found an unjust and unwise jealousy, to deny a man the liberty he hath by nature upon a supposition that he may abuse it.
Letter to Walter Dundas (12 September 1650).
No one rises so high as he who knows not whither he is going.
Statement to Pomponne de Bellievre, as told to Cardinal de Retz in 1651; Memoirs of Cardinal de Retz (1717)
Variant: One never rises so high as when one does not know where one is going.
I am neither heir nor executor to Charles Stuart.
Repudiating a royal debt (August 1651).
The dimensions of this mercy are above my thoughts. It is for aught I know, a crowning mercy.
Letter to William Lenthall , Speaker of the House of Commons (4 September 1651).
Shall we seek for the root of our comforts within us; what God hath done, what he is to us in Christ, is the root of our comfort. In this is stability; in us is weakness. Acts of obedience are not perfect, and therefore yield not perfect peace. Faith, as an act, yields it not, but as it carries us into him, who is our perfect rest and peace; in whom we are accounted of, and received by, the Father, even as Christ himself. This is our high calling. Rest we here, and here only.
Letter to Charles Fleetwood (1652).
Take away that fool’s bauble, the mace.
Speech dismissing the " Rump Parliament " (20 April 1653).
You have sat too long for any good you have been doing lately... Depart, I say; and let us have done with you. In the name of God, go!
Address to the Rump Parliament (20 April 1653).
When I went there, I did not think to have done this. But perceiving the spirit of God so strong upon me, I would not consult flesh and blood.
On his forcible dissolution of parliament (April 1653) quoted in Flagellum: or the Life and Death Birth and Burial of Oliver Cromwell the Late Usurper (1663) by James Heath.
You are as like the forming of God as ever people were... you are at the edge of promises and prophecies.
Speech to the " Barebones Parliament " (July 1653).
God has brought us where we are, to consider the work we may do in the world, as well as at home.
Speech to the Army Council (1654).
Though peace be made, yet it's interest that keep peace.
Quoted in a statement to Parliament as as "a maxim not to be despised" (4 September 1654).
There are some things in this establishment that are fundamental... about which I shall deal plainly with you... the government by a single person and a parliament is a fundamental... and... though I may seem to plead for myself, yet I do not: no, nor can any reasonable man say it... I plead for this nation, and all the honest men therein.
To the First Protectorate Parliament (12 September 1654).
In every government there must be somewhat fundamental, somewhat like a Magna Charta , that should be standing and unalterable... that parliaments should not make themselves perpetual is a fundamental.
Speech to the First Protectorate Parliament (12 September 1654).
Necessity hath no law. Feigned necessities, imagined necessities... are the greatest cozenage that men can put upon the Providence of God, and make pretenses to break known rules by.
Speech to the First Protectorate Parliament (12 September 1654).
I was by birth a gentleman, living neither in any considerable height, nor yet in obscurity. I have been called to several employments in the nation — to serve in parliaments, — and ( because I would not be over tedious ) I did endeavour to discharge the duty of an honest man in those services, to God, and his people’s interest, and of the commonwealth; having, when time was, a competent acceptation in the hearts of men, and some evidence thereof.
Speech to the First Protectorate Parliament (12 September 1654).
I desire not to keep my place in this government an hour longer than I may preserve England in its just rights, and may protect the people of God in such a just liberty of their consciences...
Speech dissolving the First Protectorate Parliament (22 January 1655).
Weeds and nettles, briars and thorns, have thriven under your shadow, dissettlement and division, discontentment and dissatisfaction, together with real dangers to the whole.
Speech dissolving the First Protectorate Parliament (22 January 1655).
We are Englishmen; that is one good fact.
Speech to Parliament (1655).
Truly, though kingship be not a title but a name of office that runs through the law, yet it is not so ratione nominis, but from what is signified. It is a name of office, plainly implying a Supreme Authority. Is it more, or can it be stretched to more? I say, it is a name of office, plainly implying the Supreme Authority, and if it be so, why then I would suppose, (I am not peremptory in any thing that is matter of deduction or inference of my own,) why then I should suppose that whatsoever name hath been or shall be the name, in which the Supreme Authority shall act; why, (I say) if it had been those four or five letters, or whatsoever else it had been, that signification goes to the thing. Certainly it does, and not to the name. Why then, there can be no more said, but this, why this hath been fixt, so it may have been unfixt.
Answer to the Conference at the Committee at Whitehall, Second Protectorate Parliament (13 April 1657), quoted in The Diary of Thomas Burton, esq., volume 2: April 1657 - February 1658 (1828), pp. 496-497.
Men have been led in dark paths, through the providence and dispensation of God. Why, surely it is not to be objected to a man, for who can love to walk in the dark? But providence doth often so dispose.
Answer to the Conference at the Committee at Whitehall, Second Protectorate Parliament (13 April 1657), quoted in The Diary of Thomas Burton, esq., volume 2: April 1657 - February 1658 (1828), p. 504.
You have accounted yourselves happy on being environed with a great ditch from all the world beside.
Speech to Parliament (25 January 1658), quoted in The Diary of Thomas Burton, esq., volume 2: April 1657 - February 1658 (1828), p. 361.
That which brought me into the capacity I now stand in, was the Petition and Advice given me by you, who, in reference to the ancient Constitution, did draw me here to accept the place of Protector. There is not a man living can say I sought it, no not a man, nor woman, treading upon English ground.
Speech to Parliament (4 February 1658), quoted in The Diary of Thomas Burton, esq., volume 2: April 1657 - February 1658 (1828), p. 465-466.
I would have been glad to have lived under my wood side, to have kept a flock of sheep, rather than undertook such a Government as this is.
Statement to Parliament (4 February 1658) quoted in The Diary of Thomas Burton, esq., volume 2: April 1657 - February 1658 (1828), p. 466.
I would be willing to live and be farther serviceable to God and his people; but my work is done. Yet God will be with his people.
As quoted from "Dying Sayings" of Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches by Thomas Carlyle
It is not my design to drink or to sleep , but my design is to make what haste I can to be gone.
Words that Cromwell spoke as he was dying and was offered a drink (3 September 1658).
Now I see there is a people risen that I cannot win with gifts or honours , offices or places; but all other sects and people I can.
On the Quakers , after meeting with George Fox , as quoted in Autobiography of George Fox (1694).
Mr. Lely , I desire you would use all your skill to paint my picture truly like me, and not flatter me at all; but remark all these roughnesses, pimples, warts, and everything as you see me, otherwise I will never pay a farthing for it.
As quoted in Anecdotes of Painting in England (1762-1771) by Horace Walpole often credited as being the origin of the phrase "warts and all".
Variant: Paint me as I am. If you leave out the scars and wrinkles, I will not pay you a shilling.
Attributed[ edit ]
Put your trust in God, but keep your powder dry.
Attributed by William Blacker (not to be confused with Valentine Blacker ), who popularized the quote with his poem "Oliver's Advice" , published under the pseudonym Fitz Stewart in The Dublin University Magazine, December 1834, p. 700; where the attribution to Cromwell appears in a footnote describing a "well-authenticated anecdote" that explains the poem's title. The repeated line in Blacker's poem is "Put your trust in God, my boys, but keep your powder dry".
Quotes about Cromwell[ edit ]
Alphabetized by author
His fame seems as secure as human reputation is likely to be in a changing world . ~ W.C. Abbott
The commonest charge against Cromwell is hypocrisy — and the commonest basis for that is defective chronology. ~ W.C. Abbott
He obtain’d a great victory ; but the action was said to be contrary to human prudence ... ~ John Aubrey
I confess I have an interest in this Mr. Cromwell; and indeed, if truth must be said, in him alone. The rest are historical , dead to me; but he is epic, still living . ~ Thomas Carlyle
A complex character such as that of Cromwell, is incapable of creation, except in times of great civil and religious excitement, and one cannot judge of the man without at the same time considering the contending elements by which he was surrounded. ~ F. A. Inderwick
No less renowned than war : new foes arise,
Threatening to bind our souls with secular chains:
Help us to save free conscience from the paw
Of hireling wolves whose gospel is their maw. ~ John Milton
He was a practical mystic , the most formidable and terrible of all combinations, uniting an aspiration derived from the celestial and supernatural with the energy of a mighty man of action … ~ Lord Rosebery
The man who persisted in calling himself the " son of God " — he later acknowledged that he had many brothers — was demanding nothing less than that the military ruler of all England should forthwith disavow all violence and all coercion , make Christ 's law of love the supreme law of the land, and substitute the mild dictates of the Sermon on the Mount for the Instrument of Government by which he ruled. … It is not recorded that Cromwell took his advice. ~ Frederick B. Tolles
Every beast hath some evil properties; but Cromwell hath the properties of all evil beasts. ~ Archbishop John Williams
During a great part of the eighteenth century most Tories hated him because he overthrew the monarchy , most Whigs because he overthrew Parliament . Since Carlyle wrote, all liberals have seen in him their champion, and all revolutionists have apotheosized the first great representatives of their school; while, on the other side, their opponents have hailed the dictator who put down anarchy . Unless the socialists or the anarchists finally prevail — and perhaps even then — his fame seems as secure as human reputation is likely to be in a changing world .
W.C. Abbott in Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell.
The commonest charge against Cromwell is hypocrisy — and the commonest basis for that is defective chronology.
W.C Abbott in Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell.
Oliver Cromwell had certainly this afflatus. One that I knew was at the battle of Dunbar, told me that Oliver was carried on with a Divine impulse; he did laugh so excessively as if he had been drunk; his eyes sparkled with spirits. He obtain’d a great victory; but the action was said to be contrary to human prudence. The same fit of laughter seized Oliver Cromwell just before the battle of Naseby; as a kinsman of mine, and a great favourite of his, Colonel J. P. then present, testified. Cardinal Mazerine said, that he was a lucky fool.
John Aubrey in Miscellanies.
A perfect master of all the arts of dissimulation: who, turning up the whites of his eyes, and seeking the Lord with pious gestures, will weep and pray, and cant most devoutly, till an opportunity offers of dealing his dupe a knock-down blow under the short ribs.
George Bate (1608-1669), Cromwell's physician.
To give the devil his due, he restored justice, as well distributive as commutative, almost to it’s ancient dignity and splendour; the judges without covetousness discharging their duties according to law and equity... His own court also was regulated according to a severe discipline; here no drunkard, nor whoremonger, nor any guilty of bribery, was to be found, without severe punishment. Trade began again to prosper; and in a word, gentle peace to flourish all over England.
George Bate.
He thought secrecy a virtue, and dissimulation no vice, and simulation, that is in plain English, a lie, or perfideousness to be a tolerable fault in case of necessity.
Richard Baxter in Reliquiae Baxterianae.
He was of a sanguine complexion, naturally of such a vivacity, hilarity and alacrity as another man is when he hath drunken a cup too much.
Richard Baxter in Reliquiae Baxterianae.
The next morning I sent Colonel Cook to Cromwell, to let him know that I had letters and instructions to him from the King. He sent me word by the same messenger, that he dared not see me, it being very dangerous to us both, and bid me be assured that he would serve his Majesty as long as he could do it without his own ruin; but desired that I should not expect that he should perish for his sake.
Sir John Berkeley in Memoirs of Sir John Berkeley (29 November 1647).
When he quitted the Parliament, his chief dependence was on the Army, which he endeavoured by all means to keep in unity, and if he could not bring it to his sense, he, rather than suffer any division in it, went over himself and carried his friends with him into that way which the army did choose, and that faster than any other person in it.
Sir John Berkeley in Memoirs of Sir John Berkeley.
A devotee of law, he was forced to be often lawless; a civilian to the core, he had to maintain himself by the sword; with a passion to construct, his task was chiefly to destroy; the most scrupulous of men, he had to ride roughshod over his own scruples and those of others; the tenderest, he had continually to harden his heart; the most English of our greater figures, he spent his life in opposition to the majority of Englishmen; a realist, he was condemned to build that which could not last.
John Buchan in Oliver Cromwell.
Cromwell was a man in whom ambition had not wholly suppressed, but only suspended, the sentiments of religion.
Edmund Burke in Letters (1791).
Sylla was the first of victors; but our own
The sagest of usurpers, Cromwell; he
Too swept off the senates while he hewed the throne
Down to a block — immortal rebel! See
What crimes it costs to be a moment free
And famous through all ages.
Lord Byron in Child Harold's Pilgrimage Canto IV.
I confess I have an interest in this Mr. Cromwell; and indeed, if truth must be said, in him alone. The rest are historical, dead to me; but he is epic, still living. Hail to thee, thou strong one; hail across the longdrawn funeral-aisle and night of time!...
Thomas Carlyle in Historical Sketches.
His grandeur he deriv’d from heaven alone,
For he was great e’er fortune made him so
And wars like mists that rise against the sun
Made him but greater seem, not greater grow.
No borrow’d bays his temple did adorn,
But to our Crown he did fresh jewels bring;
Nor was his virtue poison’d soon as born,
With the too early thoughts of being King.
John Dryden , Heroic Stanzas on the death of Oliver Cromwell, written after his funeral (1658), VI–VII.
His ashes in a peaceful urn shall rest,
His name a great example stands to show
How strangely high endeavours may be blest,
Where piety and valour jointly go.
John Dryden , Heroic Stanzas on the death of Oliver Cromwell, written after his funeral (1658), XXXVII.
Things will shortly happen which have been unheard of, and above all would open the eyes of those who live under Kings and other Sovereigns, and lead to great changes. Cromwell alone holds the direction of political and military affairs in his hands. He is one who is worth all the others put together, and, in effect, King.
John Dury as reported by Hermann Mylius (27 September 1651).
Saw the superb funeral of the Protector:...but it was the joyfullest funeral that I ever saw, for there were none that cried, but dogs, which the souldiers hooted away with a barbarous noise; drinking and taking tobacco in the streets as they went.
John Evelyn in his Diary (22 November 1658).
This day (to the stupendous and inscrutable Judgements of God) were the Carcasses of that arch-rebell Cromwell and Bradshaw the judge who condemned his Majestie & Ireton, son-in-law to the Usurper, dragged out of their superbe tombs (in Westminster among the Kings), to Tyburn & hanged on the Gallows there from 9 in the morning til 6 at night, and then buried under that fatal and ignominious monument, in a deepe pitt: Thousands of people who (who had seen them in all their pride and pompous insults) being spectators: look back at November 22, 1658, & be astonish’d - And fear God & honour the King, but meddle not with those who are given to change.
John Evelyn in his Diary (30 January 1661).
He lived a hypocrite and died a traitor.
John Foster.
When I came in I was moved to say, " Peace be in this house"; and I exhorted him to keep in the fear of God , that he might receive wisdom from Him, that by it he might be directed, and order all things under his hand to God's glory.
l spoke much to him of Truth, and much discourse I had with him about religion; wherein he carried himself very moderately. But he said we quarrelled with priests, whom he called ministers. I told him I did not quarrel with them, but that they quarrelled with me and my friends. "But," said I, "if we own the prophets, Christ, and the apostles, we cannot hold up such teachers, prophets, and shepherds, as the prophets, Christ, and the apostles declared against; but we must declare against them by the same power and Spirit."
Then I showed him that the prophets, Christ, and the apostles declared freely, and against them that did not declare freely; such as preached for filthy lucre, and divined for money, and preached for hire, and were covetous and greedy, that could never have enough; and that they that have the same spirit that Christ, and the prophets, and the apostles had, could not but declare against all such now, as they did then. As I spoke, he several times said, it was very good, and it was truth. I told him that all Christendom (so called) had the Scriptures, but they wanted the power and Spirit that those had who gave forth the Scriptures; and that was the reason they were not in fellowship with the Son, nor with the Father, nor with the Scriptures, nor one with another.
Many more words I had with him; but people coming in, I drew a little back. As I was turning, he caught me by the hand, and with tears in his eyes said, "Come again to my house; for if thou and I were but an hour of a day together, we should be nearer one to the other"; adding that he wished me no more ill than he did to his own soul. I told him if he did he wronged his own soul; and admonished him to hearken to God's voice, that he might stand in his counsel, and obey it; and if he did so, that would keep him from hardness of heart; but if he did not hear God's voice, his heart would be hardened. He said it was true.
Then I went out; and when Captain Drury came out after me he told me the Lord Protector had said I was at liberty, and might go whither I would.
Then I was brought into a great hall, where the Protector's gentlemen were to dine. I asked them what they brought me thither for. They said it was by the Protector's order, that I might dine with them. I bid them let the Protector know that I would not eat of his bread, nor drink of his drink. When he heard this he said, " Now I see there is a people risen that I cannot win with gifts or honours, offices or places; but all other sects and people I can." It was told him again that we had forsaken our own possessions; and were not like to look for such things from him.
George Fox , on his meeting with Cromwell, in Autobiography of George Fox (1694).
That slovenly fellow which you see before us, who hath no ornament in his speech; I say that sloven, if we should ever come to have a breech with the King (which God forbid) in such case will be one of the greatest men of England.
John Hampden , speaking to Lord Digby in the House of Commons, as reported by Sir Richard Bulstrode.
Generally he respected, or at least pretended a love to, all ingenious persons in any arts, whom he arranged to be sent or brought to him. But the niggardliness and incompetence of his reward shewed that this man was a personated act of greatness, and that Private Cromwell yet governed Prince Oliver.
James Heath.
His character does not appear more extraordinary and unusual by the mixture of so much absurdity with so much penetration, than by his tempering such violent ambition, and such enraged fanaticism with so much regard to justice and humanity.
David Hume in History of England.
In a word, as he was guilty of many crimes against which Damnation is denounced, and for which hell-fire is prepared, so he had some good qualities which have caused the memory of some men in all Ages to be celebrated; and he will be look’d upon by posterity as a brave bad man.
Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon in A History of the Rebellion.
A complex character such as that of Cromwell, is incapable of creation, except in times of great civil and religious excitement, and one cannot judge of the man without at the same time considering the contending elements by which he was surrounded. It is possible to take his character to pieces, and, selecting one or other of his qualities as a corner-stone, to build around it a monument which will show him as a patriot or a plotter, a Christian man or a hypocrite, a demon or a demi-god as the sculptor may choose.
F.A Inderwick in The Interregnum, 1648-60.
"I am," said he, "as much for a government by consent as any man; but where shall we find that consent? Amongst the Prelatical, Presbyterian, Independent, Anabaptist, or Leveling Parties?"… then he fell into the commendation of his own government, boasting of the protection and quiet which the people enjoyed under it, saying, that he was resolved to keep the nation from being imbrued in blood. I said that I was of the opinion too much blood had already been shed, unless there were a better account of it. "You do well," said he, "to charge us with the guilt of blood; but we think there is a good return for what hath been shed."
Edmund Ludlow Interview with Cromwell (August 1656).
His body was wel compact and strong, his stature under 6 foote ( I beleeve about two inches) his head so shaped, as you might see it a storehouse and shop both of vast tresury of natural parts. His temper exceeding fyery as I have known, but the flame of it kept downe, for the most part, or soon allayed with those moral endowments he had. He was naturally compassionate towards objects in distresse, even to an effeminate measure; though God had made him a heart, wherein was left little roume for any feare, but what was due to himselfe, of which there was a large proportion, yet did he exceed in tenderness towards suffrerers. A larger soule, I thinke, hath seldom dwelt in a house of clay than his was.
John Maidston in a letter to John Winthrop (24 March 1659).
Of late I have not given so free and full a power unto (Cromwell) as formerly I did, because I heard that he used his power so as in honour I could not avow him in it....for his expressions were sometimes against the nobility, that he hoped to live to see never a nobleman in England, and he loved such (and such) better than others because they did not love Lords. And he further expressed himself with contempt of the Assemberly of Divines...these he termed persecutors, and that they persecuted honester men than themselves.
Edward Montagu, Earl of Manchester , Letter to the House of Lord’s (December 1644).
So restless Cromwell could not cease
In the inglorious Arts of Peace,
But through adventrous war,
To ruine the great work of time,
And cast the kingdom old
Into another Mold...
Andrew Marvell in An Horation Ode upon Cromwell’s return from Ireland.
Cromwell, our chief of men, who through a cloud,
Not of war only, but detractions rude,
Guided by faith and matchless fortitude,
To peace and truth thy glorious way has ploughed
And on the neck of crowned fortune proud
Has reared God’s trophies, and his work pursued,
While Darwen stream with blood of Scots imbrued,
And Dunbar field resounds thy praises loud,
And Worcester’s laureate wreath. Yet much remains
To conquer still; peace hath her victories
No less renowned than war: new foes arise,
Threatening to bind our souls with secular chains:
Help us to save free conscience from the paw
Of hireling wolves whose gospel is their maw.
John Milton , Sonnet XVI, "To the Lord General Cromwell".
I've been dreaming of a time when the English are sick to death of Labour and Tories and spit upon the name Oliver Cromwell and denounce this royal line that still salutes him and will salute him forever.
Morrissey in the song "Irish Blood, English Heart".
He has arrogated to himself despotic authority and the actual sovereignty of these realms under the mask of humility and the public service....Obedience and submission were never so manifest in England as at present,...their spirits are so crushed..yet...they dare not rebel and only murmur under their breath, though all live in hope of the fulfilment one day of the prophecies foretelling a change of rule ere long.
Lorenzo Paulucci, Venetian Secretary in England, to Giovanni Sagredo, Venetian Ambassador in France, (21 February 1654).
At dinner we talked much of Cromwell, all saying he was a brave fellow and did owe his crown he got to himself, as much as any man that ever got one.
Samuel Pepys , Diary, (8 February 1667).
He was a practical mystic , the most formidable and terrible of all combinations, uniting an aspiration derived from the celestial and supernatural with the energy of a mighty man of action; a great captain, but off the field seeming, like a thunderbolt, the agent of greater forces than himself; no hypocrite, but a defender of the faith; the raiser and maintainer of the Empire of England.
Lord Rosebery as quoted in The Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell (1937) by Wilbur Cortez Abbott .
The Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland and of the Dominions thereunto belonging, shall be and reside in one person, and the people assembled in parliament; the style of which person shall be "The Lord Protector of the Commonwealth"… That Oliver Cromwell, Captain General of the forces of England, Scotland and Ireland, shall be, and is hereby declared to be, Lord Protector...for his life.
Decree by the Instrument of Government (16 December 1653).
Lieutenant-General Cromwell...a member of the House of Commons, long famous for godliness and zeal to his country, of great note for his service in the House, accepted of a commission at the very beginning of this war, wherein he served his country faithfully, and it was observed God was with him, and he began to be renowned.
Joshua Sprigge in Anglia Rediviva (1647).
It was three hundred years ago, in October 1656, that George Fox had a memorable interview with Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England . It was one of the great moments of a great century, for here, face to face, were two of the most powerful personalities of the age, the one the military dictator of the British Isles at the pinnacle of his worldly power, the other a crude, rustic preacher who had just spent eight months in one of England's foulest prisons. They met in Whitehall, at the very heart of the British government. Fox bluntly took the Protector to task for persecuting Friends when he should have protected them. Then characteristically he set about trying to make a Quaker out of Cromwell, to turn him to "the light of Christ who had enlightened every man that cometh into the world." Cromwell was in an argumentative mood and took issue with Fox's theology, but Fox had no patience with his objections. "The power of God riz in me," he wrote, "and I was moved to bid him lay down his crown at the feet of Jesus ."
Cromwell knew what Fox meant, for two years earlier he had received a strange and disturbing missive in which he had read these words:
God is my witness, by whom I am moved to give this forth for the Truth's sake, from him whom the world calls George Fox; who is the son of God who is sent to stand a witness against all violence and against all the works of darkness, and to turn people from the darkness to the light, and to bring them from the occasion of the war and from the occasion of the magistrate's sword ...
The man who persisted in calling himself the "son of God"— he later acknowledged that he had many brothers — was demanding nothing less than that the military ruler of all England should forthwith disavow all violence and all coercion, make Christ's law of love the supreme law of the land, and substitute the mild dictates of the Sermon on the Mount for the Instrument of Government by which he ruled. In a word, Fox would have him make England a kind of pilot project for the Kingdom of Heaven . Fox was a revolutionary. He had no patience with the relativities and compromises of political life. His testimony was an uncompromising testimony for the radical Christian ethic of love and non-violence, and he would apply it in the arena of politics as in every other sphere of life. It is not recorded that Cromwell took his advice.
Sir William Waller in Recollections.
As for that famous and magnanimous commander, Lieutenant-General Cromwell, whose prowess and prudence, as they have rendered him most renowned for many former successful deeds of chivalry, so in this fight they have crowned him with the never withering laurels of fame and honour, who with so lion-like courage and impregnable animosity, charged his proudest adversaries again and again, like a Roman Marcellus indeed....and at last came off, as with some wounds, so with honour and triumph inferior to none.
John Vicars, Magnalia Dei Anglicana Or England’s Parliamentary-Chronicle (1646).
I... had occasion to converse with Mr Cromwell’s physician, Dr Simcott, who assured me that for many years his patient was a most splenetick man and had phansies about the cross in that town; and that he had been called up to him at midnight, and such unseasonable hours very many times, upon a strong phansy, which made him belive he was then dying; and there went a story of him, that in the day-time, lying melancholy in his bed, he belived the spirit appeared to him, and told him he should be the greatest man, (not mentioning the word King) in this Kingdom. Which his uncle, Sir Thomas Steward, who left him all the little estate Cromwell had, told him was traiterous to relate.
Sir Philip Warwick in Memoirs of Sir Philip Warwick.
As to your own person the title of King would be of no advantage, because you have the full Kingly power in you already... I apprehend indeed, less envy and danger, and pomp, but not less power, and real opportunities of doing good in your being General than would be if you had assumed the title of King.
Bulstrode Whitelocke to Cromwell as reported in Whitelocke's Memorialls of English Affairs.
He would sometimes be very cheerful with us, and laying aside his greatness he would be exceeding familiar with us, and by way of diversion would make verses with us, and everyone must try his fancy. He commonly called for tobacco, pipes, and a candle, and would now and then take tobacco himself; then he would fall again to his serious and great business.
Bulstrode Whitelocke in Memorialls of English Affairs.
In short, every beast hath some evil properties; but Cromwell hath the properties of all evil beasts.
Archbishop John Williams to King Charles at Oxford, as quoted in Life of Archbishop Williams by Hackett.
The English monster, the center of mischief, a shame to the British Chronicle, a pattern for tyranny, murder and hypocrisie, whose bloody Tyranny will quite drown the name of Nero , Caligula , Domitian , having at last attained the height of his Ambition, for Five years space he wallowed in the blood of many Gallant and Heroick Persons.
William Winstanley , Loyal Martyrology as quoted in Conflicts with Oblivion (1935) by Wilbur Cortez Abbott, p. 159.
| Oliver Cromwell |
Anderlecht Football Club is based in which European country? | War Quotes, Famous War Quotes, Sayings about Wars & Warfare
Topic: War Quotes - Famous War Quotes, Sayings about Wars and Warefare
A country cannot simultaneously prevent and prepare for war.
Albert Einstein
A lot of wonderful people love their country and hate the military.
Bill Clinton
A soldier will fight long and hard for a bit of colored ribbon.
Napoleon Bonaparte
All men are brothers, like the seas throughout the world; So why do winds and waves clash so fiercely everywhere?
Emperor Hirohito
All they that take the sword, shall perish with the sword.
The Bible
All war represents a failure of diplomacy.
Tony Benn
All warfare is based on deception.
Sun Tzu
An eye for an eye only makes the whole world blind.
Mahatma Gandhi
An unjust peace is better than a just war.
Cicero
Are bombs the only way of setting fire to the spirit of a people? Is the human will as inert as the past two world-wide wars would indicate?
Gregory Clark
As far as I'm concerned, war always means failure.
Jacques Chirac
As soon as war is looked upon as wicked, it will always have its fascination. When it is looked upon as vulgar, it will cease to be popular.
Oscar Wilde
Britain and France had to choose between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will have war.
Winston Churchill
Come you masters of war
You that build all the guns
You that build the death planes
You that build the big bombs
You that hide behind walls
You that hide behind desks
I just want you to know I can see through your masks.
Bob Dylan
Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Either war is obsolete or men are.
R. Buckminster Fuller
England has been offered a choice between war and shame. She has chosen shame and will get war.
Winston Churchill
Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies, in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and not clothed.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
God is not on the side of the big battalions, but on the side of those who shoot best.
Voltaire
History teaches that war begins when governments believe the price of aggression is cheap.
Ronald Reagan
History teaches us that war begins when governments believe the price of aggression is cheap.
Ronald Reagan
I ain't got no quarrel with the Vietcong.
Muhammad Ali (Cassius Clay)
I don't feel we did wrong in taking this great country away from them. There were great numbers of people who needed new land, and the Indians were selfishly trying to keep it for themselves.
John Wayne
I have seen enough of one war never to wish to see another.
Thomas Jefferson
I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones.
Albert Einstein
I love the smell of Napalm in the morning.
Apocalypse Now, movie
I venture to say no war can be long carried on against the will of the people.
Edmund Burke
If we have no peace, it is because we have forgotten that we belong to each other.
Mother Teresa
I'm fed up to the ears with old men dreaming up wars for young men to die in.
George McGovern
In Italy, for thirty years under the Borgias, they had warfare, terror, murder and bloodshed, but they produced Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and the Renaissance. In Switzerland they had brotherly love, they had five hundred years of democracy and peace, what did they produce? The cuckoo clock.
Orson Welles
In war there is no prize for the runner-up.
General Omar Bradley
In war, resolution; in defeat, defiance; in victory, magnanimity.
Winston Churchill
It is fatal to enter any war without the will to win it.
General Douglas MacArthur
It is only the dead who have seen the end of war.
Plato
It is well that war is so terrible, or we should grow too fond of it.
Robert E. Lee
Kings had always been involving and impoverishing their people in wars, pretending generally, if not always, that the good of the people was the object.
Abraham Lincoln
"Let someone else get killed!"
"Suppose everyone on our side felt that way?"
"Well then I'd certainly be a damned fool to feel any other way, wouldn't I?"
"Englishmen are dying for England, American's are dying for America, Germans are dying for Germany, Russians are dying for Russia. There are now fifty or sixty countries fighting in this war. Surely so many countries can all be worth dying for?"
"Anything worth living for," said Nately, "is worth dying for."
"And anything worth dying for," answered the old man, "is certainly worth living for."
Joseph Heller
Catch 22
Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, 'This was their finest hour.'
Winston Churchill
Man is the only animal that deals in that atrocity of atrocities, War. He is the only one that gathers his brethren about him and goes forth in cold blood and calm pulse to exterminate his kind. He is the only animal that for sordid wages will march out and help to slaughter strangers of his own species who have done him no harm and with whom he has no quarrel . . . And in the intervals between campaigns he washes the blood off his hands and works for "the universal brotherhood of man" - with his mouth.
Mark Twain
Mankind must put an end to war before war puts an end to mankind.
John F. Kennedy
Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.
Winston Churchill
Never think that war, no matter how necessary, nor how justified, is not a crime. Ask the infantry and ask the dead.
Ernest Hemingway
No one ever goes into battle thinking God is on the other side.
Terry Goodkind
Of course the people don't want war. Why should some poor slob on a farm want to risk his life in a war when the best he can get out of it is to come back to his farm in one piece? Naturally, the common people don't want war: neither in Russia, nor in England, nor for that matter in Germany. That is understood. But after all it is the leaders of the country who determine the policy, and it is always a simple matter to drag the people along, whether it is a democracy, or a fascist dictatorship, or a parliament, or a communist dictatorship . . . Voice or no voice, the people can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. That is easy. All you have to do is to tell them they are being attacked, and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism and exposing the country to danger. (at the Nuremberg Trials, shortly before being sentenced to death)
Hermann Goering
Older men declare war. But it's the youth who must fight and die!
Herbert Hoover
Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more, Or close the wall up with our English dead! In peace there's nothing so becomes a man As modest stillness and humility; But when the blast of war blows in our ears, Then imitate the action of the tiger: Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood.
William Shakespeare
Only the dead have seen the end of war.
Plato
Politics is war without bloodshed, while war is politics with bloodshed.
Mao Zedong
Put your trust in God; but be sure to keep your powder dry.
Oliver Cromwell
Sixteen hours ago an American airplane dropped one bomb on Hiroshima . . . The force from which the sun draws its power has been loosed against those who brought war to the Far East. (First announcement of the atomic bomb, August 6, 1945)
Harry S Truman
The art of war is simple enough. Find out where your enemy is. Get at him as soon as you can. Strike him as hard as you can, and keep moving.
Ulysses S Grant
The battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton.
Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington
The death of one man is a tragedy. The death of millions is a statistic.
Josef Stalin
The Lord is a man of war.
Bible, Exodus
The object of war is not to die for your country but to make the other bastard die for his.
George S. Patton, Jr.
The only winner in the War of 1812 was Tchaikovsky.
Solomon Short
The purple testament of bleeding war.
William Shakespeare
The victor will never be asked if he told the truth.
Adolf Hitler
The War That Will End War.
H. G. Wells
The whole art of war consists of guessing at what is on the other side of the hill.
Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington
The words of his mouth were smoother than butter, but war was in his heart: his words were softer than oil, yet were they drawn swords.
Bible, Psalms
Their sword will become our plow, and from the tears of war the daily bread of future generations will grow.
Adolf Hitler
There never was a good war or a bad peace.
Benjamin Franklin
They wrote in the old days that it is sweet and fitting to die for one's country. But in modern war, there is nothing sweet nor fitting in your dying. You will die like a dog for no good reason.
Ernest Hemmingway
To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace.
George Washington
To jaw-jaw is always better than to war-war.
Winston Churchill
Today we did what we had to do. They counted on America to be passive. They were wrong.
Ronald Reagan
Victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory however long and hard the road may be; for without victory there is no survival.
Winston Churchill
Violence is the last refuge of the incompetent.
Isaac Asimov
War can only be abolished through war, and in order to get rid of the gun it is necessary to take up the gun.
Mao Zedong
War does not determine who is right - only who is left.
Bertrand Russell
War is a bloody, killing business. You've got to spill their blood, or they will spill yours. Rip them up the belly. Shoot them in the guts.
George S. Patton, Jr.
"War is Peace" "Freedom is Slavery" "Ignorance is Strength."
George Orwell
War is too serious a matter to entrust to military men.
Georges Clemenceau
War may sometimes be a necessary evil. But no matter how necessary, it is always an evil, never a good. We will not learn how to live together in peace by killing each other's children.
Jimmy Carter
War will exist until that distant day when the conscientious objector enjoys the same reputation and prestige that the warrior does today.
John F. Kennedy
We have the finest food, the finest equipment, the best spirit, and the best men in the world. Why, by God, I actually pity those poor sons-of-bitches we're going up against. By God, I do.
George S. Patton, Jr.
We have to face the fact that either all of us are going to die together or we are going to learn to live together and if we are to live together we have to talk.
Eleanor Roosevelt
We live in a time where fictitious election results give us a fictitious president. We are now fighting a war for fictitious reasons. Whether it's the fiction of duct tape or the fictitious 'Orange Alerts,' we are against this war, Mr. Bush. Shame on you, Mr. Bush, shame on you. And, whenever you've got the Pope and the Dixie Chicks against you, your time is up.
Michael Moore
We make war that we may live in peace.
Aristotle
We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France. We shall fight on the seas and oceans. We shall fight, with growing confidence and strength in the air. We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets. We shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender.
Winston Churchill
What difference does it make to the dead, the orphans, and the homeless, whether the mad destruction is wrought under the name of totalitarianism or the holy name of liberty and democracy?
Gandhi
When engaged in combat, the vanquishing of thine enemy can be the warrior's only concern...
This is the first and cardinal rule of combat...
Suppress all human emotion and compassion...
Kill whoever stands in thy way, even if that be Lord God, or Buddha himself...
This truth lies at the heart of the art of combat. Once it is mastered... Thou shall fear no one... Though the devil himself may bar thy way...
Kill Bill, Vol. 1, movie
When people speak to you about a preventive war, you tell them to go and fight it. After my experience, I have come to hate war. War settles nothing.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
When the enemy advances, withdraw; when he stops, harass; when he tires, strike; when he retreats, pursue.
Mao Zedong
When the rich wage war, it's the poor who die.
Jean-Paul Sartre
When war is declared, Truth is the first casualty.
Arthur Ponsonby
When you have to kill a man it costs nothing to be polite.
Winston Churchill
You can no more win a war than you can win an earthquake.
Jeannette Rankin
You can't say that civilization don't advance, however, for in every war they kill you in a new way.
Will Rogers
| i don't know |
Artists Gustav Klimt and Carl Moll were born in which European country? | Gustav Klimt - Symbolist Painter - The Art History Archive
Web sites for famous artists: Gustav Klimt , Joan Miro , Edvard Munch .
The Vienna Secession
Gustav Klimt was one of the founding members and president of the Vienna Secession (Wiener Sezession) in 1897 and of the group's periodical Ver Sacrum (Sacred Spring). The group's goals were to provide exhibitions for unconventional young artists and to bring the best foreign artists works to Vienna. Klimt remained with the Secession group until 1908.
The group had no manifesto and did not encourage any particular style and thus Naturalists, Realists, and Symbolists all coexisted. The government supported their efforts and gave them a lease on public land to erect an exhibition hall. The group's symbol was Pallas Athena , the Greek goddess of wisdom and the arts (Klimt painted his version of Pallas Athena in 1898).
The creation of the Vienna Secession however was not without controversy. Klimt and several other Vienna Secession artists were also members of K�nstlerhausgenossenschaft (Association of Viennese Artists), which previously had maintained a near monopoly on the exhibition and dealing in local art and disliked the idea of immigrant competition. In May 1897 the K�nstlerhausgenossenschaft committee passed a motion of censure against the Vienna Secession. Gustav Klimt, Carl Moll, Josef Engelhart and eight others walked out of the meeting, leaving the Association for good.
The Vienna Secession building was designed by member Joseph-Maria Olbrich. Above the main entrance, the following words appeared: Der Zeit ihre Kunst, der Kunst ihre Freiheit (`To every age its art, to art its freedom'). The building was essentially a historicist work, with much style and ornament: "Everything had to be clothed in earnest dignity. Pure dignity of the sort which came over me and made me tremble as I stood in solitude before the uncompleted temple at Segesta."
The first large exhibition of foreign work organised by the Secession occurred in 1898. With 57,000 visitors, and over a third of the exhibits sold, the exhibition was a great success: Modern art had been introduced to Vienna. By 1900, the Secession had replaced K�nstlerhausgenossenschaft both as the receiver of international requests for exhibits and as the premier artist association in Vienna.
As a selector of material for exhibits, producing graphics for and being a member of the editorial staff of Ver Sacrum, Klimt remained at the centre of Secession activity until 1905 when internal strains between factions caused Klimt and several close associates to resign. The Secession never recovered. Klimt and others went on to form a new association, Kunstschau (`Art Show'), taking the motto from the Secession building with them.
In the late 1890s Klimt took annual summer holidays with the Fl�ge family on the shores of Attersee and painted many of his landscapes there. These works constitute the only genre aside from the figure that seriously interested Gustav Klimt, and are of a number and quality so as to merit a separate appreciation. Klimt's landscapes are characterized by the same refinement of design and emphatic patterning as the figural pieces. Deep space in the Attersee works is so efficiently flattened to a single plane, some believe that Klimt painted them while looking through a telescope.
Controversy and Shotguns
In 1893 the Klimt brothers and Matsch were commissioned for the production of decorations for the Kunsthistorisches Hofmuseum for the decoration of a hall in the new University of Vienna. This commission was different from previous ones in that the work was to be entirely their own and they were allowed to do what they wanted. As the University commission progressed, a rift appeared between Gustav Klimt and Matsch, which deepened to the point where they would no longer work in the same studio. The commission dragged on, and it was some years before the exhibition of the commission finally opened.
In 1894 Gustav Klimt was commissioned to create three paintings to decorate the ceiling of the Great Hall in the University of Vienna. Not completed until the turn of the century, his three paintings Philosophy , Medicine , and Jurisprudence were criticized for their radical themes and material and even called "pornographic".
Klimt had transformed traditional allegory with overtly sexual symbolism and this made the pieces more disturbing. The public outcry came from various political, religious and artistic groups was intense. As a result they were not displayed on the ceiling of the Great Hall. This would be the last public commission accepted by the artist. All three paintings were eventually destroyed by retreating NAZI forces in May 1945.
"Within days of the exhibition opening, eighty-seven members of the University ... had publicly protested about Klimt's picture and petitioned the Ministry of Education to cancel the commission. They accused Klimt of presenting 'unclear ideas through unclear forms' : instead of making an unambiguous statement about the virtues of philosophy he had produced a puzzle which seemed to suggest that the mysteries of life were ultimately impenetrable and that human existence consisted of nothing more than the infinitely repeated cycle of birth, copulation and death."
Vienna journalist Karl Kraus accusing Gustav Klimt of being too simple to consider the issues involved in the commission. The academics found the symbolism too vague and the Catholics took exception to the nudity in Medicine which they considered "pornographic". To the scientific community Philosophy seemed to be attacking the ideas of "reality and facts". Despite the controversy the commission remained intact through the support of Dr Ritter von Hartel, the Austrian Minister of Education.
The paintings did not however go to the University, but instead to the State Gallery of Modern Art. The story did not end however as the gallery refused to allow the paintings to be shown internationally, fearful of tarnishing Austria's artistic and intellectual reputation. By 1904 Gustav Klimt was so annoyed he returned the money for the commission (he still had 10 more paintings to do for them) and demanded the three paintings back, claiming they were unfinished.
The Ministry replied that the paintings already belonged to the State and Klimt was not entitled to keep them. After further correspondence and a dramatic episode during which (according to rumor) Gustav Klimt kept the Ministry's removal men at bay with a shotgun, the Ministry finally relinquished its rights to the paintings and Klimt repaid his advance.
His Nuda Veritas in 1899 also shook up the establishment. The starkly naked red-headed woman holds the mirror of truth and above it is a quote by Schiller in stylized lettering: "If you cannot please everyone with your deeds and your art, please a few. To please many is bad."
In 1902 Gustav Klimt finished the Beethoven Frieze for the 14th Vienna Secessionist exhibition, which was intended to be a celebration of the composer and featured a monumental, polychromed sculpture by Max Klinger. Meant for the exhibition only, the frieze was painted directly on the walls with light materials. After the exhibition the painting was preserved, although it did not go on display until 1986.
Gustav Klimt's Golden Years
Klimt's 'Golden Phase' was marked by positive critical reaction and success. Many of Klimt's paintings from this period utilized gold leaf (his use of gold can first be traced back to Pallas Athene in 1898 and Judith I in 1901) and the works most popularly associated with this period are the Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I in 1907 and The Kiss 1907-08 (widely considered to be the greatest painting ever, better than even the Mona Lisa).
Klimt's work is distinguished by the elegant gold or coloured decoration, often of a phallic shape that conceals the more erotic positions of the drawings upon which many of his paintings are based. This can be seen in Judith I (1901), and in The Kiss (1907�1908), and especially in Dana� (1907). One of the most common themes Klimt utilized was that of the dominant woman or femme fatale.
Art historians note an eclectic range of influences contributing to Klimt's distinct style, including Egyptian, Minoan, Classical Greek, and Byzantine inspirations. Klimt was also inspired by the engravings of Albrecht D�rer and the Japanese Rimpa school.
His mature works are characterized by a rejection of earlier naturalistic styles, and make use of symbols or symbolic elements to convey psychological ideas and emphasize the "freedom" of art from traditional culture. Topics wise he would also paint ideas concerning the dangerous side of sexual attraction, the destructive "femme fatale" side of women, and even castration in the Freudian sense
During the early years of the 20th century Gustav Klimt took trips to Venice and Ravenna, both famous for their beautiful mosaics, where he studied their gold technique and was inspired by the Byzantine imagery.
In 1904 Klimt collaborated with other artists on the lavish Palais Stoclet, the home of a wealthy Belgian industrialist, which was one of the grandest monuments of the Art Nouveau age. Klimt's contributions to the dining room, including Fulfillment and Expectation, were some of his finest decorative work, and as he publicly stated, "probably the ultimate stage of my development of ornament."
Between 1907 and 1909, Klimt painted five canvases of society women wrapped in fur. His love of costume is expressed in the many photographs of Emilie Fl�ge modeling clothing he designed.
Klimt himself normally wore sandals and a long robe with nothing underneath as he worked and relaxed in his home. His simple life was somewhat cloistered, devoted to his art and family and little else except the Vienna Secessionist Movement. He avoided cafe society and other artists socially. Klimt's fame usually brought patrons to his door and by this time he could afford to be highly selective. His painting method was very deliberate and painstaking at times and he required lengthy sittings by his subjects.
Like Auguste Rodin , Klimt also used mythology and allegory to thinly disguise his highly erotic nature, and his drawings often reveal a strong sexual interest in women. His models were routinely available to him to pose in any erotic manner that pleased him and he had quiet bohemian affairs with many of them.
Klimt wrote little about his artistic beliefs or this methods. He wrote mostly postcards to Emilie Fl�ge and kept no journal and few notes. In a rare writing called "Commentary on a non-existent self-portrait" he wrote:
"I have never painted a self-portrait. I am less interested in myself as a subject for a painting than I am in other people, above all women... There is nothing special about me. I am a painter who paints day after day from morning to night... Who ever wants to know something about me... ought to look carefully at my pictures."
In his later years the amount of ornament in Gustav Klimt's work decreased. He became more interested in representational drawing and his work was more self-reflective as his dwelled on his life and old age. He also had become stubborn in his old age and did not consider any part of the human anatomy ugly, shameful or ignoble and thus drew or painted them all. A famous figure in Austria's art world by this time he was chided for embarrassing the nation with his "pornography".
In 1911 his painting Death and Life received first prize in the world exhibitions in Rome, one of the greatest highlights of his career.
In 1915 his mother Anna died. Gustav Klimt died three years later in Vienna on February 6, 1918, having suffered a stroke on January 11th and a bout of pneumonia. He was interred at the Hietzing Cemetery in Vienna. Many of Klimt's paintings were left unfinished.
Klimt's paintings have brought some of the highest prices recorded for individual works of art. In November 2003 Klimt's Landhaus am Attersee sold for $29,128,000, but that was soon eclipsed by prices paid for other Klimts. In 2006 the artist's Apple Tree I sold for $33 million and Birch Forest sold for $40.3 million. Both works had been recently restituted to the heirs of Adele Bloch-Bauer.
The 1907 portrait Adele Bloch-Bauer I beat Picasso's record price 1905 Boy With a Pipe (sold May 5th 2004 for $104 million) as the highest reported price ever paid for a piece of art sold at a public auction: US $135 million, it was purchased for the Neue Galerie in New York by Ronald Lauder on June 19th 2006.
On August 7th 2006 Christie's auction house announced it was handling the sale of the 4 works by Klimt that were recovered by the Bloch-Bauer heirs after a long legal battle. They auctioned Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer II in November 2006 for $88 million, the third-highest priced piece of art at auction at the time. Collectively the five restituted paintings netted over $327 million.
Gustav Klimt Quotes
"After tea it's back to painting - a large poplar at dusk with a gathering storm. From time to time instead of this evening painting session I go bowling in one of the neighbouring villages, but not very often." - Gustav Klimt
"All art is erotic." - Gustav Klimt
"Although even when I am being idle I have plenty of food for thought both early and late - thoughts both about and not about art." - Gustav Klimt
"Even when I have to write a simple letter I'm scared stiff as if faced with looming seasickness." - Gustav Klimt
"I can paint and draw. I believe this myself and a few other people say that they believe this too. But I'm not certain of whether it's true." - Gustav Klimt
"If the weather is good I go into the nearby wood - there I am painting a small beech forest (in the sun) with a few conifers mixed in. This takes until 8 'o clock." - Gustav Klimt
"On my first days here I did not start work immediately but, as planned, I took it easy for a few days - flicked through books, studied Japanese art a little." - Gustav Klimt
"Sometimes I miss out the morning's painting session and instead study my Japanese books in the open." - Gustav Klimt
"Then I paint again for a while: if the sun is shining a picture of the lake, if it's overcast then a landscape from the window of my room." - Gustav Klimt
"There is no self-portrait of me." - Gustav Klimt
"There is nothing that special to see when looking at me. I'm a painter who paints day in day out, from morning till evening - figure pictures and landscapes, more rarely portraits." - Gustav Klimt
"Today I want to start working again in earnest - I'm looking forward to it because doing nothing does become rather boring after a while." - Gustav Klimt
"True relaxation, which would do me the world of good, does not exist for me." - Gustav Klimt
"Whoever wants to know something about me - as an artist which alone is significant - they should look attentively at my pictures and there seek to recognise what I am and what I want." - Gustav Klimt
Chronology of the Life of Gustav Klimt
1862 - Gustav Klimt was born on July 14 in Baumgartern, near Vienna, Austria.
1867 - Enters the Vienna School of Art, where his talent is immediately recognized.
1879 - His brother Ernst Klimt also begins his study at the School of Art.
1877 - Klimt, together with his brother Ernst and Franz Marsch, begins to work on commercial projects.
1880 - They are commissioned to produce a ceiling painting for the Sturany Palace.
1881 - Begins to work on illustrations for the book Allegorien und Embleme.
1885 - Klimt employs gold leaf for the first time in a small sketch.
1886 - Begins to work with his brother Ernst on decorations for the new Burgtheather.
1888 - Wins the Gold Medal for his artistic creations, in Vienna.
1890 - Wins the Imperial Prize for his work at the old Burgtheather.
1891 - The Ministry of Education rejects him as a professor at the Kunstakademie.
1892 - After the death of his brother, he starts a close friendship with Ernst widow's sister, Emilie Floge.
1894 - Commissioned to decorate the ceilings of the Great Hall of Vienna University.
1895 - Winner of the Great Prize in Belgium, for his work at the Esterhazy theater.
1897 - The Secession was founded, with Klimt as president.
1898 - First Secession's Exhibition and first appearance of its monthly magazine Ver Sacrum.
1900 - Klimt's Philosophy is awarded the Grand Prize at the World Fair in Paris.
1902 - Klimt paints the Beethoven Frieze in fresco for the Secession building.
1905 - Klimt withdraws from the Secession group.
1908 - The first Art Exhibit opens in Vienna. Klimt is represented with 16 paintings, including The Kiss.
1909 - The end of Klimt's golden period. Starts working at the Stoclet Palace.
1911 - Gets First Prize at Rome's Universal Exhibition, with his painting Death and Life.
1914 - The Expressionist painters criticize his work for being "old fashioned".
1915 - His mother dies and his palette becomes darker.
1916 - His work is displayed at the World's Fair in Berlin.
1917 - He starts working on his paintings Adam and Eve and the unfinished The Bride.
1918 - On January 11 Klimt suffers a stroke. He dies on February 6.
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Precise Info about the Talented Artist Gustav Klimt
Gustav Klimt was a brilliant and extremely remarkable artist who’s work was produced in the time of Austrian born artist’s career. The works of that time were basically seen controversial. Appallingly, the work was largely criticized due to exotic and erotic nature of the artist’s works. His art forms were not at all subtle. In fact he entirely and exceptionally used symbolism in his paintings and the marvels he created went far beyond people imagination of that era. Although, the efforts he worked with did not pay off well as it was not widely accepted by the people but some bits he designed during his colorful career are seen currently as the most influential and important pieces of Austria.
The Everlasting Intense Words of Gustav Klimt
“Whoever wants to know something about me – as an artist who alone is significant – they should look attentively at my pictures and there seek to recognize what I am and what I want.”
More About Gustav Klimt and His Amusing Styles
Gustav Klimt, the Austrian painter was Vienna’s most esteemed advocator of the Art Nouveau. His amusing styles were also renowned in Germany as Jugendstil which literally meant “youth style”. He is remembered and honoured as the greatest of all decorative painters of twentieth century and he also created marvellously some significant forms of erotic art. At the very beginning of his career, he was accomplished as a conventional painter and encountered modern trends of European art from that encourage him to produce his personal uniquely eclectic and fantastic styles.
Gustav Klimt Art Work
Gustav Klimt justifies his art by saying “ALL ART IS EROTIC” and also
“I can paint and draw. I believe this myself and a few other people say that they believe this too. But I’m not certain of whether it’s true.”
How Gustav Developed His Own Worth Adoring Styles
He created many paintings and murals ceiling in various buildings in Vienna and got famous throughout the Austro Hungarian Empire. Then Gustav Klimt very conveniently and passionately grew out of the historical fashion of interior décor. Fortunately, the art world existing in Vienna at the end of the century was looking for new ways and directions just like Gustav Klimt was. By resting under the strong influence of Asian art, symbolism and several European artistic movements, He advanced his enchanting formal language of mosaic elements, two dimensional, instructive colors and alluring art ornaments of Nouveau.
Gustav Klimt’s The Kiss
One of his most wondrously famous painting known as “the kiss” was marked as the peak of golden phase and a new form of high spirited art period got introduced. This was characterized by the dominating catchy ornaments and the use of terrific gold leaf.
You can buy the master reproduction of “the kiss” from ArtGaga at a discount price.
Devotional Painter and the Glamorous Women
According to the respectable painter Klimt, he confessed that self-portraits were never his cup of tea. But later on, strange yet interestingly, he started to paint people especially women. He created women portraits in his own erotic forms which is truly charming and abstract in its own manner. Floge who was the most affectionate companion of Klimt introduced him to one of the lakes called Attersee. He got inspired by the charismatic and enamoring landscapes where he normally spends his summers.
Klimt’s Memorable Masterpieces
Gustav Klimt started travelling to Rome and Florence in 1911 and constructed various masterpieces. The Virgin, Death and Life and The Bride are among the most provocative and infatuating landscape art works that he designed the next coming years. Outside the boundaries of Vienna, these marvels were widely accepted and admired mainly due to the different forms of arts. He still maintained his work which was graphical in nature and took over a non-traditional thinking depicting landscapes and human figures. Majority of the work that he painted was only a few years away from his death and it was largely accepted and appreciated outside Vienna.
“The Virgin” and “Death and Life” are available in different sizes at affordable price on ArtGaga.
Golden Words of Famous Artist Gustav Klimt
The golden words of the pleasing artist who won hearts of almost all the art lovers by creating desirable paintings for the entire world:
“Sometimes I miss out the morning’s painting session and instead study my Japanese books in the open.”
“There is nothing that special to see when looking at me. I’m a painter who paints day in day out, from morning till evening – figure pictures and landscapes, more rarely portraits.”
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Pablo Picasso: The Famous Spanish Painter
Pablo Picasso , indubitably one of the finest artists to have been born in the 20th century, lives in our hearts and minds through his marvelous work. Whenever he stroked a blank canvas with his brush, a rift in time was made; a piece of work immortalized at the very instance it was created.
His paintings , besides being iconic and largely recognized throughout the world, also often sell for substantial fortunes. The Spanish maestro’s work has become the pride and honor of art galleries, museums and private collections over the years. No other artist of his age has had such a huge impact upon the world of art and upon the life of a commoner alike.
Pablo Picasso’s Most Expensive Paintings
Having previously looked upon the most popular works of the artist , we now bring you a compilation of his most expensive paintings. Here’s a list of the 5 most expensive paintings of Pablo Picasso:
1) Le Reve
Place: Christie’s Auction House
Price: $155 million in March 2013
Info:
The Spanish maestro’s very own tender-aged mistress Marie-Therese Walter is depicted in this exquisite work of art. She has been captured sleeping on a comfortable arm chair; a scenery that Picasso went on to replicate in another one of his Marie-Therese Walter paintings titled ‘La Lecture’ . Legend has it that the artist finished this brilliant painting in one sitting on the afternoon of January 24th 1932. Marie-Therese Walter was only twenty four years of age back then while Picasso had just hit his fifties. There are two things about this painting which make it particularly renowned: it’s lush erotic imagery and the accident in which it was damaged back in 2006.
Worth:
La Reve makes it to the top of the list of Pablo Picasso’s most expensive paintings. It has been sold for record price only to break that record in future! It placed sixth in the list of the most expensive paintings ever to have been sold back in November 1997 when, at a Christie’s auction, it brought in an astounding 48.4 million US dollars. It was then being resold in 2006 to the well known art collector Steven Cohen for 139 million (thrice its record price) by its previous owner and casino tycoon Steve Wynn. Wynn, while showing off this majestic work to a few of his friends, ran his arm right through the painting which therefore lowered its value down to 85 million. At first he planned not to sell it again but, in early 2013, he got it fixed and made good as new. The painting was then sold, at another one of Christie’s auctions, to Steven Cohen in 2006 for a staggering 155 million US dollars which makes it the second most expensive painting ever to have been sold!
2) Nude, Green Leaves and Bust
Place: Christie’s Auction House
Price: $106.5 million in May 2010
Info:
Being another one of Marie-Therese Walter’s depictions, Nude, Green Leaves and Bust, like La Reve, also appeals to the eye of the beholder with its erotic content. Along the bottom of the painting, Picasso’s young mistress can be seen lying naked on floor with her limbs stretched out irregularly. In the background, leaves of the philodendron – or love – tree can be spotted. Picasso fancied the love tree and kept one in his residence. Upon keener inspection of the painting, there can be spotted a face coming out from behind a curtain. It is assumed to be Picasso’s own, emerging to deliver a kiss on his mistresses’ body. The painting belongs to the artist’s famous ‘blue period’. By now, he had perfected his own painting techniques. It is believed that Nude, Green Leaves and Bust was finished within a day.
Worth:
Sidney and Frances Brody, famous art collectors of the 1950s bought this majestic artwork for a fairly low $17,000 somewhere in 1952. Until May 2010, the painting resided with the Brodies. It was then auctioned at Christie’s where it was sold for $106.5 million. Until La Reve was resold in 2013, Nude Green Leaves and Bust held the prestigious title of being Picasso’s most expensive painting while also holding the world record for being the most expensive painting sold at an auction.
3) Garcon A La Pipe
Place: Sotheby’s Auction House
Price: $104 million in May 2004
Info:
Garcon a la Pipe shows, in portrait, a boy wearing a crown made of roses on his head while holding a pipe in his left hand. This boy was a street worker from Paris who used to pose for Picasso. The maestro was only twenty four years of age when he finished painting this brilliant painting. Garcon a la Pipe brought the young Picasso a great deal of fame. The color theme of the painting distinguishes it from his later works. This one belongs to his famous Rose period.
Worth:
The very first person to have bought this masterpiece was John Whitney, who paid $30,000 for it back in 1950. Whitney was the American ambassador to Great Britain. Garcon a la Pipe stayed a part of his private collection until the May of 2004. John Whitney died in 1982 and his wife, Betsey found a philanthropic organization called ‘Greentree Foundation’ soon afterwards. The painting was brought to a Sotheby’s auction under the Greentree Foundation’s supervision on 2004. The painting held the record for the greatest pre-sale estimate ever back then when it was estimated to sell around $70 million. The Spanish maestro’s masterpiece went on astonishing the experts attending the auction when it shot up to $104 million. It is the third most expensive painting by Picasso.
Have a look at Pablo Picasso master piece reproduction at Art Gaga.
4) Dora Maar Au Chat
Place: Sotheby’s Auction House
Price: $95.22 million in May 2006
Info:
Besides being one of his most iconic works, Dora Maar Au Chat was Picasso’s own personal favorite. The subject of the portrait is his very own mistress Dora Maar, who also happened to be one of the most popular surrealist photographers of the time. He always used to refer to her as his own ‘private muse’. The painting shows Dora Maar, alike Marie-Therese Walter, sitting on an armchair posing for the Picasso. In the background, a black cat can be seen right beside Dora’s shoulder. The Spanish maestro blends both bright and dark shades brilliantly in this work of his. For instance, the chaotic pattern of Dora’s dress, it increases the mystery of the painting two-fold.
Worth:
Leigh and Mary Block, art collectors from Chicago, originally owned the painting. They decided to sell it to Chicago’s Gidwitz family’s private collection in 1963. After remaining a part of the Gidwitz collection for a good 43 years, it was put up for auction at the Sotheby’s in 2006. Experts estimated its value to go up to $50 million. And just like Garcon a la Pipe, Dora Maar Au Chat too went beyond it’s pre-sale estimates by quite a large sum. It was sold to a buyer whose identity remains unknown to this day. He paid $95.22 million (which is twice the pre-sale estimate) for the painting and it finally ceased to be a part of the Gidwitz collection.
5) Femme Aux Bras Croises
Place: Christie’s Auction House
Price: $55 million in November 2000
Info:
Femme Aux Bras Croises, which fairly translates to: ‘woman with crossed arms’ belongs to the maestro’s famous Blue Period. It is believed that the subject of this artwork was an actual female inmate belonging to a prison hospital in Paris called Saint Lazare. Among the many owners of this brilliant portrait was a famous writer and art collector named Gertrude Stein. He later had the high honor of becoming a subject of one of Picasso’s paintings.
Worth:
The portrait was bought buy Chauncey McCormick, an art collector from a wealthy American family in 1963. It stayed with the mcCormicks till 2000. It was then bought by an anonymous buyer at an auction at Christie’s. There went on an intense battle of bids before the owner was chose. It sold for 55 million US dollars and remains, to this day, among the most expensive Picasso paintings ever.
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A Glorious Introduction to Francine Vaysse Paintings
It has been researched that Francine Vaysse was a fantastic ex bank executive who worked hard for twenty decades. This enchanting artist was residing in the Reunion Island to explore the real chunks of art specifically regarding Quentin.
Awe Inspiring Vision of Francine Vaysse
Interestingly, the desired woman in the form of an artist discovered and recognized the true or say actual feelings attached to the pleasing oil works of art sector. She had been incredibly fascinated by a few influential and renowned experts linked astonishingly with hundred years of finality. The most inspirational part of her personality was that she maintained all of them in her motor of thoughts and reservoir of ideas after which she began to sketch famous paintings especially on the theme regarding women. Francine proudly started off with her woman’s piece of art and adopted it gracefully as a profession.
Francine Unbelievable Emotional Art Which Shocks the World
After summoning the thoughts and ideas of great and grand painters , she started to walk attentively on the way leading to the most colorful sector known as painting. Francine initiated her marvelous painting by decorating beautifully. The ceaseless hard work of Francine paid her off in a way that the entire world views her paintings rewarding as well as legendary.
The Strengthening Thoughts That Governed the Fabulous Painter’s Mind
Basically, the motor of her mind was extremely colorful and enthusiastic. With a great thoughtful and creative brain, she also owned a minute touch of emotional sensation. Francine Vaysse adored painting wholeheartedly and primarily, her thinking forced her to find the actual emotions behind the strength of paintings.
Unwrapping of Francine Vaysse Emotions
Due to the provocative emotional thoughts she possessed, her paintings started showing the emotions and feelings vividly. In an early stage, she learnt the tricks to portray emotions behind the world of art and paintings especially the influential art work on canvas linking personal accomplishments that revealed a different area on the tropical isle of the reunion, where she resided. It’s from that accomplishing period that Francine earned everlasting fame and became one of the most renowned and great painter of recent times.
The Captivating and Enchanting Success on Art Works of Francine
Francine was an outstandingly commendable lady who was well known for her amusing works. Her works of art were so attractive and appealing to the viewer’s eye that everyone liked her paintings and it certainly became obvious for her fans to appreciate every singly bewitching painting she made. It is said about the remarkable painter that she was critical in her paintings as she adopted different moods and depicted that specific kind of mood or feelings in her sketches . Through this exceptionally unique quality, she attracted countless individuals.
A Silent Approach Towards the Artist Francine
If somebody is a great fan of her and wants to bless him or herself with fantastic works of Francine Vaysee then without any delay, conveniently search artscad . It’s a site where you could easily find various and massive range of quality paintings decorated by the absolutely amazing and famous artist.
Image Credit: artscad.com
Paintings That Provide Francine With Great Joy and Happiness
She did not choose the ordinary style and techniques in her magical paintings. In fact many got influenced with her creative warrior like artists styles. Although, Francine was an extremely different and a bit complicated artists yet she preferred painting the existing fashion and this bestowed her with ultimate joy and happiness.
The Incomparable Exuberance and Fascinating Styles of Francine
Inquisitively, Francine earned firm determination by various emotions that were a part of her everyday life. She terribly got inspired by them particularly the fascinating places Francine explored and formed special kind of techniques. Moreover, she was truly an art enthusiast who kept on practicing on techniques in different ways. The evidence of her marvels lies in the paintings she paints . One could clearly see different dainty patterns, elegant styles and brightly vibrant colors in almost every painting she so beautifully created.
Beautification of Womanhood Depicted in Francine Vaysse Paintings
It will be charmingly excited to know that Francine added eye catching shades beautifying the grace of womanhood which she was always passionately fond of. Francine owned the highly influential ideology of exposing the charm of women. Without any reluctance and hindrance, Francine kept on focusing on passing girl’s passion, intellects and knowledge all together with the students.
Francine Cherishing Passion Towards Art
Thorough studies speak of Francine in an extremely inspirational manner. Since her infancy, she always wanted to have a professional background. In the urge of achieving her objective, she chased her husband who lived in the Reunion Island. Francine had to strive hard in making her professional life easy and attainable. She was adamant on her decisions and painted beautifully due to which the world of art blooms amazingly. The most striking and enlightened part of Francine story is that the kind of work she portrayed ; it has yet not been witnessed in any other painter’s artwork.
The Pleasantness in the Artist’s Paintings
Her uniqueness in terms of art is beyond a shadow of doubt as Francine Vaysse worked in its own fashion and her paintings were abstract in its own style as well. Each individual could clearly observe the fantabulous creation by the popular artists.
The Wondrous success of Francine
In the year 2002, the fabulous painter Francine Vaysse presented some of her special paintings in a few working areas and began working on acrylic paintings. This outstandingly attention seeking artist has recognized herself along with the painting in different parts of the world and also exhibited them all around Island . Lately, she would definitely discover more extraordinary works regarding art and will get it incredibly approved by her lovers.
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The Impressionist Mastermind: Claude Monet
Claude Monet is considered to be the sole leader and prime innovator of impressionism – the 19th century art movement. He managed to capture, on canvas, the vivid beauty of nature in a manner of style that was vibrant and largely self-generated. Monet, since day one, aspired to capture the true essence of nature with his work and, keeping his brilliant paintings in mind, the world agrees he was quite successful at that. His subjects included scenes from his beloved garden to urban scenarios . Throughout his rather rebellious career, he never conformed to the conventional ways of painting. Monet was the greatest summit of uniqueness when it came to the art movement of impressionism.
Biography of Claude Monet
Early Life of Claude Monet
Born in Paris on the 14th of November 1840, Claude Monet opened his eyes to a world developing as rapid as a speeding bullet. His family left the bold Parisian neighborhood soon after his birth and made their move to Le Havre. Le Havre was where he was brought up. Monet’s father used to dream that his son would make himself a successful grocer but, little did he know, what the young artist had in stock for the world.
Claude Monet’s Interest in Art
Young Claude Monet’s interest was in art and art alone. He knew he wanted to become an artist since his childhood. He made quite a name for himself making charcoal impressions in Le Havre while growing up. Earning the first of his earnings from these caricatures was a rite of passage for Monet. Ever since he started earning, (by selling his charcoal caricatures) he was largely motivated to pursue his passion for art at a much more serious scale. As soon as his father discovered of his career choice, he stopped financing him and he was reduced to survive on the money he saved from his selling his early works.
Later Years – Developing A Unique Style
Teenage Monet paid a visit to Paris in 1857. He spent most of his time there in the Louvre Museum of Art. He looked upon the works of the old masters with respect and drew great inspiration from them but, he was never really satisfied with the idea of imitating them. He wanted to draw something natural. He’d rather opt out painting a simple scene of a Parisian street through an open window than choose a complex concept. By early 1861, he joined the armed forces of France and served for two years after which, he fell ill. He was discharged from the force due to his illness. He focused only on pursuing art as a career from then onwards.
Claude Monet Marriage With Camille
He got married at the age of thirty, in 1870. A war between France and Prussia broke shortly after he was wed to Camille Doncieux. The war made him leave his homeland in terror and he settled in London. He was stationed at London for quite a while after which he went to Holland and spent some of his time there before finally returning to France and his beloved Paris. He made a permanent settlement for his family close to the river Seine: a place that enable him to stay in close contact with his contemporaries: Auguste Renoir , Sisley, Gustave and Manet.
The Birth Of Impressionism
In April 1874, the first ever ‘impressionist’ exhibition was held. The term ‘impressionist’ was used by a famous art critic who was attending the exhibition. He argued that the paintings aren’t a true sketch of what was intended but are only an impression – with their rough lines and inconsistent colorations. Monet and the gang took the term as an appropriate label for their art and finally, this unique form of art (the one Monet was pursuing) found a name for itself.
Claude Monet’s Garden: The Inspiration Behind Water Lilies
Monet become a highly esteemed and popular artist by the turn of the century. He started earning quite a handsome living. A large chunk of his money went into developing his formal garden which he had made at his land in Giverny. This garden was then to become the sole inspiration behind one of his most famous series works: water lilies . He loved to sketch scenes from his garden.
Monet’s Legacy
In honor of the Frenchmen who gave up their lives for the good cause in the First World War, Monet painted a series of paintings . Monet, being a former soldier himself, felt greatly for the ones who died and dedicated his series of weeping willow paintings to them. Soon after the war concluded, Monet developed a disease of the eye. He was surgically treated for it and had the cataracts of his eyes removed and became disabled. Even that did not bring him down from doing what he loved. He continued to paint with his disability and managed to coin new techniques and further developed his unique style.
Claude Monet is a name that the art world would cherish through many ages to come. He was one of the greatest – if not THE greatest – painters of the modern world. The art he produced was truly something he could call his own. Throughout this broad career of his, he kept innovating; providing fertile soil for the seed of impressionism to grow into the mightiest of trees.
Most Famous Paintings By Claude Monet
Let’s have a look at most famous paintings by Claude Monet
You can buy Master Piece reproduction by Claude Monet here.
Impression, Sunrise
This piece of work is a classic example of the kind of things Monet preferred to paint. Impression, Sunrise is the view of the Le Havre harbour from out of one of Monet’s residence windows. This painting was revealed to the masses on the first ever impressionist exhibition held in 1874. For lack of a better name, Monet chose to name it “Impression soliel levant” (which translates to impression, sunrise) in haste. An art critic, who wasn’t very fond of the things he saw in this exhibition, keeping the name of this painting in mind, used the term “Impressionism” for the first time describing Monet and his contemporaries work. From this very painting the name of the great art movement was coined.
Camille
Monet’s famous model (who he married later on), Camille is shown posing in this majestic work. Alongside ‘ Camille’ , she is seen in many other works of the French artists namely: “On the Bank of the Seine”, “The Woman in the Garden”, “ Bennecourt ” and more. Monet’s Camille (also known as: “The Woman in the Green Dress” or “La femme à la robe verte”) made him a great deal famous among the folk of his time.
Water Lilies
‘Water Lilies’ is a large series of paintings (consisting of approximately 250 paintings) Monet made, capturing the serene beauty of his formal garden (situated at his land in Giverny). He loved his garden and this project was something very dear to Monet. Thus the large format and eccentric enthusiasm he painted these paintings with. The purpose of these paintings was to give the viewer a complete experience of the unrelenting grace of nature. His garden, with its pond containing water lilies, was an appropriate subject in order for the idea’s execution. Monet showed how the sunlight changes throughout the day in this series.
Death of Claude Monet
Never did he cease making these paintings better. He was determined to improve them till the very end of his own being. A year after his demise, in 1927, 22 out of 200+ paintings from this series (hand picked by Monet before his death) were exhibited in a public display.
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Albert Bierstadt: The Finest Landscape Artist
The entire world knows the German-born American, Albert Bierstadt, to be among the most finest landscape artists ever produced. He was largely motivated to choose landscape painting after witnessing the mesmerizing beauty of the American West. Bierstadt was a romantic and his romanticism with nature reflected in his life-like panoramic paintings of great landscapes of unsettled America . The German-born artist used to travel a lot. All of his knowledge of landscape and thus his recreation of it can be attributed to his frequent visits to the Bahamas, several countries in Europe and of course, the western and northern parts of America. Apart from being a phenomenal painter, he was also quite skillful photographer. He often took photographs of sceneries , sketched them roughly onto paper and then made them into huge paintings. Once unvalued and not seen for what they are, the works of Albert Bierstadt now hold a special place in the history of America.
Early Education of Albert Bierstadt
In the year 1831, Bierstadt’s family moved to the state of Massachusetts from his birthplace Germany. Developing the skill of sketching at a tender age, he grew up aspiring to be an artist . History reveals very little about his childhood and teenage. However it is known that he started to commercialize his artistic talents, marketing himself (on his own) as an art teacher.
Youthful Years of Albert Bierstadt
He started giving monochromatic painting lessons in New Bedford in the year 1950. The very same year he put his early artworks on display in an exhibition. The German-born artist soon had an epiphany and realized the limited scope of the work he was currently doing. Upon this, he went to Germany and started studying under formal supervision of the faculty at the Dusseldorf School of Painting. His attendance of the school, from 1853 to 1857, claimed five significant years of his life. He was influenced by the works of Andreas Achenbach and Carl Friedrich Lessing there. Bierstadt employed these influences into his own work and managed to solidify his technique. His instructors at the school made him paint with detailed strokes and advocated better use of lighting in order to create more depth.
The Beginning of Bierstadt’s Painting Career
Records reveal that the German-born artist’s painting career dawned at the time he was living in New York. He journeyed through the entire country very frequently in order to visualize the landscape he wanted to replicate. Bierstadt, accompanied by Colonel Frederick Lander, an employ in the land surveying sector of the government of the United States of America, began travelling towards the west. Upon his return, the sketches he had made of the beautiful places he’d been to turned into actual paintings through his hands. He went back to the rather devoid of population western part of the country in 1863 accompanied by Fitz Hugh Ludlow (who was a writer).
The Rocky Mountains, Lander’s Peak by Albert Bierstadt
He painted his very first landscape in panorama in the year 1864. Bierstadt’s painting ‘The Rocky Mountains, Lander’s Peak’ brought him world wide recognition and thus was the start of his brief yet successful painting career.
Achievements in The Painting Career of Albert Bierstadt
Being a member of the prestigious Hudson River School, a loose group of likeminded artists, Albert Bierstadt was exposed to paintings in similar taste to those he made, carrying an exquisite amount of detail, encapsulating man’s romance with nature . Albert,alongside other esteemed landscape artists such as Thomas Moran, Thomas Hill, William Keith and more was an inductee at the Rocky Mountain School as well. The German-born artist answered to the calling of the National Academy of Design (in New York City) in the year 1860, when they offered him a very respectful position: being one of the chief promoters of art in America. He was bestowed with medals for his achievements as a landscape painter in many European countries namely: Austria, Bavaria, Belgium and Germany.
How Dusseldorf School of Art Helped Bierstadt
Two transitional stages lead him to his eventual success: first, his attendance of the Dusseldorf School of Art, where he learned how to paint a more life-like painting with dramatic highlights and deep details and secondly, his journeying through the northern and western parts of America and his understanding of the sceneries and landscapes of the area.
List of Works and Paintings by Albert Bierstadt
The German-born painter’s first work ever to be sold was The Portico of Octavia Rome. It was purchased by the Boston Athenaeum in the year 1857. Bierstadt’s career as an artist was taking a turn for the better in the late 1850s. His works were exhibited in New York’s National Academy of Design in 1858. This was the first time in history his works were displayed solo. The United States Capital employed him to make two paintings for them which were then to be put on display. He was chosen to be sent to Queen Victoria in 1867 and held the high honor of being awarded Napoleon the third’s Legion of Honor. He finished more than 500 works of landscape all through his life plus he painted almost 4000 paintings that can be found in various art galleries and museums in both Europe and the US.
Albert Bierstadt’s Painting Techniques
The artist’s most commonly used formula was the usage of rich oil paints upon a huge canvass (with some of them being over 9 feet in width and length). The techniques he learned at the Dusseldorf art school helped him create very exquisite and elaborate replications of the vast and beautiful landscape of Northern America. The dramatic details of his works, resulting from the marriage of fine strokes and rich color and bright lighting, elicit a thousand emotions in their beholders. Every work of his creates a different mood altogether. His paintings are large in size and rather unorthodox but the depth of the sceneries he painted and the masterful set of techniques he used doing so made them just as life-like, just as deep and just as romantic as the actual landscapes.
Criticism on Bierstadt’s Paintings
Albert Bierstadt was one of the most strongly criticized artists of his age. He was allegedly belittling the works of his contemporaries by using such huge canvasses. Some even called him an egotist. The rest poured down negative remarks on his technique (especially the dramatic touch he gave to his paintings by color, light and shading). The German-born artist was a romantic himself and strongly believed that one should paint whatever he or she sees and not how things ideally look like. The authenticity of his landscapes was often challenged due to the techniques he employed. Some artist capitalized on the argument that the addition of rich atmosphere to the sceneries (like fog, clouds, shadows) was just an attempt at glorifying an otherwise barren landscape. Bierstadt actually did make changes to the original sceneries at times just to force the viewer to think the way he thought.
Personal Life of Albert Bierstadt
Bierstadt remained the most well known name in landscape painting for what remained of the 19th century since the dawn of his art career. When his career was at its summit, he stayed back at a studio he had made near the Hudson River in the year 1882. His studio’s name was Malkasten. He got married in 1886 and started making trips to Europe and the outback of North America again. Bierstadt travelled (with his wife) to the Bahamas when Mrs. Bierstadt fell ill off tuberculosis. Tragically, a huge collection of his paintings, both finished and unfinished and gifts from US Army officials from his tours of the West were burned in an accidental fire at his studio.
His wife, after struggling with her condition for a long time, died in the year 1893. Bierstadt’s work soon lost its influence as the French art movement: Impressionism started gaining more and more acceptance from the masses. Impressionistic paintings were now preferred over works of realism. The landscape artist hit rock bottom in 1895. He got completely bankrupt near the end and passed away in New York City as a forgotten name in the world of art. He was 72 when he died.
Albert Bierstadt The Master of Landscape Painting
Albert Bierstadt was a master of landscape painting. The colorful exaggerations of vast and often barren sceneries was his trademark and that it shall forever remain. The valleys he painted stretched vastly, the mountains mighty and unsurpassable and the waterfalls colorful and overflowing with life; his works were held in high esteem in his lifetime and are appreciated greatly to this day.
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An Introduction to The Unforgettable Soul of M.F.Husain
The graciously influential personality of M.F.Husain won and took away hearts of many people throughout the world. He was also known as Maqbool Fida Husain sometimes pronounced as Hussain and was born on September 17, 1952, Pandharpur, a state of India.
When Did M.F.Husain Started Painting
Undoubtedly, he accomplished his mission by devoting himself to the field he chose. He was commendably a self taught artist. One will be amazed to acknowledge that at a very young age he started summoning the skillful forms of art such as calligraphy and also, with ultimate passion practiced Kulfic khat with the presence of its geometric forms. He was such an enthusiastic person that while staying and visiting his uncle in Madrasa, he learnt to write amazing poetry that dwelled in his body and soul throughout his existence in this world and maybe the world hereafter as well. Interestingly, whenever M.F hussain got the opportunity, he would without any planning strap the gear to his bicycle and drove coolly to the countryside just to draw a sketch of powerfully arousing landscape .
Have a look at some beautiful landscape paintings .
When Did M.F.Husain Started His Professional Career
Facts state that in 1937, he reached Mumbai in utter determination to become a successful artist with an empty pocket and choose to live in a cheap room owned by prostitutes and pimps. Initially Husain indentured himself to a painter of cinema which he painted with great attention.
M.F Husain Appreciable Successes As An Artist
Notably, Husain was first recognized in 1947 when he was rewarded with an award at annual exhibition of the prestigious Bombay Art Society. He got deservingly famous and was given an invitation by Souza to be a part of Progressive Artists’ Group. A great deal of admirable firmness and dedication in the early years exposed the wonders of Husain in the form of The Spider and the lamp, Zameen and Man paintings.
M.F.Husain As the Most Leading and Renowned Artist of India
Peculiarly, in the year 1955, he was one of the most leading and renowned artists in India and had been bestowed with Padma Shri as a reward. Emphatically, he was an honorable invitee accompanied with Pablo Picasso at Sao Paulo Biennial in the year 1971.
Recognition of M.F.Husain Paintings at International Level
The appreciable element in his life was that he held various solo exhibitions; he also experienced chief retrospectives in 1969, Dubai. The others were organized in Delhi, 1978 and Calcutta in 1969. The prideful aspect was when he, in full spirits, participated in several international shows which involved Royal Academy of Arts, Contemporary Indian Art, Six Indian Painters, Modern Indian Painting, Tate Gallery, New York 1986 and Grey Art Gallery.
The Perpetual Twinkle in M.F Husain’s Legendary Talent
Husain’s legendary works come as a marvelous amazement to the entire world. Spectacularly, the “Sixth Seal” (name of painting) was estimated around 500,000 pounds and was also put forward in the tremendously popular Oxford Museum of Modern Arts India. Reality and Myth which were the strong holders of Modern Indian Art 1982 was held bidding at South Asian contemporary and modern art sale presented in London on May 31. Its inquisitive to learn that an untitled painting has been under custody of private hands since 1970s and the auctioneers estimated their biddings between 70,000 to 90,000 pounds. The outstanding reality of M.F Husain’s three paintings are hard to believe as he topped an auction of Bonham’s in London for a huge amount of Rs. 2.32 crore. Fantastically, research states that the painting was an untitled work done with oil where the artists combined smartly the two iconic subjects leading to horse and woman achieving Rs 1.23 crore. The honorably triumphant success were Husain’s work which he had won, dated and signed in Devanagari which were further enhanced in English and dated 70 on the lower left . It has been claimed as a laden with concealed intensity.
The Greatness and Controversies of Highly Captivating Husain
Without even a hint of uncertainty, it has been believed that Husain was greatly referred to as Picasso of India. It is known that Husain’s ultimate romance with art did not get initiated in an amorous way. Some tell the story of him paintings hoardings and film posters in order to earn some money. A sense of adoration strikes when one acknowledges his serious and honest devotion towards arts. Whenever, he tried to gather and save some pelf, he would nonchalantly ride to countryside and starts painting landscapes. He entirely devoted himself to the art world making it remarkably marvelous and turning into an unbelievably fantabulous artist for all eras to come.
M.F.Husain Blessed by the Padma Shree Award
In 1952, Husain first solo exhibition took place at Zurich and from the onwards, his amusing work became a prominent feature in US and Europe. The great artist earned a prestigious award of Padma Shree blessed by the Indian government out of respect and honor of him. In the journey to glory where there is joy; trouble is obvious.
The Golden Words of Pablo Picasso And Controversial Paintings of Husain
Art is never chaste. It ought to be forbidden to ignorant innocents, never allowed into contact with those not sufficiently prepared. Yes, art is dangerous. Where it is chaste, it is not art.
Falling under the light of controversy, M.F Husain in 1996 came under the scanner exactly after his ever first alleged anti Hindu paintings were published. This kind of artwork on Hindu represented Hindu goddesses in complete nudity. It was painted in the 70s.
M.F.Husain Paintings Controversy With The Hindu Community
After the painting was published, serious debate on free expression hurt Hindus pride prestige and sentiments leading into the fanatics who threatened the artist’s life. Furthermore, Husain went into exile because of the portrayal of one of his controversial painting Bharatmata. In 2006, he was charged over hurting the sentiments of Hindu people. Due to such humiliating and disgraceful scenarios, his paintings were brought down from exhibitions which ultimately compelled him to leave the country. To his fortune, he was honorably blessed with Qatar citizenship.
Last Nine Wondrously Triumphant Paintings of M.F Husain
The greatly famous Maqbool Fida Husain was India’s most precious, prized and controversial painter . Husain marvelously painted a series starting from 2008 till the last days of his death. The noteworthy aspect here is that out of nine, eight of his paintings are triptychs. Each of them impressively measured 12 feet wide by six feet high and they express the brightness and liveliness cities along with colorful and joyful festivals. These paintings proceeded to show historic events and iconic figures of India by Husain. The ninth painting was unique out of all as it was a single painting of Ganesha, Hindu God . Chiefly, the nine paintings were taken by a wealthy family of Indian tycoon Lakshmi Mittal who resided in London. The spectacular exhibition was supported and encouraged by Christies.
The Breathtaking Melancholic Death of Husain
One of the well renowned artists of India, Maqbool Fida Husain died because of a deadly heart attack in London at Royal Brompton Hospital. Sorrowfully, he expired at 2:30 am on Thursday. He was of 96 years old when his soul parted from this world leaving people in grief sadness.
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The Art of Creating Realistic Paintings
Camera is reckoned to be the most enticing productivity of technology. And with all the day by day innovations introduce by the masterminds, it is implausible to differentiate between live scenery and a picture taken by the advance lens of a camera of that exact same place. If you know how to master a camera and know how it’s functioned then it is highly likely for you to become a photographer. Everyone must have heard a mocking phrase that says “Every monkey who owns a DSLR thinks himself as a photographer”. But, if one compares it with painting ; the art of drawing exact objects on a canvas is not everyone’s cup of tea. It is not easy as the click of a camera; you will need years of practising to become an expert and even more practice if you are willing to become realistic artist.
Read about brief history of enamel paintings and its origin.
Top 6 Most Realistic Artists
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A Brief History of Portraits Painting
There used to be a time when only the richest of the rich had their portraits made. It was unthinkable for a commoner to get him/herself captured onto a canvass. No matter how hard it is for us to imagine this with the technological advancements of today, it was quite normal, back in the Renaissance period, for wealthy Florentine traders to hire an artist to have him paint a glorious portrait of themselves for very large sums of money. Even these merchants would most likely get their portraits painted only once in their entire lifetimes. Back then, having a portrait of yourself made symbolized exalted social status. It was a luxury only the elite could enjoy. On top of that, it took the artists quite a lengthy while to finish painting a portrait so, the subject (the one being captured in the painting) had to hold a steady pose for hours, even days at times.
‘Mona Lisa’: The World’s Most Popular Portrait
Leonardo Da Vinci Famous Italian Painter painted Mona Lisa on a wooden panel with oil paints . If not THE most famous, it is indeed one of the most famous paintings of the world.
You can buy the Master Reproduction of Mona Lisa painting here.
The Making of Mona Lisa
Leonardo finished painting Mona Lisa somewhere in between 1503 to 1506. At this time in history, He was living in Florence, Italy. The iconic painting can now be found hanging in the Louvre Museum in Paris which is the Mecca of the art world, with this painting being the sole object of the artistic pilgrimage. In 1970, the wooden panel was worked upon and made steady with the introduction of a few supportive braces, having previously been treated with the addition of a frame made of oak wood back in 1951. And also a tiny crack close to the centre of the top edge of the portrait was cleared by adding a dovetail joint.
The Smile of Mona Lisa: The Mystery Behind It
Leonardo Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa was intended to be a normal portrait of a Florentine merchant’s wife but, over the years, it has become very significant and is now looked upon as the greatest single symbol of the Renaissance period and also the most widely known painting in the entire world. The Portrait takes its meaning from the unresolved mystery of the subject’s smile. Her smile and her tender gaze was indeed meant for her husband to see but, due to unknown reasons, the painting couldn’t ever be delivered to its rightful owner. Da Vinci carried it with him when he visited Francis The First (the King of France at that time) to work for him.
The Eternal Influence of The Mona Lisa
This miraculous work of Leonardo’s, issuing an intense blend between the subject and the background, set a bench mark for all portraits works to be done in the future.
Who Was the Woman in The Mona Lisa
After a discovery made in 21st century, the woman in the portrait was revealed to be Lisa del Giocondo nee Gherardini. She was the spouse of a wealthy merchant from Florence, Italy, named Francesco di Bartolomeo del Giocondo (thus the portraits other title being ‘La Gioconda’). This famous painting is a traditional portrait painted in half-body. It features a sitter in the foreground and faraway landscape in the back. But, unfortunately, this dissection of the painting’s composition would not do. We would have to go to greater lengths than this to develop a better understanding of The Mona Lisa, Leonardo’s greatest work.
What Technique Did Leonardo Da Vinci Use With Mona Lisa Painting
Leonardo implies the use of some very fine shading to establish the exquisite detail of this portrait. Lisa’s provocative curves and the delicate locks of her hair are further exaggerated by the land forms in the background (the rivers and valleys). The subtlety of the subject’s dull, mysterious smile is the final stroke upon Leonardo’s masterpiece. Lisa’s smile is what makes The Mona Lisa what it is. It speaks of the artists’ metaphysical dispositions; of what he believed to be a heavenly link between nature and humankind, preserving this portrait as an everlasting documentation of Leonardo Da Vinci’s broad horizon.
Have a look at Master Piece Reproductions of Da Vinci .
Mona Lisa and Maddalena Doni
The Mona Lisa has had a great influence upon the Renaissance era (and upon further epochs to come). It revolutionized the art of portrait painting for the entire world. Da Vinci’s early works motivated his students and contemporaries and provided them with the food for freer thinking before attempting to make paintings of their own. The growing popularity of these drawings of his among artists made wealthy art lovers of the time collect them. His popularity and exalted reputation as an artist and a revolutionary thinker had quite an influence on his fellow artists. Similar to Leonardo’s own, it encouraged freedom of thought and action. A quotable example: Raphael, the impressionable yet talented artist who loved to sketch Leonardo’s works, took the Mona Lisa’s composition and made it the base of all his future portraits. One such example being Raphael’s portrait of ‘Maddalena Doni’.
Reanimating the Classic
The world has seen, at the very least, a dozen masterfully painted replicas of the Mona Lisa till now. This replication of the iconic portrait projects the sitter’s embodiment of the perfect woman, containing all elements that form one ideal female: beauty, depth and all.
This ideal woman has become quite a cult figure in the popular culture of both old and recent times. Her exalted, symbolic status was first made fun of in the 20th century. A mustache and beard were added to her face in a mocking postcard representation of the Mona Lisa in 1919. The trending art movement of ‘Dadaism’ had to its belt this shameless defilement of this greatest of all portrait paintings. The Dadaist expressed their contempt for the so called “masterpieces of the past” which, according to them, were a part of the civilization that went on and brought great wars (including the first world war) upon the world. In 1963, the portrait was also targeted by Andy Warhol , the famous visual artists from America, in pop art re-presentation of the original work.
The Mona Lisa Lives on
Leonardo’s famous portrait has inspired many works of art over the years. Lisa’s mysterious personality and her oddities were studied by Max Von Schillings in 1915 and translated into an opera performance. The Mona Lisa has also stimulated the very popular American lyricist Ray Evans and songwriter Jay Harold Livingston to write the classic song “Mona Lisa”. In 1950, the song was recorded by the vocalist and jazz pianist Nat King Cole. Natalie, Cole’s daughter, rerecorded this song alongside many other artists. Many films have been made and novels written linked to the painting. For example: William Gibson’s novel ‘Mona Lisa Overdrive and ‘Mona Lisa Smiled a Little by Rachel Wyatts, also the film Mona Lisa (1986).
The Mona Lisa lives on in both art and popular culture even five centuries after its creation. The the face of the Florentine merchant’s wife you can spot on tee-shirts, walls, clothes etc these days. It is perhaps the most reproduced image in mankind’s history.
Brief Biography of Jack Vettriano
The legendary painter was born in Fife in 1951, Scotland. Originally, his parents are Italian.
Why Did Jack Vettriano Change His Name
His actual name was Jack Hoggan. Later on, Jack added “a” in Vettriano which was his mother’s maiden name. You will be amazed to know that the world’s famous Jack Vettriano left school at the age of sixteen to opt out the courses of engineer to become a mining engineer.
You can buy Jack Vettriano paintings reproduction at ArtGaga.
When Did Jack Vettriano Started Painting
On Jack’s twenty first birthday, his girlfriend gifted him a vibrant set of watercolors and since then, he dedicated most of his time in teaching himself how to paint. It was the year of 1970 in which he took painting as a passionate hobby. Amazingly, in 1989, he passed on his two brilliantly decorated paintings to the Royal Scottish Academy’s annual exhibition. Both of his paintings were observed from a critical eye, adored and got sold on the first day. In the same year, the same enthusiasm was seen as a vigorous reaction of his three paintings which he had submitted for the highly prestigious summer exhibition at London’s Royal Academy and it’s from that very day, he started his new colorful life as an artist.
Early Influences of Jack Vettriano
Most of jacks early influences, came basically through studying how to paint at Art gallery and Kirkcaldy Museum. Over the period of last twenty years, people have given an overwhelming response due to which Jack Vettriano grew consistently. Solo exhibitions have been set up in London, New York and Hong Kong where his paintings were increasingly sold and genuinely appreciated.
How Much Do Jack Vettriano Paintings Sell For
It has thoroughly figured out that Jack Vettriano paintings have a regular circulation of six figure prices.
Have a look at some of the amusing Jack Vettriano Paintings.
Unforgettable Time of Jacks Career
Year 2004 was an exceptionally splendid year of Vettriano’s career. Jacks best and well known painting, the singing Butler had been sold out for 750,000 at Sotheby’s. To his ultimate pride, the moment arrived when Jack was given OBE as an award for the visual arts and was the title of a South Bank Show documentary known famously as “jack vettriano: the People’s Painter”. This was a grand turning point in Jack’s life from where he took his work terribly seriously and dedicated most of his energy and focus in making the paintings extraordinary.
You can buy the famous Jack Vettriano paintings Dance Me To The End Of Love and The Picnic Party .
Some Famous Jack Vettriano Paintings
The Ever Amusing Singing Butler
The lovably designed The Singing Butler is the most strikingly fantastic work of Jack Vettriano. It is basically an oil canvas painting and comes to the viewer in a catchy as well as conspicuous way. Any one who holds the sight of this painting finds difficult to deviate his or her mind else. The pleasantly mysterious reality about this painting relies in the sweetest of facts that it is highly effective bringing great pleasure and joy to people. It has remarkably won and touched every chamber of people’s heart.
What is the Story Behind Jack Vettriano’s Singing Butler
Emphatically, the most important factor about The Singing Butler is that Jack Vettriano relates to his environment which is the coast of Fife. One will be impressed to know that he got tempted with the sculpture of Hollywood and immediately after illustrating the representation, an idea of revealing the same kind of imagery to Hollywood struck his brainy artistic mind. It relates to the imagination of people which is directly linked with realism and romanticism. He beautifully shared his creative thoughts expressing his craving to be at the place where the sun is flamingly shining and where they could lead a simple elegant life. It is known as an adorable and charming picture of unrealistic fancy event. The sweet lovely image dispels the atmosphere of Scotland as an exciting place where you cannot afford to have singing butlers as the symbol of negativity of anti-joy.
Jack’s Praising Accomplishment on Singing Butler
The sprightly appealing painting above is sold at the price of 744,800 pounds in 1994. One would be astonished to realize the fact that the enchanting painting made a record at that point in time for any painting in Scotland. The incredible overwhelming response and reproductions of the Singing Butler made this uniquely captivating painting the best seller art print in UNTED KINGDOM.
Critical Analysis on Jack Vettriano Paintings
In the history of Vettriano, his seekers and admirers say that if jack ever got the opportunity to paint one picture in his entire life, this enchanting picture would have been the one for all eras to hit Scotland. The most enlightened part of his personality was the meaningful thought for the people of Scotland as he truly believed this enchanting painting would make their lives worth living and better. Undoubtedly, he has blessed people with such an art world which is completely licit. Some acquaintances speak of Vettriano having Italian blood as the classy and inspirational image was not only restricted to Scotland or the Scottish art but was extended in all major cities of colorful art world.
Great Works and Achievements of Jack Vettriano
In London, from the year 1994 till 2007, Jack Vettriano had been represented by Portland Gallery but the bond or say- companionship ended somewhere in June 2007. Vettriano succeeded in his profession and agreed to have various private projects in hand. This happened in June 2008. He did it with the support of the new book life“studio ” which he launched and through earning from his fabulously created portraits entitled as “Sir Jackie Stewart” and “Zara Phillips”. Around 2010, a desirable exhibition of more than forty new portraits, days of wine and roses was announced and opened at the Art Gallery and Kirkcaldy Museum in Fife. Chiefly, the exhibition was migrated to London and opened at Heartbreak in the following 2010, September. Being a highly talented and skilled artist, it becomes difficult for Jack to spend time with his family or give time to his own identity. But, Jack in spite of having loads of work, copes up his personal life by dividing time between his homes situated in London, Nice and Fifa.The incredibly honorable, enthusiastic and passionate artist Jack Vettriano through his profound paintings is currently represented by the esteemed Heartbreak Gallery located in London.
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Hailing all the way, from Mexico, is the story of the renowned Mexican painter Diego Rivera . His name has been, for an unknown reason, frequently misspelled in history as Diego ‘Ribera’. Born in the city called Guanajuato, Diego Rivera’s date of birth is marked as 8th of December, 1886. An interesting thing to note about this talented painter is that, he developed his flair for painting during his academic days.
You can check out Diego Rivera Paintings for Sale at ArtGaga. We also have a huge collection of Master Reproductions by famous Artists.
Short Diego Rivera Biography: His Early Years
From Guanajuato, Rivera’s family decided to move to the main Mexico City. At that point of time, Rivera was 10 years old. Reaching Mexico City was destined for Rivera in a way because it was in this very city where he got a scholarship from the government for continuing his studies at the Academy of Arts of San Carlos. Rivera continued his studies in this institute till 1902, when he faced expulsion from the authorities because of him participating in the students’ revolts and riots.
Various Influences on Diego Rivera for His Paintings
If we talk about the various influences on Rivera, there is small list of noteworthy people.
Diego Rivera’s First Paintings Instructor
The list of influential people includes his first instructor, Jose Guadalupe Posada and also an engraver with whom Rivera worked in his early years.
Diego Rivera’s First Painting Exhibition
After five years from being expelled from Academy of Arts of San Carlos, Rivera launched his first ever painting exhibition which was an instant success among the art lovers of the city. This display of success proved fortunate for him because he landed yet another scholarship inviting him to continue his studies in Spain at the school of San Fernando, Madrid.
After landing in Spain, Rivera obtained multiple opportunities to explore other parts of Europe and thus, he visited Belgium, England, Holland and France during the span of 1908 to 1910.
How Rivera Got Influenced by Paul Cézanne’s Artwork
Rivera fell in love with Paris and decided to stay there in the year 1911. During his trips and his settlement in Paris, Rivera got profoundly stirred by the post-impressionism school of thought and in particular he got influenced by the artwork created by Paul Cézanne.
An Overview of Diego Rivera Artwork
· Diego Rivera Cubism
Rivera showed a deep interest in post-impressionism and this interest led him to adopt other styles like cubism in his paintings. This influence showed itself to be really positive for his work because under its impact he created some of the most harmonious and brilliant paintings of his career. In 1910, Rivera even held an exhibition of his paintings based on his newly found interest. The exhibition was yet again a success in spite of the fact that Rivera was still an amateur in this newly found field of his.
· Fresco Painting
Being emotionally attached with the notion of the Mexican Revolution, Rivera expressed his artwork dipped in that sentiment as well. He always kept experimenting and seeking new tools to express his out bursting ideas. Diego Rivera chose to work with the techniques of fresco painting as well.
How Fresco Painting Works
In this particular technique, the painter paints unswervingly on to a wet mortar, which is a mix of sand and lime, and this allows the paint to get deeply entrenched in it. When the paint dries up, the painter then fixes it according to this requirement. Rivera studied fresco painting style deeply as he visited various parts of Europe in order to discover such paintings.
· Mural Technique
Another inspiration that came towards him was from an Old Italian painter, Giotto, who practiced the mural technique of painting in the time of Renaissance. The influence of Giotto was so deep on this sensitive artist that it allowed him to distinguish himself from the cubist point of view and design his own in-depth creations of the current atmosphere. He had created numerous sketches which he had decided to paint later through the knowledge he had gained via his foreign trips.
· Narrative Style
Soon enough, in 1921 when he came back to Mexico City, Rivera started to adopt a narrative style while using his paints with flat inks. He also worked for the National Preparatory School of the Mexico City at one point of time. His most famous work is the “The fecund Earth” (also called as ‘Tierra fecunda’), which he particularly created for the National School of Agriculture, Chapingo.
Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera
Rivera got married in 1929 to Frida Kahlo. His deep interest in politics and history continued to reflect his revolutionary voice in his artwork. Other amazing paintings by this remarkable artist in the form of murals are still displayed at the Cortés Palace Cuernavaca and at the National Palace of Mexico City.
Later Years of Diego Rivera
Mural paintings of Rivera became so popular that they lead him to become the principle of an art school and also led him to become a political leader as well. He remained an active member of the Communist Party from the year of 1923 to 1930. After that he joined the party once again in the year 1954 and remained a member till his death.
Rivera’s work became so much popular in the 1930’s that he had an exhibition held in New York as well. He kept on receiving frequent orders for decorating various public buildings. While performing this task, Rivera extensively made use of the fresco technique and also employed the old encaustic painting techniques.
Rivera’s New Social Style of Painting
From 1940 and onwards, Rivera felt a love for landscapes and portraits, and thus he continued to painting them. While painting them, Rivera successfully created a new Social Style of painting that became highly popular.
The Death of Diego Rivera
Rivera died on 25th of November, 1957 while he was working on a huge mural based project at the National Palace in the Mexico City.
Diego Rivera Paintings
Within his paintings, Rivera covered all the important historical moments of Mexico. He painted the Earth, the workers, the revolution, the customs, and even the popular characters of this area. He was always on the lookout for ways that could aid him in depicting his feelings to the audience. He made use of the public areas particularly well for this purpose. Rivera formulates a very significant part of the Mexican art and he will continue to remain so till time immemorial.
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Which jazz musician and clarinet player was known as the ‘King of Swing’? | Famous Clarinet Players
Famous Clarinet Players
All-time Famous Clarinet Players, Solo, Orchestral, Jazz, Grammy, Klezmer, World, Orchestral Principals
Fame and clarinet: Who are the famous clarinet players? If you were to ask the man or woman on the street, they might say Kenny G. (not knowing he’s a saxophonist) or give you a really funny look and return the question - “Uh, famous clarinetists?”
This “person on the street” from the 1930s to at least the 1990s would say Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw or Woody Herman hands down. These famous clarinet players were the bandleader/clarinetists that rocked the world during the big-band era.
Can this Puppy Resist Clarinet Shoes? What is in the box?
All-time Famous Clarinet Players - Goodman, Shaw and Herman
Famous Clarinet Players - Benny Goodman
Hum? Let's get a glimse of why these clarinetists lit the world on fire with clarinet "back in the day." Here is the Benny Goodman Orchestra playing Sing, Sing, Sing featuring Gene Krupa-Drums, Harry James-Trumpet from the film Hollywood Hotel from 1937.
The following method includes the music to Sing, Sing, Sing.
look inside
Benny Goodman (Jazz Play-Along Volume 86). By Benny Goodman. For C Instruments, Bass Clef Instruments, Bb Instruments, Eb Instruments. Jazz Play Along. Play Along. Softcover with CD. 72 pages. Published by Hal Leonard (HL.843110).
FAMOUS CLARINET PLAYERS - LEARN MORE ABOUT BENNY GOODMAN, AND MAYBE HOW TO SWING LIKE THE KING OF SWING.
Famous Clarinet Players - Artie Shaw
Then you have Artie Shaw. Below is a video of Artie Shaw’s playing his Concerto for Clarinet. You'll see and hear his stature as a clarinetist, bandleader and entertainer from the 1940 film Second Chorus.
Artie Shaw's Jazz Technic, Book 2 - 14 Clarinet Etudes (Fourteen Clarinet Etudes). For clarinet. Method/Instruction; Technique Musicianship; Woodwind - Clarinet Method or Collection. Swing and Instructional. Clarinet instruction book. Standard notation and instructional text. 16 pages. Published by Alfred Music (AP.EL9502).
This Eddie Daniels method has Shaw's signature tune in it: Begin the Beguine
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The Music of Eddie Daniels (Clarinet). By Eddie Daniels. Edited by Pete Barenbregge. For clarinet solo. Artist/Personality; Lead Sheet; Woodwind - Clarinet Method or Collection. Jazz and Hard Bop. Difficulty: medium-difficult. Instrumental solo book. Standard notation. 80 pages. Published by Alfred Music (AP.0742B).
Famous Clarinet Players - Soloists
Famous Clarinet Players - Sabine Meyer and Julian Bliss
One of clarinet's new superstars is Julian Bliss. He collaborated, and studied with, Sabine Meyer, one of the greatest German clarinetists and also one of the top clarinet soloists in the world.
There was a great promotional video in this spot before that is now off YouTube. You can still experience their amazing artistry here with the Concerto for Two Clarinets in Eb Op. 91: mvt. 1- Allegro by Franz Krommer
If you are interested in learning the Spohr and Krommer works on the Bliss/Meyer CD, check them out here...
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Clarinet Concerto in Eb Major Op.36 Composed by Franz Krommer (1759-1831). Edited by Berlasz. For clarinet, piano. Clarinet and Piano. Published by Edition Kunzelmann (PE.GM0217).
While clarinetists today aren’t necessarily household names like Britney Spears and Tom Cruise (thank goodness for us and the players), there are clarinet superstars among the classical, jazz and klezmer styles. Here is a small selection of names of famous clarinetists: Famous Clarinet Players - Richard Stoltzman Richard Stoltzman, Grammy-Award winning clarinetist, plays some music and talks about his experiences working with modern classical composers. The music he is playing on this clip is the Bach Chromatic Fantasy.
look inside
Aria (For Clarinet and Piano). For clarinet and piano (Clarinet/Piano). Classical. Collection and set of performance parts. Performance notes. 183 pages. Published by Carl Fischer (CF.O5387).
Here is Mr. Stoltzman playing the first movement of the Copland Clarinet Concerto with Michael Tilson Thomas conducting the London Symphony Orchestra.
look inside
Concerto for Clarinet and String Orchestra with harp and piano (reduction for clarinet and piano). Composed by Aaron Copland (1900-1990). For Clarinet, Piano Accompaniment. Boosey & Hawkes Chamber Music. 20th Century. Difficulty: medium. Set of performance parts. 27 pages. Boosey & Hawkes #M051580088. Published by Boosey & Hawkes (HL.48005879).
Famous Clarinet Players - Martin Fröst See and hear this amazing montage of Swedish clarinet virtuoso Martin Fröst. Charismatic and multi-talented, you’ll see him performing clarinet while rollerblading and articulating the Flight of the Bumble Bee.
Want to learn Flight of the Bumblebee? Go through Opperman's Chromatic Machine methodically and you'll turn some heads with speed.
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The Clarinet Chromatic Machine Composed by Alexander Borodin Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky. For Clarinet. Softcover. Standard notation. 144 pages. Published by Carl Fischer (CF.WF46).
What do you mean by “pushing the envelope?” More Martin Fröst to follow; this is the short version of Hillborg's Clarinet Concerto "Peacock Tales". The playing is amazing all by itself. Now, add the acrobatics in between…
Famous Clarinet Players - Orchestral
Famous Clarinet Players - Orchestral players - Larry Combs, Karl Leister, and Ricardo Morales.
Watch Larry Combs, former principal of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, play this original arrangement of Schubert's Shepherd on the Rock.
Hear Mr. Karl Leister play Carl Maria von Weber's Rondo. Allegro giocoso from the Clarinet Quintet, Bb Major Op. 34. with members of BPO (1990) Berliner Philharmonic Chamber Music.
Watch this video of orchestral player Ricardo Morales. Read more about Orchestral Principal Clarinetists at the bottom of this page...
Famous Clarinet Players - Jazz
Jazz - Don Byron, Eddie Daniels, Paquito D’Rivera, Buddy DeFranco, Pete Fountain Read about the 2010 Jazz Clarinetist of the Year, Anat Cohen here. Eddie Daniels, Clarinet, and the Ensemble Sans Frontière (String Quintet) playing an excerpt from Frank Proto’s String Quintet.
You will not find the Proto quintet in the book following, but you will get good incite as too how to play works that difficult here...
The Vandoren Etude and Exercise Book Fpr Clarinet The Secrets of Ten Master Clarinetists. By David Weber; Eddie Daniels; Gary Foster; Ginger Kroft Barnetson; Greg Raden; Harry Skoler; John Bruce Yeh; Mitchell Estrin; Paquito D'rivera; Teresa Reilly. Edited by David Weber, Eddie Daniels, Gary Foster, Ginger Kroft Barnetson, Greg Raden, Harry Skoler, John Bruce Yeh, Mitchell Estrin, Paquito D'rivera, Teresa Reilly. For Clarinet Solo. Classical. Student Book. 109 pages. Published by Carl Fischer. (WF55)
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Paquito D’Rivera starting out on clarinet and ending on alto sax.
I believe we tracked down the tunes on the above Paquito D’Rivera video. The first one is Vals del Sur. The second one is called Snow Samba, composed with the Brazilian trumpeter Claudio Roditi, and it's one of the tracks of the album "Return to Ipanema", released in 1989. I can’t find any recordings other than this video of Paquito playing Vals del Sur. Thanks to Marco R. for filling me in on the second tune. Yesterdays with Buddy DeFranco with Les Brown and his Band of Renown, "Aurex Jazz Festival", Sep.1,1983 at Budokan(Tokyo,Japan). Make sure you listen to this one all the way to the end. AWESOME!
You can find DeFranco’s transcription of Yesterday’s here…
The Buddy DeFranco Collection Clarinet. By Buddy DeFranco. Artist Transcriptions (Authentic note-for-note transcriptions). 80 pages. Published by Hal Leonard. (672423)
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Famous Clarinet Players - Jazz, Klezmer and World Music Meet Clarinetist and composer Don Byron performs numerous styles of music. Bennetta Jules-Rosette, Ph.D. interviews Byron at the University of California. This is a 59 minute video so I’ve highlighted times below so you can skip to subjects that interest you or go directly to the music performance segments. See subject and performance times below video frame and let the video "load-in" before you skip from one section to the next.
Times and performance sections in bold: (0:00) Byron speaks about his latest project and Afro-Caribbean music. (2:00) Great world clarinetists who influence Byron. (3:09) Byron speaks about how he started studying clarinet and how it helped him overcome challenges of asthma. Also, family influences and studies from classical to jazz to Eastern European folk music. (6:00) Byron talks about album Tuskegee Experiments and klezmer music. (12:38) Ideas on uses of different musical genres and pushing their limits. (14:30) What is the Don Byron “stamp” on music? (16:45) Byron performs with pianist, Billy Childs, at Price Center Lecture, UCSD. (23:15) Music as a Social force? (24:15) Byron answers. (28:35) About Blacksploitation CD. (31:16) Byron plays Waltz for Ellen from Tuskegee Experiments during the interview. (34:49) Byron plays another waltz with Billy Childs. (41:35) About Byron’s composing process. (45:00) Music style and idiom influences on Byron. (47:40) Byron on Stravinsky’s Ebony Concerto. (50:35) Byron on Hip-Hop. (53:25) Byron’s advice to young musicians. (54:14) Byron plays again as a closer. Dixieland Jazz New Orleans jazz man Pete Fountain playing Just a Closer Walk with Thee with Amazing Grace in the middle and a few bars of I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire.
New Orleans Jazz Clarinetists
Famous Clarinetists - Classic New Orleans Jazz - Sidney Bechet, Johnny Dodds, and Jimmie Noone.
Sidney Bechet – song Blue Horizon, Sidney Bechet and His Blue Note Jazzmen, December 30, 1944
As noted on the YouTube write-up:
“Listen to the fine tremolo Bechet brings out of his instrument. Like all great jazz musicians, Bechet can bring everything about a song, from the sound of his instrument to the melody itself, to the very edge, where it appears as if it might just break off, without losing control. You may not notice how sure-footed some people are until you see them prance nimbly around a cliff. Here Bechet is in command throughout the piece, which is practically all clarinet solo. Richard Hadlock recalls some musical advice Bechet gave him regarding how to produce a tone: I’m going to give you one note today, he once told me. See how many ways you can play that note—growl it, smear it, flat it, sharp it, do anything you want to it. That’s how you express your feelings in this music. It’s like talking. (quoted in Ted Gioa, The History of Jazz, p. 50).”
Hear clarinetist Johnny Dodds in Chicago in 1928 with his usual gang - Natty Dominique and George Mitchell cornets, John Thomas on trombone, Charlie Alexander piano, Bud Scott banjo, and Baby Dodds drums.
Johnny Dodds playing with King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band – below is Dippermouth Blues (Sugarfoot Stomp) 1923 Joe "King" Oliver was a jazz cornet player and bandleader. Johnny Dodds performed clarinet with him as well as Oliver’s protegé Louis Armstrong, second cornet, Baby Dodds, drums, Lil Hardin, on piano, Honore Dutrey on trombone, and Bill Johnson, bass and banjo. Recordings made by this group in 1923 demonstrated the serious artistry of the New Orleans style of collective improvisation or Dixieland music to a wider audience.
Jimmie Noone – song You Rascal You Jimmie Noone is generally regarded as one of the greatest of the second generation of jazz clarinetists, along with Johnny Dodds and Sidney Bechet.
Famous Clarinet Players - Klezmer
Klezmer - Dave Tarras, Andy Statman, Janfie Van Strien (clarinetist with the Amsterdam Klezmer Band)
The Andy Statman Trio (Andy on clarinet, Jim Whitney on bass and Larry Eagle on drums and percussion) performing an untitled original melody in concert, summer 2007.
If you know this untitled Klezmer melody, please contact me. Otherwise, hear Mr. Statman perform A Collection of Timeless Jewish Melodies here
Learn to Play Klezmer Music Improvising in the Tradition. By Andy Statman. This edition: DVDSTAKL21. Homespun Tapes (Instructional). DVD . Published by Homespun. (641998)
Famous Clarinet Players - World
Bulgaria - Ivo Papazov and His Wedding Band. You need to check this out. Unbelievable playing and exciting...
Greece - Expand your horizons and sound concept with this traditional Epirus Song by Greek Clarinetist Petroloukas Chalkias.
Macedonia - The famous clarinet player from Republic of Macedonia, Tale Ognenovski played the clarinet as a Macedonian folk instrument and became famous worldwide with his work. Below is not a video but a montage with some great playing on it.
Famous Clarinet Players - Historical
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If you ask a clarinetist who the most famous clarinet players are, they might give some of the aforementioned names, but more than likely they’ll give you their spin on the greatest clarinetist alive or dead and why that person is the greatest. And, they’ll subdivide the players into musical styles, or countries and continents like: the greatest American clarinetist, French clarinetist, German clarinetist, Jazz clarinetist, Klezmer clarinetist, Greek clarinetist, etc… Then, you have the category of the most famous clarinet players of all time. It’s hard to compare this category because recordings didn’t become available until the late 1880s (cylinder disks). But, you can guess that the historically famous clarinetists would include Anton Stadler (Mozart’s friend and inspiration to write the Clarinet Concerto and Quintet) and Richard Muhlfeld (Brahm’s friend and inspiration to write the Clarinet Sonatas, Trio and Quintet). Matter of fact, Brahm’s had decided to quit composing completely until he heard Richard Muhlfeld play as principal clarinetist of the Meiningen Court Orchestra in Germany. Thanks to Stadler and Brahms, the clarinet world has music written by two of the greatest composers that ever lived; written specifically for clarinet; and during the most mature time period of the composer’s life.
So, how does a young clarinetist figure out who the MOST famous clarinet players are now-a-days? Well, let’s start with the Grammy awards. The “person on the street” knows what the Grammy awards are, right?
GRAMMY WINNING CLARINETISTS
These Grammy winning recordings include soloists, chamber and jazz. As you might imagine, the recordings that win Best Classical Performance, Best Orchestral Performance, Best Choral Performance, etc… nearly all had clarinetists in the ensembles. This list does not cover these categories.
This list holds names of clarinetists who primarily play clarinet. If you are wondering where names like Paquito D’Rivera are, try Grammy winning saxophonists who also play clarinet.
THE ENVELOPE PLEASE! THE WINNERS ARE: Larry Combs, Eddie Daniels, Benny Goodman, Woody Herman, Artie Shaw and Richard Stoltzman.
To see the recordings and years these players won their Grammys and a full list of nominees, go the Clarinet Grammy Awards.
ORCHESTRAL PRINCIPAL CLARINETISTS
Winning the position of Principal Clarinet in a major symphony orchestra is a massive undertaking. You could say it is American Idol times ten. The competition is stiff among really talented, trained and already extremely professional musicians. Imagine this, and then the fact the principal clarinetists hold onto their jobs for a long time. Now, you come into famous clarinet player range.
Especially in large cities like New York City, the principal clarinetist is Stanley Drucker. He won a post with the orchestra in 1948 and became principal in 1960. He retired in 2009 having played with the orchestra 61 years and as principal a total of 49 years. Can you imagine a professional football player still playing competitive “on the field” football for 61 years?
| Benny Goodman |
Dormant volcano Mount Elbrus is in which mountain range? | Benny Goodman - The King of Swing
Inquiries
QUOTES ABOUT BENNY
"The brilliant explosion known as Benny Goodman went off in 1935, and it hasn´t gone out yet."
-- Whitney Balliett in The New Yorker, December 28, 1977
"He remains one of the great contributors to music . . . people are fortunate to be able to enjoy this outstandingly talented man."
-- John McDonough in Coda, a Canadian jazz publication, September 1974
"Benny Goodman is our ´International Ambassador With Clarinet.´
-- President John F. Kennedy upon Goodman´s return from a State Department sponsored concert tour in Russia, 1962
"Benny used to practice 15 times more than the whole band combined."
-- Harry James, famous trumpet player and cinema performer
"Working for Benny was like being in a school of music. His discipline, knowledge and ability were great determining factors in my musical life.
-- Georgie Auld, tenor sax player
“Only Stokowski and Iturbi made as many Hollywood films as Benny Goodman, and his touring and recordings have made him the greatest living jazz legend throughout the world. His name is an ‘open sesame’ everywhere he goes.”
-- Staten Island Sunday Advance, March 29, 1981
“From his earliest small group recordings through his big bands of the swing era – of which he surely was a king –and on until the end of his days, Benny Goodman was a master of the clarinet and a bandleader admired by musicians and non-musicians alike, across all musical categories and across the globe. His quicksilver tone, his insistent drive to swing the music, his ability to execute cleanly the most dramatic filigrees of passages – all these qualities made him one of the most imitated instrumentalists in the world. Equally important to his legacy is his courage in proclaiming that music is a universal language transcending race and nation. Both as musical units and as experiments in democracy, his integrated bands comprised magnificent gestures toward perfection in our time.”
-- Robert J. O’Meally, Director of Jazz Studies, Columbia University, NYC
“Listening to Benny talk about the clarinet was like listening to a surgeon get hung up on a scalpel.”
-- Artie Shaw, quoted in the liner notes by Richard M. Sudhalter for the CD “Benny Goodman: The Complete Trios”
“Mr. Goodman could not so much as poke his clarinet into camera range yesterday without producing an ovation. His followers, whose names – as you may have guessed – are legion, beat their hands as though they had toughened them in brine for days. They stamped their feet, and there didn’t seem to be a rubber heel in the house. They whistled, they bleated, they cooed and they got rhythm and they almost drowned out the picture … they were yowling for more when we left.”
-- Frank S. Nugent, in a New York Times review of the WB film, Hollywood Hotel, on January 13, 1938
“I had never heard anyone play like Benny Goodman and had never seen anyone like him on the stage. I realize now that what impressed me and stayed with me in memory was – the sounds he made. He played so purely. The music seemed to come from him, not just the instrument he played with such mastery.”
-- actress Marian Seldes
“Goodman was one of the most incredible players the field has ever known. It wasn’t just that his own improvisation was marvelous, the spirit, the verve, the vitality, even humor he played with, but the sheer technical mastery. He played that thing like it was a yo-yo. The only thing comparable from a technical point of view would be [Art] Tatum."
-- pianist-composer Mel Powell
“He was totally in command of everything. He was always a heavy practicer. Practiced all the time. He had ideas on how everything should be done in the band – bass, everything. Nobody argued with him, everybody had great respect for him.”
-- lead trumpet player Jimmy Maxwell
“To me, some of the best moments of my life were playing with Benny.”
-- bassist Sid Weiss
“Above all else, he was a great player, one of the greatest American music has produced. He brought his absolute talent and his invincible love of music to the fore every time he played. There are many other things connected to society and ethnicity that are often mentioned in a discussion of Benny Goodman but all of them are connected to his overwhelming affection for the art of the music and the fairness it should be allowed to express.”
-- Stanley Crouch, Jazz Historian, author and Professor, Columbia University Jazz Program; columnist, New York Daily News
“I first knew and loved Benny Goodman’s music from my small collection of 78’s and first heard him live at the old Paramount. – I brought along a lunch bag so I could stay for 2 shows. On trumpet I used to imitate Ziggy Elman playing the freilach variation on Benny’s recordings of 'The Angels Sing.' And years later, when I became the music director of the Corpus Christi Symphony, I had him as a soloist in Mozart’s Clarinet Concerto. He told me we should play it as if we were singing “Don Giovanni.” Benny Goodman was a complete musician, the first-ever model for so many American artists who make no distinction between jazz and the classics."
-- Maurice Peress, Professor of Music, Queens College, NYC
"Let us not minimize the importance of Goodman’s role in classical music, if only because he commissioned and caused to be written a classic of twentieth-century literature, Bela Bartok’s Contrasts. In a sense, Benny was the first Third Stream musician, moving easily in and out of jazz and classical music, from the Palomar Ballroom to Carnegie Hall, or – to put it in another way – ‘jamming’ all night and then playing Mozart with his viola-playing friend and brother-in-law John Hammond.”
The Swing Era, The Development Of Jazz, 1930 – 1945
-- Gunther Schuller
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Pulmonary relates to which part of the human body? | The Lungs (Human Anatomy): Picture, Function, Definition, Conditions
Human Anatomy
Picture of the Lungs
© 2014 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.
The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (bronchioles), finally becoming microscopic.
The bronchioles eventually end in clusters of microscopic air sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen from the air is absorbed into the blood . Carbon dioxide , a waste product of metabolism , travels from the blood to the alveoli, where it can be exhaled. Between the alveoli is a thin layer of cells called the interstitium, which contains blood vessels and cells that help support the alveoli.
The lungs are covered by a thin tissue layer called the pleura. The same kind of thin tissue lines the inside of the chest cavity -- also called pleura. A thin layer of fluid acts as a lubricant allowing the lungs to slip smoothly as they expand and contract with each breath.
Lung Conditions
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ): Damage to the lungs results in difficulty blowing air out, causing shortness of breath. Smoking is by far the most common cause of COPD.
Emphysema : A form of COPD usually caused by smoking . The fragile walls between the lungs' air sacs (alveoli) are damaged, trapping air in the lungs and making breathing difficult.
Chronic bronchitis : Repeated, frequent episodes of productive cough, usually caused by smoking . Breathing also becomes difficult in this form of COPD.
Pneumonia : Infection in one or both lungs. Bacteria, especially Streptococcus pneumoniae, are the most common cause.
Asthma : The lungs' airways (bronchi) become inflamed and can spasm, causing shortness of breath and wheezing . Allergies , viral infections , or air pollution often trigger asthma symptoms .
Acute bronchitis : An infection of the lungs' large airways (bronchi), usually caused by a virus. Cough is the main symptom of acute bronchitis .
Pulmonary fibrosis : A form of interstitial lung disease . The interstitium (walls between air sacs) become scarred, making the lungs stiff and causing shortness of breath.
Sarcoidosis : Tiny areas of inflammation can affect all organs in the body, with the lungs involved most of the time. The symptoms are usually mild; sarcoidosis is usually found when X-rays are done for other reasons.
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: Extra weight makes it difficult to expand the chest when breathing. This can lead to long-term breathing problems .
Pleural effusion : Fluid builds up in the normally tiny space between the lung and the inside of the chest wall (the pleural space). If large, pleural effusions can cause problems with breathing.
Pleurisy : Inflammation of the lining of the lung (pleura), which often causes pain when breathing in. Autoimmune conditions, infections, or a pulmonary embolism may cause pleurisy .
Bronchiectasis: The airways (bronchi) become inflamed and expand abnormally, usually after repeated infections. Coughing , with large amounts of mucus, is the main symptom of bronchiectasis.
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis ( LAM ): A rare condition in which cysts form throughout the lungs, causing breathing problems similar to emphysema . LAM occurs almost exclusively in women of childbearing age.
Cystic fibrosis : A genetic condition in which mucus does not clear easily from the airways. The excess mucus causes repeated episodes of bronchitis and pneumonia throughout life.
Interstitial lung disease : A collection of conditions in which the interstitium (lining between the air sacs) becomes diseased. Fibrosis (scarring) of the interstitium eventually results, if the process can't be stopped.
Lung cancer : Cancer may affect almost any part of the lung. Most lung cancer is caused by smoking .
| Lung |
Who played tutor Stephen Potter in the 1960 film ‘School for Scoundrels’? | Lungs and Respiratory System
Lungs and Respiratory System
Breathing is so vital to life that it happens automatically. Each day, you breathe about 20,000 times, and by the time you're 70 years old, you'll have taken at least 600 million breaths.
Respiratory System Basics
All of this breathing couldn't happen without the respiratory system, which includes the nose, throat, voice box, windpipe, and lungs.
At the top of the respiratory system, the nostrils (also called nares) act as the air intake, bringing air into the nose, where it's warmed and humidified. Tiny hairs called cilia protect the nasal passageways and other parts of the respiratory tract, filtering out dust and other particles that enter the nose through the breathed air.
Air can also be taken in through the mouth. These two openings of the airway (the nasal cavity and the mouth) meet at the pharynx, or throat, at the back of the nose and mouth. The pharynx is part of the digestive system as well as the respiratory system because it carries both food and air. At the bottom of the pharynx, this pathway divides in two, one for food (the esophagus, which leads to the stomach) and the other for air. The epiglottis, a small flap of tissue, covers the air-only passage when we swallow, keeping food and liquid from going into the lungs.
The larynx, or voice box, is the uppermost part of the air-only pipe. This short tube contains a pair of vocal cords, which vibrate to make sounds.
The trachea, or windpipe, extends downward from the base of the larynx. It lies partly in the neck and partly in the chest cavity. The walls of the trachea are strengthened by stiff rings of cartilage to keep it open. The trachea is also lined with cilia, which sweep fluids and foreign particles out of the airway so that they stay out of the lungs.
At its bottom end, the trachea divides into left and right air tubes called bronchi, which connect to the lungs. Within the lungs, the bronchi branch into smaller bronchi and even smaller tubes called bronchioles. Bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide actually takes place. Each lung houses about 300-400 million alveoli.
The lungs also contain elastic tissues that allow them to inflate and deflate without losing shape and are encased by a thin lining called the pleura. This network of alveoli, bronchioles, and bronchi is known as the bronchial tree.
The chest cavity, or thorax, is the airtight box that houses the bronchial tree, lungs, heart, and other structures. The top and sides of the thorax are formed by the ribs and attached muscles, and the bottom is formed by a large muscle called the diaphragm. The chest walls form a protective cage around the lungs and other contents of the chest cavity.
Separating the chest from the abdomen, the diaphragm plays a lead role in breathing. It moves downward when we breathe in, enlarging the chest cavity and pulling air in through the nose or mouth. When we breathe out, the diaphragm moves upward, forcing the chest cavity to get smaller and pushing the gases in the lungs up and out of the nose and mouth.
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Respiration
The air we breathe is made up of several gases. Oxygen is the most important for keeping us alive because body cells need it for energy and growth. Without oxygen, the body's cells would die.
Carbon dioxide is the waste gas produced when carbon is combined with oxygen as part of the energy-making processes of the body. The lungs and respiratory system allow oxygen in the air to be taken into the body, while also enabling the body to get rid of carbon dioxide in the air breathed out.
Respiration is the set of events that results in the exchange of oxygen from the environment and carbon dioxide from the body's cells. The process of taking air into the lungs is inspiration, or inhalation, and the process of breathing it out is expiration, or exhalation.
Air is inhaled through the mouth or through the nose. Cilia lining the nose and other parts of the upper respiratory tract move back and forth, pushing foreign matter that comes in with air (like dust) either toward the nostrils to be expelled or toward the pharynx. The pharynx passes the foreign matter along to the stomach to eventually be eliminated by the body. As air is inhaled, the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth warm and humidify the air before it enters the lungs.
When you breathe in, the diaphragm moves downward toward the abdomen, and the rib muscles pull the ribs upward and outward. In this way, the volume of the chest cavity is increased. Air pressure in the chest cavity and lungs is reduced, and because gas flows from high pressure to low, air from the environment flows through the nose or mouth into the lungs.
In exhalation, the diaphragm moves upward and the chest wall muscles relax, causing the chest cavity to contract. Air pressure in the lungs rises, so air flows from the lungs and up and out of respiratory system through the nose or mouth.
Every few seconds, with each inhalation, air fills a large portion of the millions of alveoli. In a process called diffusion, oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood through the capillaries (tiny blood vessels) lining the alveolar walls. Once in the bloodstream, oxygen gets picked up by the hemoglobin in red blood cells. This oxygen-rich blood then flows back to the heart, which pumps it through the arteries to oxygen-hungry tissues throughout the body.
In the tiny capillaries of the body tissues, oxygen is freed from the hemoglobin and moves into the cells. Carbon dioxide, which is produced during the process of diffusion, moves out of these cells into the capillaries, where most of it is dissolved in the plasma of the blood. Blood rich in carbon dioxide then returns to the heart via the veins. From the heart, this blood is pumped to the lungs, where carbon dioxide passes into the alveoli to be exhaled.
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Lungs & Respiratory System Problems
The respiratory system is susceptible to a number of diseases, and the lungs are prone to a wide range of disorders caused by pollutants in the air.
The most common problems of the respiratory system are:
Asthma . More than 20 million people in the United States have asthma, and it's the #1 reason that kids frequently miss school. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes airways to tighten and narrow. Often triggered by irritants in the air such as cigarette smoke, asthma flares involve contraction of the muscles and swelling of the lining of the tiny airways. The resulting narrowing of the airways prevents air from flowing properly, causing wheezing and difficulty breathing, sometimes to the point of being life-threatening. Controlling asthma starts with an asthma management plan , which usually involves avoiding asthma triggers and, sometimes, taking medicines.
Bronchiolitis . Not to be confused with bronchitis, bronchiolitis is an inflammation of the bronchioles, the smallest branches of the bronchial tree. Bronchiolitis affects mostly infants and young children, and can cause wheezing and serious difficulty breathing. It's usually caused by specific viruses in the wintertime, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) .
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is a term that describes two lung diseases — emphysema and chronic bronchitis:
Long-term smoking often causes emphysema, and although it seldom affects kids and teens, it can have its roots in the teen and childhood years. Talking to your kids about smoking is a key part of preventing smoking-related diseases. In emphysema, the lungs produce an excessive amount of mucus and the alveoli become damaged. It becomes difficult to breathe and get enough oxygen into the blood.
In bronchitis, a common disease of adults and teens, the membranes lining the larger bronchial tubes become inflamed and an excessive amount of mucus is produced. The person develops a bad cough to get rid of the mucus. Cigarette smoking is a major cause of chronic bronchitis in teens.
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Other Conditions
Common cold . Caused by more than 200 different viruses that cause inflammation in the upper respiratory tract, the common cold is the most common respiratory infection. Symptoms may include a mild fever, cough, headache, runny nose, sneezing, and sore throat.
Cough . A cough is a symptom of an illness, not an illness itself. There are many different types of cough and many different causes, ranging from not-so-serious to life-threatening. Some of the more common causes affecting kids are the common cold, asthma, sinusitis, seasonal allergies, croup, and pneumonia. Among the most serious causes of cough are tuberculosis (TB) and whooping cough (pertussis) .
Cystic fibrosis (CF) . Affecting more than 30,000 kids and young adults in the United States, cystic fibrosis is the most common inherited disease affecting the lungs. Affecting primarily the respiratory and digestive systems, CF causes mucus in the body to be abnormally thick and sticky. The mucus can clog the airways in the lungs and make a person more vulnerable to bacterial infections.
Lung cancer. Caused by an abnormal growth of cells in the lungs, lung cancer is a leading cause of death in the United States and is usually caused by smoking cigarettes. It starts in the lining of the bronchi and takes a long time to develop, so it's usually a disease in adults. Symptoms include a lasting cough that may bring up blood, chest pain, hoarseness, and shortness of breath. Radon gas (a gas that occurs in soil and rocks) exposure also might cause lung cancer. Radon is more likely to happen in certain parts of the United States. You can check your home's radon level with a radon kit available at your local home supply or hardware store.
Pneumonia . This inflammation of the lungs usually happens because of bacterial or viral infection. Pneumonia causes fever and inflammation of lung tissue, and makes breathing difficult because the lungs have to work harder to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream and remove carbon dioxide from the blood. Common causes of pneumonia are influenza (the flu) and infection with the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Pulmonary hypertension. This is when the blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs is abnormally high, which means the heart has to work harder to pump blood against that high pressure. Pulmonary hypertension may happen in children because of a congenital (present at birth) heart defect or because of a health condition such as HIV infection .
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Respiratory Diseases of Newborns
Several respiratory conditions can affect a newborn baby just starting to breathe for the first time. Premature babies are at increased risk for conditions such as:
Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn. Babies born prematurely may not have enough surfactant in the lungs. Surfactant helps to keep the baby's alveoli open; without surfactant, the lungs collapse and the baby is unable to breathe.
Apnea of prematurity (AOP) . Apnea is a medical term that means someone has stopped breathing. Apnea of prematurity (AOP) is a condition in which premature infants stop breathing for 15 to 20 seconds during sleep. AOP usually happens 2 days to 1 week after a baby is born. The lower the infant's weight and level of prematurity at birth, the more likely the baby is to have AOP spells.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) . BPD involves abnormal development of lung tissue. Sometimes called chronic lung disease, or CLD, it's a disease in infants characterized by inflammation and scarring in the lungs. It develops most often in premature babies who are born with underdeveloped lungs.
Meconium aspiration . Meconium aspiration is when a newborn inhales (aspirates) a mixture of meconium (baby's first feces, ordinarily passed after birth) and amniotic fluid during labor and delivery. The inhaled meconium can cause a partial or complete blockage of the baby's airways.
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). In the uterus, a baby's circulation bypasses the lungs. Normally, when a baby is born and begins to breathe air, his or her body quickly adapts and begins the process of respiration. PPHN is when a baby's body doesn't make that transition from fetal circulation to newborn circulation. This condition can cause symptoms such as rapid breathing, rapid heart rate, respiratory distress, and cyanosis (blue-tinged skin).
Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) . Rapid breathing in a full-term newborn (more than 60 breaths a minute) is called transient tachypnea.
Although some respiratory diseases can't be prevented, many chronic lung and respiratory illnesses can be prevented by avoiding smoking, staying away from pollutants and irritants, washing hands often to avoid infection, and getting regular medical checkups.
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In the British Royal Navy, which rank is between Captain and Rear-Admiral? | badge, rank, British, Royal Navy, Rear-Admiral (INS 42892)
badge, rank, British, Royal Navy, Rear-Admiral
Catalogue number
whole: Height 135 mm, Width 58 mm
Alternative names
full name: badge, rank, British, Royal Navy, Rear-Admiral
simple name: badge, rank, British
Category
uniforms and insignia
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Label
Shoulder straps were introduced in 1891 so that rank could be conveniently displayed on white uniform and greatcoats. Flag Officers (Commodore, 1st Class and above) wore shoulder straps in gold bearing the same devices as were worn on their epaulettes. Rear Admiral Dick was Captain of HMS Belfast between July 1944 and July 1946, and Chief of Staff of the Mediterranean Fleet in 1943.
Physical description
badges A silver sword and baton diagonally crossed, above two raised eight-pointed stars (or pips) in silver wire and sequins, onto a gold lace shoulder board with black border. Surmounting the sword and baton is a padded King's crown with red velvet, green and silver wire detail. A Royal Navy officers' button, consisting of an anchor, with wrapped cable, surmounted by a King's crown, within a laurel wreath and surrounded by a 'roped' border, embossed onto a slightly domed surface, is at the top of the board.
History note
Details can be found on HMS Belfast accession register.
History note
This item was previously entered as: INS 3073 which has since been overwritten.
Associated people and organisations
© IWM 2016
© IWM 2017
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What does the largest star on the national flag of Australia represent? | Full text of "Admirals of the British navy;"
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a THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Ex Libris C. K. OGDEN JIT ONE Price FIVE SHILLINGS Admirals of the British Navy Portraits in Colours By FRANCIS DODD With Introduction and Biographical Notes PUBLISHED FROM THE OFFICES J» " COUNTRY LIFE " LTD., 20, TAVISTOCK STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON GEORGE NEWNES, LTD., g-li. SOUTHAMPTON STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. Admirals OF THE British Navy Portraits in Colours by FRANCIS DODD With Introduction and Biographical Notes PUBLISHED FROM THE OFFICES OF " COUiNTRY LIFE," LTD., 3o. TAVISTOCK STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON; AND GEORGE NEWNES, LTD., 8-1 1 , SOUTHAMPTON STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C. =. MCMXVII INTRODUCTION IF the English are singularly incurious about their Navy, that attitude must not be thought to imply neglect. On the contrary, it is a blend of admiration, respect, and, above all, confidence, induced very largely by the Navy itself. For so long has the Navy minded its own silent business that we — otherwise so inquisitive a people — have come to look upon it as beyond examination and (normally too eager to cut open the drum and explore its resources) trustfully to leave it to its own devices, conscious that those devices are wholly in our own interests. As Matthew Arnold said in his sonnet to Shakespeare : Others abide our question, thou art free — so do we address the Navy. For, although it baffles curiosity and ends by eliminating it, it is only to substitute faith. We do not take for granted all the things that we cannot understand : sometimes, indeed, we deny them ; but we are satisfied to take for granted the Navy. We know that it is there. Where " there " is we may have no notion ; by " there " we mean probably everywhere. The Navy is not only there, the Navy is everywhere, and therefore all's well. That is our simple creed. A further cause for this quiet and unusual acceptivity is to be found in the medium in which the Navy works — the sea itself. The sea has ever been a barrier to investigation, and the Navy and the sea are one. Public opinion is land-made, and landsmen have neither time nor in- clination to cope with the riddles of the ocean, which to most of us is O vague and inimical, the home of risks and discomforts which it is wiser 2: •^ o to avoid. Well content to consider her, from a safe distance, as a Sphinx, 2 we are very happy that to others has fallen the perilous lot of patrolling her and very full of gratitude for their courage and success. If the Army, on the contrary, is so much under the microscope, it is largely because it has few or no mysteries. We know the rules. Armies are made up of men like ourselves (only better). They advance as we do, by putting one foot before another, on the solid earth. Their movements are followable, even if we cannot always understand them ; daily bulletins are printed in the public Press. But the Navy keeps its secrets. Not only have we no notion where it is, but we should be little the wiser as to its inner purposes if, scanning the inimitable and capricious waves, it should be our fortune to descry here and there a flotilla of its dark grey hulls. Even in harbour most men pointing out a cruiser to their children say "That's a dreadnought" — a state of confusion bred and fostered by the strange, dark, dangerous element in which the Navy has its being. So much for the causes of our odd willingness to forego one of the chief privileges of British birthright, which is to criticise, even to belittling, all that is ours. But there is justification, too, as the state of the sea to-day testifies. Thanks to the Navy there is at this moment hardly an enemy ship at large on the surface of the waters. The Kaiser's darling ironclads are idle as painted ships upon a painted ocean : not even an ocean, a canal. Our troops in millions have crossed to the Continent. We have enough to eat. By what wonders of efficiency and discipline, machinery and co-ordination, this result has been brought about we neither know nor are concerned to enquire. Enough that it is. But when it comes to personnel, curiosity is legitimate ; and this collection of portraits and brief biographies has been prepared in the belief that very many of those whose lives have been rendered secure by these eff"orts of the Navy would like to see what manner of men are in control of our safeguards, This is the heyday of the picture, and here are the pictures of our leading sailors — the commanders who stand between us and the foe and keep the foe at bay. Charles Lamb (who was less of a sea-dog even than most men) confessed in old age that he once sat to an artist friend for the portraits of sixteen British Admirals. Mr. Dodd (even could a sitter of such notable companionableness be now found) would have forced himself to dispense with the fun of using him, for verisimilitude's sake, because all these heads have been drawn from life and are reproduced as nearly as possible in the colours of life. Looking over the forty and more Naval heroes whom he has limned, one is struck by a generic likeness which is deeper than such superficial similarity as the service beard can confer. Most of the Admirals look like Admirals — and is there a better thing to be .'' Certainly there is no better word. Not only have their ability and courage and character united to lift them to high position and authority ; but here, again, we discern the subtle and penetrating influence of the sea, a mistress who will allow no relaxation of vigilance or toil, so swiftly and dangerously changeable can she be. Hence the keen eyes, the level gaze, of all who would understand and cope with her, and noticeably of all this gallant company. In the present work the emphasis is laid rather upon the illustrations than the letterpress. It is a gallery of portraits rather than a series of biographies such as " The Lives of the British Admirals," which was written by Dr. John Campbell, and, with periodical additions, so long held the field. The time for such biographies happily is not yet. But when it comes may there be some victories (already, of course, there are three or four) to record as decisive and as noble as those in Campbell's volumes ! E. V. LUCAS. ADMIRAL SIR JOHN R. JELLICOE, G.C.B., O.M., G.C.V.O. A DMIRAL SIR JOHN RUSHWORTH JELLICOE, G.C.B., /\^ O.M., G.C.V.O., was born on December 5th, 1859. He / ^ was educated at Rottingdean, and entered the Navy in 1872, becoming in 1880 a Lieutenant (three First Class Certificates). As a young officer he speciahsed in Gunnery. During the Egyptian War, as Lieutenant of the " Agincourt," he gained the Egyptian Medal and Khedive's Bronze Star. In 1883 he received a special 3^80 prize at the Royal Naval College. In May, 1886, Lieutenant Jellicoe was awarded the Board of Trade Silver Medal for having commanded a gig, manned by volunteers, which set out to rescue the crew of a steamer stranded on a sandbank near Gibraltar. A heavy sea was running and the boat capsized, but the crew, being provided with cork jackets, managed to reach the shore in safety. Lieutenant Jellicoe was Assistant to the Director of Naval Ordnance from 1888 to 1 89 1, on June 30th of which year he became a Commander, and was serving in the " Victoria " when she foundered off Tripoli after collision with the " Camperdown " on June 27th, 1893. At the time of the catastrophe Commander Jellicoe was suffering from Mediterranean fever. He was promoted to Captain on January ist, 1897. During the Boxer outbreak in 1900 he was Flag-Captain in the " Centurion," and took part in Admiral Sir E. H. Seymour's Inter- national Expedition to relieve the Pekin Legations. In this Expedition he acted as Chief Staff Officer, was wounded, and afterwards received the C.B. for his services. He was Naval Assistant to the Controller of the Navy from February, 1902, to August, 1903 ; Captain of the " Drake " from August, 1903, to January, 1905 ; and Director of Naval Ordnance and Torpedoes from ADMIRAL SIR JOHN R. JELLICOE 1905 to August, 1907. In the previous March he had been made Aide-de-Camp to the King, a post which he held until February 8th, 1907, when he became an Admiral. From August, 1907, to August, 1908, he was Rear-Admiral in the Atlantic Fleet, becoming Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy at the end of 1908. He commanded the Atlantic Fleet in 1910, with the rank of Acting Vice- Admiral, and on the occasion of King George V.'s Coronation he was made a K.C.B. In 191 1 he commanded the Second Division of the Home Fleet, becoming a Vice-Admiral on September i8th of that year. On December 9th, 191 2, he was appointed Second Sea Lord, On the outbreak of war on August 4th, 19 14, he was given Chief Command of the Grand Fleet, with the acting rank of Admiral. He was in supreme command at the Battle of Jutland. In recognition of his services during the war, he received the G.C.B. on February 8th, 1915, and an Order in Council, dated November loth, 1914, laid down that " Admiral Jellicoe on his promotion to the rank of Admiral is to retain seniority as Admiral of August 4th, 1914, while holding his present command." On May 31st, 19 16, Admiral JelHcoe received the Order of Merit. On December 4th, 1916, he became First Sea Lord, the title " Chief of Naval Staff" being added on May 31st, 1917. Admiral Jellicoe holds the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, the Russian Order of St. George (Third Class), the Order of the First Class of the Rising Sun with Paulounia, and the Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold, also the French and Belgian Croix de Guerre and the Grand Cross of the Military Order of Savoy. No biographical notice of Sir John Jellicoe would be complete without a mention of his father, who was, in his day, a well-known and dis- tinguished Captain in the Merchant Service. It is pleasant to remember that Captain Jellicoe lived to see his son in command of the Grand Fleet during the greatest war in history. This close connection between the two branches of sea service is also peculiarly happy and appropriate. Admiral Patton, a great-grandfather on his mother's side, was Second Sea Lord during the Trafalgar campaign. II ADMIRAL SIR CECIL BURNEY, G.C.M.G., K.C.B. A DMIRAL SIR CECIL BURNEY, G.C.M.G, K.C.B. , / % was born in 1858 and received his education at the Royal y ^ Naval Academy, Gosport ; he served as a Lieutenant of the " Carysfoot " during the Egyptian war, and also in the Naval and military operations near Suakin in the Eastern Soudan. For these services he received the Egyptian Medal, Khedive's Bronze Star and Suakin Clasp. As a Lieutenant of the " Hecate" Admiral Burney performed a singularly gallant action. His ship having gone outside Plymouth Breakwater for gun trials, a carpenter's mate engaged in some work on the outside of a turret slipped overboard, striking his head as he fell. Lieutenant Burney and Mr. Berridge, gunner, at once plunged to the rescue and succeeded in supporting the man till one of the boats, which unfortunately were stowed inboard owing to gun practice, could be got ready to go to their assistance.' In 1906-7 Admiral Burney was Aide-de-Camp to King Edward VII. He was Rear-Admiral of Plymouth Home Fleet, 1909-10, a member of the Admiralty Submarine Committee, 1910-11 ; Rear- Admiral Commanding Fifth Cruiser Squadron, February, 191 1 ; Acting Vice-Admiral Commanding Third Battle Squadron (formerly Atlantic Fleet), in December of the same year and Vice-Admiral in September, 1912. In April, 1913, he became second in command in the Mediterranean and Senior Officer of the International Squadron ordered to blockade the coast of Montenegro, and in May of the same year he was appointed Chief to the Commission to administer the affairs of Scutari on behalf of the Powers. ADMIRAL SIR CECIL BURNEY Vice-Admiral Burney received the K.C.B. on King George's Birthday in 191 3, and the K.C.M.G. in October of the same year, in which he also received the command of the Second and Third Fleets. At the Battle of Jutland he was second in command of the Grand Fleet and was mentioned in despatches. He became a G.C.M.G. and Admiral in 1916, being decorated Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour for his war services in the same year. In 19 16 he was also appointed Second Sea Lord of the Admiralty. He also holds the Order of St. Vladimir (Second Class) with swords, the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus, and the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun. Admiral Burney retired from the post of Second Sea Lord in August, 1917, and in October was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the East Coast of Scotland in succession to the late Admiral Sir Frederick Hamilton. Ill ADMIRAL SIR CHARLES EDWARD MADDEN, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., c.v.o. y4 DMIRAL SIR CHARLES EDWARD MADDEN, K.C.B., / ^ K.C.M.G., C.V.O. , became a midshipman in October, 1877. / % As an Acting Sub-Lieutenant of H.M.S. " Ruby," he served in the Egyptian War of 1882 and received the Egyptian Medal and the Khedive's Bronze Star. He became a Lieutenant on July 27th, 1884. As a young officer, Admiral Madden specialized in Torpedo work, and from 1893 to 1896 was First Lieutenant and Staff Officer of the " Vernon " torpedo school ship. On June 30th of the latter year he became Commander and was promoted Captain on the same day of the same month in 1901. From 1902 to 1904 Captain Madden was Flag Captain to Sir Wilmot Fawkes, commanding the Cruiser Squadron in H.M.S. " Good Hope." On February 7th, 1905, Captain Madden was appointed Naval Assistant to the Controller of the Navy, becoming on December 20th of the following year Naval Assistant to the First Sea Lord. On the occasion of King Edward's Review of the Home Fleet in the Solent on August 3rd, 1907, he received the C.V.O. Nine days later Captain Madden became Captain of H.M.S. " Dreadnought," and Chief of Staff, Home Fleet. On December ist, 1908, he was appointed Private Secretary to the First Lord of the Admiralty, and from January 25th, 1910, to December, 191 1, was Fourth Sea Lord ; from January, 19 10, to April 12th, 191 1, lOEi^^gS^B^ ADMIRAL blR CHARLES E. MADDEN when he was promoted to Rear- Admiral, Captain Madden was Aide- de-Camp to the King. From January 5th, 1912, to December nth of the same year, he was Rear-Admiral in the First Battle Squadron First Fleet, and from December, 19 12, to December, 1913, he commanded the Third Cruiser Squadron. In the latter month he assumed the command of the Second Cruiser Squadron, which command he held till July, 1914. On the outbreak of War Rear-Admiral Madden was appointed Chief of the Staff to Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Fleet, and was specially granted the acting rank of Vice- Admiral on June nth, 1915. He was present at the Battle of Jutland and was appointed a K.C.M.G. for his services on that occasion. In his despatch. Admiral Sir John Jellicoe said of Vice- Admiral Madden, " Throughout a period of twenty-one months of war his services have been of inestimable value. His good judgment, his long experience in fleets, special gift for organization, and his capacity for unlimited work, have all been of the greatest assistance to me, and have relieved me of much of the anxiety inseparable from the conduct of the Fleet during the war. In the stages leading up to the Fleet action, and during and after the action, he was always at hand to assist, and his judgment was never at fault. " I owe him more than I can say." Vice-Admiral Madden was made a K.C.B. on January ist, 1916, a K.C.M.G. on May 31st, and confirmed as a Vice-Admiral on June loth of the same year. On November 28th, 1916, he was made an Acting- Admiral and appointed in command of a portion of the Grand Fleet. He is a Commander of the Legion of Honour, a Commander of the Military Order of Savoy, holds the Russian Order of St. Anne (First Class), with Swords, and Japanese Order of the Rising Sun (First Class). IV REAR-ADMIRAL RICHARD FORTESCUE PHILLIMORE, c b , m vo REAR-ADMIRAL RICHARD FORTESCUE PHILLIMORE, C.B., M.V.O., entered the Navy in 1878, became a Lieutenant in 1886 and a Commander in 1899. He was Commander of the " Goliath " during the China War of 1900 (medal), and commanded H.M.S. " Mohawk " during the operations in Somaliland in 1904 (medal). He commanded the machine guns of the Naval Brigade at the capture of Illig. On June 30th, 1904, he was promoted to Captain. From June, 1912, to the end of August, 1914, he was Chief of Staff in the Mediterranean Fleet, holding the rank of Commodore (Second Class) from September, 1913. On January ist, 1914, he was awarded the C.B. When Sir A. Berkeley Milne hauled down his flag. Captain Phillimore remained in " Inflexible " as Captain, and commanded her in Admiral Sturdee's action off the Falkland Islands, during the bombardment of the Chanak Forts on March i8th, 191 5, and during the previous operations in the Dardanelles. " Commended for service in Action." He was principal Beach- Master at the landing in GallipoH in 1915. Mentioned in despatches as having performed " most valuable service," and again mentioned for Transport Services. REAR-ADMIRAL RICHARD F. PHILLIMORE He was attached to the Russian Imperial Headquarters from October, 1915, to December, 1916, and holds the Order of St. Vladimir (Third Class) with Swords (awarded in November, 191 5) and St. Stanislaus, First Class with swords (awarded in December, 1916). Aide-de-Camp to the King, 1915-1916. V VICE-ADMIRAL SIR REGINALD H. S. BACON, K.C.B., K.C.V.O., d.s.o. VICE-ADMIRAL SIR REGINALD HUGH SPENCER BACON, K.C.B., K.C.V.O., D.S.O. , was born in September, 1863, and entered the Navy in 1877. In 1883 he became a Lieutenant (Five Firsts and promotion marks). In 1887 he joined the " Camperdown " as Torpedo Lieutenant. He was awarded a silver medal by the Italian Government for bravery displayed in rescuing the crew of the Indian vessel, " Utopia," wrecked in Gibraltar Bay in March, 1891. As Commander of the " Theseus," he served in the punitive Naval expedition commanded by Rear-Admiral Rawson, C.B., and took part in the landing and capture of Benin City in February, 1897. It was in connection with this campaign that he wrote " Benin, the City of Blood." As Chief of the Intelligence Depart- ment, he was mentioned in despatches, received the General African Medal, Benin Clasp, and the D.S.O. He was the first Inspecting Captain of Submarines, and held the appointment from March, 1901, till October, 1904, being in charge of the Submarine Service during that time. He was Naval Assistant to the First Sea Lord from October, 1904, to December, 1905 ; the first Captain of H.M.S. " Dreadnought," 1906-07, and Flag-Captain and Chief of the Staff in the Home Fleet in the latter year. From August, 1907, to December, 1909, Rear-Admiral Bacon was Director of Naval Ordnance and Torpedoes. On the occasion of King Edward VI I. 's Review of the Home Fleet in the Solent he received the C.V.O., and was Aide-de-Camp to the King from 1908 to 1909, during which year he became a Rear-Admiral. VICE-ADiMIRAL SIR REGINALD BACON Having retired in 1909 to take up the post of Managing Director of the Coventry Ordnance Works, he returned to service in January, 1915, as Officer Commanding the Siege Brigade, Royal Marines, with temporary rank of Colonel Second Commandant. He served with the Expeditionary Force in France. Later in the same year Admiral Bacon was placed in command of the Dover Patrol, becoming a Vice- Admiral on July 15th, 1915, and being made a K.C.B. on January ist, 1916. On the occasion of the King's visit to his Army in the Field in August, 1916, Vice-Admiral Bacon received the K.C.V.O. He became a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour in September, 1916, and was also created Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold by the King of the Belgians in November, 1916. In 1917 he received the Belgian Croix de Guerre. VI VICE-ADMIRAL SIR JOHN MICHAEL de ROBECK, k.c.b. VICE-ADMIRAL SIR JOHN MICHAEL de ROBECK, K.C.B., received his Naval education on board the " Britannia," and entered the Royal Navy as a cadet in 1875. He became a Lieutenant on September 30th, 1885, a Commander on the June 22nd, 1897, and a Captain on January ist, 1902. From February 15th, 191 1, to December 21st of the same year he was Inspecting Captain of Boys' Training Establishments. On December ist, 191 1, he became a Rear-Admiral. From April 8th, 1912, to May ist, 1914, he was Admiral of Patrols, being the first occupant of that post. On the outbreak of war he commanded a Cruiser Force, and on the retirement through illness of Vice- Admiral Carden in 1915 he was appointed acting Vice-Admiral in Command of the British Eastern Mediterranean Squadron at the Dardanelles, March 17th, and directed the Naval operations carried out in March and April of that year. It was during this period that the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force was landed and firmly established on the Gallipoli Peninsula. In his despatch published in the " London Gazette," July 6th, 1915, General Sir Ian Hamilton said, " Throughout the events I have chronicled, the Royal Navy has been father and mother to the Army. Not one of us reaUses how much he owes to Vice-Admiral de Robeck." Later in the year Sir Ian Hamilton wrote: "The sheet-anchor on which hung the whole of these elaborate schemes was the Navy. One tiny flaw in the mutual trust and confidence animating the two services would have wrecked the whole enterprise. Experts at a distance may have guessed as much : it was self-evident to the rawest private on the spot. But with men Hke Vice-Admiral de Robeck, Commodore Roger Keyes, VICE-ADMIRAL SIR JOHN M. DE ROBECK Rear-Admiral Christian, and Captain F. H. Mitchell at our backs, we soldiers were secured against any such risk, and it will be seen how perfect was the precision the sailors put into their job." Vice-Admiral de Robeck also commanded the Naval Forces which took part in the evacuation of the GallipoH Peninsula between November 20th, 1915, and January 9th, 1916. He was appointed a K.C.B. on January ist, 1916, in recognition of the services he had rendered during the war. He is a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, and holds the Japanese Order of the Sacred Treasure (First Class), and the Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy. VII VICE-ADMIRAL TREVYLYAN DACRES WILLES NAPIER, c b , m v.o VICE-ADMIRAL TREVYLYAN DACRES WILLES NAPIER, C.B., M.V.O., entered the Navy as a cadet in 1880, becoming a midshipman two years later. He served in the Egyptian War on board the " Minotaur," receiving the Egyptian Medal and Khedive's Bronze Star. On February 14th, 1887, he was promoted Lieutenant, becoming a Commander on January ist, 1899. He served in command of a Destroyer Flotilla, and in the Royal Yacht and attained the rank of Captain on June 30th, 1903. Between 1904 and 1907 he was Flag-Captain to Admiral Sir John Durnford on the Cape Station, and from 1907 to 1910 commanded the Royal Naval College at Dartmouth, and commanded the " Bellerophon" from 1910 to 1912. He was appointed Aide-de-Camp to the King on January 14th, 191 3, and on July ist of the same year was appointed Commodore in command of the Second Light Cruiser Squadron, which command he held till December ist. On October 24th, 191 3, he became a Rear- Admiral. He has served afloat in the war from December, 19 14, to the present time, and for his services received the C.B. on June 3rd, 1916. He was also mentioned in despatches for his services in the Battle of Jutland, in which he commanded the Third Light Cruiser .Squadron. The Squadron had a difficult role to perform throughout the battle. With the First Light , Cruiser Squadron it formed the screen of Sir David Beatty's Battle '0 REAR-ADMIRAL T. D. W. NAPIER Cruiser Squadrons at the opening of the battle, and later in the day protected the head of the line from torpedo attack by light cruisers and destroyers. It attacked the German Battle Cruisers with torpedoes and gun fire. " Rear- Admiral Napier deserves great credit for his determined and effective attack." He holds the Order of St. Stanislaus (First Class), with swords. VIII REAR-ADMIRAL SIR OSMOND DE BEAUVOIR BROCK, kcvo, cb, c.m.g. REAR-ADMIRAL SIR OSMOND DE BEAUVOIR BROCK, K.C.V.O., C.B., C.M.G. , entered the Navy in the early 'eighties of the last century, becoming a Midshipman on August 15th, 1884. While serving in the " Raleigh " he was awarded the Royal Humane Society's Testimonial on Vellum for having jumped overboard at Simon's Bay to the assistance of John Duggan, stoker. He was promoted to Lieutenant on February 14th, 1889, having passed the examination with five First Class Certificates, and later specialised in Gunnery. He was promoted to Commander on January ist, 1900, and on January ist, 1904, he became a Captain. In 1905 he was Flag Captain to Lord Charles Beresford, and in November, 1910, was appointed Assistant Director of Naval Mobilisation. From January 8th, 1912, to August ist, 1912, he acted as Assistant Director, Mobilisation Division, Admiralty War Staff. During the action in Heligoland Bight on August 28th, 1914, Captain Brock commanded the " Princess Royal," and in the action off the Dogger Bank, January 24th, 1915, he commanded the same ship. When Sir David Beatty's flagship " Lion " was damaged he transferred his flag to the destroyer "Attack," and later the "Princess Royal." For his services Captain Brock was mentioned in despatches and awarded the CB. He commanded a Battle Cruiser Squadron in the Battle of Jutland, was again mentioned in despatches and awarded the C.M.G. It was on these Battle Cruiser Squadrons, as Sir John Jellicoe remarked, that the brunt of the fighting fell, and Sir David REAR-ADMIRAL SIR OSMUND DE B. BROCK Beatty reported the " able support " rendered him in the battle by their commanders. He was Aide-de-Camp to the King from October 24th, 191 3, to March 5th, 1915, when he became a Rear-Admiral. IX REAR-ADMIRAL LIONEL HALSEY, C.B, C.M.G. REAR-ADMIRAL LIONEL HALSEY, C.B., C.M.G., Third Sea Lord, was born in 1872, and joined H.M.S. " Britannia " in 1885. As a Naval Cadet he served in the ^" Agincourt," Flag-ship of Rear- Admiral the Hon. Edmund R. Fremantle, then second in command of the Channel Squadron. Becoming a Sub-Lieutenant in 189 1, he subsequently served as Lieutenant and Flag-Lieutenant in several different ships. During the South African War he took part in the defence of Ladysmith, where he had charge of the 4.7 gun in Princess Victoria Battery at Cove Hill Redoubt. He was also executive Officer to Captain Lambton (now Admiral Sir Hedworth Meux) towards the end of the siege, besides taking charge of all the Naval guns. For his services in this connection he was mentioned in despatches. On January ist, 1901, he was specially promoted to Commander. In 1912 he became Captain of the " New Zealand," the first capital ship built at the charge of a Dominion Government, In the following year Captain Halsey received the C.M.G. From September, 1914, till he became Rear- Admiral in April, 1917, he was Aide-de-Camp to the King. Captain Halsey was mentioned in despatches for his services in the actions at Heligoland and the Dogger Bank. He became Captain of the Fleet and Commodore, First Class, in 1915. After the Battle of Jutland, Admiral Jellicoe wrote as follows : — " My special thanks are due to Commodore Lionel Halsey, C.M.G., the Captain of the Fleet, who also assists me in the working of the Fleet at sea, and to whose good organization is largely due the rapidity with which the Fleet was REAR-ADMIRAL L. HALSEY fuelled and replenished with ammunition on return to its bases. He was of much assistance to me during the action." Commodore Halsey received the C.B. on June 3rd, 19 16, becoming Fourth Sea Lord in December of the same year, and Third Sea Lord in May, 1917. He is a Commander of the Legion of Honour, and holds the Russian Order of St. Vladimir (Third Class). X VICE-ADMIRAL SIR WILLIAM C. PAKENHAM, k.c.b., k.c.v.o. VICE-ADMIRAL SIR WILLIAM CHRISTOPHER PAKENHAM, K.C.B, K.C.V.O., was born in July, 1861, the second son of the late Rear-Admiral the Hon. Thomas Alexander Pakenham. In his early days in the Royal Navy he made a reputation as a swimmer, assisting in the rescue of a seaman who fell overboard at Larnaca, Cyprus, and some years later endeavouring to save a man who fell from the foreyard of the " Calypso " during drill at Kiel. He became a Captain on June 30th, 1903, and from April, 1904, to May, 1906, he was Naval Attache at Tokyo. He became a C.B. in July, 1905, and received the Order of the Rising Sun (Second Class) from H.I.M. the Emperor of Japan in 1906. In July, 1907, when in command of the " Antrim," escorting King Edward to Ireland, he was awarded the M.V.O. From December, 191 1, to December, 1913, he was a Lord Com- missioner of the Admiralty. In June, 1913, he became Rear-Admiral, and in December was appointed to command the Third Cruiser Squadron. Rear-Admiral Pakenham was present at the Battle of Jutland and received a K.C.B. on May 31st, 1916, for his services on that occasion. When Admiral Sir David Beatty was given the command of the Grand Fleet in succession to Admiral Sir John JelUcoe in November, 1 9 16, Admiral Pakenham was selected to assume the command of the Battle Cruiser Force, and was promoted to Acting Vice- Admiral on June 19th, 1917. VICE-ADMIRAL SIR WILLIAM PAKENHAM On the occasion of the visit of H.M. King George to the Fleet in July, 1917, Admiral Pakenham was made a K.C.V.O. Vice-Admiral Pakenham has received the Russian Order of St. Stanislaus (Second Class), and also an Imperial Gift, graciously conferred by H.I.M. the Emperor of Japan. XI COMMODORE GODFREY M. PAINE, C.B., M.V.O. C OMMODORE GODFREY MARSHALL PAINE, C.B., M.V.O. , was born in 1871 and entered the Navy in 1885, becoming a Lieutenant on August 23rd, 1893, after service in the Roval Yacht. On December 31st, 1903, he became a Commander, and was in the " Renown " during the voyage of the Prince and Princess of Wales to India, October, 1905, to May, 1906. On June 30th, 1907, he became a Captain. From June, 1909, to June, 191 1, he commanded the Third Torpedo Boat Destroyer Flotilla. From August, 191 1, to May, 1912, he was Captain of H.M.S. " Actason," the Torpedo School Ship at Sheerness, then the Head- quarters of the infant Naval Air Service. He gained the pilot's certificate of the Royal Aero Club in May, 1912, flying a Short biplane, and before the end of the month became first Commandant of the Central Flying School, Salisbury Plain. This School, inaugurated in 1912, was open to both Naval and Military aviators, and was, in consequence, an institution demanding special qualifications from the Officer in command. The new experiment proved a complete success under Captain Paine. In 191 5 Captain Paine became a Commodore (First Class), and in 1917 he was appointed Director of Naval Air Service and Fifth Sea Lord. The skill, versatility and usefulness of the Naval Air Service have rivalled those of the military airmen. The naval airmen have had to discover their true role and make their traditions. When their COMMODORE G. M. PAINE record can be known the success of Commodore Paine will be fully appreciated. He received a C.B. on January ist, 1914. He is also a Commander of the Legion of Honour. XII COMMODORE SIR REGINALD YORKE TYRWHITT, K C.B., d.s.o COMMODORE (First Class) SIR REGINALD YORKE TYRWHITT, K.C.B., D.S.O. , was born in 1870 and entered the " Britannia " as a cadet in 1885, becoming a Lieutenant on August 25th, 1892. As Lieutenant of H.M.S. " Cleopatra " in 1894 he was one of a landing party, composed of seamen and marines, under Lieutenant Colmore, who went to protect the inhabitants of Bluefields, Nicaragua. This expedition saved the lives of the inhabitants, who expressed their gratitude in a letter of thanks. Having become a Captain on June 30th, 1908, Captain Tyrwhitt commanded the Second Flotilla from August, 1912, to November, 1913, when he was appointed Captain of the First Fleet Flotillas and was advanced to the rank of Commodore (Second Class), in April, 19 14. At the outbreak of war. Commodore Tyrwhitt was in command of the Harwich Force consisting of the First, Second, and Tenth Flotillas. He took part in the actions in the Heligoland Bight and off the Dogger Bank and in many minor actions in 1914-17. For his services in the action in the Heligoland Bight he was awarded the C.B. The " London Gazette " stated that his attack was delivered with great skill and gallantry. Commodore Tyrwhitt also received the thanks of the Admiralty for the manner in which he lead his forces. In December, 1914, he was advanced to Commodore (First Class). In June, 1916, he received the D.S.O. , and in April, I9i7,he was appointed A.D.C. to the King, and for services rendered during the War received the K.C.B. on July 25th, 1917. Commodore Tyrwhitt is a Commander of the Legion of Honour and Chevalier of the Military Order of Savoy. COMMODORE SIR REGINALD Y. TYRWHITT The Western Front Drawings by MUIRHEAD BONE " They illustrate admirably the daily life of the troops under my command." — F.M. Sir Douglas Haig, K.T. In Monthly Parts, Price 2- net. Parts I. — V. in Volume form, with extra matter, 15/- net. Parts VI. — X. in Volume form, with extra matter, 15/- net. Mr. Muirhead Bone's drawings are reproduced in the following form, apart from " The Western Front " publication : — WAR DRAWINGS Size 20 by 15 inches. Ten plates in each part, 10/6 net. MUNITION DRAWINGS Size 31! by 22 inches. Six plates in portfolio, 20/- net. WITH THE GRAND FLEET Size 31^ by 22 inches. Six plates in portfolio, 20/- net. " TANKS " Size 28 by 2o| inches. Single plate, 5/- net. BRITISH ARTISTS AT THE FRONT Continuation of "The Western Front." The sequel to the monthly publication illustrated by Mr. Muirhead Bone will be issued under the title of " British Artists at the Front." In size, quality of paper and style this publication will retain the characteristics of its predecessor. The illustrations will be in colours, and will be provided by various artists who have been given facilities to make records of the War. Ti'.,..tu.^- ».„,t;«..io,.c r^f tkig publication will be sent on appUcation to "Country Life," Ltd., ivistock Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. 2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I.— JELLICOE, ADMIRAL SIR JOHN R., g.c.b., om., g.c.v.o. II.— BURNEY, ADMIRAL SIR CECIL, g.c.m.g., k.c.b., d.s.o. III.— -MADDEN, ADMIRAL SIR C. E., k.c.b., k.c.m.g., c.v.o. IV.— PHILLIMORE, REAR-ADMIRAL R. F., c.b., m.v.o. v.— BACON, VICE-ADMIRAL SIR R. H. S., k.c.b., k.c.v.o., d.s.o. VI.— DE ROBECK, VICE-ADMIRAL SIR J. M., k.c.b. VII.— NAPIER, VICE-ADMIRAL T. D. W., c.b., m.v.o. VIII.— BROCK, REAR-ADMIRAL SIR OSMOND de B., k.c.v.o., c.b., c.m.g. IX.— HALSEY, REAR-ADMIRAL LIONEL, c.b., c.m.g. X.— PAKENHAM, VICE-ADMIRAL SIR W. C, k.c.b., k.c.v.o. XL— PAINE, COMMODORE GODFREY M., c.b., m.v.o. XIL— TYRWHITT, COMMODORE SIR R. Y., k.c.b., d.s.o. Uniform with this publication. Generals of the British Army PORTRAITS BY FRANCIS DODD INTRODUCTION I.— HAIG, FIELD MARSHAL SIR DOUGLAS, k.t., g.c.b., G.av.o., k.c.i.b., H.IP.C. II.— PLUMER, GENERAL SIR H. C. O., g.c.m.g., g.c.v.o., k.c.b., H.D.C. III.— RAWLINSON, GENERAL SIR H. S., Bart., g.c.v.o., k.c.b., k.c.v.o. IV.— GOUGH, GENERAL SIR H. De La POER, k.c.b., k.c.v.o. v.— ALLENBY, GENERAL SIR E. H., k.c.b. VI.— HORNE, GENERAL SIR H. S., k.c.b. VII.— BIRDWOOD, LIEUT.-GEN. SIR W. R., k.c.b., k.c.s.i., k.c.m.g., c.i.e., d.s.o. VIII.— BYNG, GENERAL THE HON. SIR J. H. G., k.c.b., k.c.m.g., m.v.o. IX.— CONGREVE, LIEUT.-GEN. SIR W. N., ID.d., k.c.b., m.v.o. X.— HALDANE, LIEUT.-GEN. J. A. L., c.b., d.s.o. XL— WATTS, LIEUT.-GEN. H. E., c.b., c.m.g. XIL— SMUTS, LIEUT.-GEN. THE RT. HON. JAN C, p.c, k.c, m.l.a. Hudson & Keabns, Ltd., Priaters, Hatfield Street, Lonuon, S.E. l. DATE DUE •too* MAY ^ '0 CAYLORO PRINTED IN US. A. iiLniij nturui^iML LIDil D 001 134 235 9 ^
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The US animated television series ‘South Park’ is set in which state? | South Park (TV Series 1997– ) - IMDb
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Follows the misadventures of four irreverent grade-schoolers in the quiet, dysfunctional town of South Park, Colorado.
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The kids work around the clock to improve their character skills in "World of Warcraft" so that they can beat a fellow gamer who keeps violating the rules and killing everyone else's characters.
9.6
Cartman plans an elaborate revenge when an older boy cons him out of money.
9.6
Randy and Sharon realize too late that the box they have sent with the boys contains a porno rather than a copy of "The Lord Of The Rings." As the parents race to stop them in time, the boys realize ...
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Won 5 Primetime Emmys. Another 10 wins & 74 nominations. See more awards »
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Storyline
The curious, adventure-seeking, fourth grade group of boys, Stan, Kyle, Cartman, and Kenny, all join in in buffoonish adventures that sometimes evolve nothing. Sometimes something that was simple at the start, turns out to get out of control. Everything is odd in the small mountain town, South Park, and the boys always find something to do with it.
Four boys. One f**ked up town.
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13 August 1997 (USA) See more »
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Because the show is made on computers, each episode only takes five days to make. See more »
Goofs
Exactly who is related to whom in the Marsh family is never consistent. Early episodes imply that Jimbo and Marvin (Stan's grandfather) are on Sharon's side of the family, whereas more recent ones imply they are on Randy's side. Being on Sharon's side makes sense for Jimbo, as he has a different last name. However, Marvin's last name is, indeed, confirmed to be Marsh. Matt Stone revealed in an interview that Jimbo Kerns is Randy's half-brother. See more »
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Crazy Credits
Canadian broadcasts on commercial TV include a disclaimer warning of adult content -- which is immediately followed by "South Park's" own tongue-in-cheek version. See more »
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Which English aristocrat and explorer secretly married Elizabeth Throckmorton in 1591? | Sir Walter Raleigh, Writer and Explorer - Timeline Index
Timeline Index
Sir Walter Raleigh, Writer and Explorer
Sir Walter Raleigh was an English aristocrat, writer, poet, soldier, courtier, spy, and explorer. He is also well known for popularising tobacco in England.
He rose rapidly in the favour of Queen Elizabeth I, and was knighted in 1585. He was involved in the early English colonisation of Virginia under a royal patent. In 1591 he secretly married Elizabeth Throckmorton, one of the Queen's ladies-in-waiting, without the Queen's permission, for which he and his wife were sent to the Tower of London. After his release, they retired to his estate at Sherborne, Dorset.
In 1594 Raleigh heard of a "City of Gold" in South America and sailed to find it, publishing an exaggerated account of his experiences in a book that contributed to the legend of "El Dorado". After Queen Elizabeth died in 1603 Raleigh was again imprisoned in the Tower, this time for allegedly being involved in the Main Plot against King James I, who was not favourably disposed toward him. In 1616 he was released to lead a second expedition in search of El Dorado. This was unsuccessful and men under his command ransacked a Spanish outpost. He returned to England and, to appease the Spanish, was arrested and executed in 1618.
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| Walter Raleigh |
Which American football player was nicknamed ‘The Juice’? | Sir Mousie Raliegh
Sir Walter Raleigh (1554 1618) was an English aristocrat, writer, poet, soldier, politician, courtier, spy, and explorer. He is also well known for popularising tobacco in England. He rose rapidly in the favor of Queen Elizabeth I and was knighted in 1585. Instrumental in the English colonization of North America. In 1591, he secretly married Elizabeth Throckmorton, one of the Queen's ladies-in-waiting, without the Queen's permission, for which he and his wife were sent to the Tower of London.
"Sir Mousie Raliegh" - Painting Sold
Water Color - 4" x 6"
Based on the portrait of Sir Walter Raleigh,
by 'H' monogrammist c. 1588
All original artwork on this site is copyright by Alan F. Beck. Unauthorized use of images is forbidden. If you wish to use any images, please e-mail me for permission . To purchase original art or prints, please e-mail for details.
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How many players in one team are on the field in a game of shinty? | Shinty
Shinty
Shinty (Scottish Gaelic camanachd or iomain) is a team sport played with sticks and a ball. Shinty is now played almost exclusively in the Highlands of Scotland, but it was formerly more widespread, especially in England.
The sport was derived from the same root as the Irish game of hurling, and is similar to bandy.
Shinty is one of the forebears of ice hockey, Scottish immigrants to Nova Scotia playing a game on ice in 1800 at Windsor. In Canada, informal hockey games are still called shinny.
In the Scottish Lowlands, it was formerly referred to as common/cammon (caman), cammock (from Scottish Gaelic camag), knotty and various other names.
Game
The objective of the game is to play a small ball into a goal, or "hail", erected at the ends of a 120 to 160-yard-long pitch. The ball is played using the caman, a stick of about 3 1/2 ft in length. Unlike the Irish cam·n, it has no blade. The caman is traditionally made of wood and must not have any plate or metal attached to it. The caman would be made from any piece of wood with a hook in it, hence caman, from the Scottish Gaelic, cam meaning bent or crooked. In the Uists, stalks of seaweed were put to use due to a lack of trees. Modern camans are made from several laminates of ash which are glued and cut into shape, although one-piece camans were still commonplace until the early 1980s.
A team consists of 12 players, including one goalkeeper. A match is played over two halves of 45 minutes. With the exception of the keeper, no player is allowed to play the ball with his hands. There are also variants with smaller sides, with some adjustments in the field size and duration of play.
Whilst comparisons are often made with field hockey, the two sports have several important differences. In shinty, a player is allowed to play the ball in the air and is allowed to use both sides of the stick. The stick may also be used to block and to tackle, although a player may not come down on an opponent's stick, this is defined as hacking. A player may tackle using the body as long as this is shoulder-to-shoulder as in football.
A player may only stop the ball with the stick, the chest, two feet together or one foot planted on the ground. Only the goalkeeper may use his hands and then only with an open palm. He may not catch it. Playing the ball with the head constitutes a foul whether intentional or not.
Fouls result in a free-hit, which is indirect unless the foul is committed in the penalty area, commonly referred to as "The D". This results in a penalty hit from 20 yards.
A ball played by a team over the opposing bye line results in a goal hit from the edge of the D, a ball played by a team over their own results in a corner. A ball hit over the sideline results in a shy. A shinty shy involves the taker tossing the ball above his head and hitting the ball with the shaft of the caman. The ball must be directly overhead when struck to be legal.
Competitions
Shinty is traditionally divided into two administrative and playing areas, the North and the South. The geographic divide is at Ballachulish, with all clubs south of here being classified as South teams, although most are still northerly in comparison to most of Scotland. The long distances to travel have meant that the game in the South and in the North habitually have slightly different approaches to the game. The South considered to be more skilful in comparison to the more physical style propagated in the North. The South also has a slightly differing formation which is commonly used than that of the North.
These clubs compete in various competitions, both cup and league, on a national and also North/South basis. Whilst the top two leagues are played on a national basis, the premier competition is the Scottish Cup or the Camanachd Association Challenge Cup (the Camanachd Cup for short) which has been dominated by Kingussie in the last twenty years. The other dominant team in shinty history has been Newtonmore, Kingussie's near neighbours. Strangely these two teams only met in the Camanachd Cup Final for the first time in 1984.
The 2006 final was played, for the first time, in Dunoon between holders Fort William and Kingussie. Kingussie regained the cup after three years due to a majestic performance by Ronald Ross.
In League shinty, Kingussie has been dominant for the past 20 years and, according to the Guinness Book of Records 2005, is world sport's most successful sporting team of all time, winning 20 consecutive league championships and going 4 years without losing a single fixture in the early 1990s. This incredible, unmatched run of dominance was ended on 2nd September by ancient rivals Newtonmore who defeated Oban Camanachd 2-0 to ensure that Kingussie could not catch the team at the top of the league. However, Newtonmore were unable to usurp their neighbours as champions, as the first post-Kingussie champions were confirmed as Fort William who sealed the title on 30th September 2006 having won their games in hand over Newtonmore.
Summer shinty
In 2003, shinty clubs voted for a trial period of two years of a summer season from March to October, with a view to moving permanently to summer shinty if the experiment was judged to be a success. Despite opposition from the "Big Two", Kingussie and Newtonmore, and other small groups in the game, an EGM in November 2005 voted by an overwhelming majority (well over the required two thirds) to make summer shinty the basis upon which the game would proceed.
Predominantly a Highland game, there are also clubs to found in Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Perth and even London. University Shinty is a popular section of the sport, with almost all Scotland's main universities possessing a team. Historically, Glasgow University, Aberdeen University and Edinburgh University have vied for supremacy but in recent years, Strathclyde University, Robert Gordon's College and Dundee University have risen to prominence. It is also played in the British Army with The Highlanders Shinty Club keeping alive the tradition of the game being played in the Forces.
In recognition of shinty's shared roots with hurling, an annual international between the two codes from Scotland and Ireland is played on a home and away basis using compromise rules. In recent years the Irish have had the upper hand but the Scots won the fixture narrowly in 2005 and again in 2006, this time at Croke Park, Dublin albeit with the Irish fielding weaker players from the second tier Christy Ring Cup.
Although Camanachd Cup finals and internationals have been shown over the years, 2006 marked the first ever regular TV deal for shinty with matches being shown on the BBC Sports show SpÚrs.
In August 2006, the Camanachd Association decided to move its main offices to Inverness from Banavie near Fort William. This move was met with consternation by many in the sporting community with calls for an extraordinary general meeting. The EGM was held but a vote of no confidence in the Board of Directors was voted down. The Association recently appointed its first female chief executive Gill McDonald.
Shinty outside Scotland
London Camanachd is the only shinty club in England. They do not play league matches but do compete at present in the Bullough Cup. They have historically been attached to the South District. They went into abeyance in 1992 but were reconstituted in 2005. They played the first officially recognised shinty match outside Scotland in 80 years on Saturday 22nd July 2006 against the Highlanders. Shinty was previously played widely in England in the 19th Century and early 20th century and Nottingham Forest F.C. was established by Shinty Players. See References Section for further information.
Shinty is also spreading to North America, though originally played in the 18th and 19th century by Scottish immigrants, the sport died out. However, it is enjoying a revival, teams such as Northern California Camanachd Club (NCCC), Houston Camanachd Club (HCC), Washington Camanachd Club (WCC), Dunedin Camanachd (Florida) play at Highland Games and other venues across the USA. There is interest in forming clubs in Utah, Arizona and Tennessee, however the Morro Bay Shinty Club went inactive as of April 2007. See also Shinty in North America.
| twelve |
Which television series, created by Russell T Davies, is a spin-off from Doctor Who? | Shinty - a cross between hockey, lacross & ice hockey - sport Scotland | scottish
Or in Gaelic - "iomain" or "Camanachd" (prounounced yi-mane and ca-man-achd)
Introduced by the Irish over 2,000 years ago with Christianity.
Official Shinty Website: www.shinty.com
Shinty is unique to Scotland and one of the oldest games in the world. The game is similar to games such as hockey and lacrosse in some aspects and has historical roots with golf and ice hockey. As with lacrosse the game is a fast moving aerial game where physical fitness is tested to the limits. However, different from both hockey and lacrosse as in Shinty, feet can be used to stop the ball but not the hands (unless you are the goal-keeper). You can carrry the ball on your caman which can be also be swung above shoulder height.....a skilful eye and a sense of survival are paramount!!
The Game
Fast moving skilful sport that, like lacrosse is thrilling to watch
Played between 2 teams of 12 players
Each player is "armed" with a curved stick called a Caman (pronounced ca-man) which has a triangular in section
Each game lasts 90 minutes
Shinty is a community game played in some of the most remote parts of Scotland
The Dell playing fields at Kinguisse are considered by some to be the original home of organised shinty as we know it today.
The Rules
The fundamental difference between hockey and shinty is that in the game of shinty there is no restriction on the swing of the caman. Players can strike the ball with both sides of the stick - like ice hockey. However, handling and reaching for the ball is not allowed.
The "stick"
The caman was originally made of ash or hickory cut from a tree with a natural bend, but nowadays modern sticks are made from strips of wood glued together. The shortage of high quality wood in some areas of the country led to experimentation with various other materials such as aluminium but players have always reverted back to the natural product.
The Ball
The Ball is a similar size to a tennis ball. The interior is cork and worsted, with an outer cover of leather or a similar approved material. Originally blocks of wood or pieces of cork were used instead of the modern ball until the rules were formally accepted about 100 years ago and the cork ball became the standard.
Shinty is still a truly amateur sport, although the level of skill and athletic ability demands great things of the players. Some players travel hugh distances to play and represent the club in competitions. The best teams and players play in the national premier league and there are different grades of the game from school teams to international games.
The Glenmorangie Camanachd Cup Knock Out Championship was first played in 1896 and won by Kingussie Annual event with the the cup final normally played on the first Saturday in June. The cup final attracts shinty's biggest crowds of between 3,000 - 5,000.
Shinty and Hurling
Hurling is played in Ireland with different sticks from shinty players with a broad face. There often are matches between the shinty and the hurling teams on an organised basis. The first games were played in 1897 in Glasgow . Challenges regularly take place at club level particularly in the summer.
Shinty Teams
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Jovian relates to which planet in our solar system? | The Solar System
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The Solar System
For I dipped into the Future, far as human eye could see; saw the vision of the world, and all the wonder that would be. -Alfred Lord Tennyson, 1842
Table of Contents
Multiwavelength Milky Way
Our solar system consists of an average star we call the Sun , the planets Mercury , Venus , Earth , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , Neptune , and Pluto . It includes: the satellites of the planets; numerous comets , asteroids , and meteoroids; and the interplanetary medium. The Sun is the richest source of electromagnetic energy (mostly in the form of heat and light) in the solar system. The Sun's nearest known stellar neighbor is a red dwarf star called Proxima Centauri, at a distance of 4.3 light years away. The whole solar system, together with the local stars visible on a clear night, orbits the center of our home galaxy, a spiral disk of 200 billion stars we call the Milky Way . The Milky Way has two small galaxies orbiting it nearby, which are visible from the southern hemisphere. They are called the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud. The nearest large galaxy is the Andromeda Galaxy . It is a spiral galaxy like the Milky Way but is 4 times as massive and is 2 million light years away. Our galaxy, one of billions of galaxies known, is traveling through intergalactic space.
The planets, most of the satellites of the planets and the asteroids revolve around the Sun in the same direction, in nearly circular orbits. When looking down from above the Sun's north pole, the planets orbit in a counter-clockwise direction. The planets orbit the Sun in or near the same plane, called the ecliptic . Pluto is a special case in that its orbit is the most highly inclined (18 degrees) and the most highly elliptical of all the planets. Because of this, for part of its orbit, Pluto is closer to the Sun than is Neptune . The axis of rotation for most of the planets is nearly perpendicular to the ecliptic. The exceptions are Uranus and Pluto , which are tipped on their sides.
Composition Of The Solar System
The Sun contains 99.85% of all the matter in the Solar System. The planets, which condensed out of the same disk of material that formed the Sun, contain only 0.135% of the mass of the solar system. Jupiter contains more than twice the matter of all the other planets combined. Satellites of the planets, comets, asteroids, meteoroids, and the interplanetary medium constitute the remaining 0.015%. The following table is a list of the mass distribution within our Solar System.
Sun: 99.85%
Interplanetary Space
Nearly all the solar system by volume appears to be an empty void. Far from being nothingness, this vacuum of "space" comprises the interplanetary medium. It includes various forms of energy and at least two material components: interplanetary dust and interplanetary gas. Interplanetary dust consists of microscopic solid particles. Interplanetary gas is a tenuous flow of gas and charged particles, mostly protons and electrons -- plasma -- which stream from the Sun , called the solar wind .
The solar wind can be measured by spacecraft, and it has a large effect on comet tails. It also has a measurable effect on the motion of spacecraft. The speed of the solar wind is about 400 kilometers (250 miles) per second in the vicinity of Earth's orbit. The point at which the solar wind meets the interstellar medium, which is the "solar" wind from other stars, is called the heliopause. It is a boundary theorized to be roughly circular or teardrop-shaped, marking the edge of the Sun's influence perhaps 100 AU from the Sun. The space within the boundary of the heliopause, containing the Sun and solar system, is referred to as the heliosphere.
The solar magnetic field extends outward into interplanetary space; it can be measured on Earth and by spacecraft. The solar magnetic field is the dominating magnetic field throughout the interplanetary regions of the solar system, except in the immediate environment of planets which have their own magnetic fields.
The Terrestrial Planets
The terrestrial planets are the four innermost planets in the solar system, Mercury , Venus , Earth and Mars . They are called terrestrial because they have a compact, rocky surface like the Earth's. The planets, Venus, Earth, and Mars have significant atmospheres while Mercury has almost none. The following diagram shows the approximate distance of the terrestrial planets to the Sun.
The Jovian Planets
Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , and Neptune are known as the Jovian (Jupiter-like) planets, because they are all gigantic compared with Earth, and they have a gaseous nature like Jupiter's. The Jovian planets are also referred to as the gas giants, although some or all of them might have small solid cores. The following diagram shows the approximate distance of the Jovian planets to the Sun.
Our Milkyway Galaxy
This image of our galaxy, the Milky Way, was taken with NASA's Cosmic Background Explorer's (COBE) Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE). This never-before-seen view shows the Milky Way from an edge-on perspective with the galactic north pole at the top, the south pole at the bottom and the galactic center at the center. The picture combines images obtained at several near-infrared wavelengths. Stars within our galaxy are the dominant source of light at these wavelengths. Even though our solar system is part of the Milky Way, the view looks distant because most of the light comes from the population of stars that are closer to the galactic center than our own Sun. (Courtesy NASA)
Our Milky Way Gets a Makeover
Like early explorers mapping the continents of our globe, astronomers are busy charting the spiral structure of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Using infrared images from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, scientists have discovered that the Milky Way's elegant spiral structure is dominated by just two arms wrapping off the ends of a central bar of stars. Previously, our galaxy was thought to possess four major arms.
This artist's concept illustrates the new view of the Milky Way, along with other findings presented at the 212th American Astronomical Society meeting in St. Louis, Mo. The galaxy's two major arms (Scutum-Centaurus and Perseus) can be seen attached to the ends of a thick central bar, while the two now-demoted minor arms (Norma and Sagittarius) are less distinct and located between the major arms. The major arms consist of the highest densities of both young and old stars; the minor arms are primarily filled with gas and pockets of star-forming activity.
The artist's concept also includes a new spiral arm, called the "Far-3 kiloparsec arm," discovered via a radio-telescope survey of gas in the Milky Way. This arm is shorter than the two major arms and lies along the bar of the galaxy.
Our sun lies near a small, partial arm called the Orion Arm, or Orion Spur, located between the Sagittarius and Perseus arms. (Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech)
Spiral Galaxy, NGC 4414
The majestic galaxy, NGC 4414, is located 60 million light-years away. Like the Milky Way, NGC 4414 is a giant spiral-shaped disk of stars, with a bulbous central hub of older yellow and red stars. The outer spiral arms are considerably bluer due to ongoing formation of young, blue stars, the brightest of which can be seen individually at the high resolution provided by the Hubble camera. The arms are also very rich in clouds of interstellar dust, seen as dark patches and streaks silhouetted against the starlight. (Courtesy NASA/STSCI)
Obliquity of the Eight Planets
This illustration shows the obliquity of the eight planets. Obliquity is the angle between a planet's equatorial plane and its orbital plane. By International Astronomical Union (IAU) convention, a planet's north pole lies above the ecliptic plane. By this convention, Venus, Uranus, and Pluto have a retrograde rotation, or a rotation that is in the opposite direction from the other planets. (Copyright 2008 by Calvin J. Hamilton)
The Solar System
During the past three decades a myriad of space explorers have escaped the confines of planet Earth and have set out to discover our planetary neighbors. This picture shows the Sun and all nine planets of the solar system as seen by the space explorers. Starting at the top-left corner is the Sun followed by the planets Mercury , Venus , Earth , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , Neptune , and Pluto . (Copyright 1998 by Calvin J. Hamilton)
The Largest Moons and Smallest Planets
This image shows the relative sizes of the largest moons and the smallest planets in the solarsystem. The largest satellites pictured in this image are: Ganymede (5262 km), Titan (5150 km), Callisto (4806 km), Io (3642 km), the Moon (3476 km), Europa (3138 km), Triton (2706 km), and Titania (1580 km). Both Ganymede and Titan are larger than planet Mercury followed by Io, the Moon, Europa, and Triton which are larger than the planet Pluto . (Copyright Calvin J. Hamilton)
Diagram of Portrait Frames
On February 14, 1990, the cameras of Voyager 1 pointed back toward the Sun and took a series of pictures of the Sun and the planets, making the first ever "portrait" of our solar system as seen from the outside. This image is a diagram of how the frames for the solar system portrait were taken. (Courtesy NASA/JPL)
All Frames from the Family Portrait
This image shows the series of pictures of the Sun and the planets taken on February 14, 1990, for the solar system family portrait as seen from the outside. In the course of taking this mosaic consisting of a total of 60 frames, Voyager 1 made several images of the inner solar system from a distance of approximately 6.4 billion kilometers (4 billion miles) and about 32° above the ecliptic plane. Thirty-nine wide angle frames link together six of the planets of our solar system in this mosaic. Outermost Neptune is 30 times further from the Sun than Earth . Our Sun is seen as the bright object in the center of the circle of frames. The insets show the planets magnified many times. (Courtesy NASA/JPL)
Portrait of the Solar System
These six narrow-angle color images were made from the first ever "portrait" of the solar system taken by Voyager 1 , which was more than 6.4 billion kilometers (4 billion miles) from Earth and about 32° above the ecliptic . Mercury is too close to the Sun to be seen. Mars was not detectable by the Voyager cameras due to scattered sunlight in the optics, and Pluto was not included in the mosaic because of its small size and distance from the Sun. These blown-up images, left to right and top to bottom are Venus , Earth , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , and Neptune . (Courtesy NASA/JPL)
The following table lists statistical information for the Sun and planets:
Distance
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Which British-based clothing and adult toy company is named after the secretary of the male founder Caborn Waterfield? | Terrestrial and Jovian Planets Essay
Terrestrial and Jovian Planets
Terrestrial and Jovian Planets
Our solar system contains nine planets, which are broken down into 2 classifications known as terrestrial planets and jovian planets. The terrestrial planets are composed primarily of rock and metal. They also generally have high densities, slow rotation, solid surfaces, no rings, and few satellites. These planets include Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. On the other hand, the jovian planets are composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. They generally have low densities, rapid rotation, deep atmospheres, rings, and numerous satellites. These planets include Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
The closest terrestrial planet to the sun is Mercury. Mercury is relatively small, and technically the eighth largest of all the planets. It is actually smaller in diameter than the moons Ganymede and Titan. Mercury has been visited by only one spacecraft, and that was the Mariner 10. The temperature variations on Mercury are the most extreme of any in the solar system. Temperatures range from 90K to 700K. Venus is slightly hotter, but much more stable. Mercury is in many ways similar to the moon. The biggest comparison is the surface being heavily cratered and very old. Mercury is also the second densest planet in the solar system, only behind earth. Mercury actually has a very thin atmosphere consisting of atoms blown off the planet by solar winds. Mercury is often visible with binoculars, and sometimes even the naked eye. The best place to find Mercury is always near the Sun.
The next terrestrial planet, and second planet from the sun, is Venus. Venus is the brightest object in the sky except for the Sun and the Moon. The first spacecraft to visit the planet was the Mariner 2 in 1962. It has also been visited by many other spacecrafts, including the Pioneer Venus, Venera 7, Venera 9, and most recently the US spacecraft Magellan. The rotation on Venus is somewhat unusual because it is very slow and also retrograde. One day on Venus is equivalent to 243 days on Earth. The atmosphere on Venus is composed almost entirely of Carbon Dioxide. It contains several layers of clouds made up of sulfuric acid. These clouds completely cover up our view of the planet. The dense atmosphere produces a greenhouse effect that raises the temperatures to nearly 400 degrees, which is 740K. Venus' surface is actually hotter than Mercury's, despite being nearly twice as far from the Sun. There are also very strong winds on the planet that reach up to 350 kph. Venus is usually visible to the naked eye. Being the brightest star in the sky makes Venus easily seen on starry nights.
The next terrestrial planet, and third planet from the Sun, is our Earth. Earth is the only planet whose English name does not derive from Greek or Roman mythology. Earth is the densest major body in the solar system. Unlike the other terrestrial planets, Earth is divided into solid plates that float around independently on top of the hot mantle. There are eight major plates and twenty or so smaller plates. Seventy-one percent of the Earth is made of water. Earth happens to be the only planet on which water can exist as a liquid form on the surface. The Earth's atmosphere is 77% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and has traces of argon, carbon dioxide, and water. Earth is the only planet with human life, and as a result, this is planet is our home.
The last terrestrial planet, and fourth planet from the Sun, is Mars. Mars is a fairly small planet, and as a result is the seventh largest of all the planets. Mars is commonly referred to as the Red Planet, due to its red color. The first spacecraft to visit Mars was the Mariner 4 in 1965. Several others closely followed including the Mariner 2, Viking, and Mars Pathfinder. Mars has a very thin atmosphere composed of 95.3% carbon dioxide, 2.7% nitrogen, and 1.6% argon. Mars thin atmosphere also produces a greenhouse effect, however it only raises the temperature slightly. When it is nighttime, Mars is easily visible to the unaided eye.
The fifth planet from the Sun, and first of the jovian planets, is Jupiter. Jupiter is by far the largest of all the planets. Jupiter is more than twice as big as all the other planets combined. Jupiter happens to be the fourth brightest planet in the sky, only behind the Sun, Moon, and Venus. Jupiter was first visited by the Pioneer 10 in 1973. Jupiter is the first of the gaseous, and therefore does not have a solid surface. However, the gaseous material gets more and more dense with depth. Jupiter is made up of 90% hydrogen, and 10% helium. Jupiter is also home of the Great Red Spot. The Great Red Spot is a high pressure region whose clouds are higher and colder than the surrounding regions.
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Which music act closed the Pyramid Stage on Sunday night at Glastonbury in 2011? | Coldplay at Glastonbury 2011 – review | Music | The Guardian
Coldplay at Glastonbury 2011 – review
4 / 5 stars
Saturday 25 June 2011 20.05 EDT
First published on Saturday 25 June 2011 20.05 EDT
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It's not easy being the boy band U2 when the real thing played the night before. Guitarist Jonny Buckland got his apologies in early, telling the NME last week: "We hope U2 do a B-sides set with no lights".
Before they walked onto the Pyramid stage, Coldplay were Glastonbury 2011's forgotten headliners. U2's mere presence on Friday generated intense debate and booking Beyoncé for Sunday night induced squeaks of delight. Yet a band whose last album, Viva La Vida, sold almost 7 million copies in 2008 somehow slipped into the background.
But that level of success is no fluke. Coldplay are a light, bright pop act, specialists in the kind of non-specific, one size fits all emotion that plays well in front of the Pyramid stage. Crucially, they're also on home turf, this being their third headline appearance in nine years. It doesn't hold the same fear for them that it did for four men from Dublin.
So after the symphonic intro music and fireworks, no one cares that the opener, new track Hurts Like Heaven, is basically a Walt Disney version of Arcade Fire's Keep the Car Running . Besides, it's only there to kill time until the audience have made it through the bog. What follows sets the mood properly, with shameless crowd-pleaser Yellow followed by In my Place and not long after, Scientist. It works, too.
In the end they needn't have been quite so modest. Sure, they benefited from facing an audience who'd spent an afternoon in the sun, and who were still on a high from a spectacular Elbow performance , but they're also a kinder, more welcoming proposition than U2.
So it didn't matter that they needed two shots at new song Us Against the World, or that it was a bit sappy. As with their earlier European festival performances, the whirling Charlie Brown was the standout new song, a definite advance on the still forgettable Every Teardrop is a Waterfall, even if the lyrics were guff about "running wild" and "glowing in the dark."
And despite front-loading the set, they kept plenty in reserve, Viva La Vida winning the prize for most joyous sing-a-long, at least until Clocks kicked off the encore.
A victory that few predicted. Who knew a band this big could sneak up on people?
After the bravery of the Wombles in the pitiless sun, Beyoncé delivers a gobsmacking performance for the festival's finale, writes Alexis Petridis
Published: 26 Jun 2011
Photographer David Levene on how Glastonbury looks through a lens, and what happens when the U2 frontman decides he wants to stop mid-set and take your picture
Published: 26 Jun 2011
Alexis Petridis, Rosie Swash and Tim Jonze review the highlights of this year's Glasto, including Beyonce's amazing performance. We hear Ms Dynamite's view of playing festivals and we've got a live track from Isobel Anderson
Published: 27 Jun 2011
John Harris trudges through the mud in search of the squeezed middle and Glastonbury festival's political soul, and talks to Billy Bragg and anti-Bono campaigners along the way
Published: 25 Jun 2011
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In the UK television game show ‘Deal or No Deal’ what is the lowest amount of money shown in the red box in pounds sterling? | Beyonce Delivers Hit-Filled Glastonbury Performance: Video | Billboard
Beyonce Delivers Hit-Filled Glastonbury Performance: Video
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Beyonce's '4' Debuts Atop U.K. Album Chart, Has Six Singles in Top 75
Beyonce delivered a career-defining set at Glastonbury Sunday night (June 26). The pop diva headlined the decades-old British music festival, performing from the pyramid stage to an estimated 175,000 people for over 90 minutes. She also appeared on Sunday's BET Awards via satellite.
Her hit-heavy set opened with "Crazy In Love" and included chart-toppers "Single Ladies," "If I Were a Boy," "Telephone" and "Irreplaceable," several Destiny's Child favorites (among them: "Survivor," "Independent Women," "Jumpin' Jumpin'" and "Say My Name"), along with several covers and snippets of Alanis Morissette 's "You Oughtta Know" and the Eurythmics ' "Sweet Dreams."
In one of the show's sexiest moments, Beyonce, backed up by an all-female band, writhed on her back while singing a medley of Kings of Leon 's "Sex on Fire" and Prince 's "The Beautiful Ones." She followed it up atop a white grand piano from where she delivered her latest single, "1 + 1."
Mid-set, Beyonce prompted the crowd for a shout-out to BET. She pulls double duty on Sunday night, with top billing on the network's BET Awards, where her performance will be beamed via satellite.
Coldplay, Tinie Tempah Warm Up Glastonbury Festival
Clearly taken by the size of the massive crowd, Beyonce, whose new album 4 arrives this Tuesday, remarked, "I've done a lot of things in my life, but I have never performed in front of 175,00 people." The crowd erupted in applause in return, but not as loudly as when an image of President Barack Obama appeared during the song "At Last" following a montage of iconic images of the Civil Rights movement. A BBC broadcast of the show also panned over to side-stage where Beyonce's husband Jay-Z and Gwyneth Paltrow were seen hanging on to each other.
Beyonce closed her set with the primal "Girls (Run the World)" followed by the ballad "Halo," during which she walked off the stage and down to the crowd.
Following her performance, fellow pop star George Michael tweeted , "Just watching Beyonce's performance at Glastonbury. I love that woman. Great artist, writer,singer, person ... Something so generous about the fact that she covered songs that acknowledged Glastonbury's typical audience. Very few American artists ... would take the time or have the respect for a foreign audience to do that. She just gets better and better."
Interviewed by the BBC later in the night, Beyonce told the network that she was "very nervous" and had sent Coldplay 's Chris Martin her set list in advance. "I made sure he approved it and, of course, Jay. They all told me to relax and be myself," she said.
Beyonce also credited her husband, who had headlined Glastonbury in 2008, with making her pyramid stage performance possible. "I don't normally do festivals," she explained. "It's so much love and unity in the audience. It was beautiful."
U2 Rock Glastonbury Despite Tax Protesters
Of her choice in covers, Beyonce explained that she had a hard time narrowing it down to only a few. She chose "Sex on Fire" for a simple reason: "I love that song," she said.
Her most emotional moment of the show, she added, was during "Halo." A video display of smiling faces from Glastobury attendees triggered it. "At one point, I had to stop myself because I got really emotional on 'Halo," she said, "My team worked really hard filming for three days and being able to touch all the fans, it was a beautiful moment for me."
(Editing by Jillian Mapes, Billboard)
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What was the surname of the brother and sister who won the 1980 Wimbledon Mixed Doubles final? | Chip and Charge: Top brother-sister tennis acts - Tennis - ESPN
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Top brother-sister tennis acts
It was history in the making when Dinara Safina became the ringleader of the WTA Tour last week. Her older brother, Marat Safin , was once No. 1 as well, which means for the first time ever, one family has a brother-sister combination which has topped the ranking charts.
Though there's an ongoing debate as to whether a Slam-less Safina deserves to be No. 1 -- she's even raised the issue -- the ranking computer is the ultimate authority.
The Russians are not the only siblings to make their mark in the game. Here are the top five tennis brother-sister acts.
1. Marat Safin and Dinara Safina: The nod for top spot goes to the Russians for their historic No. 1 achievement. They were born into a tennis family: Their mom, Rausa Islanova, is a coach and dad, Misha, is the director of a tennis club. Safin has won 15 titles, including the 2000 U.S. Open as a fresh-faced 20-year-old, and the 2005 Australian Open, plus reached the Australian final two other times. Dinara fell short in her first two Grand Slam finals, at the French and Australian Opens the past 12 months. The owner of nine singles titles, Dinara promises she'll deliver a Grand Slam trophy to the family jewels soon.
2. Emilio Sanchez, Javier Sanchez, Arantxa Sanchez-Vicario: Three family talents are certainly better than just two. Arantxa outshined the brothers by simultaneously holding the No. 1 ranking in singles and doubles in 1995, and her two silver and two bronze Olympic medals are the most a Spanish athlete has ever won. Arantxa captured four singles and six doubles trophies at the Grand Slams, winning an overall 29 singles and 69 doubles titles. Emilio, who was ranked as high as No. 7 in singles and No. 1 in doubles, won 15 singles and 50 doubles titles as well as the 1987 French Open mixed doubles event. Javier, who ranked No. 23 in singles and No. 9 in doubles, won four singles and 26 doubles honors.
Al Bello/Getty Images
Dinara Safina recently supplanted Serena Williams to become the No. 1-ranked player on the WTA Tour.
3. Cliff Richey, Nancy Richey: In 1970, the Texans became the first brother-sister duo to rank No. 1 in the U.S. Nancy was more successful: She won two Slam championships and 69 titles total. She was the only player to win the U.S. Clay Court title six times (1963-68). Cliff, who achieved a career-high ranking of 16, won 10 singles titles.
4. Byron Black, Wayne Black, Cara Black : The Blacks of Zimbabwe became an established powerhouse in doubles, although all three enjoyed admirable singles rankings (Cara No. 31, Byron No. 22 and Wayne No. 69). Cara and Byron were No. 1 in doubles; Wayne topped out at No. 4. Cara's already won five Grand Slam doubles titles -- three at Wimbledon -- among her 48 doubles trophies. Wayne captured the 2001 U.S. and 2005 Australian Opens and 16 additional doubles titles. Byron's 1994 French Open doubles trophy is the most prestigious among his 22 tandem titles. Cara and Wayne teamed for the mixed doubles championships at the French Open (2002) and Wimbledon (2004).
5. Jeff Austin, John Austin, Tracy Austin: Tracy, the family baby, achieved greatness when she became No. 1 for the first time in April 1980, thereby eclipsing the four-year stranglehold that Chris Evert and Martina Navratilova had on the top position. She won the U.S. Open in 1979 and '81, and 28 other singles titles. Brother Jeff ranked No. 52 in singles and scored a singles and doubles title. John made it to No. 70 in the singles rankings, won one doubles trophy and teamed with Tracy to claim the 1980 Wimbledon mixed doubles event.
The best of the rest:
6. Richard Krajicek, Michaella Krajicek : A female streaker and Richard's serve made this Dutchman's 1996 Wimbledon victory memorable, while sis is currently trying to rekindle her top-30 form.
7. Vitas Gerulaitis, Ruta Gerulaitis: The deceased Vitas won the 1977 Australian Open and ranked as high as No. 3, while Ruta's nerves in match situations led to the 1979 French Open quarterfinalist being affectionately dubbed the world's best practice partner.
8. Cyril Suk , Helena Sukova: Helena was a four-time Grand Slam finalist; Cyril won the 1998 U.S. Open doubles title and together they were three-time Grand Slam mixed doubles champions (1991 French Open, 1996 and '97 Wimbledon).
9. Andrei Medvedev, Natalia Medvedeva: Andrei made headlines by reaching the 1999 French Open final and Natalia won four singles trophies.
10. Brad Gilbert, Dana Gilbert: Brad is the star with 20 singles titles and a post-career reputation as a phenomenal coach. The little-remembered Dana won two titles to add to the family lore.
Sandra Harwitt is a freelance tennis writer for ESPN.com.
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The Pedro Miguel lock is on which canal? | Margaret Court | Tennis Grandstand
Published July 9, 2010 | By Tennis Grandstand
By Maud Watson
Order Restored – Just a few final thoughts as the doors close on another memorable two weeks at SW19. After one of the more unpredictable Wimbledon Championships in recent memory, Serena Williams and Rafael Nadal restored some order by not only living up to their status as the heavy favorites in the finals, but doing so in emphatic fashion. For Serena, it marked her 13th major title, moving her closer to rarefied air. It may still be a big ask for her to catch Margaret Court, but Chrissie’s number of 18 is certainly looking assailable. As for Nadal, it marked his 8th major and a successful return to the hallowed grounds of the All England Club where he missed the opportunity to defend his title through injury in 2009. But the bigger payoff for Nadal in winning the title may be that between his clay and grass court seasons, he’s reestablished some of his invincible aura. He’s also coming in with a better plan for the hard court season, and he’s never been in a better position to start his campaign to take the US Open title, the lone major he has yet to add to his résumé.
More to Come? Credit also needs to be given to the losing singles finalists at the 2010 Wimbledon Championships. Both Vera Zvonareva and Tomas Berdych are talented players who have struggled to put it together between the ears, so to see them both realize their talents and make the final stage of a Grand Slam was satisfying. And while neither played at their best in their first major final, much of that must be attributed to the fact that they took on champion opponents who never allowed them to get any kind of foothold in the match. What will be interesting to see is how both follow it up during the summer hard court season, particularly the US Open. Zvonareva, though talented, is still prone to emotional meltdowns. Berdych on the other hand, who very nearly made the finals of the French a month ago, seems to have achieved a tighter grip on his emotions, much of that probably coming courtesy of his new coach. For me, Zvonareva is still a question mark, but expect to see Berdych contesting more Grand Slam finals down the road.
Back on Track? – The Wimbledon fortnight also saw Novak Djokovic and Andy Murray put together a couple of nice runs to the semifinals. Murray’s run almost came out of nowhere and should provide some much needed confidence for the young Scot whose form since the Australian Open has been particularly dismal. Given the way both men meekly folded in their semifinal matches – each losing in straight sets – it’s difficult to determine just how much they may have righted the ship. But I prefer to put a positive spin on their lengthy Wimbledon campaigns in the hopes that they’ll be a factor in what could potentially be a highly competitive US Open Series.
Curse Continues – Despite his success in Queen’s earlier this year, American Sam Querrey was no match for the “Casino Curse,” as he fell in his second round match to Jamaican Dustin Brown in straight sets. Querrey’s loss continues the 35-year streak in which the top seed has failed to emerge as the victor on the fabled green lawns of the historic Newport Casino. Other notable early losses this week include American Taylor Dent and Frenchman Nicolas Mahut, but at least Mahut was able to get one win under his belt after his devastating 68-70 loss to Isner in “The Match” at Wimbledon.
In the Hall – This coming Saturday, seven new inductees will take their place in the International Tennis Hall of Fame. But earlier in the week, Nicolas Mahut made his own way into the Hall of Fame, generously donating a shirt and racquet worn and used during his famous battle with John Isner in the first week of Wimbledon. Mahut stated he was honored to have something of his placed alongside memorabilia from some of the game’s greatest legends. While he’s no doubt mentally still smarting from the loss to Isner, the experience of seeing his shirt and racquet placed in the galleries of the International Tennis Hall of Fame & Museum had to help slightly soften the blow.
Published January 19, 2010 | By Voo De Mar
In the longest match of the 2010 Australian Open far (4 hours, 53 minutes), Mikhail Youzhny ousted Richard Gasquet 6-7(9), 4-6, 7-6(2), 7-6(4), 6-4, trailing 0:3 in the fourth and 2:4 in the fifth set. The Russian also saved double match point on serve at 5:6 in the fourth set. What’s more interesting, Gasquet, playing on the same Margaret Court Arena, lost last year despite 2-0 lead in sets and match point up (to Fernando Gonzalez). Youzhny beat Gasquet in five sets also four years in Davis Cup in a match that lasted 4 hours, 48 minutes. According to THE BUD COLLINS HISTORY OF TENNIS ($35.95, New Chapter Press, www.NewChapterMedia.com ), the match was the fifth longest men’s match ever at the Australian Open. The list of top six are as follows;
* 5 hours, 14 minutes Rafael Nadal d. Fernando Verdasco 6-7 (4), 6-4, 7-6 (2), 6-7 (1), 6-4, SF, 2009
* 5 hours, 11 minutes Boris Becker d. Omar Camporese, 7-6 (7-4), 7-6 (7-5), 0-6, 4-6, 14-12, 3rd rd., 1991
* 4 hours, 59 minutes Andy Roddick d. Younes El Aynaoui, 4-6, 7-6 (7-5), 4-6, 6-4, 21-19, QF, 2003. The fifth set took 2:23, Roddick saved MP in 10th game of the fifth with inside-out forehand
* 4 hours, 59 minutes Pete Sampras def. Tim Mayotte, 7-6, 6-7, 4-6, 7-5, 12-10, 1st rd, 1990
* 4 hours, 53 minutes Mikail Youzhny def. Richard Gasquet 6-7(9), 4-6, 7-6(2), 7-6(4), 6-4, 1st rd, 2010
* 4 hours, 51 minutes Yannick Noah def. Roger Smith 6-7, 5-7, 6-4, 6-2, 16-14, 1st rd, 1988
Federico Gil retired against David Ferrer of Spain, trailing 0-6, 0-6, 0-2 (allegedly suffering a left knee injury). In the Open Era, there have been three triple bagels at Roland Garros, one at both Wimbledon and Us Open but it has never happened at the Australian Open.
Fabrice Santoro came back out of retirement only to become the first player in the Open Era to participate in the major tournaments in four different decades (Santoro debuted at Roland Garros in 1989). It was 70th Grand Slam in Santoro’s career, which is also a record. (Andre Agassi is No. 2 with 61).
Ivo Karlovic established last year an amazing record of 78 aces in a five-set loss to Radek Stepanek. Giant Ivo, avenged that defeat, beating Stepanek 2-6 ,7-6, 6-4, 3-6, 6-4 on Monday, serving this time “only” 34 aces, and converting his only break point of the final set in the 10th game.
Seven players won their first matches in a major so far at the 2010 Australian Open: Stephane Robert, Ivan Sergeyev, Illya Marchenko, Ivan Dodig, Santiago Giraldo, Louk Sorensen and Lukas Lacko. Four of them (the Ukrainians: Sergeyev and Marchenko and Sorensen and Dodig) are playing first match in a Grand Slam event.
Clijsters Looks To Join Club Of Five Moms To Win Majors
Published September 9, 2009 | By Walker
Kim Clijsters stands just two match wins at the 2009 US Open shy of joining a very elite club in the history of tennis. Clijsters is looking to join a very exclusive club of five moms to win a major singles title. As documented in the book THE BUD COLLINS HISTORY OF TENNIS ($35.95, New Chapter Press, www.NewChapterMedia.com ), moms to win a major singles title are as follows;
Dorothea Douglass Chambers – The British great won two of her Wimbledon titles after the birth of her first child (1910, 1911) and two more after the birth of her second child (1913, 1914).
Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman – She was challenged by her father to win the U.S. Championship after she became a mom. In her first return appearance, she lost in the 1915 singles final to Molla Mallory, but she did turn the trick until 1919, when at 32 years old, she beat Marion Zinderstein Jessup 6-1, 6-2 to win her fourth U.S. title.
Sarah Palfrey Cooke – This American star did not defend her 1941 U.S. title due to pregnancy (she was married to standout American player Elwood Cooke), but she won the 1945 U.S. title, beating Pauline Betz as a 33-year-old mother.
Margaret Court – The Australian who was the most prolific winner of majors championships ever (62 titles in singles, doubles and mixed) actually played the 1971 Wimbledon women’s singles final while pregnant with her first child, son Daniel, losing to Evonne Goolagong. Court, however, returned to win the Australian, French and U.S. Opens in 1973.
Evonne Goolagong – The most recent of moms to win a major, Goolagong beat Chris Evert Lloyd in the 1980 Wimbledon final. Her first daughter, Kelly, was born on May 12, 1977 and Goolagong won the Australian Open at year’s end after playing only six events.
Clijsters gave birth to daughter Jada on Feb. 27, 2008 and has played two events on the WTA Tour in her post-child-birth comeback, reaching the quarterfinals of Cincinnati and the round of 16 of Toronto earlier this summer. Clijsters also currently does not have a WTA singles ranking and would equal the lowest-ranked player to win a major in the history of women’s tennis. Goolagong also was un-ranked when she won the 1977 Australian Open also when she returned to the women’s circuit after giving birth to a daughter. After more than a year off the circuit, Goolagong won the Australian Open after winning four tournaments on the Australian summer circuit over a six week period in late 1977.
Brothers And Sisters At The US Open – The Richeys And Dinara And Marat
Published September 1, 2009 | By Tennis Grandstand
NEW YORK, Sept. 1, 2009 – The best brother and sister combinations in the history of tennis – Dinara Safina and Marat Safin of Russia and Nancy and Cliff Richey of San Angelo, Texas – are all in attendance at the 2009 U.S. Open. Safina begins play as the No. 1 seed in women’s singles Tuesday, the same day as Nancy Richey, a Hall of Famer and a U.S. Open singles finalist 40 years ago in 1969, returns to the U.S. Open for the first time in 15 years. Richey, who lost to Margaret Court in the 1969 U.S. Open women’s singles final, is attending the U.S. Open with her younger brother Cliff, a two-time Open semifinalist. Marat Safin will begin his final career major tournament Wednesday when he plays his first-round match against Jurgen Melzer of Austria.
Safin and Safina are the only brother sister combo to rank No. 1 in the world rankings. The Richeys are the only brother-sister pair to rank No. 1 in the United States and were called by tennis historian Bud Collins in his book THE BUD COLLINS HISTORY OF TENNIS, prior to ascent of Safina, as “the game’s most extra-ordinary sister-brother combo.”
Nancy Richey was the first woman to win the first “open” major championship at the 1968 French Open (as an amateur, making her the only amateur woman to win a major singles title). She also won the Australian Open in 1967 and ranked as the No. 1 American in 1964, 1965, 1968 and 1969. Richey achieved a rare “six-peat” at a U.S. Tennis Association national championship – an effort that world No. 1 Roger Federer is attempting to do by winning his sixth straight U.S. Open men’s singles title this year – when she won the women’s singles title at the U.S. Clay Court Championships from 1963 to 1968. She was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2003.
Cliff Richey won the year-end international professional points title in 1970 (a precursor to the ATP rankings), highlighted by semifinal showings at the French and U.S. Opens. He clinched the year-end No. 1 U.S. singles ranking that year defeating Stan Smith in a match that rode on the final point of the match – a winner-take-all on the final point of sudden-death nine-point tie-breaker – Richey winning the semifinal match at the Pacific Coast Championships in Berkeley, Calif. 7-6, 6-7, 6-4, 4-6, 7-6 (5-4). His book detailing his trials and triumphs with clinical depression will be released in the spring of 2010 by New Chapter Press.
A comparison of the top-line achievements of the best brother and sister combinations are as follows;
Marat Safin
“Financial Debacle” For Australian Open
Published January 30, 2009 | By Walker
The Australian Open was called a “financial debacle” after tournament officials claimed the biggest loss ever in the history of the tournament.
In today’s troubled economic times, this is a headline that is quite believable. However, this was the description of the Australian Open 40 years ago today on January 27, 1969 – the day that Rod Laver of Australia won the national title of his homeland and the first leg of his historic second Grand Slam campaign.
Laver defeated Andres Gimeno of Spain 6-3, 6-4, 7-5 in the men’s singles final, and then paired with Roy Emerson to win the Aussie men’s doubles title over Ken Rosewall and Fred Stolle 6-4, 6-4. Following the conclusion of the event – which was held at the Milton Courts in Brisbane, Australia – officials at the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia (the modern day Tennis Australia) claimed that the tournament lost $14,700, which according to UPI wire service was “the biggest loss ever sustained in holding an Australian title tourney.” Only 15,250 fans attended the eight-day, 11-session event. Contrast that with today’s Australian Open numbers where $14,700 is the equivalent to second-round prize money and 15,250 fans are about one-fourth the number of fans that walk through the gates at Melbourne Park on a given day during the first week.
Laver went on to win the French, Wimbledon and U.S. Open titles to become the first player to ever register two Grand Slam sweeps of all four major singles titles in a calendar year. Laver also won the Grand Slam in 1962.
The following is an excerpt from my book ON THIS DAY IN TENNIS HISTORY ($19.95, New Chapter Press, www.tennishistorybook.com ) that details 40 years ago today in tennis history Down Under.
1969 – Rod Laver defeats Andres Gimeno of Spain 6-3, 6-4, 7-5 to win the men’s singles title at the Australian Open in Brisbane – the first leg of his eventual 1969 Grand Slam. Laver’s toughest test of the championship comes in the semifinals against Tony Roche, who beat him earlier in the month of the New South Wales Open in Sydney. Roche and Laver battle for more than four hours in 105-degree heat before Laver prevails 7-5, 22-20, 9-11, 1-6, 6-3. Writes Bud Collins in The Bud Collins History of Tennis of the Laver-Roche semifinal match, “Both players got groggy in the brutal sun, even though they employed an old Aussie trick of putting wet cabbage leaves in their hats to help stay cool. It was so close that it could easily have gone either way, and a controversial line call helped Laver grasp the final set.” Before Laver’s win over Gimeno, Margaret Court beats Billie Jean King 6-4, 6-1 to win the women’s singles title for an eighth time.
Published January 22, 2009 | By Walker
40th Anniversary of “The Rocket” Winning First Leg of 1969 Grand Slam
Significant anniversaries in the history of the Australian Open – including Tuesday’s 40th anniversary of Rod Laver’s Australian Open victory that was the first leg of his historic 1969 “Grand Slam” – are documented in the new book “On This Day In Tennis History.”
“On This Day In Tennis History” ($19.95, New Chapter Press, 528-pages, www.tennishistorybook.com ) is the new tennis book written by Randy Walker, that is a calendar-like compilation of historical and unique anniversaries, events and happenings from the world of tennis through the years.
The 40th anniversary of Rod Laver’s win at the 1969 Australian Open comes on Tuesday, January 27. It was on that day that Laver defeated Spain’s Andres Gimeno, a newly announced inductee in the International Tennis Hall of Fame, by a 6-3, 6-4, 7-5 margin in the Australian Open final, played that year at the Milton Courts in Brisbane. Laver goes on to win an historic second Grand Slam by defeating winning the French Open, Wimbledon and the U.S. Open to sweep all four major titles in the same year.
“On This Day In Tennis History” is a fun and fact-filled, this compilation offers anniversaries, summaries, and anecdotes of events from the world of tennis for every day in the calendar year. Presented in a day-by-day format, the entries into this mini-encyclopedia include major tournament victory dates, summaries of the greatest matches ever played, trivia, and statistics as well as little-known and quirky happenings. Easy-to-use and packed with fascinating details, the book is the perfect companion for tennis and general sports fans alike and is an excellent gift idea. “On This Day In Tennis History” is available for purchase via on-line book retailers and in bookstores in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.
Said Hall of Famer, two-time Australian Open champion and Outback Champions Series co-founder Jim Courier of the book, “On This Day In Tennis History is a fun read that chronicles some of the most important – and unusual – moments in the annals of tennis. Randy Walker is an excellent narrator of tennis history and has done an incredible job of researching and compiling this entertaining volume.” Said tennis historian Joel Drucker, author of Jimmy Connors Saved My Life, “An addictive feast that you can enjoy every possible way – dipping in for various morsels, devouring it day-by-day, or selectively finding essential ingredients. As a tennis writer, I will always keep this book at the head of my table.” Said Bill Mountford, former Director of Tennis of the USTA National Tennis Center, “On This Day In Tennis History is an easy and unique way to absorb the greatest – and most quirky – moments in tennis history. It’s best read a page a day!”
Other Australian Open interesting anniversaries over the course of the rest of the tournament are as follows:
January 25, 2003 – Serena Williams clinches “The Serena Slam” beating older sister Venus Williams 7-6 (7-4), 3-6, 6-4 to win the Australian Open and complete her sweep of four consecutive major championships. Venus, ironically, is the final-round victim of Serena’s in all four of the major tournaments. Serena joins Maureen Connolly, Margaret Court, Martina Navratilova and Steffi Graf as the only women to hold all four major tournament titles at the same time. “I never get choked up, but I’m really emotional right now,” says Serena in the post-match ceremony. “I’m really, really, really happy. I’d like to thank my mom and my dad for helping me.” The win for Serena places her ahead in her head-to-head series with Venus by a 5-4 margin. Says Venus of her younger sister, “I wish I could have been the winner, but of course you have a great champion in Serena and she has won all four Grand Slams, which is something I’d love to do one day.”
January 26, 1992 – Twenty-one-year-old Jim Courier defeats Stefan Edberg 6-3, 3-6, 6-4, 6-2 to win his first Australian Open singles title, putting him in position to become the first American man to rank No. 1 since John McEnroe in 1985. Courier becomes the first American man to win the Australian Open in 10 years and celebrates his win by running out of the stadium and jumping into the nearby Yarra River, one of the most polluted rivers in the world. Says Courier of the river’s condition, “It was really dirty.” Courier assumes the No. 1 ranking on Feb. 10.
January 27, 1970 – Playing in a drizzle and swirling wind on the grass courts of White City in Sydney, Arthur Ashe wins the Australian Open men’s singles title, defeating Australian Dick Crealy 6-4, 9-7, 6-2. The singles title is Ashe’s second at a major tournament – to go with his 1968 triumph at the U.S. Open. Margaret Court needs only 40 minutes to win the Australian Open women’s title for a ninth time, defeating Kerry Melville 6-3, 6-1 in the women’s singles final.
January, 27, 2008 – Novak Djokovic outlasts unseeded Frenchman Jo-Wilfried Tsonga 4-6, 6-4, 6-3, 7-6 (2) to win the men’s singles title at the Australian Open – his first major singles title. Seeded No. 3, the 20-year-old Djokovic becomes the first man from Serbia to a major singles title. Djokovic snaps a streak of 11 straight major championships won by either world No. 1 Roger Federer or No. 2 Rafael Nadal. Tsonga, ranked No. 38, was attempting to become the first Frenchman in 80 years (Jean Borotra in 1928) to win the Australian men’s singles championship.
January 28, 1946 – John Bromwich wins the men’s singles title at the Australian Championships – the first major championships held in the post World War II era, defeating 19-year-old fellow Australian Dinny Pails 5-7, 6-3, 7-5, 3-6, 6-2 in the final.
January 28, 1989 – Steffi Graf wins her second Australian Open singles title, defeating Helena Sukova 6-4, 6-4 in the women’s singles final. “It wasn’t easy today,” says Graf, who doesn’t lose a set in the tournament. “I found it really hard to get into my rhythm. Helena was hitting some good shots and when somebody serves like that, it’s hard to win.” The 19-year-old Graf shrugs off talk of a second-consecutive Grand Slam after claiming her fifth straight major singles title, saying “I had an incredible year last year and I’ve started awfully well this year, but I’m not going to get myself in trouble and say it’s going to happen again.”
January 28, 2007 – Roger Federer wins his 10th major singles title, defeating Fernando Gonzalez of Chile 7-5, 6-4, 6-4 in the final of the Australian Open. Federer becomes only the fourth man in the Open era to win a major title without the loss of a set – the last being Bjorn Borg at Roland Garros in 1980. The championship match is umpired by Frenchwoman Sandra De Jenken – the first time in tennis history a woman umpired a men’s Grand Slam singles final.
January 29, 1938 – Don Budge defeats Australian John Bromwich 6-4, 6-2, 6-1 to win the Australian Championships at Memorial Drive in Adelaide, Australia. The title marks the first leg of Budge’s eventual “Grand Slam” sweep of all four major championships.
January 29, 1955 – Ken Rosewall hands Tony Trabert what turns out to be his only singles loss in a major championship for the 1955 calendar year, defeating the American 8-6, 6-3, 6-3 in the semifinals of the Australian Championships in Adelaide, Australia. Trabert goes on to win the French Championships, Wimbledon and the U.S. Championships to complete one of the most successful seasons in the history of tennis. Rosewall wins the title two days later on January 31, defeating fellow Australian Lew Hoad 9-7, 6-4, 6-4
January 29, 1968 – Billie Jean King of the United States and Bill Bowrey of Australian win the final “amateur” major championships at the Australian Championships – King beating Margaret Smith Court of Australia 6-1, 6-2 and Bowrey beating Juan Gisbert of Spain 5-7, 2-6, 9-7, 6-4 in the singles finals. The 1968 Australian Championships are the last major tournament to be played before the legislatures of tennis “open” the game to professionals in addition to the amateurs. King, who breaks Court’s service six times on the day in the windy conditions at the Kooyong Tennis Club in Melbourne, says after the match that she is planning to retire from the sport in the next 18 months to two years. “I do not want to go on playing much longer. I want to settle down,” says King, who never “settled down” playing up through 1983 and remaining active in tennis and women’s sports for decades.
January 29, 1989 – Ivan Lendl wins his first Australian Open singles title and his seventh career major singles title defeating fellow Czech Miloslav Mecir 6-2, 6-2, 6-2 in the men’s singles final. The win guarantees that Lendl will take back the world No. 1 ranking from Mats Wilander, the man who took it from him by winning the U.S. Open the previous September. In women’s doubles, the top-seeded team of Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver win their seventh Australian Open women’s doubles title with a 3-6, 6-3, 6-2 victory over Patty Fendick and Jill Hetherington. Shriver and Navratilova’s victory is their 20th major doubles title as a team.
January 29, 2006 – Roger Federer gets emotional, cries and hugs all-time great Rod Laver during the post-match ceremony following his 5-7, 7-5, 6-0, 6-2 win over upstart Cypriot Marcos Baghdatis in the final of the Australian Open. Federer has difficulty putting to words the emotions he feels during the post-match ceremony and sobs after receiving the trophy from Laver. “I hope you know how much this means to me,” he says as he wipes away tears. Federer becomes the first player to win three consecutive major tournaments since Pete Sampras wins at the 1994 Australian Open. The title is his seventh career major title, tying him with John McEnroe, John Newcombe and Mats Wilander.
January 30, 1967 – Roy Emerson wins the Australian men’s singles title for a fifth straight year, beating Arthur Ashe 6-4, 6-1, 6-4 in the title match played in Adelaide, Australia. Emerson needs only 75 minutes to beat Ashe in front of a crowd of 6,000 for his 11th major singles title. The turning point of the match comes with the score knotted at 4-4 in the first set and Ashe serves three straight double faults to lose his serve, allowing Emerson to serve out the set and roll to the straight-sets win. Unknowingly at the time, as statisticians and media representatives were yet to keep track of stats and records, but Emerson’s title makes him the all-time men’s singles major championship winner, moving him past Bill Tilden, who won 10 major singles titles from 1920 to 1930. In the women’s singles final, Nancy Richey beats Lesley Turner 6-1, 6-4 to win her first major title,
January 30, 1994 – Pete Sampras wins his third consecutive major singles title, slamming 13 aces with speeds as fast as 126 mph in defeating first-time major finalist Todd Martin 7-6(4), 6-4, 6-4 at the Australian Open. The top-seeded Sampras becomes the first man in nearly 30 years to win Wimbledon, the U.S. Open and the Australian Open consecutively, joining Roy Emerson in 1964-65 and Don Budge in 1937-38. “He’s just too good and he really deserves what he’s succeeding at, because he’s really working his butt off,” Martin says of Sampras.
January 31, 1927 – Gerald Patterson of Australia hits 29 aces – against 29 double faults – in beating Jack Hawkes 3-6, 6-4, 3-6, 18-16, 6-3 to win the men’s singles title at the Australian Championships in Melbourne.
January 31, 1993 – For the second consecutive year, Jim Courier defeats Stefan Edberg in the men’s singles final at the Australian Open. Courier wins his fourth – and ultimately becomes his last – major singles title, with a 6-2, 6-1, 2-6, 7-5 victory. Says Courier, “It’s always very special to win Grand Slams, and to come back and defend makes it twice as special.” The final is played in blistering heat, with on-court temperatures measuring 150 degrees. Says Edberg of the blistering conditions, “At one stage, you feel like death.”
February 1, 1960 – Rod Laver and Margaret Smith win their first career major singles titles at the Australian Championships in Brisbane. Laver stages an incredible two-sets-to-love comeback to defeat reigning U.S. champion Neale Fraser 5-7, 3-6, 6-3, 8-6, 8-6 in 3 hours, 15 minutes. Laver, who goes on to win 11 major singles titles – including two Grand Slam sweeps in 1962 and 1969 – saves a match point at 4-5 in the fourth set. Following the match, Fraser collapses in the dressing room in cramps and fatigue. Margaret Smith – later Margaret Court – wins the first of her eventual 11 Australian singles titles at the age of 17, defeating fellow Australian teenager – 18-year-old Jan Lehane – by a 7-5, 6-2 margin. Court goes on to win a record 24 major singles titles.
February 1, 2004 – Roger Federer wins his first Australian Open crown, his second career major singles title and puts an exclamation point on taking over the world’s No. 1 ranking with a 7-6 (3), 6-4, 6-2 win over Marat Safin in the men’s singles final at the Australian Open. “What a great start to the year for me, to win the Australian Open and become No. 1 in the world,” Federer says. “To fulfill my dreams, it really means very much to me.”
Walker is a writer, tennis historian and freelance publicist and sports marketer. A 12-year veteran of the U.S. Tennis Association’s Marketing and Communications Division, he served as the press officer for the U.S. Davis Cup team from 1997 to 2005 and for the U.S. Olympic tennis teams in 1996, 2000 and 2004. He also served as the long-time editor of the U.S. Open Record Book during his tenure at the USTA from 1993 to 2005.
More information on the book can be found at www.tennistomes.com as well as on facebook.com at www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=1627089030&ref=name and on myspace.com.
New Chapter Press is also the publisher of The Bud Collins History of Tennis by Bud Collins, The Roger Federer Story, Quest for Perfection by Rene Stauffer and Boycott: Stolen Dreams of the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games by Tom Caraccioli and Jerry Caraccioli and the soon to be released title The Lennon Prophecy by Joe Niezgoda. Founded in 1987, New Chapter Press is an independent publisher of books and part of the Independent Publishers Group. More information can be found at www.newchapterpressmedia.com
On This Day In Tennis History Is Latest Book Release From New Chapter Press
Published November 11, 2008 | By Tennis Grandstand
WASHINGTON, D.C. – New Chapter Press has announced the publication of its latest book – On This Day In Tennis History -a calendar-like compilation of historical and unique anniversaries, events and happenings from the world of tennis through the years – written by Randy Walker, the sports marketing and media specialist, tennis historian and former U.S. Tennis Association press officer.
On This Day In Tennis History ($19.95, 528 pages), is a fun and fact-filled, this compilation offers anniversaries, summaries, and anecdotes of events from the world of tennis for every day in the calendar year. Presented in a day-by-day format, the entries into this mini-encyclopedia include major tournament victory dates, summaries of the greatest matches ever played, trivia, and statistics as well as little-known and quirky happenings. Easy-to-use and packed with fascinating details, the book is the perfect companion for tennis and general sports fans alike and is an excellent gift idea for the holiday season. The book features fascinating and unique stories of players such as John McEnroe, Don Budge, Bill Tilden, Chris Evert, Billie Jean King, Jimmy Connors, Martina Navratilova, Venus Williams, Serena Williams, Anna Kournikova among many others. On This Day In Tennis History is available for purchase via on-line book retailers and in bookstores in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. More information on the book can be found at www.tennishistorybook.com
Said Hall of Famer Jim Courier of the book, “On This Day In Tennis History is a fun read that chronicles some of the most important-and unusual-moments in the annals of tennis. Randy Walker is an excellent narrator of tennis history and has done an incredible job of researching and compiling this entertaining volume.” Said tennis historian Joel Drucker, author of Jimmy Connors Saved My Life, “An addictive feast that you can enjoy every possible way-dipping in for various morsels, devouring it day-by-day, or selectively finding essential ingredients. As a tennis writer, I will always keep this book at the head of my table.” Said Bill Mountford, former Director of Tennis of the USTA National Tennis Center, “On This Day In Tennis History is an easy and unique way to absorb the greatest-and most quirky-moments in tennis history. It’s best read a page a day!”
Walker is a writer, tennis historian and freelance publicist and sports marketer. A 12-year veteran of the U.S. Tennis Association’s Marketing and Communications Division, he served as the press officer for the U.S. Davis Cup team from 1997 to 2005 and for the U.S. Olympic tennis teams in 1996, 2000 and 2004. He also served as the long-time editor of the U.S. Open Record Book during his tenure at the USTA from 1993 to 2005.
More information on the book can be found at www.tennistomes.com as well as on facebook at http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=1627089030&ref=name and on myspace at http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendid=428100548
People mentioned in the book include, Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal, Novak Djokovic, Andy Roddick, Lleyton Hewitt, Goran Ivanisevic, Andre Agassi, Venus Williams, Serena Williams, Lindsay Davenport, Monica Seles, Jelena Jankovic, Ana Ivanovic, Maria Sharapova, Justine Henin, Kim Clijsters, Amelie Mauresmo, Anna Kounikova, Jennifer Capriati, Yevgeny Kafelnikov, Martina Hingis, Gustavo Kuerten, Svetlana Kuznetsova, James Blake, Wilmer Allison, Mal Anderson, Arthur Ashe, Juliette Atkinson, Henry “Bunny” Austin, Tracy Austin, Boris Becker, Kark Behr, Pauline Betz, Bjorn Borg, Jean Borotra, John Bromwich, Norman Brookes, Louise Brough, Jacques Brugnon, Butch Buchholz, Don Budge, Maria Bueno, Rosie Casals, Michael Chang, Philippe Chatrier, Dodo Cheney, Henri Cochet, Maureen Connolly, Jimmy Connors, Jim Courier, Ashley Cooper, Margaret Court, Jack Crawford, Allison Danzig, Dwight Davis, Lottie Dod, John Doeg, Laurence Doherty, Reggie Doherty, Dorothea Douglass Lambert Chambers, Jaroslav Drobny, Margaret duPont, Francoise Durr, James Dwight, Stefan Edberg, Roy Emerson, Chis Evert, Bob Falkenburg, Neale Fraser, Shirley Fry, Althea Gibson, Pancho Gonzalez, Evonne Goolagong, Arthur Gore, Steffi Graf, Bitsy Grant, Darlene Hard, Doris Hart, Anne Jones, Gladys Heldman, Slew Hester, Bob Hewitt, Lew Hoad, Harry Hopman, Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman, Joe Hunt, Frank Hunter, Helen Jacobs, Bill Johnston, Perry Jones, Bob Kelleher, Billie Jean King, Jan Kodes, Karel Kozeluh, Jack Kramer, Rene Lacoste, Bill Larned, Art Larsen, Rod Laver, Ivan Lendl, Suzanne Lenglen, George Lott, Gene Mako, Molla Mallory, Hana Mandlikova, Alice Marble, Dan Maskell, Simone Mathieu, Mark McCormack, John McEnroe, Ken McGregor, Kitty Godfree, Chuck McKinley, Maurice McLoughlin, Frew McMillian, Don McNeill, Elisabeth Moore, Angela Mortimer, Gardnar Mulloy, Ilie Nastase, Martina Navratilova, John Newcombe, Yannick Noah, Jana Novotna, Betty Nuthall, Alex Olmedo, Rafael Osuna, Frank Parker, Gerald Patterson, Budge Patty, Fred Perry, Nicola Pietrangeli, Adrian Quist, Patrick Rafter, Dennis Ralson, Vinnie Richards, Nancy Richey, Cliff Richey, Bobby Riggs, Tony Roche, Mervyn Rose, Ken Rosewall, Elizbeth Ryan, Gabriela Sabatini, Pete Sampras, Arantxa Sanchez Vicario, Manuel Santana, Dick Savitt, Ted Schroeder, Gene Scott, Richard Sears, Frank Sedgman, Pancho Segura, Vic Seixas, Frank Shields, Pam Shriver, Stan Smith, Fred Stolle, Bill Talbert, Bill Tilden, Tony Trabert, Lesley Turner, Jimmy Van Alen, John Van Ryn, Guillermo Vilas, Ellsworth Vines, Brian Gottfried, Virginia Wade, Holcombe Ward, Watson Washburn, Mal Whitman, Mats Wilander, Tony Wilding, Helen Wills Moody, Sidney Wood, Robert Wrenn, Bob Bryan, Mike Bryan, Todd Woodbridge, Marat Safin, Leslie Allen, Sue Barker, Jonas Bjorkman, Mahesh Bhupathi, Donald Dell, Albert Costa, Mark Cox, Owen Davidson, Pat Cash, Mary Carillo, John Isner, Roscoe Tanner, Vijay Amritraj, Mark Woodforde, Tim Henman, Richard Krajicek, Conchita Martinez, Mary Joe Fernandez, Cliff Drysdale, Mark Edmondson, Juan Carlos Ferrero, Zina Garrson, Roland Garros, Wojtek Fibak, Tom Gullikson, Andres Gimeno, Vitas Gerulaitis, Fernando Gonzalez, Tim Henman, Goran Ivanisevic, Andrea Jaeger, Ivo Karlovic, Richard Krajicek, Petr Korda, Luke Jensen, Murphy Jensen, Rick Leach, Iva Majoil, Barry MacKay, Ivan Ljubicic, Cecil Mamiit, David Caldwell, Alex Metreveli, Nicolas Massu, Todd Martin, Gene Mayer, Thomas Muster, Tom Okker, Charlie Pasarell, Mary Pierce, Whitney Reed, Leander Paes, Renee Richards, Helen Sukova, Michael Stich, Betty Stove, Ion Tiriac, Brian Teacher, Wendy Turnbull, Richards, Fabrice Santoro, Ai Sugiyama, Patrick McEnroe, Camille Pin, Phil Dent, Jelena Dokic, Mark Edmondson, Gael Monfils, Xavier Malisse, Dinara Safina, Barry Lorge, Stefano Pescosolido, Fabrice Santoro, Roscoe Tanner, Philipp Kohlschreiber, Roger Smith, Erik van Dillen, Gene Mayer, Tamara Pasek, Stefan Koubek, Jie Zheng, Gisela Dulko, Kristian Pless, Chuck McKinley, Marty Riessen, Brad Gilbert, Tim Mayotte, Andrea Petkovic, Klara Koukalova, Bobby Reynolds, Dominik Hrbaty, Andreas Seppi, Christopher Clarey, Casey Dellacqua, Anders Jarryd, Janko Tipsarevic, Nadia Petrova, Christian Bergstrom, Ramesh Krishnan, Emily Sanchez, Marcos Baghdatis, Mark Philippousssis, Wally Masur, Paul McNamee, Daniela Hantuchova, Gerry Armstrong, Younes El Aynaoui, Thomas Johansson, Pat Cash, Lisa Raymond, Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, Chanda Rubin, Tony Roche, Alex O’Brien, Petr Korda, Karol Kucera, Amelie Mauresmo, Juan Gisbert, Pablo Cuevas, Jim Pugh, Rick Leach, Julien Boutter, Larry Stefanki, Chris Woodruff, Jill Craybas, Sania Mirza, Mike Leach, Maggie Maleeva, Guillermo Canas, Guillermo Coria, Donald Young, Dick Stockton, Johan Kriek, Milan Srejber, Zina Garrison, Slyvia Hanika, Karin Knapp, Laura Granville, Kei Nishikori, Scott Davis, Paul Goldstein, Alberto Martin, Nicolas Kiefer, Joachim Johansson, Jonathan Stark, Jakob Hlasek, Jeff Tarango, Amanda Coetzer, Andres Gomez, Richey Reneberg, Francisco Clavet, Radek Stepanek, Miloslav Mecir, Jose-Luis Clerc, Colin Dibley, Mikael Pernfors, Martin Mulligan, Robbie Weiss, Hugo Chapacu, Victor Pecci, Charlie Bricker, Greg Rusedski, Robin Finn, Kimiko Date, David Nalbandian, Goran Ivanisevic, Mikhail Youzhny, Nicole Pratt, Bryanne Stewart, Novak Djokovic, Rennae Stubbs, Corina Morariu, Marc Rosset, Kenneth Carlsen, Kimiko Date, Ryan Harrison, Richard Gasquet, Jimmy Arias, Jim Leohr, Felix Mantilla, Cedric Pioline, Annabel Croft, Brooke Shields, Jaime Yzaga, Slobodan Zivojinovic, Alberto Mancini, Peter McNamara, Andrei Chesnokov, Fabrice Santoro, Bud Collins, Mardy Fish, Sebastien Grosjean, Donald Dell, Petr Kuczak, Magnus Norman, Hicham Arazi, Nduka Odizor, Lori McNeil, Horst Skoff, Karolina Sprem, Ros Fairbank, Linda Siegel, Chris Lewis, Kevin Curren, Thierry Tulasne, Guy Forget, Fred Tupper, Jaime Fillol, Belus Prajoux, Ricardo Cano, Georges Goven, Ray Moore, Charlie Pasarell, Paul Annacone, Tomas Smid, Dmitry Tursunov, Elena Dementieva, Arnaud DiPasquale, Carl Uwe Steeb, Bill Scanlon, Jose Higueras, Jay Berger, Jana Novotna, Bill Dwyre, Lisa Dillman, Sean Sorensen, Paul McNamee, Jiri Novak, Benjamin Becker, Ion Tiriac, Neil Amdur, Tim Gullikson, Jan-Michael Gambill, Taylor Dent, Bryan Shelton, Vijay Amritraj, Martin Verkerk, Brian Gottfried, Carlos Moya, Jacco Eltingh, Adriano Panatta, John Feinstein, Aaron Krickstein, Wilhelm Bungert, Derrick Rostagno, Torben Ulrich, Daniel Nestor, Ray Ruffels, Cliff Drysdale, James Reilly, Andy Murray, Leander Paes, Alicia Molik, Barry MacKay among others.
New Chapter Press is also the publisher of The Bud Colins History of Tennis by Bud Collins, The Roger Federer Story, Quest for Perfection by Rene Stauffer and Boycott: Stolen Dreams of the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games by Tom Caraccioli and Jerry Caraccioli and the soon to be released title The Lennon Prophecy by Joe Niezgoda. Founded in 1987, New Chapter Press is an independent publisher of books and part of the Independent Publishers Group. More information can be found at www.newchapterpressmedia.com
“Mom” Bammer Makes Tennis History; Seeks More
Published September 1, 2008 | By Walker
Sybille Bammer of Austria became a part of tennis history Sunday when she defeated Marion Bartoli of France 7-6 (3), 0-6, 6-4 to advance into the quarterfinals of the US Open. According to The Bud Collins History of Tennis, An Authoritative Encyclopedia and Record Book ($35.95, New Chapter Press, www.tennistomes.com ), the 3-hour, 5-minute match is the longest women’s singles match in the history of the US Open – two minutes longer than the 2003 US Open semifinal between Jennifer Capriati and Justine Henin-Hardenne, won by Henin-Hardenne 4-6, 7-5, 7-6 (4).
Bammer, the mother of a seven-year-old daughter Tina, will next play No. 2 seed Jelena Jankovic. While a long-shot to win the title, the No. 30-ranked Bammer is looking to join a very exclusive club of five moms to win a major singles title. Moms to win a major singles title are as follows;
Dorothea Douglass Chambers – The British great won two of her Wimbledon titles after the birth of her first child (1910, 1911) and two more after the birth of her second child (1913, 1914).
Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman – She was challenged by her father to win the U.S. Championship after she became a mom. In her first return appearance, she lost in the 1915 singles final to Molla Mallory, but she did turn the trick until 1919, when at 32 years old, she beat Marion Zinderstein Jessup 6-1, 6-2 to win her fourth U.S. title.
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Sarah Palfrey Cooke – This American star did not defend her 1941 U.S. title due to pregnancy (she was married to standout American player Elwood Cooke), but she won the 1945 U.S. title, beating Pauline Betz as a 33-year-old mother.
Margaret Court – The Australian who was the most prolific winner of majors championships ever (62 titles in singles, doubles and mixed) actually played the 1971 Wimbledon women’s singles final while pregnant with her first child, son Daniel, losing to Evonne Goolagong. Court, however, returned to win the Australian, French and U.S. Opens in 1973.
Evonne Goolagong – The most recent of moms to win a major, Goolagong beat Chris Evert Lloyd in the 1980 Wimbledon final.
USTA To Celebrate The 40th Anniversary Of The Open Era At The 2008 US Open
Published August 13, 2008 | By Tennis Grandstand
WHITE PLAINS, N.Y., August 13, 2008 – The USTA today announced that the 2008 US Open will commemorate the 40th anniversary of the founding of tennis’ Open Era. The US Open’s Opening Night on August 25 will launch the celebration with an on-court ceremony highlighting the 40 US Open singles champions in the 40 years since 1968. Throughout the tournament, the US Open will feature additional celebrations and special tributes to past champions. To mark this historic anniversary, the USTA has also produced a commemorative coffee table book, collectible coins, a vintage clothing line, and a dedicated 40th Anniversary website.
The US Open and the city of New York share a special relationship that dates back to 1915, when the West Side Tennis Club first hosted the men’s singles U.S. National Championships, a precursor to the modern-day US Open. Until 1968, the U.S. National Championships was strictly limited to amateurs but forty years ago, the tournament became “open” to both professionals and amateurs and the name changed from the U.S. Championships to the US Open.
The size and scope of the US Open continues to expand and develop each year. A total of $100,000 was offered by the USTA to the field of 96 men and 64 women who entered the men’s and women’s singles and doubles events at the 1968 US Open. In 1973, the US Open became the first Grand Slam to offer equal prize money to men and women. Today, US Open prize money exceeds $20 million and features more than 600 men and women, including qualifying.
“The 2008 US Open will pay tribute to one of the most significant milestones in the history of tennis — the birth of the Open Era,” said Jane Brown Grimes, President and Chairman of the Board, USTA. “By allowing both professionals and amateurs to compete together, the Open Era transformed the sport, creating a platform to elevate the sport’s popularity and grow the game on every level.”
“We will be launching a two-week celebration of this historic occasion with what is sure to be an unforgettable Opening Night,” said Arlen Kantarian, Chief Executive Officer, Pro Tennis, USTA. “The 40th anniversary gives us the opportunity to honor the tournament’s rich history and the game’s greatest champions — past and present — all of whom have played a substantial role in making the US Open one of the world’s most celebrated sporting events.”
Special Celebrations and Programs
An Opening Night ceremony honoring the Open Era’s 40 US Open champions.
Vignettes highlighting the Open Era’s 40 US Open champions will be displayed on the video boards on the grounds of the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center.
A micro-site on USOpen.org will serve as a retrospective of the US Open and Open Era champions featuring a historical overview of the event and exclusive photo and video highlights of the US Open’s most memorable moments.
The Open Book: Celebrating 40 Years of America’s Grand Slam — a hardcover, coffee table book published by Triumph Books — will be sold in bookstores and major retail outlets.
The US Open program and US Open draw sheets will include special 40th Anniversary features and historic tributes.
A vintage clothing line — part of the US Open Collection — captures the spirit of the 40th Anniversary.
Limited edition silver commemorative coins minted by The Highland Mint and featuring the 40th Anniversary US Open logo will be sold on-site.
US Open Historical Highlights from the Open Era
Arthur Ashe became the first African-American male to win a Grand Slam in 1968; in 1997, the USTA opened Arthur Ashe Stadium in his honor.
Billie Jean King needed just 13 games to win the first-ever US Open stadium-court match in 1968; the National Tennis Center was renamed in her honor in 2006.
Three individual players have completed the Grand Slam at the US Open during the Open Era — Rod Laver in 1969, Margaret Court in 1970 and Steffi Graf in 1988.
Jimmy Connors is the only player to win the US Open singles championship on three different surfaces — on grass in 1974, on clay in 1976 and on hard court in 1978.
The men’s and women’s champions at the 1973 US Open each received equal prize money for the first time in Grand Slam history.
Night tennis was instituted at the US Open in 1975 — the first Grand Slam to feature night tennis.
The US Open moved from Forest Hills to its current home, the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center, in 1978.
Chris Evert captured her sixth US Open title in 1982, the most of any man or woman during the Open Era.
The first Grand Slam prime-time women’s singles final was played in 2001 — Venus Williams’ defeat of sister Serena was viewed by an estimated 22.7 million viewers.
The Olympus US Open Series was introduced in 2004, creating a summer tennis season that culminates with the US Open and offers bonus prize money to its participants.
Instant replay with a player challenge system made its Grand Slam debut at the 2006 US Open. 32% of the challenged calls are reversed.
US Open attendance topped 700,000 for the first time (715,587), at the 2007 US Open. Total attendance at the US Open has increased by more than 150,000 since the opening of Arthur Ashe Stadium.
40 Champions in 40 Years
Below are the US Open champions in alphabetical order with their Open Era championship year(s):
Andre Agassi
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Who plays Bret Maverick in the 1994 film ‘Maverick’? | Maverick - Mel Gibson plays poker with Jodie Foster 1994 - YouTube
Maverick - Mel Gibson plays poker with Jodie Foster 1994
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Published on Jul 22, 2014
Mel Gibson plays poker with Jodie Foster.
Category
| Mel Gibson |
The Bayeux Tapestry depicts events leading up to which battle? | Address Comments To:
Content:
(B, LLL, V, S, N, A, M) No strongly apparent worldview, although gambling & dishonesty practiced, but characters sing "Amazing Grace" over grave of stagecoach driver & film closes with same song; 54 obscenities (no F-words) & 2 profanities; western action violence--fistfights, brief gunfights & runaway stage; one implied sexual encounter; brief female nudity in saloon wall painting & man without shirt; brief alcohol consumption, but not by main characters; and, gambling & con-games.
Summary:
On his way to the biggest poker game in Old West history, Bret Maverick finds himself a few dollars short and a few inches shy of a hanging in the lighthearted and engagingly entertaining film, MAVERICK. Mel Gibson stars as the smooth-talking gambler reminiscent of the famous television series. Tainted by excessive foul language, the film is an otherwise absolute delight.
Review:
On his way to the biggest poker game in Old West history, Bret Maverick finds himself a few dollars short and a few inches shy of a hanging in the lighthearted and engagingly entertaining film, MAVERICK. Mel Gibson stars as the smooth-talking, never-cheating, hardly ever-bluffing gambler set on winning a half-million dollar prize and, more importantly, establishing once and for all just how good he really is. The stakes are high in this first-ever, all-star riverboat poker extravaganza, and Bret Maverick is not welcome. The poker game soon turns into an adventure, however, like every other event in his life.
Action-packed and star-studded with cameos, MAVERICK is true to the form of the original '57 to '62 TV series. Mel Gibson brings just the right blend of action, intrigue and sly humor to the big screen MAVERICK, and as the title character originally made famous by James Garner, Gibson plays Bret Maverick like a young Garner should. The role fits him like a glove. Jodie Foster is extraordinary as Mrs. Annabelle Bransford, a card-playing con-woman who cannot decide whether to fall in love with Maverick, hate him or just take his wallet. James Garner rounds out a trio whose interaction on screen is a flawless work of harmony. This combination incontestably screams for a sequel. Tainted only by foul language, MAVERICK is an otherwise absolute delight.
In Brief:
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Which 18th Century novelist wrote ‘The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling’? | The History of Tom Jones, Foundling
The History of Tom Jones, Foundling
The History of Tom Jones, Foundling
Henry Fielding's Canonical Picaresque Novel
Tom Jones, Henry Fielding. Wikimedia Commons
Updated March 02, 2016.
About.com Rating
The History of Tom Jones, Foundling, commonly referred to just as Tom Jones, is a 1749 comic novel by Henry Fielding . It's both a coming-of-age story and a work of picaresque fiction. Tom Jones is one of the first published works in English to be called a novel, first released as 18 separate books. Tom Jones is considered a canonical work of English literature , one that has influenced numerous writers since its release.
Fielding is remembered for his brilliant satire and humor. Much of his early life was spent in poverty, which serves as the basis for much of the plot of Tom Jones.
Tom Jones was dedicated to Sir George Lyttleton, a patron of the arts and a supporter of both Fielding and Alexander Pope .
Overview: How Tom Came to be a Foundling
Two brothers, Dr Blifil and Captain Blifil, regularly visit the Allworthy estate. The doctor introduces the captain to Bridget in hopes of marrying into Allworthy's wealth. The couple soon marry. After the marriage, Captain Blifil begins to show a coldness to his brother, who eventually feels obliged to leave the house for London where he soon dies "of a broken heart".
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Captain Blifil and his wife start to grow cool towards one another, and the former is found dead from apoplexy one evening after taking his customary evening stroll prior to dinner. By then he has fathered a boy, who grows up with the bastard Tom.
Tom grows into a vigorous and lusty, yet honest and kind-hearted, youth. His first love is Molly, gamekeeper Black George's second daughter and a local beauty. She throws herself at Tom; he gets her pregnant and then feels obliged to offer her his protection. After some time, however, Tom finds out that Molly is somewhat promiscuous. He then falls in love with a neighbouring squire's lovely daughter, Sophia Western. Tom's status as a bastard causes Sophia's father and Allworthy to oppose their love; this criticism of class friction in society acted as a biting social commentary. The inclusion of prostitution and sexual promiscuity in the plot was also original for its time, and the foundation for criticism of the book's "lowness".[5]
Tom Jones, a country boy, is discovered as a baby (a foundling) on the estate of Squire Allworthy, and is brought up in the Squire's household as a son. He grows up and falls in love with Sophia Western, whose father opposes their relationship since Tom is believed to be the son of unwed parents. It's these class divisions that provide some of Fielding's most pointed social commentary.
Squire Allworthy wants his daughter to marry his nephew Bilfil, Tom's rival from childhood days. Bilfil conspires to have Allworthy cast Tom out of his house. So, Tom is forced into a journey during which he seduces even more women (including Jenny Jones, whom everyone believes is his mother). All the while Tom pines for Sophia.
In the final pages it seems that Tom's wayward ways have led him to the gallows, but a revelatory ending saves him from the noose--just as his true identity is brought to light. Far from being the son of Jenny Jones, he is Bilfil's illegitimate half-brother, Allworthy's nephew. So, he is the heir to a fortune worthy of Sophia's hand. Fortunately for Tom, it also means that he didn't sleep with his own mother.
Discovery of the Lost Boy
The novel has many twists and turns which give it a sense of adventure. But, Tom Jones is first and foremost a satire on societal organization and the class system of 18th century England . The central character resides outside of the class system, as an abandoned child, of uncertain parentage. Based on his past--without the ensuing revelations--Tom would never be considered worthy to wed his true love, Sophia.
The novel provides sharp contrast between Tom and his basically decent nature, and Bilfil's hypocrisy, which allowed Fielding to criticize what he saw as the hypocritical nature of Methodism. The novel is set during a period known as the Forty Five, a rebellion which sought to make Roman Catholicism the established religion of Great Britain.
Within Tom Jones, the Author Speaks
One of the delights of Fielding's novel is the voice of Fielding himself who, with his direct addresses to the reader, becomes a fully-fledged character in his own right. Not unlike Laurence Sterne's Tristram Shandy, a classic novel published at a similar time, Fielding's narrator is enormously influential in setting the tone of Tom Jones, and is happy to pontificate on issues only tangentially related to its narrative. The narrator's voice wallows in the ironies that abound in the novel, and becomes a companion who the reader learns to trust and respect--much like we would a congenial friend who takes pleasure in guiding us through the world that he himself finds enormously amusing.
With its winding tales, burlesque humor, and central moral of living life the way you want, the novel still makes its relevance felt today--and is still amusing all who read it. Its deft use of comic techniques, rhetorical figures and mock heroic passages--a fight in a village is written as though it were a scene from the Iliad makes it a wonderfully witty piece, that is able to mix coarse and highbrow humor without over-egging its comic pudding. Without a doubt, Tom Jones remains one of the most sparkling novels written in English.
| Henry Fielding |
Vodka, Galliano and fresh orange juice are the ingredients of which cocktail? | The Jane Austen Film Club: The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling
The Jane Austen Film Club
Oh, to be in England...
Tuesday, June 21, 2011
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling with Samantha Morton and Max Beesley
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling
, an adaptation of the 18th century comic novel by Henry Fielding was first brought to my attention in a promo spot at the beginning of my Pride and Prejudice 1995 VHS tapes (my god, am I ever old!). There was an adorable little interview with some of the cast, including Benjamin Whitrow (Mr. Bennet from P&P and Squire Allworthy from Tom Jones). He was talking so affectionately about this miniseries that I made sure I taped it when it aired on TV in 1997.
Max Beesley as Tom Jones
Narrated by John Sessions playing Henry Fielding himself, the running gag is that he is very long winded and keeps getting cut off in hilarious ways. This film is part farce and part social commentary with some characters (and names) that likely inspired Dickens. Max Beesley is the titular Tom Jones, a foundling bastard, left in the bed of the appropriately named Squire Allworthy, a man with the highest morals and high hopes for his adopted son Tom. Of course Tom has to arrive at that morality in a really roundabout way, after tasting all the delights that the world has to offer and after being dragged to the lowest point a human can reach, all the while entertaining us with his adventures.
Brian Blessed as Squire Western from Tom Jones
A few notable supporting players (of which there are so many I can't do them all justice) are Brian Blessed as the boorish blustering Squire Western, who is a delight to watch and so over the top! Samantha Morton is also wonderful as Tom's love interest and neighbour Sophia Western. She is a super combination of tender female and explosively tempered daughter of the blustery Squire. Her ladies maid Honour is played brilliantly by Kathy Burke, comedienne extraordinaire who mugs for the camera delightfully.
James D'Arcy as Mr. Blifil in Tom Jones
James D'Arcy does an awesome job of the hateful Mr. Blifil, although you do feel for him when you see the unusual relationship he has with his mother. And the characters of Square, Thwackum, Partridge, Lady Bellaston and Lord Fellamar are given lots of good screen time which is great.
This is a miniseries which will not fail to disappoint. It is however a bit bawdy, which is unsurprising considering that the novel had quite a reputation for being "low" entertainment, including sexual promiscuity and prostitution. As someone interested in genealogy, I can certainly support the fact that there was an awful lot of pre-marital hay rolling in the 1700s and bastard children abounded! In any case, you may want to take this into consideration especially if there are young children around. The subject is treated with a light touch however, almost always for comic effect.
This miniseries is fun and sweet and crazy all at the same time. It will also transport you to the year 1749 with gorgeous locations and costumes which will pull you right in. The musical score is so wonderful (by the talented Jim Parker) that my husband requested the CD for his birthday one year and just about wore it out. I think this miniseries is best savoured in six one hour chunks, which is how my original VHS tapes were packaged. Plus you will want to make it last because it's so wonderful!
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P.S. Yes, I did take my moniker from this film. I mashed the names of two characters, Jenny Jones (the purported mother of Tom) and Bridget Allworthy (the Squire's sister). Kudos to Professor Miriam RF who was the only one to guess the origin of my name!
P.P.S. I wish I could say that I enjoyed the book, as I usually love to read the novels of my fave adaptations, but alas I found this one a bit too wordy for my taste. At least I understand the joke about Henry Fielding the narrator blathering on and getting cut off all the time. Perhaps I am not the only one! Bless the film makers for finding the wonderful story amongst all those words!
***********************************************************************************
"It is not enough that your designs, nay, that your actions, are intrinsically good; you must take care they shall appear so." -Henry Fielding
Posted by Jenny Allworthy at 10:14 PM
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In the UK television series ‘On The Buses’, what is the first name of Inspector Blake? | Stephen Lewis - IMDb
IMDb
Actor | Writer
Stephen Lewis, will be chiefly remembered for the comedy catchphrase: "I 'ate you Butler!" He delivered it week after week in the hit sitcom On The Buses, a saucy slice of life that ran on ITV from 1969 to 1973. Lewis was Cyril "Blakey" Blake, a bus inspector with a Hitler moustache and delusions of grandeur. His nemesis was Stan Butler, a driver ... See full bio »
Born:
| Cyril |
Tower, Albert and Vauxhall are all bridges in which European city? | Stephen Lewis obituary | Television & radio | The Guardian
Stephen Lewis obituary
Actor whose career was dominated by the role of Blakey in On the Buses
Stephen Lewis, centre, with Reg Varney, left, and Bob Grant in On the Buses (1971). Lewis's scowling, squinting, grotesque Blakey was very much a mask. Photograph: Rex Shutterstock/ITV
Friday 14 August 2015 13.18 EDT
Last modified on Sunday 16 August 2015 19.00 EDT
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Stephen Lewis, who has died aged 88, spent much of his long career playing variations of the character of Inspector Cyril “Blakey” Blake that he created so memorably in the long-running ITV 1970s comedy series On the Buses, his face contorted in a rictus of impotent rage as he muttered “I ’ate you, Butler” or “I’ll get you for this, Butler” at the slipshod and uncaring driver Stan Butler, played by Reg Varney. However, he first came to prominence as a playwright with Joan Littlewood’s leftwing Theatre Workshop, in the East End of London.
After the success of Frank Norman’s award-winning Fings Ain’t What They Used T’Be , with music by Lionel Bart, which transferred from the Theatre Royal, Stratford, to the West End in 1960, Littlewood was looking for another vibrant slice of working-class London life. In the same year, Lewis, a committed socialist, wrote Sparrers Can’t Sing, which also became a West End hit and was made into a film, for which he wrote the screenplay (1963). It starred Barbara Windsor , another Theatre Workshop stalwart.
On the Buses came at the end of the decade, running for 74 episodes from 1969 to 1973 and spawning three movie spin-offs. After their success with The Rag Trade (1961-63), which also starred Varney, for BBC TV, the writers Ronald Wolfe and Ronald Chesney came up with the idea of another workplace-set comedy. The BBC disliked the vulgarity of On the Buses and rejected it, so Wolfe and Chesney took the series to LWT.
Lewis appeared in almost every episode and, with co-star Bob Grant (also a Theatre Workshop graduate), wrote several of the later shows. On the Buses was cliche-ridden, stereotypical, occasionally racist and totally sexist by today’s standards, but in spite of a poor critical reception it was wildly popular and the first movie version was Britain’s top box-office money-maker in 1971.
Varney, a former variety comedian, and Grant played the driver and conductor whose days were spent trying to “pull crumpet” and thwarting Blakey’s best efforts to get them to work efficiently.
Lewis’s Blakey was a magnificently preposterous creation, hopping from foot to foot like an anguished crow, wild-eyed, seemingly on the verge of a heart attack or stroke, and with the jaw always set in that extraordinary grimace. In fact, the grimace became his stock-in-trade. It was there when he became a semi-regular in Last of the Summer Wine from 1988 to 2007, his Clem “Smiler” Hemingway being a sadder, more defeated version of the hapless bus inspector, and in Alexei Sayle’s Merry-Go-Round (1998) and Jim Davidson’s The Generation Game he was still Blakey – billed as such in the former and snarling “I ’ate you, Davidson” in the latter.
Lewis was born in Poplar, east London. His first job was as a merchant seaman, and he became enthusiastic about drama after attending Theatre Workshop productions. Members of the audience were often asked on to the stage to discuss with the performers what they had seen; after a few such sessions, Littlewood invited him to audition, and he joined the company. He made his West End debut in Brendan Behan’s The Hostage in 1958.
To claim that he alone wrote Sparrers Can’t Sing is slightly misleading: Littlewood’s productions always involved the actors improvising around a theme, but Lewis certainly came up with the idea and created most of the dialogue in this colourful and character-rich look at East End life in the 1960s, complete with crooks, spivs, corner-boys and streetwalkers. Much of it was in Cockney rhyming slang, London Yiddish and Romany cant. And when it came to writing a more structured screenplay for the movie, billed as Sparrows Can’t Sing, Lewis did a fine job, though it proved incomprehensible to American audiences and was released in the US with subtitles.
Lewis remained a political activist for much of his life, often campaigning with Tony Benn, who in his diaries described him as “very direct” and “extremely amusing”.
After On the Buses made him a star, there was probably little else that Lewis – a competent actor though of limited range – could do other than embrace the typecasting of so potent a character wholeheartedly, though off-screen photographs show a relaxed, easy-going, humorous face: the scowling, squinting, grotesque Blakey was very much a mask.
When On the Buses ended there was a sequel series, Don’t Drink the Water (1974-75), featuring a retired Cyril Blake moving to Spain with his sister, played by Pat Coombs . Lewis was also a regular in another public transport-based comedy series, Oh Doctor Beeching! (1995-97). Other TV appearances included Look at It This Way (1992), One Foot in the Grave (1990) and London’s Burning (2000).
In addition to his co-starring roles in On the Buses (1971), Mutiny on the Buses (1972) and Holiday on the Buses (1973), Lewis also appeared in much smaller movie parts, starting with A Prize of Arms (1962) and including The Magnificent Seven Deadly Sins (1971), The Last Remake of Beau Geste (1977) and Adventures of a Plumber’s Mate (1978).
Poor health – he suffered badly from arthritis – obliged Lewis to retire in 2007. He spent his last years in a nursing home in Wanstead, east London, where his sister Connie was also a resident.
She survives him, as do his nephew, Peter, and great-niece, Rebecca.
• Stephen Lewis, actor and playwright, born 17 December 1926; died 12 August 2015
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Francoise de Maintenon was the second wife of which French king? | Maintenon, Françoise d'Aubigné, marquise de
Encyclopedia > History > Biographies > French History: Biographies
Françoise d'Aubigné Maintenon, marquise de
Maintenon, Françoise d'Aubigné, marquise de (fräNswäzˈ dōbēnyāˈ märkēzˈ də măNtənôNˈ) [ key ], 1635–1719, second wife of the French king Louis XIV . Her grandfather was Théodore Agrippa d' Aubigné , the Huguenot hero. He disinherited his disreputable son, Constant d'Aubigné, a criminal and Mme de Maintenon's father. Her mother was Jeanne de Cardilhac, the daughter of d'Aubigné's jailer. After a royal pardon (1643), the family spent some years in Martinique, but upon her father's death she and her poverty-stricken mother returned to France. Although baptized a Roman Catholic, the child was educated by a Protestant aunt. Later cared for by Catholic relatives, she became a very devout Catholic. At 16 she married the poet Paul Scarron and, released from a life of poverty and social disgrace, became a figure in the literary and intellectual world of Paris.
After Scarron's death in 1660 the queen mother continued the poet's pension to his widow. Later Mme de Maintenon became a close friend of the king's favorite mistress, Mme de Montespan , who obtained a pension for her. Noted for her discretion, she became (1669) the governess for the children of Mme de Montespan and the king, and gradually she supplanted Mme de Montespan in the esteem and affections of Louis XIV, who made her a marquise. Mme de Maintenon became the king's confidante, exercising considerable influence over Louis and greatly lifting the moral tone of the notoriously dissolute court, although the ascription to her of Louis's mistakes (particularly the revocation of the Edict of Nantes) is an exaggeration. The queen, Marie Thérèse, was devoted to her and died in her arms. In 1684 she was morganatically married to the king. In her later years Mme de Maintenon gave much of her attention to the famous school of Saint-Cyr, which she had founded for the daughters of poor but noble families. She also wrote remarkable essays and letters dealing with education.
See biographies by C. C. Dyson (1910), C. Haldane (1970), and V. Buckley (2009).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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If something is ‘stannic’ which metal does it contain? | Maintenon, Françoise d’Aubigné | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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Françoise d’Aubigné, marquise de Maintenon (1635—1719)
The second wife of King Louis XIV of France, Madame de Maintenon has long fascinated historians and novelists by her improbable life. Born into an impoverished, criminal family, Maintenon conquered salon society as the wife of the poet Paul Scarron. During her salon years, she studied the philosophical currents of the period, notably libertinism and Cartesianism. Maintenon then conquered court society as the governess of the illegitimate children of King Louis XIV and finally as the wife of the widowed King. The controversies surrounding her social ascent have long obscured the contributions of Maintenon to educational and moral philosophy. The founder and director of the celebrated school for women at Saint-Cyr, Maintenon defended her theories of education for women in a series of addresses to the Saint-Cyr faculty. In her pedagogical philosophy, practical moral formation rather than intellectual cultivation emerges as the primary goal of schooling. Her dramatic dialogues and addresses to students developed her distinctive moral philosophy, based on detailed analysis of the moral virtues to be cultivated by the pupils. In her account of the cardinal virtues, temperance holds pride of place. Addressing Saint-Cyr’s student body of aristocratic girls and women, Maintenon devoted particular attention to the virtues of civility essential for polite society. Her philosophy of virtues is a gendered one inasmuch as Maintenon attempted to redefine traditionally masculine virtues in terms of current female experience.
Table of Contents
References and Further Reading
1. Biography
Françoise d’Augbigné was born on November 27-28, 1635, allegedly in the prison of Niort in central France. Her father Constant d’Aubigné was a career criminal who had received jail terms for murder, kidnapping, treason, and debt. Disowned by his father Agrippa d’Aubigné, a prominent Huguenot military officer and poet, Constant d’Aubigné had married Jeanne de Cardhilac, daughter of Niort’s prison warden, in 1627. Françoise’s harrowing childhood included a stay in Martinique (1645-1647) during one of her father’s failed political adventures; a bitter stay with a distant relative who used her as a domestic servant (1648); tempestuous periods at Ursuline convent schools in Niort and Paris (1648); and a painful return to her impoverished mother (1649-1652), during which time the young Françoise was forced to beg in the streets. A personal witness to the religious divisions of the period, she was baptized Catholic by her mother at birth, raised as a Protestant by her kindly aunt, Madame de Villette, and then converted to Catholicism by her Ursuline teachers. The adolescent study of Plutarch introduced her to the period’s vogue for Stoicism and cultivated her lifelong taste for the literature of moral edification.
In 1652 Françoise d’Aubigné married her only suitor: the poet Paul Scarron. The odd match became an object of ridicule in the Parisian salons. Twenty-five years her senior, Scarron was a paralyzed, impotent satirist renowned for the vitriol of his verse burlesques. Despite its unpromising origins, the marriage proved a reasonable success. Madame Scarron patiently nursed a sickly husband who visibly esteemed his beautiful and intelligent young wife. The tiny apartment of the Scarrons quickly became a salon for Parisian authors of a libertine bent. Madame Scarron acquired a philosophical culture from the salon habitués: Benserade, Chapelain, Vivonne, Saint-Aignan, Costar, and Ménage. She was especially influenced by George Brossin, chevalier de Méré, the essayist who argued that the honnête homme, the temperate person who exercised restraint in arriving at judgments, should be the moral ideal of an age exhausted by religious fanaticism. During these salon sessions Madame Scarron also read and debated the works of Descartes.
At the death of her husband in 1660, Madame Scarron faced a precarious future, but her salon contacts permitted her to find some financial support and to continue her pursuit of literary and philosophical culture. In 1669 she accepted a delicate mission: to serve as the governess for the illegitimate children of Louis XIV and her fellow salonnière, Madame de Montespan. Her skillful education of the children impressed the king and his stormy mistress. Her expert nursing of their son, the Duke of Maine, during a serious illness appeared to them miraculous. In 1674, a grateful Louis XIV granted the devoted governess the lands and title of the fief of Maintenon. Newly ennobled and financially secure, Madame de Maintenon now took her own place as a titled aristocrat among the courtiers of Versailles. When the affair between Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan collapsed, Maintenon encouraged the king to reconcile with his estranged wife, Marie-Thérèse of Austria. The successful reconciliation between the spouses enhanced Maintenon’s standing in court but earned her the enmity of her old patron, Madame de Montespan.
After the sudden death of Queen Marie-Thérèse on July 9, 1683, the king drew closer to Maintenon. On October 9, 1683, the archbishop of Paris married the couple in a private ceremony. The bride’s modest social origins raised a problem, since Louis XIV had insisted on dynastic marriages for other members of his family. The marriage was never publicly announced, although the court quickly perceived that Madame de Maintenon had assumed the role and duties of Louis XIV’s legitimate wife. The private marriage was also morganatic; Maintenon would never assume the title of queen and no relative of hers could claim the right to the throne.
In 1684 Maintenon began her life’s work: the construction of a school for the education of daughters of the impoverished nobility. Situated in 1686 at Saint-Cyr, the Institute of Saint Louis was generously subsidized by Louis XIV. Maintenon personally supervised the direction of the school, designed to serve two hundred and fifty students. The school possessed a comparatively sophisticated curriculum, featuring courses in religion, reading, writing, mathematics, Latin, music, painting, dancing, needlework, and home economics. Dissatisfied with the narrowly religious education provided by the convent schools of the period, Maintenon founded her own lay group of teachers, the Dames of Saint-Louis, to provide instruction. Maintenon insisted that dialogue rather than lecture was to be the primary means of education in the Saint-Cyr classroom.
Saint-Cyr underwent three distinct periods in its pedagogical development. In its artistic period (1686-1689), the school emphasized cultural achievement by its students. Sophisticated concerts, plays, debates, and liturgical services soon attracted a prestigious Parisian public. The artistic period achieved its culmination in the world premiere of Jean Racine’s Esther on January 26, 1689. The cultural triumph of the school, however, created educational problems. Dazzled by the applause of the court, students began to neglect their studies; class time began to shrink in favor of rehearsals for the elaborate school performances.
During its mystical period (1690-97), Maintenon sought to combat the worldliness of the earlier artistic phase by promoting piety in the school. The faculty and students soon fell under the influence of Madame de Guyon, a controversial religious leader and friend of Maintenon. The Quietism promoted by Guyon stressed simplicity in prayer, confidence in God, and retirement from the world. Maintenon grew disenchanted with a piety that seemed to undercut the acquisition of virtue and ardor in one’s studies and future work. By the middle of the decade, Maintenon encouraged Louis XIV’s campaign against Quietism and the expulsion of faculty sympathetic to Quietism.
By the end of the seventeenth century, Maintenon had guided Saint-Cyr toward the pedagogical model she would support until her death. This approach to education stressed the acquisition of moral virtues by the students and development of the practical skills these impoverished women would need in their future lives as wives of provincial aristocrats in straitened financial circumstances. This practical mode of education, with its distinctive moralistic coloration, would remain the guiding ethos of Saint-Cyr until its dissolution by revolutionaries in 1793.
Given the secret nature of her marriage, Maintenon’s influence on the court of Louis XIV remained a discreet one. She clearly counseled her husband on religious matters, especially the appointment of bishops and abbots, but her role in the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes and the intensification of anti-Protestant measures by Louis XIV has been exaggerated by later critics. Her primary interest remained the direction of the school at Saint-Cyr, to which she retired in 1715, shortly after the death of Louis XIV.
Madame de Maintenon died at Saint-Cyr on April 17, 1719.
2. Works
The majority of the works left by Madame de Maintenon originated during her tenure at the Institute of Saint Louis (1686-1719). The Dames of Saint-Louis carefully transcribed the many addresses Maintenon delivered to the faculty and student body. Maintenon would then correct and revise the transcriptions. In addition, she composed dramatic monologues to be performed in class. The Dames collected these various texts of Madame de Maintenon into a series of manuscript collections, the last and largest of which date from 1740. In addition, a massive correspondence of over five thousand letters written by Maintenon has survived. Théophile Lavallée’s multi-volume edition of Maintenon’s writings (1854-66) remains the most thorough print edition of Maintenon, but we remain far from a complete – let alone a critical – edition of her works.
Of particular philosophical importance are the writings where Maintenon treats ethical issues, especially the nature of virtue and vice. Her Entretiens are conferences with the Saint-Cyr faculty in which Maintenon emphasizes the formation in virtue that is the principal end of education at the school. Her Instructions are addresses to the students in which she censures the typical vices and exalts the ideal virtues of the student body. Her Conversations (dialogues) are brief morality plays that define and illustrate the major virtues the student must inculcate. Maintenon’s approach to ethics is gendered inasmuch as she redefines the virtues and vices, originally defined in terms of male experience, in the framework of typical women’s experience. Her approach is also class-conscious, since she attempts to redefine the virtues in the perspective of women who are simultaneously aristocratic and impoverished.
3. Philosophical Themes
The primary philosophical interest of Maintenon’s works lies in its treatment of two related topics: educational theory and virtue theory. For Maintenon, the primary goal of education is the formation of the moral character of the pupil, interpreted according to the canons of Counter-reformational Catholicism. The secondary goal is vocational formation. In the case of Saint-Cyr, it is the development of the skills and the moral habits of the pupil who faces the future as a member of the impoverished, provincial nobility. Maintenon transforms the nature of moral virtue according to the demands of gender and social class. Traditionally masculine virtues, such as courage, are redefined to serve as the ideal ethical traits of the industrious wife largely confined to the domestic sphere. Virtues typical of the aristocratic class, notably politeness and civility, are raised to the status of primary moral dispositions.
a. Philosophy of Education
In her addresses to the faculty of Saint-Cyr, Maintenon sketches her philosophy of education. The ends of education are traditional: the formation of moral character for a Catholic member of the provincial aristocracy. But the dialogical methods of pedagogy championed by Maintenon exhibit a distinctive modernity.
Of Solid Education explains the educational end of Saint-Cyr for the faculty: “You [the teachers] apply yourself to developing the piety, the reason, and the morals of your girls. You inspire in them the love and practices of all virtues proper to them now and in the future.” Maintenon insists that the virtue to be cultivated and the means used to achieve this ethical culture must always be “reasonable,” but this reasonableness is of a practical rather than speculative nature. Of the Education of Young Ladies specifies how this practical reasonableness differs from erudition or aesthetic achievement: “You [the teachers] should concern yourself less with furnishing their mind than with forming their reason. Obviously, this approach provides less occasion for the knowledge and skill of the schoolmistress to sparkle. A young woman who has memorized a thousand things impresses her family and friends more than does a girl who simply knows how to exercise her judgment, when to be silent, how to be modest and reserved, how to avoid rushing into showing what she thinks about something.” This pedagogical ideal of practical reasonableness underscores the primacy Maintenon accords the virtues of discretion and restraint for aristocratic women, who are often plunged into dangerous political controversies. It also expresses the mature Maintenon’s disillusionment with the aesthetic and mystical ideals that had earlier served as the educational end of Saint-Cyr.
To maintain the moral atmosphere of the school, Maintenon insists on a strict regime of censorship. In Of the Danger of Profane Books, she condemns the use of all books that lack explicit religious or moral utility. “I call profane all books that are not religious, even if they seem innocent, as soon as it is clear that they have no real usefulness. Teach your pupils to be extremely cautious in their reading. They should always prefer their needlework, housework, or their duties in their state of life to it. If they really want to read, ensure that they use carefully chosen books apt to nourish their faith, to cultivate their judgment, and to guide their morals.” Of the Proper Choice of Theatrical Pieces underlines the risk of heresy as well as of moral corruption run by too lenient a regime of literary surveillance: “Don’t you [the teachers] realize the ease with which you grant entry to these little booklets without preliminary approval exposes your pupils to the greatest dangers? If the Jansenists and the Quietists knew this weakness, they would immediately find the secret in order to spread their errors. They would flood you with pamphlets containing the maxims, phrases, and songs which they sell for practically nothing.” Theoretical instruction in the demands of virtue is insufficient for the actual cultivation of it. The personal moral modeling by the faculty and the strictly moral and religiously orthodox atmosphere maintained by the faculty in the school are essential for the successful maturation of the Saint-Cyr pupil along the lines of Maintenon’s practical reasonableness.
If character formation is the central goal of education, the teacher must engage in regular dialogue with her pupils. In her faculty addresses, Maintenon criticizes the tendency of teachers to use lectures and to overvalue the cultivation of the memory of their pupils. To assist in the perfection of moral character, the schoolmistress should regularly engage in conversation with her pupils. Of the Education of Ladies argues that teacher-pupil dialogue should occur outside as well as inside the classroom: “On occasion you [the teachers] should be ready to chat informally with your pupils. This will help the pupils to love and trust you. You can acquire an influence over them that will prove beneficial.” The pupil is not to remain passive in this dialogue. The teacher can function as an accurate spiritual director only if the pupil discloses her actual moral struggles and achievements: “Sometimes you [the teachers] should let them express their will so that you may understand their basic dispositions. You then more accurately teach them the differences between the good, the evil, and the morally indifferent.” Maintenon’s insistence on a dialogical method of instruction reflects the value placed on refined conversation in the aristocratic circles of the period; it also expresses the conviction that the pedagogy of moral formation cannot succeed if the moral tutor has not gauged the actual moral temperament of the pupil as the tutor guides her to the school’s ideal of ethical maturity.
b. Virtue Theory
In several works Maintenon analyzes the four cardinal virtues: justice, fortitude, prudence, and temperance. Strikingly, whereas most philosophers would name justice as the most important virtue, Maintenon prizes temperance as the central virtue in a moral character. Without the restraining hand of temperance, the other virtues would quickly deteriorate into rigorism, foolhardiness, or fearfulness.
In the dialogue On the Cardinal Virtues, Maintenon defends this primacy of temperance in the ensemble of virtues. At the beginning of the dialogue, Justice presents its traditional claim as the preeminent virtue: “There is nothing as beautiful as Justice. It always has truth beside it. It judges without bias. It puts everything into order. It knows how to condemn its friends and to honor the rights of its enemies. It can even condemn itself. It only honors what is worthy of honor.” But the other cardinal virtues soon manifest their eminence over justice by demonstrating why and how the virtue of justice must be subordinated to them in order for justice to actually achieve its social ends. Prudence prevents justice from acting in too brusque a manner. “I [prudence] regulate its [justice’s] operations, prevent it from precipitation, make it take its time.” Similarly, fortitude strengthens justice when justice hesitates to execute proper punishment on a friend. “You [justice] need me [fortitude] because your sense of affection makes you find it difficult to inflict any pain on a friend.” While justice can determine where to assign just dessert, the execution of this determination requires the conjugated virtues of prudence and fortitude to avoid the distortions of severity or pusillanimity.
Standing above prudence and fortitude is the virtue of temperance. It imposes itself as the central virtue inasmuch as it prevents the other virtues from deteriorating into their customary excesses. “I destroy gluttony and excess. I tolerate no outbursts. Not only am I opposed to all evil; I moderate all good. Without me, Justice would be intolerable to human weakness, Fortitude would drive us to despair, Prudence would often prevent us from taking the actions we should and make waste our time weighing every option. But with me, Justice acquires a capacity for circumspection, Fortitude acquires suppleness, and Prudence continues to provide advice, but now without undue hesitation, without too much or too little haste. In a word, I am the remedy to all forms of extremism.” The primacy accorded temperance in the hierarchy of virtue parallels the emphasis accorded the values of discretion and good reputation in the education provided at Saint-Cyr.
Even the virtues of religion must subordinate themselves to the empire of temperance. Exercises of piety are to be commended only to the extent that they reflect the moderation and sobriety typical of the virtue of temperance. “I [temperance] must temper a religious zeal that is too busy, too emotional, and indiscreet. I have to encourage conduct that avoids extremes. I moderate both the inclination to give alms and the inclination to hoard money. I moderate the length of prayer, ascetical practices, recollection, silence, and good works. I shorten a sermon, a spiritual dialogue, or an examination of conscience.” Echoing Méré’s portrait of the honnête homme, Maintenon’s moral ideal of the student is the woman who subjects all thought and action to the moderating influence of temperance. Neither the mystic nor the activist represents Maintenon’s ideal of the moral agent who distinguishes herself through the modesty and emotional restraint with which she serves her neighbor.
c. Virtue and Gender
Given her exclusively feminine public of students and faculty, Maintenon often transforms the nature of the virtues in order to accommodate the sex-specific experience of women of the period. Her gendered transformation of virtue is apparent in her analysis of three particular virtues: courage, glory, and eminence.
The dramatic dialogue On Courage demonstrates how women as well as men are required to cultivate the virtue of courage. At the beginning of the dialogue, Faustine insists that courage is not proper for women. “Courage is not having any fear. This type of achievement is not for our sex.” Victoria counters that, although women are not called to cultivate the martial courage proper to men, there are other types of courage necessary to women. “Certainly courage is opposed to fear. But there is more than one kind of fear. It is not necessary for us to cultivate the courage that makes someone go to war or be willing to risk his life.” It is precisely the pupils and alumnae of Saint-Cyr who illustrate the type of courage proper to women. Courage within the school manifests itself in the diligence with which one executes the duties of the school day. “There are those who joyfully fulfill all their duties and who are first in everything. They love work, they want to please their teachers, and they want to do even more than one asks of them.” Saint-Cyr alumnae express this gendered courage by enduring the constraints of the impoverished life of the provincial aristocracy. Emily muses about “the poverty we may find in the future and the foul character of those with whom we will have to deal. They very well might criticize without the moderation we are accustomed to here [at Saint-Cyr].” Distinct from the courage of the warrior, the courage of women presents itself as the capacity to endure academic and domestic obstacles in the patient pursuit of one’s personal vocation as student or mistress of the manor.
Similarly, glory is redefined away from its traditionally masculine framework of military prowess or political preeminence. For Maintenon, glory is a matter of personal integrity that could manifest itself as easily in domestic work as in military or political achievement. The address On True Glory defines glory as a species of personal honor: “I believe that true glory consists in loving one’s honor and in never performing any base action.” Maintenonian glory is clearly gendered. It not only includes the refusal of any major sin; it encompasses the refusal of typical female indiscretions, such as flirtation, receiving gifts from men, or accepting letters from men unknown to the addressee. The address insists that glory is not a biological category, reposing on one’s familial descent; it is a type of integrity and self-reliance allied to hard work. “There is much more nobility in living from one’s work and from one’s savings than in being a burden to one’s friends….I wouldn’t tell rich people to sell their needlework, but I would tell those who aren’t so rich to do so.” Rather than being tied to distinguished public achievement, glory emerges as a simple preeminence in the practice of sacrificial virtues of service. “We ordinarily recognize glory by its honesty and even by its humility, by its concern to give pleasure to others, to relieve pain, to avoid giving offense, and to render service.” Freed from its traditional accoutrements of wealth, military valor, and social prominence, the redefined virtue of glory can now be cultivated as easily by impoverished women as it is by others.
In the dialogue On Eminence, Maintenon redefines the aristocratic virtue of eminence to include the experience of impoverished but industrious women. The dialogue denies that eminence consists in social rank or economic fortune; on the contrary, authentic eminence consists in an unusual degree of self-mastery. “True eminence consists in esteeming virtue alone, in knowing how to distance ourselves from fortune when it turns against us and how to avoid being intoxicated by fortune when it turns our way. It consists in sharing the destiny of the unfortunate and in never holding them in contempt.” In this fusion of neo-Stoic and Christian theories of virtue, eminence denotes both volitional equilibrium and sacrificial love of the suffering neighbor. The dialogue also insists that authentic eminence must be acquired through personal merit and struggle, not conferred by family descent or inherited wealth. “There are different types of nobility. We have to see ourselves as we are. We should only raise ourselves up through our own merit. That is where we find true eminence.” Paralleling her own controversial career in the French court, Maintenonian eminence subverts a social hierarchy of rank based on biological inheritance and exalts moral and social distinction acquired through tenacious personal endeavor.
d. Virtue and Class
Addressing an aristocratic public, Maintenon devotes particular attention to two virtues prized by court society: politeness and civility.
The address On Politeness insists on the central value of good manners to be cultivated by the pupils at Saint-Cyr. “Since God has made you ladies by birth, have a lady’s manners. May those of you who have been properly raised by your parents retain these manners and may the others soon acquire them.” Maintenon details the components of noble comportment: refined language, upright posture, discreet gestures. But Maintenon politeness does not limit itself to a code of external conduct; it is ultimately an interior disposition of respect toward all persons whom the mature aristocrat encounters: “Whatever you say or do, be careful to avoid giving offense or embarrassment to anyone.” The purpose of external polite conduct is to express sensitivity toward the feelings and dignity of others. Maintenon repeatedly reminds her pupils that this posture of reverence includes one’s servants and social inferiors as well as one’s peers and social superiors.
Complementing the virtue of politeness, the virtue of civility entails a spirit of sacrificial service toward all those with whom one interacts. The address On Civility presents this virtue as an ascetical attention to the interests and needs of others. “Civility involves freeing oneself in order to be busy about the needs of other people, in paying attention to what can help or hinder them, in order to do the former and to avoid the latter. Civility entails not talking about oneself, not making others listen too long to oneself, listening carefully to others, avoiding making conversation focus on oneself and one’s tastes, and permitting the conversation to move naturally toward the accommodation of other people’s interests.” Although civility includes the salon art of refined conversation, Maintenon presents the virtue as a refined species of humility, in which the concerns of others trump one’s own.
To clarify the nature of authentic civility, Maintenon appeals to the evangelical golden rule. “The Gospel firmly accords with the duties of a civil life. You know that Our Lord tells us that we should not do to others what we do not want others to do to us. This must be our great rule, which does not rule out certain customs traditional in our native lands.” Civility entails reciprocity, a recognition of the other persons one meets as one’s equal in dignity and in need. Although On Civility admits that the fluctuating customs of a particular culture may require one to show special deference toward those considered socially superior, Maintenonian civility is built on an egalitarian ethics of mutual respect.
4. Reception and Interpretation
The immediate posthumous reputation of Madame de Maintenon was a largely negative one. The memoirs of the courtier Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon (1675-1755), and the letters of Charlotte-Elisabeth of Bavaria, duchesse d’ Orléans (1652-1722), depicted Maintenon as a schemer who manipulated Louis XIV’s emotions of grief to achiever her power and then used that power to intensify the anti-Protestant policies of the throne. The publication of Maintenon’s alleged letters (1752) by the Huguenot writer Laurent Angliviel de La Beaumelle presented Maintenon as the hidden architect of Louis XIV’s Revocation of the Edict of Nantes and other persecutory measures. Subsequent discovery of the forged nature of the most incriminating letters in La Beaumelle’s collection did little to soften the image of Maintenon as a manipulative bigot, an image still present in Patricia Mazuy’s film Saint-Cyr (2000).
In the nineteenth-century, Théophile Lavallée’s multi-volume edition of the works of Maintenon (1854-66) presented the breadth and complexity of Maintenon’s extensive writings. Commentators began to note Maintenon’s skill as a moraliste, an analyst of the conflicting interplay of virtue and vice in the human constitution. In the late nineteenth-century, educational officials of the French Third Republic attempted to foster public high school education for women through the new institution of the lycée. Maintenon’s addresses and dialogues seemed perfectly suited for an adolescent female public cultivating the virtues necessary for citizenship. The anthologies of Maintenon’s texts assembled by Cadet (1885), Faguet (1885), Geoffroy (1887), and Jacquinet (1888) were textbooks designed for the new lycée. But these anthologies presented an oddly areligious Maintenon, carefully denatured by the anti-clerical Third Republic. References to God, religion, and piety were often censored out of her texts; only the more secular virtues survived.
Recent studies of Maintenon have attempted to present a more positive evaluation of Maintenon as a philosopher. Madeleine Daniélou’s study of Maintenon’s educational theories and practices (1948) underscores her innovations as an educational philosopher and the theological foundations of that philosophy. John Conley’s English translation of and commentary on Maintenon (2004) describes the complexity of her moral psychology, especially in her account of virtue and freedom. Other commentators, however, notably Carolyn Lougee (1976) and Carlo François (1987), lament that Maintenon’s educational experiments and theories still confined women to the spheres of the household and of the convent.
5. References and Further Reading
All French to English translations were made by the author of this article.
Primary Sources
Maintenon, Françoise d’Aubigné, marquise de Maintenon. Conseils et instructions aux demoiselles pour leur conduite dans le monde. Ed. Théophile Lavallée. 2 vols. Paris: Charpentier, 1857.
[Still the standard edition of the major works of Maintenon composed for pupils at Saint-Cyr.]
Maintenon, Françoise d’Aubigné, marquise de Maintenon . Lettres et entretiens sur l’éducation des filles. Ed. Théophile Lavallée. 2 vols. Paris: Charpentier, 1854.
[A collection of letters and addresses dealing with issues of education.]
Maintenon, Françoise d’Aubigné, marquise de Maintenon. Extraits de ses Lettres, Avis, Entretiens, Conversations et Proverbes. 4th ed. Ed. Octave Gréard. Paris: Hachette, 1886.
[This anthology of Maintenon’s texts is available online at Gallica, bibliothéque numérique, on the website of the Bibliothèque nationale de France.]
Maintenon, Françoise d’Aubigné, marquise de Maintenon. Comment la sagesse vient aux filles. Eds. Pierre-E. Leroy and Marcel Loyau. Etrepilly: Batrillat, 1998.
[Extensive contemporary anthology of Maintenon texts dealing with education.]
Maintenon, Françoise d’Aubigné, marquise de Maintenon. Dialogues and Addresses. Trans. and ed. John Conley. Other Voice Series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
[Contemporary English translation of Maintenon’s major educational texts, accompanied by philosophical commentary.]
Secondary Sources
Castelot, André. Madame de Maintenon: La reine secrète. Paris: Perrin, 1996.
[A sympathetic study of the political role of Maintenon.]
Conley, John. The Suspicion of Virtue: Women Philosophers in Neoclassical France. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002. pp. 124-56.
[A philosophical analysis of Maintenon’s educational and moral theories.]
Daniélou, Madeleine. Madame de Maintenon, éducatrice. Paris: Bloud & Gay, 1946.
[A sympathetic rehabilitation of the educational philosophy and theology of Maintenon.]
François, Carlo. Précieuses et autres indociles: Aspects du féminisme dans la littérature française du XVIIe siècle. Birmingham, AL: Summa Publications, 1987.
[A critical treatment of Maintenon’s work as antifeminist.]
Le Nabour, Eric. La Porteuse d’ombre: Madame de Maintenon et le Roi-Soleil. Paris: Tallandier, 1999.
[A biography focusing on the role of Maintenon in the court politics at Versailles.]
Lougee, Carolyn. Le paradis des femmes: Women, Salons, and Social Stratification in Seventeenth-Century France. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976.
[A critical study of Maintenon’s school at Saint-Cyr compared with other period experiments in education of women.]
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Hippology is the study of which animal? | Youth Programs: State 4-H Hippology Contest - Department of Animal Sciences - UF/IFAS: Solutions for Your Life
Eastern Nationals
Hippology is an activity that can enhance learning for 4-H members by letting them exhibit their knowledge and understanding of equine science and husbandry in a competitive setting. The term "Hippology" comes from the Greek "hippo", meaning horse, and "ology", meaning "the study of". Participants will be able to demonstrate their experience and knowledge gained in horse judging, quiz bowl, speeches, and practical horse management.
Phases of the contest include a written exam, identification of items shown on slides, placing and/or ID of feedstuffs or feed tags, judging, ID stations, and team problems.
The State Hippology Contest is held in Gainesville at the Straughn Extension Professional Development Center (next to Animal Sciences; quick photo tour ).
First and second place teams in the State 4-H Hippology Contest will earn the right to compete at the Regional competition in North Carolina in the end of July. The first place team at the State contest is also eligible to compete at Eastern Nationals in Louisville, KY in November.
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Brewed by Scottish firm Brewdog, at 41 per cent alcohol content, what is Britain’s strongest beer? | Youth Programs: Horse Events - Department of Animal Sciences - UF/IFAS: Solutions for Your Life
Horsemanship School
4-H Horsemanship School is 5 days of concentrated courses in horses and in beginning and intermediate Western and English Horsemanship. Approximately 5 hours per day are spent on horseback with riders grouped according to ability. Riders must be able to groom, tack and mount their horse on their own. Educational topics include general health care, feeding, tack selection and care, fitting/grooming, and safety.
Horse Demonstrations & Public Speaking
Presenting speeches and demonstrations to share knowledge with others is the heart of the 4-H Program. Any State-level Demonstration/Illustrated Talk or Public Speaking speech in the "Horse" category will be presented at the State Horse Events in Gainesville in June, separate from 4-H Congress. The State competition qualifies youth for Regional and National events.
Horse Judging
In Horse Judging, youth learn to evaluate a horse's form as it relates to function, and compare it to the ideal as well as to other horses. The added benefit is that it gives youth the opportunity to sharpen their decision making skills and their ability to defend those decisions.
Horse Quiz Bowl
The State 4-H Horse Quiz Bowl is a quiz contest made up of questions pertaining to horse topics. Pairs of four-person teams compete against each other responding to questions asked by a contest moderator. This contest offers horse club members the opportunity to demonstrate their knowledge, compete head to head with other teams, and earn the right to represent Florida at the Regional and National competitions.
Hippology
The term "Hippology" comes from the Greek "hippo", meaning horse, and "ology", meaning "the study of". Participants will be able to demonstrate their experience and knowledge gained in horse judging, quiz bowl, speeches, and practical horse management. Phases of the contest include a written exam, identification of items shown on slides, placing and/or ID of feed tags or feedstuffs, judging, ID stations, and team problems.
Horse Shows
Each year 4-H clubs across the state hold countless local and county horse shows. In the spring, each of the six Areas has a qualification show to determine who will be able to participate at the State show. Only the top 55% from each Area qualify to go to the Florida 4-H State Horse Show. The State show typically has ~300 entrants. Of those, the 50 highest point-earning Seniors qualify for the Regional horse Show.
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What is the name of fence 15 on the Aintree Grand National racecourse? | Grand National Fences - Beechers Brook - The Chair
Grand National Fences
TESTING MENU
Aintree Grand National Fences
The Aintree Grand National Course is run over the most unique race circuit in the country. The wide course is tailor made for the large fields of 40 plus runners which is more like a cavalry charge out of a western movie than a traditional horse race, no wonder it is so popular with the public. The Aintree course is nearly two and a quarter miles in circumference, there are 16 fences and a run in of 494 yards.
The Canal Turn with Ryan Mania
Becher's Brook with Ryan Mania
Aintree Fence-By Fence Guide
Fence 1The first fence comes very quickly after the start and with 40 plus runners going full pelt at speeds of 30 plus miles per hour there are bound to be a couple of causalities at this first fence which is 4 foot 6 inch in height.
Fence 2The second fence come up quickly and is slightly bigger than the first fence standing at 4 foot 7 inch.
Fence 3Next is the first open ditch. The ditches are the first real test for the horses as there is a 6 foot gap between the front of the ditch and the fence itself so the horse has to stand off and really stretch out to make it safely to the other side. This fence is the larger than the first two standing at 5 feet.
Fence 4is back to a standard fence at 4 foot 10 inches.
Fence 5A 5 foot fence. The last regular fence before Bechers.
Fence 6Bechers Brook . The most famous fence on the Aintree Racecourse. (Named after Captain Becher Who fell at this fence ) What is unique about this fence is the brook on the landing side. This fence is a 4 foot 10 inch fence with a 5 foot 6 inch Brook. The experienced jockeys will take there horses wide as the drop is less the wider you jump the fence.
Fence 7The Foinavon fence. One of the easier fences on the course at 4 foot 6 inches, but the fence that caused such carnage in the 1967 National. The fence was named after Foinavon a complete outsider who was the only horse to jump the fence first time and went on to win.
Fence 8The Canal Turn. This is a 5 foot fence. What is important about this fence is that the jockeys need to jump the fence at an angle in order not to lose a lot of ground as there is a 90 degrees angle to the left immediately after jumping this fence.
Fence 9St. Valentines Brook A 5 foot fence with a 5 foot 6 inch Brook. Fence10 A five foot fence.
Fence 11The Booth. An open ditch with a 5 foot fence and a 6 foot ditch.
Fence 12Westhead. A five foot fence followed by a 5 foot 6 inch fence.
Fence 13This is a 4 foot 7 inch fence.
Fence 14A 4 foot 6 inch fence, not a difficult fence but horses are beginning to tire and can make simple errors.
Fence 15The Chair. This is the biggest fence in the National. It is a 6 foot fence with a 5 foot 2 inch ditch.
Fence 16This is the water jump and is a long jump rather than a high jump.
The horses have to jump nearly all the fences twice with 30 fences in all that make up this fantastic horse race. At the end of jumping the 30 fences and running nearly four and a half miles there is the longest run in of any horse race in the UK of 494 yards with an elbow roughly half way up the run in many races have been won and lost on this final scramble to the finishing post. It is just hoped that every year that all the horses return safely to have another go the following year.
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Which British television programme featured Zippy, Bungle and George? | About the Grand National Course and Fences | Horse Racing
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About the Grand National Course and Fences
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FA Cup
The Grand National Steeplechase course is located at Aintree near Liverpool, England. It ranks high among the world�s most famous tracks and offers a true test of jockeys as well as horses. Completing two full laps of the 2�-mile, left-handed turf course makes the Grand National one of the longest closed-circuit horse racing events run annually. The circuit is marked by 16 challenging fences, with a field of up to 40 fierce jumpers in competition.
The permanent fences of the Grand National course range from 4�6� to 6� in height. During the running each April, the first 14 of these must be cleared twice. The last two are encountered only on the first of the two laps, and the racers end their exertions with a final 494-foot run in to the finish post.
Many of the jumps at Aintree are �drop fences.� In other words, the elevation of their landing sides is lower than that of their take-off sides. Other fences present the opposite challenge, with raised landing planes. As horses approach the fences, they cannot know which variety of fence they have leapt until they are mid-air. That makes the jockeys� skill in guiding their mounts over Grand National�s obstacles especially important.
Each of 16 fences at Aintree has contributed stories to the over-160-year history of the Grand National. At the start, Fence one, which is also fence seventeen on the second go-round, presents a significant challenge, not so much for its 4�6� height but runners tend to approach it at high speed. Those that race too quickly often fail to jump before smashing right into it.
Fence three, which doubles as fence nineteen, provides the course�s first open ditch. It features a 5-foot-high barrier that is preceded by a 6-foot trench. Clearing this seems to help the horses settle into a steadier pace, which should be clear by the time they get to the 4�10� Fence four, which is also fence twenty.
Quite a few of Aintree�s jumps have gained special nicknames to memorialise their roles in races past. Fence six, for example, which is a water jump and also fence twenty-two, is famous as �Becher�s Brook.� This is where Captain Martin Becher got a soaking when he fell from his mount Conrad during the inaugural meeting in 1839. Upon losing the race, Becher remarked, �I never knew water tasted so foul without whisky in it.�
The very next obstacle, fence 7 as well as fence 23, got its name 1967. That year, every horse but one refused to jump it on the second circuit. Ever since then, the �Foinavon Fence� has carried the name of the brave steed that went on to win the race.
The �Canal Turn� refers to fence eight, which is also fence twenty-four, owing to the 90-degree angle that runners must take once they have cleared its 5-foot height. The next barrier is �St. Valentine�s Brook,� which serves as fence nine and fence twenty-five. It features a 5�6� water hazard and was named for a horse that corkscrewed over it in 1840.
Additional fences on the course with interesting monikers are the �The Bench� (fence eleven and twenty-seven) marked by a 6-foot approach ditch and �Westhead� (fence twelve and twenty-eight), which derives its name from its location. Directly across from the seat where the distance judge sits is fence fifteen, known as �The Chair.� Although it is crossed only once, at six feet this is the tallest fence on the course and it has caused more than a few stumbles over the years.
Two other fences worthy of note are near the finish line�fences twenty-nine and thirty, which are also fences thirteen and fourteen. By the time the tired horses reach them, the 4�7� and 4�6� heights appear to be even taller.
The run in at the end of the course has a slight bend to the left at its head, followed by a kink known as the Elbow at the middle. This non-linear path is caused by avoiding fences fifteen and sixteen during the final stretch. This is where the race is won or lost, as spent horses and fatigued riders flounder and only true champions possess the stamina needed to prevail.
The Grand National Steeplechase course has not been modified much over the years, even though its surroundings have been greatly upgraded. The best views are available from the County Stand just ahead of the finish post and from the Aldaniti Stand just after it. The course�s prime location, of course, is the Queen Mother Stand, which is situated directly on the winning line.
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The thistle is the national emblem of which European country? | Thistle - National Flower of Scotland | VisitScotland
Thistle
About
Scotland's national flower
England has the rose, Wales the daffodil, Ireland the shamrock and Scotland…the thistle.
Second only to tartan, nothing quite says 'Scotland' like this humble, prickly weed. But how on earth did it become the proud emblem of an entire nation?
Did you know?
The thistle first appears as a royal symbol on silver coins issued by James III in 1470.
Nemo me impune lacessit
(no one attacks me with impunity)
Latin motto of the Order of the Thistle
Five Facts
1. Mysterious origins
In truth, no one knows for certain how the purple-flowered thistle rose to such lofty significance. But one legend has it a sleeping party of Scots warriors were saved from ambush by an invading Norse army when one of the enemies trod on the spiky plant.
His anguished cry roused the slumbering warriors who duly vanquished the invader and adopted the thistle as their national symbol.
Of course, there is not a shred of evidence to support this account, but it certainly makes a good story.
2. There's more than one
Scotland is home to not just one, but several varieties of thistle, some native and others exotic, and no one is quite sure which is the true symbol of Scotland. Is it the Spear or Musk Thistle? Or maybe it's the poetic-sounding Melancholy Thistle or Our Lady's Thistle? And what about the Cotton Thistle?
Which could it be? Your guess is as good as ours.
3. It's inspired poetry
Forget A Red, Red Rose, Rabbie Burns' ode to romantic love - the thistle is responsible for one of the finest and influential poems in the Scottish literary cannon, Hugh MacDiarmid's A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle, an epic, stream-of-consciousness poem that touches on everything from the state of the nation and the mysteries of the universe to the wondrous joy that is whisky.
In short, it's essential reading for anyone planning a trip to Scotland.
4. A badge of honour
The thistle has been an important symbol of Scottish heraldry for over 500 years. It also represents one of the highest honours the country can give an individual. Founded by James III in 1687, the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle is an order of chivalry which is bestowed to those who have made an outstanding contribution to the life of Scotland and the greater United Kingdom. HM The Queen alone invests those in the Order of the Thistle which is second only to the Most Noble Order of the Garter in precedence.
5. It's everywhere
Thistles aren't just found in gardens, parks and in the countryside. Keep your eyes peeled and you will see the insignia emblem cropping up all over Scotland, from the strip of the international rugby team and football clubs, to local businesses and major organisations and corporations, to the uniforms of police officers.
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Stomatology is the branch of medicine concerned with which part of the human body? | The Thistle of Scotland - Scotland blog | By Scotland Channel
The Thistle Of Scotland
Features
The Thistle of Scotland
When most people look at the Scottish emblem, it is not uncommon for them to wonder how such an insignificant plant made it to national emblem status. The thistle is also not the most attractive plant in Scotland, but what it is, is tough and extremely prickly. And just to add to confusion, exactly how the thistle came to be the national emblem, standing proudly next to the Scottish motto: “Nemo me impune lacessit”, meaning “No-one harms me without punishment”, depends on who you talk to.
It is said that the thistle became the savior of the Scottish in a time when Vikings where invading land and plundering villages. During one dark and silent night, the Vikings were preparing for battle while the Scottish lay resting under a starlit sky. To approach the Scots, without raising alarm and forewarning of their arrival, they chose to take off their shoes so that they could quietly move across the land.
Unfortunately, they did not know that the fields were home to thistles and when the Vikings stepped on the thistles the tough spikes of the thistles bore deep into their feet, causing the men to cry out in pain and agony. Of course these cries awoke the sleeping Scottish, who were able to fight off the advancing Vikings without much of a battle. Being saved from the Vikings by the thistles is definitely a good enough reason to make it a national emblem. In addition, it also bares characteristics to the Scottish such as their toughness and not being able to uproot them from their land without a fight.
The other version of this story is said to have happened in the 11th century and this time it was the Danes that tried to attack a Scottish castle . The Danes tried to approach the castle as quietly as possible and therefore they had removed their shoes. What looked like a moat surrounding the castle was very deceiving under the blanket of night. When the attacking soldiers jumped into the moat to swim across to the castle they were horribly surprised to realize that the moat was filled with thistles instead of water. Jumping barefooted into a lake of thistles led to the Danes retreating in pain.
Whether it was the Vikings or Danes who were trying to attack Scottish clansmen, castle or army, the outcome remains the same. The attackers fled in pain and embarrassment and the Scottish were victorious. Today, the thistle can be seen on many logos, letterheads and advertisements to signify that the roots of the items, products or companies are truly Scottish and displayed with pride.
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In 1964, which British actor was the first man to appear on the cover of Playboy magazine? | Peter Sellers - Biography - IMDb
Peter Sellers
Biography
Showing all 77 items
Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (4) | Trade Mark (5) | Trivia (48) | Personal Quotes (14) | Salary (1)
Overview (4)
5' 8½" (1.74 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Often credited as the greatest comedian of all time, Peter Sellers was born to a well-off English acting family in 1925. His mother and father worked in an acting company run by his grandmother. As a child, Sellers was spoiled, as his parents' first child had died at birth. He enlisted in the Royal Air Force and served during World War II. After the war he met Spike Milligan , Harry Secombe and Michael Bentine , who would become his future workmates.
After the war, he set up a review in London, which was a combination of music (he played the drums) and impressions. Then, all of a sudden, he burst into prominence as the voices of numerous favorites on the BBC radio program "The Goon Show" (1951-1960), and then making his debut in films in Penny Points to Paradise (1951) and Down Among the Z Men (1952), before making it big as one of the criminals in The Ladykillers (1955). These small but showy roles continued throughout the 1950s, but he got his first big break playing the dogmatic union man, Fred Kite, in I'm All Right Jack (1959). The film's success led to starring vehicles into the 1960s that showed off his extreme comic ability to its fullest. In 1962, Sellers was cast in the role of Clare Quilty in the Stanley Kubrick version of the film Lolita (1962) in which his performance as a mentally unbalanced TV writer with multiple personalities landed him another part in Kubrick's Dr. Strangelove (1964) in which he played three roles which showed off his comic talent in play-acting in three different accents; British, American, and German.
The year 1964 represented a peak in his career with four films in release, all of them well-received by critics and the public alike: "Dr. Strangelove," for which he was Oscar nominated, "The Pink Panther," in which he played his signature role of the bumbling French Inspector Jacques Clouseau for the first time, its almost accidental sequel, "A Shot in the Dark," and "The World of Henry Orient." Sellers was on top of the world, but on the evening of April 5, 1964, he suffered a nearly fatal heart attack after taking amyl nitrites (also called 'poppers'; an early type of Viagara-halogen combination) while engaged in a sexual act with his second wife Britt Eckland. He has been working on Billy Wilder's "Kiss Me, Stupid" (1964). In a move Wilder later regretted, he replaced Sellers with Ray Walston rather than hold up production. By October 1964, Sellers made a full recovery and was working again.
The mid-1960s were noted for the popularity of all things British, from the Beatles music (who were presented with their Grammy for Best New Artist by Sellers) to the James Bond films, and the world turned to Sellers for comedy. "What's New Pussycat" (1965) was another big hit, but a combination of his ego and insecurity was making Sellers difficult to work with. When the James Bond spoof, "Casino Royale" (1967) ran over budget and was unable to recoup its costs despite an otherwise healthy box-office take, Sellers received some of the blame. He turned down an offer from United Artists for the title role in "Inspector Clouseau" (1968), but was angry when the production went ahead with Alan Arkin in his place. His difficult reputation and increasingly erratic behavior, combined with several less successful films, took a toll on his standing. By 1970, he had fallen out of favor. He spent the early years of the new decade appearing in such lackluster B films as "Where Does It Hurt?" (1972) and turning up more frequently on television as a guest on "The Dean Martin Show" and a Glen Campbell TV special.
Inspector Clouseau came to his rescue when Sir Lew Grade expressed an interest in a TV series based on the character. Clouseau's creator, writer-director Blake Edwards, whose career had also seen better days, convinced Grade to bankroll a feature instead, and "Return of the Pink Panther" (1975) was a major hit in the summer of "Jaws" and restored both men to prominence. Sellers would play Clouseau in two more successful sequels, "The Pink Panther Strikes Again" (1976) and "The Revenge of the Pink Panther" (1978), and Sellers would use his newly rediscovered clout to realize his dream of playing Chauncey Gardiner in a film adaptation of Jerzy Kosinski's novel "Being There." Sellers had read the novel in 1972, but it took seven years for the film to reach the screen. "Being There" (1979) earned Sellers his second Oscar nomination, but he lost to Dustin Hoffman of "Kramer vs. Kramer" (1979).
Sellers struggled with depression and mental insecurities throughout his life. An enigmatic figure, he often claimed to have no identity outside the roles that he played. His behavior on and off the set and stage became more erratic and compulsive, and he continued to frequently clash with his directors and co-stars, especially in the mid-1970s when his physical and mental health, together with his continuing alcohol and drug problems, were at their worst. He never fully recovered from his 1964 heart attack because he refused to take traditional heart medication and instead consulted with 'psychic healers'. As a result, his heart condition continued to slowly deteriorate over the next 16 years. On March 20, 1977, Sellers barely survived another major heart attack and had a pacemaker surgically implanted to regulate his heartbeat which caused him further mental and physical discomfort. However, he refused to slow down his work schedule or consider heart surgery which might have expanded his life by several years.
On July 25, 1980, Sellers was scheduled to have a reunion dinner in London with his Goon Show partners, Spike Milligan and Harry Secombe. However, at around 12 noon on July 22, Sellers collapsed from a massive heart attack in his Dorchester Hotel room and fell into a coma. He died in a London hospital just after midnight on July 24, 1980 at age 54. He was survived by his fourth wife, Lynne Frederick, and three children: Michael, Sarah and Victoria. At the time of his death, he was scheduled to undergo an angiography in Los Angeles on July 30 to see if if he was eligible for heart surgery.
His last movie, The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu (1980), completed just a few months before his death, proved to be another box office flop. Director Blake Edwards ' attempt at reviving the Pink Panther series after Sellers' death resulted in two panned 1980s comedies, the first of which, Trail of the Pink Panther (1982), deals with Inspector Clouseau's disappearance and was made from material cut from previous Pink Panther films and includes interviews with the original casts playing their original characters.
- IMDb Mini Biography By: Ashley G. Mackinnon
Spouse (4)
His ability to change his voice and appearance
Often infused his comic characters with an undercurrent of deep melancholy
Often worked with Blake Edwards and Stanley Kubrick .
Often ad-libbed some of the most memorable lines his characters say in his films
Trivia (48)
Father, with actress Britt Ekland , of actress Victoria Sellers .
Ranked #84 in Empire (UK) magazine's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. [October 1997]
Born at 6:00am-BST
Interred at Golders Green Crematorium, London, England, UK.
Sellers, Spike Milligan , Michael Bentine and Harry Secombe performed on BBC Radio as "The Goon Show" in the early 1950s.
Claimed to have had a near-death experience during a heart attack in 1964, in which he saw Heaven and he met an angel who told him that it was not his time to die yet.
He was awarded the CBE (Commander of the Order of the British Empire) in the 1966 Queen's Birthday Honours List for his services to drama.
First actor to be nominated for a single Academy award (best actor) for a film in which he potrayed three different characters in the same film: Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964).
Sellers was the first male to appear on the cover of Playboy Magazine, in April 1964
Was a vegetarian.
Father, with Anne Howe, of Michael Sellers and Sarah Sellers .
His third wife, Miranda Quarry, is now "The Countess of Stockton."
Turned down the role of George Webber in Blake Edwards ' 10 (1979) ( George Segal was cast instead but eventually replaced by Dudley Moore ). Sellers made a cameo appearance but it wound up being cut out.
His "Goon Show" records, and other comedy recordings from the 1950s and early 1960s, were produced by George Martin , before he worked with The Beatles .
He was voted the 41st Greatest Movie Star of all time by Premiere Magazine.
Died at 12:26am - BST after being in a coma for more than 30 hours after suffering a massive heart attack.
Mel Brooks considered him for - and he expressed interest in - the role of "Leo Bloom" in The Producers (1967), but nothing ever came of it, and the role eventually went to Gene Wilder . However, Sellers was instrumental in the success of the film. After its release, he happened, almost by accident, to see a private screening of it and was so impressed that the next day he took out two full-page newspaper ads at his own expense proclaiming that it was one of the greatest comedies he had ever seen. This exposure helped promote the film at a critical time when it appeared that it was destined to sink without a trace.
Is portrayed by Geoffrey Rush in The Life and Death of Peter Sellers (2004).
At the time of his death, he was due to undergo an angiography in preparation for potential heart surgery in Los Angeles on July 30.
One afternoon the doorbell rang in Sellers' London flat. As he was busy in his study, his wife Anne went to the door, where she was handed a telegram. The message: "Bring me a cup of coffee. Peter".
Late one night, following a disappointing day wrestling with a troublesome scene in one of the Pink Panther films, director Blake Edwards was roused by a call from Sellers. "I just talked to God!" he exclaimed, "and he told me how to do it!" The next day Edwards humored Sellers - and the result was an unmitigated disaster. "Peter," Edwards suggested, "next time you talk to God, tell him to stay out of show business!".
Died a few days after filming a "Barclays Bank" commercial, which was never aired.
His performance as Dr. Strangelove in Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964) is ranked #75 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time.
His performance as Inspector Jacques Clouseau in the "Pink Panther" franchise is ranked #67 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time.
His performance as Chance the Gardener in Being There (1979) is ranked #49 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time.
At the time of his death, Sellers was set to play Inspector Clouseau again in "Romance of the Pink Panther". The script had been written by Sellers and Jim Moloney and the film was to be directed by Clive Donner . Pamela Stephenson was to have played the female lead. Also in the pipeline were the leads in Lovesick (1983) and Unfaithfully Yours (1984). Both these roles were taken over by Dudley Moore .
At the time of his death, he left the bulk of his estate - cash, cars, houses and art amounting to £4.5 million - to fourth wife Lynne Frederick . He left his son Michael and his daughter Sarah from his first marriage to actress Anne Howe only £800 each. "It was a calculated and considered act. Even his lawyers blushed when they told me," Michael said. Sellers had married Frederick, who was known primarily as David Frost 's girlfriend (and subsequently his wife after Sellers' death), in 1977. Reportedly Sellers was in the process of excluding her from his will in the time immediately preceding his death by heart attack in 1980. A drug addict and an alcoholic herself, Frederick died at age 39 and all income from Sellers' estate, including royalties from movie profit-sharing deals, was inherited by her daughter with third husband Barry Unger.
Together with Nicolas Cage ( Adaptation. (2002)) and Lee Marvin ( Cat Ballou (1965)), and José Ferrer ( Moulin Rouge (1952) Sellers is the only actor with an Oscar nomination for playing multiple characters in a film (in ( Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964), he plays three characters, Group Captain (G/C) Lionel Mandrake, President Merkin Muffley and Dr. Strangelove). Marvin is the only one who actually won one for a double role.
Became friends with the group The Beatles , and visited them at Abbey Road Studios. Was given a tape of rough mixes from the "White Album", which was auctioned (and bootlegged) after his death.
He was one of the favorite actors of Elvis Presley who always had Sellers' Pink Panther films with him on the airplane while he was on tour.
Prince Charles had been a fan of Sellers since "The Goon Show". In 1975, after he had seen The Return of the Pink Panther (1975) in Montreal, he wrote to Sellers that he'd laughed so hard he had wet the dress of the woman in the next seat.
Before his death he spoke very highly of Robin Williams and Steve Martin , both considered that a great honor.
Was an amateur photographer and camera nut for most of his life.
Served in the Royal Air Force during World War II.
His father was Protestant and his mother was Jewish. He attended St. Aloysius College, a Roman Catholic School.
He was fitted with a pacemaker in 1977 for his failing heart.
Claimed in a 1980 interview with Rolling Stone that he had fathered a son by a girlfriend while serving in the Royal Air Force during World War II, and abandoned them.
Shirley MacLaine said of him, "Past lives leaking through and confusing him in this life.".
In addition to dubbing Alfonso Bedoya in The Black Rose (1950), he also dubs the Chinese actor Ley On . He also provided the voice of an off-screen Winston Churchill in The Man Who Never Was (1956), and at least two other briefly-heard voices in that film. An oft-repeated rumor suggests that he also dubbed a few lines for Humphrey Bogart in Beat the Devil (1953), but this is harder to confirm.
He was best known for his portrayal of the hapless, accident-prone Inspector Clouseau from the Pink Panther movies. A final film in the franchise was to be called "Romance of the Pink Panther", but Sellers died before it could be made.
He is the primary influence on Sacha Baron Cohen .
An English Heritage blue plaque can be found at his place of birth on the corner of Southsea Terrace and Castle Road in Southsea. What was the family home is above a Chinese restaurant.
Married Britt Ekland after knowing her for only 10 days.
Author Jackie Collins based the character "Charlie Brick" on Sellers in her book "Sinners".
He worked with Peter O'Toole , Woody Allen , Ursula Andress and Burt Bacharach on both What's New Pussycat (1965) and Casino Royale (1967).
Sellers was widely considered by industry professionals (particularly Blake Edwards ) to be mentally ill with no real personality of his own. He habitually assumed the personalities of the characters he portrayed, morphing into another one in a following role. People that knew him intermittently over years were baffled by his transformations. As an actor, Sellers could be brilliant with a strong script, but he often accepted sub-par projects and inferior roles which would wreck havoc in his personal life.
Lived in Gstaad, Switzerland during the last six years of his life.
He was a great friend of the British actor Jon Pertwee , who was also known for many comedy parts.
Personal Quotes (14)
If you ask me to play myself, I will not know what to do. I do not know who or what I am.
There used to be a me behind the mask, but I had it surgically removed.
To see me as a person on screen would be one of the dullest experiences you could ever wish to experience.
I'm a classic example of all humorists - only funny when I'm working.
Women are more difficult to handle than men. It's their minds.
I writhe when I see myself on the screen. I'm such a dreadfully clumsy hulking image. I say to myself, "Why doesn't he get off? Why doesn't he get off?" I mean, I look like such an idiot. Some fat awkward thing dredged up from some third-rate drama company. I must stop thinking about it, otherwise I shan't be able to go on working.
[on Blake Edwards ' smash hit 10 (1979)] I turned down the lead role many, many times. I just didn't feel I was right for the part.
I'm a very ambitious person. I don't believe by any means that I've even begun to do what's inside me. I have a burning sort of fire inside me to do certain things which I know I'm going to do. I'm going to defeat all these berks that are around me and I'm going to do it. I mean, I have a name of being very difficult, I'm not difficult at all, I just cannot take mediocrity, I just cannot take it on any level.
You only know what happiness is once you're married. But then it's too late.
[on Goldie Hawn ] In the fullest possible meaning of the word, she is so nice.
[on Sophia Loren ] I was never in love with any woman as deeply as I was with Sophia.
[April 1969, interview in "Nova" magazine] When I look at myself I see a person who strangely lacks what I consider the ingredients for a personality.
[on developing a role for the screen] I walk around, trying different accents, feeling my way to the character. I stare at my own image in the mirror every morning, waiting for the other fellow - the man I'm going to play - to emerge and stare back at me. I am waiting for the stranger to come into my life. When it happens, I have this flush of happiness.
Most actors want to play "Othello", but all I've really wanted to play is Chance the Gardener. I feel what the character, the story is all about is not merely the triumph of a simple man, an illiterate. It's God's message again that the meek shall inherit the earth.
Salary (1)
| Peter Sellers |
The Batavian Republic is now known by what modern-day name? | Playboy April 1964
PLAYMATE: Ashlyn Martin
COVER:
Peter Sellers (the first man and one of only three men ever to appear on the cover of Playboy - the other two are Donald Trump and Bert Reynolds) and Karen Kynn
PICTORIALS: Sellers Mimes the Movie Lovers with Playboy models and Sellers as Groucho Marx, Cary Grant, Rudolph Valentino and others; Playmates Revisited 1956features all twelve playmates from '56 including Betty Blue, Lisa Winters, Elsa Sorensen, Janet Pilgrim, Alice Denhan and others.
INTERVIEW: Jean Genet
FEATURES: fiction: You Only Live Twice,(Part 1 of 3), by Ian Fleming, The Feindby Frederik Pohl; The Playboy PhilosophyPart 16, by Hugh M. Hefner; 3 pages of cartoons, The Sharks by the macabre Gahan Wilson; two Leroy Neiman paintings from the Epsom Derby, full page Vargas Girl; two page Jules Feiffer cartoon, The Conversation; a trio of legendary actors - Sean Connery, Omar Sharif and Max Von Sydow - in "On The Scene" segment; 5-page Little Annie Fanny cartoon finds our favorite femme in the South Pacific islands.
PAGES: 190
| i don't know |
Sarking is found in which part of a building? | Sarking - definition of sarking by The Free Dictionary
Sarking - definition of sarking by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/sarking
Related to sarking: sarking felt
sarking
(ˈsɑːkɪŋ; ˈsærkɪŋ)
n
(Building) Scot and Northern English and NZ a timber or felt cladding placed over the rafters of a roof before the tiles or slates are fixed in place
[C15: from verbal use of sark]
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References in periodicals archive ?
Replace with new kliplok metal roof including sarking and 50 mm thermal blanket over roof safety mesh to as/nzs 4389 and lahc standards.
Units 1-9 438 illawarra road marrickville roof repairs:
Work done included fully recovering the principal roof, with modern sarking felt below French reed thatching, which was renewed at the time.
Thatched roof lends air of romance to cottage; Improvements have been made to preserve the crowning glory of this charming village home, reports Alison Jones
Oerlikon Neumag offers the complete process from polymer chips up to roll goods for the production of substrate for bitumen roofing membranes, sarking membranes and also geotextiles.
| Roof |
Which musical instrument depicts the bird in Prokofiev’s ‘Peter and the Wolf’? | Insulation installation | YourHome
Insulation installation
Insulation installation [pdf 3.8 MB]
Insulation installation
Installing insulation in a new dwelling or adding insulation to an existing one can make a significant difference to the comfort and energy performance of the home, but it is vital that the insulation is put in correctly. Read the article in conjunction with Insulation to find out how to install insulation in various types of construction and useful tips for achieving the results you want.
Under the Building Code of Australia (BCA), the resistance of a building fabric to heat flow, expressed as ‘total R-value’, varies depending on climate zone and the building site’s height above the Australian Height Datum. Ensure you comply with the BCA requirements for energy efficiency of building fabric.
Installation tips
To install insulation without compromising its effectiveness, you need to consider a range of issues: thermal bridging, vapour barriers, ventilation, air gaps, and physical handling of the different types of insulation.
Thermal bridging
The building frame can act as a thermal bridge, particularly in cold climates, conducting heat and allowing it to bypass otherwise effective insulation. Metal framing is a particular problem because of its high conductivity. The presence of the frame reduces the overall insulation value, as the frame can constitute up to 15% of the wall, ceiling or floor surface. To help overcome the effect of thermal bridging:
install polystyrene isolating strips between the metal frame and cladding, which must be at least 12mm thick with an R-value of 0.2
fix bulk insulation, such as polystyrene boards, over the external or internal surface of the frame.
Vapour barriers
Vapour barriers include polythene sheeting, reflective foil, foil backed plasterboard and well maintained water-resistant painted surfaces. Water-resistant insulation, such as polystyrene, can also act as a vapour barrier. Tape or glue all joints in vapour barriers to keep out moisture.
Use vapour barriers to protect from condensation:
in high humid (tropical) climates
in cool climates where the difference between indoor and outdoor temperature is significant
in roof spaces with a low ventilation rate (e.g. cathedral or raked ceilings)
in situations where high amounts of vapour are generated and not exhausted
on the underside of metal roofing, to minimise the likelihood of condensation and corrosion.
Install vapour barriers on the warm side of the insulation:
in cold climates, on the inside of the insulation (directly above the ceiling lining and next to the internal wall lining)
in warm climates, on the outside of the insulation.
Installing wall insulation.
Roof ventilation
Ventilate the roof space where possible to allow built-up heat to dissipate. Even in cooler climates a minimal amount of ventilation is desirable to allow built-up moisture to escape. Air gaps along the ridgeline or between tiles often provide sufficient ventilation. Gable or eaves vents may also be used.
Ventilated roof spaces in high humid (tropical) climates under metal roofing can result in excessive condensation within the roof space at night. You can prevent condensation dripping off the underside of metal roofing onto the ceiling by installing reflective foil sarking similar to that used under roof tiles, or using a foil-backed building blanket (anti-condensation blanket) under the metal roof, or closing the vents at night to prevent night air from entering the roof space.
In bushfire prone areas, cover any openings with fine stainless steel mesh to prevent cinders from entering the roof space. Keep roof spaces weather-tight and vermin proof.
Gaps
Avoid gaps in all types of insulation. Even a small gap can greatly reduce the insulating value. Fit batts snugly and don’t leave gaps around ducts and pipes. Tape up holes and joins in reflective insulation. Make sure the ends of multi-cell and concertina foils are well sealed, and ensure that corners of walls, ceilings and floors are properly insulated as these are areas where heat leaks most often occur.
For safety reasons, minimum clearances must be left around hot objects, such as flues from fires, recessed downlights and their transformers (see ‘Health and safety tips’ below).
Wall frame with insulation.
Wall insulation must butt into door and window frames. In cold climates, metal frames around glazing should have thermal breaks to reduce heat loss. (see Glazing)
Insulate internal walls between the house and uninsulated spaces such as garages and storerooms.
Bulk insulation
Do not compress bulk insulation as this reduces its effectiveness. Ensure there is sufficient space for the insulation to retain its normal thickness.
Keep moisture away from bulk insulation, or its performance will be reduced (water resistant types are an exception). Use a vapour barrier where there is a risk of condensation.
Restrain bulk insulation in cavities so it does not come into contact with the porous outer skin of the wall. This can be done with perforated reflective foil laminate (RFL), a non-corrosive wire or nylon fishing line.
Cavity fill insulation (loose-fill or injected foam) is particularly useful for insulating existing cavity walls. Check that your local building codes permit the use of cavity fill insulation.
Potential problems to be aware of include the overheating of electrical cables, dampness (if the insulation is absorbent) and moisture transfer across the cavity by capillary action. Injected foams can also cause bowing of the walls in some cases.
Loose-fill insulation should not be used in excessively draughty roof spaces or ceilings with a slope of 25° or more. In other applications, keep the density of the insulation consistent to avoid reducing the R-value. Note that loose-fill insulation may settle by as much as 25% over time. Ask your contractor for a guaranteed ‘settled R-value’.
Reflective insulation
Maintain an air space of at least 25mm next to the shiny surface of reflective insulation. If this is not done the insulating properties are reduced.
Dust settling on the reflective surface of insulation greatly reduces its performance. Face reflective surfaces downwards or keep them vertical.
Use perforated reflective foil in walls when building with porous materials. The perforations prevent water droplets from penetrating but allow vapour through so that the insulation can dry if it does somehow get wet. This prevents rotting behind weatherboards, for example.
Reflective foil insulation should not be placed on top of ceilings or ceiling joists, nor under floors, as it is electrically conductive. Any such insulation must also be secured with non-conductive staples.
Reflective foil insulation.
Health and safety tips
Wear protective clothing, gloves and a face mask when installing glass wool, mineral wool or cellulose fibre insulation. These materials can cause short term irritation to skin, eyes and the upper respiratory tract. It is good practice to always wear protective equipment when working in dusty roof spaces.
Wear adequate eye protection when installing reflective insulation, as it can give off a painful glare, and be aware of the increased risk of sunburn.
Insulation materials containing reflective foil must be kept clear of electrical wiring and fittings, and should not be secured using metal staples.
Electrical wiring must be appropriately sized or it may overheat when covered by insulation. Have it inspected by a licensed electrician.
Allow clearance around hot flues, exhaust fans, appliances and fittings that penetrate the ceiling to the manufacturer’s installation instructions.
Clearances around downlights
Ceiling fires have increased significantly with the more common use of downlights that penetrate the ceiling. Take care to maintain minimum clearances around downlights and ensure that transformers are not underneath the insulation. Wherever possible avoid using recessed light fittings as they also shed a great deal of heat through the gaps required in the surrounding ceiling insulation.
Recessed lights and their auxiliary equipment should be installed in a manner designed to prevent the light and equipment overheating and igniting surrounding combustible materials. Particular notice should be taken of manufacturers’ installation instructions for lights that include warnings about covering them with insulation or display the following symbol meaning ‘Do Not Cover’.
‘Do not cover’ symbol.
The heat generated from recessed lights needs to be dissipated in order to prevent damage to the light or to adjacent materials. In accordance with AS 3999, Thermal insulation of dwellings — bulk insulation — installation requirements, this can be achieved by:
installing lights certified by the manufacturer as being suitable for operation in contact with combustible materials or in contact with or covered by insulation
installing lights in combination with a fire safety barrier tested and classified in compliance with AS/NZS 5110, Recessed lighting barrier standard, or
separating the light from insulation and combustible building elements.
Safe installation of ceiling lighting.
For recessed light fittings, where the manufacturer’s installation instructions do not provide information on required clearances, the light fitting can be installed using a suitable Australian Standards approved enclosure for electrical and fire safety. Where barriers are not used, allow a minimum clearance of 200mm above and to either side of any structural member, with a 50mm gap for lighting transformers. Refer to AS/NZS 3000: 2007 electrical installation (wiring rules) for more detailed information.
Where the ceiling insulation is loose fill or not fixed in position, or there is the possibility of extraneous combustible material such as leaves and vermin debris getting into the roof space, maintain clearances by providing a barrier complying with AS/NZS 5110 or a guard or collar constructed of fire-resistant material.
Source: Adapted from AS/NZS 3000:2007 Figure 4.7 — reproduced with permission from SAI Global
Default minimum clearance for recessed lights.
Where recessed lights are installed in an accessible roof space, a permanent and legible warning sign must be installed in the roof space adjacent to the access panel in a position that is visible to a person entering the space. The sign must comply with AS 1319, Safety signs for the occupational environment, and contain the words shown here.
Warning sign to be installed in accessible roof spaces containing recessed lights.
Installation details
‘Total R-values’ describe the total resistance to heat flow provided by a roof and ceiling assembly, a wall or a floor. These values are calculated from the resistances of each component, including the insulation.
Total R-values are the best indicator of performance, as they show how insulation performs within the building envelope. Total R-values are used when calculating thermal efficiency ratings.
To estimate the total R-value:
Consult the ICANZ Insulation Handbook, Part 1, Thermal Performance [additional reading now found on www.google.com.au ] to find the construction type that relates to your situation (e.g. pitched tiled roof with flat ceiling and an unventilated roof space).
Calculate the total thermal resistance of the building components of your construction type.
Add the material or system value of insulation you are installing to give you an approximate total R-value.
For example, adding bulk insulation with a material R-value of 2.5 increases both the up and down total R-values by around 2.5, as long as the material is not compressed.
Adding reflective insulation with a system R-value of 1.7 up, 3.0 down, increases the total up and down R-values by those amounts, providing the insulation is installed as specified with air gaps.
This method provides a useful estimate, but many factors can reduce the total R-value. They include thermal bridging, compression of bulk insulation, dust settling on reflective insulation and the lack of a suitable air gap for reflective surfaces.
Note: Revised standards now in preparation (2013) require all reflective insulation to have an anti-glare coating, which will reduce the thermal performance of the upper surface.
The total thermal resistance of each construction type has been calculated using information from the Australian Standards.
Total R-values for roofs, ceilings and floors are expressed as up and down values. Thermal resistance to heat flowing up and heat flowing down can vary significantly. Total R-values for walls are expressed as a single figure, as heat flow in and out through walls does not necessarily correlate to heat flow up and down.
Roof and ceiling insulation
Installing roof and ceiling insulation can save up to 45% on heating and cooling energy.
Pitched roofs with flat ceilings
This is the most common type of construction and the easiest to insulate. The BCA specifies different insulation requirements for roofs and ceilings according to the climate zone.
Roof
A second layer of RFL (either sarking or foil batts) beneath the roof increases resistance to radiant heat. This may be useful in hot climates. Ensure that there is at least a 25mm gap between reflective surfaces and other materials. Place RFL sarking directly under the roofing material between the battens and the rafters with the shiny side facing down.
Pitched roof with flat ceiling.
Ceiling
Place ceiling insulation between the joists. Suitable bulk insulation includes batts, loose-fill and polystyrene boards. In alpine climates two layers of bulk insulation may be installed to increase thermal performance, one between the joists and the second on top.
There are hazards related to covering ceiling joists with insulation, e.g. safe places to walk cannot be identified when accessing the roof space. If insulation is removed each time the roof space is accessed it must be reinstalled in accordance with the Australian Standard.
Suitable reflective insulation includes multi-cell batts, which should be placed between ceiling joists. Install insulation strictly in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions. Failure to do so can significantly reduce insulation values.
Ceilings that follow the roof line
These include sloping ceilings, cathedral ceilings, vaulted ceilings, and flat or skillion roofs, where there is no accessible roof space. Design ceilings with enough space to accommodate adequate insulation, including any necessary air gaps.
Ceilings with concealed rafters are easier to insulate and should be considered in preference to ceilings with exposed rafters. Ceilings with exposed rafters require insulation products with a higher R-value per unit thickness due to space limitations within the ceiling.
Consult the insulation manufacturer about installation clearances. As a rough guide, minimum clearance heights for ceilings that are parallel with the roof are:
R3.0 bulk batts: 130mm
R3.0 polystyrene boards: 85mm.
Use sarking or foil backed insulation under metal roofs, making sure that there is at least a 25mm gap below the reflective surface of the insulation. Do not use foil backed insulation under tile roofs.
Concealed rafters.
Exposed rafters with polystyrene insulation. The counter battens must be secured to the rafters with appropriate fasteners to prevent roof failure in storms or high winds.
Suitable bulk insulation includes polystyrene boards and batts. Suitable reflective insulation includes multi-cell and concertina-type batts.
Exposed rafter with multi-cell foil insulation.
Exposed rafters require minimum batten height of 75mm.
Suitable composite insulation includes foil faced polystyrene boards. If rafters are exposed, the minimum batten height is 75mm to allow for two 25mm reflective air spaces either side of the boards. Using 25mm foil faced polystyrene boards and RFL sarking gives a total R-value of around 1.7 up, 2.9 down. If higher R-values are required then larger batten heights will be required to accommodate thicker insulation.
Metal roof decking.
Foil backed blankets are mainly used to reduce condensation in the roof space, reduce noise from metal roofing and provide a vapour barrier. They are sometimes used as thermal insulation, but it is better to have thicker ceiling insulation for thermal control. Compression of the blanket over the battens lowers the total R-value.
External wall insulation
Insulating your walls saves up to an extra 15% on heating and cooling energy.
Framed walls
Weatherboard walls
The total thermal resistance of typical weatherboard wall construction is approximately R0.45, increasing to R0.9 with RFL insulation. This is insufficient for most building code compliance or sustainability requirements and needs to be supplemented with additional insulation.
Use perforated reflective foil over the outside of the frame. For higher insulation levels, add reflective foil batts between the studs. Make sure that the air space between reflective surfaces is at least 25mm.
Perforated reflective foil and bulk insulation under weatherboard.
Alternatively, use bulk insulation with perforated building wrap. Ensure batts fit within the cavity without compression, making sure that there is at least a 25mm gap from the reflective surface.
Brick veneer walls
The total thermal resistance of typical brick veneer wall construction is approximately R0.45, increasing to R1.4 with RFL insulation. This is insufficient for most building code compliance or sustainability requirements and needs to be supplemented with additional insulation.
Reflective foil under brick veneer.
For higher insulation levels, add reflective batts between the studs, making sure that air spaces between each reflective surface are at least 25mm. Use bulk insulation with strapping or perforated building wrap over the outside of the frame to prevent batts from touching the porous brick skin.
Bulk insulation separated from porous brick skin by strapping.
Brick veneer with foam board.
Fixing insulation to the outside of the studs helps reduce thermal bridging in cold climates. Placing the insulation on the outside gives a higher total R-value than placing the insulation between the studs.
Suitable materials include polystyrene boards, high density rockwool batts, and foil faced polystyrene boards with a reflective air space of at least 25mm. Leave sufficient space for bricklayers to lay the outside skin (about 35mm).
Cavity brick walls
The total thermal resistance of typical cavity brick wall construction is approximately R0.5. This is insufficient for most building code compliance or sustainability requirements and needs to be supplemented with additional insulation.
Cavity brick wall with extruded foam.
Use foam boards or cavity fill (loose-fill or injected foams).
Cavity fill insulation is mainly used to insulate existing cavity brick walls. Check that local building regulations allow use of cavity fill. It must be treated to be water repellent. (see Insulation)
Foam boards with reflective surfaces do not perform properly if air gaps are not large enough or the reflective surfaces get dirty during construction.
Using cavity fill in double brick walls provides a total R-value of around R1.3 (dependent on cavity width).
Solid walls
Solid walls include concrete block, concrete panel, stone, mud brick, rammed earth (pisé) and solid brick construction without a cavity.
The total thermal resistance of solid wall construction without a cavity is approximately R0.3 to R0.4. This is insufficient for most building code compliance or sustainability requirements and needs to be supplemented with additional insulation.
Solid walls can be insulated on the inside or the outside. Do not insulate the inside of walls whose thermal mass is to be utilised. Insulation isolates the thermal mass from the interior, wasting its beneficial passive heating potential.
Solid wall with internal foam moisture barrier.
Suitable materials include polystyrene boards, bulk batts, and foil faced foam boards with a still air layer of at least 25mm each side. For internal walls, plasterboard products incorporating polystyrene are also suitable.
Solid wall with external polystyrene and render.
On external walls, polystyrene can be clad with an external finish, such as render. No additional waterproofing is required. Fix bulk batts between battens and cover with a waterproof cladding.
Floor insulation
Suspended floors
The BCA specifies that a suspended floor, other than an intermediate floor in a building with more than one storey, must achieve a certain R-value for the downwards direction of heat flow for the relevant climate zone. In addition, such a suspended floor with an in-slab heating or cooling system is required to be insulated around the vertical edge of its perimeter and underneath the slab with insulation having an R-value of not less than 1.0.
In cool climates, some mixed climates, and hot climates where air conditioning is used:
enclose the subfloor space if possible (maintain sufficient ventilation to satisfy local building requirements)
where appropriate install underlay and carpet, or lay insulation board under floor finishes
insulate the underside of timber floors or suspended slabs exposed to outside air
insulate the underside of heated suspended slabs.
Timber floors
The total thermal resistance of typical timber floor construction is approximately R0.3 up and R0.4 down. With RFL insulation it is approximately R0.6 up and R1.0 down. This is insufficient for most building code compliance or sustainability requirements and will require additional insulation.
Use perforated RFL foil or concertina-type batts, stapled to the side of the joists with non-conductive staples.
Timber floor with perforated concertina foil.
Timber floor with bulk insulation.
Add bulk insulation under the floor, supported by nylon cord or wire as shown.
Suspended concrete slabs
The total thermal resistance of typical suspended concrete floor slab construction is approximately R0.3 up and R0.4 down. This is insufficient for most building code compliance or sustainability requirements and needs additional insulation.
Suspended slab with polystyrene.
Add foam boards or foil faced foam boards. Special fixings should be used with foil faced boards to allow a still air layer between the insulation and the slab.
Slab-on-ground
The BCA specifies that vertical edges of a slab-on-ground must be insulated only if located in climate zone 8 (cold climate) or when in-slab heating or cooling in installed within the slab. (See 3.12.1.5 Floors in BCA 2010, Volume Two.)
Slab edge insulation.
Slab edge insulation is usually sufficient, as approximately 80% of the heat loss occurs through the edge. Install edge insulation before the slab is poured. Do not install insulation under concrete edge beams.
Follow the manufacturer’s directions, particularly regarding the placement of the insulation in relation to the waterproof membrane. In termite prone areas precautions may be needed. Consult your local building information centre.
R1.0 polystyrene boards on the slab edge give a total R-value of at least 2.2 (insulated section only).
For more effective performance, extend an additional fin of polystyrene horizontally from the slab edge as shown.
Slab with polystyrene fin.
The fin should extend 1–1.5m and can be laid under external paving. The presence of the fin affects ground temperature gradients, resulting in more stable ground temperatures below the slab.
The fin is easy to install and can be done as a retrofit to existing slabs. It does not interfere with the load carrying capacity of the footings.
Insulate the underside of ground slabs where groundwater is present. This method can also be used in alpine climates and where slab heating is used, although the ‘fin’ method may be just as effective. Insulation under slabs must have a high compressive strength and be resistant to moisture penetration and rotting. If the material is compressed it no longer acts as an insulator and can even lead to structural failure. Some waffle pods can be used for under-slab insulation, as long as they meet the above criteria.
References and additional reading
ICANZ. 2010. Insulation handbook, Part 1, Thermal performance. [additional reading now found on www.yumpu.com ]
Sustainable Energy Authority Victoria (SEAV). 2006. Energy smart housing manual, Ch. 7, Insulation. www.aprbuildingservices.com.au
Authors
| i don't know |
Which British monarch had the nickname Silly Billy? | King William IV | Britroyals
Born: August 21, 1765 at Buckingham Palace
Parents: George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Relation to Elizabeth II: 3rd great-granduncle
House of: Hanover
Ascended to the throne: June 26, 1830 aged 64 years
Crowned: September 8, 1831 at Westminster Abbey
Married: Adelaide, daughter of Duke of Saxe-Meinigen
Children: Four none of whom survived infancy, plus several illegitimate by Dorothy Jordan
Died: June 20, 1837 at Windsor Castle, aged 71 years, 9 months, and 28 days
Buried at: Windsor
Reigned for: 6 years, 11 months, and 24 days
Succeeded by: his niece Victoria
William was the third son of George III and not expected to become king. He was sent off to join the Royal Navy at 13 years old, and saw service at the Battle of St Vincent against the Spanish in 1780 and in New York during the American War of Independence. A supposed plot approved by George Washington to kidnap him was leaked and did not come to fruition. He was later stationed in the West Indies under Horatio Nelson, and left active service in 1790 as a Rear Admiral.
He was created Duke of Clarence and from 1791 set up home with Dorothea Bland, an Irish actress known as �Mrs Jordan�. They lived contentedly together for 20 years, and had 5 sons and 5 daughters given the surname Fitzclarence. By 1817 William was in debt but, with the death of Princess Charlotte only daughter of his elder brother, he had become heir to the throne. Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen was found for him as a suitable Protestant wife and they married in 1818. The marriage was happy but despite several miscarriages there were no children who survived infancy. His London residence Clarence House was designed for him by John Nash in 1825.
William was 64 years old and the oldest person to date to succeed to the throne when he became King on the death of his brother George IV in 1830. He was nicknamed �The Sailor King�, distrusted foreigners and was noted for his informality. He regularly invited his friends for dinner, and when told that his carriage was not ready to take him to Parliament he is reported to have said �Then I will go by hackney cab�. In 1834 when fire destroyed the Houses of Parliament at Westminster he offered Buckingham Palace to Parliament. They declined and Westminster was rebuilt by Charles Barry in Gothic style.
He took his responsibilities seriously but was more used from his naval career to giving and receiving orders than the intrigues of politics. The Reform Act which sought to remove inequalities in the electoral system, including the removal of �rotten boroughs� which returned a disproportionate representation to actual voters, had a stormy passage through Parliament. It was only passed in 1832 after street protests and Lord Grey and his cabinet threatened to resign unless the king supported them against opposition from the House of Lords. He sought to repair Anglo-American relations following the war during his father�s reign but, despite his experience in the West Indies, argued against Wilberforce who was campaigning to abolish the slave trade. The Abolition of Slavery Act was eventually passed in 1833. William died in 1837 aged 71 of heart failure. He had no legitimate children and was succeeded by his niece Victoria.
King William IV's Signature
Quotes:
�I have my view of things, and I tell them to my ministers. If they do not adopt it, I cannot help it. I have done my duty� � King William IV (he was not a political animal)
�Silly Billy� � name said to be given to William when he was Duke of Clarence during a visit to Bedlam hospital. When he became king he gleefully told his councillors �Who�s the Silly Billy now?�
"I trust to God that my life may be spared for nine months longer�... I should then have the satisfaction of leaving the exercise of the Royal authority to the personal authority of that young lady, heiress presumptive to the Crown, and not in the hands of a person now near me, who is surrounded by evil advisers and is herself incompetent to act with propriety in the situation in which she would be placed." � King William IV (expressing his hope that his niece Victoria would be over 18 when she succeeded to the throne so her mother The Duchess of Kent would not be regent).
�Whatever his faults may have been �. he was not only zealous but most conscientious in the discharge of his duties as king. He had a truly kind heart and was anxious do what was right� � Queen Victoria (speaking about her uncle King William IV).
Timeline for King William IV
Year
| William IV of the United Kingdom |
In cooking, 230 degrees Celsius is the equivalent of which gas mark? | The Mad Monarchist: Monarch Profile: King William IV of the United Kingdom
Thursday, May 8, 2014
Monarch Profile: King William IV of the United Kingdom
Fair or not, it is a fact that the life and reign of King William IV has been largely overshadowed in history by his successor Queen Victoria. It is not uncommon for King William IV to be given barely a mention simply as the predecessor to the Queen who gave her name to an age and became the longest-reigning monarch in British history. However, while he may not stand out much from the ranks of British monarchs, he was a solid overseer of his dominions and led a life of remarkable service that should not be forgotten. The future monarch Prince William Henry was born on August 21, 1765 at Buckingham Palace, the third son of Their Majesties King George III and Queen Charlotte of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. With two elder brothers ahead of him in the line of succession, no one ever thought he would one day wear the crown himself. He did not have much of a childhood, spending most of his early years at Richmond but, in those days, children were expected to grow up rather quickly. When he was only thirteen his private education ended and he was shipped off to the Royal Navy as a midshipman, learning the ropes (literally and figuratively) to become an officer.
To the modern reader this may seem somewhat shocking but 13-year old midshipmen were not uncommon in those days, some, in fact, were younger than that and boys working as “powder monkeys” onboard ship could be considerably younger still. The teenage prince was, of course, a special case but received very little special treatment. He took his lessons with the other young gentlemen, took his turn performing menial tasks, played pranks, had fights and got in trouble like all the rest. He also saw combat at the battle of Cape St Vincent in 1780 during the American War for Independence. He served ashore in New York and was even the focus of a kidnapping plot by the rebel forces of the Continental Army. However, British intelligence learned of the scheme and assigned a guard to the prince, so the plot was called off. Prince William was a dedicated officer who loved the navy and the navy life. In 1785 he earned his commission as a lieutenant and in 1786 was appointed captain of HMS Pegasus, serving in the West Indies under the famous Admiral Horatio Nelson. The legendary admiral had a high opinion of Prince William and the two became fast friends with the Prince giving the bride away at Nelson’s wedding to Frances Nisbet in 1787. Later, the Prince was promoted to command a frigate and in 1789 became a Rear Admiral. That same year King George III granted him the titles of Duke of Clarence and St Andrews and Earl of Munster.
This entitled him to a seat in the House of Lords and, like his brothers, tended to associate himself with the Whigs in opposition to his father the King. This ended up costing him more than he would have ever expected. Having resigned from active duty in the Royal Navy upon entering the political fray, he found it difficult to return to the service he loved. Probably just as a thoughtless show of rebellion, he opposed the British declaration of war on France. It was a stupid thing to do and when he was applied to return to the navy, eager to take part in the war at sea, he was denied. Even after publicly changing his position and speaking out in support of the war, the conflict with France would pass without the Prince being given any significant command or seeing any front-line service. This left him with nothing to do but argue politics in the House of Lords and he would have been much better suited to a career at sea as his political views tended to be scattered and inconsistent. He thought the laws related to marriage and family were too harsh and that the penalties against dissenting Christians were oppressive but saw nothing wrong with the continued legality of slavery in the British colonies. It might have caused some to remember the nickname Prince William was given by his family as a youth; “Silly Billy”.
Perhaps because of this, views on the Duke of Clarence tended to be divided. In many ways he quite liberal, being a staunch advocate of Catholic emancipation but he was also more supportive of his family and was never able to be as cruel toward his father as his older brother King George IV had been. Most liked him, whether viewing him as forward thinking or just a good natured, simple sailor. He lived, for a time, with his mistress, a London actress, but later married Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Coburg-Meiningen. Not considered a great beauty, she was nonetheless an excellent wife, faithful, supportive and very religious. Unfortunately, the two never had any children who long survived so that the only offspring of the Duke of Clarence were the ten illegitimate children he fathered during his years with his mistress “Mrs. Jordan”. Still, he had a happy and genuinely good marriage with Princess Adelaide who, perhaps, helped reform him just a bit. The choice he made was also more important than it may have first appeared since his only surviving elder brother, King George IV, had only one legitimate child who predeceased him. So it was that, at a fairly advanced age for the time, the Duke of Clarence became heir to the throne. For most of his life he had given it very little thought, but once the Crown was within reach, he took great care to live to obtain it. He went to great lengths in an effort to remain in good health.
On June 26, 1830 at six in the morning, the Duke was awakened and told that his brother was dead and he was now King William IV of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Hannover. He said he had always wanted to sleep with a queen and went back to bed with his newly elevated wife Queen Adelaide. However, once he was later fully awake, few other monarchs displayed such unabashed joy as King William IV. He dashed off, alone, driving his own open carriage through the streets of London, shaking hands with his new subjects, offering a ride to those who desired one and even getting some kisses of congratulations from some prostitutes. Some were aghast at his behavior, particularly after all the preening and finery of George IV, but many others viewed it favorably. Many ordinary people were pleased that their new monarch seemed so “normal” and viewed him as a good man of common sense who would sort things out in the government. It seemed rather heart-warming to have the new monarch actually approach common people on the street and tell them how happy he was to be their new king. Needless to say, his coronation on September 8, 1831 was a much less extravagant affair than that of his brother, whose coronation had been the most lavish in all of British history. King William IV was a practical, unassuming and dedicated monarch who was all about the “business” and not about the “show”. Still, he was not without a sense of humor. When the Privy Council was first brought in to him and dropped to one knee, he mischievously asked, “Who is Silly Billy now?”
Despite the outrage of the more grand members of the court and aristocracy, the great majority of the people cheered King William IV for his simplicity and care to spend as little of their tax money as possible. King William looked to the future with the hope and optimism of the reformer, and perhaps with the naiveté of one as well but that would fade quickly. Queen Adelaide, on the other hand, remained the nervous one. Always preparing piously for the end of the world, as Queen she prepared for a possible revolution, admiring the late Queen Marie Antoinette and hoping she could behave with such stoic courage when the mob came for her. She need not have worried. When King William IV, not waiting for any preparations to be made or for guards to line the streets, dashed over to Westminster, hurriedly placed the crown on his head at an odd angle and declared Parliament dissolved (clearing the way for the passage of the Reform Bill) the public cheered him mightily for sending the politicians home. The Whigs adored him, thinking he was firmly on their side, which, of course, he was not. He was a dutiful monarch who was not about to support anything he thought detrimental to the welfare of his people.
King William IV was nothing if not a hard worker. His first prime minister, the Duke of Wellington, said that he accomplished more with William IV in ten minutes that he had been able to get done with George IV in ten days. He got along well with Earl Grey, the Whig Prime Minister who had replaced Wellington but he was not about to be the servant of the Whig party either. When King William became convinced that reforms were becoming too much and being done too quickly, he determined to apply the brakes. In 1834 he dismissed the Whigs from office and appointed Sir Robert Peel to the post of Prime Minister but Peel found it impossible to form a government and, in the end, the King had to invite the Whigs to come back again. King William IV would be the last British monarch to appoint a Prime Minister without the support of Parliament and while he supported many liberal ideas for reform and greater democracy, he did so in an effort to win support for the existing institutions and seemed rather shocked when this did not always prove to be the case. He had seen his father, King George III, dismiss ministers, call new elections and have the people vote in accordance with his wishes for the most part. However, with the reforms, King William saw himself lose popularity for doing the same and came to accept that the scales of power were tipping in favor of Parliament and the House of Commons during his reign.
On the world stage, King William IV was friendly with the United States, supported Belgian independence and the candidacy of Duke Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to be King of the Belgians. However, he opposed unnecessary intervention in foreign countries and never even visited his Kingdom of Hanover in Germany. Under the system that existed then, the Austrians actually had more influence in Hanover than the British did and when the brilliantly conservative Austrian Chancellor Prince Metternich took action to prevent the spread of liberalism in Germany, it was only with difficulty that King William IV saw this pushed back. He gave Hanover a new constitution that was friendlier to the middle class and gave much more power to the parliament but it was a flash in the pan, more suited to Britain than Germany and after his death, the next King of Hanover would see these changes done away with. In his domestic life, King William was mostly troubled by disputes and drama within the Royal Family. As he had no children of his own, the most intense of these involved the succession and his adamant opposition to his sister-in-law the Duchess of Kent, mother of Princess Victoria who would succeed William on the throne. The King took great offense at the Duchess disrespecting Queen Adelaide, disliked her tyrannical nature and was suspicious of the influence the controller of her household, John Conroy, seemed to have over her. King William was determined to live long enough to see Princess Victoria reach adulthood so that the Duchess of Kent would never be able to hold the power of regent for her daughter.
Determined to the end, King William IV managed to do exactly that. He died on June 20, 1837 at Windsor Castle, just one month after his niece turned eighteen. Today, his relatively short reign is often overlooked but it was a crucial period in British history. Despite his earlier opposition, King William IV signed the abolition of slavery in the British colonies, enacted laws to stop child labor and provide assistance for the poor. On the negative side, his reign marked the ascendancy of Parliament dominated by the House of Commons but it would be wrong to paint William IV as being a man of any particular political ideology. He opposed the extremes of both the left and the right and was a thoughtful, competent constitutional monarch. Like the sailor he started off as, King William IV provided a steady hand on the wheel of the great ship of state and steered it along a moderate course through political waters that would have upset things and caused great disasters in less capable hands.
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Silence Dogwood was a pseudonym used by which Founding Father of the United States to get his satirical pieces of writing published? | Benjamin Franklin . Wit and Wisdom . Name that Ben | PBS
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During the eighteenth century, it was common for writers and journalists to use pseudonyms, or false names, when they created newspaper articles and letters to the editor. Franklin used this convention extensively throughout his life, sometimes to express an idea that might have been considered slanderous or even illegal by the authorities; other times to present two sides of an issue, much like the point-counterpoint style of journalism used today.
When Franklin used a pseudonym, he often created an entire persona for the "writer." Sometimes he wrote as a woman, other times as a man, but always with a specific point of view. While all of his writings were focused and logical, many were also humorous, filled with wit and irony. Silence Dogood, Harry Meanwell, Alice Addertongue, Richard Saunders, and Timothy Turnstone were a few of the many pseudonyms Franklin used throughout his career.
Silence Dogood Mrs. Dogood was Franklin's first pseudonym, created when he was sixteen years old and serving as a printer's apprentice to his brother James. Silence Dogood was a middle-aged widow who looked at the world with a humorous and satiric eye. Her letters dealt with a range of topics from love and courtship to the state of education in Massachusetts. In all, fifteen Silence Dogood letters were published in James Franklin's New England Courant.
Caelia Shortface and Martha Careful Franklin wrote mocking letters from these two "ladies" to get even with his former employer Samuel Keimer for stealing some of Franklin's publishing ideas. The letters were printed in the American Weekly Mercury, a newspaper published by Keimer's competitor Andrew Bradford.
Busy Body Franklin's Busy Body letters were also published in the American Weekly Mercury. Miss Body's letters were filled with humorous looks at the battle of the sexes and barbs at local businessmen. Gossip was Busy Body's stock in trade.
Anthony Afterwit Franklin created this "gentleman" to provide a humorous look at matrimony and married life from a male point of view. Mr. Afterwit appeared in Franklin's Pennsylvania Gazette.
Alice Addertongue Miss Addertongue was a thirty-five year old gossip who provided Franklin's Pennsylvania Gazette with stories of scandal about prominent members of society.
Richard Saunders Of all of Franklin's noms de plume, Mr. Saunders became the best known. Richard Saunders was the "Richard" of Poor Richard's Almanack. First published late in 1732, Poor Richard's Almanack is probably Franklin's best-known publication. Richard Saunders' humorous sayings and advice filled the pages of the almanac's twenty-six editions.
Polly Baker Franklin used Polly Baker to examine the negative way women were treated in the eyes of the law. Ms. Baker had several illegitimate children and was punished for her "crime," while the fathers, many of whom were prominent citizens, suffered no such hardship.
Benevolus While in England, Franklin penned a number of letters under the name of Benevolus. These letters tried to answer some of the negative assertions made by the British press about the American colonists. These letters were published in London newspapers and journals.
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Which British fashion designer created the UK television series ‘The Clothes Show’ in 1986? | Benjamin_Franklin.pdf - English 2327 with Roberts at Lonestar College - StudyBlue
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Benjamin Franklin 1 Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin [[file:BenFranklinDuplessis.jpg alt=]] 6th President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania In office October 18, 1785 – December 1, 1788 Preceded by John Dickinson Succeeded by Thomas Mifflin 23rd Speaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly In office 1765–1765 Preceded by Isaac Norris Succeeded by Isaac Norris United States Minister to France In office 1778–1785 Appointed by Congress of the Confederation Preceded by New office Succeeded by Thomas Jefferson United States Minister to Sweden In office 1782–1783 Appointed by Congress of the Confederation Preceded by New office Succeeded by Jonathan Russell 1st United States Postmaster General In office 1775–1776 Appointed by Continental Congress Preceded by New office Succeeded by Richard Bache Personal details Born January 17, 1706Boston, Massachusetts Bay Died April 17, 1790 (aged 84)Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Nationality American Political party None Spouse(s) Deborah Read Children William Franklin Francis Folger Franklin Sarah Franklin Bache Benjamin Franklin 2 Profession Scientist Writer Politician Signature Statue of Franklin in the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C. Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 [O.S. January 6, 1705[1] ] – April 17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, musician, inventor, satirist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. He invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and the glass 'armonica'. He formed both the first public lending library in America and the first fire department in Pennsylvania. Franklin earned the title of "The First American" for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity; as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies, then as the first United States Ambassador to France, he exemplified the emerging American nation.[2] Franklin was foundational in defining the American ethos as a marriage of the practical and democratic values of thrift, hard work, education, community spirit, self-governing institutions, and opposition to authoritarianism both political and religious, with the scientific and tolerant values of the Enlightenment. In the words of historian Henry Steele Commager, "In a Franklin could be merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination of the Enlightenment without its heat."[3] To Walter Isaacson, this makes Franklin "the most accomplished American of his age and the most influential in inventing the type of society America would become."[4] Franklin, always proud of his working class roots, became a successful newspaper editor and printer in Philadelphia, the leading city in the colonies. He was also partners with William Goddard and Joseph Galloway the three of whom published the Pennsylvania Chronicle, a newspaper that was known for its revolutionary sentiments and criticisms of the British monarchy in the American colonies.[5] He became wealthy publishing Poor Richard's Almanack and The Pennsylvania Gazette. Franklin gained international renown as a scientist for his famous experiments in electricity and for his many inventions, especially the lightning rod. He played a major role in establishing the University of Pennsylvania and was elected the first president of the American Philosophical Society. Franklin became a national hero in America when he spearheaded the effort to have Parliament repeal the unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a major figure in the development of positive Franco-American relations. For many years he was the British postmaster for the colonies, which enabled him to set up the first national communications network. He was active in community affairs, colonial and state politics, as well as national and international affairs. From 1785 to 1788, he served as governor of Pennsylvania. Toward the end of his life, he freed his slaves and became one of the most prominent abolitionists. His colorful life and legacy of scientific and political achievement, and status as one of America's most influential Founding Fathers, have seen Franklin honored on coinage and money; warships; the names of many towns, counties, educational institutions, namesakes, and companies; and more than two centuries after his death, countless cultural references. Benjamin Franklin 3 Ancestry Franklin's father, Josiah Franklin was a tallow chandler, a soap-maker and a candle-maker. Josiah was born at Ecton, Northamptonshire, England, on December 23, 1657, the son of Thomas Franklin, a blacksmith-farmer, and Jane White. His mother, Abiah Folger, was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts, on August 15, 1667, to Peter Folger, a miller and schoolteacher and his wife Mary Morrill, a former indentured servant. Josiah Franklin had 17 children with his two wives. He married his first wife, Anne Child, in about 1677 in Ecton and emigrated with her to Boston in 1683; they had three children before emigrating, and four after. After her death, Josiah was married to Abiah Folger on July 9, 1689, in the Old South Meeting House by Samuel Willard. Benjamin, their eighth child, was Josiah Franklin's 15th child and tenth and last son. Ben Franklin's mother, Abiah Folger, was born into a Puritan family among those that fled to Massachusetts to establish a purified Congregationalist Christianity in New England, when King Charles I of England began persecuting Puritans. They sailed for Boston in 1635. Her father was "the sort of rebel destined to transform colonial America";[6] as clerk of the court, he was jailed for disobeying the local magistrate in defense of middle-class shopkeepers and artisans in conflict with wealthy landowners. Ben Franklin followed in his grandfather's footsteps in his battles against the wealthy Penn family that owned the Pennsylvania Colony. Early life Franklin's birthplace on Milk Street, Boston, Massachusetts Benjamin Franklin was born on Milk Street, in Boston, Massachusetts, on January 17, 1706[1] and baptized at Old South Meeting House. Josiah wanted Ben to attend school with the clergy, but only had enough money to send him to school for two years. He attended Boston Latin School but did not graduate; he continued his education through voracious reading. Although "his parents talked of the church as a career"[7] for Franklin, his schooling ended when he was ten. He then worked for his father for a time and at 12 he became an apprentice to his brother James, a printer, who taught Ben the printing trade. When Ben was 15, James founded The New-England Courant, which was the first truly independent newspaper in the colonies. When denied the chance to write a letter to the paper for publication, Franklin adopted the pseudonym of "Mrs. Silence Dogood", a middle-aged widow. "Mrs. Dogood"'s letters were published, and became a subject of conversation around town. Neither James nor the Courant's readers were aware of the ruse, and James was unhappy with Ben when he discovered the popular correspondent was his younger brother. Franklin left his apprenticeship without permission, and in so doing became a fugitive.[8] At age 17, Franklin ran away to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, seeking a new start in a new city. When he first arrived he worked in several printer shops around town. However, he was not satisfied by the immediate prospects. After a few months, while working in a printing house, Franklin was convinced by Pennsylvania Governor Sir William Keith to go to London, ostensibly to acquire the equipment necessary for establishing another newspaper in Philadelphia. Finding Keith's promises of backing a newspaper to be empty, Franklin worked as a typesetter in a printer's shop in what is now the Church of St Bartholomew-the-Great in the Smithfield area of London. Following this, he returned to Philadelphia in 1726 with the help of Thomas Denham, a merchant who employed Franklin as clerk, shopkeeper, and bookkeeper in his business.[8] Benjamin Franklin 4 Franklin's birthplace site directly across from Old South Meeting House on Milk Street is commemorated by a bust above the second floor facade of this building In 1727, Benjamin Franklin, then 21, created the Junto, a group of "like minded aspiring artisans and tradesmen who hoped to improve themselves while they improved their community." The Junto was a discussion group for issues of the day; it subsequently gave rise to many organizations in Philadelphia. Reading was a great pastime of the Junto, but books were rare and expensive. The members created a library, initially assembled from their own books. This did not suffice, however. Franklin then conceived the idea of a subscription library, which would pool the funds of the members to buy books for all to read. This was the birth of the Library Company of Philadelphia: its charter was composed by Franklin in 1731. In 1732, Franklin hired the first American librarian, Louis Timothee. Originally, the books were kept in the homes of the first librarians, but in 1739 the collection was moved to the second floor of the State House of Pennsylvania, now known as Independence Hall. In 1791, a new building was built specifically for the library. The Library Company is now a great scholarly and research library with 500,000 rare books, pamphlets, and broadsides, more than 160,000 manuscripts, and 75,000 graphic items. Benjamin Franklin (center) at work on a printing press. Reproduction of a Charles Mills painting by the Detroit Publishing Company. Upon Denham's death, Franklin returned to his former trade. In 1728, Franklin had set up a printing house in partnership with Hugh Meredith and the following year became the publisher of a newspaper called The Pennsylvania Gazette. The Gazette gave Franklin a forum for agitation about a variety of local reforms and initiatives through printed essays and observations. Over time, his commentary, and his adroit cultivation of a positive image as an industrious and intellectual young man, earned him a great deal of social respect. But even after Franklin had achieved fame as a scientist and statesman, he habitually signed his letters with the unpretentious 'B. Franklin, Printer.'[8] In 1731, Franklin was initiated into the local Masonic Lodge. He became Grand Master in 1734, indicating his rapid rise to prominence in Pennsylvania.[9] [10] That same year, he edited and published the first Masonic book in the Americas, a reprint of James Anderson's Constitutions of the Free-Masons. Franklin remained a Freemason for the rest of his life.[11] [12] Common-law marriage to Deborah Read Deborah Read Franklin (circa 1759). Common-law wife of Benjamin Franklin Sarah Franklin Bache (1743–1808). Daughter of Benjamin Franklin and Deborah Read Benjamin Franklin 5 At the age of 17, Franklin proposed to 15-year-old Deborah Read while a boarder in the Read home. At that time, Read's mother was wary of allowing her young daughter to marry Franklin, who was on his way to London at Governor Sir William Keith's request, and also because of his financial instability. Her own husband had recently died, and Mrs. Read declined Franklin's request to marry her daughter.[8] While Franklin was in London, his trip was extended, and there were problems with Sir William's promises of support. Perhaps because of the circumstances of this delay, Deborah married a man named John Rodgers. This proved to be a regrettable decision. Rodgers shortly avoided his debts and prosecution by fleeing to Barbados with her dowry, leaving Deborah behind. Rodgers's fate was unknown, and because of bigamy laws, Deborah was not free to remarry. Franklin established a common-law marriage with Deborah Read on September 1, 1730, and besides taking in Franklin's young, recently acknowledged illegitimate son, William, together they had two children. The first, Francis Folger Franklin, born October 1732, died of smallpox in 1736. Their second child, Sarah Franklin, familiarly called Sally, was born in 1743. She eventually married Richard Bache, had seven children, and cared for her father in his old age. Deborah's fear of the sea meant that she never accompanied Franklin on any of his extended trips to Europe, despite his repeated requests. However, Franklin did not leave London to visit Deborah even after she wrote to him in November 1769 saying her illness was due to “dissatisfied distress” from his prolonged absence.[13] Deborah Read Franklin died of a stroke in 1774, while Franklin was on an extended trip to England. Illegitimate son William William Franklin In 1730, at the age of 24, Franklin publicly acknowledged an illegitimate son named William,[14] who would eventually become the last Loyalist governor of New Jersey. While the identity of William's mother remains unknown, perhaps the responsibility of an infant child gave Franklin a reason to take up residence with Deborah Read. William was raised in the Franklin household but eventually broke with his father over opinions regarding the treatment of the colonies by the British government. The elder Franklin could never accept William's decision to declare his loyalty to the crown. Any hope of reconciliation was shattered when William Franklin became leader of The Board of Associated Loyalists—a quasi-military organization, headquartered in British-occupied New York City, which, among other things, launched guerilla forays into New Jersey, southern Connecticut, and New York counties north of the city.[15] In the preliminary peace talks in 1782 with Britain "...Franklin insisted that loyalists who had borne arms against the United States would be excluded from this plea (that they be given a general pardon). He was undoubtedly thinking of William Franklin."[16] William left New York along with the British troops. He settled in England, never to return. Success as an author In 1733, Franklin began to publish the famous Poor Richard's Almanack (with content both original and borrowed) under the pseudonym Richard Saunders, on which much of his popular reputation is based. Franklin frequently wrote under pseudonyms. Although it was no secret that Franklin was the author, his Richard Saunders character repeatedly denied it. "Poor Richard's Proverbs," adages from this almanac, such as "A penny saved is twopence dear" (often misquoted as "A penny saved is a penny earned") and "Fish and visitors stink in three days" remain common quotations in the modern world. Wisdom in folk society meant the ability to provide an apt adage for any occasion, and Franklin's readers became well prepared. He sold about ten thousand copies per year (a circulation equivalent to nearly three million today).[8] Benjamin Franklin 6 In 1758, the year he ceased writing for the Almanack, he printed Father Abraham's Sermon, also known as The Way to Wealth. Franklin's autobiography, begun in 1771 but published after his death, has become one of the classics of the genre. Daylight saving time (DST) is often erroneously attributed to a 1784 satire that Franklin published anonymously.[17] Modern DST was first proposed by George Vernon Hudson in 1895.[18] Inventions and scientific inquiries Glass Armonica Franklin was a prodigious inventor. Among his many creations were the lightning rod, glass armonica (a glass instrument, not to be confused with the metal harmonica), Franklin stove, bifocal glasses and the flexible urinary catheter. Franklin never patented his inventions; in his autobiography he wrote, "... as we enjoy great advantages from the inventions of others, we should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours; and this we should do freely and generously."[19] His inventions also included social innovations, such as paying forward. Franklin's fascination with innovation could be viewed as altruistic; he wrote that his scientific works were to be used for increasing efficiency and human improvement. One such improvement was his effort to expedite news services through his printing presses.[20] Atlantic Ocean currents As deputy postmaster, Franklin became interested in the North Atlantic Ocean circulation patterns. While in England in 1768 he heard a complaint from the Colonial Board of Customs: Why did it take British packet ships carrying mail several weeks longer to reach New York than it took an average merchant ship to reach Newport, Rhode Island – despite the merchantmen having a longer and more complex voyage because they left from London, while the packets left from Falmouth in Cornwall? Franklin put the question to his cousin Timothy Folger, a Nantucket whaler captain, who told him that merchant ships routinely avoided a strong eastbound mid-ocean current while the mail packet captains sailed dead into it, thus fighting an adverse current of 3 miles per hour (5 km/h). Franklin worked with Folger and other experienced ship captains, learning enough to chart the current and name it the Gulf Stream, by which it is still known today. Franklin published his Gulf Stream chart in 1770 in England, where it was completely ignored. Subsequent versions were printed in France in 1778 and the U.S. in 1786. The British edition of the chart, which was the original, was so thoroughly ignored that everyone assumed it was lost forever until Phil Richardson, a Woods Hole Oceanographer and Gulf Stream expert, discovered it in Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris in 1980.[21] [22] This find received front page coverage in the New York Times.[23] It took many years for British sea captains finally to adopt Franklin's advice on navigating the current; once they did, they were able to trim two weeks from their sailing time.[24] [25] In 1853, oceanographer and cartographer Matthew Fontaine Maury reminded that Franklin only charted and codified the Gulf Stream, he did not actually discover it: Though it was Dr. Franklin and Captain Tim Folger, who first turned the Gulf Stream to nautical account, the discovery that there was a Gulf Stream cannot be said to belong to either of them, for its existence was known to Peter Martyr d'Anghiera, and to Sir Humphrey Gilbert, in the sixteenth century.[26] Benjamin Franklin 7 No longer a printer In 1743, Franklin founded the American Philosophical Society to help scientific men discuss their discoveries and theories. He began the electrical research that, along with other scientific inquiries, would occupy him for the rest of his life, in between bouts of politics and moneymaking.[8] An illustration from Franklin's paper on "Water-spouts and Whirlwinds." In 1747, he retired from printing and went into other businesses.[27] He created a partnership with his foreman, David Hall, which provided Franklin with half of the shop's profits for 18 years. This lucrative business arrangement provided leisure time for study, and in a few years he had made discoveries that gave him a reputation with educated persons throughout Europe and especially in France. Electricity His discoveries resulted from his investigations of electricity. Franklin proposed that "vitreous" and "resinous" electricity were not different types of "electrical fluid" (as electricity was called then), but the same electrical fluid under different pressures. He was the first to label them as positive and negative respectively,[28] and he was the first to discover the principle of conservation of charge.[29] In 1750 he published a proposal for an experiment to prove that lightning is electricity by flying a kite in a storm that appeared capable of becoming a lightning storm. On May 10, 1752 Thomas-François Dalibard of France conducted Franklin's experiment using a 40-foot (12 m)-tall iron rod instead of a kite, and he extracted electrical sparks from a cloud. On June 15 Franklin may possibly have conducted his famous kite experiment in Philadelphia, successfully extracting sparks from a cloud. Franklin's experiment was not written up with credit[30] until Joseph Priestley's 1767 History and Present Status of Electricity; the evidence shows that Franklin was insulated (not in a conducting path, where he would have been in danger of electrocution). Others, such as Prof. Georg Wilhelm Richmann were indeed electrocuted during the months following Franklin's experiment. In his writings, Franklin indicates that he was aware of the dangers and offered alternative ways to demonstrate that lightning was electrical, as shown by his use of the concept of electrical ground. If Franklin did perform this experiment, he may not have done it in the way that is often described, flying the kite and waiting to be struck by lightning, as it could have been dangerous.[31] The popular television program MythBusters simulated the alleged "key at the end of a string" Franklin experiment and established with a degree of certainty that, if Franklin had indeed proceeded thus, he would undoubtedly have been killed. Instead he used the kite to collect some electric charge from a storm cloud, which implied that lightning was electrical. On October 19 in a letter to England explaining directions for repeating the experiment, Franklin wrote: When rain has wet the kite twine so that it can conduct the electric fire freely, you will find it streams out plentifully from the key at the approach of your knuckle, and with this key a phial, or Leiden jar, maybe charged: and from electric fire thus obtained spirits may be kindled, and all other electric experiments [may be] performed which are usually done by the help of a rubber glass globe or tube; and therefore the sameness of the electrical matter with that of lightening completely demonstrated.[32] Franklin's electrical experiments led to his invention of the lightning rod. He noted that conductors with a sharp rather than a smooth point were capable of discharging silently, and at a far greater distance. He surmised that this knowledge could be of use in protecting buildings from lightning by attaching "upright Rods of Iron, made sharp as a Needle and gilt to prevent Rusting, and from the Foot of those Rods a Wire down the outside of the Building into the Benjamin Franklin 8 Ground;...Would not these pointed Rods probably draw the Electrical Fire silently out of a Cloud before it came nigh enough to strike, and thereby secure us from that most sudden and terrible Mischief!" Following a series of experiments on Franklin's own house, lightning rods were installed on the Academy of Philadelphia (later the University of Pennsylvania) and the Pennsylvania State House (later Independence Hall) in 1752.[33] In recognition of his work with electricity, Franklin received the Royal Society's Copley Medal in 1753 and in 1756 he became one of the few 18th century Americans to be elected as a Fellow of the Society. The cgs unit of electric charge has been named after him: one franklin (Fr) is equal to one statcoulomb. Wave theory of light Franklin was, along with his contemporary Leonard Euler, the only major scientist who supported Christiaan Huygens' wave theory of light, which was basically ignored by the rest of the scientific community. In the 18th century Newton's corpuscular theory was held to be true; only after Young's famous slit experiment were most scientists persuaded to believe Huygens' theory.[34] Meteorology On October 21, 1743, according to popular myth, a storm moving from the southwest denied Franklin the opportunity of witnessing a lunar eclipse. Franklin was said to have noted that the prevailing winds were actually from the northeast, contrary to what he had expected. In correspondence with his brother, Franklin learned that the same storm had not reached Boston until after the eclipse, despite the fact that Boston is to the northeast of Philadelphia. He deduced that storms do not always travel in the direction of the prevailing wind, a concept that greatly influenced meteorology.[35] Concept of cooling Franklin noted a principle of refrigeration by observing that on a very hot day, he stayed cooler in a wet shirt in a breeze than he did in a dry one. To understand this phenomenon more clearly Franklin conducted experiments. In 1758 on a warm day in Cambridge, England, Franklin and fellow scientist John Hadley experimented by continually wetting the ball of a mercury thermometer with ether and using bellows to evaporate the ether.[36] With each subsequent evaporation, the thermometer read a lower temperature, eventually reaching 7 °F (−14 °C). Another thermometer showed the room temperature to be constant at 65 °F (18 °C). In his letter Cooling by Evaporation, Franklin noted that "one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer’s day." Temperature's effect on electrical conductivity According to Michael Faraday, Franklin's experiments on the non-conduction of ice are worth mentioning although the law of the general effect of liquefaction on electrolytes is not attributed to Franklin.[37] However, as reported in 1836 by Prof. A. D. Bache of the University of Pennsylvania, the law of the effect of heat on the conduction of bodies otherwise non-conductors, for example, glass, could be attributed to Franklin. Franklin writes, "...A certain quantity of heat will make some bodies good conductors, that will not otherwise conduct..." and again, "...And water, though naturally a good conductor, will not conduct well when frozen into ice."[38] Benjamin Franklin 9 Oceanography findings An aging Franklin accumulated all his oceanographic findings in Maritime Observations, published by the Philosophical Society's transactions in 1786.[39] It contained ideas for sea anchors, catamaran hulls, watertight compartments, shipboard lightning rods and a soup bowl designed to stay stable in stormy weather. Musical endeavors Franklin is known to have played the violin, the harp, and the guitar. He also composed music, notably a string quartet in early classical style, and invented a much-improved version of the glass armonica, in which the glasses rotate on a shaft, with the player's fingers held steady, instead of the other way around; this version soon found its way to Europe.[40] Chess Franklin was an avid chess player. He was playing chess by around 1733, making him the first chess player known by name in the American colonies.[41] His essay on the "Morals of Chess" in Columbian magazine, in December 1786 is the second known writing on chess in America.[41] This essay in praise of chess and prescribing a code of behavior for it has been widely reprinted and translated.[42] [43] [44] [45] He and a friend also used chess as a means of learning the Italian language, which both were studying; the winner of each game between them had the right to assign a task, such as parts of the Italian grammar to be learned by heart, to be performed by the loser before their next meeting.[46] Franklin was posthumously inducted into the U.S. Chess Hall of Fame in 1999.[41] Public life Benjamin Franklin by Benjamin Wilson, 1759. In 1736, Franklin created the Union Fire Company, one of the first volunteer firefighting companies in America. In the same year, he printed a new currency for New Jersey based on innovative anti-counterfeiting techniques he had devised. Throughout his career, Franklin was an advocate for paper money, publishing A Modest Enquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Currency in 1729, and his printer printed money. He was influential in the more restrained and thus successful monetary experiments in the Middle Colonies, which stopped deflation without causing excessive inflation. In 1766 he made a case for paper money to the British House of Commons.[47] As he matured, Franklin began to concern himself more with public affairs. In 1743, he set forth a scheme for The Academy and College of Philadelphia. He was appointed president of the academy on November 13, 1749, and it opened on August 13, 1751. At its first commencement, on May 17, 1757, seven men graduated; six with a Bachelor of Arts and one as Master of Arts. It was later merged with the University of the State of Pennsylvania to become the University of Pennsylvania. Franklin became involved in Philadelphia politics and rapidly progressed. In October 1748, he was selected as a councilman, in June 1749 he became a Justice of the Peace for Philadelphia, and in 1751 he was elected to the Pennsylvania Assembly. On August 10, 1753, Franklin was appointed joint deputy postmaster-general of North America. His most notable service in domestic politics was his reform of the postal system, with mail sent out every week.[8] Benjamin Franklin 10 In 1751, Franklin and Dr. Thomas Bond obtained a charter from the Pennsylvania legislature to establish a hospital. Pennsylvania Hospital was the first hospital in what was to become the United States of America. Pennsylvania Hospital by William Strickland, 1755 In 1753, both Harvard and Yale awarded him honorary degrees.[48] In 1754, he headed the Pennsylvania delegation to the Albany Congress. This meeting of several colonies had been requested by the Board of Trade in England to improve relations with the Indians and defense against the French. Franklin proposed a broad Plan of Union for the colonies. While the plan was not adopted, elements of it found their way into the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. In 1756, Franklin organized the Pennsylvania Militia (see "Associated Regiment of Philadelphia" under heading of Pennsylvania's 103rd Artillery and 111th Infantry Regiment at Continental Army). He used Tun Tavern as a gathering place to recruit a regiment of soldiers to go into battle against the Native American uprisings that beset the American colonies. Reportedly Franklin was elected "Colonel" of the Associated Regiment but declined the honor. Join, or Die: This political cartoon by Franklin urged the colonies to join together during the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War). Also in 1756, Franklin became a member of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce (now Royal Society of Arts or RSA, which had been founded in 1754), whose early meetings took place in coffee shops in London's Covent Garden district, close to Franklin's main residence in Craven Street. The Craven street residence is the only of his residences to survive. It opened to the public as the Benjamin Franklin House museum on January 17, 2006. After his return to America, Franklin became the Society's Corresponding Member and remained closely connected with the Society. The RSA instituted a Benjamin Franklin Medal in 1956 to commemorate the 250th anniversary of Franklin's birth and the 200th anniversary of his membership of the RSA. Sketch of the original Tun Tavern In 1757, he was sent to England by the Pennsylvania Assembly as a colonial agent to protest against the political influence of the Penn family, the proprietors of the colony. He remained there for five years, striving to end the proprietors' prerogative to overturn legislation from the elected Assembly, and their exemption from paying taxes on their land. His lack of influential allies in Whitehall led to the failure of this mission. Whilst in London, Franklin became involved in radical politics. He was a member of the Club of Honest Whigs, alongside thinkers such as Richard Price, the minister of Newington Green Unitarian Church who ignited the Revolution Controversy. During his stays at Craven Street between 1757 and 1775, Franklin developed a close friendship with his landlady, Margaret Stevenson and her circle of friends and relations, in particular her daughter Mary, who was more often known as Polly. In 1759, he visited Edinburgh with his son, and recalled his conversations there as "the densest happiness of my life".[49] In February 1759, the University of St Andrews awarded him an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree and in October of the same year he was granted Freedom of the Borough of St. Andrews.[50] In 1762, Oxford University awarded Franklin an honorary doctorate for his scientific accomplishments and from then on he went by "Doctor Franklin." He also managed to secure a post for his illegitimate son, William Franklin, as Benjamin Franklin 11 Colonial Governor of New Jersey.[8] He also joined the influential Birmingham based Lunar Society with whom he regularly corresponded and on occasion, visited in Birmingham in the West Midlands. At this time, many members of the Pennsylvania Assembly were feuding with William Penn's heirs, who controlled the colony as proprietors. Franklin led the "anti-proprietary party" in the struggle against the Penn family, and was elected Speaker of the Pennsylvania House in May 1764. His call for a change from proprietary to royal government was a rare political miscalculation, however: Pennsylvanians worried that such a move would endanger their political and religious freedoms. Because of these fears, and because of political attacks on his character, Franklin lost his seat in the October 1764 Assembly elections. The anti-proprietary party dispatched Franklin to England to continue the struggle against the Penn family proprietorship, but during this visit, events would drastically change the nature of his mission.[51] Europe years In London, Franklin opposed the 1765 Stamp Act, but when he was unable to prevent its passage, he made another political miscalculation and recommended a friend to the post of stamp distributor for Pennsylvania. Pennsylvanians were outraged, believing that he had supported the measure all along, and threatened to destroy his home in Philadelphia. Franklin soon learned of the extent of colonial resistance to the Stamp Act, and his testimony before the House of Commons led to its repeal. With this, Franklin suddenly emerged as the leading spokesman for American interests in England. He wrote popular essays on behalf of the colonies, and Georgia, New Jersey, and Massachusetts also appointed him as their agent to the Crown.[51] Franklin in London, 1767, wearing a blue suit with elaborate gold braid and buttons, a far cry from the simple dress he affected at the French court in later years. Painting by David Martin, displayed in the White House. In September 1767, Franklin visited Paris with his usual traveling partner, Sir John Pringle. News of his electrical discoveries was widespread in France. His reputation meant that he was introduced to many influential scientists and politicians, and also to King Louis XV.[52] While living in London in 1768, he developed a phonetic alphabet in A Scheme for a new Alphabet and a Reformed Mode of Spelling. This reformed alphabet discarded six letters Franklin regarded as redundant (c, j, q, w, x, and y), and substituted six new letters for sounds he felt lacked letters of their own. His new alphabet, however, never caught on and he eventually lost interest.[53] In 1771, Franklin made short journeys through different parts of England, staying with Joseph Priestley at Leeds, Thomas Percival at Manchester and Dr. Darwin at Litchfield.[54] Franklin belonged to a gentleman's club (designated "honest Whigs" by Franklin), which held stated meetings, and included members such as Richard Price and Andrew Kippis. He was also a corresponding member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham, which included such other scientific and industrial luminaries as Matthew Boulton, James Watt, Josiah Wedgewood and Erasmus Darwin. He had never been to Ireland before, and met and stayed with Lord Hillsborough, whom he believed was especially attentive, but of whom he noted that "all the plausible behaviour I have described is meant only, by patting and stroking the horse, to make him more patient, while the reins are drawn tighter, and the spurs set deeper into his sides."[55] In Dublin, Franklin was invited to sit with the members of the Irish Parliament rather than in the gallery. He was the first American to be given this honor.[54] While touring Ireland, he was moved by the level of poverty he saw. Ireland's economy was affected by the same trade regulations and laws of Britain that governed America. Franklin feared that America could suffer the same effects should Britain’s "colonial exploitation" continue.[56] In Scotland, he spent five days with Lord Kames near Stirling and stayed for three weeks with David Hume in Edinburgh. Benjamin Franklin 12 In 1773, Franklin published two of his most celebrated pro-American satirical essays: Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One, and An Edict by the King of Prussia.[57] He also published an Abridgment of the Book of Common Prayer, anonymously with Francis Dashwood. Among the unusual features of this work is a funeral service reduced to six minutes in length, "to preserve the health and lives of the living."[52] Hutchinson letters Franklin obtained private letters of Massachusetts governor Thomas Hutchinson and lieutenant governor Andrew Oliver that proved they were encouraging London to crack down on the rights of Bostonians. Franklin sent them to America where they escalated the tensions. Franklin now appeared to the British as the fomenter of serious trouble. Hopes for a peaceful solution ended as he was systematically ridiculed and humiliated by Solicitor-General Alexander Wedderburn, before the Privy Council on January 29, 1774.[58] He left London in March 1775.[52] Coming of Revolution In 1763, soon after Franklin returned to Pennsylvania, the western frontier was engulfed in a bitter war known as Pontiac's Rebellion. The Paxton Boys, a group of settlers convinced that the Pennsylvania government was not doing enough to protect them from American Indian raids, murdered a group of peaceful Susquehannock Indians and then marched on Philadelphia. Franklin helped to organize a local militia to defend the capital against the mob, and then met with the Paxton leaders and persuaded them to disperse. Franklin wrote a scathing attack against the racial prejudice of the Paxton Boys. "If an Indian injures me," he asked, "does it follow that I may revenge that Injury on all Indians?"[59] Declaration of Independence John Trumbull depicts the Committee of Five presenting their work to the Congress.[60] By the time Franklin arrived in Philadelphia on May 5, 1775, the American Revolution had begun with fighting at Lexington and Concord. The New England militia had trapped the main British army in Boston. The Pennsylvania Assembly unanimously chose Franklin as their delegate to the Second Continental Congress. In June 1776, he was appointed a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Although he was temporarily disabled by gout and unable to attend most meetings of the Committee, Franklin made several small changes to the draft sent to him by Thomas Jefferson.[52] At the signing, he is quoted as having replied to a comment by Hancock that they must all hang together: "Yes, we must, indeed, all hang together, or most assuredly we shall all hang separately."[61] Benjamin Franklin 13 Postmaster Benjamin FranklinThe first US Benjamin Franklin#Franklin on U.S. Postagepostage stamp, 1847 On July 26, 1775, the Second Continental Congress established the United States Post Office and named Benjamin Franklin as the first United States Postmaster General. Franklin had been a postmaster for decades and was a natural choice for the position.[62] Franklin had just returned from England and was appointed chairman of a Committee of Investigation to establish a postal system. The report of the Committee, providing for the appointment of a postmaster general for the 13 American colonies, was considered by the Continental Congress on July 25 and 26. On July 26, 1775, Franklin was appointed Postmaster General, the first appointed under the Continental Congress. It established a postal system that became the United States Post Office, a system that is still in use today.[63] Ambassador to France: 1776–1785 Franklin, in his fur hat, charmed the French with what they saw as rustic new world genius.[64] In December 1776, Franklin was dispatched to France as commissioner for the United States. He lived in a home in the Parisian suburb of Passy, donated by Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont who supported the United States. Franklin remained in France until 1785. He conducted the affairs of his country towards the French nation with great success, which included securing a critical military alliance in 1778 and negotiating the Treaty of Paris (1783). During his stay in France, Benjamin Franklin was active as a freemason, serving as Grand Master of the Lodge Les Neuf Sœurs from 1779 until 1781. His number was 24 in the Lodge. He was also a Past Grand Master of Pennsylvania. In 1784, when Franz Mesmer began to publicize his theory of "animal magnetism", which was considered offensive by many, Louis XVI appointed a commission to investigate it. These included the chemist Antoine Lavoisier, the physician Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, the astronomer Jean Sylvain Bailly, and Benjamin Franklin.[65] Franklin also served as American minister to Sweden, although he never visited that country. He negotiated a treaty that was signed in April 1783. On August 27, 1783 in Paris Franklin witnessed the world's first hydrogen balloon flight.[66] Le Globe, created by professor Jacques Charles and Les Frères Robert, was watched by a vast crowd as it launched from the Champ de Mars (now the site of the Eiffel Tower).[67] This so enthused Franklin that he subscribed financially to the next project to build a manned hydrogen balloon.[68] On December 1, 1783 Franklin was seated in the special enclosure for honoured guests when La Charlière took off from the Jardin des Tuileries, piloted by Jacques Charles and Nicolas-Louis Robert.[66] [69] Benjamin Franklin 14 Constitutional Convention Franklin's return to Philadelphia, 1785, by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris. When he finally returned home in 1785, Franklin occupied a position only second to that of George Washington as the champion of American independence. Le Ray honored him with a commissioned portrait painted by Joseph Duplessis that now hangs in the National Portrait Gallery of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. After his return, Franklin became an abolitionist, freeing both of his slaves. He eventually became president of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society.[70] In 1787, Franklin served as a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention. He held an honorary position and seldom engaged in debate. He is the only Founding Father who is a signatory of all four of the major documents of the founding of the United States: the Declaration of Independence, the Treaty of Paris, the Treaty of Alliance with France, and the United States Constitution. In 1787, a group of prominent ministers in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, proposed the foundation of a new college to be named in Franklin's honor. Franklin donated £200 towards the development of Franklin College, which is now called Franklin & Marshall College. Between 1771 and 1788, he finished his autobiography. While it was at first addressed to his son, it was later completed for the benefit of mankind at the request of a friend. In his later years, as Congress was forced to deal with the issue of slavery, Franklin wrote several essays that attempted to convince his readers of the importance of the abolition of slavery and of the integration of blacks into American society. These writings included: • An Address to the Public, (1789) • A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks (1789), and • Sidi Mehemet Ibrahim on the Slave Trade (1790). In 1790, Quakers from New York and Pennsylvania presented their petition for abolition. Their argument against slavery was backed by the Pennsylvania Abolitionist Society and its president, Benjamin Franklin. President of Pennsylvania Special balloting conducted October 18, 1785 unanimously elected Franklin the sixth President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, replacing John Dickinson. The office of President of Pennsylvania was analogous to the modern position of Governor. It is not clear why Dickinson needed to be replaced with less than two weeks remaining before the regular election. Franklin held that office for slightly over three years, longer than any other, and served the Constitutional limit of three full terms. Shortly after his initial election he was reelected to a full term on October 29, 1785, and again in the fall of 1786 and on October 31, 1787. Officially, his term concluded on November 5, 1788, but there is some question regarding the de facto end of his term, suggesting that the aging Franklin may not have been actively involved in the day-to-day operation of the Council toward the end of his time in office. Benjamin Franklin 15 Virtue, religion, and personal beliefs A bust of Franklin by Jean-Antoine Houdon Like the other advocates of republicanism, Franklin emphasized that the new republic could survive only if the people were virtuous. All his life he explored the role of civic and personal virtue, as expressed in Poor Richard's aphorisms. Franklin felt that organized religion was necessary to keep men good to their fellow men, but rarely attended religious services himself.[71] When Franklin met Voltaire in Paris and asked this great apostle of the Enlightenment to bless his grandson, Voltaire said in English, "God and Liberty," and added, "this is the only appropriate benediction for the grandson of Monsieur Franklin."[72] Franklin’s parents were both pious Puritans.[73] The family attended the old South Church, the most liberal Puritan congregation in Boston, where Benjamin Franklin was baptized in 1706.[74] Franklin’s father, a poor chandler, owned a copy of a book, Bonifacius: Essays to Do Good, by the Puritan preacher and family friend Cotton Mather, which Franklin often cited as a key influence on his life.[75] Franklin’s first pen name, Silence Dogood, paid homage both to the book and to a famous sermon by Mather. The book preached the importance of forming voluntary associations to benefit society. Franklin learned about forming do-good associations from Cotton Mather, but his organizational skills made him the most influential force in making voluntarism an enduring part of the American ethos.[76] Franklin formulated a presentation of his beliefs and published it in 1728.[77] It did not mention many of the Puritan ideas as regards belief in salvation, hell, the divinity of Jesus, and indeed most religious dogma. He clarified himself as a deist in his 1771 autobiography,[78] although he still considered himself a Christian.[79] He retained a strong faith in a God as the wellspring of morality and goodness in man, and as a Providential actor in history responsible for American independence.[80] It was Ben Franklin who, at a critical impasse during the Constitutional Convention in June 1787, attempted to introduce the practice of daily common prayer with these words: ... In the beginning of the contest with G. Britain, when we were sensible of danger we had daily prayer in this room for the Divine Protection. -- Our prayers, Sir, were heard, and they were graciously answered. All of us who were engaged in the struggle must have observed frequent instances of a Superintending providence in our favor. ... And have we now forgotten that powerful friend? or do we imagine that we no longer need His assistance. I have lived, Sir, a long time and the longer I live, the more convincing proofs I see of this truth -- that God governs in the affairs of men. And if a sparrow cannot fall to the ground without his notice, is it probable that an empire can rise without his aid? We have been assured, Sir, in the sacred writings that "except the Lord build they labor in vain that build it." I firmly believe this; and I also believe that without his concurring aid we shall succeed in this political building no better than the Builders of Babel: ...I therefore beg leave to move -- that henceforth prayers imploring the assistance of Heaven, and its blessings on our deliberations, be held in this Assembly every morning before we proceed to business, and that one or more of the Clergy of this City be requested to officiate in that service.[81] However, the motion met with resistance and was never brought to a vote.[82] Franklin was an enthusiastic supporter of the evangelical minister George Whitefield during the First Great Awakening. Franklin did not subscribe to Whitefield’s theology, but he admired Whitefield for exhorting people to worship God through good works. Franklin published all of Whitefield’s sermons and journals, thereby boosting the Great Awakening.[83] When he stopped attending church, Franklin wrote in his autobiography: Benjamin Franklin 16 ...Sunday being my studying day, I never was without some religious principles. I never doubted, for instance, the existence of the Deity; that He made the world, and governed it by His providence; that the most acceptable service of God was the doing good to man; that our souls are immortal; and that all crime will be punished, and virtue rewarded, either here or hereafter.[84] [85] Franklin retained a lifelong commitment to the Puritan virtues and political values he had grown up with, and through his civic work and publishing, he succeeded in passing these values into the American culture permanently. He had a “passion for virtue.”[86] These Puritan values included his devotion to egalitarianism, education, industry, thrift, honesty, temperance, charity and community spirit.[87] The classical authors read in the Enlightenment period taught an abstract ideal of republican government based on hierarchical social orders of king, aristocracy and commoners. It was widely believed that English liberties relied on their balance of power, but also hierarchal deference to the privileged class.[88] “Puritanism ... and the epidemic evangelism of the mid-eighteenth century, had created challenges to the traditional notions of social stratification” by preaching that the Bible taught all men are equal, that the true value of a man lies in his moral behavior, not his class, and that all men can be saved.[89] Franklin, steeped in Puritanism and an enthusiastic supporter of the evangelical movement, rejected the salvation dogma, but embraced the radical notion of egalitarian democracy. Franklin’s commitment to teach these values was itself something he gained from his Puritan upbringing, with its stress on “inculcating virtue and character in themselves and their communities.”[90] These Puritan values and the desire to pass them on, were one of Franklin’s quintessentially American characteristics, and helped shape the character of the nation. Franklin's writings on virtue were derided by some European authors, such as Jackob Fugger in his critical work Portrait of American Culture. Max Weber considered Franklin's ethical writings a culmination of the Protestant ethic, which ethic created the social conditions necessary for the birth of capitalism.[91] One of Franklin's famous characteristics was his respect, tolerance and promotion of all churches. Referring to his experience in Philadelphia, he wrote in his autobiography, "new Places of worship were continually wanted, and generally erected by voluntary Contribution, my Mite for such purpose, whatever might be the Sect, was never refused."[84] “He helped create a new type of nation that would draw strength from its religious pluralism.”[92] The first generation of Puritans had been intolerant of dissent, but by the early 18th century, when Franklin grew up in the Puritan church, tolerance of different churches was the norm, and Massachusetts was known, in John Adams' words, as “’the most mild and equitable establishment of religion that was known in the world.’”[93] The evangelical revivalists who were active mid-century, such as Franklin’s friend and preacher, George Whitefield, were the greatest advocates of religious freedom, “claiming liberty of conscience to be an ‘inalienable right of every rational creature.’”[94] Whitefield’s supporters in Philadelphia, including Franklin, erected “a large, new hall, that...could provide a pulpit to anyone of any belief.”[95] Franklin’s rejection of dogma and doctrine and his stress on the God of ethics and morality and civic virtue, made him the “prophet of tolerance.”[96] While he was living in London in 1774, he was present at the birth of British Unitarianism, attending the inaugural session of the Essex Street Chapel, at which Theophilus Lindsey drew together the first avowedly Unitarian congregation in England; this was somewhat politically risky, and pushed religious tolerance to new boundaries, as a denial of the doctrine of the Trinity was illegal until the 1813 Act.[97] Although Franklin's parents had intended for him to have a career in the Church,[7] Franklin as a young man adopted the Enlightenment religious belief in deism, that God’s truths can be found entirely through nature and reason.[98] "I soon became a thorough Deist."[99] As a young man he rejected Christian dogma in a 1725 pamphlet A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain,[100] which he later saw as an embarrassment,[101] while simultaneously asserting that God is "all wise, all good, all powerful."[101] He defended his rejection of religious dogma with these words: "I think opinions should be judged by their influences and effects; and if a man holds none that tend to make him less virtuous or more vicious, it may be concluded that he holds none that are dangerous, which I hope is the case with me." After the disillusioning experience of seeing the decay in his own moral standards, and those of two friends in London whom he had converted to Deism, Franklin turned back to a belief in the importance of organized Benjamin Franklin 17 religion, on the pragmatic grounds that without God and organized churches, man will not be good.[102] Moreover, because of his proposal that prayers be said in the Constitutional Convention of 1787, many have contended that in his later life, Franklin became a pious Christian.[103] [104] At one point, he wrote to Thomas Paine, criticizing his manuscript, The Age of Reason: For without the Belief of a Providence that takes Cognizance of, guards and guides and may favour particular Persons, there is no Motive to Worship a Deity, to fear its Displeasure, or to pray for its Protection....think how great a Proportion of Mankind consists of weak and ignorant Men and Women, and of inexperienc'd and inconsiderate Youth of both Sexes, who have need of the Motives of Religion to restrain them from Vice, to support their Virtue, and retain them in the Practice of it till it becomes habitual, which is the great Point for its Security; And perhaps you are indebted to her originally that is to your Religious Education, for the Habits of Virtue upon which you now justly value yourself. If men are so wicked with religion, what would they be if without it.[105] According to David Morgan,[106] Franklin was a proponent of religion in general. He prayed to "Powerful Goodness" and referred to God as "the infinite". John Adams noted that Franklin was a mirror in which people saw their own religion: "The Catholics thought him almost a Catholic. The Church of England claimed him as one of them. The Presbyterians thought him half a Presbyterian, and the Friends believed him a wet Quaker." Whatever else Franklin was, concludes Morgan, "he was a true champion of generic religion." In a letter to Richard Price, Franklin stated that he believed that religion should support itself without help from the government, claiming; "When a Religion is good, I conceive that it will support itself; and, when it cannot support itself, and God does not take care to support, so that its Professors are oblig'd to call for the help of the Civil Power, it is a sign, I apprehend, of its being a bad one."[107] In 1790, just about a month before he died, Franklin wrote a letter to Ezra Stiles, president of Yale University, who had asked him his views on religion: As to Jesus of Nazareth, my Opinion of whom you particularly desire, I think the System of Morals and his Religion, as he left them to us, the best the world ever saw or is likely to see; but I apprehend it has received various corrupt changes, and I have, with most of the present Dissenters in England, some Doubts as to his divinity; tho' it is a question I do not dogmatize upon, having never studied it, and I think it needless to busy myself with it now, when I expect soon an Opportunity of knowing the Truth with less Trouble....[8] On July 4, 1776, Congress appointed three-member committee composed of Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John Adams to design the Great Seal of the United States. Franklin's proposal (which was not adopted) featured the motto: "Rebellion to Tyrants is Obedience to God" and a scene from the Book of Exodus, with Moses, the Israelites, the pillar of fire, and George III depicted as pharaoh. The design that was produced was never acted upon by Congress and the Great Seal's design was not finalized until a third committee was appointed in 1782.[108] [109] Benjamin Franklin 18 Thirteen Virtues Franklin bust in the Archives Department of Columbia University in New York City Franklin sought to cultivate his character by a plan of 13 virtues, which he developed at age 20 (in 1726) and continued to practice in some form for the rest of his life. His autobiography lists his 13 virtues as: 1. "Temperance. Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation." 2. "Silence. Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation." 3. "Order. Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time." 4. "Resolution. Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve." 5. "Frugality. Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e., waste nothing." 6. "Industry. Lose no time; be always employ'd in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions." 7. "Sincerity. Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly." 8. "Justice. Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty." 9. "Moderation. Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve." 10. "Cleanliness. Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, cloaths, or habitation." 11. "Tranquility. Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable." 12. "Chastity. Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another's peace or reputation." 13. "Humility. Imitate Jesus and Socrates." Franklin did not try to work on them all at once. Instead, he would work on one and only one each week "leaving all others to their ordinary chance". While Franklin did not live completely by his virtues and by his own admission, he fell short of them many times, he believed the attempt made him a better man contributing greatly to his success and happiness, which is why in his autobiography, he devoted more pages to this plan than to any other single point; in his autobiography Franklin wrote, "I hope, therefore, that some of my descendants may follow the example and reap the benefit."[110] Franklin on U.S. Postage Benjamin Franklin is a prominent figure in American history comparable to Washington, Jefferson and Lincoln and as such he has been honored on US Postage stamps many times. The image of Franklin, the first Postmaster General of the United States, occurs on the face of U.S. Postage more than any other notable American, save that of George Washington.[111] Franklin appeared on the first U.S. postage stamp (displayed above) issued in 1847. From 1908 through 1923 the U.S. Post Office issued a series of postage stamps commonly referred to as the Washington-Franklin Issues where, along with George Washington, Franklin was depicted many times over a 14-year period, the longest run of any one series in US postal history. Along with the regular issue stamps Franklin however only appears on a few commemorative stamps. Some of the finest portrayals of Franklin on record can be found on the engravings inscribed on the face of US postage.[111] Benjamin Franklin 19 Issue of 1861 Issue of 1895 Issue of 1903 Issue of 1918 Death and legacy The grave of Benjamin Franklin, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Memorial marble statue, Benjamin Franklin National Memorial Franklin on the current (Series 1996) hundred dollar bill Franklin died on April 17, 1790, at age 84. Approximately 20,000 people attended his funeral. He was interred in Christ Church Burial Ground in Philadelphia. In 1728, aged 22, Franklin wrote what he hoped would be his own epitaph: The Body of B. Franklin Printer; Like the Cover of an old Book, Its Contents torn out, And stript of its Lettering and Gilding, Lies here, Food for Worms. But the Work shall not be wholly lost: For it will, as he believ'd, appear once more, In a new & more perfect Edition, Corrected and Amended By the Author.[112] Franklin's actual grave, however, as he specified in his final will, simply reads "Benjamin and Deborah Franklin."[113] In 1773, when Franklin's work had moved from printing to science and politics, he corresponded with a French scientist, Jacques Barbeu-Dubourg, on the subject of preserving the dead for later revival by more advanced scientific methods, writing: I should prefer to an ordinary death, being immersed with a few friends in a cask of Madeira, until that time, then to be recalled to life by the solar warmth of my dear country! But in all probability, we live in a century too little advanced, and too near the infancy of science, to see such an art brought in our time to its perfection.[114] (Extended excerpt also online.)[115] His death is described in the book The Life of Benjamin Franklin, quoting from the account of Dr. John Jones: ...when the pain and difficulty of breathing entirely left him, and his family were flattering themselves with the hopes of his recovery, when an imposthume, which had formed itself in his lungs, suddenly burst, and discharged a quantity of matter, which he continued to throw up while he had power; but, as that failed, the organs of respiration became gradually oppressed; a calm, lethargic state Benjamin Franklin 20 Franklin on the Series 2011 hundred dollar bill A commemorative stamp of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics issued in honor of Benjamin Franklin's contributions to politics and science on the 250th anniversary of his birth in 1956 succeeded; and on the 17th instant (April 1790), about eleven o'clock at night, he quietly expired, closing a long and useful life of eighty-four years and three months.[116] Franklin bequeathed £1,000 (about $4,400 at the time, or about $55,000 in 2010 dollars) each to the cities of Boston and Philadelphia, in trust to gather interest for 200 years. The trust began in 1785 when the French mathematician Charles-Joseph Mathon de la Cour, who admired Franklin greatly, wrote a friendly parody of Franklin's "Poor Richard's Almanack" called "Fortunate Richard." The main character leaves a smallish amount of money in his will, five lots of 100 livres, to collect interest over one, two, three, four or five full centuries, with the resulting astronomical sums to be spent on impossibly elaborate utopian projects.[117] Franklin, who was 79 years old at the time, wrote thanking him for a great idea and telling him that he had decided to leave a bequest of 1,000 pounds each to his native Boston and his adopted Philadelphia. As of 1990, more than $2,000,000 had accumulated in Franklin's Philadelphia trust, which had loaned the money to local residents. From 1940 to 1990, the money was used mostly for mortgage loans. When the trust came due, Philadelphia decided to spend it on scholarships for local high school students. Franklin's Boston trust fund accumulated almost $5,000,000 during that same time; at the end of its first 100 years a portion was allocated to help establish a trade school that became the Franklin Institute of Boston and the whole fund was later dedicated to supporting this institute.[118] [119] A signer of both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, Franklin is considered one of the Founding Fathers of the U.S. His pervasive influence in the early history of the United States has led to his being jocularly called "the only President of the United States who was never President of the United States."[120] Franklin's likeness is ubiquitous. Since 1928, it has adorned American $100 bills, which are sometimes referred to in slang as "Benjamins" or "Franklins." From 1948 to 1963, Franklin's portrait was on the half dollar. He has appeared on a $50 bill and on several varieties of the $100 bill from 1914 and 1918. Franklin appears on the $1,000 Series EE Savings bond. The city of Philadelphia contains around 5,000 likenesses of Benjamin Franklin, about half of which are located on the University of Pennsylvania campus. Philadelphia's Benjamin Franklin Parkway (a major thoroughfare) and Benjamin Franklin Bridge (the first major bridge to connect Philadelphia with New Jersey) are named in his honor. In 1976, as part of a bicentennial celebration, Congress dedicated a 20-foot (6 m) marble statue in Philadelphia's Franklin Institute as the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial. Many of Franklin's personal possessions are also on display at the Institute, one of the few national memorials located on private property. In London, his house at 36 Craven Street was first marked with a blue plaque and has since been opened to the public as the Benjamin Franklin House.[121] In 1998, workmen restoring the building dug up the remains of six children and four adults hidden below the home. The Times reported on February 11, 1998: Initial estimates are that the bones are about 200 years old and were buried at the time Franklin was living in the house, which was his home from 1757 to 1762 and from 1764 to 1775. Most of the bones show signs of having been dissected, sawn or cut. One skull has been drilled with several holes. Paul Knapman, the Westminster Coroner, said yesterday: "I cannot totally discount the possibility of a crime. Benjamin Franklin 21 There is still a possibility that I may have to hold an inquest." The Friends of Benjamin Franklin House (the organization responsible for the restoration) note that the bones were likely placed there by William Hewson, who lived in the house for two years and who had built a small anatomy school at the back of the house. They note that while Franklin likely knew what Hewson was doing, he probably did not participate in any dissections because he was much more of a physicist than a medical man.[122] Exhibitions "The Princess and the Patriot: Ekaterina Dashkova, Benjamin Franklin and the Age of Enlightenment" exhibition opened in Philadelphia in February 2006 and ran through December 2006. Benjamin Franklin and Dashkova met only once, in Paris in 1781. Franklin was 75 and Dashkova was 37. Franklin invited Dashkova to become the first woman to join the American Philosophical Society and the only woman to be so honored for another 80 years. Later, Dashkova reciprocated by making him the first American member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Places and things named after Benjamin Franklin Further information: List of places named for Benjamin Franklin As a founding father of the United States, Franklin's name has been attached to many things. Among these are: • The State of Franklin, a short-lived independent state formed during the American Revolutionary War • Counties in at least 16 U.S. States • The city of Franklin, the parish seat of St. Mary Parish in south Louisiana • Several major landmarks in and around Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Franklin's long time home, including: • Franklin and Marshall College in nearby Lancaster • Franklin Field, a football field once home to the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League and the home field of the University of Pennsylvania Quakers since 1895 • The Benjamin Franklin Bridge across the Delaware River between Philadelphia and Camden, New Jersey • The Franklin Institute, a science museum in Philadelphia, which presents the Benjamin Franklin Medal • The Sons of Ben soccer supporters club for the Philadelphia Union • Ben Franklin Stores chain of variety stores, with a key-and-spark logo • Franklin Templeton Investments an investment firm whose New York Stock Exchange ticker abbreviation, BEN, is also in honor of Franklin • The Ben Franklin effect from the field of psychology • Benjamin Franklin Shibe, baseball executive and namesake of the longtime Philadelphia baseball stadium • Benjamin Franklin "Hawkeye" Pierce, the fictional character from the M*A*S*H novels, film, and television program • Benjamin Franklin Gates, Nicolas Cage's character from the National Treasure films. • Several US Navy ships have been named the USS Franklin or the USS Bonhomme Richard, the latter being a French translation of his penname "Poor Richard". Two aircraft carriers, USS Franklin (CV-13) and USS Bonhomme Richard (CV-31) were simultaneously in commission and in operation during World War II, and Franklin therefore had the distinction of having two simultaneously operational US Navy warships named in his honor. Benjamin Franklin 22 Ancestors of Benjamin Franklin Notes [1] Engber, Daniel (2006). What's Benjamin Franklin's Birthday? (http:/ / www. slate. com/ id/ 2134455/ ). Retrieved June 17, 2009. [2] H.W. Brands, The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin (2000) [3] Isaacson 2003, p. 491 [4] Isaacson 2003, p. 492 [5] "William Goddard and the Constitutional Post" (http:/ / www. postalmuseum. si. edu/ exhibits/ 2a1f_wgoddard. html). Smithsonian National Postal Museum. . Retrieved October 19, 2010. [6] Isaacson 2003, p. 14 [7] (1901) [1771]. "Introduction" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=qW4VAAAAYAAJ). Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Macmillan's pocket English and American classics. New York: Macmillan. p. vi. . Retrieved February 1, 2011. [8] Van Doren, Carl. Benjamin Franklin. (1938). Penguin reprint 1991. [9] The History Channel, Mysteries of the Freemasons: America, video documentary, August 1, 2006, written by Noah Nicholas and Molly Bedell [10] "Freemasonry Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon website" (http:/ / freemasonry. bcy. ca/ biography/ franklin_b/ franklin_b. html). Freemasonry.bcy.ca. . Retrieved September 21, 2009. [11] Van Horne, John C. "The History and Collections of the Library Company of Philadelphia," The Magazine Antiques, v. 170. no. 2: 58–65 (1971). [12] Lemay, J. A. Leo. "Franklin, Benjamin (1706–1790)," Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (http:/ / www. oxforddnb. com/ view/ article/ 52466). ed. H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (Oxford: OUP, 2004). [13] November 1769 Letter (http:/ / franklinpapers. org/ franklin/ framedVolumes. jsp?vol=16& page=230a) from Deborah Read to Ben Franklin, franklinpapers.org [14] Skemp SL. William Franklin: son of a patriot, servant of a king. Oxford University Press US, 1990, ISBN 0195057457, p. 4 [15] Fleming, Thomas, "The Perils of Peace: America's Struggle for Survival", (Collins, NY, 2007) p. 30 [16] Fleming, p.236 [17] Benjamin Franklin, writing anonymously (April 26, 1784). "Aux auteurs du Journal" (in French). Journal de Paris (Duke University Press) 28 (117): 23. doi:10.2307/2922719. JSTOR 2922719. Revised English version (http:/ / webexhibits. org/ daylightsaving/ franklin3. html) retrieved on March 11, 2008. [18] G. V. Hudson (1898). "On seasonal time" (http:/ / rsnz. natlib. govt. nz/ volume/ rsnz_31/ rsnz_31_00_008570. html). Trans Proc R Soc N Z 31: 577–88. . [19] Benjamin Franklin. "Part three" (http:/ / www. ushistory. org/ franklin/ autobiography/ page55. htm). The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. . [20] Franklin, Benjamin. "The Pennsylvania Gazette". FranklinPapers.org (http:/ / franklinpapers. org/ franklin/ framedNames. jsp), October 23, 1729 [21] Philip L. Richardson (February 8, 1980) "Benjamin Franklin and Timothy Folger's first printed chart of the Gulf Stream," Science, vol. 207, no. 4431, pages 643-645. [22] "How Franklin's chart resurfaced" (http:/ / www. philly. com/ philly/ news/ special_packages/ inquirer/ How_Franklin_s_chart_resurfaced. html), The Philadelphia Inquirer, posted December 18, 2005, accessed November 26, 2010 [23] John N. Wilford, "Prints of Franklin's chart of Gulf Stream found," New York Times (N.Y., N.Y.), pages A1, B7 (February 6, 1980). [24] 1785: Benjamin Franklin's 'Sundry Maritime Observations', The Academy of Natural Sciences, April 1939 m [25] 1785: Benjamin Franklin's 'Sundry Maritime Observations' . (http:/ / www. oceanexplorer. noaa. gov/ library/ readings/ gulf/ gulf. html) NOAA Ocean Explorer. [26] Source: Explanations and Sailing Directions to Accompany the Wind and Current Charts, 1853, p.53, by Matthew Fontaine Maury [27] James N. Green, "English Books and Printing in the Age of Franklin," in The Colonial Book in the Atlantic World (2002), 257. [28] Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790). (http:/ / scienceworld. wolfram. com/ biography/ FranklinBenjamin. html) Science World, from Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography. [29] Conservation of Charge. (http:/ / www. physchem. co. za/ Static Electricity/ Charge. htm) [30] Steven Johnson (2008) in The Invention of Air, p.39 notes that Franklin published a description of the kite experiment in The Pennsylvania Gazette without claiming he had performed the experiment himself, a fact he shared with Priestley 15 years later. [31] Franklin's Kite. (http:/ / www. mos. org/ sln/ toe/ kite. html) Museum of Science, Boston. [32] Wolf, A., History of Science, Technology, and Philosophy in the Eighteenth Century. New York, 1939. p.232 [33] Krider, E. Philip. Benjamin Franklin and Lightning Rods. (http:/ / www. physicstoday. org/ vol-59/ iss-1/ p42. html) Physics Today. January 2006. [34] Jogn Gribbin, ""In search of Schrödinger's cat"", Black Swan, p. 12 [35] Heidorn, Keith C. Heidorn, PhD. Eclipsed By Storm. (http:/ / www. islandnet. com/ ~see/ weather/ almanac/ arc2003/ alm03oct. htm) The Weather Doctor. October 1, 2003. Benjamin Franklin 23 [36] "The Writings of Benjamin Franklin: London, 1757 - 1775" (http:/ / www. historycarper. com/ resources/ twobf3/ letter1. htm). Historycarper.com. . Retrieved September 14, 2010. [37] Faraday, Michael (1839). Experimental researches in electricity (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=XuITAAAAQAAJ& pg=PR5& dq=non-conduction+ of+ ice#v=onepage& q=non-conduction of ice). 2. R. & J.E. Taylor. p. v. . "...Franklin's experiments on the non-conduction of ice..." [38] Jones, Thomas P. (1836). Journal of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=zV9DAAAAYAAJ& pg=PP7& dq=Thomas+ P. + Jones+ 1836+ Journal+ of+ the+ Franklin+ Institute+ vol. xvii& q=). Pergamon Press. pp. 182–183. . "In the fourth series of his electrical researches, Mr. Faraday..." [39] Price, Richard; Thomas, David Oswald; Peach, Bernard (1994). The Correspondence of Richard Price: February 1786-February 1791 (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=fPQfNx2TQLAC& pg=RA1-PA23& lpg=RA1-PA23& dq="Maritime+ Observations"+ "American+ Philosophical+ Society"+ transactions+ 1786& q="Maritime Observations" "American Philosophical Society" transactions 1786). Duke University Press. p. 23. ISBN 0822313278. . Retrieved October 2, 2009. [40] Bloch, Thomas. The Glassharmonica. (http:/ / www. finkenbeiner. com/ gh. html) GFI Scientific. [41] John McCrary, Chess and Benjamin Franklin-His Pioneering Contributions (http:/ / www. benfranklin300. org/ _etc_pdf/ Chess_John_McCrary. pdf) (PDF). Retrieved on April 26, 2009. [42] David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld, The Oxford Companion to Chess, Oxford University Press (2nd ed. 1992), p. 145. ISBN 0-19-866164-9. [43] The essay appears in Marcello Truzzi (ed.), Chess in Literature, Avon Books, 1974, pp. 14–15. ISBN 0-380-00164-0. [44] The essay appears in a book by the felicitously named Norman Knight, Chess Pieces, CHESS magazine, Sutton Coldfield, England (2nd ed. 1968), pp. 5–6. ISBN 0-380-00164-0. [45] Franklin's essay is also reproduced at the U.S. Chess Center Museum and Hall of Fame (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ gog/ museums/ u. s. -chess-center-museum-and-hall-of-fame,800594. html) in Washington, D.C.. Retrieved December 3, 2008. [46] William Temple Franklin, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Benjamin Franklin, reprinted in Knight, Chess Pieces, pp. 136-37. [47] John Kenneth Galbraith. (1975). Money: Where It Came, Whence It Went pp. 54–54. Houghton Mifflin Company. [48] Benjamin Franklin resume. (http:/ / www. gophila. com/ Go/ PressRoom/ pressreleases/ ben300/ Resume_Ben_Franklin_Fact_Sheet. aspx) Official Visitor Site for Greater Philadelphia. [49] Buchan, James. Crowded with Genius: The Scottish Enlightenment: Edinburgh's Moment of the Mind. HarperCollins Publishers. 2003. p.2 [50] "The Kate Kennedy Club" (http:/ / www. katekennedyclub. org. uk/ news. aspx#19). The Kate Kennedy Club. . Retrieved September 21, 2009. [51] J. A. Leo Lemay, "Franklin, Benjamin". American National Biography Online, February 2000. [52] Isaacson, Walter. Benjamin Franklin: An American Life. Simon & Schuster. 2003. [53] Benjamin Franklin's Phonetic Alphabet. (http:/ / www. omniglot. com/ writing/ franklin. htm) Omniglot.com. [54] Sparks, Jared. Life of Benjamin Franklin. (http:/ / www. ushistory. org/ franklin/ biography/ chap05. htm) US History.org. [55] Google Books — Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin By Benjamin Franklin, Nathan Haskell Dole, 2003 (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=BL1VXdTbDucC& pg=PR21). Books.google.ie. March 31, 2003. ISBN 9780766143753. . Retrieved September 21, 2009. [56] Benjamin Franklin. (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ benfranklin/ exp_worldly_ireland. html) PBS.org. [57] Franklin, Benjamin. "reprinted on The History Carper." (http:/ / www. historycarper. com/ resources/ twobf3/ pa-1773. htm). . [58] "Break with Britain: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Library of Congress)" (http:/ / www. loc. gov/ exhibits/ treasures/ franklin-break. html). Loc.gov. August 16, 2010. . Retrieved September 14, 2010. [59] Franklin, Benjamin. "A Narrative of the Late Massacres..." (http:/ / www. historycarper. com/ resources/ twobf3/ massacre. htm) reprinted on The History Carper. [60] Key to Declaration (http:/ / www. americanrevolution. org/ deckey. html) American Revolution.org. [61] Sparks, Jared (1856). The Life of Benjamin Franklin: Containing the Autobiography, with Notes and a Continuation (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=MLAEAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA408& lpg=PA408& dq=franklin+ "shall+ all+ hang+ separately"+ sparks). Boston: Whittemore, Niles and Hall. p. 408. . Retrieved December 16, 2007. [62] Walter Isaacson. Benjamin Franklin: an American life pp. 206-9, 301 [63] calmx (2010-06-16). "The New York Times Company/About.com" (http:/ / inventors. about. com/ library/ inventors/ blmailus1. htm#CONGRESS). Inventors.about.com. . Retrieved 2011-06-20. [64] Such was the number of portraits, busts and medallions of him in circulation before he left Paris that he would have been recognized from them by any adult citizen in any part of the civilized world. Many of these portraits bore inscriptions, the most famous of which was Turgot's line, "Eripuit fulmen coelo sceptrumque tyrannis." (He snatched the lightning from the skies and the scepter from the tyrants.) — Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Franklin, Benjamin". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. [65] Schwartz, Stephan A. " Franklin's Forgotten Triumph: Scientific Testing (http:/ / americanheritage. com/ articles/ magazine/ ah/ 2004/ 5/ 2004_5_65. shtml)" American Heritage, October 2004. [66] Eccentric France: Bradt Guide to mad, magical and marvellous France By Piers Letcher — Jacques Charles (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=5_7IRHZGyzMC& pg=PA36& lpg=PA36& dq="jacques+ charles"+ "Eccentric+ France"& q="jacques charles" "Eccentric France"). Books.google.co.uk. May 25, 2003. ISBN 9781841620688. . Retrieved March 17, 2010. [67] "Science and Society, Medal commemorating Charles and Robert’s balloon ascent, Paris, 1783" (http:/ / www. scienceandsociety. co. uk/ results. asp?image=10447673). Scienceandsociety.co.uk. . Retrieved March 17, 2010. Benjamin Franklin 24 [68] "Fiddlers Green, History of Ballooning, Jacques Charles" (https:/ / www. fiddlersgreen. net/ models/ Aircraft/ Balloon-Charles. html). Fiddlersgreen.net. . Retrieved 2011-06-20. [69] "Federation Aeronautique Internationale, Ballooning Commission, Hall of Fame, Robert Brothers" (http:/ / www. fai. org/ ballooning/ newsletter/ pr00-02. htm). Fai.org. . Retrieved March 17, 2010. [70] Citizen Ben, Abolitionist. (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ benfranklin/ l3_citizen_abolitionist. html) PBS.org. [71] Franklin, Autobiography, ed. Lemay, p. 65 [72] Isaacson, 2003, p. 354 [73] Isaacson, 2003, p. 5-18 [74] Old South Church. "Isaacson, 2003, p. 15" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080531090015/ http:/ / www. oldsouth. org/ history. html). Oldsouth.org. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. oldsouth. org/ history. html) on May 31, 2008. . Retrieved September 21, 2009. [75] "If I have been,” Franklin wrote to Cotton Mather’s son seventy years later, “a useful citizen, the public owes the advantage of it to that book.” in Isaacson, 2003, p. 26 [76] Isaacson, 2003, p. 102 [77] Franklin, Benjamin (November 20, 1728). "Articles of Belief and Acts of Religion" (http:/ / franklinpapers. org/ franklin/ yale;jsessionid=9379F5D050E36AA9D1F95700EE223865?d=-363718316& d=1379669530& vol=1& page=101a). Benjamin Franklin Papers. franklinpapers.org. . Retrieved December 24, 2010. [78] Franklin, Benjamin (1771 (1958)). Autobiography and other writings. Cambridge: Riverside. p. 52. [79] Olson, Roger (19 October 2009). The Mosaic of Christian Belief: Twenty Centuries of Unity and Diversity (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=rGMKbaNIjIoC& pg=PA61& dq=benjamin+ franklin+ christian+ or+ deist& hl=en& ei=h0fLTeXZEcaUtwev6qWDCA& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=3& ved=0CDYQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage& q& f=false). InterVarsity Press. . "Other Deists and natural religionists who considered themselves Christians in some sense of the word included Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin." [80] Isaacson, 2003, p.486 [81] Michael E. Eidenmuller. "Online Speech Bank: Benjamin Franklin's Prayer Speech at the Constitutional Convention of 1787" (http:/ / www. americanrhetoric. com/ speeches/ benfranklin. htm). Americanrhetoric.com. . Retrieved September 21, 2009. [82] Rossiter, Clinton. 1787. The Grand Convention (1966), pp. 184-85 [83] Isaacson. 2003, pp.107-13 [84] Franklin Benjamin "Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography". (http:/ / www. ushistory. org/ franklin/ autobiography/ singlehtml. htm) Section 2 reprinted on UShistory.org. [85] "Benjamin Franklin" (http:/ / history. hanover. edu/ courses/ excerpts/ 111frank2. html). History.hanover.edu. . Retrieved September 21, 2009. [86] Isaacson p 485 [87] Isaacson,2003, p.149, 92,486,490 [88] Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (1992) p. 273-4, 299-300 [89] Bailyn, 1992 p.303 [90] Isaacson, 2003, p 10,102,489 [91] Weber, Max The Protestant Ethic and the "Spirit of Capitalism", (Penguin Books, 2002), translated by Peter Baehr and Gordon C. Wells, pp. 9–11 [92] Isaacson,2003 p. 93ff [93] Bailyn,1992,p. 248 [94] Bailyn, 1992, p. 249 [95] Isaacson, 2003, p. 112 [96] Isaacson, 2003, p. 93ff [97] "Chapter 2, ''The History of Essex Hall'' by Mortimer Rowe B.A., D.D. Lindsey Press, 1959" (http:/ / www. unitarian. org. uk/ support/ doc-EssexHall1. shtml). Unitarian.org.uk. . Retrieved 2011-06-20. [98] Isaacson, 2003, p. 46 [99] Franklin, Benjamin. Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography. (http:/ / www. usgennet. org/ usa/ topic/ preservation/ bios/ franklin/ chpt4. htm) Chapter IV. reprinted on USGenNet.org. [100] "A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain" (http:/ / www. historycarper. com/ resources/ twobf1/ m7. htm). Historycarper.com. . Retrieved September 21, 2009. [101] Isaacson, Walter (November 30, 2004). Isaacson, 2003, p. 45 (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=oIW915dDMBwC& pg=PA45& lpg=PA45& dq="A+ Dissertation+ on+ Liberty+ and+ Necessity,+ Pleasure+ and+ Pain"+ "Benjamin+ Franklin"+ embarrassment). Books.google.com. ISBN 9780684807614. . Retrieved September 21, 2009. [102] Isaacson, 2003, p 46, 486 [103] Henry Louis Mencken, George Jean Nathan (19 October 2009). The American Mercury, Volume 8 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=LqJUonES6m8C& q=benjamin+ franklin+ identify+ christian+ religion& dq=benjamin+ franklin+ identify+ christian+ religion& hl=en& ei=dMHMTYaOHILe0QHKpYjeBA& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=2& ved=0CC4Q6AEwATge). Garber Communications. . "It is well known that in his youth Benjamin Franklin was a thorough-going Deist, but because he proposed that prayers be said in the Constitution Convention of 1787 many have contended that in later life he became a pious Christian." Benjamin Franklin 25 [104] Ralph Frasca (19 October 2009). Benjamin Franklin's Printing Network: Disseminating Virtue in Early America (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=CY2UVzcU5l0C& pg=PA40& dq=benjamin+ franklin+ christian+ or+ deist& hl=en& ei=wEXLTe7uEY-2twf-rIXyBw& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=7& ved=0CEcQ6AEwBg#v=onepage& q& f=false). University of Missouri Press. . "Despite being raised a Puritan of the Congregationalist stripe by his parents, who "brought me through my Childhood piously in the Dissenting Way," Franklin recalled, he abandoned that denomination, briefly embraced deism, and finally became a non-denominational Protestant Christian." [105] "Historical Writings — Benjamin Franklin's letter to Thomas Paine" (http:/ / www. wallbuilders. com/ LIBissuesArticles. asp?id=58). WallBuilders. September 11, 2001. . Retrieved September 21, 2009. [106] Morgan, David T. Benjamin Franklin: Champion of Generic Religion. The Historian. 62#4 2000. pp 722+ [107] Benjamin Franklin to Richard Price, Oct. 9, 1780 Writings 8:153--54 [108] " The Great Seal of the United States (http:/ / www. state. gov/ documents/ organization/ 27807. pdf)" (July 2003). Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. [109] "1782: Original Design of the Great Seal of the United States," Our Documents: 100 Milestone Documents from the National Archives. National Archives (Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 18-19. [110] Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin page 38 forward (http:/ / www. ushistory. org/ franklin/ autobiography/ page38. htm) by Benjamin Franklin [111] Scotts Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps [112] Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words. (http:/ / www. loc. gov/ exhibits/ treasures/ franklin-epitaph. html) Library of Congress. [113] The Last Will and Testament of Benjamin Franklin. (http:/ / sln. fi. edu/ franklin/ family/ lastwill. html) The Franklin Institute Science Museum. [114] The Doctor Will Freeze You Now (http:/ / www. wired. com/ wired/ archive/ 12. 05/ biotime. html?pg=1& topic=biotime& topic_set=) from Wired.com [115] Engines of Creation (http:/ / www. e-drexler. com/ d/ 06/ 00/ EOC/ EOC_Chapter_9. html) E-drexler.com [116] Sparks, pp 529–530. [117] Richard Price. Observations on the Importance of the American Revolution, and the Means of Making it a Benefit to the World. To which is added, a Letter from M. Turgot, late Comptroller-General of the Finances of France: with an Appendix, containing a Translation of the Will of M. Fortuné Ricard, lately published in France. London: T. Cadell, 1785. [118] "Excerpt from Philadelphia Inquirer article by Clark De Leon" (http:/ / www. mathsci. appstate. edu/ ~sjg/ class/ 1010/ wc/ finance/ franklin1. html). Mathsci.appstate.edu. February 7, 1993. . Retrieved September 21, 2009. [119] "History of the Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080731130624/ http:/ / www. bfit. edu/ aboutus/ history. php). Bfit.edu. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. bfit. edu/ aboutus/ history. php) on July 31, 2008. . Retrieved September 21, 2009. [120] Firesign Theater quote, meant humorously but poignantly. [121] "Benjamin Franklin House" (http:/ / www. benjaminfranklinhouse. org/ site/ sections/ default. htm). Benjamin Franklin House.. . Retrieved September 21, 2009. [122] The Craven Street Gazette (http:/ / www. benjaminfranklinhouse. org/ site/ sections/ news/ pdf/ Issue2. pdf) (PDF), Newsletter of the Friends of Benjamin Franklin House, Issue 2, Autumn 1998 [123] Salzman, Rob. "Thomas Franckline / Jane White" (http:/ / www. e-familytree. net/ F257/ F257111. htm). e-familytree.net. . Retrieved January 20, 2011. [124] Salzman, Rob. "Benjamin Franklin / Deborah Read" (http:/ / www. e-familytree. net/ F257/ F257111. htm). e-familytree.net. . Retrieved January 20, 2011. References and further reading Biographies • Becker, Carl Lotus. "Benjamin Franklin," Dictionary of American Biography (1931) - vol 3, with hot links online (http:/ / tigger. uic. edu/ ~rjensen/ franklin. htm#becker) • Brands, H.A.. The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin (2000)- excellent long scholarly biography excerpt and text search (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 0385495404/ ) • Isaacson, Walter (2003). Benjamin Franklin: An American Life (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=oIW915dDMBwC& printsec=frontcover& dq=Benjamin+ Franklin:+ An+ American+ Life#v=onepage& q& f=false). New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780743260848., well written popular biography • Ketcham, Ralph. Benjamin Franklin (1966) 228 pp online edition (http:/ / www. questia. com/ PM. qst?a=o& d=34300175), short biography by scholar • Lemay, J. A. Leo. The Life of Benjamin Franklin the most detailed scholarly biography, with very little interpretation; 3 volumes appeared before the author's death in 2008 Benjamin Franklin 26 • Volume 1: Journalist, 1706-1730 (2005) 568pp excerpt and text search (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 0812238540/ ) • Volume 2: Printer and Publisher, 1730-1747 (2005) 664pp; excerpt and text search (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 0812238559/ ) • Volume 3: Soldier, Scientist, and Politician, 1748-1757 (2008), 768pp excerpt and text search (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 0812241215/ ) • Morgan, Edmund S. Benjamin Franklin (2003) the best short introduction excerpt and text search (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 0300101627/ ), interpretation by leading scholar • Van Doren, Carl. Benjamin Franklin (1938), standard older biography excerpt and text search (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 193154185X/ ) • Wood, Gordon. The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin (2005), influential intellectual history by leading historian. excerpt and text search (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 0143035282/ ) • Wright, Esmond. Franklin of Philadelphia (1986) - excellent scholarly study excerpt and text search (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 0674318102/ ) For Young Readers • Asimov, Isaac. The Kite That Won The Revolution, a biography for children that focuses on Franklin's scientific and diplomatic contributions. • Fleming, Candace. Ben Franklin's Almanac: Being a True Account of the Good Gentleman's Life. Atheneum/Anne Schwart, 2003, 128 pages, ISBN 978-0-689-83549-0. Scholarly studies • Anderson, Douglas. The Radical Enlightenments of Benjamin Franklin (1997) - fresh look at the intellectual roots of Franklin • Buxbaum, M.H., ed. Critical Essays on Benjamin Franklin (1987) • Chaplin, Joyce. The First Scientific American: Benjamin Franklin and the Pursuit of Genius. (2007) • Cohen, I. Bernard. Benjamin Franklin's Science (1990) - Cohen, the leading specialist, has several books on Franklin's science • Conner, Paul W. Poor Richard's Politicks (1965) - analyzes Franklin's ideas in terms of the Enlightenment and republicanism • Dull, Jonathan. A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution (1985) • Dray, Philip. Stealing God's Thunder: Benjamin Franklin's Lightning Rod and the Invention of America. (2005). 279 pp. • Ford, Paul Leicester. The Many-Sided Franklin (1899) online edition (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=lU8j4QVPP_MC& dq=intitle:The+ intitle:Many-Sided+ intitle:Franklin+ inauthor:ford& lr=& as_drrb_is=q& as_minm_is=0& as_miny_is=& as_maxm_is=0& as_maxy_is=& as_brr=0& ei=FyIRTM33BoiIkgTx-oy4CQ) - collection of scholarly essays • "Franklin as Printer and Publisher" (http:/ / cdl. library. cornell. edu/ cgi-bin/ moa/ sgml/ moa-idx?notisid=ABP2287-0057-169) in The Century (April 1899) v. 57 pp. 803–18. • "Franklin as Scientist" (http:/ / cdl. library. cornell. edu/ cgi-bin/ moa/ sgml/ moa-idx?notisid=ABP2287-0058-172) in The Century (Sept 1899) v.57 pp. 750–63. By Paul Leicester Ford. • "Franklin as Politician and Diplomatist" (http:/ / cdl. library. cornell. edu/ cgi-bin/ moa/ sgml/ moa-idx?notisid=ABP2287-0058-201) in The Century (October 1899) v. 57 pp. 881–899. By Paul Leicester Ford. • Gleason, Philip. "Trouble in the Colonial Melting Pot." Journal of American Ethnic History 2000 20(1): 3–17. ISSN 0278-5927 Fulltext online in Ingenta and Ebsco. Considers the political consequences of the remarks in a 1751 pamphlet by Franklin on demographic growth and its implications for the colonies. He called the Benjamin Franklin 27 Pennsylvania Germans "Palatine Boors" who could never acquire the "Complexion" of the English settlers and to "Blacks and Tawneys" as weakening the social structure of the colonies. Although Franklin apparently reconsidered shortly thereafter, and the phrases were omitted from all later printings of the pamphlet, his views may have played a role in his political defeat in 1764. • Houston, Alan. Benjamin Franklin and the Politics of Improvement (2009) • Lemay, J. A. Leo, ed. Reappraising Benjamin Franklin: A Bicentennial Perspective (1993) - scholarly essays • Mathews, L. K. “Benjamin Franklin’s Plans for a Colonial Union, 1750-1775.” American Political Science Review 8 (August 1914): 393-412. online edition (http:/ / www. dinsdoc. com/ mathews-1. htm) • Olson, Lester C. Benjamin Franklin's Vision of American Community: A Study in Rhetorical Iconology. (2004). 323 pp. • McCoy, Drew R. "Benjamin Franklin's Vision of a Republican Political Economy for America." William and Mary Quarterly 1978 35(4): 607-628. in JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ pss/ 1923207) • Newman, Simon P. "Benjamin Franklin and the Leather-Apron Men: The Politics of Class in Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia," Journal of American Studies, Aug 2009, Vol. 43#2 pp 161–175; Franklin took pride in his working class origins and his printer's skills • Schiff, Stacy. A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America (2005) (UK title Dr Franklin Goes to France) • Schiffer, Michael Brian. Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment. (2003). 383 pp. • Stuart Sherman "Franklin" (http:/ / www. bartleby. com/ 225/ index. html#6) 1918 article on Franklin's writings. • Skemp, Sheila L. Benjamin and William Franklin: Father and Son, Patriot and Loyalist (1994)- Ben's son was a leading Loyalist • Sletcher, Michael. 'Domesticity: The Human Side of Benjamin Franklin', Magazine of History, XXI (2006). • Waldstreicher, David. Runaway America: Benjamin Franklin, Slavery, and the American Revolution. Hill and Wang, 2004. 315 pp. • Walters, Kerry S. Benjamin Franklin and His Gods. (1999). 213 pp. Takes position midway between D. H. Lawrence's brutal 1930 denunciation of Franklin's religion as nothing more than a bourgeois commercialism tricked out in shallow utilitarian moralisms and Owen Aldridge's sympathetic 1967 treatment of the dynamism and protean character of Franklin's "polytheistic" religion. • York, Neil. "When Words Fail: William Pitt, Benjamin Franklin and the Imperial Crisis of 1766," Parliamentary History, Oct 2009, Vol. 28#3 pp 341–374 Primary sources • Silence Dogood, The Busy-Body, & Early Writings (J.A. Leo Lemay, ed.) (Library of America, 1987 one-volume, 2005 two-volume) ISBN 978-1-93108222-8 • Autobiography, Poor Richard, & Later Writings (J.A. Leo Lemay, ed.) (Library of America, 1987 one-volume, 2005 two-volume) ISBN 978-1-88301153-6 • Benjamin Franklin Reader edited by Walter Isaacson (2003) • Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography edited by J. A. Leo Lemay and P. M. Zall, (Norton Critical Editions, 1986); 390pp; text, contemporary documents and 20th century analysis • Houston, Alan, ed. Franklin: The Autobiography and other Writings on Politics, Economics, and Virtue. Cambridge University Press, 2004. 371 pp. • Ketcham, Ralph, ed. The Political Thought of Benjamin Franklin. (1965, reprinted 2003). 459 pp. • Leonard Labaree, and others., eds., The Papers of Benjamin Franklin (http:/ / www. yale. edu/ franklinpapers/ index. html), 39 vols. to date (1959–2008), definitive edition, through 1783. This massive collection of BF's writings, and letters to him, is available in large academic libraries. It is most useful for detailed research on specific topics. The complete text of all the documents are online and searchable (http:/ / franklinpapers. org/ Benjamin Franklin 28 franklin/ ); The Index is also online (http:/ / www. yale. edu/ franklinpapers/ indexintro. html). • "The Way to Wealth." Applewood Books; November 1986. ISBN 0-918222-88-5 • "Poor Richard's Almanack." Peter Pauper Press; November 1983. ISBN 0-88088-918-7 • Poor Richard Improved by Benjamin Franklin (1751) • "Writings (Franklin)|Writings." ISBN 0-940450-29-1 • "On Marriage." • "Satires and Bagatelles." • "A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain." • "Fart Proudly: Writings of Benjamin Franklin You Never Read in School." Carl Japikse, Ed. Frog Ltd.; Reprint ed. May 2003. ISBN 1-58394-079-0 • "Heroes of America Benjamin Franklin" External links • Lesson plans for high schools (http:/ / edsitement. neh. gov/ lesson-plan/ benjamin-franklins-many-hats) • The Classic Speech of Benjamin Franklin (http:/ / www. theholidayspot. com/ july4/ benjamin_franklin. htm) • Benjamin Franklin and Electrostatics (http:/ / www. tufts. edu/ as/ wright_center/ personal_pages/ bob_m/ ) experiments and Franklin's electrical writings from Wright Center for Science Education, Tufts University • Animated Hero Classics: Benjamin Franklin (1993) (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ title/ tt0956098/ ) at the Internet Movie Database • Franklin's impact on medicine (http:/ / www. abc. net. au/ rn/ ockhamsrazor/ stories/ 2006/ 1814928. htm) — talk by medical historian, Dr. Jim Leavesley celebrating the 300th anniversary of Franklin's birth on Okham's Razor ABC Radio National — December 2006 • Works by or about Benjamin Franklin (http:/ / worldcat. org/ identities/ lccn-n79-43402) in libraries (WorldCat catalog) • Benjamin Franklin and chess by Bill Wall (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20091028082844/ http:/ / www. geocities. com/ SiliconValley/ Lab/ 7378/ franklin. htm) • Benjamin Franklin (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=364) at Find a Grave Biographical and guides • Special Report: Citizen Ben's Greatest Virtues (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ 2003/ franklin/ bffranklin. html) Time Magazine • Finding Franklin: A Resource Guide (http:/ / www. loc. gov/ rr/ program/ bib/ franklin/ franklin. html) Library of Congress • Guide to Benjamin Franklin (http:/ / tigger. uic. edu/ ~rjensen/ franklin. htm) By a history professor at the University of Illinois. • Benjamin Franklin: An extraordinary life (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ benfranklin/ ) PBS • Benjamin Franklin: First American Diplomat, 1776-1785 (http:/ / history. state. gov/ milestones/ 1776-1783/ BFranklin) US State Department • The Electric Benjamin Franklin (http:/ / www. ushistory. org/ franklin/ ) ushistory.org • Benjamin Franklin: A Documentary History (http:/ / www. english. udel. edu/ lemay/ franklin/ ) by J. A. Leo Lemay • Benjamin Franklin 1706–1790 (http:/ / www. colonialhall. com/ franklin/ franklin. php) Text of biography by Rev. Charles A. Goodrich, 1856 • Benjamin Franklin's Science (http:/ / www. researchchannel. org/ prog/ displayevent. aspx?rID=9379& fID=345) • Cooperative Hall of Fame testimonial (http:/ / www. coopheroes. coop/ inductees/ franklin. html) for founding the Philadelphia Contributionship • Online edition of Franklin's personal library (http:/ / www. librarything. com/ profile/ BenjaminFranklin) Benjamin Franklin 29 • Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Franklin, Benjamin". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. • O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Benjamin Franklin" (http:/ / www-history. mcs. st-andrews. ac. uk/ Biographies/ Franklin_Benjamin. html), MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews. Online writings • Yale edition of complete works (http:/ / franklinpapers. org/ franklin/ ), the standard scholarly edition • Works by Benjamin Franklin (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ author/ Benjamin+ Franklin) at Project Gutenberg • Online Works by Benjamin Franklin (http:/ / www. bartleby. com/ people/ FranklinB. html) • "Dialogue Between Franklin and the Gout" (http:/ / literalsystems. org/ abooks/ index. php/ Audio-Book/ DialogueBetweenFranklinAndTheGout) Creative Commons audio recording. • American Institute of Physics (http:/ / www. aip. org/ history/ gap/ Franklin/ Franklin. html) – Letter IV: Farther Experiments (http:/ / www. aip. org/ history/ gap/ PDF/ franklin_letterIV. pdf) (PDF), and Letter XI: Observations in electricity (http:/ / www. aip. org/ history/ gap/ PDF/ franklin_letterXI. pdf) (PDF) • Franklin's 13 Virtues (http:/ / www. ftrain. com/ franklin_improving_self. html) Extract of Franklin's autobiography, compiled by Paul Ford. • Franklin's Last Will & Testament (http:/ / sln. fi. edu/ franklin/ family/ lastwill. html) Transcription. • Library of Congress web resource: Benajmin Franklin ...In His Own Words (http:/ / www. loc. gov/ exhibits/ treasures/ franklin-home. html) Autobiography • The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (http:/ / www. ushistory. org/ franklin/ autobiography/ index. htm) Single page version (http:/ / www. ushistory. org/ franklin/ autobiography/ singlehtml. htm), UShistory.org • The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (http:/ / publicliterature. org/ books/ benjamin_franklin/ xaa. php) text and audio • The Autobiography (http:/ / xroads. virginia. edu/ ~HYPER/ Franklin/ toc. html) from American Studies at the University of Virginia. • The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ etext/ 148) Project Gutenberg • The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (http:/ / librivox. org/ the-autobigraphy-of-benjamin-franklin-ed-by-frank-woodworth-pine/ ) LibriVox recording In the arts • Benjamin Franklin 300 (1706–2006) (http:/ / www. benfranklin300. com/ ) Official web site of the Benjamin Franklin Tercentenary. • The American Philosophical Society: Bradford Collection (http:/ / www. amphilsoc. org/ library/ mole/ b/ bradford. htm) Collection of Franklin's correspondence with Polly Stevenson Hewson. • The Historical Society of Pennsylvania Collection of Benjamin Franklin Papers (http:/ / www. hsp. org/ files/ findingaid215franklin. pdf), including correspondence, government documents, writings and a copy of his will, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. • The Benjamin Franklin House (http:/ / www. benjaminfranklinhouse. org/ ) Franklin's only surviving residence. • Ben Franklin Birthplace (http:/ / www. planetware. com/ boston/ ben-franklin-birthplace-us-ma-ben. htm) A historic site, link provides location and map. • Franklin and Music (http:/ / www. americanmusicpreservation. com/ mamusic. htm) Article Sources and Contributors 30 Article Sources and Contributors Benjamin Franklin Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=444897749 Contributors: *Kat*, -asx-, 01kkk, 12.239.81.xxx, 1297, 162.84.138.xxx, 206.148.192.xxx, 2D, 3anime3, 7&6=thirteen, 96jessie, A. B., A3RO, A3r0, AHBroccoli, AKeen, AVIosad, AaRH, Aaron of Mpls, Abdi234, Abductive, Abh9h, Accotink2, Acidulantes, AdRock, AdamRetchless, Adamsan, Adashiel, Adrian.benko, Aeon17x, Afitillidie13, After Midnight, AgRince, AgentSteel, Ahoerstemeier, Airplaneman, Ajmoonz1, Ajvalido94, Akifbayram, Aking, Akriasas, Akuyume, Al-Kadafi, Alan Canon, Alan smithee, Alansohn, Albatross2147, Alberuni, Alensha, Alessgrimal, Aletheia, AlexKraj, AlexPlank, AlexTiefling, Alexanderblake, AlexiusHoratius, Alexyo50, Alight, Allixpeeke, Allreet, Alphachimp, Alphageekpa, Alsandro, Also We Brief, Alsocal, Ambalog, Ameliorate!, Amitkinger, Ancheta Wis, Andre Engels, Andrevan, AndrewHowse, Andrewlp1991, Android79, Andy Marchbanks, Andypandy.UK, Angela, AngelaVietto, Anger22, Angr, Anmolgoel, Anomalocaris, Anonymous editor, Antandrus, Anthony, Anthony R. Hansen, Anupam, Aranel, Arasaka, Arcadian, Arch dude, Archantos15, Ario, Armenia81, Armpitsquidbob, Arrad49, Arrgh406, Arx Fortis, AsherJ, Aster Selene, AuburnPilot, Audacity, Auntof6, Avraham, Axpde, Ayeroxor, Az1568, Aznguy93, B, B.d.mills, B4hand, BBrisingr9753, BD2412, BGC, Babajobu, Ballass22, Bamberg3, Banes, Barbar123, Bardnet, Barrazzabonzii, Bartledan, Baseballbaker23, Bassist531, Bbagot, Bbatsell, Bbpen, Bbsrock, Beaster77, Beetstra, Belzeron, Ben dude56, BenRG, Bender235, Benfranklinlover, Benny111, Beno1983, Benpalladinoiscoolalot, Benschroeter, Bensin, Berean Hunter, Betacommand, Bettafish2hamsters, Bettymnz4, Bevinbell, Bevo, Beyond My Ken, Bhoward mvus, Bigmac31, Bigpoppa36, Bill Thayer, BillFlis, Billwall2, Billy Hathorn, Biruitorul, Bjelleklang, Bkoopa6464, BlacKeNinG, Black Widow, Blake nowak, Blanchardb, Blankfaze, Blightsoot, BlkWIGeezer, Blue Tie, Blueboar, Bluemoose, Bmagsc, Bmicomp, Bob Burkhardt, BobTheTomato, Bobblewik, Bobet, Bobisbob2, Bodnotbod, Bogdangiusca, Bolivian Unicyclist, Boothy443, Bootstoots, Boozerker, Borbrav, BorgQueen, Borofkin, Bowie60, BradMajors, Bragr, BrainyBabe, Brandmeister (old), Brandon97, Bratsche, Brendanconway, Brettslocum, Brholden, Briaboru, Brian Huffman, Bricks2183, BrightGirl, Briguy52748, BrokenSegue, Brokky, Brooktroutman, Brother Officer, BruceJohnson, Btyner, Bucketsofg, Buickid, Buridan, Bwalach, Bydand, C.Fred, C0rrupt3dd, CBDroege, CDA, CMacMillan, CSvBibra, Caiaffa, Californiadrew, Calmypal, Calton, Calvin 1998, CambridgeBayWeather, Camosoldier, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canderson7, Canihaveacookie, Caponer, Carabinieri, Carcharoth, CarlsonEric, Cartyboi, Casey Abell, Casper2k3, Caspian, Cassan, Cat's Tuxedo, Caxambu, Cbjohnny, Celebere, Celestianpower, Cemsentin1, Centpacrr, Centrx, Ceranthor, Chandlery, Chanting Fox, Charles Matthews, CharlotteWebb, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Chavando, CheckPlus, Chench, ChessPlayer, Chicheley, Chienlit, Chikalot135, Chooserr, Chowells, Chris is me, Chris j wood, Chris the speller, ChrisfromHouston, Christopher Parham, Christopher norton, Chrisvarns, Chriswiki, Chroniclev, Chsh, Chumpai, Cimon Avaro, Citizen Premier, Civil Engineer III, Cjmazzanti, Ckpeter, Clappingsimon, Clareybutt, Clariosophic, Clarityfiend, Clark S. 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Which English author’s novels are set in the imaginary county of Barsetshire? | Anthony Trollope | British author | Britannica.com
Anthony Trollope
Jane Austen
Anthony Trollope, (born April 24, 1815, London , Eng.—died Dec. 6, 1882, London), English novelist whose popular success concealed until long after his death the nature and extent of his literary merit. A series of books set in the imaginary English county of Barsetshire remains his best loved and most famous work, but he also wrote convincing novels of political life as well as studies that show great psychological penetration. One of his greatest strengths was a steady, consistent vision of the social structures of Victorian England, which he re-created in his books with unusual solidity.
Anthony Trollope, oil painting by S. Laurence, 1865; in the National Portrait Gallery, London.
Courtesy of The National Portrait Gallery, London
Trollope grew up as the son of a sometime scholar, barrister , and failed gentleman farmer. He was unhappy at the great public schools of Winchester and Harrow. Adolescent awkwardness continued until well into his 20s. The years 1834–41 he spent miserably as a junior clerk in the General Post Office, but he was then transferred as a postal surveyor to Ireland, where he began to enjoy a social life. In 1844 he married Rose Heseltine, an Englishwoman, and set up house at Clonmel , in Tipperary. He then embarked upon a literary career that leaves a dominant impression of immense energy and versatility.
The Warden (1855) was his first novel of distinction, a penetrating study of the warden of an old people’s home who is attacked for making too much profit from a charitable sinecure. During the next 12 years Trollope produced five other books set, like The Warden, in Barsetshire: Barchester Towers (1857), Doctor Thorne (1858), Framley Parsonage (1861), The Small House at Allington (1864), and The Last Chronicle of Barset (serially 1866–67; 1867). Barchester Towers is the funniest of the series; Doctor Thorne perhaps the best picture of a social system based on birth and the ownership of land; and The Last Chronicle, with its story of the sufferings of the scholarly Mr. Crawley, an underpaid curate of a poor parish, the most pathetic.
The Barsetshire novels excel in memorable characters, and they exude the atmosphere of the cathedral community and of the landed aristocracy .
In 1859 Trollope moved back to London, resigning from the civil service in 1867 and unsuccessfully standing as a Liberal parliamentary candidate in 1868. Before then, however, he had produced some 18 novels apart from the Barsetshire group. He wrote mainly before breakfast at a fixed rate of 1,000 words an hour. Outstanding among works of that period were Orley Farm (serially, 1861–62; 1862), which made use of the traditional plot of a disputed will, and Can You Forgive Her? (serially, 1864–65; 1865), the first of his political novels, which introduced Plantagenet Palliser , later duke of Omnium, whose saga was to stretch over many volumes down to The Duke’s Children (serially, 1879–80; 1880), a subtle study of the dangers and difficulties of marriage. In the political novels Trollope is less concerned with political ideas than with the practical working of the system—with the mechanics of power.
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In about 1869 Trollope’s last, and in some respects most interesting, period as a writer began. Traces of his new style are to be found in the slow-moving He Knew He Was Right (serially, 1868–69; 1869), a subtle account of a rich man’s jealous obsession with his innocent wife. Purely psychological studies include Sir Harry Hotspur of Humblethwaite (serially, 1870; 1871) and Kept in the Dark (1882). Some of the later works, however, were sharply satirical: The Eustace Diamonds (serially, 1871–73; 1873), a study of the influence of money on sexual relationships; The Way We Live Now (serially, 1874–75; 1875), remarkable for its villain-hero, the financier Melmotte; and Mr. Scarborough’s Family (posthumously, 1883), which shows what can happen when the rights of property are wielded by a man of nihilistic temperament intent upon his legal rights.
Anthony Trollope - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
(1815-82). The creation of "speaking, moving, living, human creatures" is the work of the novelist as defined by the English writer Anthony Trollope. His tales of the imaginary cathedral town of Barchester are peopled with unforgettable human beings. The reader follows the lives and experiences of Mrs. Proudie, Mr. Slope, Dr. Stanhope, and Signora Neroni from one book to another, watching their characters develop as they grow older, sharing the author’s quiet amusement at their shortcomings and his sympathy for their sorrows. Trollope depicted the clerical society and political life of Victorian times with both humor and pathos.
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| Anthony Trollope |
Bell, Chum, Kohte and Tipi are all types of what? | The Complete Chronicles of Barsetshire by Anthony Trollope · OverDrive: eBooks, audiobooks and videos for libraries
Classic Literature Fiction
This carefully crafted ebook: "The Complete Chronicles of Barsetshire: (The Warden + Barchester Towers + Doctor Thorne + Framley Parsonage + The Small House at Allington + The Last Chronicle of Barset)" contains 6 novels in one volume and is formatted for your eReader with a functional and detailed table of contents.The Chronicles of Barsetshire is a series of six novels by Anthony Trollope, set in the fictitious English county of Barsetshire and its cathedral town of Barchester. The novels concern the dealings of the clergy and the gentry, and the political, amatory, and social manœuvrings that go on among and between them. The novels in the series are: The Warden (1855) Barchester Towers (1857) Doctor Thorne (1858) Framley Parsonage (1861) The Small House at Allington (1864) The Last Chronicle of Barset (1867)Anthony Trollope (1815 – 1882) was one of the most successful, prolific and respected English novelists of the Victorian era. Some of his best-loved works, collectively known as the Chronicles of Barsetshire, revolve around the imaginary county of Barsetshire. He also wrote perceptive novels on political, social, and gender issues, and on other topical matters.
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How many bones, altogether, does a horse have in its neck? | Horses - the skeleton - horses and ponies on the internet
Protection for brain, inner ear, parts of eye & nasal passages
Mandible ( lower jaw)
Maxilla ( upper jaw0 both contain teeth. Nasal bones. Zygomatic or supraorbital procees protects the eye. Occipital bone forms back of skull and joins the top of neck.
SPINE
Collection of bones, vertebrae, lying one behind the other in a line from the base of skul to tip of tail
Housing & protection for spinal cord. Attachments for muscles, tendons and ligaments which support weight of the body. Connects head and limbs.
Cervical 7 vertebrea, atlas is the first bone inthe neck followed by axis. Thoracic 18 vertebrae, conection with the ribs. Lumbar 6 vertebrae. Sacral 5 fused vertebrae, part of hip girdle. Coccygeal average 18 vertebrae forming tail
RIBCAGE
18 pairs of ribs each connecting to a thoracic vertebrae
Protection for heart and lungs.
8 true ribs connected to sternum or breast bone directly, 10 false pairs conected to sternum by cartilage.
FORELIMBS
Scapula
Shoulder blade- one either side of the rib cage.
Connected to spine by muscle and ligaments, only allows freedom of movement and absorbtion of concussion.
Horse has no collar bone, no fixed connection to the spine to forelimbs.Horses front part of ribcage and internal organs are held in place by a muscular sling called the Thoracic Sling
Humerus
Upper end form point of shoulder
Connection of shoulder blade to forelimbs
Lower end joins forelimbs at the elbow
Radius and Ulna
Upper part of the foreleg
Ulna a short bone forms point of elbow. Radius a long bone stretches to the knee joint.
Knee
Carpus bones and pissiform bones
Joint allowing movement in the foreleg
6 carpus, 3 on top of 3. Plane joint allows movement, pissiform bone at the back.
Cannon bone
Bone of the lower leg
Weight bearing bone, circumfrence of the cannon just under the knee is a guide to the horse's abillity to bear weight and do hard work, referred to as 9" bone etc.
Stretches from the knee joint to the fetlock joint.
Splints
Two bones either side of the cannon bones ( fore & hind)
Help support some of the carpus bones of the knee, real function lost through evolution.
In length approx two thords of the cannon bone, vestiges of toes.
Lost through evolution.
Sesamoids
2 bones behind the fetlock joint.
Provide agroove to hold the tendons of the leg. Also acts as a pulley system for movement of the lower leg.
Pastern
2 bones in the lower leg and foot
Connection between the joints of the leg and leg.
Long pastern found between fetlock and pastern joint, short pastern found between pastern joint and the coffin joint.
Pedal bone
Hoof like shaped bone of the foot.
Attachment for tendons/ ligaments from muscles in the forearm.
Navicular bone
Pelvic girdle
3 fused bones called the ileum, ischium and pubis.
Tightly attached to the spine allowing transfer of propulsion to hind legs. Protection of the uterus.
Joined to the spine through the sacroileac joints, ischium forms the point of buttck.
Femur
Large bone of the hind limbs
Connects with the pelvis at the hip joint and with the hind leg at the stifle joint.
Tibia and fibula
Tibia is the larger of the two bones from the stifle to the hock, fibula is the smaller bone that extends half the length of the tibia and sits parallel to it.
Forms the upper part of the hind limb.
Patella
Bone in the stifle joint
Similar to the knee cap in humans.
Hock
Tarsus bones and tuber or os calcis.
Joint allowing movement of the hind leg.
5 tarsus and tuber or os calsis at the back forming point of hock.
Hind leg below the hock.
Hind cannon with splint bones. Long and short pastern, sesamoid bones, pedal bone and navicular.
Similar the fore limbs
| 7 |
Cannis Vulpes is the scientific name for which animal? | Broken Neck — Types and Treatments
Broken Neck — Types and Treatments
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By Anne Asher, CPT - Reviewed by a board-certified physician.
Updated December 28, 2016
Broken Neck
Most people think a broken neck is a catastrophic injury resulting in paralysis. While this is true in far too many cases, the severity of this injury can actually range from mild to fatal. Given that, what is the definition of a broken neck?
A broken neck is defined as a fracture in one or more of the seven vertebrae that make up the neck.
Breaks or fractures in neck bones can be caused by any number of things from trauma, car accidents, falls, or sports injuries.
Often the location and nature of the break is determined by the position of the head at the time of impact, as well as the direction of the force that hits the neck.
Broken Neck due to Trauma
Serious accidents or other trauma may result in a complex neck fracture that requires immediate medical attention; this is order to avoid death or further injury. A person with a serious neck injury needs to be immobilized, and 911 should be called as soon as possible.
Immobilization is important because if the person who sustained the injury does have a broken neck, moving them can make matters much worse. This injury often, but not always, results in paralysis. When someone who does not have the proper training moves or otherwise touches a physically traumatized person, it could increase the risk of paralysis. Because of this, you should assume that any person who has sustained trauma in your environment does indeed have a serious neck injury, and follow Red Cross first aid guidelines accordingly .
The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons says that a person who had had neck trauma should remain immobilized until they can see their doctor (and get x-rays.)
Keep in mind that shock often accompanies trauma. About.com's First Aid Expert, Rod Brouhard, has a great article on treating shock.
Osteoporosis-Related Neck Fracture
Elderly people, especially those with osteoporosis , are at a greater risk for a broken neck.
Experts say that spinal fractures in these patients are directly related to the amount of bone they've lost. Because osteoporotic bone is very fragile, even common activities and minor impacts can lead to neck fracture. Generally, such breaks are tiny and are called microfractures.
Treatment for Neck Fractures
Treatment possibilities for spinal fractures include wearing a brace called a Halo device. A Halo device consists of a vest connected to a metal ring that is worn around the head. The metal ring is attached by screws that are inserted into the skull. This helps stabilize the bone and allow it to mend.
More complex neck fractures will likely require major surgery and can result in complete or incomplete paralysis. If surgery is needed, your doctor will probably insert plates, screws and/or cages into the bones.
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Which Hampshire castle was used for the exterior shots of the UK television series ‘Downton Abbey’? | Visit Downton Abbey and English Castles
6 nights in the Millennium Tara House Kensington
Itinerary
Day 1: Depart for London
Overnight flight to London under own arrangement.
Day 2: Arrive in London
Arrive in London and meet your tour guide at the airport. Enjoy a panoramic tour of London on your way to our Hotel. There is time to rest before our Welcome Dinner at the hotel. (D)
Day 3: Windsor Castle, Hampton Court Palace.
After our full English Breakfast we depart for a full day of touring. We start at Windsor Castle, the oldest and largest inhabited castle in the world. It has been the family home of British kings and queens for almost 1000 years. It is an official residence of Her Majesty the Queen, whose flag flies from the Round Tower when she is in residence.
Continue to Hampton Court Palace, a royal palace, 11.7 miles south west and upstream of central London on the River Thames. Redevelopment began to be carried out in 1515 for Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, a favourite of King Henry VIII. In 1529, as Wolsey fell from favor, the King seized the palace for himself and later enlarged it. Along with St. James' Palace, it is one of only two surviving palaces out of the many owned by King Henry VIII. In the following century, King William III's massive rebuilding and expansion project, which destroyed much of the Tudor palace, was intended to rival Versailles. Work ceased in 1694, leaving the palace in two distinct contrasting architectural styles, domestic Tudor and Baroque. While the palace's styles are an accident of fate, a unity exists due to the use of pink bricks and a symmetrical balancing of successive low wings. King George II was the last monarch to reside in this palace. We return to our hotel for dinner. (B, D)
Day 4: Stonehenge, Westminister Abbey, Big Ben
This morning we depart London for Stonehenge. One of the most famous sites in the wolrd, Stonehenge is composed of a circular setting of large standing stones set within earthwork. It is at the center of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England, including several hundred burial mounds. The surrounding circular earth bank and ditch, which constitute the earliest phase of the monument, have been dated back to about 3100BC. Returning to London, we visit Westminister Abbey and see Big Ben. Westminister Abbey was initially built by Henry III in 1245 and it is one of the most important Gothic buildings in England. It was at first home to Benedictine monks, then the Royal Coronation Church and is the final resting place of 17 monarchs, It contains a treasury full of paintings, stain glass, pavements, textiles, various other artifacts and books plus the most significant collection of monumental sculptures of the United Kingdom. We return to our hotel for dinner. (B, D)
Day 5: Highclere Castle (Downton Abbey)
After breakfast we depart for our full day at Highclere Castle in Hampshire. This famous castle is used for exterior shots and many of the interior filming of the PBS series, Downton Abbey. However, the kitchen, servants' quarters, working areas, and several "upstairs" bedrooms were constructed and filmed at Ealing Studios in London. Highclere Castle is the actual home of the Earl and Countess of Carnarvon. We spend the day exploring the interior, the Egyptian Exhibit and the beautiful gardens. We return to our hotel for dinner. (B, D)
Day 6: Oxfordshire, Waddesdon Manor
Today we visit Bampton & Waddesdon Manor. The village of Bampton in Oxfordshire was used to film outdoor scenes in Downtown Abbey, most notably St. Mary's Church and the library, which served as the entrance to the cottage hospital. Bampton is a bustling village and claims to be one of the oldest and prettiest villages in the area, retaining much of the character of a traditional Cotswold village. We continue on and visit Waddesdon Manor, the estate Sir Richard Carlisle intended to buy in season 2 of Downton Abbey. We have time to explore and experience rural England before returning to London. (B, D)
Day 7: Buckingham Travel and Tower of London
This morning we enjoy a visit to Buckingham Palace. Surrounded by vast parklands and gardens, this grand palace has been the Royal London residence since Queen Victoria's time, and contains priceless works of art, fine furniture and decorations that form part of the Royal Collection. We will have entry to the State Rooms, the Queen's Gallery, and the Royal Mews. The is a self-guided tour with audio guide. Next we visit the Tower of London which is one of London's most famous landmarks. It is in this historic Tower we find the Crown Jewels, the prison cell of Sir Walter Raleigh - known as the Bloody Tower - and the Chapel of St. John and the Royal Armories. We return to our hotel for dinner. (B, D)
Day 8: Return Home
After a final breakfast, we say farewell to our mansion home and transfer to London airport for our return flight home. (B)
PLEASE NOTE: Single rooms are limited availability. Triple rooms are not available. This tour includes considerable walking. There are no elevators at Highclere Castle. The walk up to Windsor Castle can be strenuous. This tour is not recommended for those with walking or breathing difficulties.
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Per person rates in US funds:
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| Highclere Castle |
In fashion Peter Pan, Wing, Eton and Fichu are all types of what? | DH Tour
2016: March 30, 31, April 5, 8, July 18, 19, 25, 26, 27, 28, August 3, 8, 15, 16, 22, 24, 25, 30 $320 per person
Downton Abbey Filming locations, Cotswolds and Blenheim Palace
This day trip operates April to mid November, every Wednesday, Friday and Saturday (Blenheim Palace and Cogges Farm are closed …
This day trip operates April to mid November, every Wednesday, Friday and Saturday (Blenheim Palace and Cogges Farm are closed over winter).
Does NOT include visit to Highclere Castle.
Visit the sites associated with Downton Abbey, enjoy lunch in the beautiful Oxfordshire Cotswolds and end the day with a tour of the birthplace of Winston Churchill, Blenheim Palace. Departures from London & Oxford.
Depart London and drive away from the city to the rolling limestone hills of Oxfordshire Cotswolds to see key filming sites of Downton Abbey. Our first stop is a visit to Yew Tree Farm (Cogges), which first appeared in series 4 with Mr.Drewe as the tenant farmer. In series 5 the farm appears regularly as Mr & Mrs Drewe secretly raise Lady Edith's love child!
At Yew Tree Farm we also learn of the developing storyline between Charles Blake, the dashing government adviser sent in to advise Downton and surrounding estates on how to survive changing times, and Lady Mary, now entrusted with the running of the estate following Matthew's death. They immediately clash over family tradition and the need to reform, but following the now famous 'pig scene' their relationship improves.
After a tea/coffee break in the delightfully rustic and refurbished cow shed Cafe at Cogges, we get the chance to explore the great house and historic farm buildings at Cogges, filled with the sound of animals and surrounded by orchards and ancient 'ridge and furrow' fields. Here we learn of the relationship between land owners and tenant farmers and the workload that shifts and changes within the yearly cycle. We hear the stories and see the sights of Downton Abbey filming at Yew Tree Farm, and end with all International Friends customers enjoying a private tour of Yew Tree Farm Manor House (Cogges Manor) before it opens to the public!!
After the tour we take the short drive to Bampton, a beautiful Oxfordshire Cotswolds village. The village of Bampton has been used extensively in all series for Downton Village filming. Bampton Library was used for Downton Cottage Hospital and Doctors surgery; St.Mary’s Church became Downton Church and Church Square; Churchgate House was used as the exterior shots of the Crawley family home; and we walk along the street which has been used for shops, the post office and the Grantham Arms. The town itself has many beautiful 17th and 18th century houses, and St.Mary's Church spire dates back to the 13th century.
We then enjoy a scenic drive through the Oxfordshire Cotwolds, driving by centuries old untouched cottages untouched by the modern world, on roads large coaches would simply never be able to travel on. We take a photo stop in the picturesque historical village of Shilton, which lies in a small basin. In the centre of the village there is a ford across the Shill Brook, and the stream forms a duck pond which together with a stone foot-bridge, old pump and well, creates the perfect picture! The village, with a few 'cosmetic' adjustments, provided Downton Abbey with a scene for a village pub (in reality this was the forge) as well as some settings for rural scenes. Our guide will explain to you how the forge was transformed into the village pub!
From Shilton we continue to Swinbrook where we stop at the Swan Inn. The Swan Inn hosted the elopement of Lady Sybil with Branson the family chauffeur! This was one of the key, and most controversial, storylines of Downton's second series.
The village of Swinbrook itself, a truly magical, picturesque Cotswold village, is more usually associated with the notorious Mitford Sisters, well known socialites of their day, and not short of the occasional scandal themselves! The Swan Inn was owned by Debo, the Dowager Duchess of Devonshire, and the last surviving Mitford sister who sadly died in 2014.
A short drive to the town of Woodstock for lunch, and en-route we make a stop in the village of Bladon to see the graves of Sir Winston and Lady Churchill.
Woodstock is a fine Geogian town with a distinct Royal Heritage. The Domesday book of 1086 describes Woodstock as a Royal Forest, King Henry I established one of the first known zoos here in 1110, and the Black Prince (son of King Edward III) was born here in 1331. Nowadays, as well as being home to a great selection of historical buildings, it is famous for its selection of small independent shops and a fantastic selection of English pubs and restaurants. The town of Woodstock is also home to Blenheim Palace.
At Blenheim Place your tour begins with an introduction to the 'upstairs and downstairs' of class conscious life. Built for the 1st Duke of Marlborough, John Churchill from 1704 to 1722, designed by Sir John Vanburgh and Nicholas Hawksmoor and interiors by Sir Christopher Wren, this historic stately home was also birthplace of Sir Winston Churchill in 1874. Discover how the aristocracy lived and how the state apartments increased in importance as we move from room to room. We see how servants interacted with their masters and employers and learn of the strict social standards that needed to be maintained. After the tour of this great house, there will be time to stroll through landscaped gardens and see the Temple of Diana where Sir Winston Churchill proposed to Clementine Hozier in 1908, before we drive back to London.
Tour Inclusions
2016: April to mid November, every Wednesday, Friday and Saturday $280 per adult, $225 per child (3-16)
May 15 -22 Only: Downton Abbey, Highclere Castle & Capability Brown
Exclusive Castle & Gardens small group tour in the tercentennial year of Capability Brown's birth.
Availa…
Exclusive Castle & Gardens small group tour in the tercentennial year of Capability Brown's birth.
Available every day from Sunday 15th May to Sunday 22nd May 2016. At Highclere Castle the tour has been designed to allow a limited number of people access to the Castle and Gardens outside of the regular public opening time, with drinks/light refreshments provided.
This is a truly unique opportunity for any Downton Abbey or Capability Brown fan to enjoy exclusive access to the Staterooms, Gardens and Grounds, accompanied by expert guides. Our Downton Abbey expert, and obsessive fan, will lead you through the day, with guides at Highclere Castle leading the Castle and Gardens tour. Firstly to Bampton in the beautiful Oxfordshire Cotswolds which doubles for Downton Village in the TV series, then onwards into Hampshire to Highclere Castle.
The day begins departing London and driving to the stunning Oxfordshire Cotswolds. The first stop is Downton village (Bampton) where you will get the chance to see St Michael's church, scene of weddings, funerals and at least one jilting! We can also see Churchgate House which was used as exterior shots for Isobel Crawley's home, the Cottage Hospital (Bampton library) which becomes the the source of many arguments in series 6, the village green, post office and Downton's two pubs, the Grantham Arms and the Dog and Duck. Entry is included to Bampton library.
After the village tour we drive south west from Oxfordshire to Hampshire, arriving at the Highclere Castle 11:30/12:00. Here you can immerse yourself in the world of Downton Abbey with a visit to the great house itself, home of the Crawley family and the constant backdrop to this world famous television series.
In reality, of course, this is the majestic and stately Highclere Castle surrounded by a thousand acres of landscaped gardens designed by Lancelot "Capability" Brown which feature many times in the show, from garden parties to hunting and horse riding. In the 300 year anniversary of his birth we will pay special attention to England's greatest landscape gardener with a lecture and tour of the grounds. This special talk about landscaping and design in the tercentennial year of Capability Brown's birth will be followed by time to admire the grounds of Highclere Castle, being one of over 170 gardens that Capability Brown designed or renovated, and a garden that is considered as one of his most complete.
The tour includes entry into the great house to see the rooms used in Downton Abbey. Climb the famous red stairs to the bedrooms and gallery, descend on the oak staircase to the library, dining room and entrance hall. Explore the rooms lived in by "his Lordship" Robert and his family and see where they sit for dinner and subject themselves to the cutting, but wonderfully timed words of the Dowager, Violet Crawley.
We depart Highclere Castle at 16:00/16:30 for an estimated return time to London at 18:00/18:30pm.
Important note about cancellations - Due to the very limited availability of Highclere Castle tickets all bookings for this day trip are 100% non refundable.
Tour Inclusions
2016: Daily from Sunday May 15 to Sunday May 22 $470 per person
ALL dates Sold out
Downton Abbey Filming locations, Cotswolds and afternoon visit to Highclere Castle
This special small group tour includes entry to Highclere Castle.
Visit the filming sites associated with…
This special small group tour includes entry to Highclere Castle.
Visit the filming sites associated with Downton Abbey in the morning, and enjoy a full afternoon in Highclere Castle, the Grantham family home in the series.
Depart London and drive away from the city to the delightful Oxfordshire Cotswolds to see key filming sites of Downton Abbey. Our first stop is a visit to Yew Tree Farm (Cogges Manor Farm), home of the tenant farmer Mr.Drewe. The historic farmyard and 13th century manor house sits on the banks of the River Windrush and first appeared in Downton Abbey in series 4. In series 5 the farm plays a central role with the farmer's wife raising Lady Edith's love child! After a tea/coffee break in the delightfully refurbished rustic cow shed Café at Cogges, we take a tour and learn of the relationship between the tenant farmers and landowners, showing the sites used in filming.
After the tour we enjoy a sightseeing drive through the Windrush valley. First stop is the Swan Inn at Swinbrook, which hosted the elopement of Lady Sybil with Branson the family chauffeur (and now son in law!). This was one of the key, and most controversial, storylines in Downton Abbey series 2. We then continue our drive to Shilton, a truly stunning Cotswolds village in a small basin, where large coaches cannot drive. Time for a photo to explore the old stone foot-bridge, duck pond, old pump and well, before we take the short journey to 'Downton village', otherwise known as Bampton, a beautiful Oxfordshire Cotswolds village. The village of Bampton has been used extensively in all series for Downton Village filming. Bampton Library was used for Downton Cottage Hospital and Doctors surgery; St.Mary’s Church became Downton Church and Church Square; Churchgate House was used for exterior shots for the Crawley family home; and we walk along the street which has been used for shops, the post office and the Grantham Arms.
In the early afternoon we make our way to the Grantham Family home, Highclere Castle. On arrival at Highclere Castle there will be time to enjoy the beautiful gardens; The Monk’s Garden, White Border, Secret Garden and Wood of Goodwill. There will be time for lunch, or a snack in the Tearooms where you can enjoy light lunches or afternoon teas made in the Castle kitchens, before we enter Highclere Castle for an afternoon visit. Our tickets are valid to enter the Castle, Gardens and Egyptian exhibition from 13:30pm-15:30pm (Castle closes at 16:30pm), and we plan to arrive at the Castle by 13:00. There is plenty of time to have lunch, enjoy the grounds and enter the Castle.
The Carnarvon family has lived at Highclere since 1679. Major rebuilding work was carried out in the 18th and 19th centuries, and in 1838, the 3rd Earl of Carnarvon brought in Sir Charles Barry to transform his home into a truly stunning mansion. During the First World War the Castle was transformed into a hospital, returning to a private home in 1922.
To this day the current (8th) Earl and Countess of Carnarvon live partly in the Castle and partly nearby, but remain closely involved in the Castle's day to day life and future.
On entry to Highclere Castle visitors follow a route through the Castle through with guides in each State room. The State rooms include the Saloon, Library, Dining room, Music room, Drawing room and Smoking room. Visitors can then go up the Red Stairs to view some of the Bedrooms and the Gallery, before walking down the Oak staircase back to the Saloon in the heart of the house.
After the tour you will have time to visit the Egyptian exhibition. The Castle was the seat the of the 5th Earl of Carnarvon, who famously discovered the Tomb of the Egyptian Boy Pharaoh, Tutankhamun, in 1922. In the cellars of Highclere Castle there is now a new Egyptian exhibition to celebrate the discovery!
Important note about cancellations - Due to the very limited availability of Highclere Castle tickets all bookings for this day trip are 100% non refundable.
Tour Inclusions
| i don't know |
What is the surname of Scottish-born singer and musician Donovan? | Donovan - Biography - IMDb
Biography
Showing all 26 items
Jump to: Overview (3) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (1) | Trade Mark (3) | Trivia (15) | Personal Quotes (3)
Overview (3)
5' 10" (1.78 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Donovan Philips Leitch was born May 10, 1946, in Glasgow, Scotland. Music was always part of his home life, with both traditional Scottish/Irish songs at family and local celebrations, and popular music through radio and live performances. When Donovan was ten his family moved south to England, resettling in Hatfield. Before starting college in his teens, the young man had run away from home more than once; on one outing at fourteen, he found an old guitar in a trash can, still good enough to learn the basics on.
Though interested in rock-n-roll through artists like Buddy Holly and The Everly Brothers , Donovan embraced the folk-music boom that swept both England and America in the early 1960s, and also the Beat Generation writers and poets. Donovan settled into the St. Albans music scene, north of London, but traveled to different parts of the country, frequently with longtime friend "Gypsy Dave", who played kazoo and passed the hat while Donovan played guitar and harmonica and sang, for their keep. Their songs included traditional and recent folk music, songs by their friends (like Mick Softley) and the beginnings of Donovan's own writing, about what he'd seen and experienced away from home.
On a beach trip to Southend with members of the St. Albans circle, Donovan played and sang between performances by an R&B group called the Cops and Robbers, and so impressed the group's managers that they expressed interest in signing him up as a performer. Beginning with taping some publishers' demos for other songwriters, Donovan was soon demoing his own material, and the tapes found their way to the ears of Elkan Allan , producer of Britain's popular rock show Ready, Steady, Go! (1963). Donovan's first appearance (in cap and denim) led to a short residency on the show, which in turn led to a recording contract with England's Pye Records. His first singles were respectable UK hits in 1965, and made a minor impact on the American market that year.
Promoted first as mainly a folk performer and a kind of British rival to Bob Dylan , evidence of Donovan's own blossoming style as writer and musician was undeniable as early as his second album, with its hints at jazz and a different kind of pop sense from Dylan's. When Dylan toured England in 1965, the two met for a well-publicized "summit" at his hotel suite; after an hour's private talk, they emerged smiling arm-in-arm to a waiting press conference. Press headlines announced "DYLAN DIGS DONOVAN!" and he joined Dylan and Joan Baez on the road, though he didn't perform with them onstage. (Donovan can be seen keeping Dylan and Baez company in Dylan's Bob Dylan: Dont Look Back (1967)). Donovan went on to the 1965 Newport Folk Festival, where he was welcomed.
After his first two mostly-folk albums in England (distributed in the US by Hickory Records), produced by his managers, Donovan immersed himself in the pop sounds of the "British Invasion" bands, and both his writing and choices in the studio reflected this. In 1966 Mickie Most became Donovan's new producer, and his sidemen began to include future Led Zeppelin members John Paul Jones (who arranged several Donovan tunes, augmenting the sound they were aiming for) and Jimmy Page . (John Carr usually played drums at Donovan's sessions, although John Bonham was also sometimes around.) Epic Records in the US expressed an interest in picking Donovan up for the American market, with Clive Davis offering a contract, and Allen Klein was also interested in taking over Donovan's management. New and bigger deals offered led to lawsuits, and Donovan vanished from the record market for a few months while matters were being settled.
Emerging with new management and production teams, Donovan followed up his first US #1 single, "Sunshine Superman" (dedicated to John Lennon and Paul McCartney ), with his signature hit "Mellow Yellow", which reached #2 on the US charts late in 1966. Working with Most, Donovan enjoyed hits on both sides of the Atlantic through the end of the decade. As a pop performer, he made frequent guest appearances on television in the UK and US; most notably in America on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour (1967). He also contributed to the stage and film worlds, writing the title song for the movie Poor Cow (1967) and adapting William Shakespeare 's "Under The Greenwood Tree" for Britain's National Theatre. Later he would contribute the title song for the 1969 comedy If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium (1969) (also appearing onstage in the movie), and star in The Pied Piper (1972). Donovan brought his parents along on tour, with his father Donald introducing him to the audience.
Offstage, Donovan was a frequent guest collaborator and companion to other celebrities of the time; he contributed lyrics to The Beatles 's song "Yellow Submarine" and dated George Harrison 's sister-in-law Jenny Boyd (later to marry Mick Fleetwood ). In turn, Donovan's recording sessions sometimes included members of The Beatles, Paul Samwell-Smith and The Rolling Stones and their circle of musician friends, as guest performers. When former Stones member Brian Jones died in 1969, Donovan married his widow Linda Lawrence, raising Jones' son Julian and having two daughters of their own. (Donovan also fathered son Donovan Leitch Jr. and Ione Skye by Enid Karl; family information is sparse at best.)
An arrest for drug possession late in 1966 was a moving experience for him, as was his noticing that the flirtation his generation had had with marijuana and LSD was getting ugly, and many young people were turning to harder drugs and destroying themselves. In the notes for his 1967 album "A Gift From A Flower To A Garden", he called for all drug use to stop and for young people to find other ways to expand their consciousness, and peace from within, as they became the parents of the next generation. He set an example by studying meditation with the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi , and later embraced many Eastern lifestyle changes, including a vegetarian diet and studies in Hindu and Buddhist philosophy.
Though not a major player in popular music since the end of the 1960s, Donovan continues to tour and perform, and recall the experiences and friendships of his heyday for the media. His music (recorded and live) appears frequently in programs about the Sixties era, and has reached the newer generations through its use in TV commercials. In late 2005, he published an autobiography, "The Hurdy Gurdy Man."
- IMDb Mini Biography By: quietguy
Spouse (1)
( 2 October 1970 - present) (2 children)
Trade Mark (3)
Often played a sunburst Gibson J-45
Scottish Accent
Curly dark hair
Trivia (15)
Fathered two children with Enid Graddis (a.k.a. Enid Stulberger): Donovan Leitch Jr. and Ione Skye . His song "Bleak City Woman" was about his meeting Enid, and choosing to romance her.
Stepfather and adoptive father of Julian Brian Jones (Linda's son), whose biological father was Brian Jones .
He and his wife Linda Lawrence have two daughters: Astrella Celeste and Oriole Nebula.
His middle name, "Philips", was his mother's maiden name.
When his song "Mellow Yellow" was first released, it was thought that the song was about smoking dried banana peels. It was eventually revealed that the song was about a vibrator.
Was on the short list of artists invited to perform at the Monterey Pop Festival. Unfortunately, he couldn't due to a drug indictment hanging over his head in Britain.
| Leitch |
Which planet in our solar system is known as ‘The Blue Planet’? | Donovan Leitch Jr. - IMDb
IMDb
Actor | Producer | Director
Donovan Jerome Leitch is an English-born actor and documentary maker. He is a member of the band Camp Freddy, and was a founding member of neo-glam group Nancy Boy along with Jason Nesmith. Son of pop singer Donovan Leitch (born Donovan Philips Leitch) and Enid Karl, born on August 16, 1967 in London UK. See full bio »
Born:
| i don't know |
Kielce, Olsztyn and Opole are cities in which European country? | Kielce, Kielce Poland
Online Quiz
Kielce
Kielce is one of the most important cities of Poland. The Kielce city is located at the center of the country of Poland. It is the capital of the Province of Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship in Poland.
The mountains and the river bank in the city of Kielce attract tourists from all over the world. The city holds a very important geographical position in Poland that makes it the point of trade and commerce in the country. The city is also famous for the mining of limestone in the region. The major river that flows through the Kielce city is Silnica that provides the major waterway to the city.
The forests of the hilly regions of the Kielce city had been an important part of the city which was the most densely populated areas of the region. The forests in the area provided wood to thevillagers which was the source of their income. The Kielce region is one of the important industrial regions of the country. The region of Kielce is rich with the minerals found in the place like copper, iron and lead. Limestone is also found in abundance in the region. The Kielce city played a very important role in the revolt against Russia.
The Kielce city offers many important destinations to the tourists to Poland. The region has numerous historical and traditional monuments that document the history of the place. The churches and the museums of the place throw light on the cultural background of the city. The hills and the river in the city provide lots of activities to the tourists who visit the city of Kielce.
The city of Kielce has a well developed transportation system that includes the chain of railways and roadways connecting every part of the city to each other.
| Poland |
Who played the title role in the 1996 film ‘Michael Collins’? | Poland Country Code 48 Country Code PL
About Poland Hide
CountryCode.org is your complete guide to make a call from anywhere in the world, to anywhere in the world. This page details Poland phone code.
The Poland country code 48 will allow you to call Poland from another country. Poland telephone code 48 is dialed after the IDD. Poland international dialing 48 is followed by an area code.
The Poland area code table below shows the various city codes for Poland. Poland country codes are followed by these area codes. With the complete Poland dialing code, you can make your international call.
Polish (official) 96.2%, Polish and non-Polish 2%, non-Polish 0.5%, unspecified 1.3%
Electricity
| i don't know |
Welsh rugby clubs Swansea and Neath joined to form which club? | Neath braced for season kick-off : Newsroom | Welsh Rugby Union | Official Website
Neath braced for season kick-off
7 July 2010 23:59
By
Neath celebrate winning last year's Principality Premiership title.
Principality Premiership champions Neath kick-off the defence of their title with a home clash against Glamorgan Wanderers at The Gnoll on Saturday, 28 August.
Pat Horgan's side were comfortable winers 48-17 in the corresponding fixture last season, running in eight tries, but know not to take the Wanderers lightly having been beaten 33-24 at the Memorial Ground.
While outside half Arwel Thomas has finally hung up his boots, and former Wales full back Kevin Morgan has taken up a full-time role as Ospreys conditioning coach, Nathan Bonner-Evans has joined the club from London Welsh. Former Wales Under 21 full back and Wales Sevens squad member Aaron Bramwell has been recruited from Pontypridd along with young Ospreys prop Ross Davies, Aberavon's Chris Morgan and former Glamorgan Wanderers outside half James Thomas has joined from Coventry.
Premiership newcomers Tonmawr, who won the Swalec Division 1 West title last season, will launch their debut season in the top flight with an attractive home fixture with Aberavon.
So dominant were the side coached by Jason Hyatt last season that Tonmawr won their division by a clear margin of 29 points and suffered only two defeats. Among the new recruits are former Neath duo Kevin James and Wayner Mitchell, utility-back Kiba Richards from National League Division 2 South club Ealing and four ex-Ebbw Vale players, utility-back Andrew Williams, flanker Andy Llewellyn, lock Jonathan Griffiths and prop Matt Jeffries and Ystrad Rhondda flanker Howard Stoddart, brother of Scarlets full back Morgan.
Veteran lock Matthew Veater, who has won the Premiership crown with both Newport and Cardiff, has joined Pontypool and the Torfaen club will be hoping to build on their end of season form earlier in the year when they staved off the threat of relegation.
They open their season with a home clash with Bedwas, a game in which new back row recruit Luke Dyckoff could face his former team mates. Pontypool have lost goalkicker Sam Mills to relegated Ebbw Vale, while Bedwas have lost this season's Wales Under 20 captain Dan Watchurst to Newport and gained former Wales Under 20 prop Scott Roberts from Coventry.
A storming second half of the season left Llandovery comfortably placed in eighth place and earned them a crack at the Play-Offs where they gained a British and Irish Cup place. They will be looking to continue that form when they host Swansea on opening day.
The All Whites did the double over the Drovers last term, so it will take a mighty effort for the Church Bank side to open with a victory. Lyndon Lewis will be head coach and Euros Evans has come in as forwards coach.
Newport start with an attractive game against Llanelli at Rodney Parade and, with both last season's meetings being closely contested affairs, another tight game is anticipated. Amongst the Black and Ambers' new faces are Gareth Chapman from Cardiff and Watchurst from Bedwas.
Scarlets academy members George North, Rhodri Jones and Kirby Myhill will be turning out for Llanelli this season, along with new recruits Owen Williams (Ystradgynlais), Liam Williams (Waunarlwydd) and former England Under 20 back row Matt Gilbert who joins from Italian outfit Rugby Alghero.
Cross Keys will head to Sardis Road to face a Pontypridd side that led the Premiership for a chunk of last season. Ponty also did the double over their visitors and will be confident of making a winning start, even though Keys have brought in a number of new players.
Cardiff entertain a Carmarthen Quins outfit that found life difficult in the top flight last term before a solid finish to the season left them in a comfortable ninth place with a SWALEC Cup final appearance to boot.
Cardiff did the double over them and have recruited Scott Sneddon and Wales Under 20 full back Dan Fish from Glamorgan Wanderers, along with Richard Hodges who will take over the coaching reins. Quins have enlisted the help of former Scarlets speedster Darren Daniel and front rowers Ian Jones (Llanelli) and former Scarlets academy hooker Dan George from London Welsh, although they have lost lost Tristan Davies to Ebbw Vale and Ioan Cunningham to Bridgend.
Principality Premiership Fixtures 2010/11
Cross Keys v Glam. Wdrs.
Newport v Pontypridd
(non B & I Cup clubs)
Bedwas v Pontypool
(non B & I Cup clubs)
Cross Keys v Bedwas
(non B & I Cup clubs)
Cardiff v Glam. Wdrs.
Glam. Wdrs. v Cross Keys
Cardiff v Tonmawr
Wales Women in fine-tuning mode
10 Jan 17
Head coach Rowland Phillips and key front rower Carys Phillips look ahead to games against Spain and Ireland as Wales Women ramp up their preparations for the forthcoming Six Nations. The two warm-up games are a 'massive opportunity to refine the squad' according to the Welsh camp.
Match Highlights: Ebbw Vale v Cross Keys
10 Jan 17
Defending Principality Premiership champions Ebbw Vale left it late, very late, to earn the final spot up for grabs to make the coveted Top Teir for phase two of this season's chammpionship.
Phillips on Welsh Rugby strategy
09 Jan 17
Martyn Phillips has discussed details of the newly published 'Strategy for Welsh Rugby' which puts in black and white terms the plans and direction of the governing body of the national sport in Wales for the next decade.
Phillips urges fans to get behind Wales
06 Jan 17
WRU chief executive Martyn Phillips has urged Welsh rugby fans to follow in the footsteps of their soccer counterparts at last summer's Euro Championship by backing their team to the hilt in the upcoming RBS 6 Nations campaign.
Phillips aims to make Wales breeding ground for national and elite club coaches
05 Jan 17
Chief executive Martyn Phillips has highlighted the plans for Wales to become a breeding ground for national and elite club rugby coaches, which are contained in the WRU's 10-year 'Strategy for Welsh Rugby'.
McBryde excited by challenge of summer tour
23 Dec 16
Robin McBryde discusses Wales' summer tour to the Pacific Islands, plus the recruitment of three regional coaches to his team.
Keeping it in the family
13 Dec 16
Andrew Coombs is enjoying his new role as Nelson forwards coach. The former Dragons and Wales lock has big ambitions to become a professional coach but feels it's important to learn the ropes in grassroots rugby and where better than his home club Nelson, with friends and family close to hand.
Power of rugby
09 Dec 16
Students at Brynllywarch Hall School, near Newtown, have transformed their own lives, and are now having a positive impact on others through rugby. The sport has had a life-changing effect on the well-being of the students who are now delivering rugby sessions to local primary schools and playing for a new mixed ability side
Dubai delight for Wales Sevens
08 Dec 16
Wales reached their first semi-final since 2013 in the opening round of this season's HSBC World Rugby Sevens Series in Dubai. WRU TV's Graeme Gillespie recaps on what proved to be an eventful tournament
Diolch: Marc Roberts
06 Dec 16
Wales and Ospreys back row James King, who came through the North Wales age grade system, nominated North Wales Regional Community Rugby Manager Marc Roberts, in the WRU's 'Diolch' initiative where squad players thanked those who played a part in their rise to the top.
Principality Premiership focus: Carmarthen Quins
05 Dec 16
Beating Merthyr has boosted Carmarthen Quins hopes of reaching a top eight spot in the Principality Premiership. Quins captain Haydn Pugh is delighted with his team's progress and is determined that everyone from the Under 6s through to the senior team, enjoys the ride.
Hallam Amos thanks John Bevan
29 Nov 16
When the Wales squad were asked to nominate individuals who played a big part in their early playing days, Wales and Dragons full back and wing Hallam Amos thought of his former Monmouth School rugby coach John Bevan.
Wales v SA reaction: George North
26 Nov 16
Winger George North gives his reaction after Wales finished the Under Armour Series with a convincing win against South Africa to finish November with three wins.
WRU TV: Captain's run ahead of Springbok clash
26 Nov 16
Hear from Wales Assistant Coach (Forwards) Robin McBryde as he speaks to the media at Wales' captain's run ahead of the clash with South Africa
Williams names co-captains for Wales Sevens
25 Nov 16
Sam Cross and Luke Treharne have been named as co-captains of the Wales Sevens side as head coach Gareth Williams names his 12-man squad to play in the first leg of the HSBC World Series in Dubai next weekend.
Principality Premiership focus: Bedwas
24 Nov 16
Bedwas head coach Steve Law and players Nicky Griffiths and Alun Rees extol the virtues of the close knit club as they prepare to host third place RGC 1404 - who are one place head of them on the Principality Premiership points table - on Saturday.
Diolch Mr Mason
24 Nov 16
Many of the Wales squad have said Diolch (thank you) to someone who played an important part in their early playing days by nominating them to be invited to the Wales v South Africa match. One person, Gowerton Comprehensive geography teacher Mr Dean Mason was nominated by two of his former pupils, Dan Biggar and Sam Davies.
Howley reveals selection to take on South Africa
24 Nov 16
Wales head coach Rob Howley discusses his team selection for Saturday's clash against South Africa which sees Dan Lydiate coming in as the only change to the starting XV that played against the Pumas.
Disability rugby making its mark
23 Nov 16
The second WRU disability rugby pilot has been delivered, this time in Caerphilly schools, culminating in a festival at the Caerphilly Centre of Sporting Excellence, Ystrad Mynach tomorrow. Plans are in place to set up a Disability Rugby Club in Newbridge to provide long-term playing opportunities.
| Osprey |
The then fictional ‘Sarah Siddons Award’, now a real award, is first referred to in the opening scene of which film starring Bette Davis? | This is what's become of Welsh rugby's biggest clubs in the 13 years since the game went regional - Wales Online
This is what's become of Welsh rugby's biggest clubs in the 13 years since the game went regional
What of the clubs that fought out the final full-fledged professional Welsh Premiership back in 2003?
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The expanded 16-club Principality Welsh Premiership could be welcoming two of rugby’s golden great clubs back to the land of the giants.
Swansea have already grabbed one of the four promotion places from the Swalec Championship and will be joining Merthyr in rubbing shoulders with he likes of Pontypridd, Cardiff, Newport and arch west Wales rivals Neath and Llanelli next season.
And they could be joined by Pontypool, who have spent four seasons in the second-tier Championship after their highly contentious relegation from the Premiership in 2012 that went all the way up to the High Court .
Read more: The promotion and relegation issues in Welsh rugby's top divisions
Pooler need to beat Bargoed in the Rhymney Valley on Saturday to secure promotion while defeat would leave them vulnerable to being overtaken by RGC 1404 for the final promotion place.
For Pooler, promotion back to the Premiership would be a welcome fillip for those at the club as four seasons ago they faced being wound up after being left with having to pay the WRU’s £160,000 legal bill for their failed High Court case.
The club’s executive chairman Peter Jeffreys saved them from the brink ploughing £100,000 into their survival fund and has remained at the club ever since to see arguably their greatest day in recent history should Pooler win at Bargoed Park.
Also read: Wales and Lions legend, who's played at Eden Park, with eyes firmly on showdown at Bargoed Park this weekend
The Welsh Premiership has had numerous overhauls since the game went regional in 2003 with the likes of Tonmawr, Glamorgan Wanderers and Maesteg all having their time in the limelight before sliding down the league structure – and in Tonmawr’s case all the way down to Division Three West Central B where they sit today.
But what of the clubs that fought out the final full-fledged professional Welsh Premiership back in 2003 when former Wales skipper Gareth Thomas lifted the trophy at Bridgend.
We take a look at how they fared after the advent of regional rugby in Wales...
BRIDGEND
Gareth Thomas, the Bridgend club captain celebrates after winning the championship after the Welsh Premiership match between Bridgend and Neath on May 20, 2003, at The Brewery Field (Photo: David Rogers/Getty Images)
It’s been a time of feast and famine for the Ravens since the Celtic Warriors region folded with third place in the Welsh Premiership secured in 2005 with Bridgend going one better a season later.
But then financial problems struck and the Ravens went into partnership with Bridgend Town FC to take 50% ownership of the club.
A series of disastrous results in the 2008-09 season saw them relegated out of the top flight for the first time in their history and it needed winning a play-off with Glamorgan Wanderers after lifting the Division One West title to return them to the promised land.
Bridgend had their struggles this season but a mid-season run has seen them finish 10th in the 12-club division.
(Photo: Randell John Photography)
PONTYPRIDD
The demise of the Celtic Warriors didn’t really hit the Valley Commandos hard as games were moved away from Sardis Road to the Brewery Field, Bridgend, before the region was controversially dissolved.
After seeing Neath dominate the late noughties, Ponty came into their own Premiership right in 2011 winning the title but losing the Premiership play-off final to third-placed Llanelli.
They met Llanelli again the following season but exacted revenge at Sardis Road though 2013 was arguably the most successful in the club’s history with a Welsh Premiership and Cup double as well as winning the play-off final, again against Llanelli.
They repeated the trophy treble the following year with Cross Keys their opponents this time in the play-off final, though Bridgend prevented them lifting the Welsh Cup in 2015 while a play-off final win over Ebbw Vale meant business as usual in the Premiership.
Dafydd Lockyer and Simon Humberstone of Pontypridd lift the trophy (Photo: Huw Evans Picture Agency)
NEATH
Having picked up a cabinet load of silverware in the late 80s and early 90s, the Welsh All Blacks were back as forces on the club scene with the advent of regional rugby. It was if the formation of the then Neath-Swansea Ospreys didn’t take place as the Gnoll outfit won four successive Premiership titles from 2005 and after a break in 2009 did so again in 2010.
They also won three Welsh Cups in that period.
Neath secure a third league title in successive years in 2007 (Photo: Darren Griffiths/©Huw Evans Agency Ltd.)
It hasn’t exactly been a bed or roses since as the local council sought a winding up order against the club in 2014 for unpaid rent and debts said to be totalling £60,000 and their off-pitch plight mirrored results on it.
This season they finished bottom of the Premiership with just one win to their name.
SWANSEA
Finishing second in 2010 was their highlight and four years later there was the hammer blow of relegation as they finished bottom of the table, just a point behind arch rivals Neath and Aberavon.
Despite beating Neath at St Helens, a bonus point for Aberavon cooked their goose and sent the All Whites into the Championship.
It was a far cry from the 90s when they lifted three Premiership titles and did so again in 2001, but relegation signalled a revamp of the club with Stephen Hughes taking the position of chairman, popular ex-prop Keith Colclough as managing director and Richard Lancaster leading a coaching team of former players including Rhodri Jones, Christian Loader and Ben Lewis.
In their first season Swansea missed out on promotion back to the Premiership, finishing in second place overall, but have sealed the deal this time around.
Swansea RFC seal promotion with dramatic victory against RGC 1404:
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CAERPHILLY
Probably the biggest victims of the advent of regional rugby as the Cheesemen found themselves excluded from the set-up.
It was months after the club were beaten by Castres in the Parker Pen Shield final at the Madejski Stadium and led to the club accusing the WRU of “bully boy tactics” over a claim for compensation for their exclusion from the regional set-up.
Caerphilly's Mark Workman lays ball down for Allen Chilten in the Parker Pen Shield Final (Photo: Huw Evans Agency Ltd)
They also instigated legal-proceedings against the Union, but on the pitch it started a decline of the club even though in 2004 they reached the Welsh Cup final losing to Neath.
In 2006 in a reduction from 17 to 16 clubs, it was decided three sides would be relegated which saw Caerphilly, Llanharan and Newbridge slide through the trap-door to Division One.
Those heady European cup final days were never to come back and Caerphilly are languishing down in Division Three East A alongside the likes of New Tredegar, Blackwood Stars and RTB Ebbw Vale.
CARDIFF
More than anything for Cardiff since the advent of regionalism back in 2003, success for the Blue & Blacks has been providing the nurturing ground for Welsh stars Jamie Roberts and Leigh Halfpenny.
They are the big name graduates from the Cardiff club side to the Blues regional team before going on to seek fame and fortune in France.
Jamie Roberts winning the Premiership player of the month for Cardiff RFC in April 2007
For Cardiff though it has been very much mid-table mediocrity for much of the Welsh Premiership years, except for second spot in 2008 and in 2009 when they lifted the title in a hard fought fight with arch rivals Newport.
They won it by three points in the end.
Next season marks more changes at the Arms Park when the Blues region will take over the running of the Cardiff club side.
NEWPORT
The 2003-04 season for the Black & Ambers was about as good as it was going to get as they lifted the title that season losing just two of their 30 games that term to have a massive 12-point cushion over second-placed Neath. The Welsh All Blacks were to turn the table on the Black & Ambers the following season.
From then on it has been craning their necks watching Neath and then Pontypridd snaffle the silverware though in 2015 Newport had a season to forget winning just five of their 22 games to finish bottom of the table though they were spared relegation when Championship title winners Bargoed failed to meet the required A licence standard to replace them.
Arwel Robson of the current Black and Ambers side
EBBW VALE
It’s fair to say Ebbw have never really hit the heights of the Mike Ruddock-coached pre-regional era when a trip to Eugene Cross Park was not for the faint-hearted.
Ebbw Vale's Mike Ruddock (Photo: DAVID HURST)
They did finish second to Pontypridd last season, in their first campaign back in the Welsh Premiership after winning the Championship crown.
They had been relegated to the second tier of the Welsh club game in 2010 just three years after finishing two points behind Neath in the race to the title.
Wes Cunliffe of Ebbw Vale is tackled by Elliot Frewen of Newport (Photo: Huw Evans Agency)
LLANELLI
The Parc y Scarlets club side have found their route to Premiership silverware constantly blocked by Pontypridd except for the 2011 season when they finished third in the table but beat Pontypridd 24-18 in the play-off final.
But the Valley Commandos held sway in the 2012 and 13 finals against the men from west Wales and like the Cardiff club side, Llanelli can feel proud of their production line to the Scarlets regional set-up with Wales No.15 Liam Williams one of their proudest boasts.
Liam Williams (Photo: ANDREW DAVIES)
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Which singer released a 2009 album entitled ‘Crazy Love’? | Michael Bublé: Crazy Love - Music on Google Play
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Iwan Davies
Brilliant Music....wrong generation Michael Buble is the king of this sort of music. It is a shame that more young people don't appreciate good music. Fantastic album :-)
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Best Buble' album I'm a huge MJ fan and he's one of my favourite singers along with,Michael Jackson although he suddenly,died somehow at the age of about 40,but nobody knows how,he died. Although olive this album! (*_*) :)
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Best Buble' album! I am a huge MB fan and have all of his albums and this one is definitely my favorite one! Excellent mix of songs! This is one I can just leave on and let it play...love this album! :)
Jae Minter
LOVE ME SOME HIM! His voice is heart wrenching...
ian palmer
Good album but pants You dont actually get the album you just get permission to stream it to your phone that's if you have Internet connection not such a great deal after all. Why cant you download the album?
Deveyon Douglas
Full Review
Caitlin Matthews February 10, 2014
Best Buble' album I'm a huge MJ fan and he's one of my favourite singers along with,Michael Jackson although he suddenly,died somehow at the age of about 40,but nobody knows how,he died. Although olive this album! (*_*) :)
Full Review
Laura Fraley December 25, 2013
Best Buble' album! I am a huge MB fan and have all of his albums and this one is definitely my favorite one! Excellent mix of songs! This is one I can just leave on and let it play...love this album! :)
Jae Minter March 30, 2014
LOVE ME SOME HIM! His voice is heart wrenching...
Full Review
ian palmer January 11, 2014
Good album but pants You dont actually get the album you just get permission to stream it to your phone that's if you have Internet connection not such a great deal after all. Why cant you download the album?
Deveyon Douglas April 25, 2013
No one better There is no one better than him <3
A Google User November 18, 2012
Have you ever... Heard a bad album, yet alone a bad song from Michael Buble'?
Full Review
Rachel Warren May 26, 2015
He's insanely talented. He's got the voice, lyrics are always amazing and he's super handsome lol his songs alwaysmakes me blush Yeah :)
Daniela Jimenez April 23, 2013
Truly excellent musician. Nobody else like Mr. Bublé
Blair Black January 5, 2014
Really love his voice. Could listen too him all day. Great music
Maryann Stump-Perry April 24, 2014
So beautiful tearful moment. Oh so many
randi Styles Irwin April 26, 2013
Amazing I love cry me a river!
Cody Holbert April 25, 2013
Take this album And cram it
Emmalouise Baker October 18, 2013
:O wow! Awsome! .......speechless......:-*
Alicia Selvera April 13, 2013
His work Modern jazz artists, just great
Precy May Cabato April 30, 2013
Love love love Amazing album you won't regret it
Tamara A October 7, 2015
Close your eyes Fab
the gameplayer October 19, 2014
Cry me a river EPIC
Aimee Jamison December 10, 2012
Sizzling Hot! Someone call the firetruck!!!!
Candacestarr Banks April 7, 2015
Corny Music is so corny
Olga Garcia March 18, 2016
Love him I can listen to his music all day long, everyday!
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Perfection Perfectly heartfelt, beautiful, and amazing. His voice melts my heart everytime :)
BBC BERKO September 30, 2013
AWSOME I love him I want to marry him right now right here in this moment
Frank Anderson September 24, 2013
Yes I love Michael Bluble!
Karon got bored November 2, 2014
Ooh I love the song just haven't met you yes song it is so good!!!
youtube watcher December 13, 2013
Excellent I really love his album . Nice music Greeting from Germany :)
Marcellus Benet Powell February 11, 2013
New Sinatra Buble is the new Sinatra!
Rory PRITCHARD September 13, 2014
Great Great album well worth getting one of mb s best albums.
Julie Fairweather January 13, 2014
Michael buble Brilliant album. Wanted it for ages. Bonus got it cheap x
Full Review
Sarah Björk December 14, 2014
Amazing album! Every song is relaxing and soothing... Perfect album to listen to after a LONG work week.
Austin Gubala April 8, 2013
Amazing stuff Nice relaxing music. I could listen to his stuff for hours.
Roxane Tucker February 3, 2015
Sgmbelle Better in person...his concerts are amazing but this works in between concerts lol
Lupe Ortiz February 5, 2013
Michael Buble' Great calming music. Thank you and Bless you!
| Michael Bublé |
The first Summer Paralympic Games were hosted by which European city in 1960? | Michael Bublé - Music on Google Play
Michael Bublé
About the artist
Michael Steven Bublé is a Canadian singer, songwriter, actor and record producer. He was recognized as an Italian citizen since birth by jure sanguinis in 2005. He has won several awards, including four Grammy Awards and multiple Juno Awards.
His first album reached the top ten in Canada and the UK. He found a worldwide audience with his 2005 album It's Time, and his 2007 album Call Me Irresponsible which reached number one on the Canadian Albums Chart, the UK Albums Chart, the US Billboard 200, the Australian ARIA Albums Chart and several European charts.
Bublé's 2009 album Crazy Love debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 after three days of sales, and remained there for two weeks. It was also his fourth number one album on Billboard's Top Jazz Albums chart. His 2011 holiday album, Christmas, was in first place on the Billboard 200 for the final four weeks of 2011 and the first week of 2012, totalling five weeks atop the chart, it also made the top 5 in the United Kingdom. With this, Christmas became his third-consecutive number-one album on the chart. To Be Loved was released in April 2013.
As of 2013, Bublé has sold over 55 million albums worldwide.
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To Be Loved is the eighth studio album and sixth major label studio album by Canadian vocalist and songwriter Michael Bublé. The album was released in the United Kingdom on April 15, 2013, before i...
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Christmas is the seventh studio album and fifth major label studio album released by Canadian singer Michael Bublé. The album was released on October 21, 2011 in Ireland, October 24, 2011 in the Un...
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Christmas is the seventh studio album and fifth major label studio album released by Canadian singer Michael Bublé. The album was released on October 21, 2011 in Ireland, October 24, 2011 in the Un...
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Crazy Love is the sixth studio album by Canadian vocalist Michael Bublé. It was released through 143 Records and Reprise Records on October 9, 2009. After only three days of sales, it opened atop t...
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Michael Bublé Meets Madison Square Garden is the Grammy award-winning third live album released by Canadian singer Michael Bublé. The album features an Audio CD and Live DVD, in the fashion of all ...
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Call Me Irresponsible is the fifth studio album and third major label studio album released by Grammy Award-winning Canadian singer Michael Bublé. The album was released on May 1, 2007. It has sold...
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What colour ensign is flown on all British merchant navy ships? | Ensign Flags | Pennants, Sail Flags and Red and Blue Ensigns
Any Nationality Ensign
Any Nationality Ensign -
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Red Ensign
The Red Ensign (red field with the Union Flag in the canton*) undefaced is for the use of all other British merchant navy ships and private craft. The Red Ensign is the correct flag to be worn as courtesy flag by foreign private vessels in United Kingdom waters. Merchant vessels from British overseas territories and Crown dependencies are entitled to Red Ensigns defaced with the badge of their Territory.
Blue Ensign
The Blue Ensign (dark blue field with the Union Flag in the canton) undefaced is worn by masters of vessels in possession of a warrant issued by the Director of Naval Reserves, and by the members of certain yacht clubs. Such warrants are issued to officers in the active or retired lists of the Royal Naval Reserve and the maritime reserve forces of other Commonwealth Realms and Territories. The master must be of the rank of lieutenant RN or above, and fishing vessels must be crewed by at least four other Royal Naval reservists or pensioners.
White Ensign
The White Ensign. Since the reorganisation of the Royal Navy in 1864, use of the White Ensign (a red St George's Cross on a white field with the Union Flag in the canton) has been restricted to ships, boats, submarines and on-shore establishments of the Royal Navy. The Royal Yacht Squadron also fly the white ensign by special dispensation. Many defaced ensigns with various badges and emblems have arisen over the years
* The canton is any quarter of a flag but most commonly means the upper left hand quarter.
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‘Twittering Machine’, declared ‘degenerate art’ by Adolph Hitler, was the 1922 work of which Swiss-German painter? | United Kingdom: Royal Navy
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United Kingdom: Royal Navy
History of the White Ensign
In origin there were three naval squadrons, of the Red, White and Blue, and they took these colours from those of the Union Jack. The division was made in the 1680s, if I remember correctly. Because the Red Ensigns of England and Scotland had already been established as merchant flags a Red Ensign with the Union in the canton became the merchant flag of Great Britain upon Union in 1707. This led to potential confusion - was that ship a merchantman or a member of the red squadron?
In 1864 it was decided to end this anomaly. Henceforth the White Ensign was reserved to the Royal Navy; the Blue Ensign undefaced to the Royal Naval Reserve and defaced with the appropriate departmental or territorial badge to government service; and the Red Ensign to the 'merchant navy' (as the term is in Britain).
Roy Stilling, 6 July 1996
Use of the White Ensign
I quote from the 1951 Admiralty Manual of Seamanship;
All H.M. ships in commission wear the White Ensign. It is worn at the ensign staff when in harbour; it is also worn at the ensign staff at sea whenever possible, but in bad weather, or when cleared for action, or during war, it is worn at the peak of the gaff on the mainmast, or on a suitable staff mounted in the after part of the ship.
I think that nothing has changed since then, except that the Navy now consists mainly of small ships in which, when at sea, it is usually more practical to fly the ensign from a mast rather than the ensign staff, particularly since many operate helicopters over the stern.
The White Ensign is flown at the peak of all Royal Navy/Royal Marines shore establishments, commanded by a commissioned officer, regardless of distance from the sea. There used to be a Naval Air Station near Nottingham, almost as far from the sea as you can get in Britain, but it was called H.M.S. Gamecock and flew the White Ensign. I can't remember if a commissioning pennant is flown at the masthead of shore establishments.
David Prothero, 14 July 1999
The Queen's Regulations for the Royal Navy, (London: HMSO, 1967) provides at paragraph 1210 that "In a fleet establishment commissioned as one of H.M. ships and similarly commanded, the masthead pennant is to be flown at the head of the flagstaff wherever fitted." From the context, "similarly commanded" means "commanded by a naval officer".
Joseph McMillan, 4 September 1999
Above the main entrance of the Ministry of Defence building in Whitehall are three flagpoles with the Royal Navy's white ensign, the British Army flag, and the RAF ensign flying in that order (from the observer's left to right).
Joseph McMillan, 23 September
Use as a battle ensign
Flying one or more additional flags in battle is a practice common to most navies. A single ensign might be shot away in the action, giving the impression that the ship had lowered its colours as a sign of surrender. In the Royal Navy the Battle Ensign is usually an extra large White Ensign, but during the First World War, Union Jacks, Blue Ensigns or Red Ensigns were flown as additional flags in case the White Ensign was mistaken for the rather similar German Naval Ensign.
David Prothero, 23 February 2006
Use as a distinguishing mark of a commanding officer with the royal commission
From the minutes of the 11th Meeting of the Committee for Imperial Defence held on the 26th May 1911, when the Canadian representatives were persuaded by some unusual arguments that their naval ships should fly the British White Ensign rather than the Canadian Blue Ensign.
Mr.Reginald McKenna. (First Lord of the Admiralty).
"There is one matter about which I think I ought to say something here, because it is a point, I think almost the only point, upon which we have not been able to come to a final agreement with the representatives of the Dominions in the matters relating to organisation, training and status - that is the question of the flag. I cannot help thinking that in the Dominions - in fact at home also - there is very considerable misunderstanding as to the meaning of our flags. Every ship of war in the British Navy carries two flags; it may carry more, but it always carries these two : it carries the Union Jack forward on what is called the jack-staff, and at the stern it carries the White Ensign. The meaning of the Union Jack is that that ship of war is a British ship of war, and I can trace back historically an unbroken record from 1634 that the flag carried upon the jack-staff is the flag that denotes nationality. The White Ensign on the other hand does not denote nationality at all. Its history is not so clear as the history of the Union Jack if you go back centuries. But for many years now it has had but one meaning. When a ship flies the White Ensign it means that the officer who commands that ship has received the King's commission. I know there is a single exception to that, with which I will deal in a moment, but in the British Navy, and all the world over, that is the meaning of the White Ensign and nothing else. So true is this that a number of vessels in the British Navy, such as harbour boats and others, which are not commanded by an officer carrying the King's commission, do not fly the White Ensign, but the Blue Ensign. The White Ensign is not a symbol of the British Admiralty nor necessarily of the British Navy. It is only a symbol of the King's commission. The single exception to which I referred is the Royal Yacht Squadron. In 1829, when the Duke of Clarence, subsequently William IV, was Lord High Admiral and a member of the Royal Yacht Squadron, he secured as a privilege to that club the use of the White Ensign. They ought not to have had it; but I do not think at that time the meaning of flags was as well understood, or their distinctive use appreciated, as it is to-day. There is no doubt that the Admiralty took very stringent steps subsequent to that period to prevent what had become a common practice of flying illegal colours. Nobody has taken away the White Ensign from the Royal Yacht Squadron; it is traditional now, and this exception has been allowed to stand; but with that exception the White Ensign has only the meaning, that the officer commanding the ship carries the King's commission."
Asked if the White Ensign of the Royal Yacht Squadron carried any letters on it, McKenna continued.
"It does not carry any distinctive mark. I give that as the single exception. It is not an exception of any great extent. The yachts of the Royal Yacht Squadron are never likely to be confounded with men of war; but still it is an exception and dates back a very long time. There is no other exception and frequently since 1829 both clubs and individuals have been prevented by the Admiralty from flying the White Ensign. I understand that it is common ground between us that every officer in the Imperial Navy, whichever fleet he may be in, whether the British, Canadian, Australian or New Zealand Fleet (if she had one), or the Cape Fleet (if she had one), will receive the King's commission, and if the officer receives the King's commission, he ought to be entitled, when he goes on board his ship and takes command, to hoist the White Ensign. It is the symbol that he does carry the King's commission. If you say no, the Blue Ensign is enough for you, the Admiralty can give the right to hoist the Blue Ensign, it is not the King's commission and it would be doing the very thing which I have understood not to be desirable - giving to the British Admiralty the appearance of a power which they do not claim and do not desire. Nationality ought to be denoted by the flags on the jack-staff, and they will be different I assume in each fleet. But the White Ensign ought to be common to all as the symbol that the navy is the Royal Navy.
Mr.Malan (Minister of Education, South Africa). "What exactly is the difference of opinion now as regards the flying of the flag, between the Imperial authorities and the Dominion authorities ?"
McKenna. "As I understand - and Sir Wilfrid Laurier (Prime Minister of Canada) could perhaps help me here - his representative Mr.Smith, K.C., who came over here, gave us to understand that your desire was that you should not have the White Ensign but the Blue Ensign, with a difference."
Mr.Brodeur (Minister of Militia and Defence, Canada). "On the question of the Blue Ensign, although we are not very particular about the Blue Ensign, we thought under the King's Regulations which are now in force in Canada, the only flag we would be allowed to fly would be the Blue Ensign because in the King's Regulations it is formally stated that 'All vessels belonging to the Dominion and armed, are obliged to carry the Blue Ensign.' This is what Mr.Smith was instructed to state."
McKenna. "I was looking at the question more from the point of view of the future than the past. Of course we should have to pass an Act, but in passing an Act we should contemplate the White Ensign as in future being the badge of the King's commission throughout the Imperial Fleet."
Brodeur. "He was instructed also to suggest whether it would not be possible to have the White Ensign with the arms of Canada in the centre of the Cross like the maple leaf, for example, or the Canadian arms. Perhaps there might be some objection to the Canadian arms being used because they are somewhat complicated; but those Canadian arms might be changed I believe. As you have stated the White Ensign represents the King's commission. The commissions to be given by the Dominions are to be given by the representatives of His Majesty. Perhaps it might be advisable in those circumstances that there should be something distinctive on the White Ensign to show that the commission that the White Ensign is supposed to represent has been given by the Dominion."
McKenna. "That is a difficulty. It is a question of the officers themselves. Your officers will go in our ships and our officers will serve in your ships, and there ought
to be interchangeability. I think that is common ground between us."
Brodeur. "Yes."
McKenna. "The officer serving in every case will have received the King's commission, whether directly from the King's own hand or signed by the hand of the Governor-General."
Brodeur. "I suppose the officer's commissions in the Admiralty, even the lieutenant's are signed by the King himself."
McKenna. "Yes ; every one."
Brodeur. "In our case they will not be signed by the King, but by the Governor-General, and in that case, as the commissions which are going to our officers will not be absolutely the same as the ones given to your officers, would it not be just as well to have something distinctive upon the flag ?"
McKenna. "Legally, it has precisely the same effect, and very often it will happen that our battleships will be commanded by your captains and you ships by our captains."
Brodeur. "Yes ; but when there is a British officer on our ship, the ship of course will also have the Canadian flag on the jack-staff."
McKenna . "Yes."
Brodeur. "We are speaking of the Blue Ensign which is going to fly astern. Do not you think in such a case it would be better to have a distinction made between the two, because commissions will not be given by absolutely the same authority ? Theoretically it will be the same. but in fact it will not be the same, because in your case the commission will be signed by the King himself, and in our case it will be the commission signed by the Governor-General."
McKenna. "It may not be so ; it may be a commission to one of our officers signed by the King. I think you are really getting, if I may so, into the notion of the White Ensign something of nationality which does not exist in it. Nationality is determined by the flag on the jack-staff."
Brodeur. "I will take precisely what you say in that respect - that the White Ensign represents the commission."
McKenna. "It is one commission whoever signs it, whether the King himself or his representative."
Brodeur. "As in both cases the commissions are not to be issued by the same person, would it not be advisable to have a difference ?"
McKenna. "Legally they are by the same person ; they are precisely the same in effect."
Mr. Herbert Asquith (British Prime Minister). "Suppose this case, which would be quite possible: a Canadian officer who has received his commission under the signature of the Governor-General, commanding a British ship. Do you suggest he should bring with him an ensign marked with a Canadian distinction."
Brodeur. "No, I do not think so in that case."
Asquith "Then take the converse case of a British officer who has received his commission signed by the King himself commanding a Canadian ship, what ensign is he to fly ?"
Brodeur. "I think that is a commission that will be represented by the White Ensign as the nationality of the ship itself."
Asquith. "I am supposing a Canadian ship commanded for the time being by a British officer who has got his commission signed by the King; what ensign do you suggest should be flown ?"
Brodeur. "I see a difficulty in such a case."
Asquith. "You see, if there is interchangeability it becomes very difficult to work it out, whereas the flag on the jack-staff would always indicate what is the nationality of the vessel. I understand that is the proposal."
McKenna. "It is."
Asquith "The Union Jack shows that it is a British vessel. I do not know what is the precise symbol you propose to have on the Jack-staff. Would not that be a more convenient way of indicating the nationality of the ship than by this difficult question of the commission ? I only throw it out as a suggestion."
Provisional Agreement.
82.C.1. The United Kingdom, Australian and Canadian Fleets to be sister members of the King's Navy, hoisting a common ensign, the White Ensign, as the symbol of the authority of the Crown, and each flying in addition its own distinctive flag forward on the jack-staff.
[National Archives (PRO) CAB 38/18. On microfilm item 40]
David Prothero
Use as a courtesy ensign
Should a visiting warship display a "courtesy ensign" at all and, if so, in the case of British waters should this courtesy ensign be the White Ensign (by analogy with the rule governing the use of the Red Ensign as courtesy by merchant ships) or should it rather be the Union Flag?
Merrick Bryan-Kinns, 8 September 2004
The answer is that in British waters a foreign warship would fly a White Ensign if they were to fly a courtesy ensign at all - it's not required by law that they do, but is always appreciated. Similarly vessels in government service, but not in their navy, should fly a Blue Ensign as a courtesy ensign. All other vessels should fly the Red Ensign. Of course warships and government vessels could fly a Red Ensign if they didn't have the appropriate White or Blue Ensign. It is an offence under the Merchant Shipping Act to fly a Union Flag from a ship, other than a commissioned ship of Her Majesty's Royal Navy. An appropriate course of action for an RN officer who notes a foreign vessel flying a Union Flag is to first check that no Admiral of the Fleet is visiting (the only possible reason for a foreign ship to be flying a Union Flag), and then present the vessel in question with an appropriately sized White Ensign to replace their erroneous flag, and explain diplomatically that they should not be flying the Union Flag.
As for the opposite case, a British warship in foreign waters, Queen's Regulations state that RN ships do not fly courtesy ensigns, but in true British fashion they sometimes do! They fly the naval ensign of the country they are visiting. In fact British warships even fly courtesy ensigns in Britain! When a warship is visiting a port in Scotland or Wales it is quite common for the ship to fly a saltire or red dragon as a courtesy ensign.
Graham Bartram, 8 September 2004
The Dunkirk Little Ships were those vessels taken up and used during Operation Dynamo in 1940. They may fly the White Ensign at the jack when at anchor or in port but not at sea when the normal ensign applies.
Steven Vincent, 10 September 2002
Reported on the Royal Navy website :
Following a personal recommendation by the First Sea Lord, Her Majesty the Queen has graciously approved the presentation of the Sovereign's Colour for the Royal Navy to the Royal Naval Reserve (RNR) in recognition of their continuing support to the Regular Service. Commodore John Ellis, the Senior Reserve Officer, said: "This is a tremendous accolade for those who have served in the RNVR and RNR and for those serving today. The Wavy Navy (RNVR) which was amalgamated into the RNR in 1958, provided more than 80% of Naval Officers and Ratings in 1945 and that valiant spirit lives on, with more than 97% of today's RNR coming from a volunteer civilian background."
It is planned to combine the presentation of the Sovereign's Colour with a special parade in London to mark the centenary of the Naval Volunteer Reserves next year.
David Prothero, 21 August 2002
The Royal Naval Reserve does not have its own flag as such. RNR shore establishments fly the white ensign and the fast patrol boats used by the URNU are commissioned RN ships. The blue ensign may be used by RNR captains on merchant ships but I am not aware of any examples of commissioned ships being captained by RNR Officers. Territorial Army personnel are signed out of the TA and into the Regular Army when deployed on operations. Assuming parity with the RNR, and on that basis, I cannot imagine ever seeing an RNR Officer as Captain of a warship. Although theoretically possible (as RN ships fly both an ensign and pennant) the reference below confirms it is rarely seen in the Service.
A more succinct version of this, below (1), was taken from http://www.sea-dreamer.com/page.asp?pagename=ensign and the official version, bottom(2), was taken from http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3649 .
1. The Blue Ensign undefaced is worn by masters of vessels in possession of a warrant issued by the Director of Naval Reserves, and by the members of certain yacht clubs. Such warrants are issued to officers in the active or retired lists of the Royal Naval Reserve and the maritime reserve forces of other Commonwealth Realms and territories. The master must be of the rank of Lieutenant RN or above, and fishing vessels must be crewed by at least four other Royal Naval reservists or pensioners.
2. A variety of defaced Blue Ensigns are worn by Government vessels other than warships. Undefaced Blue Ensigns may be used by the holder of an Admiralty warrant which may be granted to the master of a merchant ship who is in the RNR. Blue Ensigns (defaced or undefaced) are also granted to some civil authorities and yacht clubs. It is rare to see an undefaced Blue Ensign in military service.
David Clegg, 3 May 2006
Dominion Navy Colours
Edwards (1953) , page 145 and illustration of King's Colour Royal Navy on page opposite shows an illustration with a gold cord and gold tassels, while the text describes the Colour as having, "... red, white and blue silk cord and gold tassels." In fact the cord is blue and gold, and the tassels are blue and gold, and have probably never been otherwise. They are described as such in correspondence of 1925 in ADM 1/8972, and can be seen in colour photographs of the Colour being paraded at the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997.
Red, white and blue cord was used only on the "Service Colours", which had no Cypher or Crown, approved 5th March 1924, but replaced by the "King's Colour", approved 12th May 1925.
The Colours of Dominion Navies were the same as those of the Royal Navy except for the Royal Indian Navy, which had GRI [George Rex Imperator] as the Cypher, instead of GRV or later GRVI. They were taken to the National Defence Academy in Delhi in December 1950.
ADM 1/20767
A Colour was presented to the Royal Indian Navy in 1935. A problem arose in 1947 when the Navy was divided between India and Pakistan; which navy should have the Colour, supposing that either wanted it? The Colour was taken to Delhi on 10th August, five days before Independence, and lodged in the Defence Academy three years later.
David Prothero, 18, 20 June 2000
Corps of the Royal Marines
I don't know if it is the general practice, but a boat operated on the River Congo by 40 Commando, Royal Marines, flew the White Ensign above the Corps of the Royal Marines flag. The latter is officially, I think, the Royal Marine badge superimposed on a horizontally striped flag. The stripes (from the top) are: dark blue 4 units, yellow 1 unit, green 1 unit, red 2 units, blue 4 units. This represents the pattern of the Royal Marine stable belt on a blue flag. Blue for the maritime connection, yellow for the original uniform colour, green for the light infantry and red for the uniform colour in 1876. In the photograph of the boat, the flag has been simplified by omitting the badge and making all the stripes the same width.
David Prothero, 25 September 1999
This is the camp flag of Royal Marines headquarters, rather than the Royal Marines themselves. The Royal Marines do not have an ensign of their own and use the white ensign. Unlike the Royal Navy, they do have their own set of camp flags. 40 Commando's camp flag is unequal vertical stripes of light blue, dark blue, light blue. There are gold daggers on the light blue stripes and the Royal Navy badge on the dark blue stripe.
Graham Bartram, 27 September 1999
Each unit of the Corps of the Royal Marines has is own house flag and will fly this where they can. The Corps uses the Union flag when in Barracks, as a Commando in its home, on land base is working under the Army Act. This may change with the new amphibious force which is forming now jointly commanded by the Commandant General as the Military head and an Admiral as the amphibious head. The Corps uses the White Ensign on all her boats as they belong to the Navy, but as you say may fly a house flag alongside this. The Corps always uses a White Ensign on Naval Bases but may fly the Corps Colours (Blue, Red, Green, Yellow). You might also find that at Barracks like Lympestone, and Stonehouse the Corps might only use this flag in preference to either the Union flag or the White Ensign.
Roger, Royal Marines, 26 December 2001
See also:
Royal Marine regimental flags (better representations of these unit flags are shown on World Flag Database )
Just a note on the RMR flags on this web page (which stands for Royal Marines Reserves, as opposed to the full-time, professional units): they are obviously geographically based, with the London and the Scottish units using the London flag and the Scottish saltire respectively defaced with the badge of the Royal Marines. The other three units, Bristol, Mersey and Tyne, are vertical tribands with the RM badge on a red ground in the centre while the two outer bands have an element from the arms of the relevant city - the Liver bird for Mersey (Liverpool); the tower for Tyne (Newcastle upon Tyne) and the unicorns which are the supporters on the arms of Bristol.
Andr� Coutanche, 14 November 2005
Note that these flags are unit "flags" and not "Colours". An example of a Royal Marines Regimental Colour can be seen at http://www.royalmarinesregimental.co.uk/histctrad05.htm .
T.F. Mills, 14 November 2005
Shifting the Colours
When did the Royal Navy adopt the "shift colours" procedure?
As far as the "colours procedure" is concerned, I can tell you why the practice started in the RN and roughly when, but not when (if ever) it was formalised? The wearing of an ensign at 'the peak' as opposed to an ensign staff at the stern, was introduced because of the replacement of a loose-footed spanker on the mizzenmast by a gaff sail with a horizontal boom which projected over the taffrail (and would have knocked it off its staff when the ship was underway). Whatever date the process started, it can confirm that it was not complete (in major ships at least) by 1805, since some of the ships which fought at Trafalgar carried their ensigns at the peak and some from a staff.
With the introduction of 'mastless ironclads' into the battle fleet - from the 1870's onward - the 'necessity' disappeared as fast as new ships could be built to replace the steam-assisted sailors, but the practice of an ensign on a staff when moored and from the peak at sea appears to have continued because of 'custom and practice'? With this introduction the practical reason for not flying a jack whilst underway ceased as well, and I wonder if the RN also took to flying them underway during the years before 1900?
Christopher Southworth, 1 October 2004
From my own experience as a sea-going commanding officer and 35 years of Naval service, the following observations on this subject. In modern navies the shifting of the colours from ensign staff to the masthead gaff was for the purely practical reason that leaving the ensign staff up (the reason for shifting the ensign in the first place is to strike the ensign staff) would interfere with the operation of aircraft (helos) and armament (turrets and ASW mortars). The only ceremonial involved was that the striking of the ensign at the ensign staff was not to be done before the ensign at the gaff was close-up. The ensign at the gaff was usually a storm ensign for obvious reasons. When in company, this evolution might be ordered by signal by the Officer in Tactical Command (OTC).
It was also the practice in our [i.e. South African] Navy (issued as an instruction after one ship managed to shoot its own jackstaff to smithereens) to strike the jackstaff as soon as the ship has left harbour. To protect it from foul weather also, even when no shoots are scheduled, the jack staff is struck and lashed on the forecastle as soon as the ship is at sea.
I have never heard of the jack being flown whilst underway in modern navies (except of course for ceremonial reasons such as dress ship days or conveying a head of state). The hoisting and lowering of the jack during the day (that is other than at the ceremony of Sunset) is today in fact a signal. The jack is hoisted as soon as the anchor is let go or the first line goes ashore when coming alongside. Similarly it is struck as soon as the anchor is up and down, i.e., broken loose from the ground, or the last line is cast off from the quay. In close waters the lack of a jack flying in a warship (and to some degree in merchant vessels) is thus a signal to all in the vicinity that the ship is underway, or when it is flying, that the ship is attached to the land in some way.
I suspect that these practices also apply in the British Royal Navy for the same reasons.
Andre Burgers, Cape Town, 1 October 2004
I don't think that, in general, it ever has been officially changed. Photographs show that RN ships normally leave the ensign on its staff at the stern, and only occasionally fly it from the mast of a ship with only one mast. Ships with two masts hoisted the ensign on a gaff at the after mast. Some ships, destroyers/frigates/ corvettes in WW2, and current mine counter-measure ships had/have a stub mast on the superstructure between the funnel and the stern on which the ensign is hoisted, sometimes on a gaff. Hoisting the jack in harbour was not made an official requirement until 1920, and before that, in some places and circumstances, was prohibited.
1844 Queen's Regulations; "... and with Union Jacks at bowsprit ends when it shall be thought proper to display them". It was not until 1913 that "jack staff" replaced "bowsprit-ends".
1907 Plymouth Station Order Book; "Ships refitting, coaling, giving general leave, or otherwise out of routine are to hoist ensign only, the jack when hoisted signifying that the ship is in full routine, and ready for the service for which she was commissioned."
1920 King's Regulations; "Union Flag is to be worn at the jack staff by all ships when in harbour, or under way and dressed with masthead flags." It is thought that this amendment changed a long-standing custom into an official instruction..
David Prothero, 2 October 2004
The following references to flags appear in, "Regulations and Instructions Relating to His Majesty's Service at Sea. Established by His Majesty in Council 1808."
Flag Officers.
XXII. "A Flag Officer is never to allow the squadron to carry the Colours hoisted at sea nor to hoist them in blowing weather in harbour."
XXVI. "If any Flag Officer shall die when on actual service his flag shall be lowered to half mast and shall continue so until he is buried."
The Captain.
XX. "He is to be very careful of the ship's Colours which are never to be hoisted at sea except on meeting with other ships, or for the purpose of being dried; nor are they to be hoisted in harbour in blowing weather."
Of Colours.
I. That Flag Officers are only to carry their own rank flag.
II. That when two Flag Officers of the same rank serve together the Commander-in-Chief may order either to carry such other flag as he sees fit.
III. About boat flags for admirals.
IV. "Packets employed by the Post Office and having a commander appointed by a commission from the Admiralty are permitted to carry a Red Ensign, a Jack, and a Pendant, but no other Pendant."
V. "Merchant ships are to carry a Red Ensign with a Union Jack in canton, and White Jack with Red Cross, commonly called St George's Cross, passing quite through it."
VI. "Private Commissions or letters of Marque or letters of Reprisal are to carry the same Ensign as merchant ships, and a Union Jack with a broad red border at the end and foot thereof."
VII. "Ships employed by Public Offices carry the same Ensign and Jack as ships having letters of Marque except that in the fly of the Ensign there shall be described the seal of the office to which they belong."
VIII. That foreign ships were not to be allowed to ride in ports and roads with false colours.
David Prothero, 18 February 2005
Decommissioned ships preserved as memorials
"Belfast" in London, "Haida" in Toronto, and "Sackville" in Halifax, Nova Scotia, have I think always been allowed to fly the White Ensign. "Plymouth" and "Bronington" both in Birkenhead used to fly a White Ensign, the fly defaced with the words 'Historic Warship', but now have permission to fly the undefaced White Ensign.
HMS "President" flew the White Ensign while she was the drill ship of the London Division of the RNVR/RNR, from 1904 until 1988, when the Division moved to premises at St Katherine's Dock, below Tower Bridge. She was the screw sloop formerly HMS "Buzzard" until 1922, when the name was transferred to the sloop formerly HMS "Saxifrage". She was joined by a sister ship HMS "Chrysanthemum" in 1939. Both ships were sold in 1988. HMS "President" should originally have flown the Blue Ensign. It was, I think, her unchallenged use of the White Ensign that set a precedent, and led to the White Ensign becoming the official ensign of the RNVR in 1924.
David Prothero, 9 August 2005
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A serin is what type of creature? | Siren | Supernatural Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
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Siren's True Form seen through a mirror.
A Siren's true form is that of an ugly, hairless, vaguely-humanoid monstrosity with gaunt, inhuman facial features. Like many creatures in the Supernatural Universe, they are able to take on multiple forms to deceive their prey— humans —usually transforming into a person that matches their victims' desire, such as a lover, friend or anything else that person may long for. In ancient times, they lived on islands and forced sailors to chase them, driving their ships onto the rocks.
By using a sort of venom gland in their mouths, they can infect people with large doses of the hormone oxytocin (a hormone that is produced during childbirth, lactation, and sex; sometimes called the "love hormone") or at the very least, one similar to it. Victims with this much of the hormone in their systems experience an intense sense of euphoria and love for the creature that extends beyond just the physical and/or sexual realms. They truly love the creature to their cores and need and desire whatever the creature says it does for itself, and as acts of love and devotion, the ensnared are willing to carry out drastic, most usually violent and deadly requests simply for the asking. These terrible acts are usually perpetrated against those the victim loved before being infected—proving just how much they love the siren. Once these acts of violence are enacted (or even just as they've begun), the siren "gets bored" and immediately vanishes, leaving their victims emotionally broken to deal with the consequences of their own actions.
Unlike many monsters, Sirens do not technically feed on humans. Instead, they feel an intense rush of pleasure when their victims carry out atrocities against other loved ones. Like the people they infect, the intense feelings of euphoria do not last long and they quickly grow bored with their targets and venture off to find others.
Known Abilities
Edit
Telepathy - Sirens can read the minds of their targets, learning what it is that person desires and yearns for in others and then giving that to them through illusion. This includes not just physical characteristics, but also mental ones. The siren who wooed Dean was able to offer Dean a person with similar interests in cars, women, life views and provide the illusion of someone he could trust (the last being an issue he was having with Sam at this point in the series), most likely by picking the details needed directly from his brain.
Shapeshifting - Sirens can alter the perceptions into anyone befitting their target, so they can get close to their victims and infect them with their essence. Because a Siren's true visage can be seen in a mirror, it's possible that this is not genuine shape-shifting, but rather just a form of affecting the perceptions of the humans around them.
Venom Compulsion - Once infected, the target becomes completely and utterly enthralled with the Siren and is willing to do anything to prove their love and devotion. The compulsion is so powerful that they do these things regardless of personal beliefs, desires, morals or of the consequences resulting from said acts. Not even Sam and Dean could keep themselves from killing one another, and they were both fully aware of the Siren's nature and that they were infected.
Weaknesses
Edit
A siren depicted in a book.
In Greek mythology, the Sirens (Greek singular: ΣειρήνSeirēn; Greek plural: ΣειρῆνεςSeirēnes) were three dangerous bird-women, portrayed as seductresses who lured nearby sailors with their enchanting music and voices to shipwreck on the rocky coast of their island.
Sirens combined women and birds in various ways. In early Greek art, Sirens were represented as birds with large women's heads, bird feathers and scaly feet. Later, they were represented as female figures with the legs of birds, with or without wings, playing a variety of musical instruments, especially harps. The tenth century Byzantine encyclopedia Suda says that, from their chests up, sirens had the form of sparrows, below they were women, or, alternatively, that they were little birds with women's faces. Birds were chosen because of their beautiful voices. Later Sirens were sometimes depicted as beautiful women, whose bodies, not only their voices, are seductive.
| Bird |
How wide is a singles tennis court in feet? | Five mythical creatures we'd like to see on 'Teen Wolf' • Hypable
Tariq Kyle
Teen Wolf is breaking the supernatural barriers by being a show about werewolves that refuses to get vampires in on the story until they have no more ideas left. We love this about them, so we thought we’d mention a few creatures they could include in the story before resorting to the stereotypical werewolf/vampire drama.
The cast and crew of Teen Wolf have already nixed the idea of vampires coming to Beacon Hills any time soon, and we were elated to hear the news. So naturally, being a huge fan of supernatural dramas, we thought we’d come up with five creatures that would make an amazing presence on Teen Wolf while still matching the feel of the show.
The Phoenix
This mythical bird can be found in the mythologies of the Greeks, Persians, Romans, Chinese and even the Egyptians. Of course, any Harry Potter fan will know about the phoenix because of Dumbledore’s pet, Fawkes. However, Harry Potter isn’t the only fandom that could make use of a bird that is reborn.
The phoenix is a symbol of a new beginning because part of the myth is that once it has reached the end of its 500-1000 year lifecycle, it builds a nest and ignites, burning to ashes. The phoenix is then reborn from its ashes to start anew, and we can’t think of a better way to symbolically give Teen Wolf a new start from the already established movie fandom of the same name. Plus, imagine the hilarity that would ensue if Stiles found a Phoenix in its nest only to witness it burn to ashes and be reborn. The show already has a set veterinary clinic, so they could easily work a phoenix into one of the cages there.
Sirens
These are already huge in Hollywood, and there are so many things that Teen Wolf can do with the mythology of a siren in Beacon Hills. Sirens vary from story to story, but the overall principle is the same: Maidens that lure men with beauty and music or singing with the intent to murder.
Beacon Hills is in California, so it wouldn’t be too wild for sirens to be lurking in the waters by the beach. Even if Jeff Davis doesn’t like the idea of a marine based monster, they could take Sirens back to the woods since in many myths, they are not sea deities. Either way, it’d be really interesting to see even more powerful females in this show that aren’t necessarily a wolf or hunter.
Incubus/Succubus
A bit more on the adult side of legendary myths, but hey, it’s MTV! The incubus is a male demon known for seducing women and sleeping with them with the sole goal of creating demonic offspring. The female version of an incubus would be a succubus, so the show can really go either way with this bitch of a beast!
The great thing about an incubus (or succubus) is that they don’t have to have a demonic form or look weird, and our friends in Beacon Hills would have no idea what hit them unless someone really well versed in mythology met one. They’d be a great plot tool for future seasons, and we’d love to hear a conversation with Scott and Stiles starting with, “dude, you slept with a succubus?!”
Necromancer
Not necessarily a creature, a necromancer is just a human who practices black magic to raise the dead. We’ve already witnessed brief glimpses of magic when Stiles only had a minute amount of mountain ash to create a barrier with, so necromancy isn’t too far off.
If Dr. Deaton is really somehow practicing a form of magic, then it’s natural that we have enemies who perform magic as well. A necromancer would be also be a great plot device, and while Teen Wolf won’t be the only show to have brought a necromancer on, we’re sure that Jeff Davis and team can take it to a whole new level.
Wendigos
We’ve seen these creatures utilized in shows like Charmed and Supernatural, but wendigos are the type of creatures that can be completely remade to fit an original story for Teen Wolf. They’re cannibalistic creatures that are anti-social, normally dwelling in caves or abandoned buildings, where they keep their kidnapped prey before they eat.
The general consensus about wendigos are that they’re humans or other beings that have gone crazy due to emotional suffrage over a long period of time. However, other suggestions imply their change is because they’ve eaten human meat and are paying the price for the treachery to their species. In some stories, a scratch or bite from a wendigo turns you into one, and in others it’s an affliction that cannot be healed and the person would have to be killed. Either way, Teen Wolf can take advantage of this hideous and scary beast in any way they see fit, and we’d love to see how they go about this epic myth.
Disclaimer: Images are linked to their source.
Which myths do you want to see on ‘Teen Wolf’?
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As the 89th Academy Awards approach, we take a trip back to 2007 to see how memorable the ceremony really was 10 years ago.
Ah, the Oscars. What a night. Glitz and glamour, lots of rich and beautiful people crying and thanking each other. What’s not to like?
Related: 2016 Oscars: Leo finally wins, Mad Max: Fury Road cleans up
In 10 years, will we look back at the 2017 Oscars and remember every detail of Emma Stone and Ryan Gosling awkwardly accepting award after award for La La Land while the other nominees politely clap and try not to grit their teeth? Or will the event fade into distant memory?
Maybe we can get an answer to that question by dialling back the clock to 2007 and see just how clearly we remember the 79th Academy Awards.
How did you do? Tell us how well you remember the 79th Academy Awards in the comments!
The nominations for the 89th Academy Awards will be unveiled Tuesday, January 24.
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You may know that one of those dogs-are-so-great-and-warm-our-hearts movies, A Dog’s Purpose, is hitting theaters very soon. Unfortunately, it’s now embroiled in controversy.
TMZ has released a video from the film’s Canadian set depicting a German Shepherd being forced into a fast-moving stream of water. As you can tell, the dog clearly does not want to go in it.
The most upsetting part of the video comes at the very end when we see the dog finally in the fake river but having trouble staying above water. The crew calls cut to rescue him/her.
“Sources connected to production tell us eight outboard motors were used to churn the water and recreate a rushing river,” says TMZ. “The dog eventually got in the water — or was forced in — but was quickly submerged.”
At 1:28 in the below trailer you can see a scene that looks similar to what was being filmed in TMZ’s video:
Universal and their partners at Amblin told TMZ in a statement, “Fostering a safe environment and ensuring the ethical treatment of our animal actors was of the utmost importance to those involved in making this film and we will look into the circumstances surrounding this video.”
A Dog’s Purpose stars Dennis Quaid and Britt Robertson. It opens next Friday, January 27.
Update: Josh Gad, who voices a dog in the movie, issued the following statement on Instagram. He speaks highly of the film but says he finds the leaked video “disturbing.”
“While I do not know all of the details and cannot speak to the level of care and caution that went into this moment (as I was never on set for the marking of this film), I am shaken and sad to see any animal put in a situation against its will.”
A photo posted by Josh Gad (@joshgad) on
Jan 19, 2017 at 5:41am PST
We’re suddenly way less interested in seeing this.
— Sony Pictures (@SonyPictures) January 18, 2017
Original story (May 2016): Heroic Hollywood, who has a good record of breaking superhero news, is the source behind the exciting development. As was previously announced, the animated Spider-Man movie will be produced by LEGO Movie helmers Phil Lord and Chris Miller. The duo are also set to direct the Star Wars Han Solo spinoff for Lucasfilm.
Who is Miles Morales? As we wrote in a lengthy tell-all about the character last year :
Miles Morales is the current Spider-Man in Marvel’s Ultimate Comics series. Introduced in 2011, Miles is a black-hispanic young man who, like Peter Parker, is a talented scientist and self-proclaimed nerd. However, unlike his predecessor, Morales steps into the superhero’s shoes at the surprisingly young age of 13.
Raised in Brooklyn, Miles was born into a family plagued by criminal activity. Before settling down with his wife Rio, Miles’s father Jefferson used to be crime partners with his brother Aaron (Miles’s uncle). However, where Jefferson tried to shrink away from the lifestyle, Aaron continues to embrace it — assuming the role of classic Marvel villain the Prowler. After pulling off a heist on Oscorp, Aaron unknowingly takes a genetically modified spider home with him. It is at Aaron’s house that Miles is bit by the spider and starts the transformation into Spider-Man.
Where Peter Parker relished the opportunity to become spidey, Miles is reluctant to enter the world of vigilantism. What’s more, his family’s criminal history causes him to question whether or not he can ever be a hero, or if evil is hardwired into him.
Oh, and one other cool thing about him: The guy is immortal, unlike the Peter Parker version of Spider-Man.
Related: Who is Miles Morales? We explain everything
The rumor mill was alive with chatter about the MCU’s Spidey being the Miles Morales version last year, but obviously those reports never panned out. The Peter Parker version of Spider-Man was introduced in Captain America: Civil War, played by Tom Holland. He’s getting his own spinoff film, Spider-Man: Homecoming, next year.
Telling the Miles Morales story on screen may be just the thing the animated Spider-Man movie needs in order for it to draw people into the theaters in December 2018. We’ve had enough Peter Parker stories!
2018 will be a great year for super hero diversity: Marvel’s Black Panther starring Chadwick Boseman will be released a few months earlier.
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The Star-Spangled Banner is the national anthem of which country? | NMAH | National Anthem
National Anthem
Sing The National Anthem
During the 19th century, “The Star-Spangled Banner” became one of the nation’s best-loved patriotic songs. It gained special significance during the Civil War, a time when many Americans turned to music to express their feelings for the flag and the ideals and values it represented. By the 1890s, the military had adopted the song for ceremonial purposes, requiring it to be played at the raising and lowering of the colors. Despite its widespread popularity, “The Star-Spangled Banner” did not become the National Anthem until 1931.
Collect Stars To Complete The Flag
Found 00 of 15
When did “The Star-Spangled Banner” officially become the United States’s national anthem?
1931
How to Use This Resource in Your Classroom
Armed Forces Instrumental Arrangement
During World War I the War department established a standard arrangement to be used by U.S. military bands. Although this arrangement is often used in nonmilitary performances, there is no single official version of the anthem designated for civilian use. Courtesy Maryland Historical Society.
Soprano Francis Alda, 1917
By the early 1900s the Star-Spangled Banner was a fixture at public ceremonies and celebrations. Courtesy of Library of Congress.
A Military Anthem
The first official step toward making “The Star-Spangled Banner” the national anthem was taken in 1889 when the Secretary of the Navy ordered it played at morning flag-raising ceremonies. By 1917 both the Army and the Navy considered the tune to be the national anthem for ceremonial purposes.
The Official National Anthem
In 1931, due largely to the efforts of Mrs. Reuben Ross Holloway, president of the Maryland State Society, United States Daughters of 1812, and Congressman J. Charles Linthicum of Baltimore, Congress made “The Star-Spangled Banner” the official national anthem of the United States.
| United States |
Which Australian controversially used a metal bat in 1979? | Josh Turner performs "The Star-Spangled Banner" - YouTube
Josh Turner performs "The Star-Spangled Banner"
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Published on Jun 11, 2014
Grammy-nominated country music singer Josh Turner performs a special version of "The Star-Spangled Banner" for the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History in honor of the song's 200th anniversary.
The museum will "Raise It Up!" and celebrate the 200th anniversary by uniting the original manuscript with the flag at the Museum from June 14-July 6, 2014 and holding a special event at the museum on Flag Day (Saturday, June 14, 2014). Join the party: http://anthemforamerica.smithsonian.com/
Special thanks to the team at Wool and Tusk for their hard work and creativity: Scott Mele, Roger Pistole, Derek West, Joe Pisapia, David Bartin, Michael Freeman, Alexis Kaback, Daniel Walker, Jeff Rosen, Harvey Moltz, and Greg and Erin Whiteley.
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The HP-35, launched in 1972, was Hewlett-Packard’s first what? | HP-35
The Museum of HP Calculators
HP-35
The HP-35 was HP's first pocket calculator. It was introduced at a time when most calculators (including expensive desktop models) had only the four basic functions. The HP-35 was the first pocket calculator with transcendental functions and the first with RPN .
Based on marketing studies done at the time, the HP-9100 was the "right" size and price for a scientific calculator. The studies showed little or no interest in a pocket device. However Bill Hewlett thought differently. He began the development of a "shirt pocket-sized HP-9100" on an accelerated schedule. It was a risky project involving several immature technologies. HP originally developed the HP-35 for internal use and then decided to try selling it. Based on a marketing study, it was believed that they might sell 50,000 units. It turned out that the marketing study was wrong by an order of magnitude. Within the first few months they received orders exceeding their guess as to the total market size. General Electric alone placed an order for 20,000 units. As a result, they later had to warn people to expect waiting lists in the Hewlett-Packard Journal. This was an unusual situation for HP. While many companies advertised calculators months or even years before you could buy one, HPs were normally available the day the first advertisements appeared.
The early versions said only "Hewlett Packard" on the faceplate and inside HP the product was simply called "The Calculator". Bill Hewlett suggested naming it the HP-35 because it had 35 keys. Later as HP developed more models, "35" was added to the faceplate. The HP-35 and probably the entire HP pocket calculator product line was the sole result of a visionary CEO who chose to ignore the market studies and produce what he felt that engineers would want. His view of the market was that if the engineer at the next bench liked it and thought it would make his job easier, then it was worth doing. The HP-35 was developed in two years, at a cost of approximately one million dollars with twenty engineers. At the time, three to five years was a typical HP development cycle.
x^y
The 35 is well-known for having an x^y key instead of y^x. This makes a lot of sense on the 35 since it didn't have a 10^x key. If you wanted the anti-log of a number in x, you entered 10 x^y.
The "arc" key
The 35 had no true shift key. It did have an "arc" key which inverted the sin, cos, and tan keys. The true shift key was first introduced on the HP-80 business calculator.
The CLR key
This was probably the only HP pocket calculator with a clear everything key. It was prominently located in the upper right corner and probably made adding machine users feel comfortable. This feature was dropped from the HP-45.
The CHS Key
The HP-35 allowed the user to press the CHS sign before or during number entry. If a number was in the display as a result of something other than digit entry, pressing CHS negated it, but if the CHS key was then followed by a digit, the calculator assumed the CHS was actually meant for the following entry. Thus the previous number displayed was pushed onto the stack without the (already displayed) sign change. This feature could be confusing and later models required the CHS key to be pressed after the first digit of a number.
The Manual
While thorough, the manual was about the size of the quick reference book for a modern high-end calculator. At the time the manual was created there was no calculator or even a model and the drawings were created entirely by hand. The manual was required to fit in a slot in the case and to be thin enough to not transmit any shock to the "delicate" calculator through the package. Ironically, Bill Hewlett dropped the calculator at the press introduction and it was (of course) completely unharmed. Sales people later emulated Mr. Hewlett's accidental demonstration of the robustness of HP calculators. The curator has received countless emails from people who remember HP calculators being thrown or dropped during sales presentations.
From the inside cover:
"HP has now become an acknowledged leader in the field of computational problem solving. Over 10,000 HP programmable calculators and more than 3000 HP digital computers are at work in a wide range of scientific, industrial, and educational applications."
...
"Now we've coupled our experience in scientific problem solving to bring you a new dimension in personal computing - - the HP-35 Pocket Calculator."
From the Foreword:
"To give you more computing power, your HP-35 works in a consistent and natural way that may be slightly different from previous calculators you have operated."
From the next section: Shirt Pocket Power
"Our object in developing the HP-35 was to give you a high precision portable electronic slide rule. We thought you'd like to have something only fictional heroes like James Bond, Walter Mitty or Dick Tracy are supposed to own.
The HP-35 has far more computational power than previous pocket calculators. Its ten digit accuracy exceeds the precision to which most of the physical constants of the universe are known. It will handle numbers as small as 10^-99 and up to 10^99 and automatically places the decimal point for you. It is the first pocket calculator to provide you with transcendental functions like logarithms and sines and cosines. The operational stack and the reverse "Polish" (Lukasiewicz) notation used in the HP-35 are the most efficient way known to computer science for evaluating mathematical expressions.
The HP-35 was designed with you, the user, in mind. We spent as much time on the keyboard layout, on the choice of functions, and on the styling as we did on the electronics."
The reference to 10,000 HP programmable calculators refers to much more expensive desktop units that HP started making in 1967. The manual also explains the accuracy limits and includes a flow chart for applying RPN to any expression.
Construction
The early HP's were built tough and built to be repaired. After removing about a dozen screws you can get to anything in the HP-35.
At the time, many of the companies producing calculators could build adequate circuits and firmware, but didn't have the experience or facilities to make a well designed housing, keyboard, and display. Many of these brand-X machines were very failure-prone and quite crude in design.
By contrast, the packaging of the HP-35 was of major importance. Its size, looks, keyboard, and display were all carefully thought out. The keyboard is divided into groups with different sizes, color and placement of nomenclature. Even differing amounts of contrast were used to separate groups. (The most used groups had the greatest contrast level.) The keys were made in a double mold process with the legends going all the way through the keys so they could never wear off. The keyboard panel used an HP-developed spring contact which is essentially unchanged in current calculators.
The HP-35, like all the hand-held HPs that followed, was required to remain undamaged after falling three feet onto concrete on each of its corners. The case had sculpted sides, such that the top caught the light and the bottom was in shadow making the calculator look thinner than it really was. All screws were hidden.
Hewlett-Packard Integrity and "The Bug"
The HP-35 had numerical algorithms that exceeded the precision of most mainframe computers at the time. During development, Dave Cochran, who was in charge of the algorithms, tried to use a Burroughs B5500 to validate the results of the HP-35 but instead found too little precision in the former to continue. IBM mainframes also didn't measure up. This forced time-consuming manual comparisons of results to mathematical tables. A few bugs got through this process. For example: 2.02 ln ex resulted in 2 rather than 2.02. When the bug was discovered, HP had already sold 25,000 units which was a huge volume for the company. In a meeting, Dave Packard asked what they were going to do about the units already in the field and someone in the crowd said "Don't tell?" At this Packard's pencil snapped and he said: "Who said that? We're going to tell everyone and offer them, a replacement. It would be better to never make a dime of profit than to have a product out there with a problem". It turns out that less than a quarter of the units were returned. Most people preferred to keep their buggy calculator and the notice from HP offering the replacement.
Six versions of the HP-35 including two different prototypes (~277K) The earliest version, which appeared in public for the first time at the 2009 IEEE Ceremony, has a beige case, no dot on the 5 key and bolder and more blocky lettering. (Notice the PI key especially.) This version also has no texturing on the back of the case. Texture was controversial because the more that was added, the harder it was to get the plastic out of the mold. It is believed that Lucile Packard didn't like this case color so the next version was black. It still works, of course! (Note that this is a wide image which your browser may shrink to fit the window. Make sure to expand it to full size if you want to see the details.)
Picture of the second prototype HP-35 (~169K) This version had a red dot to the right of the power switch that showed when it is turned on. It was later decided to change the keys to HP blue to tie in with HP's new logo. A later prototype was made with blue keys and black lettering.
Front view of the first production version of the HP-35 (~56K) This was the only production version that had a red dot to the right of the power switch that showed when it is turned on.
Front view of the middle two HP-35 versions (~76K) These versions omitted the red dot. The newer version on the left added "35" to the label at the bottom.
| Calculator |
Sir Leicester Dedlock is a character in which Charles Dickens novel? | Hewlett Packard
Hewlett Packard
Hewlett Packard, USA.
Hewlett Packard's first calculator was the 9100A electronic desktop model introduced in early 1968. It was a very advanced, scientific, programmable machine, taking magnetic cards and was priced at US$4,900.
Its HP-35 , introduced in February 1972, was the first hand-held scientific calculator, and was the first in a series of highly specified hand-held calculators. These include the HP-80 , the first hand-held calculator for business calculations, and the HP-65 , the first programmable hand-held calculator.
See also "The HP-35 Calculator The first electronic slide rule" in the "Collecting Calculators" section of this site, the book "A Guide to HP Handheld Calculators and Computers" , and the HP museum at www.hpmuseum.org .
Examples of Hewlett Packard calculators
HP-35
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In 1964 who became the first black actor to win an Academy Award in the category ‘Best Actor in a leading Role’? | Sidney Poitier wins Best Actor Oscar for Lilies of the Field - Apr 13, 1964 - HISTORY.com
Sidney Poitier wins Best Actor Oscar for Lilies of the Field
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Sidney Poitier wins Best Actor Oscar for Lilies of the Field
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On this day in 1964, Sydney Poitier becomes the first African American to win the Academy Award for Best Actor, for his role as a construction worker who helps build a chapel in Lilies of the Field (1963).
Poitier was born in 1924, while his parents were visiting the United States from the Bahamas, where his father was a tomato farmer. As a teenager, Poitier dropped out of school and returned to America to enlist in the U.S. Army during World War II. After his military stint, he became interested in theater and applied to the American Negro Theatre in New York City. Rejected initially because of his strong island accent, Poitier trained himself in American enunciation and reapplied, this time successfully. He debuted on Broadway in 1946 in an all-black production of Lysistrata, and by 1950 he was appearing in Hollywood films, beginning with No Way Out.
By consistently refusing to play the stereotypical roles that were offered to him as a black actor, Poitier blazed a trail for himself and the performers who followed him. By the time he earned a Best Actor Oscar nomination for The Defiant Ones (1958), his work in such films as The Blackboard Jungle (1955) had made him America’s first prominent black film star. With his historic Oscar win for Lilies of the Field, Poitier became only the second African American to win an Academy Award. The first was Hattie McDaniel, who won in the Best Supporting Actress category in 1939 for Gone with the Wind. McDaniel played Mammy, the tough but indulgent slave governess to the spoiled Southern belle Scarlett O’Hara. Critics of the film, including the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), later pointed to the role as an example of the typical black stereotypes that Hollywood was keeping alive.
When presenting Poitier with his Oscar statuette, the actress Ann Bancroft congratulated him with a kiss on the cheek, a gesture that caused a mild scandal among the show’s most conservative audiences. Poitier took part in a more momentous kiss three years later, when he and Katherine Houghton shared the first interracial on-screen kiss in Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner? (1967).
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The 1985 film ‘A Room With a View’ is set in which European country? | Sidney Poitier - Awards - IMDb
Sidney Poitier
Showing all 26 wins and 39 nominations
Academy Awards, USA
Honorary Award
For his extraordinary performances and unique presence on the screen and for representing the ... More
For his extraordinary performances and unique presence on the screen and for representing the industry with dignity, style and intelligence. (Oscar statuette)
Lilies of the Field (1963)
Sidney Poitier became the first African American to win the Best Actor Oscar and the only one until ... More
Sidney Poitier became the first African American to win the Best Actor Oscar and the only one until Denzel Washington for Training Day (2001), 38 years later. By a strange coincidence, Washington won the Best Actor award on the same night when Poitier received an Honorary Oscar.
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Which US President was in office during the Cuban Missile Crisis? | Presidents | Cuban Missile Crisis
George W. Bush
Barack Obama
“Total war makes no sense in an age where great powers can maintain large and relatively invulnerable nuclear forces and refuse to surrender without resort to those forces. It makes no sense in an age where a single nuclear weapon contains almost 10 times the explosive force delivered by all the allied air forces in the Second World War. It makes no sense in an age when the deadly poisons produced by a nuclear exchange would be carried by wind and water and soil and seed to the far corners of the globe and to generations yet unborn.”
Lesson: "A nuclear war cannot be cannot be won and must therefore never be fought.” (Often-quoted one-liner from President Ronald Reagan in 1984)
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“But surely the acquisition of such idle stockpiles -- which can only destroy and never create -- is not the only, much less the most efficient, means of assuring peace. I speak of peace, therefore, as the necessary, rational end of rational men.”
Lesson: There are better ways to peace than simply building up one’s nuclear stockpile.
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“We must, therefore, persevere in the search for peace in the hope that constructive changes within the Communist bloc might bring within reach solutions which now seem beyond us. We must conduct our affairs in such a way that it becomes in the Communists' interest to agree on a genuine peace. Above all, while defending our own vital interests, nuclear powers must avert those confrontations which bring an adversary to a choice of either a humiliating retreat or a nuclear war. To adopt that kind of course in the nuclear age would be evidence only of the bankruptcy of our policy--or of a collective death-wish for the world.”
Lesson: Nuclear crisis management is too dangerous; we must therefore avoid confrontations that could force an adversary to choose between humiliating retreat or nuclear war.
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“Let us also direct attention to our common interests and the means by which those differences can be resolved. And if we cannot end now our differences, at least we can help make the world safe for diversity. For in the final analysis, our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this small planet. We all breathe the same air. We all cherish our children's futures. And we are all mortal.”
Lesson: Put yourself in the shoes of your adversary. What are their common interests with you? Are there ways to resolve your differences?
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“[The United States and USSR] have also been talking in Geneva about our first-step measures of arm[s] controls designed to limit the intensity of the arms race and reduce the risk of accidental war. Our primary long-range interest in Geneva, however, is general and complete disarmament, designed to take place by stages, permitting parallel political developments to build the new institutions of peace which would take the place of arms. The pursuit of disarmament has been an effort of this government since the 1920s. It has been urgently sought by the past three administrations. And however dim the prospects are today, we intend to continue this effort -- to continue it in order that all countries, including our own, can better grasp what the problems and possibilities of disarmament are.”
Lesson: States must eliminate nuclear weapons.
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“I'm taking this opportunity, therefore, to announce two important decisions in this regard. First, Chairman Khrushchev, Prime Minister Macmillan, and I have agreed that high-level discussions will shortly begin in Moscow looking towards early agreement on a comprehensive test ban treaty. Our hope must be tempered -- Our hopes must be tempered with the caution of history; but with our hopes go the hopes of all mankind. Second, to make clear our good faith and solemn convictions on this matter, I now declare that the United States does not propose to conduct nuclear tests in the atmosphere so long as other states do not do so.”
Lesson: A step to reducing the risk of nuclear war: banning nuclear tests.
John F. Kennedy, “American University Commencement Address” (speech at American University, Washington, D.C., June 10, 1963).
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“President Kennedy was disturbed by [the military chiefs’] inability to look beyond the limited military field. When we talked about this later, he said we had to remember that they were trained to fight and to wage war- that was their life. Perhaps we would feel more concerned if they were always opposed to using arms or military means…But this experience pointed out for us all the importance of civilian direction and control and the importance of raising probing questions to military recommendations.” (p. 97)
Lesson: It is important for civilians to hold reins of power during crisis and to challenge the military.
Robert F. Kennedy, Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis (New York: WW Norton & Company, 1969).
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“Arthur Schlesinger noted that President Kennedy himself was concerned that people might draw the wrong lessons from the event -- he worried especially that people would conclude: Just be tough with the Russians, and they will back down.” (p. 24-25)
Lesson: America did not win the crisis as a result of its toughness towards the Soviets.
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“Kennedy believed his policy had worked for three reasons. First, the United States had overwhelming local superiority; second, Soviet security was not at stake in Cuba, so they could afford to back down if necessary; and third, “they did not have a case they could plausibly sustain before the world.” (p. 25)
Lesson: The United States won Cuban Missile Crisis for three reasons: (1) The U.S. had military superiority in the Caribbean; (2) Soviet national interests were not imperiled by the crisis; and (3) case for nuclear missiles in Cuba was unsustainable in world global public opinion.
Arthur Schlesinger Jr., as cited by Ted Sorensen in in James G. Blight and David Welch, On the Brink: Americans and Soviets reexamine the Cuban Missile Crisis (New York: Hill and Wang, 1989).
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“The challenge we face in [Vietnam] today is the same challenge we have faced with courage and that we have met with strength in Greece and Turkey, in Berlin and Korea, in Lebanon and in Cuba.”
Lesson: Soviet aggression and expansionism was at the heart of the Cuban Missile Crisis and future crises during the Cold War.
“The Communist Challenge in Southeast Asia” (speech at Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, August 5, 1964).
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“There were times when [Khrushchev] was guilty of dangerous adventure. It required great American firmness and good sense -- first in Berlin and later in the Cuban Missile Crisis- to turn back his threats and actions without war.”
Lesson: Crises require “firmness and good sense.”
“Recent Events in Russia, China, and Great Britain,” (radio and television Presidential address, October 18, 1964). [N.B. Speech made after Khrushchev had been removed from power.]
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“In this pursuit we have defended against Communist aggression—in Korea under President Truman—in the Formosa Straits under President Eisenhower—in Cuba under President Kennedy—and again in Vietnam.”
Lesson: Syntactically equates the Cuban Missile Crisis with other crises of the Cold War, suggesting American military power defuses crises.
[N.B. aforementioned crises involved American show of force or use of force]
“State of the Union” (speech at U.S. Capitol Building, Washington, D.C., January 12, 1966).
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“In his announcement of the incursion into Cambodia, he compared himself to Kennedy who, in his finest hour, had sat in the identical room in the White House and made the great decision that removed the missiles from Cuba. Later Nixon used the Missile Crisis to justify his failure to consult Congress over Cambodia. “I trust we don’t have another Cuban Missile Crisis. I trust we don’t have another situation like Cambodia, but I do know that in the modern world, there are times when the Commander-in-Chief…will have to act quickly. I can assure the American people that this president is going to bend over backward to consult the Senate and consult the House whenever he feels it can be done without jeopardizing the lives of American men. But when it is a question of the lives of American men or the attitudes of people in the Senate, I am coming down hard on the side of defending the lives of American men.” (p. 189)
Lesson: Crises necessitate quick action that, at times, may mean acting quickly without input of other influential individuals.
“Richard Nixon’s Cambodia Incursion Address,” (radio and television presidential address, April 30, 1970), as cited in Arthur Schlesinger Jr., The Imperial Presidency (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973).
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“The most dangerous moment of the 45 year history of the Cold War took place in the early 1960s when we had the Cuban Missile Crisis. Where the Soviet Union threatened to move nuclear weapons into Cuba and President Kennedy recognized that that was totally unacceptable to the United States and he communicated that very forcefully to the head of the Soviet Union, and the net result was any Soviet actions that put nuclear weapons into Cuba was stopped. But if there hadn't been a negotiation on ending that action, by the Soviet Union, you could have had a serious military exchange between the United States and the Soviet Union. Because under no circumstances could the United States have permitted the installation of long range nuclear weapons in Cuba, 90 miles from the shores of the United States and when President Kennedy forcefully challenged Mr. Khrushchev on that issue, the Soviet Union withdrew I should say the action that they contemplated at one time.”
Lesson: Crisis management requires a combination of strength and diplomacy during negotiations with an adversary.
Interviewed by George Washington University National Security Archive, Washington, D.C., February 7, 1999.
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“In the 1960s we met the Soviet challenges in Berlin, and we faced the Cuban Missile Crisis. And we sought to engage the Soviet Union in the important task of moving beyond the Cold War and away from confrontation. And in the 1970s three American presidents negotiated with the Soviet leaders in attempts to halt the growth of the nuclear arms race. We sought to establish rules of behavior that would reduce the risks of conflict, and we searched for areas of cooperation that could make our relations reciprocal and productive, not only for the sake of our two nations but for the security and peace of the entire world. In all these actions, we have maintained two commitments: to be ready to meet any challenge by Soviet military power, and to develop ways to resolve disputes and to keep the peace.”
Lesson: Engagement with adversaries and honoring past promises are necessary for crisis management.
“State of the Union” (speech at U.S. Capitol Building, Washington, D.C., January 23, 1980).
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“At the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis…it had been relatively easy to stand up to the Soviets: Our nuclear weapons outnumbered theirs almost 10 to one; the Soviets took their missiles out of Cuba and Khrushchev backed down. But the balance of power had all been changed by the early 1980s. The Soviet Union was building missiles hands over fist, and their nuclear forces outnumbered ours.” (p. 295)
Lesson: Nuclear superiority was critical to the success of the United States during Cuban Missile Crisis.
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“In 1962, JFK stood up to Castro and Moscow and blocked the establishment on Cuban soil of a Soviet missile base capable of hurling nuclear weapons at the U.S. Nevertheless, 20 years later, Cuba was, in effect, serving the very function that had caused President Kennedy to face off against Khrushchev…” (p. 472)
Lesson: A strong stand against an adversary is required in a crisis.
Ronald Reagan, An American Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990).
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“Knowing these realities, America must not ignore the threat gathering against us. Facing clear evidence of peril, we cannot wait for the final proof -- the smoking gun -- that could come in the form of a mushroom cloud. As President Kennedy said in October of 1962, 'Neither the United States of America, nor the world community of nations can tolerate deliberate deception and offensive threats on the part of any nation, large or small. We no longer live in a world,' he said, 'where only the actual firing of weapons represents a sufficient challenge to a nations security to constitute maximum peril.'
Lesson: Preemption and force are necessary to solve crisis.
“President Bush Outlines Iraqi Threat” (speech at Cincinnati Museum Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 7, 2002).
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President Bush and the Kennedy's watched Thirteen Days at the White House. “I felt a connection to history as we watched a movie about how his brothers had defused a crisis from the West Wing.” (p. 272-273)
George W. Bush, Decision Points (New York: Crown Publishing, 2010).
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When discussing presidents who displayed “uncommon courage,” Obama identified JFK. “During the Cuban Missile Crisis, facing intense pressure from the Joint Chiefs of Staff and congressional leaders to bomb and invade Cuba, John F. Kennedy stood firm. With his determined leadership and his calm, rational judgment, he forged a strong path to peace that used aggressive diplomacy backed by military force, and helped bring the world back from the brink of war.”
Lesson 1: Negotiate from strength. Lesson 2: Take time to discuss possible solutions.
“The Contenders: An Admiring Crowd,” Newsweek, May 13, 2007.
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On the campaign trail, about Iran: “In Montana, Obama said President Kennedy’s willingness to engage the Soviets defused the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. Obama asked, ‘Why shouldn’t we have the same courage and the confidence to talk to our enemies?’”
Lesson: Talk with adversaries during crisis.
Richard Sisk, “Iran No ‘Tiny’ Threat, Mac Barks at Barack,” New York Daily News, May 20, 2008.
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“Obama often quotes JFK’s words from his inaugural address, ‘Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.’”
Lesson: It is necessary to negotiate in crises, but only from a position of strength.
Evan Thomas, “The Mythology of Munich,” Newsweek, June 23, 2008.
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How Obama and McCain see the world: “Obama himself, in private meetings, has cited Kennedy’s handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis as a model, especially how JFK consulted widely and negotiated directly with the Soviets to defuse an intense situation effectively. Obama admires Kennedy’s steady, cool leadership and his ability to bring many people into the process: Ben Rhodes says that Obama also often cites the successful resolution of the crisis as an example of what can come from negotiations, even if there is no immediate resolution. Only five months before, JFK held a summit in Vienna with Nikita Khrushchev. "JFK had begun to acquire some knowledge of Khrushchev, which not only enabled him to be in touch with the Kremlin during the crisis, but to have a little bit of insight into the guy," says Rhodes. "There are benefits to direct contact with adversaries, even if you don't reach agreement. You get to know your adversary.” (Newsweek, 10/6/08)
Lesson: (1) Negotiation is necessary in a crisis. (2) Access to wide and varied opinions is necessary in formulating a crisis response.
Michael Hirsh, “World’s Apart,” Newsweek, October 6, 2008.
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During his senior year at Columbia, Obama participated in a seminar on U.S. foreign policy. “The first semester…covered such Cold-War flashpoints as the Cuban Missile Crisis.”
William J. Broad and David Sanger, “Obama’s Youth Shaped His Nuclear-Free Vision,” New York Times, July 4, 2009.
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About Afghanistan: “Aides said Obama looked to President John F. Kennedy's relationship with the military, in particular how he managed the Cuban Missile Crisis when his military leaders urged a quick strike on the island, an act he resisted. One senior adviser said Obama valued Kennedy's 'think before you shoot' ethos.”
Lesson: Take time to determine a strategy during a crisis: “Think before you shoot.”
Scott Wilson, “The Making of a Wartime Commander in Chief,” Washington Post, January 19, 2010.
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| John F. Kennedy |
Which American poet and novelist used the pen name Victoria Lucas? | Cuban Missile Crisis
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Cuban Missile Crisis
The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 brought the world close to a nuclear confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union. The political positions adopted by both sides nearly prevented a resolution, but at the last moment, a compromise was found and nuclear war averted.
Putting ballistic missiles equipped with nuclear weapons into Cuba salved the insecurities of two men. Although John F. Kennedy had claimed that the U.S. lagged behind the Soviet Union in nuclear capabilities when he campaigned for the presidency, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev knew otherwise. By the summer of 1962, Khrushchev also was certain that the Americans knew the same thing. Soviet missiles could reach Europe, but American missiles located in Turkey could strike almost anywhere in the Soviet Union. Khrushchev feared that the imbalance would tempt the U.S. to launch a first strike.
Fidel Castro harbored his own concerns. He had already withstood the Bay of Pigs Invasion in 1961 and President Kennedy made little effort to conceal his continued desire to see Castro deposed. Cuban intelligence had uncovered documents dating to April 1962 that described a plan to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro through Operation Mongoose, which ironically was scheduled for October 1962. Thus when Khrushchev proposed that the Soviet Union should install missiles in Cuba aimed at the U.S., Castro agreed.
Construction of missile sites began in mid-July 1962. By August, increased shipping activity between the Soviet Union and Cuba had come to the attention of American intelligence. On August 10, John McCone, director of the CIA , told Kennedy that, in his opinion, the Soviets intended to install medium-range ballistic missiles (MRBMs) in Cuba.
On August 29, a U-2 spy plane on reconnaissance over Cuba brought back evidence that surface-to-air (SAM) missiles had been installed at locations in Cuba. While not themselves offensive weapons, their installation indicated Cuba�s strong desire to defend those locations. Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin advised Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy , who was one of President Kennedy's closest advisors, that the installations were entirely defensive in nature. But in fact, MRBMs began to arrive 11 days later.
Continued reports of Soviet missiles in Cuba prompted the decision to send another U-2 to take a closer look on October 9. Bad weather delayed the flight until October 14. The photographic evidence was analyzed and in addition to the SAMs, six larger missiles, 60 to 65 feet in length, were identified. It was clear to analysts on the 15th that those missiles were likely to have nuclear capability.
Kennedy was informed of the situation during his breakfast on the 16th. He quickly convened the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (EX-COMM). That hand-picked group of 12 men would advise Kennedy throughout the unfolding crisis. They included Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara , CIA Director John McCone, Secretary of the Treasury Douglas Dillon, National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy, Presidential Counsel Ted Sorenson, Undersecretary of State George Ball, Deputy Undersecretary of State U. Alexis Johnson, Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman Maxwell Taylor, Assistant Secretary of State for Latin America Edward Martin, Adviser on Russian Affairs Llewellyn Thompson, Deputy Secretary of Defense Roswell Gilpatric, and Assistant Secretary of Defense Paul Nitze.
Kennedy wanted to maintain complete secrecy. He did not want the Soviets to know how much he knew and he also didn't want to panic the American public. So for the next four days, Kennedy maintained his announced schedule of public appearances. On the 17th, the president flew to Connecticut in support of Abraham Ribicoff's bid for a U.S. Senate seat. On the same day, another U-2 flight revealed the existence of intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) that would be able to strike nearly anywhere in the continental United States.
On the 18th, Kennedy met with Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko. The missiles were not directly brought into the discussions by either side. Gromyko again denied that the Soviet Union was doing anything in Cuba except assisting in that country's defense. Kennedy re-read his statement from September 4, in which he had said that offensive weapons in Cuba would not be tolerated. That evening, Kennedy received a recommendation from EX-COMM to blockade Cuba rather than launch a military strike. Kennedy agreed, but instructed his speechwriter, Theodore Sorenson, to prepare two speeches: One would announce the blockade and the other an invasion.
Kennedy continued to appear in public as though nothing were happening. On the 19th, he flew to the Midwest for a series of campaign appearances. Meanwhile, back in Washington , his brother Robert continued intense discussions with EX-COMM. The Joint Chiefs of Staff wanted to exercise the military option, but consensus couldn't be reached. On the following day, Robert told the president that he must return to Washington for a final decision. It was announced that he was suffering from an "upper respiratory infection," and flew back. In the early afternoon, he met with EX-COMM. Given the choice between limited action in the form of a blockade and military action that might become unstoppable, Kennedy favored the blockade. He would not make a final decision, however, until the 21st.
On Sunday, October 21, Kennedy decided to address the nation the following day and tell them of his decision. He chose the word "quarantine" to describe his naval action rather than "blockade." Under international law, a blockade is an act of war, while a quarantine is less clear cut. Responding to growing inquiries from the press, Kennedy requested that they publish nothing provocative in the delicate situation that prevailed. Such major newspapers as the New York Times and the Washington Post held back their coverage.
Beginning at 7 p.m. EST on October 22, 1962, President Kennedy addressed the nation on television. During his 17-minute speech, he explained the evidence of the Soviet missile buildup, declared a quarantine against weapons deliveries to Cuba, and issued blunt warnings to the Soviet Union. Not knowing how the Soviets would react, he had already placed American military forces on high alert. Missiles had been readied for launch within minutes and 20 SAC bombers were airborne, equipped with nuclear bombs. Khrushchev responded with a letter to Kennedy, denying again that the weapons were anything but defensive and warning the U.S. of possible catastrophic consequences if they continued along their announced path.
On the 23rd, reconnaissance flights by six Crusader jets, flying just 350 feet above the ground, brought back pictures that showed missiles being tested for launch. The Organization of American States (OAS) unanimously approved the quarantine of Cuba. With the OAS endorsement in hand, the United States announced that the quarantine would begin on the 24th at 10 a.m., at a line 500 miles from Cuba.
Robert Kennedy met privately with Ambassador Dobrynin and complained bitterly that Dobrynin had lied to him about the missiles. Dobrynin stated that to the best of his knowledge, the missiles were entirely defensive. After the meeting, Dobrynin cabled Moscow with a report of the meeting. Lacking sophisticated communications, Dobrynin was obliged to use Western Union , which sent a messenger by bicycle to pick up the wire.
The U.S. Navy began to enforce the quarantine with 56 warships, including eight aircraft carriers, at 10 a.m. on October 24. At 10:25 a.m., EX-COMM was informed that Soviet ships had turned away from the quarantine line. While that averted an immediate confrontation, the missiles already in Cuba constituted an ongoing threat. SAC headquarters put its forces around the world on the highest level of alert ever. Communications were sent uncoded, so that the Soviets would have no misconceptions regarding America�s intent. That evening, another letter from Khrushchev arrived, which described the American position as an ultimatum to which the Soviets would not submit.
On the 25th, Kennedy instructed U.N. Ambassador Adlai E. Stevenson to confront Soviet Ambassador Valerian Zorin about the missiles. Zorin refused to comment. Stevenson showed him reconnaissance photos that clearly showed the launch sites. At that point, well-known columnist Walter Lippman published an appeal for a face-saving compromise. He noted that the U.S. had missiles in Turkey, 150 miles from the Soviet Union, and suggested that the U.S. should agree to remove those if the Soviets removed theirs from Cuba. Although many people thought Kennedy was sending up a "trial balloon" through Lippman, he was actually acting on his own. At the end of the 5 p.m. EX-COMM meeting, CIA director McCone informed the group that Soviet missiles in Cuba were operational.
On the 26th, the U.S. Navy boarded the Lebanese freighter Marcula. It found only paper products and permitted the ship to continue to Cuba. A Soviet ship, which was not suspected of carrying weapons, was also allowed through. During the evening, another letter from Khrushchev was received. That eloquent letter spoke of the escalation of activities between both sides and of a proposal for the Soviets to withdraw their missiles in return for a pledge by the United States not to invade Cuba. Later that evening, Robert Kennedy again visited Dobrynin at the Soviet Embassy. The question of missiles in Turkey was raised and Kennedy suggested that a trade might be possible. Dobrynin relayed this information to Moscow.
Saturday, October 26, was extremely tense as events brought the two countries closer to war than they had before. A U-2 plane on a routine flight in Alaska got lost and strayed into Soviet airspace. The Soviets responded by sending a fighter group to intercept the U-2 and American fighters were sent in response. Fortunately, the U-2 was able to leave Soviet airspace without the fighter groups making contact with each other. Meanwhile, in Cuba, a U-2 was shot down. That was considered by the United States to be evidence that the Soviets were escalating the conflict, but in actuality, the orders had come from a local commander without approval from Moscow.
Khrushchev sent another letter, which demanded that the U.S. withdraw its missiles from Turkey in return for the Soviets pulling theirs out of Cuba. The exchange actually favored the Americans. The Jupiter missiles in Turkey were not well regarded by American military strategists and represented less of a strategic position than the Soviet missiles in Cuba. However, in order to avoid delays in communications, Khrushchev�s letter had been broadcast. By making their demands public, the Soviets were making it difficult for the Americans to accept the proposal.
At that critical juncture, Robert Kennedy proposed that the U.S. simply ignore the second letter and respond to the first. At 8:05 p.m., President Kennedy announced that he agreed to what he understood Khrushchev's position to be, and that if the Soviets would agree to withdraw their missiles, the United States would end the quarantine and promise not to invade Cuba.
Khrushchev met with his advisors and decided he was not prepared to start a war. He drafted a response in which he thanked Kennedy for his "sense of proportion and understanding." The message was received at 9 a.m. on Sunday, October 28, effectively ending the crisis. However, not all members of EX-COMM were convinced that this was anything but a Soviet delay. Air Force General Curtis Lemay , chief of staff, argued that the United States should attack Cuba on the following day anyway, but the majority disagreed.
Privately it was agreed that the Jupiter missiles positioned in Turkey would be withdrawn in a few months, but that the decision would not be publicly tied to the agreement about Cuba. The question of Soviet bombers stationed in Cuba had not been specifically addressed, but the U.S. used Khrushchev's promise to remove all "weapons which you describe as offensive" to argue for their removal as well. Also, to solve the communication delays between the two countries, a new ��hot line" was later installed so that in the future the White House and the Kremlin could talk directly.
On November 20, the Soviet Union began the process of dismantling the bombers and shipping them back. On the following day, President Kennedy formally ended the quarantine. The Cuban Missile Crisis was over and thus a nuclear confrontation with the Soviet Union was avoided.
1: "Hot line" The US-USSR hot line provided for a two-way telegraphic link routed via Washington-London-Copenhagen-Stockholm-Helsinki- Moscow, to be used for transmission of messages; and a stand-by radio link routed Washington-Tangier-Moscow. Both the telegraphic and radio links would be open 24 hours a day.
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Xanthic relates to which colour? | Xanthic | Define Xanthic at Dictionary.com
xanthic
of or relating to a yellow or yellowish color.
2.
Chemistry. of or derived from xanthine or xanthic acid.
Origin of xanthic
1810-20; < French xanthique. See xantho- , -ic
Dictionary.com Unabridged
Examples from the Web for xanthic
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British Dictionary definitions for xanthic
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of, containing, or derived from xanthic acid
2.
(botany, rare) having a yellow colour
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for xanthic
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1817, from French xanthique, from Greek xanthos "yellow" (see xanthous ).
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
| Yellow |
Which London Mayor declared war on the pigeons in Trafalgar Square in 2000? | xanthic: meaning and definitions
1. of or pertaining to a yellow or yellowish color.
2. Chem.of or derived from xanthine or xanthic acid.
Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Copyright © 1997, by Random House, Inc., on Infoplease.
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How many wives did English monarch Edward I have? | Marrying for Love: The Experience of Edward IV and Henry VIII | History Today
Marrying for Love: The Experience of Edward IV and Henry VIII
Edwardian , Tudor Britain Edward IV
Eric Ives looks at the cases of two English monarchs who broke with convention by selecting spouses for reasons of the heart, rather than political convenience.
Should the monarch or heir to the throne marry for love? ‘Of course’ is the answer most people in Britain would give today, but history suggests otherwise. It is not just that the 1689 Bill of Rights and the 1701 Act of Settlement rule out marriage with a Roman Catholic.
Monarchs and heirs to the throne have never had the freedom of choice which their subjects enjoy. Since the Norman Conquest (setting aside the present Queen Elizabeth and Prince Charles), the only two English or British monarchs to have personally chosen wives are Edward IV (r.1461-83) and his grandson, Henry VIII (r.1509-47). Heirs presumptive have succeeded when already married, but for monarchs, arranged marriage has been the rule and so too for heirs apparent, (Edward the Black Prince was the only exception). In recent centuries some attention has been paid to individual preference. Queen Victoria was allowed the pretence that Albert had freely chosen her. Yet the underlying assumption has always been that reasons of state should determine royal marriages and that monarchs would, if necessary, satisfy their emotional needs elsewhere.
Three basic principles have governed the choice of a royal consort. First, international prestige demanded that the ruler marry someone of suitable status; second, a royal marriage was a valuable diplomatic asset not to be wasted; third, a spouse should be a foreigner, since to marry within a realm was to risk disturbing the balance of internal politics. Edward and Henry, however, defied this conventional wisdom, chose Englishwomen known to them and aborted diplomatic negotiations in progress to find wives abroad.
The story of Edward IV’s marriage is that in 1464 the twenty-four-year-old king stopped at Stony Stratford on a march north to counter Lancastrian threats. Very early on May Day he slipped away to the manor of Grafton, five miles away and there in secrecy married Elizabeth Grey, née Woodville, the beautiful but impoverished widow of a knight killed fighting against the Yorkists three years earlier. Edward consummated the marriage immediately and then returned to his entourage. Then, before continuing northwards, he took up residence at Grafton for three days during which time Elizabeth was brought to him secretly each night. Edward kept his horrendous mésalliance secret for five months, allowing the Earl of Warwick to continue discussions about a possible royal bride from France.
Henry VIII’s marriage to his first wife, Katherine of Aragon, was made in the cause of diplomacy and when it broke down Cardinal Wolsey proposed a French bride. Instead, behind the Cardinal’s back, the King committed himself to Anne Boleyn who had been a lady at court for the previous six years. Eight years later Anne was replaced by Jane Seymour, another court lady, and although Henry’s marriage to her successor, Anne of Cleves, was a reversion to a diplomatic wife, wives five and six, Katherine Howard and Katherine Parr, were also the King’s personal selection from within the court.
This personal involvement started off the marriages of Edward IV and Henry VIII on a totally novel basis. All rulers prior to Edward, and every ruler for centuries after Henry, could expect to meet the intended consort only after marriage had been agreed and she had arrived in England. Any choice had been made indirectly, based on second-hand information. Equally limited was a monarch’s freedom to consent. Once a bride had arrived in England it was too late to back out without creating a diplomatic incident of unmanageable proportions. Henry VIII went to his wedding with Anne of Cleves saying ‘If it were not to satisfy the world and my realm, I would not do that I must do this day for none earthly thing’. Often, too, the die had been cast before the bride had left home. Katherine of Aragon arrived to wed Prince Arthur in 1501 having already been married to him by proxy on three separate occasions.
Under these circumstances, emotional commitment was never a real possibility early in a conventional royal marriage. Henry VIII certainly behaved gallantly when he married Katherine of Aragon but was this more than posturing? In 1511 he held a tournament in honour of his wife on the birth of their first son, only for the child to die a week later. Undoubtedly Henry was disappointed but his response was to embark on a bout of gambling and then to order another tournament. One can, if one likes, say that here was another emotionally repressed male, but the episode certainly does not suggest real closeness between him and his grieving wife.
By contrast, the romantic behaviour of Edward and Henry was more normally associated with an affair. In the case of Anne Boleyn, we have the unique evidence of Henry’s letters. In the earliest of these he tries to get her to take him seriously – after all, he had just ended a liaison with her married elder sister, Mary. Anne, however, refused blandishments and financial inducements to replace Mary in the King’s bed. After a year, Henry demanded that she give herself up to him ‘body and soul’ – effectively to become maitresse en titre as in the French court – but Anne continued to respond with less than enthusiasm. When Henry tried to force the issue – in what way we do not know – she took refuge with her parents. Only when he had decided to break with Katherine of Aragon did Henry’s perception (and Anne’s attitude?) change; he began to see Anne as the ideal replacement – a wife chosen by, not for him, their relationship based not on nuptial formality but on burning passion.
The courtship of Elizabeth Woodville by Henry’s grandfather was remarkably similar, though no letters remain. Edward laid out bribes to her father, Richard Woodville, Lord Rivers, and made financial offers to Elizabeth. In the end, he too tried to force the issue. Contemporary stories tell of Edward’s reaching the point of putting a knife to Elizabeth’s throat and being told that she was ‘determined to die rather than live unchastely with the King’. Again, only marriage gave him what he wanted.
Henry VIII’s later courtships were equally sexually driven. He wooed Jane Seymour with gifts and bribes to members of her family, but only decided to abandon Anne Boleyn days and possibly hours before she was arrested. In the case of Katherine Howard the transition from would-be mistress to consort is evident. Henry was in full pursuit within weeks of seeing her – not without a degree of encouragement on her part which should have indicated to him that she was more experienced than was claimed. They were married three weeks after the Cleves divorce and by then Katherine may already have begun sleeping with Henry.
Grandfather and grandson effectively confused two identities, that of the mistress with that of the consort, and ended up marrying when they had intended something less. As a result relations with their wives were decidedly out of the ordinary. Edward and his wife enjoyed an active intimate life, with the queen producing ten children in sixteen years, the last at the age of forty-three. Elizabeth was involved enough to see the King’s notorious philandering as a personal affront, not something a queen must expect. Henry VIII described his feelings for Anne Boleyn as ‘his so great folly’ and was later reported to follow her around like a little dog. The death of her successor, Jane Seymour, broke him emotionally. During her final illness at Hampton Court, Henry said that if anything happened to her he could not bear to remain at the palace. Court mourning lasted nearly fifteen weeks, well over twice as long as followed his father’s death. The King’s subsequent match with Katherine Howard renewed his youth. In the eighteen months or so that it lasted, Henry showed himself, when fit, head over heels in love, spending more on dresses and jewels for her than he had for any of his previous wives and breaking down into paroxysms of grief when he learned about her dubious behaviour.
What are more difficult to assess are the feelings of the women concerned. Contemporaries vilified Elizabeth Woodville and Anne Boleyn as Delilahs, and even talked of witchcraft, but how realistic was it for a woman to reject a king’s offer of marriage? Katherine Parr agreed to become Henry VIII’s sixth wife even though she wanted to marry the young and personable Thomas Seymour. On the other hand, Anne Boleyn, once she and Henry had become betrothed in the belief that he had never been lawfully married, responded to the King’s billets doux enthusiastically, sent him eleborate love tokens and allowed some physical intimacies short of intercourse. The subsequent marriage, too, gave plenty of evidence of passion on both sides. Of the two responses, Anne’s was possibly the more unusual. The accepted measure of an aristocratic marriage was status, and the most exalted prize of all was the throne. Most consorts certainly seem to have enjoyed their position. Then, too, one must ask about alternative options. Elizabeth Woodville was a widow, no great heiress, and already twenty-seven years old; not only was Edward the grandest match in the kingdom, but her future otherwise was limited. Jane Seymour too had few prospects and at twenty-seven might expect to be on the shelf. Anne Boleyn was of a similar age when she agreed to marry Henry and after two years of stalemate over his divorce she complained,
I have been waiting long and might in the meanwhile have contracted some advantageous marriage, out of which I might have had issue, which is the greatest consolation in this world. But alas! Farewell to my time and youth spent to no purpose at all.
Manoeuvres at court also played their part. Jane Seymour and Katherine Howard were put forward with the deliberate intention of catching the eye of a monarch who was thought to be susceptible. Each was carefully coached in how to trap the King, but how willing they were to be used is not clear. The story that Katherine said ‘I die a queen, but would rather die the wife of Culpeper’ is apocryphal, but she can only have seen the obese and unhealthy Henry as a ‘sugar daddy’, not a husband of choice.
To modern thinking, emotional commitment in a royal marriage ought to be a source of strength, but historically the liabilities have been considerable. A match based on choice and passion had nothing external to support it. In 1470 Margaret of Anjou could be assisted by her cousin Louis XI of France to restore her husband Henry VI to the English throne. With no equivalent connections, all that Elizabeth Woodville could do as her husband escaped to the Low Countries was to take sanctuary at Westminster ‘in great trouble, sorrow and heaviness’. When on the death of Edward IV in April 1483, her relatives were arrested and her eldest son seized by his uncle Richard of Gloucester, again her only option was recourse to the protection of Westminster.
Sixty years later Katherine of Aragon was able to oppose her demotion and the demotion of her daughter because she had powerful Habsburg connections. Anne Boleyn had no such protection. Although she represented an Anglo-French entente, there was nothing to prevent the French abandoning her or the English likewise. It is often argued that Anne would have been secure if she had had a son. Certainly, but not because Henry VIII was poised to discard his wife if the story did not end as he wanted. Rather a son would have given the marriage precisely the objective endorsement it lacked. Passion would have been underpinned by parenthood.
With Katherine Howard, although nothing could have saved her marriage once her indiscretions were exposed, international connections would have saved her life since adultery was a moral, not a treasonable offence. As it was, Henry was able to summon Parliament to enact that Katherine was a traitor, and so would be any future adulterous queen. English support was useless. Her uncle and patron, the Duke of Norfolk, had only one thought – how to save his own neck – and Bishop Stephen Gardiner, who had actively encouraged Henry’s passion for Katherine, was equally keen to abandon her.
Another weakness in a romantic marriage was that it could appear suspect. Elizabeth Woodville’s marriage smelt of doubtful legality, not only the ceremony itself, but her unsuitability as a widow and someone of inferior birth. At the time the Royal Council was reported to be seeking ways to void the marriage and in his later bid for the throne Richard of Gloucester exploited the circumstances to produce a plausible case that his brother’s sons were illegitimate. A particularly difficult situation was created for Anne Boleyn by the five-year delay in her marriage to Henry. A relationship short of marriage but becoming closer and closer emotionally was typical of a lover/mistress relationship, not a potential consort. What then was Anne? Ambassadors assumed – wrongly – that she was the royal mistress but even Henry wasn’t always certain. In the autumn of 1532, before plucking up courage to marry her, he granted Anne the title ‘Marchioness of Pembroke’ with the remarkable clause granting the remainder to her son ‘whether or not born in wedlock’.
The need to give an unconventional marriage external credibility explains the importance Edward and Henry placed on the coronation of their consorts. The kings had chosen ordinary women who had to be made extraordinary, and this regal status, pageantry and the blessing of the Church could confer. Once Edward IV had made his marriage public, preparations began to give Elizabeth a hugely impressive coronation. This involved massive expense and included inviting a delegation of her noble relatives from abroad. Henry VIII acted similarly for Anne Boleyn, dragooning every notable except Thomas More to pay public homage to his new wife. Plague in Westminster Abbey halted the arrangements for Jane Seymour’s coronation on October 29th, 1536, but when in December a frozen Thames prevented the court travelling to Greenwich by water, the opportunity was taken to mount something equivalent to a coronation procession through a London warned to be en fête .
One key difference between marriage and a liaison is permanence. A diplomatic marriage was until death and guaranteed by foreign backing. Henry never really managed to be free of Katherine of Aragon. His sense of liberation was palpable on hearing she was dead: ‘God be praised that we are free of all suspicion of war’. In practice, of course, a king could keep marriage effectively separate from his private life. Francis I of France disliked sleeping with Eleanor of Portugal but their union was unaffected; a minimum expected attention was all that was required. By contrast, a relationship based on attraction ends when passion has run its course. Edward jettisoned his mistresses with almost no trace. Henry quietly disposed of Bessie Blount, his first known mistress, by marrying her off. His second, Mary Boleyn, was conveniently already the wife of a favoured courtier, making specific compensation unnecessary. But what if a passionate relationship that had been regularised by marriage became rocky? Henry VIII’s marriage to Anne Boleyn was storms and sunshine, and every time the two quarrelled observers prophesied disaster. ‘A king’, Henry grumbled, ‘should not have to stand that kind of treatment from a wife!’ From a mistress he would expect it.
Confusion about how to end a relationship when the mistress is a wife was clear in the case of Katherine Howard. The first thought seems to have been to treat her as a mistress and repudiate her publicly. Orders went out within days of the revelation of her offences that Katherine had forfeited her honours and should no longer be called queen. But in law she was queen, and hence the chicanery of Parliamentary condemnation three months later. In the bloody outcome one must also allow for passion turned sour. Henry had a perfect case for annulling the Howard marriage since one of the accused, Francis Dereham, could at canon law claim to be Katherine’s husband. Yet that would have left the insult to Henry’s manhood unavenged. The unfortunate Dereham was thus subjected to the full horror of drawing, hanging, disembowelling and quartering for having made love to his own wife.
A further weakness of a marriage based on a monarch’s feelings was the possibility of challenge. The conventional consort might be threatened with rivals in her husband’s bed, but not on her throne. But where one woman had succeeded in ‘trapping’ the king, might not another follow? Here Elizabeth Woodville was fortunate. Edward’s affairs did not threaten her status because, notoriously, he preferred the thrill of the chase to the conquest and dumped his mistresses once he had enjoyed them. However, Henry VIII’s marriage to Anne Boleyn was always questioned and an element of doubt continued to linger over her successors. Consequently, the English wives Henry chose were always vulnerable to another woman following the same path to success they themselves had trod. After all, the relationships between Henry and Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour and Katherine Howard each began while the King was married to someone else. This meant that if Henry began to show interest in another woman, the current wife had to take the threat much more seriously than a conventional consort.
There are other differences between conventional royal marriages and those of Edward and Henry to their English brides. What about language? The love letters Henry wrote to Anne were principally in French, but not the most sexually explicit of them. Did it make a difference that the King could talk to his wife in English? Moreover, what about the quality of marital discourse? In the early years of marriage Katherine of Aragon clearly brought a valuable international perspective to talks with Henry VIII, but after a few years she would have become an echo, substantially dependent on what she was told in the enclosed circle in which she lived. By contrast, Elizabeth Woodville had a network of her own and was certainly credited with having considerable influence over her husband’s political assessments. Anne Boleyn, with her long experience of European courts, her own appreciation of events taking place in England and her own sources of information, could well have been constructive critic rather than mere sounding board. Katherine Parr, Henry’s last English wife, had lively theological debates with her husband and on one occasion seriously annoyed him by proving him wrong.
Another difference between a queen chosen for diplomatic reasons and one chosen for love or lust was their relationship with courtiers. Part of the vulnerability of the mistress-turned-wife was that she lacked the protection of distance which foreign princesses enjoyed. She came to the royal bed with ready-formed relationships which could not be abandoned. Friends would never have accepted that their now-royal relative or friend should enter some sort of regal purdah. Elizabeth Woodville’s relatives did very nicely out of the marriage. Edward used his influence to corner the aristocratic marriage market for their benefit, and as soon as she produced her first child, he made Elizabeth’s father an earl and gave her brother the lordship of the Isle of Wight. Jane Seymour’s marriage made her elder brother a viscount and her successful pregnancy raised that to an earldom. Not a bad reward for a bit of procuring. Nor was it just a matter of gain. An Englishwoman attaining the royal bed was a major coup in the factional struggle for royal favour. Lively young things did not simply exhibit themselves before Henry VIII dazzled by his sex appeal or his glamour. Jane Seymour was dangled before the king like an over-ripe plum as part of the plot to destroy Anne Boleyn. Katherine Howard was pimped by the conservative opposition to Thomas Cromwell, and as with Salome the reward was a head on a platter.
In one or two cases a queen by royal choice went even further and became a significant political figure within a faction. At Edward IV’s court the Woodvilles formed an important grouping which he foolishly built up to balance the influence of his brother Richard and the Lord Chamberlain, Thomas, Lord Hastings. His wife Elizabeth was actively involved in this, as events leading to the fall of the Duke of Clarence and Richard III’s usurpation make clear. Anne Boleyn was another such case. She became the patron and focus of evangelical reformers at Henry’s court. Katherine Parr, Henry’s choice at the age of fifty-two, may not have stirred the King’s blood – if that was still physically possible – and he certainly did not stir hers, but she was a major piece on the factional board at the end of the reign and narrowly escaped the fate of her predecessors.
There was, however, more to the court than faction and here Henry’s English wives faced another problem, except, perhaps, Katherine Parr. Anne, Jane and Katherine Howard became royal consorts because they were sought after as royal mistresses, and royal mistresses they had to remain, despite their new status. Unlike a wife chosen from abroad, they could not ignore the courtly scrum. Significantly one of the challengers whom Anne had to see off was described as ‘the damsel whom the King has been accustomed to serve’, a term from the game of courtly love later also used to describe Jane Seymour. A particular dimension of this courtly scene was that each of the women had links with male courtiers which antedated any thought of marrying the King. The Woodville family had seized on the advantage of Elizabeth’s marriage to pursue old vendettas with new enthusiasm. In Anne Boleyn’s case the heir to the earldom of Northumberland had wanted to marry her, Thomas Wyatt had fluttered round like a moth round a candle, and Henry Norris, the King’s most intimate attendant, had become a close friend. Katherine Howard wasted no time in putting her intimates in positions at court. When such a court lady married the King she already had her own circle of admirers and, in consequence, ‘pastime in the queen’s chamber’ was inevitably more free and intimate than under a foreign consort.
It was this aspect of the position of the wife/mistress which provides the sting in the tail of their story. Easy relations made for comfort but easy relations in a competitive court could be fatal. Katherine Howard had minimal respect for court protocol and refused to draw a line between her position before and after becoming the King’s wife. The reason she survived as long as she did was down to the difficulty of finding someone brave enough to risk telling the King. In the case of Anne Boleyn, Thomas Cromwell had political reasons for wanting to destroy her, but what gave him the weapons he needed were her easy relations with the male courtiers who surrounded her, some of whom she had known for fifteen years.
With the death of Henry VIII the English experiment of a queen who was both consort and mistress came to an end. It had made personal satisfaction the test of royal marriage, but had hardly been a success. The tragedy that befell his sons cannot be isolated from Edward IV’s marriage. Henry VIII’s matrimonial romances raised four Englishwomen to unheard of personal distinction but two of them died on the scaffold. Katherine Parr nearly followed suit. A foreign princess observing the scene might agree that it must be exciting for an Englishwoman to be the passion of a king’s life, but be grateful none the less that in a conventional international marriage one at least could expect to die in bed.
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How many books make up the ‘Chronicles of Narnia’ by C S Lewis? | Frequently Asked Questions And Facts About Henry VIII's Reign | Historic Royal Palaces
Lady Jane Grey (for nine days in 1553)
Mary I (1553-1558)
Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
Henry VII was the son of Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, the son of Princess Catherine of Valois and Owen Tudor, and Margaret Beauford, who was a descendant of King Edward III through an illegitimate line. After his accession to the throne, following his defeat of King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, Henry VII promptly married Elizabeth of York to stifle any alternate claims to the throne. Henry VIII was their second son.
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Why were they called the Tudors?
They were called the Tudors because Henry VII was otherwise known as Henry Tudor. He was the son of Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, the son of Princess Catherine of Valois and Owen Tudor, and Margaret Beauford, who was a descendant of King Edward III through an illegitimate line. Henry Tudor became Henry VII when he won the throne from King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, and his son and grandchildren continued the Tudor dynasty until 1603.
How long did Henry VIII reign?
Henry VIII ruled for 37 years, 9 months and 6 days.
When was Henry VIII born?
Prince Henry, later Henry VIII, was born at Greenwich Palace on 28th June 1491.
Who were Henry VIII’s parents?
Henry was the 2nd son of King Henry VII and Queen Elizabeth of York.
Henry VIII’s father, King Henry VII (or Henry Tudor), was born in 1457. He won the crown of England at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 where he defeated and killed King Richard III. This battle ended ‘the Wars of the Roses’. Henry VII was 28 when he became king and ruled for 24 years until his death on 21 April 1509, at the age of 52. Although he won the throne in battle, he became quite a ‘bureaucratic king’.
Henry VIII’s mother was a princess, Elizabeth of York (or Elizabeth Plantagenet). She was born in 1465. Elizabeth was the eldest daughter of an earlier king, Edward IV, the niece of Richard III, and the sister of ‘the Princes in the Tower’. Elizabeth married Henry VII in 1486. Their marriage created a union between the two warring houses of Lancaster (Red Rose) and York (White Rose). The Tudor Rose, which is red and white, symbolises this union. Elizabeth died in childbirth at the Tower of London in 1503 on her 38th birthday, when Henry was 11 years old.
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Did Henry VIII have any brothers and sisters?
Henry had seven siblings but only three survived infancy, and only his two sisters, Margaret and Mary, survived to see his accession in 1509.
His elder brother, Arthur, was born in 1486 and was Henry VII’s heir-apparent, the Prince of Wales. Arthur married the Spanish princess Katherine of Aragon in 1501, when he was 15 and she was 14 but the marriage only lasted five months as Arthur died suddenly at Ludlow Castle in 1502, possibly of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Henry’s sister, Princess Margaret, was born in 1489. She became Queen of Scotland in 1504 when she married King James IV of Scotland and became the mother of King James V of Scotland in 1513. After James IV was defeated and killed by Henry VIII’s army at the Battle of Flodden (1513), Margaret married Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus, in 1514. She divorced him (ironically) in 1527 and married Henry Stuart. Margaret died in 1541 at the age of 52.
Princess Mary was born in 1496. Mary was betrothed to the future Emperor Charles V in 1508 but their marriage never took place. Instead, Henry VIII married her to King Louis XII of France in 1514. Louis was aged 52 and Mary 18 but Mary was only Queen of France for three months as Louis soon died. Mary then quickly married Henry VIII’s close companion Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. Their daughter, Frances, was the mother of Lady Jane Grey, ‘the nine day queen’. Mary died on 25 June 1533.
How old was Henry VIII when he came to the throne?
Prince Henry was 17 years old when he was proclaimed King Henry VIII on 22 April 1509.
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Why do you spell Katherine of Aragon with a ‘K’?
In the 16th century, people were less hung up on spelling than we are today, and spellings were not standardised or fixed. This is why the names of Henry’s wives can be spelt in a variety of ways. Katherine of Aragon could be spelt ‘Catalina’, which was the Spanish version, or ‘Katharine’, which is written on her tomb at Peterborough. We chose to spell Katherine with a ‘K’ because everywhere her initial appears with Henry’s initial, ‘H’ – for instance in the Westminster Tournament Roll of 1511, it says ‘H&K’.
Who were Katherine of Aragon’s parents?
Katherine of Aragon’s parents were King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile.
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How old were Henry VIII and Katherine when they got married?
When Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon married on 11 June 1509 in the Franciscan church at Greenwich Palace, he was 17 and she was 23.
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How long were Henry VIII and Katherine married?
Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon were married for 23 years and 11 months, more than twice as long as all his other marriages put together.
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How many children did Katherine of Aragon have?
Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon had only one surviving daughter, Princess Mary, later Queen Mary I (1553-1558), born on 18 February 1516 at Greenwich Palace. But Katherine gave birth to five other children who did not survive. They were:
A daughter, miscarried or stillborn, many weeks premature on 31 January 1510
Prince Henry, born on 1 January 1511 at Richmond Palace, but died on 22 February 1511, at Richmond
A son, who was born and died in November 1513, at Richmond Palace
A son, who was born and died, or stillborn, in November or December 1514
A daughter, who was born and died on 9-10 November 1518
Why did Henry VIII divorce Katherine of Aragon?
Henry annulled his marriage to Katherine of Aragon for two reasons:
She was unable to bear him the son that he needed to secure the dynasty (see ‘Why did Henry marry six times?’)
He fell head over heels in love with Anne Boleyn, who refused to be his mistress and would only accept him through marriage
But Henry said that he wanted to ‘divorce’ Katherine of Aragon because it had been wrong for Pope Julius II to grant him a dispensation to marry Katherine as she had previously been married to his brother Arthur.
According to Leviticus 18.16, the union of a man with his brother’s widow is contrary to the law of God and Henry argued that this remained the case, despite the papal dispensation (Henry overlooked Deuteronomy 25.5 which instructed a man to marry his brother’s widow).
Henry attributed their childlessness to this transgression of God’s law and on 23 May 1533, Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, declared Henry’s marriage to Katherine null and void. Princess Mary was declared illegitimate, and the marriage of Henry to Katherine was deemed never to have occurred.
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How did Katherine of Aragon die?
Katherine became ill in late December 1535. She died about 2pm on Friday 7 January 1536 at Kimbolton, aged 50. The cause of her death may have been ‘a melanotic carcinoma’ but was diagnosed at the time as ‘slow poisoning’. Katherine was buried on 29 January 1536 in Peterborough Abbey.
How many times did Henry VIII marry and who were Henry’s wives?
By most measures, Henry VIII had six wives, two of whom he executed. They were:
1. Katherine of Aragon
Married, 12 July 1543
‘Survived’
However, technically, as his marriages to Katherine of Aragon, Anne of Cleves and Anne Boleyn were annulled (Anne Boleyn’s marriage was annulled before her execution), Henry VIII only had three wives.
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Why did Henry VIII marry six times?
Henry married for different reasons every time but a central motive for all his marriages was his search for an heir. Henry – and most people at the time – believed that one of his principal responsibilities as king was to produce an adult male heir (that is, aged 15-20) who could succeed him peacefully when he died to secure his dynasty.
Having daughters wasn’t sufficient because princesses were often married to other kings and princes, and Henry feared that if one of his daughters became queen then England would be ruled, or dominated, by a foreign power.
Children could not rule as monarchs by themselves. Instead their powers were given to individual ‘regents’ or to groups of councillors. Disputes over the regency or between councillors could be very bloody, endangering the security, peace and prosperity of the country.
For the 50 years or so before Henry VIII became king, England had been in an on-off state of civil war as Henry’s father’s and mother’s families fought over the crown. Henry VIII – and the country – wanted a secure line of princes to ensure this didn’t happen again.
Henry – and others – were worried that if he didn’t have one or more sons by his early thirties (at the latest) then he might die in his fifties without an adult male heir. So, when Katherine of Aragon seemed unable to bear a healthy, living son and had reached her forties, when further childbirth seemed unlikely, Henry was desperate to re-marry and secure his dynasty. Anne Boleyn also was unable to give him the son he needed, and her miscarriage of a boy child was undoubtedly an important factor in her fall from grace and subsequent execution.
His next wife, Jane Seymour, did give birth to a son: she was the mother of Edward, later Edward VI, but she died of puerperal sepsis soon after childbirth. One son was no guarantee of a smooth succession as they might easily die (like Henry’s elder brother, Arthur). To have more sons remained a political and national priority for Henry.
He married Anne of Cleves for this reason, for diplomacy and because he liked the look of her picture but she did not please him, and Catherine Howard had caught his eye. He was convinced that this young woman would bear him many more sons, but her infidelity led to her downfall. He married Kateryn Parr when she was 31-32 (the same age as Anne Boleyn had been when he married her) for her wit, wisdom and intelligence, as much as anything else. She didn’t bear him a child – but could have done: she had a daughter with her fourth and last husband, Thomas Seymour.
Henry was right to worry! His only son, Edward, was only 9 years old when Henry died and suffered from weak health, dying at the age of 15 in 1553.
How long was Henry VIII with each wife?
The lengths of Henry’s marriages (in order of length):
Katherine of Aragon
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Where did Henry VIII’s wives come from?
Katherine of Aragon came from Spain as she was the daughter of King Ferdinand V of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile.
Anne Boleyn was maid-in-waiting to Katherine of Aragon, and part of a court family. Her parents were Sir Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Ormond and Wiltshire, and Lady Elizabeth Howard, daughter of Thomas Howard, the second Duke of Norfolk and sister of the third.
Jane Seymour was maid-in-waiting to Katherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn. Her parents were Sir John Seymour of Wolf Hall, and Margery Wentworth. Jane claimed royal blood through descent from Edward III.
Anne of Cleves was the daughter of the daughter of Johann III, duke of Juliers Cleves and Maria, heir of Juliers, from the Netherlands.
Katherine Howard was maid-in-waiting to Anne of Cleves. She was Anne Boleyn’s cousin and daughter of Lord Edmund Howard (younger son of Thomas Howard, second duke of Norfolk) and his first wife, Elizabeth Tilney.
Kateryn Parr was maid-in-waiting to Princess Mary. She was daughter of Sir Thomas Parr of Kendal, Westmorland, and Maud Green, and was probably named after her godmother Katherine of Aragon. Her brother, William Parr, Marquess of Northampton, was one of three men who put Lady Jane Grey on the throne of England. She was married twice before Henry - to Edward Borough and to Sir John Neville.
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Why did Henry VIII behead his wives?
Henry had two of his wives beheaded for infidelity which counted as high treason when committed by a queen.
Anne Boleyn was arrested for witchcraft, alleged adultery with Mark Smeaton, Henry Norris, Francis Weston and William Brereton and incest with her brother, George, Lord Rochford on 2 May 1536 and was imprisoned in the Tower of London. It is very unlikely that she was guilty of any of these offences. Anne was beheaded (with a sword) at the Tower of London on 19 May 1536 - she was about 36.
Katherine Howard was arrested for her premarital sexual activity with Francis Dereham, and her alleged marital infidelity with Thomas Culpeper. She was not brought to trial. Instead she and her aide, Lady Rochford, were condemned under a bill of attainder introduced into the House of Lords on 21 January 1542, which received the king's assent on 11 February. She was beheaded on 13 February 1542 at 9am. The primary cause of her execution was arguably that she had not been courageous or wise enough to confess her illicit past to Henry when he proposed marriage.
In both cases, Henry probably had them executed because having idealised them, their failures – to have a son or to love him – enraged him and brought out his cruel streak.
How many mistresses did Henry have?
We know of only three mistresses.
Henry had an affair with Elizabeth Blount, a maid of honour to the Queen. Their son Henry Fitzroy (‘Fitzroy’ means illegitimate king’s son), later Duke of Richmond, was born in 1519 and was Henry VIII’s only recognised illegitimate child.
He also had a brief affair with Anne Boleyn’s sister Mary Boleyn, who later became Mary Carey, in the 1520s. Finally, when Anne Boleyn was still Queen, Mary Shelton, Anne’s first cousin, became his mistress for about six months before Henry became interested in Jane Seymour.
Did Henry VIII have any children?
Henry VIII had four surviving children.
Princess Mary, later Queen Mary I, born 1516 to Katherine of Aragon.
Henry Fitzroy, born 1519, to Elizabeth Blount.
Princess Elizabeth, later Queen Elizabeth I, born 1533 to Anne Boleyn.
Prince Edward, later King Edward VI, born 1536 to Jane Seymour.
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Was Henry VIII really fanciable compared to other Tudor men?
The answer, at least up until his 40s, seems to be a resounding yes. Henry was tall, well-built and athletic in his youth. He loved sport and was charismatic, energetic and charming. He was also good-looking: a medal of his profile from c. 1525 by Lucas Horenbout shows his aquiline nose and strong jaw-line. The attractiveness of men’s bodies in the sixteenth century was described by the beauty of their legs and Henry VIII was widely renowned to have a fine calf!
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Did Henry VIII ever exercise?
In the first twenty years of his reign, Henry was very athletic and spent a lot of time jousting, hunting, wrestling, shooting, dancing and playing tennis. He was incredibly fit and energetic. After his fall from his horse in 1536 and with his chronic leg ulcer, he was less and less able to participate in sport which was a factor in his increasing obesity in his later years.
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What illnesses did Henry have?
Henry suffered an attack of smallpox in February 1514 and an attack of malaria in 1521 and occasionally thereafter, especially in 1541. He was prone to headaches, sore throats and catarrh.
He hurt his left foot playing tennis in 1527 and again in 1529. His greatest accident was in January 1536 when he fell from his horse whilst jousting. He was unconscious for two hours, and Anne Boleyn blamed her subsequent miscarriage of a male child on the shock at Henry’s fall.
Henry had a chronic leg ulcer, first mentioned in 1528 but possibly aggravated by his fall in 1536. The ulcer often became inflamed and Henry did not rest long enough for it to heal.
Towards the end of his life he had enormously swollen, dropsical legs, due to chronic heart failure and his obesity.
There is no evidence that Henry VIII was syphilitic. It is possible though that he suffered from some form of depression in the second half of his life, with a particular bout in 1541.
For more on Henry’s medical health, see, Milo Keynes ‘The Personality and Health of King Henry VIII (1491-1547)’, Journal of Medical Biography (2005), 13, 174-183.
How big was Henry VIII?
He was a large man. He was 6ft 2” tall.
Aged 23 (1514), his chest circumference was 42 inches, and his waist 35 inches.
After 1528, he gradually became more stout and by 1536, his chest measurement was 45 inches, and waist 37 inches.
Yet, by 1541, aged 50, he had become enormous - with a chest measurement of 57 inches and a waist measurement of 54 inches.
Especially large horses had to be used to carry him, and by 1545, he started using a sort of wheelchair, a chair called a ‘tramme’ to carry him between his chambers, and a lift to lift him up and down stairs.
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Did Henry VIII execute a lot of people?
Estimates vary widely. Some suggest that as many as 72,000 people were executed during his reign, yet other estimates are much lower. It was a violent age and, compared to other monarchs, he was not considered particularly bloodthirsty. It was his daughter, Mary, who would earn the epithet, ‘Bloody’.
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When did Henry VIII die?
Henry VIII died early on Friday, 28 January 1547 at Whitehall Palace. He was aged 55. He probably died of chronic heart failure. He was buried in St. George's Chapel in Windsor Castle on 16 February 1547, next to his third (and favourite) queen, Jane Seymour.
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Who succeeded him?
Henry VIII was succeeded by his son, Edward VI, who reigned 1547-1553. Edward was followed by his cousin, Lady Jane Grey, who reigned for nine days, then by his sister Mary, later Mary I, who reigned 1553-1558, and his sister Elizabeth, who became Elizabeth I, and ruled England until 1603. As Elizabeth did not marry or bear children, after her the throne passed to James VI of Scotland of the Stuart dynasty who became James I of England.
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Which sport features line-outs, scrums and conversions? | BBC SPORT | Rugby Union | Laws & Equipment | What is a line-out?
What is a line-out?
The line-out is another awesome sight in rugby union.
It is a way of restarting play after the ball has been knocked or kicked out of play past the touch line.
The line-out consists of three to eight players from each side, up to 16 in total, and is taken where the ball went out of play.
The aim of each player is simply to get their hands on the ball for their team.
So how does it work? The advantage is with the team throwing in.
They get the ball because they were not the team who last touched the ball before it went out. They also get to decide how many players will make up the line-out.
FORMING A LINE-OUT
The eight forwards and the scrum-half are the players who make up the line-out.
The most important players are the hooker, the two second rows and scrum-half. They are responsible for getting the ball out to the backs or for the rest of the forwards.
That does not mean the other players have nothing to do. Far from it.
The line-out must be formed past the five-metre line and no more than 15m in from the touchline, and both teams must have a one metre gap between them.
If the referee decides one team has purposely closed the gap, a penalty will be awarded to the other team.
LINE-OUT THROWS
The hooker is usually the player with the job throwing the ball into a line-out. Their aim is to find the "jumpers", usually the two second rowers.
But this is not easy. The other team also want the ball, so they'll be doing all they can to upset the hooker's throw.
The hooker gets a call from one of the jumpers or the scrum half, usually in a code no-one except your team understands, on who to aim the throw at.
They must stand behind the touch line when they make their throw.
And the throw must be deadly straight, otherwise the referee will have the line-out taken again, but this time the opposition get the throw in.
RETAKEN THROWS
The line-out may look very simple, but it has plenty of laws every player must follow:
The ball must be thrown straight
All players not in the line-out must be 10m behind the last man in the line
No player can use a one of the opposition to use as support when they are jumping
No player is allowed to push, charge or hold another player in the line-out
No player can be lifted before the ball is thrown
No jumper can use the outside of their arm to catch or deflect the ball
Depending on how serious the offence is, the referee will either award a penalty or free-kick to the team who did not make the offence.
| Rugby |
Which spice is known as the ‘Master Spice’? | EA SPORTS™ Rugby 08 | PS2 Games | PlayStation
EA SPORTS™ Rugby 08
OVERVIEW Preview GAME FEATURES
Experience all of the excitement of the 2007 Rugby World Cup in France as you challenge the best teams and players ever assembled for global supremacy. A nation's destiny is in your hands when you take control of one of the officially licensed national teams and power your way through a gruelling six-week World Cup campaign for the sports' ultimate prize - the glorious Webb Ellis Cup.
Take complete control of managing your favourite squad, emulating its attacking style and, for the first time ever, use new authentic defensive formations. Adjust your defence on the fly to keep momentum on your side or counter your opponent's attacking style by changing your defensive strategy based on score, field position, and more.
This year EA SPORTS Rugby 08 introduces a layered pick-up-and-play control system for set pieces and drop kicks. Now you take full command over every scrum and maul with enhanced push and rotation controls, make line-outs look easy with a simplified control scheme for the novice player and advanced mechanics for the pro, and master the new kicking meter to score those key penalties and conversions.
The world is yours for the taking in EA SPORTS Rugby 08.
Recreate 30 classic moments in World Cup history using modern teams for fans to unlock exclusive World Cup highlight videos.
Play as your national side in its official World Cup kit as you go for the ultimate glory on the world stage for the Webb Ellis Cup.
With an unprecedented level of customised camera angles, zero in on all the action on the field by zooming in on rucks and scrums.
Tough tackling World Cup rugby on PS2
Prepare to dig in deep and fight for World Cup victory with Rugby 08 from EA Sports’
With the Rugby World Cup set to thrill fans everywhere, EA Sports has taken up the challenge once more of bringing rugby's special sporting blend of passionate action, tactics and the odd spot of rough-housing directly to the comforts of your own home.
Getting into a ruck
It's easy to tell Rugby 08 is the officially licensed videogame of the 2007 Rugby World Cup, before you even kick a single oval-shaped ball. The presentation is an immaculate mixture of real life footage and contemporary music to create an authentic and strong pre-match atmosphere for the game.
This only serves to heighten the build-up, once the extensive nature of Rugby 08 sets in. All 20 of the national teams are available for selection, with not only official kits, badges and stadiums accurately recreated, but also the fearsome facial features of key players and any particular traits unique to specific nations. The mighty All Blacks' haka ritual has never looked more terrifyingly authentic.
Positively scrumptious
The realism continues in the gameplay, with the sport's nuances shining through. Passing and scrum pushing are well devised and intuitive, creating a quick and flowing game complimented nicely with fluid animation that highlights the action's intensity and authenticity. A new kicking meter has also been introduced to refine the technique for those all-important conversion and penalty moments without removing any of the tension, while everything else is assisted by an intelligent button layout, designed to gently work you into the game with minimal hassle.
However, despite the ease of play thanks to a well designed control system and numerous training/tutorial modes, there's no loss depth in Rugby 08. Tactics and strategy remain a huge part of winning games, as the artificial intelligence of computer controlled players on both sides constantly searches for weaknesses against rivals, adjusting attack and defence on the fly to maintain momentum. Squad rotation, shrewd on-pitch decisions and unforced errors can affect team morale which in turn can make grinding out victory - or worse, pulling back a score deficit - more difficult.
The world is yours
Fans looking to experience more than just winning the Webb Ellis World Cup won't be disappointed with what else is on offer in the game. A host of club teams are on hand to vary proceedings, as are a number of other competitions, including the European Trophy and the Guinness Premiership. Should you wish to revisit former glories, there's also the World Cup Challenge, which recreates 30 of the biggest moments in the competition's history using modern teams in objective based challenges, rewarding you with exclusive World Cup highlight videos.
Rugby 08 is ideal for any rugby fan. Its high production values are in good company with the deep and intuitive gameplay, while the various modes and features will extend enjoyment long after the glory and heartache of the World Cup passes. Pick it up - it's worth more than just a mere try.
1-2 Players
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‘Don’t Stop Believin’ is a hit song from the cast of which television series? | Glee Cast - Don't Stop Believin' (Lyrics) - YouTube
Glee Cast - Don't Stop Believin' (Lyrics)
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Published on Jul 24, 2015
"Don't Stop Believin'" was recorded by the cast of American television series, Glee. It is the first single released from the soundtrack of the series, Glee: The Music, Volume 1 and was performed on the first episode of the initial season, "Pilot". A portion of the song was covered again in the episode "The Rhodes Not Taken". A second version was covered by the cast in the first season's finale episode, "Journey to Regionals", for the glee club's Regionals competition; it is included in the EP soundtrack, Glee: The Music, Journey to Regionals. A third version was covered by Lea Michele as Rachel Berry in the nineteenth episode of the fourth season of the show, "Sweet Dreams"; it was released as a single April 23, 2013. A fourth version was performed in the 2014 episode "New Directions". The Glee arrangement was adapted from Petra Haden's version. The "Regionals Version" earned a nomination for Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for the 2011 ceremony.
Glee is an American teen musical comedy-drama television series that airs on the Fox network in the United States. It focuses on the reconstituted William McKinley High School glee club, New Directions, which competes on the show choir competition circuit while its disparate members deal with relationships, sexuality, social issues, and learning to become an effective team. The initial twelve-member main cast encompassed new club director and Spanish teacher Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison), cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch), guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury (Jayma Mays), Will's wife Terri (Jessalyn Gilsig), and eight club members played by Dianna Agron, Chris Colfer, Kevin McHale, Lea Michele, Cory Monteith, Amber Riley, Mark Salling, and Jenna Ushkowitz. In subsequent seasons, the main cast has expanded to fourteen and fifteen members.
Category
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Which famous historic figure tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament in London in 1605 in ‘The Gunpowder Plot’? | Glee Cast:Don't Stop Believin' Lyrics | LyricWikia | Fandom powered by Wikia
Glee Cast:Don't Stop Believin' Lyrics
1,877,060pages on
This song is a cover of " Don't Stop Believin' " by Journey .
This song is featured in the video game Glee: Karaoke Revolution .
This song
New Directions: Da, da, da, da... (Repeated until end of the song)
Finn: Just a small town girl, livin' in a lonely world
She took the midnight train goin' anywhere
Rachel: Just a city boy, born and raised in South Detroit
He took the midnight train goin' anywhere
Finn: A singer in a smoky room
Rachel: A smell of wine and cheap perfume
Both: For a smile they can share the night
It goes on and on and on and on
Strangers waiting, up and down the boulevard
Their shadows searching in the night
Streetlight people, living just to find emotion
Hiding, somewhere in the night
Rachel: Workin' hard to get my fill
Everybody wants a thrill
Both: Payin' anything to roll the dice
Just one more time
Rachel: Some will win, some will lose
Both: Some are born to sing the blues
And oh, the movie never ends
It goes on and on and on and on
Strangers waiting, up and down the boulevard
Their shadows searching in the night
Streetlight people, livin' just to find emotion
Hiding, somewhere in the night
New Directions: Don't stop believin'
Hold on to that feelin'
Streetlight people
Hold on to that feelin'
Streetlight people
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Which 2009 animated film features a floating house suspended by helium balloons? | Video: Pixar film Up inspires flying balloon house - Telegraph
How about that?
Pixar film Up inspires flying balloon house
A burst of bright colour breaks the Los Angeles skyline as it continues to soar higher into the air.
By Daniel Bird
6:24PM GMT 08 Mar 2011
Look at it closely and you will see, not a bird, nor a plane and certainly not Superman, but an illuminous yellow house supported by hundreds of balloons.
An idea first dreamed by those at Pixar and Disney has now become a reality.
A team of scientists from National Geographic decided to see if they could replicate the flying house first seen in the 2009 computer-animated film, Up.
In the Academy Award winning picture, 78-year-old retiree Carl Frederickson, attaches hundreds of helium balloons to his property to pursue his ambition of exploring South America.
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The Golden Gate bridge is in which US city? | Miniclip Puzzle Mania Up
Miniclip Puzzle Mania Up
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Up is a 2009 American computer-animated comedy-adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios about a cranky old man and an overeager Wilderness Explorer who fly to South America in a floating house suspended from helium balloons.
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The Great Pyramid is in which country? | Egyptian Pyramids - Ancient History - HISTORY.com
Egyptian Pyramids
A+E Networks
Introduction
Built during a time when Egypt was one of the richest and most powerful civilizations in the world, the pyramids—especially the Great Pyramids of Giza—are some of the most magnificent man-made structures in history. Their massive scale reflects the unique role that the pharaoh, or king, played in ancient Egyptian society. Though pyramids were built from the beginning of the Old Kingdom to the close of the Ptolemaic period in the fourth century A.D., the peak of pyramid building began with the late third dynasty and continued until roughly the sixth (c. 2325 B.C.). More than 4,000 years later, the Egyptian pyramids still retain much of their majesty, providing a glimpse into the country’s rich and glorious past.
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The Pharaoh in Egyptian Society
During the third and fourth dynasties of the Old Kingdom, Egypt enjoyed tremendous economic prosperity and stability. Kings held a unique position in Egyptian society. Somewhere in between human and divine, they were believed to have been chosen by the gods to serve as mediators between them and the people on earth. Because of this, it was in everyone’s interest to keep the king’s majesty intact even after his death, when he was believed to become Osiris, god of the dead. The new pharaoh, in turn, became Horus, the falcon-god who served as protector of the sun-god, Ra.
Did You Know?
The pyramid's smooth, angled sides symbolized the rays of the sun and were designed to help the king's soul ascend to heaven and join the gods, particularly the sun god Ra.
Ancient Egyptians believed that when the king died, part of his spirit (known as “ka”) remained with his body. To properly care for his spirit, the corpse was mummified, and everything the king would need in the afterlife was buried with him, including gold vessels, food, furniture and other offerings. The pyramids became the focus of a cult of the dead king that was supposed to continue well after his death. Their riches would provide not only for him, but also for the relatives, officials and priests who were buried near him.
The Early Pyramids
From the beginning of the Dynastic Era (2950 B.C.), royal tombs were carved into rock and covered with flat-roofed rectangular structures known as “mastabas,” which were precursors to the pyramids. The oldest known pyramid in Egypt was built around 2630 B.C. at Saqqara, for the third dynasty’s King Djoser. Known as the Step Pyramid, it began as a traditional mastaba but grew into something much more ambitious. As the story goes, the pyramid’s architect was Imhotep, a priest and healer who some 1,400 years later would be deified as the patron saint of scribes and physicians. Over the course of Djoser’s nearly 20-year reign, pyramid builders assembled six stepped layers of stone (as opposed to mud-brick, like most earlier tombs) that eventually reached a height of 204 feet (62 meters); it was the tallest building of its time. The Step Pyramid was surrounded by a complex of courtyards, temples and shrines, where Djoser would enjoy his afterlife.
After Djoser, the stepped pyramid became the norm for royal burials, although none of those planned by his dynastic successors were completed (probably due to their relatively short reigns). The earliest tomb constructed as a “true” (smooth-sided, not stepped) pyramid was the Red Pyramid at Dahshur, one of three burial structures built for the first king of the fourth dynasty, Sneferu (2613-2589 B.C.) It was named for the color of the limestone blocks used to construct the pyramid’s core.
The Great Pyramids of Giza
No pyramids are more celebrated than the Great Pyramids of Giza, located on a plateau on the west bank of the Nile River, on the outskirts of modern-day Cairo. The oldest and largest of the three pyramids at Giza, known as the Great Pyramid, is the only surviving structure out of the famed seven wonders of the ancient world. It was built for Khufu (Cheops, in Greek), Sneferu’s successor and the second of the eight kings of the fourth dynasty. Though Khufu reigned for 23 years (2589-2566 B.C.), relatively little is known of his reign beyond the grandeur of his pyramid. The sides of the pyramid’s base average 755.75 feet (230 meters), and its original height was 481.4 feet (147 meters), making it the largest pyramid in the world. Three small pyramids built for Khufu’s queens are lined up next to the Great Pyramid, and a tomb was found nearby containing the empty sarcophagus of his mother, Queen Hetepheres. Like other pyramids, Khufu’s is surrounded by rows of mastabas, where relatives or officials of the king were buried to accompany and support him in the afterlife.
The middle pyramid at Giza was built for Khufu’s son Khafre (2558-2532 B.C). A unique feature built inside Khafre’s pyramid complex was the Great Sphinx, a guardian statue carved in limestone with the head of a man and the body of a lion. It was the largest statue in the ancient world, measuring 240 feet long and 66 feet high. In the 18th dynasty (c. 1500 B.C.) the Great Sphinx would come to be worshiped itself, as the image of a local form of the god Horus. The southernmost pyramid at Giza was built for Khafre’s son Menkaure (2532-2503 B.C.). It is the shortest of the three pyramids (218 feet) and is a precursor of the smaller pyramids that would be constructed during the fifth and sixth dynasties.
Approximately 2.3 million blocks of stone (averaging about 2.5 tons each) had to be cut, transported and assembled to build Khufu’s Great Pyramid. The ancient Greek historian Herodotus wrote that it took 20 years to build and required the labor of 100,000 men, but later archaeological evidence suggests that the workforce might actually have been around 20,000. Though some popular versions of history held that the pyramids were built by slaves or foreigners forced into labor, skeletons excavated from the area show that the workers were probably native Egyptian agricultural laborers who worked on the pyramids during the time of year when the Nile River flooded much of the land nearby.
The End of the Pyramid Era
Pyramids continued to be built throughout the fifth and sixth dynasties, but the general quality and scale of their construction declined over this period, along with the power and wealth of the kings themselves. In the later Old Kingdom pyramids, beginning with that of King Unas (2375-2345 B.C), pyramid builders began to inscribe written accounts of events in the king’s reign on the walls of the burial chamber and the rest of the pyramid’s interior. Known as pyramid texts, these are the earliest significant religious compositions known from ancient Egypt.
The last of the great pyramid builders was Pepy II (2278-2184 B.C.), the second king of the sixth dynasty, who came to power as a young boy and ruled for 94 years. By the time of his rule, Old Kingdom prosperity was dwindling, and the pharaoh had lost some of his quasi-divine status as the power of non-royal administrative officials grew. Pepy II’s pyramid, built at Saqqara and completed some 30 years into his reign, was much shorter (172 feet) than others of the Old Kingdom. With Pepy’s death, the kingdom and strong central government virtually collapsed, and Egypt entered a turbulent phase known as the First Intermediate Period. Later kings, of the 12th dynasty, would return to pyramid building during the so-called Middle Kingdom phase, but it was never on the same scale as the Great Pyramids.
The Pyramids Today
Tomb robbers and other vandals in both ancient and modern times removed most of the bodies and funeral goods from Egypt’s pyramids and plundered their exteriors as well. Stripped of most of their smooth white limestone coverings, the Great Pyramids no longer reach their original heights; Khufu’s, for example, measures only 451 feet high. Nonetheless, millions of people continue to visit the pyramids each year, drawn by their towering grandeur and the enduring allure of Egypt’s rich and glorious past.
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There are how many in a gross? | Pyramids of Giza & the Sphinx
Pyramids of Giza & the Sphinx
By Owen Jarus, Live Science Contributor |
October 9, 2014 09:24pm ET
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Credit: Dan Breckwoldt | Shutterstock
Constructed between 2589 and 2504 B.C., the Egyptian pyramids of Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure, built in that order, are a testament to ancient planning and engineering.
How these pyramids were built is a source of speculation and debate. Many researchers believe that a ramp system of some form was used to move the blocks into place during construction. When the pyramids were completed they were encased in white limestone, most of which is lost today .
Recent research suggests that when the blocks were being moved across the desert, a small amount of water was put on the sand in front of them, making them easier to move. Additionally, archaeologists have found new evidence that Giza had a bustling port , allowing goods to be shipped to the site from across Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean.
Despite the differences among the three pyramids (Khufu’s pyramid, the "Great Pyramid," is several times the mass of Menkaure’s) the southeast tips of each pyramid align together almost precisely. Each pyramid had a mortuary and valley temple, with a causeway connecting them. They also had smaller pyramids referred to as satellite or queens' pyramids.
The Sphinx, an enigmatic monument usually associated with king Khafre, stands watch near his valley temple. In addition, tombs sprawling to the east and west of Khufu’s pyramid contain the remains of officials, royal relatives and others who had the privilege to be buried there.
To the south of the Sphinx is the “Wall of the Crow,” which is 656 feet (200 meters) long and 32 feet (10 m) thick. South of the wall is a settlement that archaeologists sometimes refer to as “the lost city.” This city has barracks that may have housed troops . Recently, archaeologists have discovered a mansion in the city that would have been used by senior officials. The pyramid workers may have lived in simpler housing located by the pyramids themselves.
Recent research has also revealed evidence for a massive catering operation that kept people at Giza fed.
Khufu’s pyramid
When it was completed by Khufu, the Great Pyramid rose 481 feet (146 m), approximately the height of a modern, 30-story office building. Today, with the loss of the some of the stone, the pyramid is slightly shorter, measuring 455 feet (138 m). It was the tallest building in the world until the 14th century, when the Lincoln Cathedral was completed in England.
Three smaller pyramids, often referred to as queens’ pyramids, are located adjacent to Khufu’s pyramid. It’s difficult to say for sure for whom they were built, but one of them may have been for Khufu’s mother, Hetepheres. In addition, a smaller satellite pyramid, located between the queens’ pyramids and Khufu’s, was discovered in the 1990s.
Seven boat pits have been found at Khufu’s pyramid, two on the south side, two on the east side, two in between the queens’ pyramids and one located beside the mortuary temple and causeway. The best preserved boat, carefully reassembled from more than 1,200 pieces, is 142 feet (43 m) long, with wooden planks and oars. The purpose of these boats is a mystery. [Related: Natural Disasters in Ancient Egypt Revealed ]
Khufu’s pyramid held three chambers. A grand gallery lead up to the king’s chamber, a red granite room that contains a now-empty royal sarcophagus. In the center of the pyramid is the so-called queen’s chamber, although it probably never held a queen. Beneath the pyramid is a subterranean chamber, its purpose, like the queen’s chamber, a mystery.
Both the king’s chamber and the queen’s chamber contain two “air shafts” (it’s doubtful they were ever used as such). The shafts from the king’s chamber now lead outside, while the two from the queen’s chamber stop after a distance. Robot exploration of the shafts reveal that they lead to doors with copper handles and hieroglyphs.
Recently, archaeologist Zahi Hawass, the former Egyptian minister of state for antiquities, told Live Science that he believes these shafts lead to Khufu’s real burial chamber. "There is no pyramid of the 123 pyramids in Egypt that have these type of doors with copper handles," Hawass said. "Really, I believe they're hiding something."
The construction of Khufu’s pyramid complex was a massive undertaking. Archaeologist Mark Lehner, who excavates at Giza, estimates that — assuming Khufu reigned for about 30 years — an estimated 251 cubic yards (230 cubic meters) of stone per day had to be put down. That’s “a rate of one average-size block every two or three minutes in a ten-hour day,” he writes in his book " The Complete Pyramids: Solving the Ancient Mysteries " (Thames & Hudson, 2008), adding that estimates for the average size of these pyramid stones are as high as 2.5 tons.
Khafre’s pyramid
Khufu’s successor, Djedefre, built his pyramid off-site at Abu Roash. The person who succeeded Djedefre, Khafre, returned to Giza and built a pyramid that, although smaller than Khufu’s, was on a slightly higher elevation.
Only one satellite pyramid sits outside Khafre's pyramid. Inside, the pyramid's architecture is simpler than Khufu’s. It has two entranceways, both on the north side, one located 38 feet (12 m) above the base of the pyramid and another on ground level.
Both entrances lead to passageways that ultimately lead to the burial chamber. Robbed long ago, this chamber contains a black granite sarcophagus that, when found in the 19th century, contained the bones of a bull, an animal loaded with religious symbolism in ancient Egypt; the body of the king himself was gone.
Menkaure’s pyramid
With a height of 215 feet (65 m) and a base of 335 by 343 feet (102 by 105 m), Menkaure’s is by far the smallest of the three pyramids. Lehner notes that its building mass is about one-tenth that of Khufu’s pyramid. Its complex includes three queens’ pyramids on its south side.
The entranceway for Menkaure’s pyramid is located just above ground level, its passages leading to an antechamber and burial chamber. An ornate sarcophagus was found in the 19th century by Howard Vyse but it was lost when the ship that was taking it to England, the Beatrice, sank.
It’s a mystery as to why Menkaure’s pyramid is so much smaller than the other two. It could simply be that there wasn’t room at Giza for another large pyramid or perhaps events during Menkaure’s reign prevented him from building another large structure. No future pharaoh would ever build a pyramid as large as those built by Khufu and Khafre.
The Sphinx and the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt are pictured here. USGS and University of Pennsylvania research shows that ancient pollen and charcoal preserved in deeply buried sediments in Egypt's Nile Delta document the region’s ancient droughts and fires, including a huge drought 4,200 years ago associated with the demise of Egypt's Old Kingdom, the era known as the pyramid-building time.
Credit: Benjamin P. Horton , University of Pennsylvania
The Sphinx
All three of Giza’s pyramids had mortuary temples connecting to valley temples through a causeway. However, in the case of Khafre’s pyramid, his valley temple also has an enigmatic monument nearby known as the Sphinx, with an uncompleted temple dedicated to it.
The Sphinx is a 241-foot (74 m) long monument carved out of the limestone bedrock of the Giza Plateau. It has the face of a man and the body of a lion. The mythical creature is seen in art throughout the ancient Middle East, as well as in India and Greece. The word "sphinx" is, in fact, a Greek word meaning "strangler," according to Tour Egypt . The face of the giant statue at Giza may have been based on that of Khafre. Efforts at conserving and restoring the Sphinx go back at least as far as 3,400 years.
What purpose did the pyramids have?
The simplest explanation for the use of the pyramids is that they were places of burial for their respective kings; the discovery of a sarcophagus in all three pyramids back this idea up. The pyramid complexes, and the grave goods once located inside them, helped the king ascend to the afterlife.
In addition to being used to bury the pharaoh numerous mastaba tombs were built near the pyramids. These were used to bury royal family members and senior officials. Recently, an elaborate wall painting was discovered in one of these tombs.
Interestingly, the spiritual importance of Giza appears to cross the ages. In late 2010, archaeologists announced the discovery of about 400 malnourished people, buried with few grave goods, located near the Wall of the Crow. They date to between 2,700 and 2,000 years ago, two millennia after the pyramids had been built, their burial location suggesting they had a desire to be near Giza.
Additional resources
UNESCO's World Heritage List , which recognizes sites with cultural, historical and natural significance, includes the Pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx.
Take a tour of the Pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx at Tour Egypt.
Author Bio
Owen Jarus, Live Science Contributor
Owen Jarus writes about archaeology and all things about humans' past for Live Science. Owen has a bachelor of arts degree from the University of Toronto and a journalism degree from Ryerson University. He enjoys reading about new research and is always looking for a new historical tale.
Owen Jarus, Live Science Contributor on
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Which fruit from Seville in Spain is usually used to make marmalade? | seville
Rootstocks of accession: Carrizo citrange, C-35 citrange
Season of ripeness at Riverside: January to March
Notes and observations:
2/24/1988, EMN: Six seedling budlines fruited at Lindcove, all appeared identical. The term "Seville orange" is considered a synonym for "Sour orange", not a variety therof. Fruit is a typical sour orange.
OJB: Seville sour orange is the variety of sour orange traditionally used to make orange marmalade. The tree is attractive, large, vigorous, and cold tolerant. The fruit is medium-large, round, with a depressed apex, and has pebbled dark orange rind. Seville fruits mature in winter and are seedy, bitter, and acidic. Commercially, the fruits are valued for their oil content and juice. The fragrant flowers are used in China to flavor tea, and in Europe the flowers are the source of oil of neroli, used in perfume manufacture.
Description from The Citrus Industry Vol. 1 (1967) :
"This is the ordinary bitter orange so extensively employed as a rootstock and grown in Spain and elsewhere as a marmalade fruit.
The principal marmalade variety in Spain (Gonzalez-Sicilia, 1963) is Sevillano (Agrio de Espana, Real), which is said to consist of a group of selected clones characterized by vigor, comparative freedom from thorns, and productivity.
In California, comparison of rootstock clones from many parts of the citricultural world with some of local origin has revealed a considerable range of variation in both tree and fruit characters but none has proved to be outstandingly superior though several have been named."
Availability: Commercially available in California through the Citrus Clonal Protection Program .
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Singer Beyonce Knowles married which rapper in 2008? | Cooking with Seville oranges - Telegraph
Cooking with Seville oranges
Seville oranges can enhance your main course too - so stock up now.
Alberto Criado of Spanish restaurant Cambio de Tercio Photo: Andrew Crowley
By Maria Fitzpatrick
Comments
They may look just like other oranges, but the eye-watering sharpness of Sevilles means they are usually edible only when cooked.
Their strong flavour has enhanced our breakfast marmalade for generations, and good cooks will be making the most of the short Seville orange season over the next couple of weeks, filling pots with home-made preserve – at once exotically tart and yet comforting in its tradition.
But there’s so much more that can be done to harness the Mediterranean tang of this distinctive fruit, says Alberto Criado, above, of Spanish restaurant Cambio de Tercio, in London’s South Kensington, who devised these recipes.
“The key to using Seville oranges in cooking is to make full use of their acidic content rather than see it as a disadvantage,” he says.
“Suckling pig, a very traditional dish in central Spain, is softer and sweeter than normal pork but is also quite rich and fatty. Seville oranges cut through the fatty flavour, balance the sweetness, and cleanse the mouth with a lovely refreshing taste.” Salted cod, presented here as a carpaccio, is traditionally served with bitter orange in Southern Spain in order to draw more flavour from the fish.
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Which American football team did David Beckham sign up to in 2007? | BBC SPORT | Football | Beckham agrees to LA Galaxy move
Beckham agrees to LA Galaxy move
Beckham will leave Real Madrid after four seasons
David Beckham will leave Real Madrid and join Major League Soccer side LA Galaxy at the end of the season.
The 31-year-old former England captain will sign a five-year deal, reportedly worth �128m.
Beckham said: "This week Real asked me to make a decision regarding their offer to extend my contract.
"After considering several options to stay in Madrid or join other major British and European teams, I have decided to join LA Galaxy."
Interview: Former England striker Gary Lineker
The �128m deal is understood to comprise his salary, existing sponsorship contracts, merchandising shirt sales and a share of the club profits.
In a statement, Beckham continued: "I would like to thank the supporters and people of Madrid who have made my family and I feel so welcome in my time here, making this an extremely difficult decision to make.
I am proud to have played for two of the biggest clubs in football
David Beckham
"I have enjoyed my time in Spain enormously and I am extremely grateful to the club for giving me the opportunity to play for such a great team and their amazing fans.
"I am proud to have played for two of the biggest clubs in football and I look forward to the new challenge of growing the world's most popular game in a country that is as passionate about its sport as my own.
"For the rest of this season I will continue to give 100% to my coach, team-mates and fans as I believe manager Fabio Capello will bring this club and its supporters the success they truly deserve."
LA Galaxy general general manager Alexei Lalas believes Beckham's arrival will give worldwide exposure to the high standard of football in America.
He told BBC Five Live: "One of the interesting things that I think people are going to see, is first off, the attention he's going to bring to the sport and to American soccer.
"People are going to see the quality that exists over here, and I fully recognise that many people over in England don't have a grasp of what's going on with major league soccer on or off the field.
"But the fact is that we have competitive teams, competitive individual players and a very good and growing league. It's not that we can't get better and I would put our teams up against some Premiership teams in a second"
Real Madrid confirmed Beckham's departure in a statement, saying: "Both parties have agreed that Beckham will not extend his current contract, which ends on 30 June 2007."
Beckham left Manchester United in July 2003 to sign for Real, who paid �25m for the midfielder's services.
However, in the three-and-a-half seasons since his arrival, the Spanish giants have failed to win any major trophies.
This season has proved particularly disappointing for Beckham, who was dropped by England coach Steve McClaren and then fell out of favour with Real boss Capello.
How the BBC Sport website broke the news in November
LA Galaxy admitted their interest in signing Beckham in November, when general manager Alexi Lalas told the BBC Sport website of his admiration for the former England captain.
In an exclusive interview, Lalas said: "The Los Angeles Galaxy are looked upon as the jewel of Major League Soccer.
"We play in the best stadium, we have had incredible success over the history of the league, we have had great individual players and great teams. There's a tradition of excellence.
"All of this leads to this race to become the first MLS super club, if you will."
606: DEBATE
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Who played Captain Jack Sparrow in the ‘Pirates of the Caribbean’ series of films? | Can Beckham sell the U.S. on soccer? - Sports - International Herald Tribune - The New York Times
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Sports |Can Beckham sell the U.S. on soccer? - Sports - International Herald Tribune
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David Beckham has never been simply a sports star. He is a brand, and one who briefly lived at the spot where fashion, celebrity and soccer met. The soccer component of that equation has eroded, but his star power still reverberates worldwide, so much that Major League Soccer, which has struggled for 11 years to gain prominence on the American sports landscape, has lured Beckham to Los Angeles.
Beckham will make the move from Real Madrid, one of the most glamorous team in Europe, and the United States' top professional soccer league will try to cash in on his celebrity appeal — and perhaps that of his wife, Victoria, the former Posh Spice of the Spice Girls pop group.
The Los Angeles Galaxy announced the move Thursday, saying Beckham would make $250 million over the five years of his deal, including endorsement income; the team did not release his actual salary from the club. Beckham will join the Galaxy after his contract with Real Madrid expires June 30.
For Beckham, whose time as a world- class midfielder has passed, the move may be a savvy exit strategy from the intense European soccer spotlight. The British media, ever eager to pounce on weakness, have been particularly savage about Posh and Becks, as they are called in Britain, since his meager performance as England's captain in the World Cup last summer.
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Although at age 31 he is a step or more behind the world's elite players, he still has a deft right foot that serves him especially well on free kicks and crosses. That, coupled with his reputation, may be enough to capture the attention of sports fans in the United States — even if some of them know his name only from "Bend It Like Beckham," a 2002 film whose title played on his pop-icon status.
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"We want people around the water cooler talking about MLS," Don Garber, the league's commissioner, said. "But David Beckham is not going to bring soccer to the next level in this country. It's going to take a lot of things, but I hope his arrival will be an important step."
The move had been long rumored. Beckham and his wife opened a soccer academy in 2005 at the Home Depot Center in Carson, California, next door to Los Angeles, which is also the Galaxy's home stadium. The MLS board of governors voted in November to relax salary restrictions and allow each team to sign one player for any amount. The rule became widely known as the Beckham Rule.
Beckham emerged as an international sports icon in the 1990s during his time with Manchester United of England's Premier League. As long as he kicked the ball into the net with that golden right foot, his fans could forgive his excesses: the outfits that ranged from sarongs to leather suits to store- ripped designer jeans and shirts open to the waist; the smirking ads for razor blades, sunglasses and perfume; the sulking and occasional histrionics; the fancy parties and A-list friends.
Beckham left Manchester United for Real Madrid in the summer of 2003, and he and a cast of world-class teammates have failed to win a major title. He played lackadaisically for England in last year's World Cup, at one point throwing up on the field. Everything fell apart during a quarterfinal match against Portugal. He injured his leg, limped off the field and promptly burst into tears.
But Beckham remains a celebrity with a long list of endorsements who attracts publicity simply by flashing his famous smile. He can spawn tabloid headlines by changing his hairstyle. His wife commands the same treatment, and in Hollywood she may see a chance to revive her singing career.
Beckham said in a statement Thursday that the move had stemmed in part from his desire to help raise the profile of soccer in the United States.
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"There are so many great sports in America," he said. "There are so many kids that play baseball, American football, basketball. But soccer is huge all around the world apart from America, so that's where I want to make a difference with the kids."
The move brought back memories of the North American Soccer League of the 1970s. The Cosmos signed Pelé, Giorgio Chinaglia and Franz Beckenbauer and jolted the sport into America's consciousness for a few glory years. But the league went bankrupt, and the sport has failed to gain anything approaching the attention it receives in most other countries.
"The real growth of the other professional sports leagues came with the rise of its stars," said Derek Aframe, vice president of Octagon sports who works with soccer marketing and is a former vice president of the New England Revolution of MLS. "Who do kids playing those sports dream of being? In basketball, it was Michael Jordan and now LeBron James. Soccer has never had that. Now, kids will have Beckham."
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Norm Samnick, then vice president of the company that owned the Cosmos, Warner Communications, said the problem was that all the stars played for one team.
"When we signed Pelé, he was the biggest name in the world," Samnick said. "But once Pelé and the others were gone, there was nothing left. We had no other players. I'd like to think Beckham will be the answer now, but I just don't see it."
Garber said MLS had learned the lessons of the NASL. He said the league had spent the past several years strengthening its franchises, with an emphasis on committed owners and new soccer stadiums. The league has added three teams, has six new owners and four new stadiums in the past two years.
"We needed a strong foundation as a sport to attract players like Beckham to play here," Garber said.
Arsène Wenger, who manages Arsenal in the Premier League, which faced Beckham regularly when he played for Manchester United, said: "From a football standpoint, he's not dead. He can still play at a high level, and I think he's made a good decision."
The merits of the decision, for Beckham and MLS, will be judged by a worldwide audience, starting this summer.
Lynn Zinser reported from New York and Sarah Lyall from London. Joshua Robinson contributed reporting from London and Lisa Munoz from Los Angeles.
A version of this article appears in print on January 12, 2007, in The International Herald Tribune. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe
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How many ounces in an Imperial pound? | Imperial Weight Conversion - Ounces, Pounds, Stones, Hundredweight & Tons
=
To convert between different imperial weight units select the unit from the unit drop down and enter the amount in the amount box. Alternatively to select other conversion select the type of weight from the top drop down boxes.
Imperial Weight Units
The imperial system of weights, or more correctly the avoirdupois system of weights is the standard system of weight in the United States and is still in common usage in the United Kingdom. The system is based on a pound (lb) of 16 ounces (oz). Nowadays the avoirdupois pound is defined in terms of the kilogram as being exactly 0.45359237 kilograms. Previously standard pound weights were held by the British treasury.
Since the independence of the United States there have been slight changes to the avoirdupois weight system in the UK and so the US system became the American Customary System, however the basic units such as the pound and the ounce are still the same in the American Customary System as in the British Imperial System.
British Imperial Weights
Before the time of Elizabeth the first, the avoirdupois system of weights was in development and many changes in units and their values were made. The last major change in the system came in Elizabethan times, this included the addition of the troy grain and the definition of the pound as 7,000 grains.
Table of Units
Known as the long ton to differentiate from the US short ton
US Customary Units
The US customary system of weights is based on the British system at the time of independence, many units remain the same between the two systems however there are differences. The differences include the stone not being included in the US system as it was only formerly included in the British system in 1824. Also the hundredweight in the US customary system is defined as 100 lb and the ton and quarter are also based on a hundredweight of 100 lb, whereas the in the British system the hundredweight is equivalent of 8 stone (112 lb). There remains some confusion as to whether the 100 lb hundredweight was ever in use in the UK before the introduction of the stone.
Table of Units
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Pug, Boxer and Chow are all breeds of which animal? | Convert oz to pounds - Conversion of Measurement Units
Convert oz to pounds - Conversion of Measurement Units
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›› Definition: Pound
The pound (abbreviation: lb) is a unit of mass or weight in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. Its size can vary from system to system. The most commonly used pound today is the international avoirdupois pound. The international avoirdupois pound is equal to exactly 453.59237 grams. The definition of the international pound was agreed by the United States and countries of the Commonwealth of Nations in 1958. In the United Kingdom, the use of the international pound was implemented in the Weights and Measures Act 1963. An avoirdupois pound is equal to 16 avoirdupois ounces and to exactly 7,000 grains.
›› Metric conversions and more
ConvertUnits.com provides an online conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as well as English units, currency, and other data. Type in unit symbols, abbreviations, or full names for units of length, area, mass, pressure, and other types. Examples include mm, inch, 100 kg, US fluid ounce, 6'3", 10 stone 4, cubic cm, metres squared, grams, moles, feet per second, and many more!
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Which body of water connects England and France? | English Channel Map, English Channel Location Facts, Major Bodies of Water, England - World Atlas
other bodies of water
Some 10,000 years ago as the last Ice Age melted away, new bodies of water formed including the English Channel and Irish Sea , Great Britain and Ireland were now islands and both would eventually benefit from that process.
The Roman Legions (40,000 strong) crossed the dangerous English Channel in 43 AD. Literally undefended, the Romans named this wild new province, Britannia, and for some 350 years they controlled and influenced it, until their own Empire collapsed upon itself in 410 AD.
Though many invasion attempts occurred via the channel over the centuries (some successful, some not) in modern times the English Channel has helped Britain and Ireland defend themselves from outside invaders, namely the German Army during World War II.
The English Channel is a part of the Atlantic Ocean , and it separates the island of Britain (part of the UK ) from northern France and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean . It is today one of the busiest shipping lanes on the planet. It's approximately 350 miles long, and at its narrowest in the Strait of Dover. It's somewhat shallow, with an average depth of less than 50 meters between Dover and Calais.
Completed in 1994, the Channel Tunnel, a 31-mile long rail tunnel beneath the English Channel at the Straits of Dover, connects France and England
| English Channel |
What is the most common element in the Universe? | How the Channel Tunnel Was Built and Designed
Updated December 04, 2015.
What Is the Channel Tunnel?
The Channel Tunnel, often called the Chunnel, is a railway tunnel that lies underneath the water of the English Channel and connects the island of Great Britain with mainland France. The Channel Tunnel , completed in 1994, is considered one of the most amazing engineering feats of the 20th century.
Dates: Officially opened on May 6, 1994
Also Known As: The Chunnel, the Euro Tunnel
Overview of the Channel Tunnel:
For centuries, crossing the English Channel via boat or ferry had been considered a miserable task. The often inclement weather and choppy water could make even the most seasoned traveler seasick. It is perhaps not surprising then that as early as 1802 plans were being made for an alternate route across the English Channel.
Early Plans
This first plan, made by French engineer Albert Mathieu Favier, called for a tunnel to be dug under the water of the English Channel. This tunnel was to be large enough for horse-drawn carriages to travel through.
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Although Favier was able to get the backing of French leader Napoleon Bonaparte , the British rejected Favier's plan. (The British feared, perhaps correctly, that Napoleon wanted to build the tunnel in order to invade England.)
Over the next two centuries, others created plans to connect Great Britain with France. Despite progress made on a number of these plans, including actual drilling, they all eventually fell through. Sometimes the reason was political discord, other times is was financial problems. Still other times it was Britain's fear of invasion. All of these factors had to be solved before the Channel Tunnel could be built.
A Contest
In 1984, French president Francois Mitterrand and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher jointly agreed that a link across the English Channel would be mutually beneficial. However, both governments realized that although the project would create much needed jobs, neither country's government could fund such a massive project. Thus, they decided to hold a contest.
This contest invited companies to submit their plans to create a link across the English Channel. As part of the contest's requirements, the submitting company was to provide a plan to raise the needed funds to build the project, have the ability to operate the proposed Channel link once the project was completed, and the proposed link must be able to endure for at least 120 years.
Ten proposals were submitted, including various tunnels and bridges. Some of the proposals were so outlandish in design that they were easily dismissed; others would be so expensive that they were unlikely to ever be completed. The proposal that was accepted was the plan for the Channel Tunnel, submitted by the Balfour Beatty Construction Company (this later became Transmanche Link).
The Design for the Channel Tunnels
The Channel Tunnel was to be made up of two, parallel railway tunnels that would be dug under the English Channel. Between these two railway tunnels would run a third, smaller tunnel that would be used for maintenance, including drainage pipes, communication cables, drainage pipes, etc.
Each of the trains that would run through the Chunnel would be able to hold cars and trucks. This would enable personal vehicles to go through the Channel Tunnel without having individual drivers face such a long, underground drive.
The plan was expected to cost $3.6 billion.
Getting Started
Just getting started on the Channel Tunnel was a monumental task. Funds had to be raised (over 50 large banks gave loans), experienced engineers had to be found, 13,000 skilled and unskilled workers had to be hired and housed, and special tunnel boring machines had to be designed and built.
As these things were getting done, the designers had to determine exactly where the tunnel was to be dug. Specifically, the geology of the bottom of the English Channel had to be carefully examined. It was determined that although the bottom was made of a thick layer of chalk, the Lower Chalk layer, made up of chalk marl, would be the easiest to bore through.
Building the Channel Tunnel
The digging of the Channel Tunnel began simultaneously from the British and the French coasts, with the finished tunnel meeting in the middle. On the British side, the digging began near Shakespeare Cliff outside of Dover; the French side began near the village of Sangatte.
The digging was done by huge tunnel boring machines, known as TBMs, which cut through the chalk, collected the debris, and transported the debris behind it using conveyor belts. Then this debris, known as spoil, would be would be hauled up to the surface via railroad wagons (British side) or mixed with water and pumped out through a pipeline (French side).
As the TBMs bore through the chalk, the sides of the newly dug tunnel had to be lined with concrete. This concrete lining was to help the tunnel withstand the intense pressure from above as well as to help waterproof the tunnel.
Connecting the Tunnels
One of the most difficult tasks on the Channel Tunnel project was making sure that both the British side of the tunnel and the French side actually met up in the middle. Special lasers and surveying equipment was used; however, with such a large project, no one was sure it would actually work.
Since the service tunnel was the first to be dug, it was the joining of the two sides of this tunnel that caused the most fanfare. On December 1, 1990, the meeting of the two sides was officially celebrated. Two workers, one British (Graham Fagg) and one French (Philippe Cozette), were chosen by lottery to be the first to shake hands through the opening. After them, hundreds of workers crossed to the other side in celebration of this amazing achievement. For the first time in history, Great Britain and France were connected.
Finishing the Channel Tunnel
Although the meeting of the two sides of the service tunnel was a cause of great celebration, it certainly wasn't the end of the Channel Tunnel building project.
Both the British and the French kept digging. The two sides met in the northern running tunnel on May 22, 1991 and then only a month later, the two sides met in the middle of the southern running tunnel on June 28, 1991.
That too wasn't the end of the Chunnel construction . Crossover tunnels, land tunnels from the coast to the terminals, piston relief ducts, electrical systems, fireproof doors, the ventilation system, and train tracks all had to be added. Also, large train terminals had to be built at Folkestone in Great Britain and Coquelles in France.
The Channel Tunnel Opens
On December 10, 1993, the first test run was completed through the entire Channel Tunnel. After additional fine tuning, the Channel Tunnel officially opened on May 6, 1994.
After six years of construction and $15 billion spent (some sources say upwards of $21 billion), the Channel Tunnel was finally complete.
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